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▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge . ▁ ▁App oint ed ▁the ▁De W itt ▁Cl inton ▁Professor ▁of ▁History ▁at ▁Columbia ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁a ▁chair ▁previously ▁held ▁by ▁his ▁ment or ▁Richard ▁Hof stad ter , ▁Fon er ▁special izes ▁in ▁mid - 1 9 th - century ▁US ▁history . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁American ▁Histor ians ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 1 9 9 4 ), ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁He ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁two ▁persons ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁American ▁Histor ians , ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association , ▁and ▁Society ▁of ▁American ▁Histor ians . ▁ ▁Writing ▁on ▁the ▁Re const ruction ▁Era ▁Fon er ▁is ▁a ▁leading ▁authority ▁on ▁the ▁Re const ruction ▁Era . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁sem inal ▁ess ay ▁in ▁American ▁Heritage ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁later ▁repr int ed ▁in ▁Re views ▁in ▁American ▁History , ▁Fon er ▁wrote , ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁past ▁twenty ▁years , ▁no ▁period ▁of ▁American ▁history ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁a ▁more ▁thorough going ▁re evalu ation ▁than ▁Re const ruction — the ▁violent , ▁dram atic , ▁and ▁still ▁controvers ial ▁era ▁following ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁Race ▁relations , ▁politics , ▁social ▁life , ▁and ▁economic ▁change ▁during ▁Re const ruction ▁have ▁all ▁been ▁re inter pre ted ▁in ▁the ▁light ▁of ▁changed ▁att itudes |
▁toward ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁black s ▁within ▁American ▁society . ▁ ▁If ▁histor ians ▁have ▁not ▁yet ▁for ged ▁a ▁fully ▁satisfying ▁portrait ▁of ▁Re const ruction ▁as ▁a ▁whole , ▁the ▁traditional ▁interpretation ▁that ▁domin ated ▁historical ▁writing ▁for ▁much ▁of ▁this ▁century ▁has ▁ir rev oc ably ▁been ▁laid ▁to ▁rest . ▁▁ ▁That ▁year , ▁he ▁gave ▁the ▁Walter ▁L . ▁F lem ing ▁L ect ures ▁in ▁southern ▁history , ▁which ▁were ▁later ▁published ▁as ▁Nothing ▁but ▁Fre edom : ▁E man cip ation ▁and ▁Its ▁Leg acy . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Fon er ▁published ▁his ▁definit ive ▁book ▁Re const ruction : ▁America ' s ▁Un fin ished ▁Revolution , ▁ 1 8 6 3 – 1 8 7 7 . ▁ ▁It ▁won ▁the ▁B anc ro ft ▁Prize , ▁the ▁Francis ▁Park man ▁Prize , ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times ▁Book ▁Award , ▁the ▁A very ▁O . ▁Cra ven ▁Prize , ▁and ▁the ▁Lion el ▁Tr illing ▁Prize . ▁ ▁" F on er ▁has ▁established ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁leading ▁authority ▁on ▁the ▁Re const ruction ▁period ," ▁wrote ▁historian ▁Michael ▁P erman ▁in ▁review ing ▁Re const ruction . ▁ ▁" This ▁book ▁is ▁not ▁simply ▁a ▁dist ill ation ▁of ▁the ▁secondary ▁literature ; ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁master ly ▁account ▁– ▁broad ▁in ▁scope ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁rich ▁in ▁detail ▁and ▁insight . ▁" This ▁is ▁history ▁written ▁on ▁a ▁grand ▁scale , ▁a ▁master ful ▁treatment ▁of ▁one |
▁of ▁the ▁most ▁complex ▁periods ▁of ▁American ▁history ," ▁David ▁Herbert ▁Donald ▁wrote ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁Republic . ▁C . ▁V ann ▁Wood ward , ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Review ▁of ▁Books , ▁wrote , ▁" Er ic ▁Fon er ▁has ▁put ▁together ▁this ▁terrible ▁story ▁with ▁greater ▁c og ency ▁and ▁power , ▁I ▁believe , ▁than ▁has ▁been ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁subject ▁her et of ore ." ▁ ▁Fon er ▁has ▁continued ▁to ▁lecture ▁widely ▁on ▁Re const ruction ▁and ▁published ▁several ▁shorter ▁versions ▁of ▁his ▁major ▁book , ▁including ▁A ▁Short ▁History ▁of ▁Re const ruction , ▁ 1 8 6 3 – 1 8 7 7 ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁and ▁America ' s ▁Re const ruction : ▁People ▁and ▁Polit ics ▁After ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁( 1 9 9 5 ). ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ess ay , ▁Fon er ▁p onder ed ▁whether ▁Re const ruction ▁might ▁have ▁turned ▁out ▁differently . ▁ ▁" It ▁is ▁wrong ▁to ▁think ▁that , ▁during ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁President ▁Lincoln ▁emb rac ed ▁a ▁single ▁' plan ' ▁of ▁Re const ruction ," ▁he ▁wrote . ▁" Lin coln ▁had ▁always ▁been ▁willing ▁to ▁work ▁closely ▁with ▁all ▁fa ctions ▁of ▁his ▁party , ▁including ▁the ▁Rad ical s ▁on ▁numerous ▁occasions . ▁I ▁think ▁it ▁is ▁quite ▁pla us ible ▁to ▁imagine ▁Lincoln ▁and ▁Congress ▁agree ing ▁to ▁a ▁Re const ruction ▁policy ▁en comp ass ing ▁basic ▁civil ▁rights ▁for ▁black |
s ▁( as ▁was ▁en act ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 ) ▁plus ▁limited ▁black ▁suff rage , ▁along ▁the ▁lines ▁he ▁proposed ▁just ▁before ▁his ▁death ." ▁ ▁Fon er ' s ▁recent ▁short ▁summary ▁of ▁his ▁views ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Confeder ate ▁stat ues ▁In ▁a ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁op - ed , ▁he ▁critic ised ▁President ▁Donald ▁Trump ' s ▁twe et ▁calling ▁for ▁the ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁Confeder ate ▁monuments ▁and ▁her itage , ▁stating ▁that ▁they ▁represented ▁and ▁gl or ified ▁white ▁supre m acy ▁rather ▁than ▁collect ive ▁her itage . ▁ ▁Sec ession ▁and ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁As ▁a ▁visit ing ▁professor ▁in ▁Moscow ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Fon er ▁compared ▁se cess ion ist ▁forces ▁in ▁the ▁USS R ▁with ▁the ▁se cess ion ▁movement ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁In ▁a ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁article , ▁Fon er ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁states ▁claimed ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁se ced e ▁because ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁unw illing ly ▁an nex ed . ▁In ▁addition , ▁he ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁did ▁not ▁protect ▁minor ities ▁while ▁it ▁tried ▁to ▁national ize ▁the ▁republic s . ▁Fon er ▁identified ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁existing ▁minor ity ▁groups ▁within ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁states , ▁who ▁were ▁in ▁turn ▁threatened ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁national ist ▁movements |
. ▁ ▁Ex hib itions ▁and ▁testim ony ▁With ▁Oliv ia ▁Mah oney , ▁chief ▁cur ator ▁at ▁the ▁Chicago ▁History ▁Museum , ▁Fon er ▁cur ated ▁two ▁prize - win ning ▁exhib itions ▁on ▁American ▁history : ▁A ▁House ▁Div ided : ▁America ▁in ▁the ▁Age ▁of ▁Lincoln , ▁which ▁opened ▁at ▁the ▁Chicago ▁History ▁Museum ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁and ▁America ' s ▁Re const ruction : ▁People ▁and ▁Polit ics ▁After ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁a ▁travel ing ▁exhib it ▁that ▁opened ▁at ▁the ▁Virginia ▁Historical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁He ▁re vised ▁the ▁presentation ▁of ▁American ▁history ▁at ▁the ▁Hall ▁of ▁Pres idents ▁at ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁World ' s ▁Magic ▁Kingdom , ▁and ▁Great ▁M om ents ▁with ▁Mr . ▁Lincoln ▁at ▁Disney land . ▁He ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁consult ant ▁to ▁several ▁National ▁Park ▁Service ▁historical ▁sites ▁and ▁historical ▁museum s . ▁ ▁Fon er ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁expert ▁witness ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan ' s ▁defense ▁of ▁aff irm ative ▁action ▁in ▁its ▁under grad uate ▁and ▁law ▁school ▁adm issions ▁( Gr atz ▁v . ▁Bol ling er ▁and ▁Gr utter ▁v . ▁Bol ling er ) ▁considered ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Editor ial ▁bo ards ▁Fon er ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁editor ial ▁bo ards ▁of ▁Past ▁and ▁Pres ent ▁and ▁The ▁Nation . ▁ ▁Fon er ▁has ▁written ▁for ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post |
, ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times , ▁London ▁Review ▁of ▁Books , ▁and ▁other ▁publications . ▁In ▁addition , ▁he ▁has ▁spoken ▁about ▁history ▁on ▁television ▁and ▁radio , ▁including ▁Charlie ▁Rose , ▁Book ▁Notes , ▁and ▁All ▁Things ▁Consider ed . ▁He ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁historical ▁document aries ▁on ▁P BS ▁and ▁The ▁History ▁Channel . ▁Fon er ▁contributed ▁an ▁ess ay ▁and ▁conversation ▁with ▁John ▁Say les ▁in ▁Past ▁Imper fect : ▁History ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Mov ies , ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁American ▁Histor ians ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁historian ▁in ▁Fre edom : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁US ▁on ▁P BS ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Media ▁appearances ▁Fon er ▁has ▁appeared ▁frequently ▁on ▁popular ▁media ▁to ▁discuss ▁US ▁history : ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁professional ▁awards ▁which ▁Fon er ▁has ▁received ▁indicate ▁the ▁respect ▁given ▁his ▁work . ▁Journal ist ▁Nat ▁H ent off ▁described ▁his ▁Story ▁of ▁American ▁Fre edom ▁" an ▁ind isp ens able ▁book ▁that ▁should ▁be ▁read ▁in ▁every ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁land ." ▁" Er ic ▁Fon er ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁pro l ific , ▁cre ative , ▁and ▁influ ential ▁American ▁histor ians ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁ 2 0 ▁years ," ▁according ▁to ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post . ▁His ▁work ▁is ▁" br illiant , ▁important " ▁a ▁rev iewer ▁wrote ▁in ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁American ▁Fre edom ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Review |
▁of ▁Books , ▁The odore ▁Dra per ▁disag re ed ▁with ▁Fon er ' s ▁conclus ions : ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁American ▁freedom ▁is ▁told ▁largely ▁from ▁the ▁perspective ▁of ▁black s ▁and ▁women , ▁especially ▁the ▁former , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁pretty ▁tale . ▁Yet ▁most ▁Americans ▁thought ▁of ▁themselves ▁not ▁only ▁as ▁free ▁but ▁as ▁the ▁fre est ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁John ▁Patrick ▁Dig g ins ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁wrote ▁that ▁Fon er ' s ▁Re const ruction : ▁America ' s ▁Un fin ished ▁Revolution , ▁ 1 8 6 3 – 1 8 7 7 , ▁was ▁a ▁" mag ister ial " ▁and ▁" mov ing " ▁narr ative , ▁but ▁compared ▁Fon er ' s ▁" un f org iving " ▁view ▁of ▁America ▁for ▁its ▁rac ist ▁past ▁to ▁his ▁not ably ▁different ▁views ▁on ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁commun ism ▁and ▁Soviet ▁history . ▁ ▁Fon er ' s ▁most ▁recent ▁book ▁Gate way ▁to ▁Fre edom : ▁The ▁H idden ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Under ground ▁Rail road ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁was ▁jud ged ▁" Int el lect ually ▁prob ing ▁and ▁em otion ally ▁reson ant ▁by ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times . ▁His ▁previous ▁book ▁The ▁F ier y ▁Tri al : ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln ▁and ▁American ▁S la very ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Library ▁Journal ▁as ▁" Original ▁and ▁comp elling . ▁… ▁In |
▁the ▁vast ▁library ▁on ▁Lincoln , ▁Fon er ' s ▁book ▁stands ▁out ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁sensible ▁and ▁sensitive ▁reading ▁of ▁Lincoln ' s ▁lifetime ▁invol vement ▁with ▁sla very ▁and ▁the ▁most ▁insight ful ▁assess ment ▁of ▁Lincoln ' s — and ▁indeed ▁America ' s — imper ative ▁to ▁move ▁toward ▁freedom ▁l est ▁it ▁be ▁lost . ▁An ▁essential ▁work ▁for ▁all ▁Americans ." ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ors ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁Fon er ▁received ▁the ▁A very ▁O . ▁Cra ven ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁American ▁Histor ians . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Fon er ▁received ▁the ▁Great ▁Te acher ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Columbia ▁Gr adu ates . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁Sch olar ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁by ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Council ▁for ▁the ▁Human ities . ▁He ▁is ▁an ▁elected ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Academy . ▁ ▁Fon er ▁has ▁taught ▁at ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁as ▁Pitt ▁Professor ▁of ▁American ▁History ▁and ▁Institution s , ▁at ▁Oxford ▁University ▁as ▁Har ms worth ▁Professor ▁of ▁American ▁History , ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁honor ary ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Roth erm ere ▁American ▁Institute , ▁and ▁at ▁Moscow ▁State ▁University ▁as ▁Ful br ight ▁Professor . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁al umn i ▁of ▁Columbia ▁College ▁voted ▁to ▁give ▁Fon er ▁the ▁John ▁Jay ▁Award ▁for ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Professional |
▁Ach iev ement . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁his ▁book ▁The ▁F ier y ▁Tri al : ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln ▁and ▁American ▁S la very ▁won ▁the ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁history , ▁the ▁B anc ro ft ▁Prize ▁and ▁the ▁Lincoln ▁Prize . ▁ ▁Fon er ▁has ▁been ▁awarded ▁honor ary ▁doctor ates ▁from ▁I ona ▁College ; ▁the ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁P urchase ; ▁ ▁Queen ▁Mary ▁University ▁of ▁London , ▁D art mouth ▁College , ▁and ▁Le high ▁University . ▁ ▁Fon er ▁was ▁induct ed ▁as ▁a ▁La ure ate ▁of ▁The ▁Lincoln ▁Academy ▁of ▁Illinois ▁and ▁awarded ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Lincoln ▁( the ▁State ' s ▁highest ▁honor ) ▁by ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁Illinois ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁as ▁a ▁B ic ent enn ial ▁La ure ate . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Fon er ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Roy ▁Ros enz weig ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁American ▁Histor ians ▁which ▁goes ▁to ▁an ▁individual ▁or ▁individuals ▁whose ▁contributions ▁have ▁significantly ▁en rich ed ▁our ▁understanding ▁and ▁appreci ation ▁of ▁American ▁history . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁Fon er ▁married ▁screen writer ▁Na omi ▁Fon er ▁Gy ll en ha al , ▁who ▁he ▁divor ced ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Fon er ▁married ▁Lyn n ▁Gar af ola , ▁professor ▁of ▁dance ▁at ▁Bar n ard ▁College |
▁and ▁dance ▁critic , ▁historian , ▁and ▁cur ator . ▁They ▁have ▁one ▁daughter . ▁ ▁Eric ▁Fon er ' s ▁pat ernal ▁un cles ▁are ▁the ▁late ▁Marx ist ▁labor ▁historian ▁Philip ▁S . ▁Fon er ▁( his ▁father ' s ▁tw in ▁brother ) ▁and ▁labor ▁activ ists ▁Henry ▁Fon er ▁and ▁Mo e ▁Fon er . ▁Nancy ▁Fon er ▁is ▁his ▁cousin . ▁ ▁Comment s ▁on ▁teaching ▁Fon er ▁has ▁frequently ▁expl ored ▁teaching ▁moments ▁that ▁histor ians ▁can ▁use . ▁He ▁wrote , ▁" Like ▁all ▁moment ous ▁events , ▁September ▁ 1 1 ▁is ▁a ▁remarkable ▁teaching ▁opportunity . ▁But ▁only ▁if ▁we ▁use ▁it ▁to ▁open ▁rather ▁than ▁to ▁close ▁debate . ▁Crit ical ▁intellectual ▁analysis ▁is ▁our ▁responsibility — to ▁ourselves ▁and ▁to ▁our ▁students ." ▁ ▁"[ S ] u ccess ful ▁teaching ▁rest s ▁both ▁on ▁a ▁genu ine ▁and ▁self less ▁concern ▁for ▁students ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁convey ▁to ▁them ▁a ▁love ▁of ▁history ." ▁ ▁" In ▁a ▁global ▁age , ▁the ▁forever - un fin ished ▁story ▁of ▁American ▁freedom ▁must ▁become ▁a ▁conversation ▁with ▁the ▁entire ▁world , ▁not ▁a ▁compla cent ▁mon olog ue ▁with ▁ourselves ." ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Books ▁▁▁ ▁Re iss ued ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁pre face . ▁ ▁, ▁editor ▁ ▁, ▁editor ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Political ▁history ; ▁and ▁winner , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁of ▁the ▁B anc ro ft ▁Prize , ▁the ▁Francis ▁Park man ▁Prize , ▁the |
▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times ▁Book ▁Award , ▁the ▁A very ▁O . ▁Cra ven ▁Prize , ▁and ▁the ▁Lion el ▁Tr illing ▁Prize . ▁▁ ▁An ▁ab rid g ement ▁of ▁Re const ruction : ▁America ' s ▁Un fin ished ▁Revolution . ▁▁▁ ▁, ▁editor ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁, ▁editor ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁A ▁survey ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁history , ▁published ▁with ▁companion ▁volumes ▁of ▁documents . ▁ ▁Vo ices ▁of ▁Fre edom : ▁A ▁Document ary ▁History , ▁ ▁( vol . ▁ 1 ), ▁and ▁ ▁( 2 ▁vol s .). ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁his ▁books ▁have ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁Portuguese , ▁Italian , ▁and ▁Chinese . ▁ ▁Selected ▁articles ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Column ▁on ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush . ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁P df . ▁▁▁ ▁( Add itional ▁articles ▁available ▁at ▁Eric F on er . com ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁K atz , ▁Jam ie . ▁" Fre edom ▁W riter : ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize - win ning ▁Columbia ▁historian ▁Eric ▁Fon er ▁' 6 3 , ▁' 6 9 ▁G S AS ▁person ifies ▁the ▁great ▁teacher ▁and ▁scholar ▁who ▁approaches ▁his ▁calling ▁with ▁moral ▁ur gency ," ▁Columbia ▁College ▁Today , ▁Winter ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 3 . ▁online ▁ ▁Snow man , ▁Daniel , ▁" Er ic ▁Fon er ", ▁History ▁Today ▁Volume ▁ 5 0 , ▁Issue ▁ 1 , ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁pp . 2 6 – 2 7 ▁. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Eric F on |
er . com ▁– ▁Professor ▁Fon er ' s ▁home page ▁ ▁Books ▁written ▁by ▁Eric ▁Fon er ▁or ▁edited ▁or ▁introduced ▁by ▁him ▁ ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association ▁– ▁Bibli ography ▁of ▁Fon er ' s ▁Books ▁ ▁F ath om ▁Source ▁for ▁Online ▁Learning ▁Fon er ▁discuss es ▁influ ential ▁history ▁books ▁he ▁has ▁read . ▁ ▁Ex cer pt ▁from ▁Eric ▁Fon er ▁ess ay ▁on ▁the ▁John ▁Say les ▁film , ▁Mate wan ▁in ▁the ▁book ▁Past ▁Imper fect : ▁History ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Mov ies ▁edited ▁by ▁historian ▁Mark ▁C . ▁Car nes ▁ ▁The ▁Left ' s ▁Lion : ▁Eric ▁Fon er ' s ▁History ▁– ▁by ▁Ron ald ▁R ados h ▁ ▁Ex pert ▁report ▁by ▁Eric ▁Fon er ▁for ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan ▁Aff irm ative ▁Action ▁cases ▁ ▁L ect ures ▁ ▁L ect ures ▁from ▁" The ▁Civil ▁War ▁and ▁Re const ruction " ▁course ▁series ▁( v ideos ): ▁ 1 8 5 0 – 1 8 6 1 , ▁ 1 8 6 1 – 1 8 6 5 , ▁ 1 8 6 5 – 1 8 9 0 ▁ ▁Eric ▁Fon er ▁lecture ▁" Who ▁O wn s ▁History ?" ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Key ▁West ▁Liter ary ▁Sem inar ▁( audio ▁recording ) ▁ ▁" The ▁Story ▁of ▁American ▁Fre edom : ▁ 1 7 7 6 – 2 0 0 5 " ▁( video ): ▁M IT ▁SP UR S / H umph rey ▁Program ▁spons |
