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ic oll is ▁( G ray , ▁ 1 8 3 1 ) ▁– ▁Black ▁mar sh ▁t urt le ▁Sie ben rock iella ▁le yt ensis ▁( T aylor , ▁ 1 9 2 0 ) ▁– ▁Philipp ine ▁forest ▁t urt le ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Im ages ▁at ▁Ch el onia . org ▁▁▁ ▁Category : T urt le ▁gener a ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Wass ili ▁Adolf ov itch ▁Lind holm ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Ne ph el odes ▁car min ata ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁cut w orm ▁or ▁d art ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁No ctu idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁The ▁M ON A ▁or ▁H od ges ▁number ▁for ▁Ne ph el odes ▁car min ata ▁is ▁ 1 0 5 2 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : No ctu inae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁Edward ▁R ush more ▁( Dec ember ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁– ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁business man ▁and ▁att orney ▁for ▁whom ▁Mount ▁R ush more ▁is ▁named . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Edward ▁Car man ▁R ush more ▁and ▁Mary ▁El iza ▁( née |
▁D unn ) ▁R ush more , ▁of ▁T ux edo ▁Park , ▁New ▁York . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁R ush more ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁Black ▁Hills ▁of ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁to ▁check ▁the ▁titles ▁to ▁properties ▁for ▁an ▁eastern ▁min ing ▁company ▁owned ▁by ▁James ▁Wilson ▁ ▁following ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁E tta ▁tin ▁mine . ▁How ▁Mount ▁R ush more ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁after ▁Charles ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁contradict ory ▁rec ount ing , ▁but ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Board ▁of ▁Geographic ▁Names ▁officially ▁recognized ▁the ▁name ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁five ▁years ▁after ▁R ush more ▁don ated ▁$ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁() ▁towards ▁Gut zon ▁Borg l um ' s ▁sculpt ure — the ▁largest ▁single ▁contribution . ▁The ▁mem orial ▁was ▁dedicated ▁by ▁President ▁Cal vin ▁C ool idge ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁ ▁R ush more ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ph i ▁G amma ▁D elta ▁frat ern ity ▁and ▁a ▁Fre em ason . ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Jean ette ▁E . ▁Car p enter . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 1 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁law y ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T ux edo , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁business people <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Sh ap land ▁George |
▁Julian ▁Care w , ▁ 3 rd ▁Baron ▁Care w ▁K P ▁D L ▁( 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Ang lo - I r ish ▁no blem an . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Dublin , ▁the ▁elder ▁son ▁of ▁Robert ▁Sh ap land ▁Care w , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron ▁Care w ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Em ily ▁Anne ▁Phili ps , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁George ▁Richard ▁Phili ps , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Cambridge . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁Deput y ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁County ▁W ex ford , ▁res iding ▁at ▁the ▁family ▁seat , ▁Castle bor o ▁House . ▁ ▁Family ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁Julia ▁Mary ▁L eth bridge , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Albert ▁Arthur ▁Er in ▁L eth bridge ▁and ▁Jane ▁Hill ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁at ▁St . ▁George ' s , ▁Han over ▁Square , ▁London . ▁Julia ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Hamilton , ▁Ontario ▁on ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁She ▁spent ▁several ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁child ▁in ▁Pers ia , ▁where ▁her ▁great - un cle ▁Charles ▁Al ison ▁( 1 8 1 0 - 1 8 7 2 ) ▁was ▁British ▁minister . ▁She ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁England . ▁A ▁mini ature ▁of ▁Julia , ▁by ▁C . ▁Tur rell , ▁was ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts , |
▁London , ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁A ▁portrait ▁and ▁sketch ▁of ▁her ▁appeared ▁in ▁" Men ▁and ▁Women ▁of ▁the ▁Day " ▁( Lond on ▁: ▁ 1 8 8 9 ). ▁The ▁Care w ▁Sp in el ▁of ▁the ▁M ug hal ▁em per ors ▁bought ▁in ▁Pers ia ▁by ▁her ▁relative ▁was ▁be que athed ▁to ▁the ▁V & A ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁by ▁Lady ▁Care w . ▁ ▁The ▁couple ▁had ▁no ▁children . ▁ ▁On ▁his ▁death ▁the ▁baron ies ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁George ▁Patrick ▁John ▁Care w , ▁ 4 th ▁Baron ▁Care w . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁K idd , ▁Charles ▁& ▁William son , ▁David ▁( eds .) ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁Deb rett ' s ▁Pe er age ▁and ▁Baron et age ▁( 1 9 9 0 ▁edition ). ▁New ▁York : ▁St ▁Martin ' s ▁Press , ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁College ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁Category : De put y ▁Lie uten ants ▁of ▁W ex ford ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁St ▁Patrick ▁Robert ▁ 3 ▁Category : E ld est ▁sons ▁of ▁bar ons <0x0A> </s> ▁G he org he ▁Bog dan - D u ică ▁( born ▁G he org he ▁Bog dan ; ▁– Se ptember |
▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Imperial ▁Aust rian - born ▁Roman ian ▁literary ▁critic . ▁The ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁poor ▁merchant ▁family ▁from ▁Bra ș ov , ▁he ▁attended ▁several ▁univers ities ▁before ▁launch ing ▁a ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁critic , ▁first ▁in ▁his ▁native ▁town ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁Cz ern ow itz . ▁Event ually ▁sett ling ▁in ▁Buch ar est , ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Old ▁Kingdom , ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁ear n ▁a ▁university ▁degree ▁before ▁teaching ▁at ▁a ▁succession ▁of ▁high ▁schools . ▁Meanwhile , ▁he ▁continued ▁publishing ▁literary ▁studies ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁intens ifying ▁an ▁ar d ently ▁national istic , ▁Pan - R oman ian ▁activ ism . ▁He ▁ur ged ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁government ▁to ▁drop ▁its ▁neutral ity ▁policy ▁and ▁enter ▁World ▁War ▁I ; ▁once ▁this ▁took ▁place ▁and ▁his ▁adopted ▁home ▁came ▁under ▁German ▁occupation , ▁he ▁found ▁himself ▁arrested ▁and ▁deport ed ▁to ▁Bulg aria . ▁After ▁the ▁war ' s ▁conclusion ▁and ▁the ▁union ▁of ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁with ▁Roman ia , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁literature ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁newly ▁founded ▁Cl uj ▁University . ▁There , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁re ctor ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁but ▁found ▁himself ▁increasing ly ▁out ▁of ▁touch ▁with ▁modern ▁tr ends ▁in ▁literature . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Orig ins , ▁education ▁and ▁early ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bra ș ov , ▁in ▁the ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁region . ▁His |
▁father ▁Io an ▁( 1 8 3 2 – 1 9 0 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁struggling ▁small ▁business man ▁who ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁liquid ate ▁his ▁store , ▁leave ▁his ▁family ▁and ▁become ▁a ▁cl erk ▁in ▁S ina ia , ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Old ▁Kingdom ; ▁by ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 8 0 s , ▁he ▁was ▁at ▁a ▁glass ▁factory ▁in ▁nearby ▁Az uga . ▁His ▁mother ▁El ena ▁( née ▁Mun te anu ; ▁ 1 8 4 6 – 1 9 1 1 ) ▁raised ▁seven ▁boys ▁and ▁four ▁girls . ▁The ▁oldest ▁son , ▁Io an ▁Bog dan , ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁historian ▁and ▁phil olog ian . ▁Four ▁of ▁the ▁sons ▁earned ▁university ▁degrees , ▁while ▁a ▁sister , ▁E c ater ina , ▁married ▁Nicola e ▁I org a ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁G he org he ▁Bog dan ▁attended ▁Roman ian - language ▁elementary ▁and ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁his ▁native ▁city ; ▁his ▁teachers ▁at ▁the ▁latter ▁institution ▁included ▁Io an ▁Me ș ot ă , ▁Io an ▁Alexand ru ▁L aped atu ▁and ▁And rei ▁B âr se anu . ▁He ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁and ▁obtained ▁a ▁scholar ship ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Budapest , ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁a ▁year . ▁He ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁J ena , ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁philosophy , ▁and ▁then ▁took ▁courses ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Vienna ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁to ▁ 1 |
8 8 8 . ▁He ▁started ▁publishing ▁criticism ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ian - language ▁newsp apers ▁of ▁Trans ylvan ia . ▁After ▁his ▁studies ▁abroad , ▁he ▁worked ▁for ▁Gaz eta ▁Trans il van iei ▁and ▁then ▁for ▁the ▁Sib iu - based ▁Trib una ; ▁his ▁beg inn ings ▁as ▁a ▁critic ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁the ▁early ▁career ▁of ▁George ▁Co ș b uc , ▁whom ▁he ▁helped ▁with ▁numerous ▁reviews . ▁He ▁pr ided ▁himself ▁on ▁being ▁an ▁intellectual ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁T itu ▁Ma ior es cu , ▁and ▁was ▁writing ▁for ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁Con vor bi ri ▁Liter are ▁by ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁In ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁part - time ▁teacher ▁at ▁the ▁high ▁school ▁he ▁had ▁attended , ▁but ▁was ▁soon ▁fired ▁after ▁a ▁conflict ▁with ▁the ▁administration ▁caused ▁by ▁his ▁quick ▁temper . ▁While ▁in ▁Bra ș ov , ▁he ▁frequently ▁attended ▁social ▁gather ings ▁for ▁the ▁young ▁Roman ian ▁women ▁of ▁Bra ș ov , ▁where ▁he ▁delivered ▁public ▁read ings ▁and ▁sought ▁to ▁aw aken ▁the ▁participants ' ▁interest ▁in ▁literature . ▁ ▁Sub sequently ▁entering ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁province ▁of ▁B uk ov ina , ▁he ▁settled ▁in ▁its ▁capital ▁of ▁Cz ern ow itz ▁( C ern ă u ți ), ▁where ▁he ▁edited ▁Gaz eta ▁Buc ov ine i ▁from ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 8 |
9 4 ▁and ▁sought ▁to ▁raise ▁popular ▁interest ▁in ▁Roman ian ▁writers ▁in ▁a ▁province ▁that ▁was ▁fairly ▁dis connected ▁from ▁the ▁cultural ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁Kingdom . ▁While ▁there , ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁bi ography ▁of ▁Pet ru ▁Ma ior ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁translated ▁I on ▁Bud ai - De lean u ' s ▁German - language ▁notes ▁on ▁B uk ov ina ▁into ▁Roman ian . ▁Also ▁that ▁year , ▁he ▁wrote ▁a ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Orth odox ▁Church ' s ▁aut onomy ▁in ▁the ▁province ; ▁while ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁volume ▁on ▁B uk ov ina ▁that ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁closely ▁analyze ▁its ▁economic , ▁cultural ▁and ▁political ▁profile . ▁Comment ing ▁on ▁contemporary ▁literature , ▁he ▁offered ▁favor able ▁reviews ▁for ▁Co ș b uc , ▁Bar bu ▁ Ș te f ă nes cu ▁Del av rance a , ▁Io an ▁S lav ici ▁and ▁Alexand ru ▁V la hu ță , ▁cit ing ▁them ▁as ▁examples ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁and ▁original ▁literature . ▁He ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁Trans ylvan ia , ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁area ' s ▁history ▁and ▁writing ▁books ▁on ▁Vis ar ion ▁Sar ai ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁inter rog ation ▁of ▁In oc en ț iu ▁Mic u - K lein ▁( both ▁ 1 8 9 6 ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on ▁the ▁dem ographic ▁situation ▁of ▁Roman ians ▁in |
▁Hung ary ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 3 . ▁Other ▁subjects ▁of ▁his ▁bi ograph ies ▁included ▁G he org he ▁Laz ăr , ▁E ft im ie ▁M urg u ▁and ▁Sim ion ▁B ăr nu ț iu . ▁ ▁While ▁in ▁Trans ylvan ia , ▁he ▁once ▁again ▁worked ▁for ▁Trib una , ▁and ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁A stra ' s ▁leadership ▁until ▁August ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁He ▁then ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Buch ar est , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁Kingdom , ▁where ▁he ▁finally ▁earned ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁literature ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁For ▁political ▁reasons , ▁but ▁also ▁because ▁Buch ar est ▁was ▁far ▁closer ▁to ▁his ▁native ▁city ▁than ▁Budapest , ▁where ▁he ▁also ▁might ▁have ▁chosen ▁to ▁live , ▁he ▁remained ▁there ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁following ▁his ▁gradu ation . ▁From ▁Buch ar est , ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁chief ▁contrib utors ▁to ▁Trib una . ▁His ▁object ives ▁included ▁making ▁the ▁reading ▁public ▁aware ▁of ▁important ▁literature ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 – 1 8 8 8 ▁period ; ▁sharp ly ▁critic izing ▁the ▁pseudo - ce leb rit ies ▁of ▁the ▁day ; ▁and ▁especially ▁the ▁popular ization ▁of ▁a est h etic ▁writ ings ▁such ▁as ▁Got th old ▁E ph ra im ▁Less ing ' s ▁La oco ön ▁and ▁Hi pp oly te ▁T aine ' s ▁The ▁Philosoph y ▁of ▁Art , ▁which |
▁had ▁both ▁recently ▁appeared ▁in ▁translation . ▁He ▁also ▁returned ▁to ▁teaching ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁first ▁offering ▁German ▁courses ▁in ▁Cur te a ▁de ▁Ar ge ș ▁and ▁then ▁moving ▁to ▁F oc ș ani ▁and ▁G ala ți . ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁des perate ▁to ▁re loc ate ▁to ▁the ▁capital , ▁with ▁its ▁rich ▁institutions , ▁world ly ▁attra ctions ▁and ▁diverse ▁population . ▁He ▁wrote ▁from ▁F oc ș ani ▁asking ▁his ▁ment or ▁Io an ▁Bian u ▁to ▁interven e ▁on ▁his ▁beh alf ▁with ▁Education ▁Minister ▁Sp ir u ▁H aret . ▁He ▁was ▁d uly ▁appointed ▁to ▁Buch ar est ' s ▁Dim it rie ▁Cant em ir ▁High ▁School , ▁where ▁he ▁taught ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁and ▁finally ▁ended ▁his ▁high ▁school ▁career ▁at ▁Mih ai ▁V ite az ul ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁city , ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁He ▁eventually ▁became ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁latter ▁institution . ▁ ▁Political ▁invol vement ▁Cont inu ing ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁Buch ar est ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁he ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁traditional ▁conserv ative ▁circles ▁of ▁Jun ime a ▁and ▁I org a . ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁together ▁with ▁Co ș b uc , ▁I org a , ▁I on ▁Lu ca ▁Car ag |
iale ▁and ▁O vid ▁D ensus ian u , ▁he ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁contrib utors ▁to ▁Româ nia ▁jun ă . ▁He ▁wrote ▁an ▁am ple ▁number ▁of ▁literary ▁studies ▁and ▁made ▁significant ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Roman ian ▁literature . ▁Re views ▁that ▁published ▁his ▁work ▁included ▁Con vor bi ri ▁Liter are , ▁S ă m ă n ă tor ul , ▁Ram uri ▁and ▁Via ța ▁Româ ne asc ă ▁in ▁the ▁Old ▁Kingdom , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Trans ylvan ian ▁out lets ▁such ▁as ▁Lu ce af ăr ul ▁and ▁Trib una ▁Pop or ului . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁studies , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁analysis ▁of ▁literary ▁histor i ography , ▁method ically ▁analyz ed ▁their ▁subject . ▁O thers ▁investig ated ▁foreign ▁influence ▁on ▁native ▁writers , ▁and ▁included ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁book ▁on ▁German ▁influence ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Bud ai - De lean u , ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁study ▁of ▁Sal omon ▁G ess ner ▁in ▁Roman ian ▁literature , ▁a ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁sources ▁of ▁Vas ile ▁Ale cs and ri ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁look ▁at ▁Friedrich ▁Sch iller ' s ▁local ▁influence , ▁and ▁a ▁comment ary ▁on ▁August ▁von ▁Kot z eb ue ' s ▁Roman ian ▁transl ators . ▁He ▁usually ▁shed ▁new ▁light ▁on ▁Roman ian ▁writers ' ▁lives ▁and ▁works , ▁drawing ▁on ▁old ▁mag |
az ines ▁and ▁gaz ettes , ▁contemporary ▁accounts ▁and ▁the ▁authors ' ▁correspond ence . ▁ ▁T ogether ▁with ▁Io an ▁Russ u - Ș i rian u , ▁he ▁established ▁the ▁Cultural ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Unity ▁of ▁All ▁Roman ians ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁" T rib un ist " ▁wing ▁( so ▁called ▁after ▁Trib una ) ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁National ▁Party ▁( PN R ), ▁which ▁strongly ▁supported ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁Trans ylvan ian ▁Mem or and um . ▁Part icular ly ▁through ▁his ▁writ ings ▁in ▁S ă m ă n ă tor ul ▁and ▁Lu ce af ăr ul , ▁he ▁became ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁radical ▁national ist ▁ide ology ▁that ▁fit ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁mag az ines ' ▁Pan - R oman ian ism . ▁An ▁ar dent ▁patri ot ▁who ▁frequently ▁ve ered ▁into ▁an ▁exclus iv ist ▁ch au vin ism , ▁he ▁published ▁Rom ân ism ul ▁(" R oman ian ism ") ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁drawing ▁a ▁contrast ▁between ▁his ▁Pan - R oman ian ▁out look ▁and ▁Pan - S lav ism ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Pan - G erman ism . ▁A ▁prominent ▁anti - Sem ite , ▁he ▁published ▁Româ ni i ▁și ▁O vre ii ▁(" The ▁Roman ians ▁and ▁the ▁Jews ") ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁Upon ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁together |
▁with ▁fellow ▁Trans yl v ani ans ▁Oct av ian ▁G oga ▁and ▁Vas ile ▁Lu ca ciu , ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁neutral ▁Roman ia ' s ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁war ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Al lies . ▁After ▁Buch ar est ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁Central ▁Pow ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁his ▁loose ▁talk ▁about ▁an ▁imp ending ▁German ▁defeat ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁den oun cement ▁and ▁arrest , ▁in ▁early ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁Initial ly ▁held ▁at ▁S ă ven i , ▁he ▁was ▁taken ▁host age ▁and ▁deport ed ▁to ▁T roy an ▁in ▁Bulg aria . ▁Despite ▁his ▁older ▁brother ' s ▁inter cess ions ▁on ▁his ▁beh alf , ▁he ▁spent ▁nine ▁months ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁before ▁being ▁fre ed ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁Sub sequently , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁post ▁of ▁high ▁school ▁director , ▁holding ▁it ▁until ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁Post war ▁period ▁and ▁legacy ▁At ▁that ▁point , ▁following ▁the ▁union ▁of ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁with ▁Roman ia ▁and ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁Cl uj ▁University , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁modern ▁Roman ian ▁literature , ▁proposed ▁by ▁Se xt il ▁Pu ș c ari u . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁literature ▁and ▁philosophy ▁fac ulty ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 – 1 9 2 0 , ▁as ▁re ctor ▁of ▁the ▁university ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 |
– 1 9 2 8 ▁and ▁as ▁vice ▁re ctor ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 – 1 9 2 9 . ▁He ▁never ▁earned ▁a ▁doctor ate , ▁although ▁he ▁did ▁super v ise ▁numerous ▁dis sert ations . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Crown , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁Offic ier ▁de ▁l ' Inst ruction ▁Pub lique . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁tit ular ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁election ▁following ▁the ▁union , ▁he ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁represent ▁his ▁university ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Senate ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pe as ants ' ▁Party . ▁Although ▁he ▁had ▁led ▁the ▁party ' s ▁Trans ylvan ia ▁wing , ▁he ▁res igned ▁during ▁the ▁ac rim on ious ▁mer ger ▁negoti ations ▁with ▁the ▁P NR , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Pe as ants ' ▁Party ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁Sub sequently , ▁he ▁migr ated ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Liberal ▁Party . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁bi ography ▁of ▁I on ▁I ones cu ▁de ▁la ▁Brad , ▁he ▁class ified ▁the ▁latter ▁as ▁" the ▁first ▁Roman ian ▁pe asant ist ", ▁and ▁synth es ized ▁his ▁ideas ▁on ▁" progress ive ▁agricult ure ". ▁He ▁wrote ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁modern ▁Roman ian ▁literature ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ; ▁George ▁C ă lines cu |
▁dismiss ed ▁this ▁as ▁being ▁without ▁a est h etic ▁taste , ▁calling ▁its ▁author ▁" comple t ely ▁misunder standing ▁and ▁dis orient ed ". ▁As ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁he ▁set ▁himself ▁up ▁as ▁a ▁leading ▁fac ulty ▁oppon ent ▁of ▁h iring ▁Luci an ▁B lag a ▁at ▁Cl uj , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁had ▁launched ▁a ▁public ▁campaign , ▁off ensive ▁in ▁tone , ▁to ▁dis cred it ▁the ▁poet . ▁His ▁conserv ative ▁disposition , ▁stub born ▁spirit , ▁and ▁scient ist ▁and ▁historic ist ▁opinions ▁stood ▁in ▁contrast ▁with ▁the ▁poet ' s ▁myst ic ism , ▁and ▁his ▁in trans ig ence ▁grew ▁as ▁he ▁aged . ▁By ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁writing ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁def am atory ▁articles ▁called ▁Literatur ă ▁f ăr ă ▁ro st ▁( fire ște ▁de ▁Luci an ▁B lag a ) ▁(" Point less ▁Liter ature ▁( of ▁Cour se ▁by ▁Luci an ▁B lag a )) ", ▁and ▁his ▁death ▁three ▁years ▁later ▁appeared ▁to ▁remove ▁a ▁major ▁obst acle ▁to ▁the ▁h ire . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁later ▁critic , ▁although ▁Bog dan - D u ică ▁documented ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁remarkable ▁figures , ▁his ▁cultural ▁references ▁were ▁those ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁scholar , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁his ▁most ▁important ▁work ▁was ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th . ▁ ▁Bog dan - D u ică ▁suffered ▁from ▁st |
rab ismus . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁at ▁Bra ș ov ' s ▁St . ▁Nicholas ▁Church , ▁he ▁married ▁Maria ▁Done , ▁a ▁teacher ▁of ▁French ▁from ▁L ut ran , ▁Als ace . ▁The ▁couple ▁had ▁six ▁children , ▁just ▁one ▁of ▁whom ▁followed ▁a ▁literary ▁career ; ▁their ▁second ▁son ▁was ▁the ▁painter ▁Cat ul ▁Bog dan . ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁children ▁prede ce ased ▁their ▁father , ▁with ▁one ▁dying ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 0 . ▁Maria ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁while ▁her ▁husband ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁Bulg aria . ▁After ▁a ▁relatively ▁short ▁interval , ▁he ▁married ▁Const an ța ▁( née ▁H ane a , ▁married ▁In ges cu ), ▁who ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁Sib iu , ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁in ▁the ▁Old ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁later ▁head ed ▁a ▁kind erg arten ▁in ▁Cl uj . ▁Chron ically ▁poor ▁at ▁man aging ▁his ▁money , ▁he ▁never theless ▁lived ▁during ▁his ▁Cl uj ▁years ▁in ▁a ▁lav ish ▁a partment ▁near ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Central ▁Park ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁requ is ition ed ▁from ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁owner . ▁In ▁his ▁last ▁years , ▁he ▁built ▁an ▁impos ing ▁house ▁in ▁Sib iu , ▁int ending ▁to ▁ret ire ▁there . ▁He ▁died ▁suddenly ▁in ▁a ▁hotel ▁in ▁Bra ș ov , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁stay ing ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁a ▁b ac cala ure ate ▁committee ; ▁the ▁cause ▁was ▁an ▁an eur ys m |
▁brought ▁on ▁by ▁di ab etes . ▁T aken ▁to ▁Sib iu , ▁where ▁he ▁lay ▁in ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁A stra ▁Palace , ▁his ▁fun eral ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁Sib iu ▁Orth odox ▁C athedral ▁and ▁offici ated ▁by ▁Nicola e ▁B ă lan . ▁Among ▁the ▁e ul og ists ▁were ▁Alexand ru ▁L aped atu , ▁Flor ian ▁ Ș te f ă nes cu - Go ang ă ▁and ▁Nicola e ▁Col an . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁G he org he ▁I anc u , ▁" M emb rii ▁trans il v ă nen i ▁ai ▁Academ iei ▁Româ ne ▁( s esi une a ▁ 1 9 1 9 )", ▁in ▁An u ar ul ▁Institut ului ▁de ▁Ist orie ▁" Ge orge ▁B ari ț ". ▁Histor ica , ▁ 4 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁p . 6 5 - 7 6 ▁Luci an ▁N ast as ă , ▁Int im itatea ▁am f ite at rel or . ▁I post aze ▁din ▁via ța ▁priv ată ▁a ▁univers itar ilor ▁" liter ari " ▁( 1 8 6 4 – 1 9 4 8 ), ▁Cl uj - N ap oca , ▁Edit ura ▁L imes , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ ▁" Su ver an ii " ▁univers ită ț ilor ▁rom â ne ști . ▁M ec an isme ▁de ▁sele c ție ▁și ▁prom ov are ▁a ▁el ite i ▁inte lect uale , |
▁Cl uj - N ap oca , ▁Edit ura ▁L imes , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ ▁Tra ian ▁V ed ina ș , ▁" B og dan - D u ică , ▁G .", ▁in ▁Il ie ▁B ă des cu ▁( ed .), ▁Dic ț ion ar ▁de ▁soci ologie ▁rural ă , ▁Edit ura ▁M ica ▁Val ah ie , ▁Buch ar est , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bra ș ov ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁Category : R oman ian ▁Aust ro - H ung ari ans ▁Category : R oman ian ▁literary ▁critics ▁Category : R oman ian ▁literary ▁histor ians ▁Category : R oman ian ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : M ale ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : R oman ian ▁transl ators ▁Category : R oman ian ▁magazine ▁found ers ▁Category : R oman ian ▁people ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Pe ople ▁deport ed ▁from ▁Roman ia ▁Category : Pe ople ▁extr ad ited ▁to ▁Bulg aria ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁civil ian ▁d eta ine es ▁held ▁by ▁Germany ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁held ▁by ▁Bulg aria ▁Category : R oman ian ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁Category : R oman ian ▁people ▁imprison ed ▁abroad ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Buch ar est ▁al umn i ▁Category : |
B abe ș - B oly ai ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Rect ors ▁of ▁B abe ș - B oly ai ▁University ▁Category : T it ular ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Academy ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁of ▁Roman ia ▁Category : Command ers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Crown ▁( R oman ia ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁transl ators ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Roman ian ▁male ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Mik ki ▁Kun tt u ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁light ing ▁and ▁set ▁designer . ▁Kun tt u ▁has ▁worked ▁mainly ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁dance , ▁but ▁also ▁theatre , ▁popular ▁music ▁and ▁opera , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁television ▁and ▁industrial ▁arts . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁Kun tt u ▁began ▁design ing ▁light ings ▁for ▁Kot ka ▁City ▁Theatre . ▁He ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁from ▁the ▁Media ▁and ▁Arts ▁programme ▁of ▁T amp ere ▁University ▁of ▁App lied ▁Sciences , ▁special izing ▁in ▁light ing ▁and ▁sound ▁design . ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁he ▁proceeded ▁to ▁work ▁at ▁T amp ere ▁Con cert ▁Hall . ▁ ▁Kun tt u ▁has ▁worked ▁with ▁many ▁prominent ▁dance ▁artists ▁and ▁groups ▁from ▁Finland ▁and ▁abroad , ▁such ▁as ▁T ero ▁S aar inen , ▁J orm a ▁E lo , ▁J orm a ▁U ot inen , ▁Carol yn ▁Carl son , ▁Ak ram ▁Khan , ▁J ir í |
▁Ky li án ▁and ▁S idi ▁Lar bi ▁Cher ka ou i . ▁Kun tt u ▁has ▁collabor ated ▁repeatedly ▁with ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁National ▁Opera ▁and ▁Bal let , ▁Norwegian ▁National ▁Bal let , ▁Royal ▁Dan ish ▁Bal let ▁and ▁The ▁Boston ▁Bal let . ▁ ▁Mik ki ▁Kun tt u ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fund ing ▁members ▁of ▁T ero ▁S aar inen ▁Company ▁and ▁has ▁created ▁the ▁light ning ▁designs ▁and ▁visual ization ▁for ▁all ▁Company ▁produ ctions . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Kun tt u ▁received ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁B ess ie ▁Award ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁for ▁light ing ▁design ▁for ▁T ero ▁S aar inen ▁Company ▁and ▁Ak ram ▁Khan ▁Company . ▁ ▁His ▁hand print ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁Finn ish ▁television . ▁He ▁has ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁light ing , ▁screen ▁and ▁set ▁designer ▁in ▁several ▁large ▁produ ctions , ▁including ▁various ▁TV ▁gal as ▁such ▁as ▁Sav on lin na ▁Opera ▁Festival , ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁adapt ations ▁of ▁Tal ent , ▁Id ols , ▁Dan cing ▁with ▁the ▁Stars , ▁Dance ▁Su omi , ▁Big ▁Bro ther , ▁and ▁Cl ash ▁of ▁the ▁Ch oir s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Life ▁for ▁Children ▁Char ity ▁Con cert s , ▁the ▁MTV 3 ▁Sem i - cent enn ial ▁G ala ▁and ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont ests ▁in ▁Hels ink i ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁Mal m ö ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 |
. ▁ ▁Kun tt u ’ s ▁visual ▁design ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁seen ▁on ▁t ours ▁and ▁concert s ▁by ▁Kim mo ▁P oh jon en , ▁Ap oc aly pt ica , ▁Pa ula ▁Ko iv un iem i , ▁H ano i ▁Ro cks , ▁Is mo ▁Al ank o , ▁Von ▁H ert zen ▁Brothers ▁and ▁Michael ▁Mon roe . ▁ ▁His ▁latest ▁projects ▁include ▁the ▁light ing ▁design ▁for ▁the ▁Grand ▁Open ing ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Os lo ▁Opera ▁House ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), ▁the ▁Season ▁of ▁Light ▁event ▁and ▁Ar mo ▁- ▁Grace ▁Install ation ▁for ▁Lux ▁Hels ink i ▁( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1 ) ▁and ▁S cal ada : ▁St el ar ▁by ▁Cir que ▁du ▁So le il ▁( 2 0 1 7 ). ▁ ▁P riz es ▁and ▁Gr ants ▁Five - year ▁grant ▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁Council ▁of ▁Finland ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁B ess ie ▁Award ▁( USA ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁K ou ra ▁Award ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁S ä de ▁Award ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Ven la ▁Di pl oma ▁of ▁Mer it ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁m ikk ik un tt u . com ▁ ▁Category : Light ing ▁design ers ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F inn ish ▁design ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Tol p |
ia ▁a lex mad sen i ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁E reb idae ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Michael ▁F ib iger ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁northern ▁Sum atra . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 1 3 – 1 5 mm . ▁The ▁h ind wing ▁is ▁dark ▁brown ▁and ▁the ▁unders ide ▁un icol orous ▁brown . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M ic ron oct u ini <0x0A> </s> ▁G ér ald ▁Bl onc ourt ▁( 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁G ér ard ▁Bl onc ourt , ▁was ▁a ▁H ait ian ▁painter ▁and ▁photograph er ▁resident ▁in ▁the ▁sub ur bs ▁of ▁Paris , ▁France . ▁Born ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁city ▁of ▁B ain et , ▁in ▁H ait i ' s ▁Sud - Est ▁department , ▁Bl onc ourt ▁was ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Centre ▁d ' Art . ▁Besides ▁painting ▁water colors ▁and ▁fres co es , ▁he ▁also ▁did ▁et ch ings ▁and ▁draw ings . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁CS MS ▁Magazine ▁interview ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Bl onc ourt . net ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁death s ▁Category : H ait ian ▁pain ters <0x0A> </s> ▁The |
▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Open ▁G olf ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁e ighth ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Open , ▁held ▁June ▁ 2 5 – 2 8 ▁at ▁the ▁Country ▁Club ▁of ▁Ro chester ▁in ▁Ro chester , ▁New ▁York . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Open ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁G olf ▁Association ▁( US GA ), ▁and ▁the ▁final ▁two ▁r ounds ▁were ▁played ▁on ▁Saturday . ▁ ▁B ets y ▁Raw ls ▁won ▁an ▁ 1 8 - hole ▁play off ▁on ▁Sunday ▁by ▁six ▁stro kes ▁over ▁runner - up ▁Jack ie ▁P ung , ▁ 7 1 ▁to ▁ 7 7 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁of ▁eight ▁major ▁champion ships ▁for ▁Raw ls ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁four ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Op ens . ▁ ▁Pat ty ▁Berg ▁set ▁a ▁course ▁record ▁with ▁a ▁ 7 1 ▁on ▁Th urs day ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁ 3 6 - hole ▁leader ▁on ▁Friday ▁evening , ▁eight ▁stro kes ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁field . ▁Her ▁final ▁two ▁r ounds ▁of ▁ 8 0 ▁and ▁ 7 9 ▁on ▁Saturday ▁dropped ▁her ▁to ▁solo ▁third , ▁one ▁stroke ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁play off . ▁ ▁Not ably ▁absent ▁was ▁two - time ▁champion ▁B abe ▁Z ah arias , ▁who ▁was ▁recover ing ▁from ▁colon ▁cancer ▁surg ery . ▁She ▁returned ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁and |
▁won ▁by ▁a ▁record ▁twelve ▁stro kes ▁in ▁her ▁final ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Open . ▁ ▁Past ▁champions ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁ ▁Final ▁leader board ▁Saturday , ▁June ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁ ▁Source : ▁ ▁Play off ▁Sunday , ▁June ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁ ▁Source : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁US GA ▁final ▁leader board ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Open ▁G olf ▁Championship ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Open ▁– ▁past ▁champions ▁– ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁Country ▁Club ▁of ▁Ro chester ▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Women ' s ▁Open ▁Championship ▁( g olf ) ▁Category : G olf ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : S ports ▁compet itions ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : S ports ▁in ▁Ro chester , ▁New ▁York ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Open ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Open ▁U . S . ▁Women ' s ▁Open <0x0A> </s> ▁Kath le en ▁Ann ▁Cass ello ▁( August ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁Wil ming ton , ▁Del aware ▁– ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Mun ich , ▁Germany ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁opera ▁singer . ▁ ▁Cass ello ▁originally ▁trained ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁nur se , ▁and ▁earned ▁her ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Science ▁degree ▁in ▁n urs ing ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Del |
aware ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁She ▁pract iced ▁n urs ing ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Se par ately , ▁she ▁priv ately ▁studied ▁music ▁with ▁vocal ▁teachers ▁Dan ▁Press ley ▁and ▁Nancy ▁Gam ble ▁Press ley , ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁She ▁later ▁studied ▁in ▁Sal zburg ▁with ▁Wil ma ▁Li pp ▁and ▁S esto ▁Br usc ant ini . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 5 , ▁Cass ello ▁won ▁several ▁singing ▁compet itions , ▁in ▁Porto , ▁Ver cel li ▁and ▁Barcelona . ▁ ▁Cass ello ▁won ▁first ▁prize ▁in ▁the ▁Sal zburg ▁Moz art ▁competition ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁She ▁subsequently ▁sang ▁regularly ▁with ▁the ▁Sal zburg ▁Land est he ater , ▁over ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 9 8 6 - 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Cass ello ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁featured ▁artist ▁with ▁the ▁Bad isches ▁Staat st he ater ▁in ▁Kar ls ru he . ▁ ▁Cass ello ▁made ▁her ▁American ▁role ▁debut ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁as ▁Don na ▁Anna ▁with ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Opera . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Cass ello ▁tou red ▁with ▁K allen ▁Es per ian ▁and ▁C yn th ia ▁Lawrence ▁as ▁' The |