ored ▁lecture ▁by ▁Eric ▁Fon er ▁from ▁the ▁series ▁" M yth s ▁About ▁America ." ▁ ▁Inter views ▁ ▁inter views ▁with ▁on ▁Dem ocracy ▁Now ! ▁about ▁Fon er ' s ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁book ▁Gate way ▁to ▁Fre edom : ▁The ▁H idden ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Under ground ▁Rail road ▁( et ▁al .): ▁ ▁part ▁ 1 , ▁begins ▁~ 3 5 : 3 8 ▁in ▁audio ▁and ▁video ▁ ▁part ▁ 2 : ▁audio , ▁video ▁ ▁The ▁Second ▁American ▁Revolution : ▁Histor ian ▁Eric ▁Fon er ▁on ▁sla very , ▁freedom , ▁and ▁contemporary ▁US ▁politics . ▁Jacob in . ▁March ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁▁▁ ▁On ▁Contact : ▁Creative ▁For get ful ness ▁with ▁Eric ▁Fon er ▁( inter view ed ▁by ▁Chris ▁Hed ges ). ▁R T ▁America ▁on ▁YouTube , ▁Sep ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : H istor ians ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁United ▁States ▁Category : H istor ians ▁of ▁the ▁Re const ruction ▁Era ▁Category : H istor ians ▁of ▁race ▁relations ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Russian - J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : P ul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁History ▁w inners ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁College ▁( New ▁York ) ▁al umn i ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁Ori el ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category : J ew ish |
▁American ▁histor ians ▁Category : American ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : J ew ish ▁American ▁writers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association ▁Category : W inners ▁of ▁the ▁Lincoln ▁Prize ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁histor ians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁histor ians ▁Category : A cadem ics ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Category : Har old ▁V y v yan ▁Har ms worth ▁Prof ess ors ▁of ▁American ▁History ▁Category : The ▁Nation ▁( U . S . ▁magazine ) ▁people ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Philosoph ical ▁Society <0x0A> </s> ▁Bal ang est an ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁B ā lang est ā n ▁and ▁B ā lang ist ā n ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Gol est ā n ▁( Pers ian : ▁ گ ل س ت ا ن ) ▁and ▁Pal ang est ā n ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Kab gan ▁R ural ▁District , ▁K aki ▁District , ▁Das ht i ▁County , ▁Bus he hr ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 7 0 , ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Das ht i ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁José ▁Daniel ▁Rod rig ues ▁da ▁Costa ▁( 1 7 5 7 – 1 8 3 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Portuguese ▁poet . ▁ ▁External ▁links |
▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 3 2 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Portuguese ▁po ets ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Portuguese ▁po ets ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Le i ria ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁male ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Aqu ab ik ing ▁( also ▁called ▁Aqu a ▁cy cling ) ▁is ▁the ▁combination ▁of ▁water ▁sports ▁and ▁cy cling ▁sports . ▁ ▁Two ▁activities ▁share ▁the ▁term . ▁One ▁is ▁an ▁under water ▁ind oor ▁cy cling , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁a ▁race ▁featuring ▁sw imming ▁and ▁cy cling ▁stages . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁USA ▁Tri ath lon ▁san ction ed ▁about ▁ 3 0 ▁Aqu ab ike ▁events ▁with ▁many ▁taking ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁ 7 0 . 3 ▁miles ▁events . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁sw imming ▁and ▁b ik ing , ▁usually ▁taking ▁place ▁simultaneously ▁with ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁out door ▁course ▁as ▁a ▁tri ath lon ▁competition . ▁ ▁The ▁running ▁stage ▁is ▁elimin ated ▁so ▁that ▁people ▁with ▁joint ▁problems ▁prohib iting ▁them ▁from ▁running ▁such ▁distances ▁can ▁still ▁comp ete . ▁ ▁The ▁Aqu ab ike ▁Series ▁was ▁a ▁pilot ▁program ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁in ▁which ▁athlet es ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁sw imming ▁and ▁cy cling ▁port ions ▁of ▁a ▁half ▁or ▁ult ra ▁distance ▁tri ath lon , ▁but ▁did ▁not |
▁do ▁the ▁run . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 9 ▁states ▁were ▁holding ▁Aqu ab ike ▁events . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁International ▁Tri ath lon ▁Union ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Sw imming ▁Category : C ycle ▁racing <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Jay ew ard ene ▁cabinet ▁was ▁the ▁central ▁government ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁led ▁by ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁( l ater ▁President ) ▁J . ▁R . ▁Jay ew ard ene ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁after ▁the ▁parliament ary ▁election ▁and ▁it ▁ended ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁when ▁Jay ew ard ene ' s ▁second ▁limited ▁term ▁ended . ▁The ▁Jay ew ard ene ▁cabinet ▁saw ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁move ▁from ▁being ▁a ▁parliament ary ▁republic ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁executive ▁presiden cy ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Cab inet ▁members ▁ ▁Non - c ab inet ▁minister s ▁ ▁Deput y ▁minister s ▁ ▁District ▁minister s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ab inet ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : C ab in ets ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Category : C ab in ets ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : J . |
▁R . ▁Jay ew ard ene <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁cost over te br al ▁angle ▁() ▁is ▁the ▁ac ute ▁angle ▁formed ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁back ▁between ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁rib ▁and ▁the ▁verte br al ▁column . ▁ ▁The ▁kid ney ▁lies ▁directly ▁below ▁this ▁area , ▁so ▁is ▁the ▁place ▁where , ▁with ▁per cussion ▁( ), ▁pain ▁is ▁el ic ited ▁when ▁the ▁person ▁has ▁kid ney ▁infl amm ation . ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁pain ▁is ▁marked ▁as ▁a ▁positive ▁Mur phy ' s ▁p unch ▁sign ▁or ▁as ▁cost over te br al ▁angle ▁tend ern ess . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Back ▁an atom y <0x0A> </s> ▁M ool ool aba ▁is ▁a ▁coast al ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Mar o och yd ore ▁in ▁the ▁Sun sh ine ▁Coast ▁Region , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁capital , ▁Br is b ane , ▁and ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Mar o och yd ore ▁urban ▁centre . ▁In ▁the ▁ ▁Geography ▁▁ ▁M ool ool aba ▁is ▁bounded ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁the ▁Cor al ▁Sea , ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁the ▁M ool ool ah ▁River , ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Alex andra ▁Head land ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁Bud er im . ▁ ▁M ool ool aba ▁Har bour ▁( act ually ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁M ool ool ah ▁River ) ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁fleet ▁of ▁fish ing ▁vessels , |
▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁northern ▁base ▁for ▁the ▁pilot ▁vessels ▁that ▁control ▁sh ipping ▁through ▁Mor eton ▁Bay ▁and ▁the ▁Port ▁of ▁Br is b ane . ▁Due ▁to ▁its ▁shelter ed ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁le e ▁of ▁Point ▁Cart w right , ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁all - we ather ▁har bour ▁fav oured ▁by ▁recre ational ▁sail ors . ▁ ▁The ▁es pl ana de ▁facing ▁M ool ool aba ▁beach ▁is ▁a ▁centre ▁for ▁tour ist ▁activity , ▁containing ▁the ▁Under W ater ▁World ▁marine ▁park , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁sou venir ▁and ▁cl othing ▁sh ops , ▁book sh ops , ▁gall eries ▁and ▁restaur ants . ▁Be hind ▁the ▁apart ments ▁facing ▁the ▁beach ▁are ▁camp ing ▁grounds , ▁back pack er ▁host els ▁and ▁canal ▁vill as . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁tour ism ▁destination , ▁with ▁cru ise ▁ships ▁regularly ▁anch oring ▁outside ▁the ▁port . ▁ ▁M ool ool aba ▁is ▁serv iced ▁by ▁coach ▁from ▁Br is b ane , ▁by ▁train ▁and ▁connecting ▁bus ▁via ▁N amb our , ▁Wo om bye , ▁Land s borough ▁station , ▁and ▁by ▁air ▁from ▁Sun sh ine ▁Coast ▁Airport . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁M ool ool aba ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁Ab original ▁word ▁mul u , ▁meaning ▁sn apper ▁fish , ▁or ▁mul la ▁meaning ▁Red - bel lied ▁Black ▁S nake . ▁Origin ally ▁known ▁as ▁M ool ool ah ▁He ads , ▁the ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁M ool ool aba |
▁by ▁Thomas ▁O ' Con nor ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁when ▁he ▁sub div ided ▁land ▁for ▁sale ▁there . ▁ ▁M ool ool aba ▁Pro vis ional ▁School ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁it ▁became ▁M ool ool aba ▁State ▁School . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁M ool ool aba ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 7 , 7 3 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁M ool ool aba ▁State ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁government ▁primary ▁( P rep - 6 ) ▁school ▁for ▁boys ▁and ▁girls ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁Meta ▁and ▁Douglas ▁Stre ets ▁( ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁school ▁had ▁an ▁en rol ment ▁of ▁ 6 7 7 ▁students ▁with ▁ 4 5 ▁teachers ▁( 3 9 ▁full - time ▁equivalent ) ▁and ▁ 2 0 ▁non - te aching ▁staff ▁( 1 5 ▁full - time ▁equivalent ). ▁It ▁includes ▁a ▁special ▁education ▁program . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁Mol ool aba . ▁The ▁nearest ▁secondary ▁school ▁is ▁Mountain ▁Creek ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁Mountain ▁Creek . ▁ ▁A men ities ▁ ▁The ▁Sun sh ine ▁Coast ▁Regional ▁Council ▁oper ates ▁a ▁mobile ▁library ▁service ▁which ▁vis its ▁Mo ond ar ra ▁Drive . ▁ ▁Sports ▁M ool ool aba ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁M ool ool aba ▁Tri ath lon ▁and ▁the ▁Sydney ▁to ▁M ool ool aba ▁Y |
acht ▁Race . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁various ▁on ▁beach ▁events . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁M ool ool aba ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁of ▁The ▁Ama zing ▁Race . ▁Evangel ist ▁Peter ▁Fox hall ▁and ▁Past or ▁Bill ▁Fur ler ▁pione ered ▁an ▁Ass emb lies ▁of ▁God ▁church ▁at ▁the ▁M ool ool aba ▁Sur f ▁L if es aving ▁Club ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s . ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁pop / rock ▁band ▁News bo ys , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁town ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁Australian ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁" I ' ve ▁Be en ▁Every where ". ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁and ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁town ▁gar ner ed ▁media ▁attention ▁when ▁a ▁French ▁woman ▁recorded ▁a ▁video ▁claim ing ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁one - night ▁stand ▁with ▁a ▁male ▁resident ▁of ▁M ool ool aba , ▁asking ▁him ▁to ▁come ▁forward . ▁It ▁turned ▁out ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁prom ot ional ▁advert ▁for ▁the ▁town , ▁master mind ed ▁by ▁a ▁British ▁social ▁media ▁expert ▁- ▁the ▁woman ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁university ▁student ▁and ▁actress . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Find ▁a ▁C rew , ▁based ▁in ▁M ool ool aba ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sub ur bs ▁of ▁the ▁Sun sh ine ▁Coast ▁Region ▁Category : Mar o och yd ore ▁Category : Be aches ▁of ▁Queensland ▁Category : Co ast line ▁of |
▁Queensland <0x0A> </s> ▁Dream er ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Dream ▁Club ) ▁is ▁an ▁integrated ▁advert ising ▁campaign ▁launched ▁by ▁Di age o ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁promote ▁Gu in ness - brand ▁dra ug ht ▁st out ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁piece ▁of ▁the ▁Good ▁things ▁come ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁wait ▁campaign , ▁following ▁on ▁from ▁Sw im black , ▁Sur fer , ▁and ▁Bet ▁on ▁Black . ▁As ▁with ▁the ▁previous ▁pieces ▁of ▁the ▁campaign , ▁Dream er ▁was ▁handled ▁by ▁advert ising ▁ag ency ▁Abb ott ▁M ead ▁V ick ers ▁BB DO ▁and ▁compr ised ▁appearances ▁in ▁print , ▁post ers , ▁and ▁television ▁and ▁cinema ▁sp ots . ▁The ▁cent rep ie ce ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ▁was ▁the ▁si xty - second ▁television ▁and ▁cinema ▁commercial ▁directed ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁Gla zer , ▁who ▁had ▁also ▁directed ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁previous ▁ad s . ▁Post ▁production ▁work ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁The ▁Computer ▁Film ▁Company ▁which ▁animated ▁the ▁squ ir rel ▁sequence . ▁The ▁piece ▁was ▁premier ed ▁on ▁SK Y ▁television ▁on ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁appearing ▁on ▁terrest rial ▁television ▁channels ▁the ▁following ▁day . ▁ ▁Dream er ▁was ▁a ▁m idd ling ▁success , ▁with ▁Gu in ness ▁sales ▁figures ▁and ▁market ▁share ▁holding ▁steady ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁that ▁the ▁piece ▁was ▁broadcast , ▁but ▁failing ▁to ▁improve ▁figures ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁that ▁earlier ▁pieces ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ▁had ▁achieved . ▁It |
▁was ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁final ▁piece ▁of ▁the ▁Good ▁Things ▁campaign ▁for ▁several ▁years , ▁as ▁Di age o ▁made ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁purs ue ▁more ▁pan - Europe an ▁campaign s ▁through ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s . ▁ ▁Add itional ▁cred its ▁Account ▁Executive : ▁C live ▁Tan quer ay ▁Executive ▁Creative ▁Director : ▁Peter ▁S outer ▁Creative ▁Director ▁/ ▁Copy writer ▁/ ▁Art ▁Director : ▁Walter ▁Campbell ▁Director ▁of ▁Phot ography : ▁Daniel ▁Land in ▁Production ▁Design er : ▁Chris ▁O dd y ▁Editor : ▁Sam ▁S ne ade , ▁Sam ▁S ne ade ▁Edit ing , ▁London ▁Sound ▁Design ▁Company : ▁W ave ▁Studios , ▁London ▁Sound ▁Design ers : ▁John nie ▁Burn ▁/ ▁Peter ▁Ra eb urn ▁Music ▁Production ▁Company : ▁Sound tree ▁Music , ▁London ▁Music ▁Arr anger : ▁Peter ▁Ra eb urn ▁An imation ▁Company ▁/ ▁Computer ▁Graphics : ▁The ▁Computer ▁Film ▁Company , ▁London ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁" D ream er " ▁video ▁and ▁comment ary ▁at ▁the ▁F ram estore ▁C FC ▁website . ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁works ▁Category : Gu in ness ▁advert ising ▁Category : I r ish ▁television ▁commer ci als ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁television ▁commer ci als <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Un w inding ▁H ours ▁were ▁a ▁Scottish ▁alternative ▁rock ▁band ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁by ▁former ▁A ere ogram me ▁members ▁Craig ▁B . ▁and ▁I ain ▁Cook . ▁The ▁band ▁released |
▁their ▁self - t itled ▁debut ▁album ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁After l ives ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁several ▁tour / live ▁EP s . ▁ ▁The ▁du o ▁announced ▁their ▁project ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁statement : ▁" We ▁used ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁a ▁band ▁called ▁A ere ogram me . ▁That ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁matter ▁to ▁you . ▁Just ▁thought ▁I ' d ▁mention ▁it ". ▁ ▁History ▁Regarding ▁the ▁band ' s ▁orig ins , ▁vocal ist ▁Craig ▁B . ▁stated ▁that : ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁band ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁My Space ▁account ▁featuring ▁a ▁demo ▁track , ▁" Sol st ice ", ▁and ▁a ▁blog ▁entry ▁which ▁read : ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁made ▁their ▁live ▁debut ▁at ▁C elt ic ▁Con ne ctions ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁performing ▁at ▁Chem ikal ▁Under ground ' s ▁" 1 5 th ▁An ni versary " ▁concert . ▁They ▁played ▁their ▁first ▁head lin ing ▁show ▁to ▁a ▁sold ▁out ▁crowd ▁in ▁S tere o , ▁Glasgow , ▁on ▁ 5 ▁March , ▁opening ▁with ▁the ▁words ▁" We ▁are ▁The ▁Un w inding ▁H ours . ▁And ▁we ' re ▁going ▁to ▁start ▁with ▁the ▁end ", ▁before ▁playing ▁the ▁closing ▁track ▁from ▁their ▁debut ▁album . ▁For ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁gig s , ▁the ▁base ▁du o ▁of ▁The ▁Un w |
inding ▁H ours ▁added ▁mus icians ▁Gra eme ▁Sm ill ie ▁( gu itar ), ▁Br end an ▁Smith ▁( key boards ) ▁and ▁Jon ny ▁Scott ▁( d rum s ). ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁active ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁with ▁I ain ▁Cook ▁foc using ▁on ▁Ch vr ches ▁and ▁Craig ▁B . ▁re le asing ▁solo ▁material ▁as ▁A ▁M ote ▁of ▁D ust . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁The ▁Un w inding ▁H ours ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁After l ives ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Un w inding ▁H ours ▁at ▁My Space ▁ ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁ind ie ▁rock ▁groups ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁from ▁Glasgow ▁Category : Ch em ikal ▁Under ground ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁Alexander ▁Walker ▁Re id ▁J P ▁( 1 4 ▁September ▁ 1 8 5 3 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁New ▁Zealand ▁far mer , ▁invent or , ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur . ▁He ▁was ▁notable ▁for ▁making ▁Str at ford ▁the ▁second ▁or ▁third ▁New ▁Zealand ▁town ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁electric ity ▁supply , ▁for ▁construct ing ▁the ▁first ▁steam - power ed ▁motor ▁car ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁and ▁for ▁creating |
▁an ▁innov ative ▁mil king ▁machine . ▁ ▁Family ▁Re id ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Glasgow , ▁Scotland , ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁September ▁ 1 8 5 3 . ▁His ▁parents ▁were ▁Alexander ▁Re id , ▁a ▁car ter , ▁and ▁Helen ▁Re id . ▁The ▁family ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁Ly tt el ton ▁on ▁the ▁William ▁Mil es ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁August . ▁They ▁took ▁up ▁far ming ▁at ▁South bridge ▁and ▁later ▁moved ▁to ▁Spring field . ▁Re id ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁possibly ▁been ▁trained ▁as ▁an ▁app rent ice ▁by ▁Scott ▁Brothers ▁in ▁Christ ch urch . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁Re id ▁married ▁Jan et ▁Why te ▁at ▁Christ ch ir ch ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Op un ake ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 . ▁Re id ▁bought ▁land ▁on ▁Bird ▁Road , ▁N ga ere , ▁which ▁he ▁far med . ▁From ▁about ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁they ▁lived ▁in ▁Str at ford . ▁The ▁Re ids ▁had ▁seven ▁children . ▁He ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁hard ▁man ▁and ▁a ▁per fection ist . ▁Re id ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁reason ably ▁good ▁photograph er ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁photos ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁Pu ke ▁Ari ki ▁collection . ▁ ▁Jan et ▁Re id ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁an ▁early ▁victim ▁of ▁the ▁influen za ▁ep ide mic . |
▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁at ▁Wh are hu ia ▁near ▁Str at ford , ▁Re id ▁married ▁a ▁wid ow , ▁Ellen ▁Anne ▁Richmond . ▁Re id ▁died ▁at ▁Str at ford ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁C iv ic ▁affairs ▁Re id ▁took ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁justice ▁of ▁the ▁peace , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁N ga ire ▁Road ▁Board , ▁and ▁a ▁Coun c ill or ▁on ▁the ▁Str at ford ▁County ▁Council . ▁He ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁forming ▁a ▁co oper ative ▁da iry ▁pack ing ▁company ▁and ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁Wait ara ▁Free zing ▁Works . ▁Re id ▁was ▁a ▁Fre em ason ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁master ▁of ▁the ▁Str at ford ▁l odge . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁grand ▁l odge ▁officer . ▁ ▁In vent or ▁and ▁entrepr ene ur ▁In ▁Can ter bury ▁Re id ▁went ▁into ▁partners hip ▁operating ▁a ▁th res hing ▁machine ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁modified . ▁ ▁Electric ity ▁supply ▁He ▁was ▁instrument al ▁in ▁bringing ▁electric ity ▁to ▁Str at ford , ▁demonstr ating ▁electric ▁light ing ▁and ▁cook ing ▁to ▁the ▁Str at ford ▁Town ▁Board ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁considering ▁installing ▁either ▁gas ▁or ▁electric ity . ▁Re id ▁had ▁joined ▁with ▁Adam ▁Por ter ▁of ▁Card iff ▁to ▁put ▁on ▁the ▁display ▁and ▁make ▁a ▁proposal ▁to ▁the ▁council ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁a ▁Mr ▁W att ▁from ▁Bal cl ut ha ▁who ▁had ▁proposed ▁a |
▁water ▁gas ▁system . ▁The ▁Tar an aki ▁Her ald ' s ▁local ▁agent ▁wrote ▁against ▁the ▁Re id / P orter ▁proposal . ▁ ▁Re id ' s ▁proposal ▁to ▁supply ▁electric ity ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁pre va iled ▁and , ▁after ▁arr anging ▁financial ▁backing , ▁he ▁formed ▁the ▁Str at ford ▁Elect rical ▁Supp ly ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁An ▁act ▁of ▁Parliament ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁allow ▁a ▁private ▁companies ▁to ▁supply ▁electric ity . ▁Str at ford ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁town ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁after ▁Re eft on ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁and ▁Well ington ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁to ▁have ▁electric ▁street ▁light ing . ▁St raf ord ▁went ▁live ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁built ▁a ▁hydro elect ric ▁power ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁P ate a ▁River . ▁It ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁wooden ▁dam ▁and ▁a ▁tunnel ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 0 ▁yards ▁long ▁complete ▁with ▁a ▁sur ge ▁chamber . ▁Two ▁pen stock s ▁led ▁water ▁to ▁tur b ines ▁driving ▁altern ators ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁imported ▁from ▁England . ▁The ▁plant ▁produced ▁single - phase ▁altern ating ▁current ▁at ▁ 4 0 ▁cycles ▁and ▁ 2 , 2 0 0 ▁vol ts , ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 9 0 ▁kil ow att s . ▁In ▁town ▁the ▁voltage ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 1 0 5 ▁vol ts ▁for ▁domestic ▁consumption . ▁Part s ▁of ▁the ▁install ations ▁remain |
. ▁ ▁Ste am - power ed ▁vehicles ▁Re id ▁next ▁turned ▁his ▁attention ▁to ▁self - prop elled ▁vehicles . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁he ▁produced ▁three ▁steam - dri ven ▁cars . ▁The ▁engines ▁and ▁bo ilers ▁were ▁imported ▁from ▁America , ▁with ▁modifications ▁and ▁body work ▁completed ▁in ▁Str at ford . ▁The ▁cars ▁were ▁two - cy l inder , ▁chain - dri ven ▁and ▁power ed ▁by ▁k eros ene , ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁about ▁four ▁horse power . ▁Before ▁general ▁vehicle ▁registration ▁was ▁introduced ▁Re id ' s ▁personal ▁car ▁carried ▁the ▁number ▁plate ▁SD 1 ▁( Str at ford ▁District ▁ 1 ). ▁He ▁stopped ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁cars ' ▁development ▁as ▁he ▁thought ▁pet rol ▁engines ▁were ▁more ▁likely . ▁He ▁sold ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁cars ▁and ▁kept ▁one ▁for ▁himself . ▁ ▁James ▁Living ston ▁of ▁P ate a ▁owned ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Re id ▁cars . ▁Its ▁steam ▁engine ▁ran ▁on ▁a ▁small ▁prim us ▁burn er ▁under ▁a ▁tank ▁of ▁water . ▁When ▁Living ston ▁bought ▁a ▁Dar rac q ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁the ▁Re id ▁was ▁destroyed . ▁Its ▁engine ▁was ▁removed ▁and ▁used ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁far mer ▁to ▁run ▁a ▁p ump , ▁and ▁the ▁ch ass is ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁tra iler . ▁The ▁tra iler ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁or ▁' 3 0 s . ▁ |
▁Mil king ▁machine ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁producing ▁his ▁steam ▁cars , ▁Re id ▁was ▁also ▁developing ▁a ▁mechanical ▁mil king ▁machine . ▁In nov ations ▁included ▁were ▁a ▁variable - speed ▁p uls ator ▁and ▁rub ber ▁cu ps ▁with ▁rein for ced ▁sections ▁which ▁sim ulated ▁the ▁natural ▁su ck ing ▁action ▁of ▁a ▁cal f . ▁Mechan ical ▁milk ers ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁were ▁difficult ▁to ▁clean ▁and ▁therefore ▁created ▁a ▁danger ▁of ▁cont amin ated ▁milk . ▁Re id ' s ▁A WR ▁machine ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁easy ▁to ▁clean . ▁He ▁founded ▁the ▁A WR ▁Mil king ▁Machine ▁Company ▁Limited ▁to ▁produce ▁and ▁market ▁the ▁machine . ▁He ▁also ▁had ▁it ▁pat ented . ▁The ▁first ▁A WR ▁machines ▁came ▁on ▁the ▁market ▁in ▁about ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁and ▁were ▁sold ▁as ▁far ▁away ▁as ▁Australia . ▁The ▁application ▁for ▁a ▁pat ent ▁for ▁his ▁machine ▁was ▁challeng ed ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁with ▁the ▁Commission er ▁of ▁Pat ents . ▁Re id ▁was ▁granted ▁a ▁hearing . ▁ ▁" Pop ▁top " ▁car avan ▁In ▁his ▁later ▁years , ▁Re id ▁created ▁his ▁own ▁car avan . ▁His ▁first ▁was ▁a ▁pop - top ▁in ▁which ▁one ▁pulled ▁a ▁ro pe , ▁the ▁top ▁came ▁up ▁and ▁the ▁sides ▁came ▁down . ▁The ▁next ▁was ▁made ▁from ▁a ▁hard board - like ▁material . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Biography ▁of ▁Alexander ▁W ▁Re id ▁ ▁Phot |
ograph ▁of ▁the ▁Re id ▁car ▁ ▁Phot ograph ▁of ▁A WR ▁mil king ▁machine ▁display ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁death s ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁invent ors ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁far mers ▁Category : Ste am ▁cars ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁Fre em asons ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Glasgow ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Str at ford , ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : C ars ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand <0x0A> </s> ▁High field ▁Road ▁H alt ▁railway ▁station ▁was ▁a ▁station ▁in ▁G wers yll t , ▁W re x ham , ▁Wales . ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁and ▁closed ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Dis used ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁W re x ham ▁County ▁Bor ough ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁Category : Form er ▁Great ▁Central ▁Railway ▁stations <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Indian apolis ▁Arts g arden ▁is ▁a ▁glass ed ▁d ome ▁sp anning ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁Washington ▁and ▁Illinois ▁streets ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Indian apolis , ▁Indiana . ▁It ▁serves ▁not ▁only ▁as ▁a ▁ped est rian ▁conne ctor ▁between ▁the ▁Circle ▁Centre ▁Mall ▁and ▁nearby ▁buildings , ▁but ▁also ▁as ▁a |
▁ven ue ▁for ▁the ▁display ▁and ▁performance ▁of ▁art istic ▁and ▁musical ▁works ▁( more ▁than ▁ 3 0 0 ▁performances ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Arts g arden ▁each ▁year ). ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁Arts g arden ▁houses ▁the ▁Cultural ▁Con cier ge , ▁who ▁provides ▁local ▁arts ▁and ▁cultural ▁information , ▁maps , ▁and ▁visitor ▁gu ides . ▁The ▁structure , ▁including ▁the ▁walk ways ▁connecting ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁adjacent ▁buildings , ▁is ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Arts ▁Council ▁of ▁Indian apolis . ▁ ▁The ▁Arts g arden ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Ehr enk rant z ▁E ck st ut ▁& ▁Ku hn ▁Arch itect s ▁who ▁also ▁designed ▁the ▁adjacent ▁Circle ▁Centre ▁Mall . ▁Black burn ▁Arch itect s ▁collabor ated ▁on ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁execution . ▁The ▁$ 1 2 ▁million ▁cost ▁was ▁fund ed ▁by ▁L illy ▁End ow ment . ▁ ▁The ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁Arts g arden ▁stands ▁ ▁above ▁the ▁intersection . ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁arch ed ▁steel ▁tr uss es ▁creates ▁a ▁graduated ▁set ▁of ▁glass ed ▁v ault s , ▁the ▁tall est ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁ ▁above ▁the ▁floor ▁and ▁ ▁above ▁the ▁street . ▁The ▁design ▁yields ▁a ▁total ▁free - span ▁length ▁of ▁ ▁within ▁the ▁d ome . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁of ▁glass ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁structure ▁to ▁give ▁it ▁an ▁air y , ▁open ▁feel . ▁The ▁entire ▁d ome ▁is ▁set ▁on ▁two ▁pairs ▁of ▁ ▁plate ▁g ird ers ▁that ▁diag on ally |
▁span ▁the ▁intersection . ▁ ▁When ▁initially ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁Arts g arden ▁connected ▁the ▁second ▁level ▁of ▁Circle ▁Centre ▁Mall ▁on ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁intersection ▁with ▁an ▁upper ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁Clay pool ▁Cour ts ▁on ▁the ▁north west ▁corner , ▁while ▁st air ways ▁provided ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁ground - level ▁side wal ks ▁on ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁south west ▁corners . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁the ▁Con rad ▁Indian apolis ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁small ▁park ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁on ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁corner ▁and ▁the ▁st air way ▁there ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁direct ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁hotel . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁construction ▁was ▁started ▁on ▁a ▁conne ctor ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 6 - story ▁P NC ▁Center ▁and ▁Hy att ▁Reg ency ▁hotel ▁complex ▁on ▁the ▁south west ▁corner . ▁The ▁own ers ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁had ▁decl ined ▁to ▁help ▁pay ▁for ▁the ▁conne ctor ; ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁an ▁agreement ▁was ▁reached ▁to ▁split ▁the ▁$ 1 . 2 ▁million ▁cost , ▁allowing ▁ful fill ment ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁Arts g arden . ▁The ▁conne ctor ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁January , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁Arts g arden ▁at ▁Emp oris ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 |
5 ▁Category : Culture ▁of ▁Indian apolis ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Indian apolis ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Indian apolis ▁Category : Art ▁gall eries ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Indiana <0x0A> </s> ▁Russian ▁music ▁can ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Music ▁of ▁Russia ▁Russian ▁traditional ▁music <0x0A> </s> ▁Many ▁different ▁languages ▁are ▁spoken ▁in ▁Mexico , ▁though ▁Spanish ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁w ides p read . ▁The ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁are ▁from ▁eleven ▁distinct ▁language ▁families , ▁including ▁four ▁isol ates ▁and ▁one ▁that ▁imm igr ated ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁Mexican ▁government ▁recogn izes ▁ 6 8 ▁national ▁languages , ▁ 6 3 ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁ind igen ous , ▁including ▁around ▁ 3 5 0 ▁dialect s ▁of ▁those ▁languages . ▁The ▁large ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁is ▁mon ol ing ual ▁in ▁Spanish . ▁Some ▁imm igr ant ▁and ▁ind igen ous ▁populations ▁are ▁b iling ual , ▁while ▁some ▁ind igen ous ▁people ▁are ▁mon ol ing ual ▁in ▁their ▁languages . ▁Mexican ▁Sign ▁Language ▁is ▁spoken ▁by ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁de af ▁population , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁ind igen ous ▁sign ▁languages ▁as ▁well . ▁▁ ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁Mexico ▁uses ▁Spanish ▁for ▁most ▁official ▁purposes , ▁but ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁legisl ation , ▁its ▁status ▁is ▁not ▁that ▁of ▁an ▁official ▁primary ▁language . ▁The ▁Law ▁of ▁L ingu istic ▁Rights ▁establish es ▁Spanish ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁country |
' s ▁national ▁languages , ▁along ▁with ▁ 6 3 ▁distinct ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁( from ▁seven ▁large ▁families , ▁plus ▁four ▁counted ▁as ▁language ▁isol ates ). ▁The ▁law , ▁prom ul g ated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁requires ▁the ▁state ▁to ▁offer ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁services ▁to ▁its ▁ind igen ous ▁citizens ▁in ▁their ▁mother ▁tong ues , ▁but ▁in ▁practice ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁yet ▁the ▁case . ▁Note ▁that , ▁as ▁defined ▁by ▁mut ual ▁intellig ibility , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁spoken ▁languages ▁in ▁Mexico ▁is ▁much ▁greater ▁than ▁the ▁ 6 3 ▁national ▁languages , ▁because ▁National ▁Institute ▁of ▁Ind igen ous ▁L anguages ▁( IN AL I ) ▁counts ▁distinct ▁eth nic ▁groups ▁for ▁the ▁purposes ▁of ▁political ▁classification . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁Mix te c ▁are ▁a ▁single ▁eth nic ity ▁and ▁therefore ▁count ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁language ▁for ▁government al / legal ▁purposes , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁dozen ▁distinct ▁Mix te c ▁dialect ▁regions , ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁includes ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁variety ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁mut ually ▁intellig ible ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁dialect ▁regions ▁( J os ser and , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁and ▁Eth n olog ue ▁counts ▁ 5 2 ▁vari eties ▁of ▁Mix te c ▁that ▁require ▁separate ▁literature . ▁Eth n olog ue ▁currently ▁counts ▁ 2 8 2 ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁currently ▁spoken ▁in ▁Mexico , ▁plus ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁imm igr ant ▁languages ▁( L ew is |
▁et ▁al . ▁ 2 0 1 8 ). ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁long ▁history ▁of ▁marg inal ization ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁groups , ▁most ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁are ▁end anger ed , ▁with ▁some ▁languages ▁expected ▁to ▁become ▁ext inct ▁within ▁years ▁or ▁dec ades , ▁and ▁others ▁simply ▁having ▁populations ▁that ▁grow ▁slower ▁than ▁the ▁national ▁average . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Commission ▁for ▁the ▁Development ▁of ▁Ind igen ous ▁Pe op les ▁( C DI ) ▁and ▁National ▁Institute ▁of ▁Ind igen ous ▁L anguages ▁( IN AL I ), ▁while ▁ 1 0 – 1 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁ident ifies ▁as ▁belonging ▁to ▁an ▁ind igen ous ▁group , ▁around ▁ 6 % ▁speak ▁an ▁ind igen ous ▁language . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁other ▁languages ▁not ▁native ▁to ▁Mexico ▁that ▁are ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Besides ▁Spanish , ▁the ▁most ▁popul ous ▁are ▁probably ▁English , ▁German ▁( P la ut d iet sch ), ▁Arab ic , ▁Chinese ▁and ▁Japanese . ▁ ▁Language ▁history ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Francis can ▁mission aries , ▁Spanish , ▁Latin , ▁and ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁played ▁parts ▁in ▁the ▁evangel ization ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁Many ▁six teenth - century ▁church men ▁studied ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁instruct ▁native ▁pe op les ▁in ▁Christian ▁doctrine . ▁The ▁same ▁men ▁also ▁found ▁Cast ilian ▁and ▁Latin ▁appropriate ▁in ▁certain ▁context s . ▁All ▁told , ▁there ▁existed ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁" ling u |
istic ▁co ex istence " ▁from ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁colonial ▁period . ▁ ▁Some ▁mon ks ▁and ▁pri ests ▁attempted ▁to ▁describe ▁and ▁class ify ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁with ▁Spanish . ▁Philip ▁II ▁of ▁Spain ▁decre ed ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 0 ▁that ▁N ahu at l ▁become ▁the ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁colon ies ▁of ▁New ▁Spain ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁facil itate ▁communication ▁between ▁the ▁n atives ▁of ▁the ▁colon ies . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 9 6 ▁Charles ▁II ▁revers ed ▁that ▁policy ▁and ▁b anned ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁any ▁languages ▁other ▁than ▁Spanish ▁throughout ▁New ▁Spain . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁decre es ▁ordering ▁the ▁His pan ization ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁populations ▁became ▁more ▁numerous ▁and ▁Mexican ▁colon izers ▁no ▁longer ▁learned ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁languages . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁independence ▁the ▁government ▁initi ated ▁an ▁educational ▁system ▁with ▁the ▁primary ▁aim ▁of ▁His pan ization ▁of ▁the ▁native ▁populations . ▁This ▁policy ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁this ▁would ▁help ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁become ▁a ▁more ▁integrated ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Mexican ▁nation . ▁ ▁Ex cept ▁for ▁the ▁Second ▁Mexican ▁Empire , ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁H abs burg ▁Maxim ilian ▁I , ▁no ▁Mexican ▁government ▁tried ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁Antonio ▁García ▁Cub as ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 3 8 % |
▁of ▁Mex icans ▁spoke ▁an ▁ind igen ous ▁language , ▁down ▁from ▁ 6 0 % ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁this ▁figure ▁had ▁fallen ▁to ▁ 6 %. ▁ ▁For ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁success ive ▁govern ments ▁denied ▁native ▁tong ues ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁valid ▁languages . ▁Ind igen ous ▁students ▁were ▁forb idden ▁to ▁speak ▁their ▁native ▁languages ▁in ▁school ▁and ▁were ▁often ▁pun ished ▁for ▁doing ▁so . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Mexico ' s ▁constitution ▁was ▁am ended ▁to ▁rein force ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁pl ur icult ural ▁nature ▁by ▁giving ▁the ▁State ▁the ▁oblig ation ▁to ▁protect ▁and ▁n urt ure ▁the ▁expressions ▁of ▁this ▁divers ity . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Writ ers ▁in ▁Ind igen ous ▁L anguages ▁presented ▁Congress ▁with ▁a ▁document ▁entitled ▁" S ugg ested ▁legal ▁initi atives ▁towards ▁lingu istic ▁rights ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁and ▁communities ", ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁beginning ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁lingu istic ▁rights ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁communities . ▁The ▁Ley ▁General ▁de ▁D ere chos ▁L ing ü íst icos ▁de ▁los ▁P ue bl os ▁Ind ígen as ▁was ▁passed ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁establish ing ▁a ▁framework ▁for ▁the ▁conservation , ▁n urt uring ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁languages . |
▁Crit ics ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁law ' s ▁complexity ▁makes ▁enfor cement ▁difficult . ▁ ▁Ind igen ous ▁languages ▁ ▁Spanish ▁is ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁national ▁language ▁spoken ▁by ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁Mex icans , ▁though ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁defined ▁as ▁an ▁official ▁language ▁in ▁legisl ation . ▁The ▁second ▁article ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁Constitution ▁defines ▁the ▁country ▁as ▁mult icult ural , ▁recogn izes ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁to ▁" pres erve ▁and ▁en rich ▁their ▁languages " ▁and ▁prom otes ▁" b iling ual ▁and ▁inter c ult ural ▁education ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Congress ▁approved ▁the ▁General ▁Law ▁of ▁L ingu istic ▁Rights ▁of ▁the ▁Ind igen ous ▁Pe op les , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁law ▁that ▁is ▁recogn izes ▁that ▁Mexico ' s ▁history ▁makes ▁its ▁ind igen ous ▁languages , ▁" n ational ▁languages ". ▁According ly , ▁they ▁" have ▁the ▁same ▁valid ity ▁[ as ▁Spanish ] ▁in ▁their ▁territory , ▁location ▁and ▁context ". ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁legisl ators ▁made ▁no ▁specific ▁prov isions ▁for ▁the ▁official ▁or ▁legal ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁language . ▁This ▁law ▁means ▁that ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁can ▁use ▁their ▁native ▁language ▁in ▁communic ating ▁with ▁government ▁officials ▁and ▁request ▁official ▁documents ▁in ▁that ▁language . ▁The ▁Mexican ▁state ▁supports ▁the ▁pres ervation ▁and ▁promotion ▁of ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁languages ▁through ▁the ▁activities ▁of |
▁the ▁National ▁Institute ▁of ▁Ind igen ous ▁L anguages . ▁ ▁Mexico ▁has ▁about ▁six ▁million ▁citizens ▁who ▁speak ▁ind igen ous ▁languages . ▁That ▁is ▁the ▁second - larg est ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁after ▁Peru . ▁However , ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁percentage ▁of ▁Mexico ' s ▁population ▁speak s ▁an ▁ind igen ous ▁language ▁compared ▁to ▁other ▁countries ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas , ▁such ▁as ▁Gu atem ala ▁( 4 2 . 8 % ), ▁Peru ▁( 3 5 % ), ▁and ▁even ▁E cuador ▁( 9 . 4 % ), ▁Pan ama ▁( 8 . 3 % ), ▁Par agu ay ▁and ▁Boliv ia . ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁single ▁ind igen ous ▁language ▁spoken ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁million ▁people ▁in ▁Mexico ▁is ▁the ▁N ahu at l ▁language ; ▁the ▁other ▁Native ▁American ▁language ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁population ▁of ▁native ▁speak ers ▁include ▁Y uc ate c ▁May a . ▁ ▁Language ▁end anger ment ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Law ▁of ▁L ingu istic ▁Rights , ▁Mexico ▁recogn izes ▁si xty - two ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁as ▁co - o fficial ▁National ▁languages . ▁ ▁With ▁Spanish ▁being ▁the ▁dominant ▁language , ▁Mexico ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁site ▁for ▁end anger ed ▁languages . ▁" Ind igen ous ▁people ’ s ▁dis adv ant aged ▁so cio e conom ic ▁status ▁and ▁the ▁pressure ▁of ▁assim ilation ▁into ▁mest izo ▁or ▁Lad ino ▁society ▁have ▁been ▁influ ential ▁on ▁ind igen ous ▁language ▁loss ." ▁The ▁result ▁of |
▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁and ▁Spanish ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁language ▁shift ▁in ▁Mexico ▁from ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁being ▁spoken ▁to ▁more ▁people ▁using ▁Spanish ▁in ▁every ▁domain . ▁Due ▁to ▁this ▁situation ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁many ▁different ▁language ▁rev ital ization ▁strateg ies ▁implemented ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁language ▁shift ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁reverse ▁this ▁language ▁shift . ▁Liter ature ▁projects ▁done ▁with ▁the ▁N ah ua ▁people ▁ ▁include ▁" Ke eping ▁the ▁fire ▁alive : ▁a ▁de cade ▁of ▁language ▁rev ital ization ▁in ▁Mexico " ▁showing ▁the ▁experiences ▁of ▁language ▁rev ital ization ▁in ▁South ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Language ▁tables ▁ ▁Classification ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁a ▁classification ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 5 ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁grouped ▁by ▁family : ▁ ▁Language ▁families ▁with ▁members ▁north ▁of ▁Mexico ▁▁ ▁Alg on qu ian ▁languages : ▁K ik ap ú ▁ ▁Y uman – C och im í ▁languages : ▁Pa ip ai , ▁K ili wa , ▁C uc ap á , ▁C och imi ▁and ▁K um iai U to - A zte can ▁languages : ▁T ep iman ▁branch : ▁P á p ago , ▁P ima ▁B ajo , ▁Northern ▁and ▁Southern ▁Te pe hu án ▁Tar ac ah ita ▁branch : ▁Tar ah um ara , ▁Gu ar ij io ▁language , ▁Ya qui ▁and ▁May o ▁Cor ach ol ▁branch : ▁C ora ▁and ▁Hu ich ol ▁ ▁N ah uan ▁branch : ▁N ahu at l , ▁N |
ah uan ▁dialect s Language ▁families ▁with ▁all ▁known ▁members ▁in ▁Mexico ▁Tot on ac an ▁languages : ▁Tot on ac ▁( d ifferent ▁vari eties ) ▁Te pe h ua ▁( d ifferent ▁vari eties ) ▁O to - M ang ue an ▁languages : ▁ ▁O to - p ame an ▁branch : ▁Northern ▁P ame , ▁Southern ▁P ame , ▁Ch ich ime ca ▁Jon az , ▁Ot om í , ▁Maz ah ua , ▁Mat l atz in ca ▁and ▁O cu il te c . ▁Pop ol oc an ▁branch : ▁Pop ol oca ▁language , ▁Cho cho , ▁I xc ate c ▁language *, ▁Maz ate can ▁languages ▁ ▁T lap an ec – Sub ti aban ▁branch : ▁Me ' pha a ▁Am uz go an ▁branch : ▁Am uz go ▁de ▁Gu err ero , ▁Am uz go ▁de ▁O ax aca ▁Mix te can ▁branch : ▁Mix te can ▁languages , ▁Cu icate c ▁and ▁Tri que ▁language . ▁Z ap ot ec an ▁branch : ▁Ch at ino ▁( and ▁its ▁dialect s ), ▁Z ap ot ec ▁languages . ▁Ch in ante c ▁branch : ▁Ch in ante c ▁( and ▁its ▁dialect s ) ▁Ch ia pan eca – M ang ue ▁branch : ▁Ch ia pan ec o * ▁ ▁Mix e – Z o que an ▁languages : ▁Zo que ▁languages ▁Mix e ▁languages ▁Pop ol uca ▁( Tex iste pec ▁Pop ol uca , ▁Sierra ▁Pop ol uca |
▁( B oth ▁Zo que an ) ▁and ▁Say ula ▁Pop ol uca ▁Ol uta ▁Pop ol uca ▁( B oth ▁Mix e an )) ▁ ▁Language ▁family ▁with ▁members ▁south ▁of ▁Mexico ▁ ▁May an ▁languages : ▁ ▁Hu aste can ▁branch : ▁W aste k ▁language , ▁Y uc ate can ▁branch : ▁Y uk ate k ▁May a , ▁Lac and ón , ▁Ch olan ▁branch : ▁Ch ' ol ▁language , ▁Ch ont al ▁May a ▁language , ▁T z elt al ▁language , ▁T z ot zil ▁language , ▁ ▁Q an job al an – Ch uje an ▁branch : ▁Ch uj ▁language , ▁To j ol ab al ▁language , ▁Q ' an job ' al ▁language , ▁Jak al tek , ▁Mot oz int le c , ▁Ak ate k ▁language ▁Qu iche an – M ame an ▁branch : ▁Mam ▁language , ▁Te kt ite k ▁language , ▁I x il , ▁K ' iche ' ▁language , ▁Ka q ch ikel ▁and ▁Q ' eq chi '. ▁ ▁Language ▁isol ates : ▁ ▁Ser i ▁ ▁T equ ist late can ▁languages : ▁Low land ▁Ch ont al , ▁High land ▁Ch ont al ▁ ▁Pur é pe cha ▁ ▁Hu ave ▁* In ▁danger ▁of ▁ext inction . ▁ ▁Other ▁languages ▁The ▁de af ▁community ▁uses ▁Mexican ▁Sign ▁Language , ▁Y uc atan ▁Sign ▁Language , ▁and , ▁in ▁northern ▁B aja ▁California , ▁American ▁Sign ▁Language . ▁ ▁The ▁non - |
ind igen ous ▁languages ▁spoken ▁in ▁Mexico ▁include ▁English ▁( by ▁English - spe aking ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁by ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁border ▁states ). ▁One ▁example ▁of ▁this ▁group ▁is ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁M orm on ▁col ony ▁of ▁Nueva ▁Cas as ▁Grand es ▁in ▁Ch ih u ah ua , ▁which ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁German ▁( sp oken ▁mainly ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁and ▁P ue bla ), ▁Greek ▁( sp oken ▁mainly ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City , ▁ ▁Gu adal aj ara ▁and ▁especially ▁in ▁S inal oa ▁state ), ▁Arab ic , ▁Ven et ian ▁( in ▁Ch ip ilo ), ▁Italian , ▁French , ▁Occ itan , ▁Catal an , ▁Bas que , ▁Gal ician , ▁Ast ur ian , ▁Filip ino , ▁Polish , ▁Heb rew , ▁Korean , ▁Lad ino , ▁Pla ut d iet sch , ▁Armen ian , ▁Japanese , ▁Chinese ▁and ▁other ▁languages ▁are ▁spoken ▁by ▁smaller ▁numbers . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁languages ▁( V en et ian ▁and ▁Pla ut d iet sch ) ▁are ▁spoken ▁in ▁isolated ▁communities ▁or ▁villages . ▁The ▁rest ▁are ▁spoken ▁by ▁imm igr ants ▁or ▁their ▁descend ants ▁who ▁tend ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁larger ▁cities ▁and ▁towns . ▁ ▁As ▁far ▁as ▁second ▁languages ▁go , ▁many ▁educated ▁Mex icans ▁( and ▁those ▁with ▁little ▁education ▁who ▁have ▁imm igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁returned ) ▁have ▁different ▁degrees ▁of ▁flu ency ▁in ▁English . ▁Many ▁Mex icans ▁working |
▁in ▁the ▁tour ist ▁industry ▁can ▁speak ▁some ▁English . ▁ ▁Roman i ▁is ▁spoken ▁by ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Roma . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Mexican ▁states ▁by ▁ind igen ous - spe aking ▁population ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁C DI ▁ ▁" ¿ Qu é ▁leng ua ▁hab las ? ", ▁a ▁portal ▁that ▁contains ▁multimedia ▁files ▁of ▁phr ases ▁spoken ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁ind igen ous ▁languages ▁▁ ▁National ▁Institute ▁of ▁Ind igen ous ▁L anguages ▁/ ▁in ▁Spanish ▁ ▁Eth n olog ue ▁report ▁for ▁Mexico ▁ ▁General ▁Law ▁of ▁L ingu istic ▁Rights ▁of ▁Ind igen ous ▁Pe op les ▁( in ▁Spanish ) ▁▁▁ ▁Mexico ▁Category : M ex ican ▁culture <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Lamb eth ▁Bible ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁ill umin ated ▁manuscript ▁( per haps ▁produced ▁circa ▁ 1 1 5 0 – 1 1 7 0 ), ▁among ▁the ▁fin est ▁surv iving ▁giant ▁B ibles ▁from ▁Roman es que ▁England . ▁ ▁It ▁exists ▁in ▁two ▁volumes ; ▁the ▁first ▁is ▁in ▁Lamb eth ▁Palace ▁Library ▁( MS ▁ 3 ) ▁and ▁covers ▁Gen esis ▁to ▁Job ▁on ▁ 3 2 8 ▁leaves ▁of ▁v ell um ▁meas uring ▁circa ▁ 5 2 0 ▁x ▁ 3 5 5 ▁mm .; ▁the ▁second ▁incomplete ▁volume ▁( cover ing ▁Ps al ms ▁to ▁Re vel ation ) ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Ma id stone ▁Museum ▁& ▁Art ▁Gallery ▁( MS ▁P . 5 ). ▁▁ ▁The |
▁style ▁of ▁the ▁ill umin ator ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁G ospel ▁Book ▁made ▁for ▁Abb ot ▁Wed ric ▁of ▁Li ess ies ▁Ab bey ▁( H ain ault ) ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 6 , ▁of ▁which ▁only ▁two ▁leaves ▁surv ive ▁( the ▁rest ▁having ▁been ▁destroyed ▁at ▁Met z ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ), ▁now ▁in ▁A ves nes - sur - Hel pe . ▁By ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁the ▁Bible ▁was ▁apparently ▁in ▁Len ham , ▁Kent ▁( family ▁events ▁were ▁recorded ▁at ▁the ▁end ). ▁Dor othy ▁She p ard ▁repe ats ▁the ▁traditional ▁view ▁that ▁the ▁Bible ▁came ▁from ▁St ▁August ine ' s ▁Ab bey , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁ab bey ' s ▁library ▁catalog ue ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁Bible ▁divided ▁at ▁the ▁right ▁point . ▁Christopher ▁de ▁Ham el ▁instead ▁links ▁the ▁Bible ▁to ▁Fa ver sh am ▁Ab bey ▁( also ▁close ▁to ▁Len ham ) ▁and ▁claims ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁being ▁produced ▁for ▁King ▁Stephen . ▁He ▁supports ▁his ▁claim ▁by ▁drawing ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁frequent ▁royal ▁imag ery ▁in ▁the ▁Bible , ▁and ▁the ▁short ▁period ▁between ▁ 1 1 4 6 ▁( when ▁the ▁ill um ini ator ▁was ▁in ▁France ) ▁and ▁ 1 1 5 4 ▁( K ing ▁Stephen ' s ▁death ) ▁as ▁an ▁explanation ▁for ▁the ▁Bible ' s ▁incomplete ▁state . ▁ ▁For ▁many ▁years ▁the ▁first ▁volume ▁in ▁the ▁Lamb eth ▁Palace ▁Library ▁was ▁pa ired ▁with ▁another ▁volume ▁( MS |
. ▁ 4 ) ▁in ▁the ▁library ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁it ▁was ▁real ised ▁that ▁the ▁correct ▁pair ing ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁Ma id stone ▁volume . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Dor othy ▁She p ard : ▁Int rodu cing ▁the ▁Lamb eth ▁Bible : ▁a ▁Study ▁of ▁Text ▁and ▁Im ag ery . ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Richard ▁Pal mer , ▁Mich elle ▁P . ▁Brown ▁( eds ): ▁Lamb eth ▁Palace ▁Library : ▁Tre asures ▁from ▁the ▁Col lections ▁of ▁the ▁Arch b ish ops ▁of ▁Can ter bury . ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Christopher ▁de ▁Ham el : ▁L ect ure ▁at ▁Lamb eth ▁Palace , ▁ 1 9 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Category : Ill umin ated ▁bib lic al ▁manuscript s ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁bib lic al ▁manuscript s ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁ill umin ated ▁manuscript s <0x0A> </s> ▁Pas ch im ▁Mah ar as ht ra , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁Des h , ▁is ▁a ▁region ▁of ▁India ' s ▁western ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁state , ▁which ▁includes ▁districts ▁of ▁P une , ▁Sang li , ▁Sat ara , ▁Sol ap ur , ▁Kol h ap ur , ▁and ▁Ah med n agar ▁ ▁and ▁its ▁Administr ative ▁Division ▁is ▁P une . ▁ ▁Des h ▁is ▁a ▁prosper ous ▁bel t ▁and ▁is ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁Sug ar ▁production ▁fact ories . ▁Far mer |
▁in ▁the ▁region ▁are ▁econom ically ▁well ▁off ▁due ▁to ▁fert ile ▁land , ▁good ▁ir rig ation . ▁In ▁the ▁region , ▁Sang li ▁District ▁has ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁Sug ar ▁fact ories ▁and ▁Sug ar ▁processing ▁plants . ▁Western ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁Consider ed ▁as ▁highly ▁developed ▁area ▁of ▁India ▁and ▁also ▁annual ▁income ▁is ▁higher ▁than ▁average ▁G DP ▁of ▁country . s ang li ▁district ▁is ▁famous ▁for ▁sugar - c ane ▁and ▁tur mer ic ▁production . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁in ▁Pas ch im ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁is ▁linked ▁with ▁co oper ative ▁movement . ▁Most ▁of ▁sugar ▁co oper ative ▁fact ories ▁in ▁western ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁work ▁as ▁power ▁center ▁and ▁play ▁major ▁role ▁in ▁politics . ▁Sang li ▁District ▁has ▁major ▁political ▁climate ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁Category : ▁Pas ch im ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁Category : Reg ions ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra <0x0A> </s> ▁Martin ▁N dt ong ou ▁M p ile ▁( born ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁in ▁Cam ero on ) ▁is ▁a ▁Cam ero onian ▁football ▁coach , ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Cam ero onian ▁Olympic ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁Be ij ing ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : Date ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category |
: Cam ero onian ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁G - Man ▁is ▁an ▁all - ages ▁com ic ▁book ▁or ▁graph ic ▁novel ▁written ▁and ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Chris ▁Gi arr us so ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁Image ▁Comics . ▁The ▁com ic ▁has ▁been ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁back - ups ▁in ▁other ▁com ic ▁books ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁original ▁one - sh ots ▁and ▁trade ▁paper back ▁collections . ▁The ▁com ic ▁features ▁a ▁young ▁super h ero ▁who ▁g ains ▁the ▁powers ▁of ▁super ▁strength , ▁super ▁end urance ▁and ▁flight ▁when ▁he ▁we ars ▁a ▁magic ▁c ape . ▁G - Man ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁were ▁introduced ▁in ▁Gi arr us so ' s ▁" Com ic ▁B its ", ▁published ▁in ▁Image ' s ▁Sav age ▁Dragon ▁series . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁G - Man ▁collections : ▁Learning ▁to ▁Fly ▁and ▁Cape ▁Cris is . ▁The ▁first ▁volume , ▁Learning ▁to ▁Fly , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁Image ▁Comics . ▁The ▁second ▁novel , ▁Cape ▁Cris is , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁character ▁G - MAN ▁previously ▁made ▁small ▁appearances ▁in ▁the ▁Sav age ▁Dragon ▁series . ▁ ▁Story ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁character , ▁Mi key ▁G , ▁wanted ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁super h ero . ▁He ▁found ▁a ▁magic ▁c ape , ▁which ▁gave ▁him ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁fly , ▁en hanced ▁his ▁strength ▁and ▁gave ▁him ▁some ▁inv ul ner ability . ▁His ▁older ▁brother , |
▁Dave ▁G , ▁took ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁the ▁c ape ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁bel t . ▁He ▁called ▁himself ▁Great ▁Man . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁▁ ▁G - Man : ▁Mi key ▁G ▁wanted ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁super h ero ▁like ▁his ▁friends . ▁Using ▁a ▁magic ▁blank et , ▁he ▁made ▁a ▁c ape ▁that ▁gives ▁him ▁powers . ▁When ever ▁asked ▁what ▁the ▁G ▁stands ▁for , ▁he ▁says ▁" it ▁stands ▁for ▁G ". ▁ ▁Great ▁Man : ▁G - Man ' s ▁brother , ▁Dave . ▁He ▁fashion ed ▁a ▁bel t ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁blank et . ▁He ▁often ▁bul lies ▁his ▁brother , ▁but ▁sometimes ▁shows ▁a ▁nic er ▁side . ▁He ▁chose ▁the ▁name ▁" Gre at ▁Man " ▁because ▁he ▁thought ▁the ▁G ▁should ▁stand ▁for ▁something . ▁ ▁Mr . ▁G : ▁G - Man ▁and ▁Great ▁Man ' s ▁father . ▁He ' s ▁un im pressed ▁by ▁their ▁super pow ers , ▁though ▁he ▁does ▁appreciate ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁now ▁fly ▁over ▁his ▁la wn ▁instead ▁of ▁walking ▁on ▁it . ▁ ▁Billy ▁Dem on : ▁G - Man ' s ▁friend , ▁who ▁gained ▁super - pow ers ▁from ▁yet - unknown ▁events . ▁In cluding ▁super - str ength , ▁flight , ▁fire ▁breath , ▁and ▁en hanced ▁sens es . ▁ ▁S par ky / the ▁Spark : ▁One ▁of ▁G - Man ' s ▁friends , ▁who ▁g ains ▁super - speed ▁from ▁his ▁magic ▁sho es . |