▁Three ▁S op ran os '. ▁ ▁Cass ello ▁is ▁featured ▁on ▁a ▁commercial ▁video ▁recording ▁of ▁' The ▁Three ▁S op ran os ', ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁document ary ▁' La ▁Tra vi ata ▁- ▁Love ▁& ▁Sac rifice '. ▁ ▁Cass ello ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁Italian ▁bar it one ▁Ren ato ▁Gi rol ami . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁Mun ich , ▁Germany ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁aged ▁ 5 8 , ▁from ▁und is closed ▁causes . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁' S op rano ▁Central !' ▁bi ography ▁of ▁Kath le en ▁Cass ello ▁ ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Kar en ▁Lot ter ▁on ▁' S op ran os ', ▁accessed ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁' Amer ika anse ▁sop ra an ▁Kath le en ▁Cass ello ▁over led en ▁( 5 8 ) '. ▁ ▁Opera ▁Nederland ▁blog , ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Francisco ▁Sal azar , ▁' Ob itu ary : ▁Kath le en ▁Cass ello ▁Pass es ▁A way ▁At ▁ 5 8 '. ▁ ▁Opera ▁Word ▁website , ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Charles ▁Ar den , ▁' Dis par ition ▁de ▁l ' une ▁des ▁" 3 ▁sop ran os ": ▁Kath le en ▁Cass ello '. ▁▁ Ô ly rix ▁website , ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 |
5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Wil ming ton , ▁Del aware ▁Category : American ▁oper atic ▁sop ran os ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Del aware ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁opera ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁women ▁opera ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁opera ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁opera ▁sing ers ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Del aware ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁S ard is ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church ▁and ▁C emetery ▁in ▁Co osa , ▁Georgia . ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁Pres by ter ian ▁church ▁property . ▁ ▁The ▁c emetery ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁and ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁church ' s ▁membership ▁decl ined ▁to ▁just ▁two ▁members ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁maintained ▁by ▁the ▁S ard is ▁Pres ervation ▁Society . ▁ ▁The ▁property ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁a ▁one - story ▁one - room ▁front - g abled ▁wood ▁frame ▁building ▁with ▁cla p board ▁s iding , ▁on ▁a ▁stone ▁foundation , ▁facing ▁west . |
▁ ▁The ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁sides ▁each ▁have ▁four ▁ 9 ▁over ▁ 9 ▁windows ▁with ▁c . 1 8 7 7 ▁plant ation - style ▁shut ters ▁to ▁protect ▁them . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁c emetery ▁had ▁about ▁ 2 3 5 ▁bur ial s . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁bounded ▁on ▁two ▁sides ▁with ▁a ▁four - foot ▁tall ▁stone ▁wall ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁wr ought ▁iron ▁gate . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pres by ter ian ▁churches ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : Pro test ant ▁Re formed ▁c em eter ies ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁F loyd ▁County , ▁Georgia ▁Category : H istor ic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : C em eter ies ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁F loyd ▁County , ▁Georgia <0x0A> </s> ▁Steve ▁Vall os ▁( born ▁December ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League . ▁He ▁was ▁most ▁recently ▁on ▁the ▁ro ster ▁for ▁the ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans ▁of |
▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁( N FL ). ▁He ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁in ▁the ▁sevent h ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁NFL ▁D raft . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁all - American ▁at ▁W ake ▁Forest . ▁ ▁Vall os ▁has ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns , ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les , ▁Jackson ville ▁J agu ars , ▁and ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Vall os ▁attended ▁Board man ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Board man , ▁Ohio , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁football . ▁He ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁Big ▁ 3 3 ▁Football ▁Classic ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁He ▁letter ed ▁all ▁four ▁years ▁in ▁track ▁and ▁field , ▁and ▁placed ▁first ▁in ▁disc us ▁for ▁Mah oning ▁County ▁as ▁a ▁senior . ▁Vall os ▁earned ▁The ▁V ind icator ▁track ▁all - star ▁hon ors ▁for ▁all ▁four ▁years ▁of ▁high ▁school . ▁ ▁College ▁career ▁Vall os ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁for ▁W ake ▁Forest ▁University . ▁After ▁red sh ir ting ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁season , ▁he ▁started ▁in ▁every ▁game ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁at ▁off ensive ▁guard . ▁He ▁grad ed ▁out ▁at ▁ 8 6 . 1 ▁for ▁the ▁season , ▁and ▁he ▁earned ▁The ▁Sport ing ▁News ▁third - team ▁F resh man ▁All - America ▁hon ors . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁fifth - year ▁senior , ▁Vall os ▁helped ▁lead ▁the |
▁Dem on ▁De a cons ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁A CC ▁Championship , ▁where ▁they ▁defeated ▁Georgia ▁Te ch ▁by ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 9 – 6 . ▁He ▁grad ed ▁out ▁at ▁ 9 0 ▁percent ▁for ▁the ▁season , ▁the ▁best ▁final ▁score ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁Vall os ▁left ▁W ake ▁Forest ▁as ▁the ▁school ' s ▁all - time ▁leader ▁in ▁career ▁starts ▁( 4 8 ). ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ors ▁ ▁Sport ing ▁News ▁F resh man ▁All - AC C ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Third - team ▁Sport ing ▁News ▁F resh man ▁All - American ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁First - team ▁Riv als . com ▁All - AC C ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Honor able ▁mention ▁All - AC C ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁First - team ▁College ▁Football ▁News ▁All - AC C ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁First ▁Team ▁Atlantic ▁Coast ▁Sports ▁Media ▁Association ▁All - AC C ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Second - team ▁W F CC ▁All - American ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁First - team ▁Sports ▁Illustr ated ▁All - American ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁First - team ▁Sport ing ▁News ▁All - American ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁College ▁Football ▁News ▁A CC ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁ ▁Seattle ▁Se |
ah aw ks ▁Vall os ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁in ▁the ▁sevent h ▁round ▁( 2 3 2 nd ▁overall ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁NFL ▁D raft . ▁He ▁was ▁released ▁during ▁final ▁ro ster ▁cut s ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁He ▁spent ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁season ▁on ▁the ▁team ' s ▁practice ▁squad . ▁After ▁Chris ▁Sp encer ▁suffered ▁a ▁season - ending ▁injury ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Vall os ▁started ▁at ▁center ▁in ▁his ▁place . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁ 1 6 ▁games ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁with ▁five ▁starts . ▁Vall os ▁played ▁in ▁all ▁ 1 6 ▁games ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁with ▁three ▁starts , ▁but ▁was ▁wa ived ▁during ▁final ▁ro ster ▁cut s ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁Vall os ▁was ▁claimed ▁off ▁wa ivers ▁by ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁on ▁September ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁seven ▁games ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁one ▁game ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les ▁After ▁his ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Brow ns ▁exp ired ▁following ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁season , ▁Vall os ▁signed ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 |
2 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁re - signed ▁by ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁spot ▁vac ated ▁by ▁center ▁Jason ▁Kel ce , ▁who ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁season - ending ▁injured ▁reserve ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁kne e ▁injury . ▁ ▁Jackson ville ▁J agu ars ▁Vall os ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁the ▁Jackson ville ▁J agu ars ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 , ▁and ▁signed ▁again ▁on ▁November ▁ 5 . ▁ ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Vall os ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁the ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos ▁to ▁help ▁replace ▁Dan ▁Ko ppen , ▁who ▁t ore ▁his ▁A CL ▁during ▁practice ▁earlier ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans ▁Vall os ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁to ▁add ▁depth ▁at ▁center . ▁The ▁Tit ans ▁wa ived ▁him ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁regular ▁season . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos ▁bio ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les ▁bio ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁bio ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁bio ▁W ake ▁Forest ▁Dem on ▁De a cons ▁bio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : |
L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Young st own , ▁Ohio ▁Category : American ▁football ▁off ensive ▁tack les ▁Category : American ▁football ▁off ensive ▁gu ards ▁Category : American ▁football ▁cent ers ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Greek ▁descent ▁Category : W ake ▁Forest ▁Dem on ▁De a cons ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Se attle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁players ▁Category : C leveland ▁Brow ns ▁players ▁Category : Ph il adel phia ▁E ag les ▁players ▁Category : Jack son ville ▁J agu ars ▁players ▁Category : Den ver ▁Bron cos ▁players ▁Category : T ennessee ▁Tit ans ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁Louisiana ▁g ubern atorial ▁election , ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁final ▁election ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁under ▁the ▁Louisiana ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 8 . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁this ▁election ▁Francis ▁T . ▁Nich oll s ▁became ▁Governor ▁of ▁Louisiana , ▁but ▁not ▁before ▁the ▁election ▁was ▁cont ested ▁by ▁his ▁oppon ent . ▁The ▁results ▁of ▁this ▁election , ▁like ▁those ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁were ▁disput ed . ▁The ▁dispute ▁was ▁resolved ▁by ▁the ▁Comp rom ise ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁which ▁gave ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁M ansion ▁to ▁Dem ocrat ▁Francis ▁T . ▁Nich oll s . ▁The ▁Comp rom ise ▁also ▁gave ▁Republican ▁president ial ▁candidate ▁R uther ford ▁B . ▁Hay es ▁the ▁elect oral ▁votes ▁of ▁several ▁disput ed ▁states , ▁including ▁Louisiana , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁his |
▁election ▁to ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁The ▁election ▁of ▁Nich oll s ▁marked ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Re const ruction ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁and ▁the ▁decl ine ▁of ▁the ▁Republican ▁Party ▁of ▁Louisiana . ▁ ▁Results ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁G ubern atorial ▁Category : 1 8 7 6 ▁United ▁States ▁g ubern atorial ▁elections ▁Category : Nov ember ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁Market ▁share ▁analysis ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁market ▁analysis ▁and ▁indicates ▁how ▁well ▁a ▁firm ▁is ▁doing ▁in ▁the ▁market place ▁compared ▁to ▁its ▁compet itors . ▁ ▁G iv on , ▁Mah aj an , ▁and ▁M ull er ▁have ▁research ed ▁spread sheet ▁and ▁word ▁processing ▁software ▁fir ms ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁clearer ▁image ▁of ▁how ▁to ▁determine ▁market ▁share ▁in ▁the ▁software ▁industry . ▁They ▁propose ▁six ▁factors ▁to ▁help ▁estimate ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁market ▁share ▁( 1 9 9 7 ): ▁▁▁ ▁unit ▁or ▁doll ar ▁sales , ▁▁ ▁user ▁base ▁( since ▁pi racy ▁and ▁brand ▁switching ▁effect ), ▁▁ ▁market ▁definition ▁( scope ▁of ▁definitions ), ▁▁ ▁scope ▁of ▁denomin ator ▁( which ▁other ▁br ands ▁included ), ▁▁ ▁time ▁frame ▁length , ▁▁ ▁product ▁definition ▁( brand , ▁product ▁line , ▁or ▁strateg ic ▁business ▁unit ). ▁ ▁Det ail ▁A ▁market ▁share ▁analysis ▁needs ▁to ▁take ▁into ▁account ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁Total ▁Market ▁Size ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁annual ▁business ▁volume ▁in ▁currency ▁or ▁in ▁number ▁of ▁transactions ; ▁ ▁Market ▁G row th |
▁R ate ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Comp ounded ▁Ann ual ized ▁G row th ▁R ate ▁( CA GR ) ▁taken ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁years ; ▁ ▁Market ▁Share ▁is ▁the ▁break up ▁of ▁market ▁size ▁in ▁percentage ▁terms , ▁to ▁help ▁identify ▁the ▁top ▁players , ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁the ▁" min n ows " ▁of ▁the ▁market place , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁business ▁conducted ; ▁ ▁Market ▁Seg ment ation ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁factors ▁that ▁determine ▁the ▁market ▁are ▁price , ▁quality , ▁speed ▁of ▁service , ▁ease ▁of ▁maintenance , ▁and ▁points ▁of ▁distribution . ▁By ▁mapping ▁on ▁quality ▁and ▁price ▁parameters , ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁identify ▁graph ically ▁ ▁the ▁spaces ▁which ▁are ▁crow ded ▁by ▁service ▁prov iders ▁and ▁which ▁are ▁the ▁relatively ▁empty ▁sp ots ; ▁ ▁Key ▁Play ers ▁i . e . the ▁top ▁players ▁in ▁each ▁segment ▁of ▁the ▁market . ▁The ▁extent ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁provide ▁prem ium ▁quality , ▁or ▁prem ium ▁service ▁or ▁price ▁advantage , ▁can ▁help ▁identify ▁future ▁target ▁segments ; ▁ ▁Sw ot ▁Analysis . ▁The ▁strength s ▁of ▁players ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁weak ness es / are as ▁of ▁improvement ▁are ▁needed ▁to ▁combat ▁the ▁on s la ug ht ▁in ▁a ▁market ing ▁war fare . ▁Str ength ▁and ▁weak ness ▁include ▁brand ▁equ ity , ▁ge ographic ▁presence , ▁strong ▁management / le ad ership , ▁techn ological ▁edge , ▁and ▁pat ent / copy right s |
. ▁ ▁Emer ging ▁O pport un ities ▁should ▁be ▁identified ▁which ▁could ▁make ▁the ▁market ▁grow ▁faster / lar ger ▁or ▁ac quire ▁business ▁more ▁easily . ▁Similarly , ▁are ▁there ▁threat ▁factors ▁that ▁could ▁reduce ▁the ▁total ▁market ▁size . ▁These ▁could ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁regul atory ▁gu idel ines , ▁changes ▁in ▁fashion ▁tr ends , ▁consumer ▁preference , ▁macro ▁economic ▁events ▁like ▁currency ▁crisis , ▁import / export , ▁war , ▁natural ▁cal am ity , ▁or ▁dem ographic ▁shift ; ▁ ▁Business ▁Cont inu ity ▁Plan : ▁While ▁planning ▁for ▁market ▁share ▁analysis , ▁the ▁worse ▁must ▁be ▁planned ▁for ▁to ▁ensure ▁continu ity ▁of ▁the ▁concern ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁a ▁cal am ity . ▁Comp an ies ▁which ▁have ▁a ▁continu ity ▁plan ▁usually ▁sust ain ▁shock s ▁better ▁and ▁ensure ▁achiev ement ▁of ▁target ed ▁market ▁share . ▁ ▁Target ▁Market ▁Share : ▁Based ▁on ▁the ▁above ▁analysis , ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁overall ▁market ▁size ▁for ▁the ▁assess ment ▁period , ▁and ▁thereby ▁decide ▁on ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁business ▁the ▁firm ▁targets ▁to ▁achieve ▁during ▁the ▁period . ▁This ▁helps ▁determine ▁the ▁firm ' s ▁target ed ▁market ▁share . ▁This ▁also ▁helps ▁budget ▁for ▁activities ▁like ▁budget ing ▁for ▁R & D , ▁sales ▁promotion , ▁market ing , ▁and ▁training . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁http :// t utor 2 u . net / bus iness / mark eting / market _ analysis _ market share _ |
intro . asp ▁ ▁Category : Mark et ▁structure ▁Category : Mark eting ▁analyt ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Jean - P atr ick ▁Man ch ette ▁( 1 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁Marse ille ▁– ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Paris ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁crime ▁novel ist ▁cred ited ▁with ▁rein vent ing ▁and ▁re inv ig or ating ▁the ▁genre . ▁He ▁wrote ▁ten ▁short ▁nov els ▁in ▁the ▁sevent ies ▁and ▁early ▁eight ies , ▁and ▁is ▁widely ▁recognized ▁as ▁the ▁for em ost ▁French ▁crime ▁fiction ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁- ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁His ▁stories ▁are ▁violent ▁expl or ations ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁condition ▁and ▁French ▁society . ▁Man ch ette ▁was ▁polit ically ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁and ▁his ▁writing ▁reflect s ▁this ▁through ▁his ▁analysis ▁of ▁social ▁positions ▁and ▁culture . ▁ ▁Five ▁of ▁his ▁eleven ▁nov els ▁have ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁English . ▁Two ▁were ▁published ▁by ▁San ▁Francisco ▁publish er ▁City ▁L ights ▁Books ▁( 3 ▁To ▁Kill ▁[ from ▁the ▁French ▁" Le ▁petit ▁ble u ▁de ▁la ▁cô te ▁ou est "] ▁and ▁The ▁Pr one ▁Gun man ▁[ from ▁the ▁French ▁" La ▁Position ▁du ▁t ire ur ▁c ouch é "] ). ▁Three ▁other ▁nov els , ▁F ata le , ▁The ▁Mad ▁and ▁the ▁Bad ▁[ from ▁the ▁French ▁" O ▁d ing os , ▁O ▁ch ate aux !" ], ▁I v ory |
▁Pear l ▁[ from ▁the ▁French ▁" La ▁Prin ces se ▁du ▁Sang "] ▁have ▁been ▁released ▁by ▁New ▁York ▁Review ▁Books ▁Class ics ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁respectively . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Fant agraph ics ▁Books ▁released ▁an ▁English - language ▁version ▁of ▁French ▁cart oon ist ▁Jacques ▁T ardi ' s ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Le ▁petit ▁ble u ▁de ▁la ▁cô te ▁ou est , ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁English ▁title ▁West ▁Coast ▁Blues . ▁Fant agraph ics ▁released ▁a ▁second ▁T ardi ▁adaptation , ▁of ▁" La ▁Position ▁du ▁t ire ur ▁c ouch é " ▁( under ▁the ▁title ▁" Like ▁a ▁S ni per ▁L ining ▁Up ▁His ▁Sh ot " ▁) ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁a ▁third ▁one , ▁of ▁" Ô ▁D ing os ! ▁ Ô ▁Ch âte aux !" ▁( under ▁the ▁title ▁" Run ▁Like ▁Cra zy ▁Run ▁Like ▁Hell ") ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Man ch ette ▁himself ▁was ▁a ▁fan ▁of ▁com ics , ▁and ▁his ▁pra ised ▁translation ▁of ▁Alan ▁Moore ' s ▁Watch men ▁into ▁French ▁remains ▁in ▁print . ▁ ▁Youth ▁and ▁early ▁writ ings ▁Born ▁December ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁in ▁Marse ille , ▁where ▁the ▁war ▁had ▁tempor arily ▁led ▁his ▁parents , ▁Jean - P atr ick ▁Man ch ette ▁spent ▁most |
▁of ▁his ▁early ▁years ▁in ▁Mal ak off , ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁sub ur bs ▁of ▁Paris . ▁G row ing ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁relatively ▁mod est ▁family ▁( his ▁father ▁started ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁factory ▁worker , ▁later ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁electron ics ▁sales ▁executive ), ▁he ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁excellent ▁pup il ▁and ▁from ▁an ▁early ▁age ▁showed ▁a ▁keen ▁taste ▁for ▁writing . ▁During ▁his ▁child hood ▁and ▁te en ▁years , ▁he ▁wrote ▁hundreds ▁of ▁pages ▁of ▁past ich es ▁of ▁war ▁mem oir s ▁or ▁science ▁fiction ▁nov els , ▁gradually ▁turning ▁into ▁attempts ▁at ▁" ser ious " ▁fiction . ▁ ▁A ▁comp uls ive ▁reader , ▁passion ate ▁lo ver ▁of ▁American ▁film ▁and ▁jazz ▁music ▁( he ▁himself ▁played ▁the ▁ten or ▁and ▁alto ▁sa x oph one ), ▁he ▁also ▁developed ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁interest ▁in ▁ch ess ▁and ▁all ▁types ▁of ▁strategy ▁games . ▁While ▁his ▁parents ▁en vision ed ▁a ▁teaching ▁career ▁for ▁him , ▁to ▁their ▁great ▁dis may ▁he ▁suddenly ▁dropped ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁E NS ▁without ▁gradu ating , ▁and ▁decided ▁to ▁try ▁and ▁ear n ▁a ▁living ▁writing . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁England ▁to ▁teach ▁French ▁for ▁one ▁sem ester ▁in ▁a ▁college ▁for ▁the ▁blind ▁at ▁Wor c ester , ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁France . ▁ ▁A ▁left - wing ▁activ ist ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Al ger ia ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁he ▁was ▁at |
▁that ▁time ▁very ▁much ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁the ▁Situ ation ist ▁International . ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁goal ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁screen writer . ▁Trying ▁to ▁achieve ▁this , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁he ▁began ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁numerous ▁and ▁diverse ▁men ial ▁writing ▁jobs : ▁scripts ▁for ▁short ▁films , ▁various ▁treat ments , ▁and ▁two ▁low - bud get ▁films ▁for ▁director ▁Max ▁P ec as ▁( W oman ▁be le ag uer ed ▁/ ▁The ▁Pr ison er ▁of ▁Des ire ▁and ▁F ear ▁and ▁Love ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁he ▁first ▁encountered ▁success ▁writing ▁scripts ▁and ▁dialog ue ▁for ▁eleven ▁episodes ▁of ▁popular ▁television ▁series ▁. ▁Con current ly , ▁he ▁wrote ▁novel izations ▁of ▁several ▁films ▁( M ou rir ▁d ' a imer , ▁Sac co ▁and ▁V anz etti ), ▁nov els ▁derived ▁from ▁episodes ▁of ▁The ▁G lob et rot ters , ▁fiction ▁for ▁k ids , ▁esp ion age ▁nov els , ▁and ▁even ▁an ▁er otic ▁novel , ▁all ▁under ▁pen ▁names . ▁Al one ▁or ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁Mel issa , ▁he ▁also ▁translated ▁two ▁dozen ▁English - language ▁nov els , ▁mostly ▁nov els ▁by ▁Robert ▁L itt ell , ▁crime ▁fiction ▁or ▁books ▁about ▁film ▁( mem oir s ▁of ▁Pol a ▁Neg ri , ▁bi ograph ies ▁of ▁Hum ph rey ▁Bog art ▁and ▁The ▁Marx ▁Brothers , ▁etc ... ). ▁ ▁All ▁these ▁jobs , ▁while ▁bare ly ▁ear |
ning ▁him ▁a ▁living , ▁also ▁kept ▁him ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁screen writing ▁work ▁he ▁was ▁aim ing ▁for . ▁Turn ing ▁to ▁nov els ▁then ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁next ▁step , ▁as ▁he ▁figured ▁once ▁his ▁nov els ▁were ▁in ▁print , ▁stud ios ▁might ▁be ▁interested ▁in ▁turning ▁them ▁into ▁film . ▁He ▁thus ▁en vision ed ▁writing ▁his ▁first ▁novel ▁as ▁a ▁path ▁towards ▁writing ▁for ▁film . ▁ ▁Major ▁nov els ▁▁ ▁Man ch ette ▁chose ▁to ▁write ▁No ir ▁fiction ▁as ▁he ▁already ▁had ▁great ▁love ▁for ▁the ▁genre ▁and ▁adm ired ▁the ▁" be havior ist " ▁style ▁of ▁D ashi ell ▁Hamm ett . ▁He ▁sent ▁out ▁his ▁first ▁novel , ▁L ' Aff aire ▁N ' G ust ro ▁( The ▁N ' G ust ro ▁Aff air ) ▁to ▁a ▁main stream ▁publish er ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁While ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁second ▁one ▁with ▁a ▁fellow ▁writer , ▁he ▁was ▁ad vised ▁to ▁take ▁it ▁to ▁famous ▁crime ▁fiction ▁im print ▁S érie ▁No ire ▁at ▁Éditions ▁Gall im ard . ▁There , ▁his ▁novel ▁el ic ited ▁much ▁interest ▁and ▁was ▁accepted . ▁N ine ▁of ▁Man ch ette ' s ▁eleven ▁nov els ▁were ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁S érie ▁No ire . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁his ▁first ▁two ▁nov els ▁were ▁released , ▁La isse z ▁bron zer ▁les ▁Cad av res ▁( Cor ps es ▁in ▁the ▁sun ), |
▁written ▁with ▁, ▁and ▁L ' Aff aire ▁N ' G ust ro ▁( The ▁N ' G ust ro ▁Aff air ). ▁These ▁nov els ▁marked ▁the ▁kick off ▁of ▁the ▁movement ▁Man ch ette ▁himself ▁later ▁on ▁called ▁the ▁" neo - pol ar ," ▁a ▁radical ▁departure ▁in ▁crime ▁fiction ▁from ▁the ▁formula ic ▁French ▁c ops - and - ro bb ers ▁nov els ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁' 6 0 s . ▁Here , ▁Man ch ette ▁used ▁the ▁crime ▁thr iller ▁as ▁a ▁spring board ▁for ▁social ▁criticism . ▁This ▁tr end ▁was ▁clearly ▁exempl ified ▁by ▁L ' Aff aire ▁N ' G ust ro , ▁which ▁was ▁directly ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁Paris ▁ab du ction ▁of ▁Ben ▁B ark a , ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Mor oc can ▁left - wing ▁opposition , ▁by ▁Mor oc can ▁intelligence ▁with ▁the ▁cover t ▁help ▁of ▁French ▁secret ▁services . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁Man ch ette ▁published ▁O ▁d ing os , ▁O ▁ch ate aux ! ▁( Run ▁like ▁Cra zy ▁Run ▁like ▁Hell ), ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁frag ile ▁young ▁woman ▁and ▁a ▁boy , ▁the ▁nep hew ▁of ▁a ▁billion aire , ▁are ▁ch ased ▁by ▁a ▁psych op ath ic ▁k iller ▁and ▁his ▁hen ch men . ▁This ▁ch ase ▁pun ctu ated ▁by ▁sudden ▁out bur st s ▁of ▁violence ▁is ▁also ▁another ▁opportunity ▁for ▁him ▁to |
▁critic ize ▁contemporary ▁social ▁wo es . ▁The ▁novel ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁French ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁crime ▁fiction ▁for ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁saw ▁Man ch ette ▁re le asing ▁N ada , ▁an ▁exam ination ▁of ▁the ▁kid n apping ▁of ▁a ▁U . S . ▁amb assador ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁left - wing ▁activ ists , ▁and ▁the ▁en su ing ▁tak ed own ▁of ▁that ▁group ▁by ▁the ▁police . ▁ ▁After ▁an ▁unusual ▁take ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁genre , ▁L ' Hom me ▁au ▁Bou let ▁rou ge ▁( The ▁Red ▁Ball ▁Gang ) ▁derived ▁from ▁an ▁un fil med ▁screen play ▁by ▁American ▁screen writer ▁B . J . ▁S uss man , ▁Man ch ette ▁then ▁wrote ▁two ▁nov els ▁using ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁private ▁eye ▁Eug ene ▁Tar pon , ▁M org ue ▁ple ine ▁( C row ded ▁day ▁at ▁the ▁M org ue ) ▁and ▁Que ▁d ' os ! ▁( It ' s ▁ra ining ▁b ones ! ). ▁Tar pon ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁private ▁detect ive , ▁a ▁former ▁cop ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁a ▁protest er , ▁e aten ▁up ▁by ▁gr ief , ▁with ▁a ▁w ry ▁and ▁we ary ▁out look ▁on ▁the ▁world , ▁who ▁gets ▁mixed ▁up ▁in ▁very ▁tang led ▁cases ▁à ▁la ▁Raymond ▁Ch and ler , ▁another ▁of ▁Man ch ette ' s ▁favorite ▁writers . ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁ |
1 9 7 6 ▁came ▁" Le ▁Pet it ▁Ble u ▁de ▁la ▁C ô te ▁O uest " ▁( 3 ▁to ▁Kill ▁/ ▁West ▁Coast ▁Blues ). ▁In ▁this ▁novel , ▁Georges ▁Ger f aut , ▁an ▁ordinary ▁corpor ate ▁executive , ▁witness es ▁a ▁murder , ▁and ▁unw itting ly ▁becomes ▁a ▁target ▁for ▁the ▁kill ers . ▁He ▁ab rupt ly ▁leaves ▁his ▁family ▁and ▁his ▁oh - so - per fect ▁life ▁for ▁a ▁while , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁fol d ▁once ▁his ▁brut al ▁advent ure ▁has ▁ended . ▁Br imming ▁with ▁references ▁to ▁West ▁Coast ▁jazz ▁and ▁full ▁of ▁memor able ▁set ▁pieces , ▁this ▁novel ▁is ▁a ▁land mark ▁in ▁Man ch ette ' s ▁output . ▁ ▁Next ▁came ▁F ata le , ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁A im ée ▁J ou bert , ▁a ▁female ▁k iller - for - hire ▁who ▁sh at ters ▁the ▁apparent ▁quiet ness ▁of ▁a ▁small ▁se as ide ▁town ▁with ▁dev ast ating ▁results . ▁The ▁book ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁S érie ▁No ire ▁as ▁too ▁literary ▁and ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁main stream ▁novel . ▁Man ch ette ▁qualified ▁this ▁as ▁an ▁" ex perimental ▁novel " ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁thr iller . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁he ▁wrote ▁" La ▁Position ▁du ▁T ire ur ▁C ouch é " ▁( The ▁Pr one ▁Gun man ▁/ ▁Like ▁a ▁S ni per ▁l ining ▁up ▁his ▁shot ), ▁a ▁radical ▁behavior ist |
▁writing ▁experience ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁classic ▁No ir ▁theme . ▁Martin ▁Ter rier , ▁a ▁young ▁hit man ▁eager ▁to ▁ret ire , ▁becomes ▁a ▁victim ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁he ▁lives ▁in . ▁His ▁attempted ▁return ▁to ▁his ▁home ▁town ▁ends ▁up ▁in ▁may hem , ▁and ▁his ▁gl am orous ▁image ▁is ▁destroyed ▁as ▁he ▁los es ▁the ▁woman ▁he ▁lov es , ▁the ▁money ▁he ▁saved , ▁the ▁one ▁friend ▁he ▁has ▁left , ▁and ▁finally , ▁his ▁mark sm ans hip . ▁The ▁novel ▁has ▁been ▁translated ▁from ▁French ▁into ▁English ▁by ▁poet ▁and ▁editor , ▁James ▁Brook , ▁and ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁City ▁L ights ▁Publish ers ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁( ). ▁" The ▁Pr one ▁Gun man " ▁was ▁named ▁" Top ▁Myst ery ▁Book ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 " ▁by ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁Book ▁Review . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁novel ▁was ▁made ▁into ▁a ▁film ▁called ▁The ▁Gun man , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Mor el , ▁st arring ▁Se an ▁P enn , ▁J avier ▁Bar dem ▁and ▁Peter ▁Fran zen . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁while ▁being ▁regularly ▁named ▁by ▁the ▁press ▁as ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁ne o - pol ar , ▁Man ch ette ▁no ▁longer ▁published ▁nov els , ▁but ▁kept ▁writing ▁for ▁film ▁and ▁television , ▁transl ating ▁nov els ▁and ▁writing ▁articles ▁on ▁the ▁detect ive ▁novel ▁and ▁on ▁film . ▁He ▁believed ▁he ▁had ▁gone ▁full ▁circle |
▁with ▁his ▁last ▁novel , ▁which ▁he ▁conce ived ▁as ▁a ▁" closure " ▁of ▁his ▁No ir ▁fiction . ▁Man ch ette ▁explained ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁letter ▁to ▁a ▁journalist : ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁finally ▁having ▁found ▁new ▁territory ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁explore , ▁Man ch ette ▁started ▁writing ▁a ▁new ▁novel , ▁La ▁Prin ces se ▁du ▁Sang ▁( I v ory ▁Pear l ), ▁an ▁international ▁thr iller , ▁which ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁book ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁cycle , ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁nov els ▁covering ▁five ▁dec ades ▁from ▁the ▁post - war ▁period ▁to ▁present ▁times . ▁He ▁died ▁from ▁cancer ▁before ▁comple ting ▁it . ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁his ▁death , ▁several ▁un pub lished ▁works ▁were ▁released , ▁showing ▁how ▁very ▁active ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁preceding ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁Film ▁and ▁mis cell aneous ▁other ▁writ ings ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁on , ▁Man ch ette ▁constantly ▁wrote ▁for ▁the ▁screen . ▁Among ▁his ▁film work ▁are ▁N ada ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁directed ▁by ▁Claude ▁Ch ab rol ▁and ▁adapted ▁from ▁his ▁own ▁novel , ▁ ▁( The ▁Ass ault ) ▁( G er ard ▁P ires , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ), ▁ ▁( The ▁Pro b ability ▁F actor ) ▁( G er ard ▁P ires , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁The ▁Police |
▁War ▁( Rob in ▁Davis , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁ ▁( Ser ge ▁L ero y , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁and ▁ ▁( Ph ili ppe ▁Lab ro , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁several ▁of ▁his ▁nov els ▁were ▁made ▁into ▁mov ies , ▁three ▁of ▁which ▁st arring ▁A lain ▁Del on , ▁but ▁after ▁N ada , ▁Man ch ette ▁chose ▁not ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁these ▁adapt ations , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁having ▁to ▁change ▁his ▁own ▁stories . ▁His ▁love ▁of ▁film ▁writing ▁and ▁great ▁sense ▁of ▁dialog ue , ▁however , ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁contribute ▁to ▁many ▁film ▁projects ▁a ▁very ▁une ven ▁interest , ▁often ▁adapted ▁from ▁other ▁crime ▁novel ists ▁( Will iam ▁Irish , ▁Hill ary ▁W augh , ▁W ade ▁Miller , ▁etc .). ▁And ▁he ▁worked ▁on ▁a ▁great ▁many ▁projects ▁which ▁never ▁material ized . ▁He ▁also ▁occasionally ▁wrote ▁for ▁television , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁TV ▁drama ▁S érie ▁no ire ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁ ▁Man ch ette ▁firm ly ▁believed ▁translation ▁to ▁be ▁noble ▁work ▁and ▁he ▁kept ▁doing ▁it ▁throughout ▁his ▁life . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁he ▁translated ▁thirty ▁nov els , ▁including ▁books ▁by ▁Donald ▁E . ▁West la ke , ▁Robert ▁Blo ch , ▁Ross ▁Thomas ▁and ▁the ▁graph ic ▁novel ▁Watch men . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁com ic ▁album |
▁Griff u ▁for ▁cart oon ist ▁Jacques ▁T ardi , ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁children ' s ▁books , ▁wrote ▁pre faces , ▁notes ▁on ▁books , ▁ess ays ▁and ▁drama . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁nov els ▁and ▁his ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁mov ies , ▁Man ch ette ▁also ▁kept ▁a ▁daily ▁di ary ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁which ▁ultimately ▁runs ▁for ▁over ▁five ▁thousand ▁hand written ▁pages . ▁ ▁Among ▁his ▁many ▁other ▁activities , ▁at ▁various ▁times ▁in ▁his ▁life , ▁Man ch ette ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁science ▁fiction ▁nov els ▁( 1 9 7 6 - 1 9 8 1 ), ▁wrote ▁a ▁column ▁on ▁mind ▁games ▁( 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 7 9 ) ▁under ▁the ▁pen ▁name ▁General - Bar on ▁Staff , ▁served ▁as ▁editor ▁of ▁a ▁week ly ▁com ics ▁magazine ▁( 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 0 ), ▁film ▁critic ▁and ▁column ist ▁on ▁crime ▁fiction ▁( 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 8 1 ) ▁under ▁the ▁pen ▁name ▁Sh uto ▁Head line . ▁With ▁his ▁ess ays ▁on ▁No ir ▁fiction ▁( 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 5 ), ▁he ▁proved ▁himself ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁the or ists ▁of ▁genre ▁literature . ▁ ▁Post hum ous ▁releases ▁After ▁his ▁death , ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 |
▁on , ▁came ▁out ▁his ▁last ▁un fin ished ▁novel , ▁Prin ces se ▁du ▁Sang ▁( B lo od ▁Princess ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁collections ▁of ▁his ▁articles ▁on ▁No ir ▁fiction , ▁crime ▁fiction ▁and ▁the ▁detect ive ▁novel , ▁Chron iques ▁( Chr on icles ), ▁his ▁articles ▁about ▁film , ▁Les ▁Ye ux ▁de ▁la ▁M om ie ▁( The ▁M ummy ' s ▁E yes ) ▁and ▁his ▁only ▁the atr ical ▁play , ▁Cache ▁ta ▁jo ie ! ▁( H ide ▁your ▁happiness ! ), ▁chap ters ▁from ▁abandoned ▁nov els ▁like ▁I ris , ▁an ▁un pub lished ▁screen play , ▁M ish aps ▁and ▁decomposition ▁of ▁the ▁Dance ▁of ▁Death ▁Company ▁and ▁a ▁volume ▁of ▁his ▁di aries , ▁Journal ▁covering ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁These ▁releases ▁have ▁confirmed ▁Man ch ette ' s ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁French ▁literary ▁scene . ▁His ▁nov els ▁are ▁currently ▁enjo ying ▁renew ed ▁interest ▁and ▁have ▁now ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁a ▁great ▁many ▁languages ▁world wide . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Nov els ▁ ▁La isse z ▁bron zer ▁les ▁Cad av res ▁/ ▁Corps es ▁in ▁the ▁Sun ▁– ▁with ▁Jean - Pierre ▁Bast id ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁ ▁L ' Aff aire ▁N ' G ust ro ▁/ ▁The ▁N ' G ust ro ▁Aff air ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁ ▁O ▁d ing os , ▁O ▁ch ate aux ! |
▁/ ▁The ▁Mad ▁and ▁the ▁Bad ▁/ ▁Run ▁Like ▁Cra zy , ▁Run ▁Like ▁Hell ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁- ▁English ▁translation ▁by ▁Donald ▁Nich ol son - Smith ▁ ▁N ada ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁ ▁L ' Hom me ▁au ▁Bou let ▁rou ge ▁/ ▁The ▁Red ▁Ball ▁Gang ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁M org ue ▁ple ine ▁/ ▁Crow ded ▁Day ▁at ▁the ▁M org ue ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁ ▁Que ▁d ' os ! ▁/ ▁It ' s ▁R aining ▁B ones ! ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁ ▁Le ▁Pet it ▁Ble u ▁de ▁la ▁C ô te ▁O uest ▁/ ▁ 3 ▁to ▁Kill ▁/ ▁West ▁Coast ▁Blues ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁- ▁English ▁translation ▁by ▁Donald ▁Nich ol son - Smith ▁ ▁F ata le ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁- ▁English ▁translation ▁by ▁Donald ▁Nich ol son - Smith ▁ ▁La ▁Position ▁du ▁T ire ur ▁C ouch é ▁/ ▁The ▁Pr one ▁Gun man ▁/ ▁Like ▁a ▁S ni per ▁L ining ▁Up ▁His ▁Sh ot ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁- ▁English ▁translation ▁by ▁James ▁Brook ▁ ▁La ▁Prin ces se ▁du ▁Sang ▁/ ▁I v ory ▁Pear l ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁- ▁English ▁translation ▁by ▁Donald ▁Nich ol son - Smith ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁N ada , ▁directed ▁by ▁Claude ▁Ch ab rol ▁( 1 9 7 4 , ▁based ▁on ▁N ada |
) ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁Y ves ▁Bo isset ▁( 1 9 7 5 , ▁based ▁on ▁O ▁d ing os , ▁O ▁ch ate aux !) ▁Three ▁Men ▁to ▁Kill , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Der ay ▁( 1 9 8 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁Le ▁Pet it ▁Ble u ▁de ▁la ▁C ô te ▁O uest ) ▁For ▁a ▁Cop ' s ▁H ide , ▁directed ▁by ▁A lain ▁Del on ▁( 1 9 8 1 , ▁based ▁on ▁Que ▁d ' os !) ▁Le ▁ch oc , ▁directed ▁by ▁Robin ▁Davis ▁( 1 9 8 2 , ▁based ▁on ▁La ▁Position ▁du ▁T ire ur ▁C ouch é ) ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁ ▁( 1 9 8 4 , ▁based ▁on ▁M org ue ▁ple ine ) ▁The ▁Gun man , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Mor el ▁( 2 0 1 5 , ▁based ▁on ▁La ▁Position ▁du ▁T ire ur ▁C ouch é ) ▁Let ▁the ▁Corps es ▁Tan , ▁directed ▁by ▁H él ène ▁C att et ▁and ▁Bruno ▁For z ani ▁( 2 0 1 7 , ▁based ▁on ▁La isse z ▁bron zer ▁les ▁cad av res ) ▁ ▁Screen writer ▁▁ 1 9 7 5 : ▁ ▁( dir . ▁G ér ard ▁Pir ès ) ▁ 1 9 7 6 : ▁ ▁( dir . ▁G ér ard ▁Pir ès ) ▁ 1 9 7 9 : ▁The ▁Police ▁War ▁( dir . ▁Robin ▁Davis ) ▁ 1 9 8 2 : ▁ ▁( dir . ▁Serge |
▁L ero y ) ▁ 1 9 8 3 : ▁ ▁( dir . ▁Philippe ▁Lab ro ) ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Nov els ▁by ▁Jean - P atr ick ▁Man ch ette ▁on ▁Gall im ard ▁publish ers ▁website ▁ ▁Ben o ît ▁M ouch art , ▁Man ch ette , ▁le ▁nouveau ▁roman ▁no ir , ▁éditions ▁S ég u ier - Arch im ba ud , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁( in ▁French ) ▁ ▁Tem ps ▁no ir ▁N ° ▁ 1 1 , ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁() ▁special ▁issue ▁entirely ▁devoted ▁to ▁Jean - P atr ick ▁Man ch ette ▁( in ▁French ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Article ▁about ▁Man ch ette ' s ▁writing ▁by ▁James ▁S all is ▁ ▁Review ▁of ▁Man ch ette ' s ▁works ▁and ▁The ▁Pr one ▁Gun man ▁in ▁particular ▁ ▁Review ▁of ▁F ata le ▁ ▁Review ▁of ▁Man ch ette ' s ▁works ▁and ▁F ata le ▁ ▁Jean - Louis ▁de ▁R amb ures , ▁" Comment ▁trava ill ent ▁les ▁é criv ains ", ▁Paris ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁( inter view ▁with ▁J P . ▁Man ch ette , ▁in ▁French ) ▁ ▁A ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁interview ▁with ▁Jean - P atr ick ▁Man ch ette ▁on ▁French ▁television ▁from ▁IN A ▁arch ives ▁ ▁Article ▁about ▁Man ch ette ' s ▁translation ▁of ▁Watch men ▁into ▁French ▁ ▁Category : |
1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Marse ille ▁Category : F rench ▁crime ▁fiction ▁writers ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Prov ence - Al pes - C ô te ▁d ' Az ur ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁French ▁novel ists ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁French ▁male ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁ ▁January ▁events ▁ ▁January ▁ 4 ▁– ▁Maryland ▁train ▁collision ▁– ▁Am tra k ▁and ▁Con ra il ▁trains ▁col lide ▁in ▁Maryland , ▁killing ▁ 1 6 ▁people . ▁ ▁January ▁ 1 8 ▁– ▁A ▁fire ▁starts ▁on ▁A yl mer ▁Man or , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Man or ▁series ▁sleep ing ▁cars ▁used ▁by ▁Via ▁Rail , ▁forcing ▁VI A ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁car ▁out ▁of ▁regular ▁service ▁perman ently . ▁ ▁February ▁events ▁ ▁February ▁ 2 ▁– ▁The ▁Irish ▁national ▁transport ▁operator ▁C ó ras ▁I om pair ▁É ire ann ▁( CI É ) ▁is ▁split ▁up ▁into ▁subs idi aries , ▁with ▁I arn ród ▁É ire ann ▁( I r ish ▁Rail ) ▁taking ▁responsibility ▁for ▁the ▁Irish ▁railway ▁network ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland . ▁▁ ▁February ▁ 1 2 ▁– ▁Os lo ▁Central ▁Station ▁in ▁Os lo , ▁Norway ▁is ▁officially ▁opened , ▁and ▁the ▁western ▁station ▁Os lo ▁V est ban est as jon ▁clos es . ▁ ▁March ▁events ▁ ▁March ▁ 1 |
2 ▁– ▁The ▁Sac r amento ▁Regional ▁Trans it ▁District ▁opens ▁the ▁first ▁line ▁of ▁its ▁new ▁light ▁rail ▁system , ▁in ▁Sac r amento , ▁California . ▁ ▁April ▁events ▁ ▁April ▁ 1 ▁– ▁The ▁Japanese ▁National ▁Rail ways ▁( J NR ) ▁are ▁divided ▁and ▁priv at ized . ▁The ▁seven ▁companies ▁of ▁Japan ▁Rail ways ▁Group ▁( J R ▁Group ) ▁succeed ▁the ▁former ▁J NR . ▁ ▁April ▁ 4 ▁– ▁The ▁So o ▁Line ▁rail road ▁announ ces ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁its ▁Lake ▁States ▁Transport ation ▁Division ▁to ▁private ▁invest ors , ▁forming ▁the ▁new ▁Wisconsin ▁Central ▁Transport ation ▁Corporation . ▁ ▁April ▁ 2 7 ▁– ▁Const ruction ▁begins ▁in ▁Germany ▁on ▁the ▁Berlin ▁U - B ahn ' s ▁U 8 ▁line ▁extension ▁to ▁Par ac els us - Bad . ▁ ▁April ▁ 3 0 ▁– ▁The ▁Baltimore ▁and ▁Ohio ▁mer ges ▁into ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Railway , ▁ending ▁its ▁ 1 6 0 - year ▁existence . ▁ ▁May ▁events ▁ ▁May ▁ 6 ▁– ▁A ▁Spanish - built ▁P end ol ino , ▁R EN FE ▁Class ▁ 4 4 3 , ▁achieve S ▁a ▁speed ▁record ▁for ▁Spain ▁of ▁ 2 0 6 ▁km / h . ▁ ▁May ▁ 1 1 ▁– ▁British ▁Rail ▁ren ames ▁Second ▁class ▁as ▁Standard ▁class . ▁ ▁July ▁events ▁ ▁July ▁ 1 3 ▁– ▁Union ▁Pacific ▁Rail road ▁files ▁with ▁the ▁Inter state ▁Com merce ▁Commission ▁to ▁ac quire |
▁the ▁Missouri – K ansas – Tex as ▁Rail road . ▁ ▁July ▁ 1 3 ▁– ▁Nan b oku ▁Line ▁open , ▁for ▁first ▁time ▁of ▁Send ai ▁Sub way , ▁northern ▁Japan . ▁ ▁July ▁ 1 9 ▁– ▁New ▁short ▁line ▁rail road ▁Red ▁River ▁Valley ▁and ▁Western ▁Rail road ▁begins ▁operations ▁over ▁ 6 6 7 m iles ▁( 1 , 0 7 3 . 4 km ) ▁of ▁former ▁B N ▁tracks ▁in ▁North ▁Dak ota . ▁ ▁July ▁ 2 5 ▁ ▁Indian ▁Rail ways ▁install s ▁its ▁first ▁solid ▁state ▁inter lock ing ▁at ▁S rir ang am , ▁India . ▁ ▁The ▁East ▁Lanc ash ire ▁Railway , ▁a ▁her itage ▁railway ▁in ▁North ▁West ▁England , ▁opens ▁between ▁B ury ▁and ▁R ams bottom . ▁▁ ▁July ▁ 3 1 ▁– ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁pres ides ▁over ▁the ▁opening ▁cer emon ies ▁of ▁the ▁D ock lands ▁Light ▁Railway ▁in ▁London , ▁England . ▁ ▁August ▁events ▁ ▁August ▁ 7 ▁– ▁Kam ensk - Sh ak ht in sky ▁rail ▁dis aster ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁k ills ▁ 1 0 6 . ▁ ▁August ▁ 3 1 ▁– ▁The ▁Ch es ape ake ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Railway ▁is ▁merged ▁into ▁CS X ▁Transport ation . ▁ ▁September ▁events ▁ ▁September ▁ 2 2 ▁– ▁Richmond ▁V ale ▁railway ▁line , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁runs ▁last ▁coal ▁train ▁to ▁H ex ham , ▁becoming ▁the ▁last ▁non - t our ist |
▁railway ▁in ▁Australia ▁to ▁use ▁steam ▁locomot ives . ▁ ▁October ▁events ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 ▁– ▁B ots w ana ▁Rail ways ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁rail ways ▁within ▁B ots w ana ▁previously ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Rail ways ▁of ▁Z imb ab we . ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 1 ▁– ▁So o ▁Line ▁Rail road ▁s ells ▁ 2 , 0 0 2 m iles ▁( 3 , 2 2 2 km ) ▁of ▁track ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁Wisconsin ▁Central . ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 9 ▁– ▁B int aro ▁T rag edy ▁– ▁a ▁cat ast roph ic ▁crash ▁near ▁T anger ang , ▁Indones ia ▁k ills ▁ 1 5 6 ▁people . ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 9 ▁– ▁The ▁G lan rh yd ▁Bridge ▁collapse ▁k ills ▁four ▁people ▁when ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁the ▁River ▁T owy ▁near ▁L lande ilo , ▁Car mar th ens hire ▁in ▁Wales ▁is ▁was hed ▁away ▁by ▁sw ol len ▁water . ▁ ▁October ▁ 3 1 ▁– ▁Mont ana ▁Rail ▁Link ▁begins ▁operations ▁on ▁ ▁of ▁former ▁Bur ling ton ▁Northern ▁Rail road ▁( origin ally ▁Northern ▁Pacific ) ▁tracks . ▁ ▁November ▁events ▁ ▁November ▁ 1 ▁– ▁British ▁Rail ▁establish es ▁a ▁world ▁speed ▁record ▁for ▁dies el ▁tra ction , ▁ 2 3 8 . 9 km / h ▁( 1 4 8 . 4 m ph ) ▁with ▁a ▁test ▁Inter City ▁ 1 2 5 ▁formation |
▁between ▁Dar ling ton ▁and ▁York . ▁ ▁November ▁ 7 ▁– ▁The ▁first ▁ 6 kil omet res ▁of ▁the ▁M RT ▁line ▁in ▁Singapore ▁opened . ▁ ▁November ▁ 1 8 ▁– ▁King ' s ▁Cross ▁fire : ▁ 3 1 ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁fire ▁on ▁an ▁es cal ator ▁at ▁King ' s ▁Cross ▁t ube ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁Under ground . ▁ ▁December ▁events ▁ ▁December ▁ 5 ▁– ▁Down pat rick ▁& ▁Ar dg lass ▁Railway ▁begins ▁public ▁operation , ▁the ▁first ▁Irish ▁gauge ▁her itage ▁railway ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁December ▁ 1 0 ▁– ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁County ▁Trans it ▁begins ▁re venue ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁line ▁of ▁its ▁new ▁light ▁rail ▁system ▁in ▁San ▁Jose , ▁California . ▁ ▁Un known ▁date ▁events ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁div ests ▁government ▁ownership ▁of ▁Con ra il ▁in ▁the ▁largest ▁initial ▁public ▁stock ▁offering ▁( IP O ) ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁Line ▁One ▁( the ▁Red ▁line ) ▁of ▁C airo ▁Metro ▁opens . ▁ ▁A ▁passenger ▁express ▁from ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁to ▁Singapore ▁der ails ▁at ▁high ▁speed ▁near ▁Joh or ▁Bah ru , ▁Malays ia , ▁after ▁bol ts ▁holding ▁the ▁under frame - mount ed ▁air ▁condition ing ▁generator ▁come ▁off ▁causing ▁it ▁to ▁fall ▁off ▁and ▁cat ap ult ▁the ▁particular ▁coach ▁and ▁the ▁ones ▁behind ▁it ▁off ▁the ▁rails . ▁ 1 2 ▁people ▁are ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁worst ▁accident ▁in ▁K TM ' s |
▁history . ▁ ▁Acc idents ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁But ti ▁is ▁a ▁male ▁Arab ic ▁first ▁and ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁first ▁and ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁S urname ▁Abd ulla ▁Bin ▁But ti ▁( born ▁ 2 3 ▁Feb ▁ 1 9 7 3 ), ▁Em ir ati ▁chief ▁executive ▁Aless andro ▁But ti ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 5 9 ), ▁Italian ▁designer ▁ ▁D ina ▁But ti , ▁Egypt ian / Can ad ian ▁TV ▁present er , ▁writer , ▁and ▁artist ▁ ▁En rico ▁But ti ▁( 1 8 4 7 – 1 9 3 2 ), ▁Italian ▁sculpt or ▁ ▁H amed ▁bin ▁But ti ▁bin ▁Kh adem ▁Al ▁H amed , ▁Em ir ati ▁royal ty ▁Kh aled ▁But ti ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁Em ir ati ▁football ▁player ▁M akt ou m ▁bin ▁But ti ▁bin ▁So hal , ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Em ir ▁of ▁Dub ai ▁S ae ed ▁bin ▁But ti , ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Em ir ▁of ▁Dub ai ▁ ▁First ▁name ▁But ti ▁bin ▁So h ail , ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁Em ir ▁of ▁Dub ai <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁football ▁player . ▁He ▁plays ▁for ▁Ar ter ivo ▁W ak ay ama . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁Ry u ▁Mi y am oto ▁joined ▁to ▁J 3 ▁League ▁club ; ▁G ain are ▁T ott ori ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 |
. ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Ar ter ivo ▁W ak ay ama . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : D osh ish a ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁people ▁from ▁Os aka ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : J apan ese ▁football ers ▁Category : J 3 ▁League ▁players ▁Category : G ain are ▁T ott ori ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁Tr uman ▁T imm ons ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 – M arch ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁full back ▁in ▁the ▁All - America ▁Football ▁Conference ▁for ▁the ▁Brook lyn ▁D od gers . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Georgia ▁and ▁C lem son ▁College ; ▁as ▁a ▁s oph om ore ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁Cot ton ▁Bowl , ▁he ▁r ushed ▁for ▁ 1 2 7 ▁yards ▁and ▁scored ▁the ▁only ▁touch down ▁in ▁the ▁▁▁ ▁T imm ons ▁was ▁selected ▁in ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁NFL ▁D raft ▁by ▁the ▁Washington ▁Red sk ins , ▁but ▁instead ▁joined ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy . ▁ ▁During ▁training , ▁he ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Georgia ▁Pre - F light ▁Sky c rack ers ▁football ▁team . |
▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁full back s ▁Category : Bro ok lyn ▁D od gers ▁( A AF C ) ▁players ▁Category : C lem son ▁Tig ers ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Ge org ia ▁Pre - F light ▁Sky c rack ers ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁P ied mont , ▁South ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁H SR ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Pro per ▁names ▁ ▁Hal ib ur ton ▁Sc out ▁Reserve , ▁a ▁Sc outs ▁Canada ▁camp ▁ ▁Hamilton ▁Street ▁Railway ▁ ▁Hart – Sc ott – R od ino ▁Ant it rust ▁Im prov ements ▁Act ▁ ▁H enson ▁Sc out ▁Res ervation , ▁a ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁America ▁camp ▁in ▁Maryland ▁ ▁His ar ▁J unction ▁railway ▁station , ▁in ▁India ▁ ▁Historical ▁Social ▁Research ▁ ▁Historic ▁Sport scar ▁Racing , ▁a ▁U . S . ▁organization ▁involved ▁in ▁historic ▁mot ors port ▁ ▁Hoch schule ▁für ▁Techn ik ▁R app ers w il , ▁a ▁university ▁in ▁St . ▁G allen , ▁Switzerland ▁ ▁Holy oke ▁Street ▁Railway ▁ ▁Hom est ar ▁Run ner , ▁an ▁Internet ▁cart oon ▁ ▁H ors es ho e ▁Sc out ▁Res ervation , ▁a ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁America ▁camp ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁Hot ▁Spr ings ▁Municipal ▁Airport , ▁in ▁South ▁Dak ota , ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Human ▁Sex ual ▁Response ▁( band ) ▁ |
▁Hung arian ▁Soviet ▁Republic ▁ ▁M its ub ishi ▁H SR , ▁a ▁concept ▁car ▁ ▁H SR ▁Layout , ▁Beng al uru ▁ ▁High - Speed ▁Research ▁Program , ▁a ▁NASA ▁program ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁su person ic ▁passenger ▁Jet ▁ ▁Ab bre vi ations ▁ ▁Health ▁services ▁research ▁ ▁He at ▁shock ▁response , ▁via ▁H SP A 1 A ▁gene ▁ ▁H idden ▁surface ▁removal ▁ ▁Hier arch ical ▁state ▁routing ▁ ▁High - av ail ability ▁Se am less ▁Red und ancy ▁ ▁High ▁school ▁re union ▁ ▁High - speed ▁rail ▁ ▁High er - speed ▁rail ▁ ▁Hom ogene ously ▁st aining ▁region ▁ ▁Human ▁subject ▁research ▁ ▁Human ▁support ▁robot <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Book ▁of ▁Ne hem iah ▁has ▁been , ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁a ▁separate ▁book ▁of ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁Bible . ▁ ▁Before ▁that ▁date , ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Ez ra ; ▁but ▁in ▁Latin ▁Christian ▁b ibles ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁on wards , ▁the ▁V ul gate ▁Book ▁of ▁Ez ra ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁texts , ▁called ▁respectively ▁the ▁First ▁and ▁Second ▁books ▁of ▁Ez ra ; ▁a ▁separation ▁that ▁became ▁canon ised ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁printed ▁b ibles ▁in ▁Heb rew ▁and ▁Latin . ▁Mid ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁Re formed ▁Protest ant ▁b ible ▁transl ations ▁produced ▁in ▁Gene va ▁were ▁the ▁first |
▁to ▁introduce ▁the ▁name ▁' Book ▁of ▁Ne hem iah ' ▁for ▁the ▁text ▁formally ▁called ▁the ▁' Second ▁book ▁of ▁Ez ra '. ▁T old ▁largely ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁first - person ▁mem oir , ▁it ▁concerns ▁the ▁re building ▁of ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁by ▁Ne hem iah , ▁a ▁Jew ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁official ▁at ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁court , ▁and ▁the ▁dedic ation ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁its ▁people ▁to ▁God ' s ▁laws ▁( T or ah ). ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁The ▁events ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century ▁BC . ▁List ed ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Ez ra ▁as ▁Ez ra – Ne hem iah , ▁it ▁represents ▁the ▁final ▁chapter ▁in ▁the ▁historical ▁narr ative ▁of ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁Bible . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁book , ▁the ▁first - person ▁mem oir , ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Ez ra ▁around ▁ 4 0 0 BC . ▁Further ▁editing ▁probably ▁continued ▁into ▁the ▁H ellen istic ▁era . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁tells ▁how ▁Ne hem iah , ▁at ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁in ▁Sus a , ▁is ▁informed ▁that ▁Jerusalem ▁is ▁without ▁walls , ▁and ▁resol ves ▁to ▁restore ▁them . ▁The ▁king ▁appoint s ▁him ▁as ▁governor ▁of ▁Jud ah ▁and ▁he ▁travel s ▁to ▁Jerusalem . ▁There ▁he ▁re build s ▁the ▁walls , ▁despite ▁the ▁opposition ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁enemies |
, ▁and ▁re forms ▁the ▁community ▁in ▁conform ity ▁with ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁Mos es . ▁After ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁in ▁Jerusalem , ▁he ▁returns ▁to ▁Sus a ▁but ▁subsequently ▁revis its ▁Jerusalem . ▁He ▁finds ▁that ▁the ▁Israel ites ▁have ▁been ▁back sl iding ▁and ▁taking ▁non - J ew ish ▁w ives , ▁and ▁he ▁stays ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁ ▁to ▁en force ▁the ▁Law . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁year ▁of ▁Ar tax er xes ▁I ▁of ▁Pers ia , ▁Ne hem iah , ▁cup - b ear er ▁to ▁the ▁King ▁in ▁Sus a ▁( the ▁Pers ian ▁capital ), ▁lear ns ▁that ▁the ▁wall ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁is ▁destroyed . ▁He ▁pray s ▁to ▁God , ▁recall ing ▁the ▁s ins ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁God ' s ▁promise ▁of ▁rest oration ▁to ▁the ▁Land , ▁and ▁asks ▁Ar tax er xes ▁for ▁leave ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁re build ▁its ▁walls ; ▁the ▁king ▁is ▁re cept ive ▁and ▁extends ▁his ▁aid ▁to ▁this ▁mission . ▁ ▁Ne hem iah ▁returns ▁to ▁Jerusalem , ▁carrying ▁letters ▁of ▁author isation ▁from ▁the ▁king ; ▁he ▁inspect s ▁the ▁walls . ▁ ▁Ne hem iah ▁and ▁the ▁Jews ▁( including ▁the ▁' High ▁Pri est ' ▁Eli ash ib ), ▁begin ▁re building ▁Jerusalem . ▁ ▁The ▁enemies ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁– ▁San ball at ▁of ▁Sam aria , ▁Tob iah ▁the ▁Am mon ite , ▁Ges hem ▁the ▁Arab , ▁and ▁the ▁men ▁of ▁Ash d |