▁ ▁S unt ro oper ▁Sol azzo : ▁One ▁of ▁G - Man ' s ▁friends , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁S unt ro op ers . ▁He ▁we ars ▁a ▁suit ▁that ▁allows ▁him ▁to ▁fly ▁through ▁space ▁and ▁fire ▁solar ▁bl asts . ▁ ▁Tan man : ▁Another ▁of ▁G - Man ' s ▁friends . ▁He ▁can ▁change ▁his ▁color ▁and ▁the ▁color ▁of ▁anything ▁he ▁touch es , ▁allowing ▁him ▁to ▁cam ou fl age . ▁He ▁can ▁also ▁turn ▁invisible ▁for ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁he ▁can ▁hold ▁his ▁breath . ▁When ▁relax ed , ▁his ▁colors ▁are ▁in ▁a ▁constant ▁flux . ▁ ▁Mark s man : ▁Tan man ' s ▁cousin , ▁a ▁half - El f ▁with ▁ 9 9 % ▁accurate ▁aim . ▁He ▁usually ▁uses ▁a ▁bow ▁and ▁arrow , ▁but ▁can ▁also ▁w ield ▁other ▁r anged ▁weapons . ▁ ▁W izard ▁Gl end olf ▁Williams : ▁A ▁w izard ▁who ▁often ▁en lists ▁in ▁G - Man ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁to ▁help ▁him . ▁These ▁qu ests ▁range ▁from ▁stopping ▁universal ▁crisis ▁to ▁programming ▁his ▁V CR . ▁ ▁Kid ▁Th under : ▁Son ▁of ▁local ▁super h ero ▁Captain ▁Th und erman . ▁He ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁bul ly ▁who ▁bl asted ▁anyone ▁who ▁fle w ▁in ▁" his " ▁sky , ▁but ▁after ▁Great ▁Man ▁beat ▁him ▁up , ▁he ▁became ▁nic er . ▁He ▁and ▁Great ▁Man ▁are ▁now ▁friends . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁G |
- Man ▁official ▁site ▁▁▁ ▁G - Man ▁at ▁Com ic V ine . com ▁ ▁G - Man ▁at ▁Image ▁Comics ▁ ▁Category : American ▁com ic ▁stri ps ▁Category : Super h ero ▁com ics ▁Category : H um or ▁com ics ▁Category : Child ▁super h ero es ▁Category : Image ▁Comics ▁graph ic ▁nov els ▁Category : Image ▁Comics ▁super h ero es <0x0A> </s> ▁Sv är det ▁( S wed ish : ▁" the ▁sword ") ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁war ship ▁that ▁s ank ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 6 7 6 ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ö land ▁during ▁the ▁Sc an ian ▁War , ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁crew . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Sv är det ▁ ▁was , ▁during ▁the ▁Sc an ian ▁War , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Cla es ▁U gg la , ▁and ▁fought ▁in ▁ ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ö land . ▁She ▁was ▁surrounded ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁battle , ▁and ▁fought ▁for ▁two ▁hours ▁until ▁her ▁main ▁m ast ▁was ▁destroyed ▁and ▁the ▁ship ▁surrender ed . ▁Before ▁the ▁surrounding ▁enemies ▁could ▁board ▁Sv är det , ▁a ▁Dutch ▁fires hip ▁accident ally ▁set ▁her ▁ab la ze . ▁The ▁fire ▁eventually ▁reached ▁the ▁gun pow der ▁store , ▁which ▁set ▁off ▁an ▁explos ion ▁that ▁s ank ▁the ▁ship . ▁Only ▁about ▁ 5 0 ▁of ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁nearly ▁ 6 5 0 ▁men ▁surv ived . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 , |
▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁a ▁w reck ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁Sv är det ▁had ▁been ▁found ▁by ▁divers ▁off ▁the ▁island ▁coast ▁of ▁Ö land . ▁ ▁General ▁characteristics ▁Dis p lacement : ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁t onnes ▁L ength : ▁ 4 7 . 5 ▁meters ▁Width : ▁ 1 2 . 5 ▁meters ▁Arm ament : ▁ 8 6 ▁can n ons ▁ 1 2 ▁ 3 6 - p ound ers ▁( lower ▁gun ▁deck ) ▁ 4 ▁ 3 0 - p ound ers ▁( lower ▁gun ▁deck ) ▁ 1 4 ▁ 2 4 - p ound ers ▁( lower ▁gun ▁deck ) ▁ 2 6 ▁ 1 2 - p ound ers ▁( upper ▁gun ▁deck ) ▁ 4 ▁ 8 - p ound ers ▁( upper ▁gun ▁deck ) ▁ 2 0 ▁ 8 - p ound ers ▁( we ather ▁deck ) ▁ 6 ▁ 3 - p ound ers ▁( we ather ▁deck ) ▁C rew : ▁ 6 5 0 ▁( both ▁sail ors ▁and ▁soldiers ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁V asa ▁( ship ) ▁K ron an ▁( ship ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Disc overy ▁ ▁Category : Sh ip w re cks ▁in ▁the ▁Balt ic ▁Sea ▁Category : Mar itime ▁inc idents ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 6 ▁Category : 1 6 6 0 s ▁ships ▁Category : Sh ips ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁Category : Age ▁of ▁S ail ▁ships ▁of ▁Sweden ▁Category : Sh ip |
w re cks ▁of ▁Sweden <0x0A> </s> ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁global ization ▁is ▁ske ptic ism ▁of ▁the ▁claimed ▁benefits ▁of ▁global ization . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁views ▁are ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁anti - global ization ▁movement . ▁Global ization ▁has ▁created ▁much ▁global ▁and ▁internal ▁un rest ▁in ▁many ▁countries . ▁While ▁the ▁dynamics ▁of ▁capital ism ▁is ▁changing ▁and ▁each ▁country ▁is ▁unique ▁in ▁its ▁political ▁make up , ▁global ization ▁is ▁a ▁set - in - stone ▁" program " ▁that ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁implement ▁without ▁political ▁un rest . ▁Global ization ▁can ▁be ▁partly ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁current ▁global ▁economic ▁crisis . ▁Case ▁studies ▁of ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁the ▁Arab ▁nations ' ▁view ▁of ▁global ization ▁show ▁that ▁global ization ▁is ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁culture ▁and ▁religion , ▁and ▁it ▁har ms ▁ind igen ous ▁people ▁groups ▁while ▁mult in ational ▁corpor ations ▁profit ▁from ▁it . ▁Although ▁global ization ▁has ▁promised ▁an ▁improved ▁standard ▁of ▁living ▁and ▁economic ▁development , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁heavily ▁critic ized ▁for ▁its ▁production ▁of ▁negative ▁effects . ▁Global ization ▁is ▁not ▁simply ▁an ▁economic ▁project , ▁but ▁it ▁also ▁heavily ▁influ ences ▁the ▁country ▁environment ally , ▁polit ically , ▁and ▁soci ally ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Econom ic ▁impact s ▁ ▁Lim itations ▁on ▁growth ▁ ▁The ▁founder ▁of ▁Local ▁Fut ures ▁( former ly ▁the ▁International ▁Society ▁for ▁E col ogy ▁and ▁Culture ), ▁Hel ena ▁Nor berg - H odge , ▁has ▁suggested ▁that ▁global ization ▁does ▁not |
▁work ▁for ▁all ▁the ▁econom ies ▁that ▁it ▁affect s ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁always ▁deliver ▁the ▁economic ▁growth ▁that ▁is ▁expected ▁of ▁it . ▁ ▁Global ization ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁" une ven ▁process " ▁in ▁Africa ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁global ▁integration ▁of ▁some ▁groups ▁happening ▁alongside ▁the ▁marg inal ization ▁or ▁ex clusion ▁of ▁others . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁world wide ▁trade ▁will ▁have ▁the ▁restrictions ▁on ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁economy . ▁ ▁Global ▁Econom ic ▁Cris is ▁ ▁The ▁Global ▁Econom ic ▁Cris is , ▁the ▁worst ▁financial ▁crisis ▁since ▁the ▁Great ▁De pression , ▁can ▁be ▁partially ▁attributed ▁to ▁ne oli ber al ▁global ization . ▁Although ▁global ization ▁promised ▁an ▁improved ▁standard ▁of ▁living , ▁it ▁has ▁actually ▁w ors ened ▁the ▁financial ▁situation ▁of ▁many ▁homes ▁and ▁has ▁made ▁the ▁financial ▁crisis ▁global ▁through ▁the ▁influ ences ▁of ▁international ▁financial ▁institutions ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁World ▁Bank . ▁Global ization ▁limits ▁development ▁and ▁civil ization ▁to ▁a ▁path ▁that ▁only ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁Western ▁and ▁capital istic ▁system . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁struct ural ▁differences ▁in ▁countries , ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁global ization ▁has ▁been ▁det r iment al ▁for ▁many ▁countries . ▁ ▁Political ▁impact s ▁ ▁Global ization ▁as ▁American ▁h eg em ony ▁ ▁John ▁Gray ▁described ▁global ization ▁as ▁a ▁post - C old ▁War ▁American ▁tri um phal ism , ▁and ▁stated ▁“ global ▁la isse z ▁faire ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁project .” ▁Global ization ▁is ▁a ▁project |
▁in ▁which ▁American ▁ide als ▁and ▁values ▁are ▁executed ▁and ▁implemented ▁into ▁other ▁countries . ▁However , ▁this ▁effort ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized , ▁mainly ▁by ▁the ▁exam ination ▁of ▁America ▁today . ▁In ▁America , ▁there ▁are ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁economic ▁and ▁social ▁in equal ities ▁as ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁rich ▁and ▁poor ▁are ▁great . ▁Furthermore , ▁America ▁has ▁the ▁highest ▁rates ▁of ▁in car cer ation , ▁and ▁anx iety ▁due ▁to ▁economic ▁uncertainty ▁is ▁great . ▁The ▁criticism ▁that ▁follows ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁system ▁into ▁other ▁countries ▁may ▁reproduce ▁these ▁negative ▁effects . ▁ ▁Power ▁of ▁trans n ational ▁corpor ations ▁ ▁Global ization ▁has ▁fue led ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁trans n ational ▁corpor ations , ▁and ▁their ▁power ▁has ▁v ault ed ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁they ▁can ▁now ▁rival ▁many ▁nation ▁states . ▁Of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁one ▁hundred ▁largest ▁econom ies , ▁forty - two ▁of ▁them ▁are ▁corpor ations . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁trans n ational ▁corpor ations ▁now ▁hold ▁s way ▁over ▁many ▁nation ▁states , ▁as ▁their ▁f ates ▁are ▁inter tw ined ▁with ▁the ▁nations ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁located ▁in . ▁ ▁Also , ▁trans n ational ▁corpor ations ▁could ▁offer ▁massive ▁influence ▁regarding ▁the ▁Third ▁World , ▁and ▁bring ▁about ▁more ▁pressure ▁to ▁help ▁increase ▁worker ▁sal aries ▁and ▁working ▁conditions ▁in ▁swe at sh ops . ▁However , ▁these ▁corpor ations ▁are ▁often ▁trans n ational ▁specifically ▁to ▁take ▁advantage ▁of ▁different ▁labor ▁laws |
, ▁which ▁they ▁can ▁keep ▁implemented ▁with ▁their ▁influence ▁and ▁explo it ▁for ▁their ▁gain . ▁On ▁account ▁of ▁doing ▁the ▁business ▁glob ally , ▁trans n ational ▁corpor ations ▁have ▁the ▁huge ▁influence ▁in ▁many ▁nation ▁states . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁implementing ▁global ization ▁in ▁developing ▁countries , ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁w inners ▁and ▁los ers ▁are ▁often ▁pred et erm ined . ▁Mult in ational ▁corpor ations ▁often ▁benefit ▁from ▁global ization ▁while ▁poor , ▁ind igen ous ▁loc als ▁are ▁neg atively ▁affected . ▁The ▁power ▁of ▁trans n ational ▁companies ▁inf lic ts ▁a ▁major ▁threat ▁for ▁ind igen ous ▁tribes . ▁Trans n ational ▁companies ▁have ▁explo ited ▁local ▁family ▁land ▁for ▁their ▁business es . ▁Global ization ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁form ▁of ▁colon ization ▁or ▁imperial ism , ▁as ▁economic ▁inequality ▁and ▁the ▁rise ▁in ▁un emp loyment ▁have ▁followed ▁with ▁its ▁implementation . ▁Global ization ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁for ▁benef iting ▁those ▁who ▁are ▁already ▁large ▁and ▁in ▁power ▁at ▁the ▁risk ▁and ▁growing ▁vulner ability ▁of ▁the ▁countries ’ ▁ind igen ous ▁population . ▁Furthermore , ▁global ization ▁is ▁non - dem ocr atic , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁enfor ced ▁through ▁top - down ▁methods . ▁ ▁S over e ig nt y ▁ ▁Global ization ▁requires ▁a ▁country ▁to ▁give ▁up ▁its ▁so vere ig nt y ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁executing ▁Western ▁ide als ▁in ▁its ▁country . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁so vere ig nt y |
▁only ▁belongs ▁to ▁a ▁select ▁few : ▁those ▁whose ▁views ▁and ▁ide als ▁are ▁being ▁implemented . ▁In ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁free ▁mark ets ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁promise ▁of ▁an ▁improved ▁standard ▁of ▁living , ▁countries ▁give ▁up ▁their ▁political ▁and ▁social ▁powers ▁to ▁international ▁organizations . ▁Thus , ▁global ization ▁causes ▁the ▁greater ▁emp ower ment ▁of ▁these ▁international ▁organizations ▁and ▁the ▁dimin ishing ▁influence ▁of ▁local ▁state ▁institutions . ▁ ▁Environment al ▁impact s ▁ ▁Dam age ▁from ▁trans n ational ▁corpor ations ▁ ▁International ▁trade ▁in ▁pet role um ▁products ▁has ▁expanded ▁significantly ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁dec ades ▁through ▁global ization ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁environmental ▁problems ▁in ▁Niger ia ▁have ▁been ▁d eter ior ated . ▁As ▁the ▁international ▁trade ▁in ▁pet role um ▁products ▁keeps ▁increasing , ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁corresponding ▁increase ▁in ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁pet role um ▁industry ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁requirement ▁of ▁the ▁ever ▁increasing ▁demand ▁for ▁pet role um ▁products . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁it ▁gives ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁environmental ▁poll ution . ▁The ▁pet role um ▁is ▁to xic ▁to ▁almost ▁all ▁forms ▁of ▁life ▁and ▁its ▁extra ction ▁fu els ▁climate ▁change ▁including ▁air ▁poll ution , ▁water ▁poll ution , ▁noise ▁poll ution , ▁land ▁de grad ation ▁and ▁er os ion . ▁ ▁In vas ive ▁organ isms ▁ ▁As ▁International ▁commerce ▁develop s ▁new ▁trade ▁routes , ▁mark ets ▁and ▁products ▁Global ization ▁facil it ates ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁invas ive ▁species . ▁The ▁modern ▁technology ▁offer ▁the ▁opportunity |
▁that ▁human ▁and ▁comm od ities ▁can ▁move ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁On ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁new ▁source , ▁larger ▁and ▁faster ▁ships ▁and ▁increased ▁air ▁transport , ▁the ▁commercial ▁trade ▁prop els ▁rising ▁annual ▁and ▁cum ulative ▁rates ▁of ▁invasion . ▁ ▁Case ▁study ▁of ▁Th ailand ’ s ▁Pak ▁Mun ▁River ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁hyd rop ower ▁dam ▁projects ▁were ▁conducted ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁re create ▁Th ailand ' s ▁economy ▁into ▁an ▁export - orient ed ▁economy . ▁The ▁projects ▁were ▁fund ed ▁by ▁lo ans ▁from ▁the ▁World ▁Bank ▁and ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁global ization ▁efforts . ▁The ▁local ▁vill agers ▁whom ▁the ▁project ▁would ▁directly ▁affect ▁were ▁not ▁not ified , ▁and ▁the ▁World ▁Bank ▁dis reg arded ▁their ▁concerns . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁d ams , ▁villages ▁that ▁heavily ▁dep ended ▁on ▁the ▁river ▁lost ▁their ▁liv elihood ▁and ▁their ▁means ▁of ▁economic ▁g ains ▁( i . e ., ▁fish ing ). ▁The ▁projects ▁cont amin ated ▁the ▁river , ▁which ▁made ▁the ▁river ▁un fit ▁for ▁vill agers ▁to ▁drink , ▁bat he , ▁and ▁do ▁la und ry ▁without ▁experien cing ▁negative ▁health ▁conditions ▁such ▁as ▁r ash es . ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁projects ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁ext inction ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁ed ible ▁plant ▁species , ▁ 4 5 ▁m ush room ▁species , ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁b am |
bo o ▁species , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁income ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁mark ets ▁were ▁dependent ▁on , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁important ▁for ▁medical ▁usage . ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁decl ine ▁in ▁fish ▁population ▁ex termin ated ▁fish erm en ' s ▁ways ▁of ▁life , ▁as ▁ 1 6 9 ▁different ▁fish ▁species ▁were ▁affected ▁and ▁ 5 6 ▁species ▁became ▁ext inct . ▁The ▁global ization ▁efforts ▁in ▁Th ailand ▁resulted ▁in ▁environmental ▁impact s ▁that ▁affected ▁the ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁w elf are ▁of ▁ind igen ous ▁populations . ▁ ▁Agricult ure ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁central ization ▁of ▁agricult ure ▁throughout ▁the ▁world , ▁food ▁must ▁go ▁exception ally ▁long ▁distances ▁to ▁reach ▁consum ers . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁transport ation ▁of ▁goods ▁increases , ▁an ▁industry ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁global ▁green house ▁gas ▁em issions . ▁ ▁Social ▁impact s ▁ ▁G row ing ▁inequality ▁ ▁The ▁Governor ▁of ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁England , ▁Mark ▁Car ney , ▁put ▁forward ▁global ization ▁as ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁inequality ▁of ▁out comes ▁in ▁soci eties . ▁ ▁Global ization ▁has ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁causes ▁of ▁the ▁increase ▁in ▁inequality ▁in ▁many ▁countries ▁in ▁the ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁Co operation ▁and ▁Development . ▁These ▁countries , ▁including ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Canada , ▁and ▁Argentina , ▁have ▁faced ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁inequality ▁by ▁between ▁one - half ▁to ▁one - third ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 |
s ▁and ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁L oss ▁of ▁languages ▁ ▁Acc eler ation ▁in ▁language ▁death ▁has ▁been ▁attributed ▁to ▁global ization , ▁and ▁is ▁predicted ▁to ▁continue . ▁ ▁Pre jud ice ▁ ▁Professor ▁Con or ▁Ge art y , ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics , ▁has ▁suggested ▁that ▁global ▁freedom ▁of ▁movement , ▁brought ▁on ▁by ▁global ization , ▁has ▁increased ▁the ▁scope ▁for ▁pre jud ice ▁within ▁soci eties . ▁ ▁Psych ological ▁impact s ▁ ▁Identity ▁ ▁The ▁collision ▁between ▁global ▁and ▁local ▁cult ures ▁have ▁created ▁challeng es ▁in ▁adapt ing ▁to ▁and ▁recon cil ing ▁the ▁two . ▁Global ization ▁and ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁culture ▁in ▁different ▁countries ▁have ▁shown ▁to ▁produce ▁b icult ural ▁ident ities , ▁identity ▁confusion , ▁and ▁self - selected ▁cult ures . ▁ ▁B icult ural ▁identity ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁one ▁adapt ing ▁to ▁the ▁global ▁culture ▁while ▁simultaneously ▁being ▁familiar ▁with ▁local ▁trad itions . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁two ▁ident ities ▁are ▁formed : ▁global ▁identity ▁and ▁local ▁identity . ▁One ' s ▁global ▁identity ▁allows ▁for ▁him / her ▁to ▁particip ate ▁and ▁succeed ▁glob ally ▁by ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁relate ▁to ▁those ▁outside ▁of ▁his / her ▁local ▁sphere . ▁One ' s ▁local ▁identity ▁allows ▁him / her ▁to ▁still ▁be ▁relevant ▁to ▁family ▁and ▁friends ▁nearby . ▁O ften , ▁those ▁experien cing ▁global ization ▁in ▁their ▁country ▁are ▁seen ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁hy |
brid ▁identity , ▁an ▁identity ▁in ▁which ▁mer ges ▁their ▁global ▁and ▁local ▁ident ities . ▁This ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁seen ▁with ▁imm igr ants . ▁ ▁However , ▁adapt ing ▁to ▁both ▁cult ures ▁may ▁be ▁difficult , ▁especially ▁if ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁cult ures ▁is ▁great . ▁In ▁these ▁cases , ▁global ization ▁may ▁cause ▁identity ▁confusion , ▁prevent ing ▁the ▁proper ▁development ▁of ▁identity ▁and ▁self ▁( E rik son ' s ▁theory ▁of ▁identity ▁formation ). ▁Similarly , ▁global ization ▁may ▁create ▁a ▁crisis ▁in ▁which ▁John ▁Ber ry ▁calls ▁“ m arg inal ization ,” ▁in ▁which ▁one ▁is ▁unable ▁to ▁identify ▁with ▁local ▁culture ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁heavy ▁expos ure ▁of ▁global ization ▁and ▁Western ▁influ ences ; ▁however ▁he / she ▁is ▁also ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁the ▁global ▁culture ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁implementation ▁of ▁global ization ▁requires ▁a ▁certain ▁degree ▁of ▁culture ▁shed ding , ▁as ▁global ▁culture ▁al ters ▁and ▁dis rupt s ▁the ▁pre ex isting ▁local ▁culture . ▁This ▁also ▁leads ▁to ▁identity ▁confusion , ▁primarily ▁in ▁ad oles c ents . ▁ ▁Cultural ▁impact s ▁ ▁Urban ▁and ▁ad oles cent ▁issues ▁ ▁Many ▁times , ▁in ▁countries ▁where ▁global ization ▁is ▁introduced , ▁problems ▁that ▁arise ▁among ▁ad oles c ents ▁are ▁often ▁bl amed ▁to ▁the ▁intr usion ▁of ▁Western ▁culture ▁and ▁ide als ▁through ▁global ization . ▁Ad oles c ents ▁are ▁most ▁vulner able ▁and ▁re cept ive ▁to ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁new ▁cult |
ures . ▁Develop ing ▁countries ▁where ▁Western ▁values ▁and ▁technology ▁have ▁been ▁introduced ▁are ▁more ▁aware ▁of ▁current ▁events ▁taking ▁place ▁in ▁other ▁countries , ▁and ▁ad oles c ents ▁and ▁youth s ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁copying ▁American ▁fashion ▁and ▁music ▁styles . ▁Therefore , ▁Western ▁media ▁is ▁bl amed ▁for ▁the ▁rise ▁in ▁pre mar ital ▁sex ▁and ▁te en age ▁pre gn an cies ▁that ▁follow ▁when ▁global ization ▁is ▁introduced . ▁ ▁Global ization ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁improved ▁countries ’ ▁global ▁status . ▁However , ▁companies ▁attempting ▁to ▁comp ete ▁glob ally ▁have ▁explo ited ▁workers , ▁and ▁global ▁competition ▁has ▁been ▁achieved ▁through ▁poor ▁working ▁conditions . ▁Furthermore , ▁due ▁to ▁global ▁influ ences , ▁ju ven ile ▁cr imes ▁have ▁increased ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁dis ruption ▁of ▁traditional ▁norm s . ▁ ▁Arab ▁and ▁Muslim ▁countries ▁ ▁The ▁Arab ▁and ▁Islam ic ▁countries ▁see ▁global ization ▁as ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁inst ill ▁Western ▁superior ity ▁and ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁their ▁cultural ▁identity . ▁Although ▁differ ing ▁views ▁of ▁global ization ▁exist ▁among ▁Arab ▁nations , ▁a ▁large ▁percentage ▁of ▁Muslim s ▁see ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁imperial istic ▁and ▁a ▁cultural ▁invasion ▁that ▁attempts ▁to ▁destroy ▁their ▁her itage ▁and ▁cultural ▁belief s . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁differ ing ▁opinions ▁of ▁global ization , ▁almost ▁all ▁acknow ledge ▁and ▁believe ▁that ▁global ization ▁is ▁simply ▁American ism — ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁American ▁cult ures ▁and ▁ide als ▁into ▁other ▁countries . ▁ ▁Global ization ▁is |
▁especially ▁threaten ing ▁to ▁Arab ▁nations ▁because ▁Islam ▁is ▁not ▁simply ▁a ▁religious ▁practice , ▁but ▁it ▁domin ates ▁laws ▁and ▁social ▁norm s ▁such ▁as ▁mar ri ages ▁and ▁sp ending ▁hab its . ▁Since ▁global ization ▁is ▁seen ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁sec ular izing ▁a ▁nation , ▁Muslim s ▁also ▁see ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁cultural ▁and ▁religious ▁invasion , ▁requiring ▁the ▁separation ▁of ▁religion ▁and ▁daily ▁life . ▁Rad ical ists ▁see ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁per version ▁of ▁pure ▁Islam ic ▁doctrine , ▁as ▁global ization ▁is ▁seen ▁to ▁merge ▁the ▁domain ▁of ▁Islam ▁( D ar ▁al - I sl am ) ▁and ▁the ▁domain ▁of ▁inf idel ity ▁( D ar - al - K uf r ). ▁ ▁The ▁Western ▁influence ▁on ▁media ▁is ▁also ▁unw el come . ▁The ▁Western ▁control ▁of ▁media ▁is ▁viewed ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁brain w ash ▁young ▁Muslim s ▁to ▁strip ▁them ▁of ▁their ▁national ity ▁and ▁cultural ▁her itage . ▁They ▁also ▁opp ose ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁new , ▁global , ▁h eg em onic ▁culture , ▁referencing ▁ ▁Q ur an ▁ 4 9 : 1 3 ▁which ▁states ▁that ▁God ▁has ▁purpose fully ▁divided ▁man kind ▁into ▁different ▁nations ▁and ▁tribes . ▁Arab ▁intellect uals ▁have ▁stated ▁that ▁global ization ▁r ids ▁the ▁earth ▁of ▁human ▁cultural ▁divers ity ▁and ▁civil izations ’ ▁peculiar ities , ▁which ▁many ▁see ▁as ▁bar bar ic . ▁Auth ors ▁and ▁publish ers ▁have ▁expressed ▁fear ▁of ▁Western ▁ide |
als ▁pen etr ating ▁their ▁nations . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁capital ism ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁ne oli ber al ism ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Bank ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Trade ▁Organ ization ▁Development ▁criticism ▁Disney fic ation ▁New ▁World ▁Order ▁( con sp i racy ▁theory ) ▁New ▁world ▁order ▁( polit ics ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Global ization ▁Category : Ant i - global ization ▁movement ▁Category : C ult ural ▁global ization <0x0A> </s> ▁P Z In ż ▁ 7 0 3 ▁and ▁its ▁development ▁versions ▁P Z In ż ▁ 7 1 3 ▁and ▁P Z In ż ▁ 7 2 3 ▁were ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁Polish ▁tr uck s , ▁l or ries , ▁bus es ▁and ▁art illery ▁tra ilers . ▁Design ed ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁at ▁Pa ństw owe ▁Zak ł ady ▁In żyn ier yj ne ▁works , ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁age ing ▁Polski ▁F iat ▁ 6 2 1 ▁l orry ▁in ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Army . ▁Serial ▁production ▁was ▁to ▁start ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁only ▁a ▁short ▁pre - production ▁series ▁was ▁completed ▁before ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Poland ▁and ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁the ▁original ▁P Z In ż ▁ 7 0 3 ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁blue print ▁for ▁the ▁Star ▁ 2 0 ▁tr uck , ▁the ▁first ▁tr uck ▁to ▁be ▁constructed ▁by ▁F SC ▁Star . |
▁ ▁Vari ants ▁ ▁The ▁P Z In ż ▁ 7 0 3 ▁and ▁its ▁derivatives ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁available ▁in ▁several ▁variants , ▁depending ▁on ▁frame ▁type , ▁cab ▁shape ▁and ▁engine . ▁The ▁P Z In ż ▁works ▁used ▁their ▁model ▁numbers ▁to ▁identify ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁vehicle ▁and ▁two ▁letter ▁abbre vi ations ▁to ▁identify ▁the ▁engine ▁and ▁layout . ▁▁ ▁P Z In ż ▁ 7 0 3 ▁ ▁Basic ▁l orry ▁model ▁with ▁engine ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁cab . ▁Av ailable ▁in ▁BC ▁and ▁DC ▁variants ▁ ▁P Z In ż ▁ 7 1 3 ▁ ▁Short ened ▁cab ▁in ▁cab ▁over ▁configuration ; ▁BC , ▁DC ▁and ▁GC ▁variants ▁available ▁ ▁P Z In ż ▁ 7 2 3 ▁ ▁Bus ▁version , ▁mostly ▁identical ▁to ▁ 7 1 3 ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁super structure ; ▁B A , ▁DA ▁and ▁G A ▁variants ▁available ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Category : C ars ▁of ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁Lor na ▁Cro z ier ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁poet ▁who ▁holds ▁the ▁Head ▁Chair ▁in ▁the ▁Writing ▁Department ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Victoria . ▁She ▁has ▁author ed ▁fifteen ▁books ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁an ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Life ▁Cro z ier ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Swift ▁Current , ▁S ask atch ew an ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁Cro z ier ▁attended ▁the |
▁University ▁of ▁S ask atch ew an ▁where ▁she ▁received ▁her ▁B . A . ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Al berta ▁where ▁she ▁received ▁her ▁M . A . ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁Before ▁publishing ▁her ▁po ems ▁and ▁stories , ▁Cro z ier ▁was ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁English ▁teacher ▁and ▁guidance ▁coun s ell or . ▁During ▁these ▁years , ▁her ▁first ▁poem ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁Gra in ▁magazine . ▁She ▁also ▁taught ▁cre ative ▁writing ▁at ▁the ▁Ban ff ▁School ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts , ▁the ▁S ask atch ew an ▁Summer ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Arts , ▁and ▁the ▁Se ch elt ▁Summer ▁Writing ▁Festival . ▁Cro z ier ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁writer - in - res idence ▁at ▁the ▁Cy press ▁Hills ▁Community ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁Regin a ▁Public ▁Library , ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Cro z ier ▁has ▁author ed ▁fifteen ▁books ▁of ▁work , ▁which ▁typically ▁focus ▁on ▁human ▁relationships , ▁the ▁natural ▁world , ▁language , ▁memory , ▁and ▁per ception . ▁Al ong side ▁partner ▁Patrick ▁Lane , ▁Cro z ier ▁has ▁co - author ed ▁No ▁Long er ▁Two ▁People ▁( 1 9 7 9 ), ▁and ▁co - ed ited ▁Bre ath ing ▁Fire : ▁Canada ’ s ▁New ▁Po ets ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁and ▁Bre ath ing ▁Fire ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 4 |
). ▁▁ ▁A ▁book ▁review ▁from ▁The ▁Glo be ▁and ▁Mail ▁by ▁Jac qu eline ▁Baker ▁on ▁Cro z ier ' s ▁book , ▁Small ▁B ene ath ▁the ▁Sky : ▁A ▁Pra irie ▁Mem oir , ▁emphas ized ▁Cro z ier ' s ▁pra irie ▁roots , ▁and ▁gave ▁positive ▁feedback ▁on ▁this ▁mem oir . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Joseph ▁Pl anta ▁of ▁THE CO MM ENT ARY . ca ▁regarding ▁the ▁same ▁book , ▁she ▁reve als ▁the ▁alco hol ▁and ▁pover ty ▁that ▁surrounded ▁her ▁as ▁a ▁child . ▁Although ▁she ▁grew ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁fairly ▁difficult ▁child hood , ▁Cro z ier ▁took ▁her ▁past ▁and ▁turned ▁it ▁into ▁well ▁ren owned ▁poetry . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁received ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Governor ▁General ' s ▁Award , ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Author ' s ▁Association ▁Award ▁for ▁Po etry , ▁the ▁National ▁Magazine ▁Award ▁( G old ▁Medal ), ▁and ▁first ▁prize ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁C BC ▁Liter ary ▁Compet ition . ▁Cro z ier ▁received ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Victoria ' s ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Prof ess ors ▁Award ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Regin a ▁presented ▁her ▁with ▁an ▁honor ary ▁Doctor ate ▁of ▁Law ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Cro z ier ▁has ▁given ▁various ▁benefit ▁read ings ▁for ▁organizations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Pre vention ▁of ▁Cru el ty ▁to ▁Anim als , ▁Winter green ▁Studios , ▁The ▁Land ▁Conserv ancy ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁the ▁Victoria ▁RE AD ▁Society , |
▁and ▁P E ERS , ▁a ▁group ▁devoted ▁to ▁getting ▁prost it utes ▁off ▁the ▁streets . ▁She ▁has ▁read ▁her ▁poetry ▁on ▁every ▁continent ▁other ▁than ▁Ant arct ica , ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Cro z ier ▁rec ited ▁a ▁poem ▁for ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁S ask atch ew an ' s ▁Cent enn ial ▁C ele br ation . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁she ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Canada ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Cro z ier ▁became ▁an ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Po etry ▁Inside ▁is ▁the ▁Sky ▁– ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁( as ▁Lor na ▁U her ) ▁Crow ' s ▁Black ▁Joy ▁– ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁( as ▁Lor na ▁U her ) ▁Hum ans ▁and ▁Other ▁Be asts ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁( as ▁Lor na ▁U her ) ▁No ▁Long er ▁Two ▁People ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁ ▁( with ▁Patrick ▁Lane ) ▁The ▁We ather ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁The ▁Garden ▁Go ing ▁On ▁Without ▁Us ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁( n omin ated ▁for ▁a ▁Governor ▁General ' s ▁Award ) ▁Ang els ▁of ▁F lesh , ▁Ang els ▁of ▁Sil ence ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁( n omin ated ▁for ▁a ▁Governor ▁General ' s ▁Award ) ▁In vent ing ▁the ▁Haw k ▁– ▁ |
1 9 9 2 ▁( w inner ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ▁General ' s ▁Award ▁for ▁poetry , ▁and ▁the ▁Pat ▁Low ther ▁Award ) ▁Everything ▁Ar riv es ▁at ▁the ▁Light ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁( w inner ▁of ▁the ▁Pat ▁Low ther ▁Award ) ▁A ▁S aving ▁Grace : ▁Collect ed ▁Po ems ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁What ▁the ▁Living ▁W on ' t ▁Let ▁Go ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁The ▁boy ▁that ▁wal ks ▁backwards ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Ap oc ry pha ▁of ▁Light ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁B ones ▁in ▁their ▁W ings : ▁Gh az als ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Wh et stone ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁B ones ▁in ▁Their ▁W ings : ▁Gh az als ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁The ▁Blue ▁H our ▁of ▁the ▁Day : ▁Selected ▁Po ems ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁The ▁Wild ▁in ▁You : ▁Vo ices ▁from ▁the ▁Forest ▁and ▁the ▁Sea ▁– ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁C uc um bers ▁ ▁– ▁▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁ ▁Anth ologies ▁A ▁Sud den ▁Rad iance ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁ ▁( with ▁Gary ▁Hy land ) ▁Bre ath ing ▁Fire ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁ ▁( with ▁Patrick ▁Lane ) ▁Des ire ▁in ▁Seven ▁Vo ices ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Add icted : ▁Notes ▁from ▁the ▁Bel ly ▁of ▁the ▁Be ast ▁– ▁ 2 |
0 0 1 ▁ ▁( with ▁Patrick ▁Lane ) ▁Bre ath ing ▁Fire ▁ 2 ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁( with ▁Patrick ▁Lane ) ▁What ▁the ▁Soul ▁Does n ' t ▁W ant ▁– ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Non - f iction ▁Small ▁B ene ath ▁the ▁Sky ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁The ▁Book ▁of ▁Marvel s : ▁A ▁Comp end ium ▁of ▁Every day ▁Things ▁– ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁po ets ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁po ets ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁S ask atch ew an ▁al umn i ▁Category : G overn or ▁General ' s ▁Award - win ning ▁po ets ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Victoria ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Swift ▁Current ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁women ▁po ets ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁women ▁non - f iction ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁E sk ilst una ▁S öd ra ▁FF ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁football ▁club ▁located ▁in ▁E sk ilst una ▁in ▁S öder man land . ▁The ▁club ▁is ▁currently ▁playing ▁in ▁Division ▁ 2 |
, ▁the ▁fourth ▁tier ▁of ▁Swedish ▁football . ▁ ▁Background ▁Since ▁their ▁foundation , ▁E sk ilst una ▁S öd ra ▁FF ▁has ▁participated ▁mainly ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁lower ▁divisions ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁football ▁league ▁system . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁currently ▁plays ▁in ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁tier ▁of ▁Swedish ▁football . ▁Their ▁best ▁season ▁was ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁when ▁the ▁club ▁finished ▁first ▁in ▁Division ▁ 3 ▁S öd ra ▁S ve aland ▁and ▁promoted ▁to ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁with ▁ 4 1 ▁points , ▁only ▁two ▁plus ▁goals ▁better ▁than ▁local ▁riv als ▁IF K ▁E sk ilst una . ▁They ▁play ▁their ▁home ▁matches ▁at ▁the ▁Sk ogs äng ens ▁IP ▁in ▁E sk ilst una . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁the ▁club ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁co operation ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁top - level ▁E sk ilst una ▁football ▁club , ▁E sk ilst una ▁City ▁FK , ▁which ▁has ▁enabled ▁young ▁City ▁players ▁to ▁be ▁loan ed ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁season ▁to ▁E sk ilst una ▁S öd ra ▁FF . ▁ ▁E sk ilst una ▁S öd ra ▁FF ▁are ▁affili ated ▁to ▁S öder man lands ▁Fot bol l för bund . ▁The ▁club ' s ▁B - team ▁is ▁E sk ilst una ▁S öd ra ▁T FF . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁history ▁In ▁recent ▁seasons ▁E sk ilst una ▁S öd ra ▁FF ▁have ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁divisions : ▁▁ 2 0 1 |
2 – ▁Division ▁II , ▁S öd ra ▁S ve aland ▁ 2 0 1 1 – ▁Division ▁III , ▁S öd ra ▁S ve aland ▁ 2 0 1 0 – ▁Division ▁IV , ▁S öder man land ▁ 2 0 0 9 – ▁Division ▁IV , ▁S öder man land ▁ 2 0 0 8 – ▁Division ▁IV , ▁S öder man land ▁ 2 0 0 7 – ▁Division ▁IV , ▁S öder man land ▁ 2 0 0 6 – ▁Division ▁IV , ▁S öder man land ▁ 2 0 0 5 – ▁Division ▁III , ▁V ä stra ▁S ve aland ▁ 2 0 0 4 – ▁Division ▁III , ▁Ö stra ▁S ve aland ▁ 2 0 0 3 – ▁Division ▁III , ▁V ä stra ▁S ve aland ▁ 2 0 0 2 – ▁Division ▁II , ▁V ä stra ▁S ve aland ▁ 2 0 0 1 – ▁Division ▁II , ▁V ä stra ▁S ve aland ▁ 2 0 0 0 – ▁Division ▁II , ▁V ä stra ▁S ve aland ▁ 1 9 9 9 – ▁Division ▁III , ▁V ä stra ▁S ve aland ▁ 1 9 9 8 – ▁Division ▁IV , ▁S öder man land ▁ ▁Att end ances ▁ ▁In ▁recent ▁seasons , ▁E sk ilst una ▁S öd ra ▁FF ▁have ▁had ▁the ▁following ▁average ▁attend ances : ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁External |
▁links ▁ ▁E sk ilst una ▁S öd ra ▁FF – ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁E sk ilst una ▁S öd ra ▁FF ▁on ▁Facebook ▁ ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁E sk ilst una ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Sweden ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Sweden <0x0A> </s> ▁Les lie ▁R ans sel a er ▁Hold ridge ▁( Se ptember ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁botan ist ▁and ▁clim at ologist . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Samuel ▁E ne as ▁Hold ridge ▁and ▁P he be ▁J . ▁Hol mes . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁composer ▁Lee ▁Hold ridge ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Les lie ▁A . ▁Hold ridge , ▁Lor ena ▁Hold ridge , ▁Mar b ella ▁Hold ridge , ▁Mar ly ▁Hold ridge , ▁Mar is ela ▁Hold ridge , ▁Th ania ▁Hold ridge , ▁John ▁Hold ridge , ▁I da ▁Hold ridge , ▁Re us eland ▁Hold ridge , ▁Le yth y ▁J . ▁Hold ridge ▁and ▁young est ▁son ▁Gregory ▁Hold ridge ▁whom ▁he ▁father ed ▁with ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁last ▁life ▁partner ▁Clara ▁Lu z ▁Mel ende z . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁famous ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁paper , ▁he ▁defined ▁" life ▁zones " ▁using ▁three ▁indic ators : ▁▁ ▁Mean ▁annual |
▁bi ot em per ature ▁( aver age ▁temperature , ▁after ▁data ▁values ▁below ▁ 0 ° C ▁or ▁above ▁ 3 0 ° C ▁have ▁been ▁elimin ated ) ▁ ▁Total ▁annual ▁precip itation ▁ ▁The ▁ratio ▁of ▁mean ▁annual ▁potential ▁ev ap otr ans p iration ▁to ▁mean ▁total ▁annual ▁precip itation . ▁ ▁Hold ridge ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Cin ch ona ▁Miss ions , ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁effort ▁to ▁search ▁for ▁natural ▁sources ▁of ▁qu in ine ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁classification ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁clim at olog ists ▁Category : American ▁botan ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Michigan ▁School ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁and ▁Environment ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁botan ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁scient ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁L edy ard , ▁Connecticut <0x0A> </s> ▁Israel ▁Start - Up ▁Nation ▁( U CI ▁team ▁code : ▁IS N ) ▁is ▁a ▁U CI ▁World ▁Tour ▁team ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁by ▁Ron ▁Baron ▁and ▁Ran ▁Marg ali ot ▁and ▁based ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁developing ▁young ▁cycl ists , ▁especially ▁from ▁Israel . ▁ ▁The ▁team ' s ▁first ▁ever ▁victory ▁came ▁in ▁the ▁fourth |
▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Tour ▁d ' A zer ba ï d jan , ▁which ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Daniel ▁T ure k . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Road ▁Racing ▁Champion ▁Guy ▁S ag iv ▁joined ▁its ▁ranks . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁the ▁team ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁Cy cling ▁monument ▁event ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁– ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Milan - San ▁Rem o , ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁Grand ▁Tour ▁event ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁– ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁G iro ▁d ' Italia . ▁The ▁G iro ▁d ’ Italia ▁opening ▁stage ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Jerusalem , ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁– ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁G iro ▁‘ s ▁ 1 0 1 ▁years ▁of ▁existence ▁– ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁started ▁outside ▁of ▁Europe . ▁The ▁G iro ’ s ▁held ▁its ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁stage ▁in ▁Israel ▁before ▁it ▁continued ▁to ▁European ▁So il . ▁The ▁G iro ’ s ▁three ▁stages ▁rac ed ▁in ▁Israel ▁has ▁attract ed ▁considerable ▁interest ▁by ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Public ▁with ▁many ▁thousands ▁of ▁Israel is ▁l ining ▁up ▁along ▁the ▁route ▁and ▁supporting ▁the ▁rid ers ▁and ▁especially ▁the ▁Israel ▁Cy cling ▁Academy ▁home ▁team . ▁It ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁significant ▁success . ▁Israel ▁Cy cling ▁Academy ▁co - owner ▁S ylvan ▁Adams ▁was ▁the ▁driving ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁G iro ’ s ▁“ Big ▁Start |
” ▁in ▁Israel , ▁having ▁fin anced ▁a ▁significant ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁race ▁budget . ▁I CA ▁( Is rael ▁Cy cling ▁Academy ) ▁best ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁G iro ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁stage ▁when ▁its ▁Spanish ▁R ider ▁Rub en ▁Pla za ▁has ▁finished ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁place . ▁ 3 ▁days ▁later , ▁when ▁the ▁Team ▁has ▁completed ▁the ▁G iro ▁in ▁Rome , ▁it ▁was ▁its ▁Isra eli ▁Guy ▁S ag iv ▁who ▁has ▁become ▁the ▁first ▁Cy cl ist ▁from ▁Israel ▁to ▁ever ▁finish ▁a ▁Grand ▁tour . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁in ▁its ▁ 5 th ▁season ▁of ▁Ex istence , ▁I CA ▁has ▁en larg ed ▁its ▁team ▁ro ster ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁rid ers ▁and ▁set ▁a ▁racing ▁program ▁that ▁has ▁exceed ed ▁ 2 5 0 ▁racing ▁days ▁all ▁around ▁the ▁Glo be . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁The ▁G iro ▁d ’ Italia ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁and ▁will ▁make ▁its ▁first ▁appearance ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁of ▁California . ▁ ▁The ▁team ’ s ▁own ers ▁Ron ▁Baron ▁and ▁S ylvan ▁Adams ▁have ▁set ▁the ▁team ’ s ▁goal ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁coming ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁world ’ s ▁biggest ▁races ▁including ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁to ▁continue ▁and ▁insp iring ▁and ▁developing ▁the ▁new ▁Generation ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Cy cl ists . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁team ▁has |
▁opened ▁ 3 ▁cy cling ▁special ▁youth ▁programs ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁formed ▁a ▁youth ▁cy cling ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁village ▁of ▁Sh f aram . ▁To ▁further ▁develop ▁Isra eli ▁Young ▁Cy cl ists , ▁I CA ▁is ▁operating ▁a ▁Development ▁team ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁rid ers . ▁It ▁also ▁established ▁a ▁special ▁partners hip ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁French ▁Am ateur ▁teams ▁– ▁C ô te ▁d ’ Ar mor ▁– ▁that ▁enables ▁its ▁young ▁Development ▁team ▁rid ers ▁to ▁race ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁gain ▁valuable ▁experience . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Israel ▁Cy cling ▁Academy ▁completed ▁the ▁take over ▁of ▁U CI ▁World ▁Tour ▁team ▁Kat ush a - Al pec in , ▁including ▁its ▁World ▁Tour ▁license . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁I CA ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁U CI ▁World ▁Tour ▁team , ▁pending ▁U CI ▁appro val .. ▁U CI ▁approved ▁the ▁team ' s ▁promotion ▁to ▁World ▁Tour ▁status ▁in ▁December ▁that ▁year , ▁and ▁the ▁team ▁subsequently ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Israel ▁Start ▁Up ▁Nation , ▁while ▁the ▁former ▁name ▁became ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁team ' s ▁Cont inental ▁level ▁development ▁squad . ▁ ▁Team ▁ro ster ▁ ▁Major ▁wins ▁ ▁National ▁champions ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Israel ▁Time ▁Tri al , ▁Y o av ▁Bear ▁ ▁Israel ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Guy ▁S ag iv ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Nam ib ia ▁Road ▁Race , |
▁Dan ▁Cra ven ▁ ▁Israel ▁Time ▁Tri al , ▁Av iv ▁Ye che zk el ▁ ▁Israel ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Guy ▁S ag iv ▁ ▁Mexico ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Luis ▁Lem us ▁ ▁Est onia ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Mih kel ▁Ra im ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ ▁Israel ▁Time ▁Tri al , ▁Guy ▁S ag iv ▁ ▁Israel ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Roy ▁Gold stein ▁ ▁Lat v ian ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Krist s ▁Neil ands ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁▁ ▁Israel ▁Time ▁Tri al , ▁O mer ▁Gold stein ▁ ▁Israel ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Roy ▁Gold stein ▁ ▁Lat v ian ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Krist s ▁Neil ands ▁ ▁Est onia ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Mih kel ▁Ra im ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Austria ▁Time ▁Tri al , ▁Matth ias ▁Br änd le ▁ ▁Israel ▁Time ▁Tri al , ▁Guy ▁N iv ▁ ▁Lat v ian ▁Time ▁Tri al , ▁Krist s ▁Neil ands ▁ ▁Israel ▁Road ▁Race , ▁Guy ▁S ag iv ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Sports ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : U CI ▁World Te ams ▁Category : Form er ▁U CI ▁Professional ▁Cont inental ▁teams ▁Category : U CI ▁Cont inental ▁Teams ▁( Europe ) ▁Category : Cy cling ▁teams ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Israel <0x0A> </s> ▁Q ale h ▁Gol ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Q al ‘ eh ▁Gol ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Q al ‘ eh ▁Kol |
) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ch ub ar ▁R ural ▁District , ▁A hm ads arg ur ab ▁District , ▁Sh aft ▁County , ▁Gil an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 0 , ▁in ▁ 5 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sh aft ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁( ; ▁Marse ille , ▁ 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁– ▁Marse ille , ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French - Ar men ian ▁virt u oso ▁viol in ist ▁and ▁viol in ▁ped agog ue . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁has ▁got ▁the ▁first ▁prize ▁for ▁viol in ▁at ▁the ▁Marse ille ▁Conserv atoire ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 1 . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁his ▁first ▁rec ital ▁took ▁place , ▁where ▁he ▁performed ▁V ival di ' s ▁Con cer to ▁in ▁A ▁minor ▁and ▁M end els so hn ' s ▁Con cer to ▁in ▁E ▁minor ▁with ▁conduct or ▁André ▁Aud oli . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁he ▁imm igr ated ▁in ▁Soviet ▁Armen ia , ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁his ▁musical ▁studies ▁in ▁Y ere van ▁with ▁prof . ▁Kar p ▁Dom ba ï ev ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Conserv atory ▁in ▁the ▁class ▁of ▁David ▁O ist rak h . ▁Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁is |
▁a ▁pri zew inner ▁of ▁international ▁viol in ▁compet itions , ▁such ▁as ▁Prag ue ▁Spring ▁( 1 9 5 6 ), ▁T cha ik ov sky ▁Compet ition ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁Queen ▁Elisabeth ▁in ▁Bru xelles ▁( 1 9 6 3 ). ▁He ▁also ▁got ▁the ▁first ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁at ▁the ▁Long - Th ib aud ▁Compet ition ▁in ▁Paris ▁( 1 9 6 1 ). ▁Al ong ▁with ▁his ▁concert ▁activities , ▁in ▁ex - U SS R , ▁Western ▁Europe , ▁Leb anon , ▁South ▁America , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁Canada , ▁he ▁gave ▁lect ures ▁at ▁the ▁Y ere van ▁Kom itas ▁State ▁Conserv atory . ▁He ▁got ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" Pe ople ' s ▁Art ist ▁of ▁the ▁Armen ian ▁SS R ". ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁his ▁birth place ▁of ▁Marse ille . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁during ▁his ▁USA ▁tour , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁Boston ▁the ▁Vi olin ▁Con cer to ▁by ▁Bra h ms ; ▁The ▁story ▁goes ▁that , ▁at ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁concert , ▁the ▁conduct or ▁Arthur ▁F ied ler , ▁who ▁was ▁very ▁hard ▁to ▁please ▁and ▁given ▁to ▁lav ishing ▁pra ise , ▁emb rac ed ▁the ▁young ▁viol in ist ▁on ▁stage ▁with ▁pat ernal ▁love ▁and ▁wished ▁him ▁success . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁ring ing ▁end ors ement ▁of ▁the ▁talent ▁of ▁Jean ▁Ter ▁Mer guer ian , ▁who ▁had ▁just ▁given ▁his ▁first ▁performance |
▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁His ▁solo ▁performances ▁were ▁accompanied ▁by ▁orch est ras ▁of ▁different ▁countries ▁conducted ▁by ▁famous ▁conduct ors , ▁also ▁Ar am ▁Kh ach atur ian ▁having ▁conducted ▁his ▁own ▁viol in ▁con cer to . ▁Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁was ▁also ▁member ▁of ▁jur ies ▁of ▁international ▁compet itions : ▁" P agan ini " ▁in ▁Gen oa , ▁Italy , ▁" S ar as ate " ▁in ▁Pam pl ona , ▁Spain , ▁" T cha ik ov sky " ▁in ▁Moscow ▁and ▁" K h ach atur ian " ▁in ▁Y ere van . ▁He ▁lived ▁in ▁France , ▁giving ▁master ▁classes ▁there ▁and ▁abroad . ▁He ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁Nicol ò ▁Am ati ▁viol in . ▁Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁died ▁of ▁cancer , ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁ill ness ▁at ▁his ▁home , ▁in ▁Marse ille , ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁He ▁is ▁surv ived ▁by ▁his ▁wife , ▁the ▁pian ist ▁L ilia , ▁his ▁son ▁V agram ▁and ▁his ▁daughter . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁- ▁L ' Â me ▁du ▁viol on ▁( <0xD5> <0x8B> ո ւ թ ա կ ի ▁ հ ո գ ի ն ▁/ ▁Vi olin ' s ▁soul ), ▁ 1 7 6 ▁pages , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Armen ian , ▁Russian , ▁French ▁| ▁ ▁Qu otes ▁from ▁colle agues ▁( in ▁original ▁language ) |
▁▁ ▁„ J ' ai ▁une ▁grande ▁adm iration ▁pour ▁Jean . ▁Sa ▁son or ité , ▁sa ▁technique ▁et ▁sa ▁musical ité ▁sont ▁par f ait es . ▁... C ' est ▁un ▁très ▁grand ▁art iste , ▁un ▁viol on iste ▁sens ation nel ... “ ▁( Z ino ▁Frances c atti ) ▁ ▁„ Le ▁viol on iste ▁le ▁plus ▁dou é ▁de ▁sa ▁gén ération .“ ▁( Hen ry k ▁Sz ery ng ) ▁ ▁„ Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁n ' est ▁pas ▁seulement ▁un ▁grand ▁viol on iste , ▁il ▁est ▁un ▁grand ▁art iste .“ ▁( Christ ian ▁Ferr as ) ▁ ▁„ La ▁p us ▁belle ▁technique ▁d ' arch et ▁du ▁monde ▁tout ▁instrument ▁à ▁cor de ▁conf on du .“ ▁( M st is lav ▁Rost rop ov itch ) ▁ ▁„ Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁is ▁a ▁gentleman ▁among ▁viol in ists . ▁He ▁has ▁extraordinary ▁technical ▁skills ▁and ▁a ▁deep ▁musical ity .“ ▁( J on athan ▁D ove , ▁The ▁Str ad ) ▁ ▁Record ings ▁No ▁official ▁rec ital ▁and ▁concert s ▁record ings ▁by ▁Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁exists . ▁Only ▁two ▁CD - R s ▁of ▁live ▁and ▁archive ▁broadcast ▁material ▁have ▁been ▁released ▁( CD - R ▁ 1 ▁: ▁" Selection ▁from ▁Perform ances " ▁/ ▁CD - R ▁ 2 ▁: ▁" K h ach atur ian ▁ 1 0 0 th "). ▁The ▁ 1 9 6 |
6 ▁Armen ian ▁Radio ▁broadcast ▁recording ▁of ▁Bach ▁Double ▁Con cer to ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 CD s ▁compilation ▁dedicated ▁to ▁his ▁colle ague , ▁the ▁viol in ist ▁An ah it ▁Ts its ik ian . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ▁recorded ▁his ▁only ▁commercial ▁release : ▁G ér ard ▁Gas par ian ' s ▁Vi olin ▁Son ata ▁( 1 9 9 0 ), ▁with ▁the ▁composer ▁himself ▁at ▁the ▁piano ▁( CD ▁T imp ani ▁ 1 C 1 0 5 5 ). ▁Armen ian ▁Radio ▁TV ▁arch ives ▁are ▁full ▁of ▁Jean ▁Ter - Mer guer ian ' s ▁record ings , ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁discovered . ▁ ▁Live , ▁private , ▁radio ▁TV ▁arch ives , ▁un com mer cial ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : F rench ▁classical ▁viol in ists ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁death s ▁Category : F rench ▁classical ▁mus icians ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁viol in ists ▁Category : F rench ▁people ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁descent ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Marse ille ▁Category : Ar men ian ▁viol in ists ▁Category : F rench ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Armen ia ▁Category : T cha ik ov sky ▁Second ary ▁Music ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : M osc ow ▁Conserv atory ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Pa ola ▁Barb ato ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 |
1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁ ▁writer ▁of ▁com ics ▁and ▁nov els . ▁She ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁writing ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁com ic ▁book ▁D yl an ▁Dog , ▁published ▁by ▁Ser gio ▁Bon elli ▁Edit ore . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Milan , ▁Barb ato ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁writing ▁staff ▁of ▁D yl an ▁Dog , ▁an ▁Italian ▁com ic , ▁published ▁by ▁Ser gio ▁Bon elli ▁Edit ore . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁published ▁three ▁nov els ▁published ▁by ▁R izz oli . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁published ▁Graph ic ▁nov els , ▁released ▁by ▁Bon elli . ▁ ▁She ▁co - w rote ▁for ▁Fil mm aster ▁fiction ▁In ▁the ▁Name ▁of ▁Ev il ▁with ▁Fab riz io ▁Bent iv og lio , ▁broadcast ▁on ▁Sky ▁Channel ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁she ▁deb uted ▁with ▁an ▁Italian ▁com ic - style ▁sho jo ▁m anga . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁she ▁wrote ▁the ▁script ▁for ▁Il ▁bo ia ▁di ▁Par igi , ▁the ▁first ▁issue ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁series ▁by ▁Bon elli . ▁The ▁story ▁is ▁drawn ▁by ▁Gi amp iero ▁Cas ert ano . ▁ ▁Besides ▁writing , ▁Barb ato ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁social ▁activities ▁and ▁phil anth ropy ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Mau ro ▁Em olo , ▁a ▁non - g overn ment al ▁organisation ▁that ▁de als ▁with ▁people ▁suffering ▁from ▁Hun ting ton ' s ▁Ch ore a . ▁ |
▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Nov els ▁Bil ico ▁( R izz oli , 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Man i ▁n ude ▁( R izz oli , 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Il ▁fil o ▁ros so ▁( R izz oli , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Com ic ▁books ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 5 7 ▁– ▁Il ▁son no ▁della ▁rag ione ▁ ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 6 3 ▁– ▁Il ▁mondo ▁perf etto ▁( with ▁T iz iano ▁Sc la vi ) ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 6 7 ▁– ▁Med usa ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 6 9 ▁– ▁Lo ▁spec chio ▁dell ' an ima ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 7 2 ▁– ▁Mem orie ▁dal ▁sott os u olo ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 7 5 ▁– ▁Il ▁s eme ▁della ▁fol lia ▁▁▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 8 3 ▁– ▁Re qu iem ▁per ▁un ▁most ro ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 8 5 ▁– ▁Ph ob ia ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 8 9 ▁– ▁Il ▁prez zo ▁della ▁morte ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 1 9 |
1 ▁– ▁Sci ar ada ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 0 0 ▁– ▁Il ▁numero ▁due cent o ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 0 2 ▁– ▁Il ▁sett imo ▁gir one ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 0 6 ▁– ▁Neb bia ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 1 0 ▁– ▁Il ▁p iffer a io ▁mag ico ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 1 2 ▁– ▁N ec ropol is ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 2 1 ▁– ▁Il ▁to cco ▁del ▁dia vol o ▁▁▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 2 8 ▁– ▁O ltre ▁quella ▁porta ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 3 4 ▁– ▁L ' ultimo ▁arc ano ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 4 1 ▁– ▁X ab ar as ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 4 2 ▁– ▁In ▁nome ▁del ▁padre ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 4 5 ▁– ▁ ▁Il ▁c imit ero ▁dei ▁fre aks ▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 7 9 ▁– ▁ ▁Il ▁gi ard ino ▁delle ▁ill us ioni ▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 |
9 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 9 2 ▁– ▁ ▁An ime ▁pr ig ioni ere ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 2 9 6 ▁– ▁ ▁La ▁seconda ▁occas ione ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 1 3 ▁− ▁ ▁Il ▁C rollo ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 3 8 ▁− ▁ ▁Ma ▁più , ▁is p ett ore ▁Blo ch ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 4 6 ▁− ▁ ▁... E ▁c en ere ▁tor ner ai ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 4 7 ▁− ▁ ▁Gli ▁ab band on ati ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 4 9 ▁− ▁ ▁La ▁mort a ▁non ▁d iment ica ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 5 5 ▁− ▁ ▁L ' u omo ▁dei ▁tu oi ▁seg ni ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 6 0 ▁− ▁ ▁Rem ington ▁House ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 6 3 ▁− ▁ ▁C ose ▁perd ute ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 7 2 ▁− ▁ ▁Il ▁b ian co ▁e ▁il ▁n ero ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 8 0 ▁− ▁ ▁N ess uno ▁è ▁innoc ente ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 |
8 8 ▁− ▁ ▁E ser ci z io ▁numero ▁ 6 ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 9 0 ▁− ▁ ▁La ▁cad uta ▁degli ▁dei ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 9 1 ▁− ▁ ▁Il ▁sang ue ▁della ▁terra ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 9 2 ▁− ▁ ▁Il ▁prim ord io ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 9 4 ▁− ▁ ▁E terne ▁stag ioni ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 9 7 ▁− ▁ ▁Mor bo ▁M ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁n . ▁ 3 9 8 ▁− ▁ ▁Chi ▁mu ore ▁si ▁r ived e ▁ ▁Al leg ato ▁a ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Al bo ▁Spe ciale ▁n . ▁ 1 2 ▁– ▁" Il ▁cav ali ere ▁di ▁s vent ura " ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Al bo ▁Spe ciale ▁n . ▁ 1 8 ▁ ▁– ▁La ▁S cel ta ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Al bo ▁Spe ciale ▁n . ▁ 1 9 ▁– ▁La ▁P este ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Al bo ▁Spe ciale ▁n . ▁ 2 4 ▁– ▁Il ▁sant uario ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Al man acco ▁della ▁pa ura ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁– ▁Qual c uno ▁nell ' om bra ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Al bo ▁G ig ante ▁n . ▁ 1 3 ▁– ▁Il ▁senza ▁nome ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Al bo |