od ▁– ▁plot ▁to ▁attack ▁Jerusalem ▁which ▁necess it ates ▁the ▁Jews ▁working ▁with ▁weapons ▁in ▁their ▁hands . ▁ ▁Ne hem iah ▁sees ▁that ▁the ▁Jewish ▁nobles ▁are ▁opp ress ing ▁the ▁poor , ▁and ▁forces ▁the ▁can cellation ▁of ▁all ▁deb t ▁and ▁mort g ages ; ▁while ▁previous ▁govern ors ▁have ▁been ▁cor rupt ▁and ▁opp ress ive , ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁r igh te ous ▁and ▁just . ▁ ▁San ball at ▁acc uses ▁Ne hem iah ▁of ▁planning ▁re bell ion ▁against ▁Ar tax er xes , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁opposed ▁even ▁by ▁Jewish ▁nobles ▁and ▁proph ets , ▁but ▁the ▁wall ▁is ▁completed . ▁ ▁Ne hem iah ▁appoint s ▁officials ▁and ▁sets ▁gu ards ▁on ▁the ▁wall ▁and ▁gates ; ▁he ▁plans ▁to ▁register ▁the ▁Jews , ▁and ▁finds ▁the ▁Census ▁of ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁returned ▁earlier . ▁ ▁Ne hem iah ▁assemb les ▁the ▁people ▁and ▁has ▁Ez ra ▁read ▁to ▁them ▁the ▁law - book ▁of ▁Mos es ; ▁Ne hem iah , ▁Ez ra ▁and ▁the ▁Lev ites ▁inst itute ▁the ▁Fe ast ▁of ▁Bo oth s , ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁Law . ▁ ▁The ▁Jews ▁assemble ▁in ▁pen ance ▁and ▁prayer , ▁recall ing ▁their ▁past ▁s ins , ▁God ' s ▁help ▁to ▁them , ▁and ▁his ▁promise ▁of ▁the ▁land . ▁ ▁The ▁pri ests , ▁Lev ites ▁and ▁the ▁Israel ite ▁people ▁enter ▁into ▁a ▁c oven ant , ▁agree ing ▁to ▁separate ▁themselves ▁from ▁the ▁surrounding |
▁pe op les ▁and ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁Law . ▁ ▁Jerusalem ▁is ▁rep op ulated ▁by ▁the ▁Jews ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁towns ▁and ▁villages ▁of ▁Jud ah ▁and ▁Benjamin . ▁ ▁A ▁list ▁of ▁pri ests ▁and ▁Lev ites ▁who ▁returned ▁in ▁the ▁days ▁of ▁C yrus ▁( the ▁first ▁ret ur ne es ▁from ▁Bab yl on ) ▁is ▁presented ; ▁Ne hem iah , ▁a ided ▁by ▁Ez ra , ▁over se es ▁the ▁dedic ation ▁of ▁the ▁walls ▁and ▁the ▁re built ▁city . ▁ ▁After ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁Ne hem iah ▁returns ▁to ▁Sus a ; ▁he ▁later ▁comes ▁back ▁to ▁Jerusalem , ▁and ▁finds ▁that ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁back sl iding ▁in ▁his ▁absence . ▁He ▁takes ▁measures ▁to ▁en force ▁his ▁earlier ▁re forms ▁and ▁asks ▁for ▁God ' s ▁favour . ▁ ▁Historical ▁background ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century ▁BC . ▁Jud ah ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁provinces ▁within ▁a ▁larger ▁sat ra py ▁( a ▁large ▁administrative ▁unit ) ▁within ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire . ▁The ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁emp ire ▁is ▁at ▁Sus a . ▁Ne hem iah ▁is ▁a ▁cup - b ear er ▁to ▁king ▁Ar tax er xes ▁I ▁of ▁Pers ia ▁– ▁an ▁important ▁official ▁position . ▁ ▁At ▁his ▁own ▁request ▁Ne hem iah ▁is ▁sent ▁to ▁Jerusalem ▁as ▁governor ▁of ▁Ye h ud , ▁the ▁official ▁Pers ian ▁name ▁for ▁Jud ah . ▁Jerusalem ▁had ▁been ▁conquer ed ▁and |
▁destroyed ▁by ▁the ▁Bab yl oni ans ▁in ▁ 5 8 6 BC ▁and ▁Ne hem iah ▁finds ▁it ▁still ▁in ▁ru ins . ▁His ▁task ▁is ▁to ▁re build ▁the ▁walls ▁and ▁to ▁re - pop ulate ▁the ▁city . ▁He ▁faces ▁opposition ▁from ▁three ▁powerful ▁neighb ours , ▁the ▁Sam ar it ans , ▁the ▁Am mon ites , ▁and ▁the ▁Arab s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ash d od , ▁but ▁man ages ▁to ▁re build ▁the ▁walls . ▁He ▁then ▁pur ifies ▁the ▁Jewish ▁community ▁by ▁enfor cing ▁its ▁seg reg ation ▁from ▁its ▁neighb ours ▁and ▁enfor ces ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁Mos es . ▁ ▁Text ual ▁history ▁▁ ▁The ▁single ▁Heb rew ▁book ▁Ez ra – Ne hem iah , ▁with ▁title ▁" E z ra ", ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁Greek ▁around ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁century ▁BC . ▁ ▁S light ly ▁later ▁a ▁second , ▁and ▁very ▁different ▁Greek ▁translation ▁was ▁made , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁ 1 ▁Es d ras , ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁de eds ▁of ▁Ne hem iah ▁are ▁entirely ▁absent , ▁those ▁sections ▁either ▁being ▁omitted ▁or ▁re - att ributed ▁to ▁Ez ra ▁instead ; ▁and ▁initially ▁early ▁Christians ▁reck oned ▁this ▁later ▁translation ▁as ▁their ▁bib lic al ▁' Book ▁of ▁Ez ra ', ▁as ▁had ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century ▁Jewish ▁writer ▁Joseph us . ▁From ▁the ▁third ▁century ▁the ▁Christian ▁Old ▁Testament ▁in ▁Greek ▁supp lement ed ▁the ▁text |
▁of ▁ 1 ▁Es d ras ▁with ▁the ▁older ▁translation ▁of ▁Ez ra - Ne hem iah , ▁naming ▁the ▁two ▁books ▁Es d ras ▁A ▁and ▁Es d ras ▁B ▁respectively ; ▁and ▁this ▁usage ▁is ▁noted ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁Christian ▁scholar ▁Or igen , ▁who ▁remarked ▁that ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁' book ▁of ▁Ez ra ' ▁might ▁then ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁' double ' ▁book . ▁Jer ome , ▁writing ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 5 th ▁century , ▁noted ▁that ▁this ▁dup lication ▁had ▁since ▁been ▁adopted ▁by ▁Greek ▁and ▁Latin ▁Christians . ▁ ▁Jer ome ▁himself ▁rejected ▁the ▁dup lication ▁in ▁his ▁V ul gate ▁ ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Bible ▁into ▁Latin ▁from ▁the ▁Heb rew ; ▁and ▁consequ ently ▁all ▁early ▁V ul gate ▁manuscript s ▁present ▁Ez ra - Ne hem iah ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁book , ▁as ▁too ▁does ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁century ▁comment ary ▁of ▁B ede , ▁and ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁b ibles ▁of ▁Al cu in ▁and ▁The od ulf ▁of ▁Orleans . ▁ ▁However , ▁sp or ad ically ▁from ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁on wards , ▁Latin ▁b ibles ▁are ▁found ▁that ▁separate ▁the ▁Ez ra ▁and ▁Ne hem iah ▁sections ▁of ▁Ez ra - Ne hem iah ▁as ▁two ▁distinct ▁books , ▁then ▁called ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁books ▁of ▁Ez ra ; ▁and ▁this ▁becomes ▁standard ▁in ▁the ▁Paris ▁B ibles ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 5 |
1 6 / 1 7 , ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁printed ▁Rab bin ic ▁Bible ▁of ▁Daniel ▁Bom berg ▁that ▁the ▁separation ▁was ▁introduced ▁generally ▁in ▁Heb rew ▁B ibles . ▁ ▁In ▁later ▁medieval ▁Christian ▁comment ary , ▁this ▁book ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁' second ▁book ▁of ▁Ez ra ', ▁and ▁never ▁as ▁the ▁' Book ▁of ▁Ne hem iah "; ▁equally ▁cit ations ▁from ▁this ▁book ▁are ▁always ▁introduced ▁as ▁" E z ra ▁says .. ", ▁and ▁never ▁as ▁' Ne hem iah ▁says .. ". ▁ ▁Com position ▁and ▁date ▁ ▁The ▁combined ▁book ▁Ez ra – Ne hem iah ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁Christian ▁and ▁Jewish ▁period ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Ez ra ▁and ▁was ▁probably ▁attributed ▁to ▁Ez ra ▁himself ; ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁rabb in ic ▁tradition , ▁however , ▁Ne hem iah ▁was ▁the ▁real ▁author ▁but ▁was ▁forb idden ▁to ▁claim ▁author ship ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁bad ▁habit ▁of ▁dispar aging ▁others . ▁ ▁The ▁Ne hem iah ▁Memorial , ▁chap ters ▁ 1 – 7 ▁and ▁ 1 1 – 1 3 , ▁may ▁have ▁circul ated ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁work ▁before ▁being ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁Ez ra ▁material ▁to ▁form ▁Ez ra – Ne hem iah . ▁Det erm ining ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁the ▁Memorial ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁dates ▁of ▁Ne hem iah ' s ▁mission : ▁It ▁is ▁commonly ▁accepted ▁that ▁" Ar tax er xes " ▁was ▁Ar tax er xes ▁I ▁( there ▁were ▁two ▁later ▁k ings ▁of ▁the |
▁same ▁name ), ▁and ▁that ▁Ne hem iah ' s ▁first ▁period ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁was ▁therefore ▁ 4 4 5 – 4 3 3 BC ; ▁allowing ▁for ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Sus a ▁and ▁second ▁journey ▁to ▁Jerusalem , ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century ▁BC ▁is ▁therefore ▁the ▁earliest ▁possible ▁date ▁for ▁the ▁Memorial . ▁The ▁Ne hem iah ▁Memorial ▁is ▁interrupted ▁by ▁chap ters ▁ 8 – 1 0 , ▁which ▁concern ▁Ez ra . ▁These ▁have ▁sometimes ▁been ▁identified ▁as ▁another , ▁separate ▁work , ▁the ▁Ez ra ▁Memorial ▁( EM ), ▁but ▁other ▁sch ol ars ▁believe ▁the ▁EM ▁to ▁be ▁fict ional ▁and ▁heavily ▁alter ed ▁by ▁later ▁edit ors . ▁Both ▁the ▁Ne hem iah ▁and ▁Ez ra ▁material ▁are ▁combined ▁with ▁numerous ▁lists , ▁C ens uses ▁and ▁other ▁material . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁combined ▁Ez ra – Ne hem iah ▁may ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁ 4 th ▁century ▁BC ; ▁further ▁editing ▁continued ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁centuries . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Es d ras ▁Ez ra - Ne hem iah ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Comment aries ▁ ▁B len kin so pp , ▁Joseph , ▁" E z ra - Ne hem iah : ▁A ▁Comment ary " ▁( E erd mans , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁ ▁C og g ins , ▁R . J ., ▁" The ▁Books ▁of ▁Ez ra ▁and ▁Ne hem iah " ▁( C amb ridge ▁University |
▁Press , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁E cker , ▁Ron ald ▁L ., ▁" E z ra ▁and ▁Ne hem iah " ▁( E cker ' s ▁Bib lic al ▁Web ▁P ages , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁F ens ham , ▁F . ▁Charles , ▁" The ▁books ▁of ▁Ez ra ▁and ▁Ne hem iah " ▁( E erd mans , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁Grab be , ▁L . L ., ▁" E z ra - Ne hem iah " ▁( Rout ledge , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Th ront ve it , ▁Mark ▁A ., ▁" E z ra - Ne hem iah " ▁( John ▁Kno x ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁Clement s , ▁R . E . ▁( ed ), ▁" The ▁World ▁of ▁An cient ▁Israel " ▁( C amb ridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁B len kin so pp , ▁Joseph , ▁" J uda ism , ▁the ▁first ▁phase " ▁( E erd mans , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Gar bin i , ▁G ., ▁" M yth ▁and ▁history ▁in ▁the ▁b ible " ▁( She ff ield ▁Academ ic ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Grab be , ▁L . L ., ▁" A ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁and ▁J uda ism ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Temple ▁Period , ▁Volume ▁ 1 " ▁( |
T & T ▁Clark , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Graham , ▁M . P , ▁and ▁McK en zie , ▁Steven ▁L ., ▁" The ▁Heb rew ▁Bible ▁today : ▁an ▁introduction ▁to ▁critical ▁issues " ▁( West min ster ▁John ▁Kno x ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Pak k ala , ▁Ju ha , ▁" E z ra ▁the ▁scri be : ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Ez ra ▁ 7 – 1 0 ▁and ▁Ne hem iah ▁ 8 " ▁( W alter ▁de ▁G ry ter , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Trans l ations ▁ ▁Bible ▁Gate way ▁( opens ▁at ▁N IV ▁version ) ▁ ▁Ch abad . org ▁Library ▁▁ ▁Vari ous ▁versions ▁ ▁Category : 5 th - century ▁BC ▁books ▁Ne hem iah ▁Ne hem iah <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Home ▁Team ▁Academy ▁( ab bre viation : ▁HT A ; ▁Mal ay : ▁Akadem i ▁Home ▁Team ; ▁) ▁is ▁the ▁training ▁inst itute ▁for ▁various ▁organis ations ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Home ▁Affairs ▁in ▁Singapore , ▁including ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Police ▁Force , ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Civil ▁Def ence ▁Force , ▁the ▁Central ▁N arc ot ics ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Pr ison ▁Service , ▁the ▁Im m igration ▁and ▁Check points ▁Author ity , ▁and ▁the ▁In ternal ▁Security ▁Department , ▁amongst ▁other ▁ag encies . ▁Loc ated ▁at ▁ 5 0 1 ▁Old ▁Cho a ▁Ch u ▁K ang ▁Road , ▁it ▁cost ▁about ▁S $ 2 |
6 6 ▁million ▁to ▁build . ▁It ▁was ▁oper ational ▁since ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁had ▁an ▁oper ational ▁launch ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁officially ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁with ▁an ▁open ▁house ▁and ▁concert . ▁ ▁History ▁Pl ans ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁training ▁ground ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁Old ▁Police ▁Academy ▁at ▁Thom son ▁Road ▁of ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Police ▁Force ▁laid ▁the ▁foundation ▁for ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁HT A . ▁When ▁plans ▁were ▁mo oted ▁to ▁incorpor ate ▁other ▁organis ations ▁involved ▁in ▁law ▁enfor cement , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁auxili ary ▁police ▁forces , ▁the ▁facility ▁was ▁tent atively ▁named ▁as ▁the ▁Law ▁En for cement ▁Academy ▁of ▁Singapore ▁( or ▁LE AS ▁for ▁short ). ▁Sub sequ ent ▁changes , ▁which ▁also ▁include ▁the ▁training ▁schools ▁of ▁other ▁" Home ▁Team " ▁organis ations , ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁ren aming ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁to ▁the ▁Home ▁Team ▁Academy . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁a ▁" mov ing ▁para de " ▁was ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁police ▁force ▁to ▁sign ify ▁its ▁transition ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁a cademy ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁HT A . ▁Police ▁National ▁Service ▁Full - Time ▁tra ine es ▁of ▁ 1 2 1 st ▁int ake ▁and ▁ 4 2 nd ▁O CT ▁batch ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁batch ▁to ▁pass ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁a cademy . ▁After ▁a ▁simple ▁para de ▁at ▁the ▁old |
▁para de ▁grounds , ▁officers ▁did ▁a ▁relay ▁run ▁of ▁ 4 2 ▁kilometres ▁to ▁the ▁Cho a ▁Ch u ▁K ang ▁complex , ▁where ▁another ▁para de ▁was ▁held . ▁The ▁police ' s ▁Training ▁Command ▁thus ▁began ▁operations ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁a cademy ▁from ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁old ▁prem ises ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁Old ▁Police ▁Academy ▁by ▁mid - 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁Academy ▁took ▁in ▁its ▁second ▁batch ▁of ▁Police ▁National ▁Service ▁Full - time ▁tra ine es ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 3 rd ▁int ake , ▁which ▁graduated ▁with ▁a ▁passing ▁out ▁para de ▁on ▁ 6 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁Pr ison ▁Staff ▁Training ▁School ▁and ▁the ▁Im m igration ▁& ▁Check points ▁Author ity ▁Training ▁and ▁Development ▁Branch ▁fully ▁shift ed ▁all ▁operations ▁to ▁HT A ▁by ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁HT A ▁had ▁its ▁oper ational ▁launch ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁declared ▁officially ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁by ▁Deput y ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Home ▁Affairs , ▁Mr ▁W ong ▁Kan ▁S eng . ▁ ▁Organisation ▁The ▁a cademy ▁incorpor ates ▁various ▁schools , ▁including ▁Training ▁Command ▁( TR AC OM ) ▁of ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Police ▁Force . ▁Pr ison ▁Staff ▁Training ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Pr ison ▁Service . ▁Im m igration ▁& ▁Check points ▁Author ity ▁Training ▁and ▁Development ▁Branch ▁of |
▁the ▁Im m igration ▁and ▁Check points ▁Author ity . ▁Other ▁Home ▁Team ▁ag encies ▁maintain ▁an ▁' off - camp us ' ▁presence ▁for ▁their ▁training ▁schools , ▁e . g . ▁SC DF ' s ▁Civil ▁Def ence ▁Academy . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁individual ▁training ▁schools ▁maintain ▁their ▁training ▁focus ▁on ▁their ▁respective ▁duties , ▁the ▁Home ▁Team ▁Academy ▁see ks ▁to ▁har ness ▁aspects ▁of ▁training ▁and ▁knowledge ▁from ▁each ▁ag ency ▁and ▁to ▁share ▁this ▁across ▁all ▁the ▁depart ments ▁within ▁the ▁Home ▁Team . ▁It ▁a ims ▁to ▁develop ▁new ▁knowledge ▁and ▁skills , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁home front ▁security ▁which ▁may ▁cut ▁across ▁all ▁ag encies . ▁It ▁also ▁develop s ▁training ▁programs ▁with ▁an ▁inter - ag ency ▁or ▁multi - ag ency ▁focus . ▁ ▁The ▁Home ▁Team ▁Cad et ▁Corps ▁Head quarters ▁( HT CC ▁H Q ) ▁is ▁co - located ▁within ▁the ▁Academy , ▁over see ing ▁the ▁manager ial ▁and ▁administrative ▁functions ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Police ▁Cad et ▁Corps ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Civil ▁Def ence ▁Cad et ▁Corps . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁and ▁design ▁ ▁As ide ▁from ▁containing ▁lod ging ▁facilities ▁for ▁tra ine es , ▁class rooms , ▁a ▁library ▁and ▁sports ▁facilities , ▁the ▁Academy ▁also ▁contains ▁a ▁Training ▁Village ▁housing ▁sim ulated ▁facilities ▁for ▁tra ine es ▁to ▁under go ▁scenario - based ▁training ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁efforts ▁to ▁inject ▁real ism ▁into ▁training . ▁The ▁purpose - built ▁Training ▁Village ▁includes ▁a ▁" com mer |
cial ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁zone ", ▁and ▁a ▁" res ident ial ▁zone ". ▁The ▁former ▁has ▁settings ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁bank , ▁a ▁K TV ▁out let , ▁a ▁food ▁court , ▁a ▁j ew ell ery ▁shop ▁and ▁an ▁M RT ▁carriage ▁and ▁platform . ▁The ▁latter ▁is ▁a ▁four - store y ▁high ▁H DB ▁block ▁with ▁various ▁a partment ▁types ▁for ▁police ▁training . ▁Other ▁facilities ▁include ▁a ▁mock ▁prison ▁wing ▁for ▁pr isons ▁officer ▁to ▁be ▁taught ▁prison ▁routine , ▁in mate ▁control ▁and ▁management , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁sim ulated ▁border ▁check point ▁for ▁skills ▁training ▁in ▁imm igration ▁clear ance . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁there ▁are ▁purpose - built ▁out door ▁training ▁facilities ▁to ▁train ▁specific ▁skills . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Police ▁Standard ▁Ob st acle ▁Cour se ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁build ▁up ▁physical ▁fit ness ▁and ▁ag ility , ▁while ▁based ▁on ▁front line ▁police ▁officers ' ▁oper ational ▁environment . ▁The ▁Exper ient ial ▁Learning ▁Cour se ▁is ▁a ▁high - ro pe ▁obst acle ▁course , ▁where ▁participants ▁eng age ▁in ▁various ▁hands - on ▁activities ▁and ▁gain ▁ins ights ▁into ▁leadership , ▁group ▁problem ▁solving , ▁team work ▁and ▁communication ▁skills . ▁ ▁Build ings ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁Home ▁Team ▁ag encies ▁to ▁be ▁trained , ▁hous ed ▁under ▁one ▁roof ▁Know ledge ▁is ▁the ▁Key ▁- ▁The ▁Ro le ▁of ▁the ▁Home ▁Team ▁Academy ▁" Effect ive ▁on ▁Its ▁O wn , ▁Ex cell ing |
▁as ▁A ▁Team " ▁- ▁The ▁Home ▁Team ▁Academy ▁opens ▁its ▁Do ors ▁ ▁Category : Sing ap ore ▁Police ▁Force ▁Category : Pol ice ▁academ ies ▁Category : High er ▁education ▁in ▁Singapore <0x0A> </s> ▁G wal ior ▁House ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁Mah ar aja ▁of ▁G wal ior ▁in ▁Del hi . ▁Loc ated ▁at ▁Raj pur ▁Road ▁in ▁Civil ▁L ines , ▁Del hi , ▁G wal ior ▁House ▁was ▁amongst ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁six ▁pr inc ely ▁houses ▁in ▁Civil ▁L ines ▁including ▁Jam n agar , ▁Kol h ap ur , ▁N ab ha , ▁S iro hi ▁and ▁U da ip ur . ▁ ▁Mah ar aja ▁J iv aj ira o ▁Sc ind ia ▁of ▁G wal ior ▁stayed ▁at ▁ 3 7 ▁Raj pur ▁Road , ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁mother . ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁later ▁involved ▁in ▁an ▁inheritance ▁fe ud ▁within ▁the ▁pr inc ely ▁family . ▁It ▁is ▁of ▁mod est ▁size ▁and ▁can ▁therefore ▁not ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁palace . ▁ ▁Old ▁Del hi ▁had ▁only ▁three : ▁Du j ana ▁House , ▁L oh aru ▁House ▁and ▁( old ) ▁P ata udi ▁House . ▁The ▁pr inc ely ▁pal aces ▁were ▁influenced ▁by ▁French , ▁Italian , ▁Ind o - V en et ian ▁Goth ic , ▁Sar ac en ic , ▁Raj put ▁and ▁Islam ic ▁styles ▁of ▁architecture . ▁ ▁Since ▁G wal ior ▁was ▁a ▁ 2 1 - gun ▁sal ute ▁pr inc |
ely ▁state , ▁a ▁large ▁plot ▁was ▁set ▁aside ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁Kings way , ▁today ▁Raj path , ▁for ▁a ▁palace ▁to ▁be ▁constructed ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁Bar oda ▁House ▁and ▁Pat ial a ▁House ▁ ▁However ▁the ▁pr inc ely ▁family ▁refused ▁to ▁be ▁aligned ▁in ▁this ▁city ▁planning ▁scheme ▁by ▁the ▁British . ▁The ▁plot ▁stood ▁empty ▁and ▁was ▁temporary ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁Prince ' s ▁Park ▁Mess . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Ro yal ▁resid ences ▁in ▁Del hi ▁Category : History ▁of ▁G wal ior <0x0A> </s> ▁Ut ah ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 8 7 ▁may ▁refer ▁the ▁Ut ah ▁State ▁Highway ▁that ▁served ▁the ▁Ut ah ▁State ▁Pr ison ▁( first ▁the ▁Sug ar ▁House ▁Pr ison ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁Ut ah ▁State ▁Pr ison ▁before ▁it ▁was ▁deleted ▁as ▁a ▁route ) ▁: ▁▁ ▁Ut ah ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 8 7 ▁( 1 9 3 5 - 1 9 4 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Ut ah ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 8 7 ▁( 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 6 9 ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Yang z hou ▁( <0xE6> <0x89> <0xAC> 州 ) ▁is ▁a ▁modern ▁pre fect ure - level ▁city ▁in ▁Ji ang su , ▁China . ▁ ▁Yang z hou ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to ▁these ▁places ▁in ▁China : ▁Yang z hou ▁Sub d istrict ▁( 洋 州 街 道 ), ▁a ▁sub d istrict ▁in ▁Yang ▁County , ▁Sh a an xi ▁Yang z hou ▁Township ▁( <0xE6> <0x9D> <0xA8> |
洲 乡 ), ▁a ▁town ship ▁in ▁W uning ▁County , ▁Ji ang xi ▁ ▁Historical ▁locations ▁Yang ▁Province ▁( <0xE6> <0x8F> <0x9A> 州 ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁N ine ▁Provin ces ▁of ▁ancient ▁China ▁Yang ▁Pref ect ure ▁( J i ang su ) ▁( <0xE6> <0x8F> <0x9A> 州 ), ▁a ▁former ▁pre fect ure ▁between ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries ▁in ▁modern ▁Ji ang su ▁Yang ▁Pref ect ure ▁( S ha an xi ) ▁( 洋 州 ), ▁a ▁former ▁pre fect ure ▁between ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁and ▁ 1 4 th ▁centuries ▁in ▁modern ▁Sh a an xi ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Yang ▁( disambiguation ) ▁Yang ▁Z hou ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 2 ), ▁Chinese ▁vol ley ball ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁A lain ▁And ji ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁in ▁T reich ville , ▁I v ory ▁Coast ) ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁pole ▁va ul ter . ▁He ▁changed ▁national ity ▁from ▁his ▁birth ▁country ▁I v ory ▁Coast . ▁ ▁And ji ▁finished ▁e ighth ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁European ▁Ind oor ▁Championships , ▁nin th ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Olympic ▁Games , ▁ele vent h ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁World ▁Ind oor ▁Championships ▁and ▁first ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Mediter rane an ▁Games . ▁ ▁Before ▁switching ▁to ▁France ▁he ▁set ▁an ▁I v ory ▁Coast ▁national ▁record ▁of ▁ |
5 . 1 0 ▁metres ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁in ▁Y er res . ▁His ▁career ▁best ▁jump ▁was ▁ 5 . 8 5 ▁metres , ▁achieved ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁in ▁B onne uil - sur - Mar ne . ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁record ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁French ▁all - time ▁top ▁lists ▁- ▁P ole ▁v ault ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Ab id jan ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁pole ▁va ul ters ▁Category : I vor ian ▁pole ▁va ul ters ▁Category : I vor ian ▁male ▁athlet es ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁France ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : World ▁Athletics ▁Championships ▁athlet es ▁for ▁France ▁Category : I vor ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁France ▁Category : Med iter rane an ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁France ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Mediter rane an ▁Games ▁Category : Med iter rane an ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁athlet ics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁FC ▁Z en it ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁season ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁straight ▁season ▁that ▁the ▁club ▁will ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League , ▁the ▁highest ▁tier ▁of ▁football |
▁in ▁Russia . ▁The ▁club ▁won ▁the ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁in ▁four ▁years ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁Cup ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁comple ting ▁a ▁double . ▁ ▁Intern ation ally , ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁registered ▁for ▁Europe ' s ▁highest ▁level ▁of ▁football ▁competition , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League , ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁place ▁team ▁from ▁Russia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Z en it ▁were ▁drawn ▁into ▁the ▁Group ▁Stage ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League ▁alongside ▁And er lecht , ▁A E K ▁Ath ens ▁and ▁H aj du k ▁after ▁falling ▁ 2 – 1 ▁on ▁aggregate ▁to ▁French ▁club ▁A ux er re ▁in ▁the ▁Champions ▁League ▁play - off ▁round . ▁ ▁Season ▁Events ▁▁ 1 1 ▁January : ▁Def ender ▁Michael ▁L umb ▁signs ▁for ▁Z en it ▁from ▁AG F ▁A ar hus . ▁▁ 1 6 ▁January : ▁St ri ker ▁Aleks andr ▁Ker zh akov ▁returns ▁to ▁Z en it ▁from ▁Dynam o ▁Moscow ▁after ▁sp ending ▁six ▁seasons ▁with ▁the ▁club ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 - 0 6 . ▁▁ 2 6 ▁January : ▁Def ender ▁Kim ▁D ong - jin ' s ▁contract ▁is ▁terminated ▁due ▁to ▁medical ▁exam in ations ▁and ▁f ain ting ▁b outs ▁experienced ▁during ▁practices ▁with ▁the ▁South ▁Korea ▁national ▁team . ▁▁ 2 8 ▁January : |
▁Z en it ▁plays ▁its ▁first ▁match ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁friendly ▁against ▁U z bek ▁side ▁Lok om ot iv ▁T ash k ent ▁during ▁training ▁camp ▁in ▁Dub ai , ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates . ▁▁ 2 9 ▁January : ▁Mid f iel der ▁Ig or ▁Sem sh ov ▁rejo ins ▁Dynam o ▁Moscow ▁on ▁a ▁three - year ▁contract ▁for ▁an ▁und is closed ▁fee . ▁▁ 3 ▁February : ▁St ri ker ▁and ▁club ▁leading ▁goal ▁sc orer ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁F ati h ▁T ek ke ▁joins ▁Rub in ▁Kaz an ▁on ▁a ▁three - year ▁contract ▁for ▁an ▁und is closed ▁fee . ▁▁ 2 3 ▁February : ▁Go al keeper ▁Y uri ▁Z he v nov ▁signs ▁for ▁Z en it ▁from ▁FC ▁Moscow . ▁▁ 3 ▁March : ▁St ri ker ▁D ank o ▁Laz ović ▁signs ▁for ▁Z en it ▁from ▁P SV . ▁▁ 9 ▁March : ▁St ri ker ▁Serge y ▁K orn ilen ko ▁joins ▁former ▁club ▁Tom ▁Tom sk ▁on ▁a ▁one - year ▁loan ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Z en it ▁during ▁the ▁summer . ▁▁ 1 3 ▁March : ▁Mid f iel der ▁D anny ▁plays ▁his ▁first ▁match ▁in ▁ten ▁months ▁after ▁suffering ▁a ▁season - ending ▁injury ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁scores ▁the ▁winning ▁goal ▁against ▁K ry lia ▁Sov et ov . ▁▁ 1 |
6 ▁May : ▁Z en it ▁wins ▁the ▁Russian ▁Cup ▁ 1 – 0 ▁over ▁Sib ir ▁Nov os ib ir sk , ▁with ▁the ▁Cup - win ning ▁goal ▁scored ▁by ▁mid f iel der ▁Roman ▁Sh iro kov . ▁▁ 5 ▁July : ▁Def ender ▁Nicolas ▁L om ba ert s ▁signs ▁a ▁new ▁four - year ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁club . ▁▁ 1 9 ▁July : ▁St ri ker ▁Aleks andr ▁B uk har ov ▁signs ▁for ▁Z en it ▁from ▁Rub in ▁Kaz an . ▁New ly ▁acquired ▁def ender ▁Michael ▁L umb ▁is ▁loan ed ▁to ▁F ey eno ord ▁until ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁playing ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁club . ▁▁ 2 9 ▁July : ▁Mid f iel der ▁Ig or ▁Den is ov ▁signs ▁a ▁new ▁five - year ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁club ▁and ▁def ender ▁Aleks and ar ▁L uk ović ▁signs ▁for ▁Z en it ▁from ▁U d inese . ▁▁ 3 1 ▁July : ▁Z en it ▁wins ▁its ▁nin th - stra ight ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League ▁match ▁after ▁defe ating ▁reign ing ▁champions ▁Rub in ▁Kaz an ▁ 2 – 0 ▁on ▁a ▁double ▁from ▁stri ker ▁Aleks andr ▁Ker zh akov . ▁Def ender ▁S éb ast ien ▁P uy gren ier ▁returns ▁from ▁a ▁year ▁loan ▁at ▁Mon aco ▁and ▁att ends ▁Z en it ' s ▁summer ▁camp ▁in ▁Austria ▁before ▁receiving ▁another ▁one - year ▁loan ▁deal ▁with ▁Mon aco . ▁▁ |
3 ▁August : ▁Def ender ▁Bruno ▁Al ves ▁signs ▁for ▁Z en it ▁from ▁Porto ▁for ▁a ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League - record ▁€ 2 2 mill ion ▁foreign ▁transfer ▁fee . ▁▁ 4 ▁August : ▁Z en it ▁defe ats ▁Un ire a ▁Ur z ic eni ▁ 1 – 0 ▁on ▁aggregate ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁play - off ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League . ▁D anny ▁scores ▁the ▁only ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁tie ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 3 rd ▁minute ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁leg , ▁assist ed ▁by ▁Vladimir ▁B yst rov . ▁▁ 5 ▁August : ▁Mid f iel der ▁Serge i ▁Sem ak ▁signs ▁for ▁Z en it ▁from ▁Rub in ▁Kaz an . ▁▁ 2 5 ▁August : ▁Manager ▁Luci ano ▁Sp alle tt i ▁suff ers ▁his ▁first ▁compet itive ▁loss ▁with ▁Z en it , ▁falling ▁ 2 – 0 ▁to ▁French ▁club ▁A ux er re ▁at ▁the ▁St ade ▁de ▁l ' A bb é - D esch amps . ▁Z en it ▁sees ▁both ▁goal keeper ▁V y aches lav ▁M ala fe ev ▁and ▁def ender ▁Tom áš ▁Hub o č an ▁sent ▁off ▁by ▁Sloven ian ▁ref eree ▁Dam ir ▁Sk om ina ▁as ▁the ▁club ▁falls ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Champions ▁League ▁ 2 – 1 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁▁ 2 7 ▁August : ▁Z en it ▁are ▁seed ed ▁into ▁Pot ▁No . 1 ▁of ▁the ▁Europa ▁League ▁with |
▁a ▁UEFA ▁coefficient ▁of ▁ 6 1 . 2 5 8 ▁and ▁drawn ▁into ▁a ▁group ▁with ▁And er lecht , ▁A E K ▁Ath ens ▁and ▁H aj du k ▁Split . ▁▁ 7 ▁September : ▁Z en it ▁release ▁mid f iel der ▁R ade k ▁Š í rl . ▁▁ 1 4 ▁November : ▁Z en it ▁win ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League ▁by ▁defe ating ▁Rost ov ▁at ▁the ▁Pet rov sky ▁Stadium ▁ 5 – 0 . ▁▁ 9 ▁December : ▁ 1 0 ▁Z en it ▁players ▁are ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁annual ▁R F U ▁Top ▁ 3 3 ▁Best ▁Play ers ▁list ▁with ▁seven ▁players ▁– ▁Aleks andr ▁Any uk ov ▁( right ▁back ), ▁Tom áš ▁Hub o č an ▁( left ▁back ), ▁Ig or ▁Den is ov ▁( def ensive ▁mid field ), ▁Vladimir ▁B yst rov ▁( right ▁mid field ), ▁Konst antin ▁Z y ry an ov ▁( central ▁mid field ), ▁D anny ▁( left ▁mid field ) ▁and ▁Aleks andr ▁Ker zh akov ▁( right ▁forward ) ▁– ▁named ▁the ▁best ▁at ▁their ▁respective ▁position . ▁▁ 1 9 ▁December : ▁Four ▁Z en it ▁players ▁receive ▁tro ph ies ▁at ▁the ▁R F U ' s ▁award ▁ceremony ▁in ▁Moscow . ▁Aleks andr ▁Ker zh akov ▁was ▁named ▁St ri ker ▁of ▁the ▁Year , ▁D anny ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁best ▁foreign ▁player , ▁manager ▁Luci ano ▁Sp alle tt i ▁was ▁named ▁Co |
ach ▁of ▁the ▁Year , ▁and ▁captain ▁Aleks andr ▁Any uk ov ▁was ▁named ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player . ▁ ▁Squad ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁In ▁ ▁Out ▁ ▁Lo ans ▁out ▁ ▁Re leased ▁ ▁Friend lies ▁Winter ▁ ▁Summer ▁ ▁Compet itions ▁ ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League ▁ ▁Results ▁summary ▁ ▁Results ▁by ▁match day ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Russian ▁Cup ▁ ▁The ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁match ▁against ▁An z hi ▁Mak h ach k ala ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season . ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁ ▁Qual ifying ▁r ounds ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League ▁ ▁Group ▁stage ▁ ▁The ▁Round ▁of ▁ 3 2 ▁match ▁against ▁Young ▁Boys ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season . ▁ ▁Squad ▁statistics ▁ ▁App ear ances ▁and ▁goals ▁ ▁| - ▁| col span =" 1 6 " | Play ers ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁loan : ▁ ▁| - ▁| col span =" 1 6 " | Play ers ▁who ▁left ▁Z en it ▁St . P eters burg ▁during ▁the ▁season : ▁| } ▁ ▁Go al ▁sc or ers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Information ▁from ▁http :// www . rf pl . org / ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Z en it ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁season ▁at ▁ESP N ▁ ▁Z en it ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁statistics ▁at ▁sports . ru ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Z en it ▁Saint ▁Petersburg |
▁Category : Russ ian ▁football ▁championship - win ning ▁seasons ▁Z en it ▁Saint ▁Petersburg <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mayor ▁of ▁C rem ona ▁is ▁an ▁elected ▁politician ▁who , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁C rem ona ' s ▁City ▁Council , ▁is ▁account able ▁for ▁the ▁strateg ic ▁government ▁of ▁C rem ona ▁in ▁Lomb ard y , ▁Italy . ▁The ▁current ▁Mayor ▁is ▁Gian lu ca ▁Gal im ber ti , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party , ▁who ▁took ▁office ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Over view ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Italian ▁Constitution , ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁C rem ona ▁is ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁Council . ▁ ▁The ▁Mayor ▁is ▁elected ▁by ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁C rem ona , ▁who ▁also ▁elect ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁Council , ▁cont rolling ▁the ▁Mayor ' s ▁policy ▁gu idel ines ▁and ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁en force ▁his ▁res ignation ▁by ▁a ▁motion ▁of ▁no ▁confidence . ▁The ▁Mayor ▁is ▁entitled ▁to ▁appoint ▁and ▁release ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁government . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁the ▁Mayor ▁is ▁elected ▁directly ▁by ▁C rem ona ' s ▁elect or ate : ▁in ▁all ▁mayor al ▁elections ▁in ▁Italy ▁in ▁cities ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁higher ▁than ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁the ▁vot ers ▁express ▁a ▁direct ▁choice ▁for ▁the ▁mayor ▁or ▁an ▁indirect ▁choice ▁voting ▁for ▁the ▁party ▁of ▁the ▁candidate ' s ▁coal ition . ▁If ▁no ▁candidate ▁receives ▁at ▁least ▁ |
5 0 % ▁of ▁votes , ▁the ▁top ▁two ▁candidates ▁go ▁to ▁a ▁second ▁round ▁after ▁two ▁weeks . ▁The ▁election ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁Council ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁direct ▁choice ▁for ▁the ▁candidate ▁with ▁a ▁preference ▁vote : ▁the ▁candidate ▁with ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁prefer ences ▁is ▁elected . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁seats ▁for ▁each ▁party ▁is ▁determined ▁proportion ally . ▁ ▁Italian ▁Republic ▁( since ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁ ▁City ▁Council ▁election ▁( 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁C rem ona ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁the ▁City ' s ▁Council . ▁ ▁Direct ▁election ▁( since ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁under ▁prov isions ▁of ▁new ▁local ▁administration ▁law , ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁C rem ona ▁is ▁chosen ▁by ▁direct ▁election . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁C rem ona ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁C rem ona ▁▁ ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Lomb ard y ▁Category : C rem ona <0x0A> </s> ▁Den is ▁Serge ye v ich ▁Gre bes h kov ▁( ; ▁born ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁former ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁def enc eman ▁who ▁last ▁played ▁for ▁V ity az ▁Pod ol sk ▁of ▁the ▁Kont inental ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( K HL ). ▁He ▁has |
▁previously ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( N HL ) ▁for ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Kings , ▁New ▁York ▁Island ers , ▁Ed mont on ▁O ilers ▁and ▁Nash ville ▁Pred ators , ▁the ▁former ▁of ▁which ▁draft ed ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round , ▁ 1 8 th ▁overall , ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁N HL ▁Entry ▁D raft . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁ ▁Professional ▁ ▁Gre bes h kov ▁was ▁a ▁first ▁round ▁selection , ▁ 1 8 th ▁overall , ▁by ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Kings ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁N HL ▁Entry ▁D raft . ▁He ▁was ▁trad ed ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Island ers ▁on ▁March ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁along ▁with ▁Jeff ▁Tamb ell ini , ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁Mark ▁Par r ish ▁and ▁Br ent ▁S op el . ▁Having ▁been ▁unable ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁a ▁contract ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁Island ers , ▁Gre bes h kov ▁returned ▁to ▁Russia ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁Lok om ot iv ▁Y ar oslav l ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 7 ▁season . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Gre bes h kov ' s ▁rights ▁were ▁trad ed ▁to ▁the ▁Ed mont on ▁O ilers ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁def enc eman ▁Marc - And ré ▁Ber ger on ▁and ▁a ▁third - round ▁draft ▁pick ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 |
, ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁O ilers ▁signed ▁Gre bes h kov ▁to ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract . ▁He ▁started ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season ▁on ▁the ▁O ilers ' ▁ro ster ▁and ▁played ▁his ▁first ▁O ilers ▁game ▁against ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Red ▁W ings ▁on ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gre bes h kov ▁scored ▁the ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 th ▁goal ▁in ▁O ilers ▁history ▁in ▁a ▁ 5 – 4 ▁loss ▁to ▁the ▁Nash ville ▁Pred ators . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁O ilers ▁re - signed ▁Gre bes h kov ▁to ▁a ▁one - year , ▁$ 3 . 1 5 ▁million ▁contract ▁extension ▁just ▁prior ▁to ▁a ▁scheduled ▁sal ary ▁arbitr ation ▁hearing . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ▁season , ▁Gre bes h kov ' s ▁slow ▁start ▁was ▁ex ac erb ated ▁after ▁he ▁suffered ▁a ▁kne e ▁injury ▁during ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁loss ▁to ▁the ▁Buff alo ▁Sab res ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁which ▁s idel ined ▁him ▁for ▁a ▁month . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁O ilers ▁trad ed ▁Gre bes h kov ▁to ▁the ▁Nash ville ▁Pred ators ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁a ▁second - round ▁draft ▁pick |
▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 , ▁he ▁scored ▁a ▁goal ▁in ▁his ▁Pred ators ▁debut ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 3 ▁win , ▁iron ically ▁coming ▁against ▁the ▁O ilers . ▁In ▁just ▁his ▁fourth ▁game ▁with ▁the ▁Pred ators , ▁Gre bes h kov ▁took ▁a ▁shot ▁in ▁the ▁gro in ▁against ▁the ▁V ancouver ▁Can uck s . ▁Though ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁play ▁following ▁the ▁blocked ▁shot , ▁he ▁required ▁emer gency ▁surg ery ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁test icles ▁following ▁the ▁game , ▁causing ▁him ▁to ▁miss ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁regular ▁season . ▁Gre bes h kov ▁was ▁cleared ▁to ▁play ▁prior ▁to ▁Game ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁Pred ators ' ▁Western ▁Conference ▁Qu arter - final ▁match - up ▁against ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Black h aw ks . ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁health y ▁scratch ▁for ▁Games ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁as ▁Pred ators ▁Head ▁Co ach ▁Barry ▁T rot z ▁elected ▁to ▁play ▁ro ok ie ▁C ody ▁Fr anson ▁in ▁his ▁place . ▁Gre bes h kov ▁made ▁his ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁play off ▁debut ▁in ▁Game ▁ 5 , ▁register ing ▁two ▁ass ists ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 – 4 ▁Pred ators ▁loss . ▁ ▁After ▁becoming ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Gre bes h kov ▁signed ▁a ▁two - year ▁deal ▁with ▁SK A ▁St . ▁Petersburg ▁of ▁the ▁Kont inental ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( K HL |
), ▁four ▁weeks ▁later . ▁He ▁noted ▁that ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁stay ▁in ▁the ▁N HL ▁and ▁received ▁several ▁offers , ▁but ▁the ▁offers ▁he ▁received ▁were ▁for ▁ 3 0 % ▁to ▁ 4 0 % ▁lower ▁than ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ▁sal ary , ▁and ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁take ▁that ▁dr astic ▁of ▁a ▁pay - cut . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁after ▁three ▁years ▁of ▁playing ▁in ▁Russia , ▁Gre bes h kov ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Ed mont on ▁O ilers ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent , ▁signing ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract . ▁After ▁starting ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁O ilers , ▁Gre bes h kov , ▁however , ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁c ement ▁a ▁role ▁on ▁the ▁team ' s ▁bl uel ine ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁assigned ▁to ▁Ed mont on ' s ▁American ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( A HL ) ▁affili ate , ▁the ▁Oklahoma ▁City ▁Bar ons , ▁for ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gre bes h kov , ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent , ▁opt ed ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁K HL , ▁signing ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁V ity az ▁Pod ol sk . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Reg ular ▁season ▁and ▁play offs ▁ ▁International ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s |
▁Category : B ridge port ▁Sound ▁Tig ers ▁players ▁Category : Ed mont on ▁O ilers ▁players ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : L ok om ot iv ▁Y ar oslav l ▁players ▁Category : Los ▁Angeles ▁Kings ▁draft ▁pick s ▁Category : Los ▁Angeles ▁Kings ▁players ▁Category : Man chester ▁Mon arch s ▁( A HL ) ▁players ▁Category : N ash ville ▁Pred ators ▁players ▁Category : National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁first ▁round ▁draft ▁pick s ▁Category : New ▁York ▁Island ers ▁players ▁Category : Ok lahoma ▁City ▁Bar ons ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁ice ▁hockey ▁players ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Y ar oslav l ▁Category : Russ ian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁def enc emen <0x0A> </s> ▁D ul wich ▁( ▁) ▁is ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁south ▁London , ▁England . ▁The ▁settlement ▁is ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁South w ark , ▁with ▁parts ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Lamb eth , ▁and ▁consists ▁of ▁D ul wich ▁Village , ▁East ▁D ul wich , ▁West ▁D ul wich ▁and ▁the ▁South w ark ▁half ▁of ▁Her ne ▁Hill ▁( which ▁is ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁North ▁D ul wich ▁triangle ). ▁D ul wich ▁lies ▁in ▁a ▁valley ▁between ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁districts ▁of ▁Cam ber well ▁( to ▁the ▁west ), ▁Cry stal ▁Palace , ▁Den mark ▁Hill , ▁Forest ▁Hill , ▁Pe ck |
ham , ▁Sy den ham ▁Hill ▁and ▁T ulse ▁Hill . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁last ▁four ▁centuries ▁D ul wich ▁has ▁been ▁cent red ▁on ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁God ' s ▁G ift , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" Old ▁College ", ▁which ▁owned ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁today ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁D ul wich ▁Est ate . ▁The ▁College , ▁founded ▁with ▁educational ▁and ▁char itable ▁a ims , ▁established ▁three ▁large ▁independent ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁( D ul wich ▁College , ▁Alle yn ' s ▁School ▁and ▁James ▁Allen ' s ▁Girls ' ▁School ). ▁In ▁recent ▁dec ades ▁four ▁large ▁state ▁secondary ▁schools ▁with ▁a cademy ▁status ▁have ▁opened ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁( The ▁Char ter ▁School s , ▁Kings dale ▁Foundation ▁School ▁and ▁Harris ▁Boys ' ▁Academy ). ▁ ▁D ul wich ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁parish ▁of ▁Cam ber well ▁in ▁Sur rey , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Cam ber well ▁within ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 ; ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁the ▁bor ough ▁was ▁abol ished ▁and ▁the ▁area ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁newly - created ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁South w ark . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁first ▁documented ▁evidence ▁of ▁D ul wich ▁is ▁as ▁a ▁ham let ▁outside ▁London ▁in ▁ 9 6 7 ▁AD , ▁granted ▁by ▁King ▁Ed gar ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁than es ▁Earl ▁A elf he ah . ▁The |
▁name ▁of ▁D ul wich ▁has ▁been ▁sp elt ▁in ▁various ▁ways , ▁D il wi hs , ▁D yl ways , ▁D ull ag , ▁and ▁may ▁come ▁from ▁two ▁old ▁English ▁words , ▁D ill , ▁a ▁white ▁flower , ▁and ▁w ih s , ▁meaning ▁a ▁d amp ▁me adow , ▁giving ▁a ▁meaning ▁of ▁" the ▁me adow ▁where ▁d ill ▁grows ". ▁Harold ▁God win son ▁owned ▁the ▁land ▁at ▁one ▁point , ▁and ▁after ▁ 1 0 6 6 , ▁King ▁William ▁I ▁of ▁England . ▁In ▁ 1 3 3 3 , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁D ul wich ▁was ▁recorded ▁as ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 3 8 , ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁sold ▁the ▁area ▁to ▁g olds m ith ▁Thomas ▁Cal ton ▁for ▁£ 6 0 9 . ▁Cal ton ' s ▁grand son ▁Sir ▁Francis ▁Cal ton ▁sold ▁the ▁Man or ▁of ▁D ul wich ▁for ▁£ 4 , 9 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 5 ▁to ▁Elizabeth an ▁actor ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur ▁Edward ▁Alle yn . ▁He ▁v ested ▁his ▁wealth ▁in ▁a ▁char itable ▁foundation , ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁God ' s ▁G ift , ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 6 1 9 . ▁The ▁char ity ' s ▁modern ▁successor , ▁The ▁D ul wich ▁Est ate , ▁still ▁own s ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁including ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁private ▁roads ▁and ▁a ▁to ll gate . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁foundation , ▁Alle |
yn ▁also ▁constructed ▁a ▁school , ▁the ▁Christ ' s ▁Chap el ▁( where ▁Alle yn ▁is ▁buried ) ▁and ▁al ms ▁houses ▁in ▁D ul wich ▁( today ▁the ▁D ul wich ▁Al m sh ouse ▁Char ity ). ▁Alle yn ' s ▁original ▁school ▁building ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁used ▁for ▁that ▁purpose , ▁instead ▁now ▁housing ▁the ▁Est ate ' s ▁Govern ors . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁King ▁Charles ▁I ▁of ▁England ▁visited ▁D ul wich ▁Wood s ▁on ▁a ▁regular ▁basis ▁to ▁h unt . ▁In ▁ 1 7 3 8 , ▁a ▁man ▁named ▁Samuel ▁Bent yman ▁was ▁murder ed ▁in ▁D ul wich ▁Wood s . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁August ▁ 1 6 7 7 ▁John ▁Ev ely n ▁writes ▁that ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁waters ▁at ▁D ul wich . ▁The ▁D ul wich ▁waters ▁were ▁cried ▁about ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁London ▁as ▁far ▁back ▁as ▁ 1 6 7 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 3 9 , ▁Mr . ▁C ox , ▁master ▁of ▁the ▁Green ▁Man , ▁a ▁ta vern ▁situated ▁about ▁a ▁mile ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁D ul wich , ▁s unk ▁a ▁well ▁for ▁his ▁family . ▁The ▁water ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁possessed ▁of ▁p urg ative ▁qual ities , ▁and ▁was ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁used ▁medic in ally . ▁While ▁the ▁water ▁was ▁popular ▁much ▁custom ▁was ▁drawn ▁to ▁the ▁ad jo ining ▁ta vern , ▁and ▁its ▁propriet or ▁fl our ished |
. ▁The ▁o ak - lined ▁formal ▁a venue , ▁known ▁as ▁C ox ' s ▁Walk , ▁leading ▁from ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁D ul wich ▁Common ▁and ▁Lord ship ▁Lane ▁ ▁was ▁cut ▁soon ▁after ▁ 1 7 3 2 ▁by ▁Francis ▁C ox ▁to ▁connect ▁his ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Green ▁Man ▁Ta vern ▁and ▁D ul wich ▁Well s ▁with ▁the ▁more ▁popular ▁Sy den ham ▁Well s . ▁By ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁the ▁Green ▁Man ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁school ▁known ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Gl enn ie ' s ▁a cademy ▁in ▁D ul wich ▁Gro ve , ▁although ▁it ▁was ▁demol ished ▁about ▁ten ▁years ▁later . ▁Among ▁the ▁pup ils ▁here ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁few ▁who ▁became ▁well ▁known , ▁Lord ▁By ron , ▁General ▁Le ▁March ant ▁and ▁Captain ▁Bar cl ay . ▁Dr ▁Gl enn ie ▁held ▁Saturday ▁evening ▁concert s ▁which ▁attract ed ▁visitors ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁family ▁circle , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁poet ▁Thomas ▁Campbell , ▁then ▁living ▁in ▁nearby ▁Sy den ham , ▁and ▁Robert ▁B ark er , ▁invent or ▁of ▁the ▁pan or ama . ▁Following ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁school , ▁the ▁building ▁revert ed ▁to ▁its ▁original ▁use ▁and ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Gro ve ▁Ta vern . ▁The ▁building ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁board ed ▁up ▁and ▁neglect ed ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁by ▁own ers ▁the ▁D ul wich ▁Est ate . ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 3 , ▁Samuel ▁Matt he ws ▁– ▁known ▁as ▁the |
▁" D ul wich ▁Herm it " ▁– ▁was ▁also ▁murder ed ▁in ▁D ul wich ▁Wood s ; ▁he ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁D ul wich ▁Old ▁C emetery . ▁ 1 8 1 1 – 1 8 1 4 ▁saw ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁D ul wich ▁Picture ▁Gallery . ▁▁ ▁The ▁school ▁expanded ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁into ▁a ▁small ▁new ▁building , ▁designed ▁by ▁Sir ▁Charles ▁Barry ▁who ▁designed ▁West min ster ▁Palace , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Old ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁Old ▁College . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁the ▁foundation ▁was ▁rest ruct ured ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁nation wide ▁review ▁of ▁educational ▁found ations ; ▁this ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁significant ▁expansion ▁of ▁the ▁school , ▁which ▁was ▁split ▁into ▁an ▁Upper ▁School ▁( l ater ▁D ul wich ▁College ) ▁which ▁moved ▁into ▁new ▁buildings ▁designed ▁by ▁Charles ▁Barry ▁( j un ior ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁and ▁a ▁Lower ▁School ▁( l ater ▁Alle yn ' s ▁School ) ▁which ▁moved ▁to ▁its ▁present ▁day ▁site ▁in ▁Town ley ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁recorded ▁as ▁ 1 0 , 2 4 7 . ▁In ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁D ul wich ▁was ▁hit ▁by ▁many ▁V - 1 ▁flying ▁bomb s ▁and ▁V - 2 ▁rock ets . ▁A ▁possible ▁explanation ▁for ▁this ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁British ▁military ▁when ▁announ |
cing ▁V - 1 ▁and ▁V - 2 ▁explos ions ▁deliber ately ▁gave ▁map ▁co - ordinates ▁four ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁truth ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁protect ▁dens ely ▁populated ▁central ▁London ▁and ▁focus ▁the ▁dro ps ▁on ▁the ▁open ▁spaces ▁in ▁the ▁sub ur bs ▁instead . ▁ ▁Geography ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁recogn ised ▁districts ▁in ▁D ul wich : ▁ ▁D ul wich ▁Village ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁traditional ▁village ▁centre ▁West ▁D ul wich ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁mainly ▁resident ial ▁area ▁border ing ▁West ▁Nor wood ▁and ▁T ulse ▁Hill . ▁Her ne ▁Hill ▁( the ▁South w ark ▁half ) ▁which ▁forms ▁the ▁North ▁D ul wich ▁Tri angle , ▁borders ▁B ri xt on , ▁Den mark ▁Hill , ▁L ough borough ▁J unction ▁and ▁T ulse ▁Hill . ▁Sy den ham ▁Hill ▁Wood ▁and ▁D ul wich ▁Wood ▁- ▁ ▁The ▁southern ▁border ▁includes ▁▁ ▁Sy den ham ▁Hill ▁station ▁and ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁Church ▁East ▁D ul wich , ▁also ▁a ▁resident ial ▁area , ▁border ing ▁Pe ck ham ▁ ▁D ul wich ▁Village ▁contains ▁the ▁original ▁sho pping ▁street ▁and ▁still ▁contains ▁nearly ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁original ▁ 1 8 th ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁buildings . ▁It ▁remains ▁very ▁un com mer cial ised ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁conservation ▁zone . ▁The ▁village ▁borders ▁on ▁D ul wich ▁Park , ▁where ▁the ▁D ul wich ▁Hor se ▁and ▁Motor ▁Show ▁is ▁held ▁every ▁year . ▁ ▁Sport ▁and |
▁le is ure ▁D ul wich ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁D ul wich ▁Ham let ▁F . C ., ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁and ▁compet ing ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁League ▁South ▁today . ▁They ▁ground ▁share ▁with ▁another ▁Non - Le ague ▁football ▁club ▁Fish er ▁F . C . ▁at ▁Champion ▁Hill ▁in ▁East ▁D ul wich . ▁In ▁recent ▁years ▁S ains bury ' s ▁acquired ▁the ▁site , ▁built ▁D H FC ▁a ▁new ▁ground , ▁and ▁developed ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁S ains bury ' s ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁Old ▁Alle yn ian ▁Football ▁Club ▁is ▁a ▁local ▁rugby ▁union ▁team ▁originally ▁for ▁former ▁pup ils ▁of ▁D ul wich ▁College , ▁but ▁is ▁now ▁open ▁to ▁all ▁who ▁wish ▁to ▁play . ▁D ul wich ▁Par agon ▁cy cling ▁club ▁are ▁also ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁Alle yn ▁Old ▁Boys ▁Club ▁- ▁former ▁pup ils ▁of ▁Alle yn ' s ▁School ▁- ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁Bur bage ▁Road . ▁ ▁D ul wich ▁has ▁two ▁running ▁clubs , ▁namely ▁D ul wich ▁Park ▁RC ▁and ▁D ul wich ▁R unn ers . ▁ ▁Local ▁land marks ▁ ▁D ul wich ▁Park ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁formerly ▁far ml and , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁Farm , ▁and ▁now ▁offers ▁du ck ▁and ▁row ing ▁p onds , ▁children ' s ▁play ▁area , ▁bow ling ▁green , ▁tennis ▁court , ▁brid le ▁path ▁for ▁horse |
- rid ing , ▁and ▁c afé . ▁ ▁D ul wich ▁Hospital ▁in ▁East ▁D ul wich ▁Gro ve ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Henry ▁Jar vis ▁and ▁built ▁on ▁ ▁of ▁land ▁purchased ▁in ▁East ▁D ul wich ▁by ▁the ▁Guard ians ▁of ▁the ▁Po or ▁of ▁the ▁Par ish ▁of ▁St ▁Sav iour , ▁South w ark , ▁for ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁£ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁opening ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁it ▁offered ▁a ▁ 7 2 3 - bed ▁capacity . ▁It ▁was ▁transformed ▁from ▁an ▁inf irm ary ▁into ▁the ▁South w ark ▁Military ▁Hospital ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 – 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁wounded ▁soldiers ▁were ▁treated ▁at ▁the ▁hospital . ▁After ▁the ▁Po or ▁Law ▁was ▁abol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁the ▁South w ark ▁Union ▁Inf irm ary ▁was ▁renamed ▁D ul wich ▁Hospital ▁and ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁an ▁operating ▁theatre ▁was ▁built . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁the ▁hospital ▁was ▁aligned ▁with ▁King ' s ▁College ▁Hospital ▁on ▁Den mark ▁Hill . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁cas ual ty ▁department ▁at ▁D ul wich ▁at ▁present . ▁However , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁D ul wich ▁Hospital ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁closed ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁school . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁mem orial |
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