▁G ig ante ▁n . ▁ 1 5 ▁– ▁La ▁lung a ▁note ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Al bo ▁G ig ante ▁n . ▁ 1 6 / 4 ▁– ▁Il ▁dog ma ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Al bo ▁G ig ante ▁n . ▁ 1 8 / 3 ▁– ▁T ue ent oun ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Max i ▁n . ▁ 4 / 1 ▁– ▁L ' es odo ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Max i ▁n . ▁ 6 / 1 ▁– ▁Il ▁cap ob ran co ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Color ▁Fest ▁n . ▁ 2 / 2 ▁– ▁V ide ok iller ▁ ▁D yl an ▁Dog ▁Color ▁Fest ▁n . ▁ 6 / 3 ▁– ▁La ▁pre dat rice ▁ ▁Series ▁" Le ▁St orie " ▁– ▁n . 1 ▁" Il ▁bo ia ▁di ▁Par igi " ▁ ▁Dav ver o ▁n . ▁ 1 ▁– ▁Camb i amenti ▁ ▁Dav ver o ▁n . ▁ 2 ▁– ▁Tro ppi ▁camb i amenti ▁ ▁Dav ver o ▁n . ▁ 3 ▁– ▁Sch er z are ▁col ▁fu oco ▁ ▁Graph ic ▁nov els ▁▁ ▁Roman zo ▁a ▁f um etti ▁Bon elli ▁n . ▁ 3 ▁– ▁" S igh ma " ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Roman zo ▁a ▁f um etti ▁Bon elli ▁n . ▁ 7 ▁– ▁" D ar win " ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁website |
▁of ▁Ser gio ▁Bon elli ▁Edit ore ▁▁ ▁Category : Ital ian ▁com ics ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Italian ▁novel ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Milan ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ital ian ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : F em ale ▁com ics ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁L edy ard ▁Ste bb ins ▁Jr . ▁( J anu ary ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁– ▁January ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁botan ist ▁and ▁gen etic ist ▁who ▁is ▁widely ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁evolution ary ▁bi olog ists ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁Ste bb ins ▁received ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁bot any ▁from ▁Harvard ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley , ▁where ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁E . ▁B . ▁Bab cock ▁on ▁the ▁gen etic ▁evolution ▁of ▁plant ▁species , ▁and ▁his ▁association ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁evolution ary ▁bi olog ists ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Bay ▁Area ▁B ios ystem at ists , ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁synth esis ▁of ▁plant ▁evolution ▁incorpor ating ▁gen et ics . ▁ ▁His ▁most ▁important ▁publication ▁was ▁Vari ation ▁and ▁E volution ▁in ▁Pl ants , ▁which ▁combined ▁gen et ics ▁and ▁Dar win ' s |
▁theory ▁of ▁natural ▁selection ▁to ▁describe ▁plant ▁spe ci ation . ▁It ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁publications ▁which ▁formed ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁synth esis ▁and ▁still ▁provides ▁the ▁concept ual ▁framework ▁for ▁research ▁in ▁plant ▁evolution ary ▁bi ology ; ▁according ▁to ▁Ernst ▁May r , ▁" F ew ▁later ▁works ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁evolution ary ▁system at ics ▁of ▁plants ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁very ▁deeply ▁affected ▁by ▁Ste bb ins ' ▁work ." ▁He ▁also ▁research ed ▁and ▁wrote ▁widely ▁on ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁hy brid ization ▁and ▁pol yp lo id y ▁in ▁spe ci ation ▁and ▁plant ▁evolution ; ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁last ing ▁influence ▁on ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁Ste bb ins ▁was ▁instrument al ▁in ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Gen et ics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Davis , ▁and ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁numerous ▁organizations ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁evolution , ▁and ▁of ▁science ▁in ▁general . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Science , ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁National ▁Medal ▁of ▁Science , ▁and ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁evolution - based ▁science ▁programs ▁for ▁California ▁high ▁schools , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁conservation ▁of ▁rare ▁plants ▁in ▁that ▁state . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Ste bb ins ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Lawrence , ▁New ▁York , ▁the ▁young est ▁of ▁three ▁children . ▁His ▁parents ▁were ▁George ▁L edy ard ▁Ste |
bb ins , ▁a ▁wealth y ▁real ▁estate ▁financi er ▁who ▁developed ▁Se al ▁Har bor , ▁Maine ▁and ▁helped ▁to ▁establish ▁Ac ad ia ▁National ▁Park , ▁and ▁Ed ith ▁Ald en ▁Cand ler ▁Ste bb ins ; ▁both ▁parents ▁were ▁native ▁New ▁York ers ▁and ▁Epis cop ali ans . ▁Ste bb ins ▁was ▁known ▁throughout ▁his ▁life ▁as ▁L edy ard , ▁to ▁distinguish ▁himself ▁from ▁his ▁father . ▁The ▁family ▁encourag ed ▁their ▁sons ' ▁interest ▁in ▁natural ▁history ▁during ▁their ▁periodic ▁jour ne ys ▁to ▁Se al ▁Har bor . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁Ed ith ▁contract ed ▁t uber cul osis ▁and ▁the ▁Ste bb ins ▁moved ▁to ▁Santa ▁Barbara , ▁California ▁to ▁improve ▁her ▁health . ▁In ▁California , ▁Ste bb ins ▁was ▁en rolled ▁at ▁the ▁C ate ▁School ▁in ▁Car p inter ia ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁influenced ▁by ▁Ralph ▁Hoff mann , ▁an ▁American ▁natural ▁history ▁instruct or ▁and ▁amateur ▁orn ith ologist ▁and ▁botan ist . ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁high ▁school , ▁he ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁a ▁major ▁in ▁political ▁studies ▁at ▁Harvard . ▁By ▁the ▁third ▁year ▁of ▁his ▁under grad uate ▁study , ▁he ▁had ▁decided ▁to ▁major ▁in ▁bot any . ▁ ▁Ste bb ins ▁started ▁gradu ate ▁studies ▁at ▁Harvard ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁initially ▁working ▁on ▁flow ering ▁plant ▁tax onomy ▁and ▁bi oge ography — part icular ly ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁fl ora ▁of ▁New ▁England — with ▁Mer |
ritt ▁Ly nd on ▁Fern ald . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁MA ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁toward ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁He ▁became ▁interested ▁in ▁using ▁chrom os om es ▁for ▁tax onom ic ▁studies , ▁a ▁method ▁that ▁Fern ald ▁did ▁not ▁support . ▁Ste bb ins ▁chose ▁to ▁concent rate ▁his ▁doctor al ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁c yt ology ▁of ▁plant ▁re product ive ▁processes ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁An ten n aria , ▁with ▁c yt ologist ▁E . ▁C . ▁Jeff rey ▁as ▁his ▁super visor ▁and ▁Fern ald ▁on ▁his ▁super vis ory ▁panel . ▁During ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁candid ature , ▁Ste bb ins ▁sought ▁advice ▁and ▁super vision ▁from ▁gen etic ist ▁Karl ▁Sax . ▁Sax ▁identified ▁several ▁errors ▁in ▁Ste bb ins ' s ▁work ▁and ▁disapp ro ved ▁of ▁his ▁interpretation ▁of ▁results ▁that , ▁while ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁Jeff rey ' s ▁views , ▁were ▁incons istent ▁with ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁contemporary ▁gen etic ists . ▁Jeff rey ▁and ▁Sax ▁argued ▁over ▁Ste bb ins ' s ▁dis sert ation , ▁and ▁the ▁th esis ▁was ▁re vised ▁numerous ▁times ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁their ▁differ ing ▁views . ▁ ▁Ste bb ins ' s ▁Ph . D . ▁was ▁granted ▁by ▁Harvard ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁In ▁March ▁that ▁year , ▁he ▁married ▁Margaret ▁Chamber lin , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁three ▁children . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁he |
▁took ▁a ▁teaching ▁position ▁in ▁bi ology ▁at ▁Col gate ▁University . ▁While ▁at ▁Col gate , ▁he ▁continued ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁c yt ogen et ics ; ▁in ▁particular , ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁gen et ics ▁of ▁An ten n aria ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁behaviour ▁of ▁chrom os om es ▁in ▁hy brid ▁pe on ies ▁b red ▁by ▁bi ologist ▁Per cy ▁Sau nd ers . ▁Sau nd ers ▁and ▁Ste bb ins ▁attended ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁International ▁Congress ▁of ▁Gen et ics ▁in ▁I th aca , ▁New ▁York . ▁Here , ▁Ste bb ins ' s ▁interest ▁was ▁captured ▁by ▁tal ks ▁given ▁by ▁Thomas ▁H unt ▁Morgan ▁and ▁Barbara ▁McC lin to ck , ▁who ▁spoke ▁about ▁chrom os om al ▁c ros so ver . ▁Ste bb ins ▁reprodu ced ▁McC lin to ck ' s ▁c ros so ver ▁experiments ▁in ▁the ▁pe ony , ▁and ▁published ▁several ▁papers ▁on ▁the ▁c yt ogen et ics ▁of ▁Pa e onia , ▁which ▁established ▁his ▁reputation ▁as ▁a ▁gen etic ist . ▁ ▁U C ▁Ber keley ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁Ste bb ins ▁was ▁offered ▁a ▁gen et ics ▁research ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley ▁working ▁with ▁gen etic ist ▁E . ▁B . ▁Bab cock . ▁Bab cock ▁needed ▁assistance ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁Rock ef eller - fund ed ▁project ▁character izing ▁the ▁gen et ics ▁and ▁evolution ary ▁processes |
▁of ▁plants ▁from ▁the ▁genus ▁Cre pis ▁and ▁was ▁interested ▁in ▁developing ▁Cre pis ▁into ▁a ▁model ▁plant , ▁to ▁enable ▁gen etic ▁investig ations ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁possible ▁in ▁the ▁model ▁insect ▁D ros oph ila ▁mel an og aster . ▁Like ▁the ▁gener a ▁that ▁Ste bb ins ▁had ▁previously ▁studied , ▁Cre pis ▁commonly ▁hy brid ized , ▁displayed ▁pol yp lo id y ▁( chrom os ome ▁dou bling ), ▁and ▁could ▁make ▁seed ▁without ▁fert il ization ▁( a ▁process ▁known ▁as ▁ap om ix is ). ▁The ▁collaboration ▁between ▁Bab cock ▁and ▁Ste bb ins ▁produced ▁numerous ▁papers ▁and ▁two ▁mon ograph s . ▁The ▁first ▁mon ograph , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁resulted ▁in ▁splitting ▁off ▁the ▁A si atic ▁Cre pis ▁species ▁into ▁the ▁genus ▁Young ia . ▁The ▁second , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁was ▁titled ▁The ▁American ▁Species ▁of ▁Cre pis : ▁their ▁inter rel ations hips ▁and ▁distribution ▁as ▁affected ▁by ▁pol yp lo id y ▁and ▁ap om ix is . ▁ ▁In ▁The ▁American ▁Species ▁of ▁Cre pis , ▁Bab cock ▁and ▁Ste bb ins ▁described ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁pol yp lo id ▁complex , ▁and ▁its ▁role ▁in ▁plant ▁evolution . ▁Some ▁gener a , ▁such ▁as ▁Cre pis , ▁have ▁a ▁complex ▁of ▁re product ive ▁forms ▁that ▁center ▁on ▁sex ually ▁dip lo id ▁populations ▁that ▁have ▁also ▁given ▁rise ▁to ▁pol yp lo id ▁ones . ▁Bab |
cock ▁and ▁Ste bb ins ▁also ▁observed ▁that ▁allo pol yp lo id ▁types ▁formed ▁from ▁the ▁hy brid ization ▁of ▁two ▁different ▁species ▁always ▁have ▁a ▁wider ▁distribution ▁than ▁dip lo id ▁or ▁aut ot et rap lo id ▁species , ▁and ▁proposed ▁that ▁pol yp lo ids ▁formed ▁through ▁hy brid ization ▁have ▁a ▁greater ▁potential ▁to ▁explo it ▁varied ▁environments , ▁because ▁they ▁inherit ▁all ▁tra its ▁from ▁both ▁parents . ▁They ▁also ▁showed ▁that ▁hy brid ization ▁in ▁the ▁pol yp lo id ▁complex ▁could ▁provide ▁a ▁mechanism ▁for ▁gen etic ▁exchange ▁between ▁dip lo id ▁species ▁that ▁were ▁otherwise ▁unable ▁to ▁bre ed . ▁Their ▁observations ▁offered ▁insight ▁into ▁species ▁formation ▁and ▁knowledge ▁of ▁how ▁all ▁these ▁complex ▁processes ▁could ▁provide ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁a ▁genus . ▁This ▁mon ograph ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Swedish ▁botan ist ▁Å ke ▁Gust af sson ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁species ▁during ▁that ▁period . ▁▁▁ ▁Ste bb ins ' s ▁review , ▁" The ▁significance ▁of ▁pol yp lo id y ▁in ▁plant ▁evolution ", ▁published ▁in ▁American ▁Natural ist ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁demonstrated ▁how ▁work ▁done ▁on ▁artificial ▁pol yp lo ids ▁and ▁natural ▁pol yp lo id ▁complex es ▁had ▁shown ▁that ▁pol yp lo id y ▁was ▁important ▁in ▁developing ▁large , ▁complex , ▁and ▁w ides p read ▁gener a . ▁However , ▁by ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁pol yp lo id y ▁in ▁plant ▁families |
, ▁he ▁argued ▁that ▁pol yp lo id y ▁was ▁only ▁common ▁in ▁her b ace ous ▁per enn ial s ▁and ▁inf re quent ▁in ▁wo ody ▁plants ▁and ▁annual s . ▁As ▁such , ▁pol yp lo ids ▁played ▁a ▁conserv ative ▁role ▁in ▁evolution ▁since ▁problems ▁with ▁fert ility ▁prevent ed ▁the ▁ac quisition ▁and ▁rep lication ▁of ▁new ▁gen etic ▁material ▁that ▁might ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁line ▁of ▁evolution . ▁This ▁work ▁continued ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁paper ▁" Types ▁of ▁pol yp lo ids : ▁their ▁classification ▁and ▁significance ", ▁which ▁detailed ▁a ▁system ▁for ▁the ▁classification ▁of ▁pol yp lo ids ▁and ▁described ▁Ste bb ins ' ▁ideas ▁about ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁pale opol yp lo id y ▁in ▁ang ios perm ▁evolution , ▁where ▁he ▁argued ▁that ▁chrom os ome ▁number ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁useful ▁tool ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁ph y log en ies . ▁These ▁reviews ▁were ▁highly ▁influ ential ▁and ▁provided ▁a ▁basis ▁for ▁others ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁pol yp lo id y ▁in ▁evolution . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁with ▁Bab cock ' s ▁support , ▁Ste bb ins ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁full ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Gen et ics ▁at ▁U C ▁Ber keley , ▁after ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Bot any ▁failed ▁to ▁promote ▁him . ▁Ste bb ins ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁teach ▁a ▁course ▁on ▁evolution , ▁and ▁during ▁his ▁prepar ation ▁he ▁became ▁excited ▁by ▁contemporary ▁research ▁combining |
▁gen et ics ▁and ▁evolution . ▁He ▁became ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Bay ▁Area ▁B ios ystem at ists , ▁which ▁included ▁botan ist ▁J ens ▁Cla us en , ▁tax onom ist ▁David ▁D . ▁Ke ck , ▁phys i ologist ▁William ▁H ies ey ▁and ▁the ▁evolution ary ▁gen etic ist ▁The odos ius ▁Dob zh ans ky . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁also ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁the ▁botan ist ▁Herbert ▁Baker . ▁With ▁the ▁encourag ement ▁of ▁this ▁group ▁of ▁scient ists , ▁Ste bb ins ▁directed ▁his ▁research ▁towards ▁evolution . ▁He ▁became ▁involved ▁with ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁E volution ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁botan ists ▁involved ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁organization . ▁ ▁His ▁research ▁on ▁plant ▁evolution ▁also ▁progress ed ▁during ▁this ▁period ; ▁he ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁gen et ics ▁of ▁for age ▁grass es , ▁looking ▁at ▁pol yp lo id y ▁and ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁Po aceae ▁and ▁publishing ▁numerous ▁papers ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁though ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s . ▁He ▁produced ▁an ▁artificial ▁aut ot et rap lo id ▁grass ▁from ▁the ▁dip lo id ▁species ▁Ehr h arta ▁ere ct a ▁through ▁treatment ▁with ▁the ▁chrom os ome ▁dou bling ▁agent ▁col ch ic ine . ▁He ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁field , ▁and ▁after ▁ 3 9 ▁years ▁of ▁field ▁tri als ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁aut |
opol yp lo id ▁was ▁not ▁as ▁successful ▁as ▁its ▁dip lo id ▁parent ▁in ▁an ▁un ch anging ▁environment . ▁ ▁Vari ation ▁and ▁E volution ▁in ▁Pl ants ▁Columbia ▁University ' s ▁Jes up ▁L ect ures ▁were ▁the ▁starting ▁point ▁for ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁works ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁evolution ary ▁synth esis . ▁The ▁present ers ▁introduced ▁the ▁connection ▁between ▁two ▁important ▁discover ies — the ▁units ▁of ▁evolution ▁( gen es ) ▁with ▁selection ▁as ▁the ▁primary ▁mechanism ▁of ▁evolution . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁Ed gar ▁Anderson ▁( wh ose ▁work ▁on ▁hy brid ization ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁I ris ▁had ▁interested ▁Ste bb ins ▁since ▁they ▁met ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ) ▁and ▁Ernst ▁May r ▁co - present ed ▁the ▁lecture ▁series ▁and ▁May r ▁later ▁published ▁his ▁lect ures ▁as ▁System at ics ▁and ▁the ▁Origin ▁of ▁Species . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁Ste bb ins ▁was ▁invited ▁on ▁Dob zh ans ky ' s ▁recommendation ▁to ▁present ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁lect ures . ▁Ste bb ins ' ▁lect ures ▁drew ▁together ▁the ▁otherwise ▁dispar ate ▁fields ▁of ▁gen et ics , ▁e col ogy , ▁system at ics , ▁c yt ology , ▁and ▁pale ont ology . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁these ▁lect ures ▁were ▁published ▁as ▁Vari ation ▁and ▁E volution ▁in ▁Pl ants , ▁which ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁books ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 th - century ▁bot any . ▁The ▁book ▁brought ▁botan ical ▁science ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁synth esis ▁of ▁evolution ary ▁theory , ▁and ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁canon ▁of ▁bi ological ▁works ▁written ▁between ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁that ▁formed ▁the ▁modern ▁synth esis ▁of ▁evolution . ▁ ▁Vari ation ▁and ▁E volution ▁in ▁Pl ants ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁book ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁wide - r anging ▁explanation ▁of ▁how ▁evolution ary ▁mechan isms ▁operated ▁in ▁plants ▁at ▁the ▁gen etic ▁level . ▁It ▁brought ▁concepts ▁related ▁to ▁plant ▁evolution ▁into ▁line ▁with ▁animal ▁evolution ▁as ▁it ▁emer ged ▁from ▁Dob zh ans ky ' s ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁Gen et ics ▁and ▁the ▁Origin ▁of ▁Species ▁and ▁provided ▁the ▁concept ual ▁framework ▁to ▁organ ize ▁a ▁dispar ate ▁set ▁of ▁discipl ines ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁field : ▁plant ▁evolution ary ▁bi ology . ▁In ▁the ▁book ▁Ste bb ins ▁argued ▁that ▁evolution ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁studied ▁as ▁a ▁dynamic ▁problem ▁and ▁that ▁evolution ▁must ▁be ▁considered ▁on ▁three ▁levels : ▁first , ▁that ▁of ▁individual ▁variation ▁within ▁an ▁inter bre eding ▁population ; ▁second , ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁distribution ▁and ▁frequency ▁of ▁this ▁variation ; ▁and ▁third , ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁separation ▁and ▁diver gence ▁of ▁populations ▁as ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁up ▁of ▁isol ating ▁mechan isms ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁species . ▁He ▁used ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁b ios ystem at ists ▁Cla us en , ▁Ke ck |
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