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▁Ar go ▁det ained ▁the ▁El iza , ▁Les lie , ▁master , ▁sail ing ▁from ▁Mal ta , ▁and ▁sent ▁her ▁into ▁Gib ral tar . ▁ ▁Captain ▁Corn el ius ▁Qu inton ▁replaced ▁Warren ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 8 1 2 . ▁Ar go ▁then ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁flags hip ▁for ▁Vice - Ad mir al ▁Charles ▁St ir ling . ▁Ar go ▁sa iled ▁for ▁J ama ica ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 8 1 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁Captain ▁William ▁F other g ill ▁took ▁command ▁of ▁Ar go . ▁She ▁then ▁served ▁as ▁R ear - Ad mir al ▁W . ▁Brown ' s ▁flags hip ▁on ▁the ▁J ama ica ▁station . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁June ▁Ar go ▁re capt ured ▁C anton ada . ▁C anton ada ▁had ▁been ▁sail ing ▁from ▁Cad iz ▁to ▁Hav ana ▁when ▁a ▁Car th agin ian ▁private er ▁captured ▁her . ▁The ▁re capt ured ▁C anton ada ▁reached ▁J ama ica ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁June . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁June ▁Ar go ▁captured ▁the ▁Fly , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁sail ing ▁from ▁Jac mel ▁to ▁Wil ming ton . ▁Fly ▁arrived ▁at ▁J ama ica ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁April . ▁In ▁September ▁Ar go ▁was ▁to ▁esc ort ▁a ▁con voy ▁to ▁B erm uda . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁Captain ▁Donald ▁M ' Cloud ▁took ▁command . ▁Ar go ▁then ▁served ▁on ▁the |
▁Down s ▁station ▁as ▁flags hip ▁for ▁R ear - Ad mir al ▁Matthew ▁Scott . ▁ ▁F ate ▁Ar go ▁was ▁sold ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁for ▁£ 2 , 6 0 0 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁References ▁Beat son , ▁Robert ▁( 1 8 0 4 ) ▁Naval ▁and ▁military ▁mem oir s ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain : ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 2 7 , ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁time . ▁( Print ed ▁for ▁J . ▁Stra chan ▁... , ▁and ▁P . ▁Hill , ▁Edinburgh ). ▁ ▁Cro oks , ▁John ▁Joseph ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁Records ▁Rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁S ett lement s ▁from ▁ 1 7 5 0 ▁To ▁ 1 8 7 4 . ▁( Lond on : ▁Taylor ▁& ▁Francis ). ▁ ▁de ▁T ous ard , ▁Louis ▁( 1 8 0 9 ) ▁American ▁art iller ist ' s ▁companion ; ▁or , ▁Element s ▁of ▁art illery , ▁tre ating ▁of ▁all ▁kinds ▁of ▁fire ar ms ▁in ▁detail , ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁formation , ▁object ▁and ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁flying ▁or ▁horse ▁art illery , ▁preced ed ▁by ▁an ▁intro duct ory ▁dis sert ation ▁on ▁can non . ▁( Ph il adel phia : ▁C . ▁and ▁A . ▁Con rad ). ▁Ell is , ▁A . B . ▁( 1 8 9 3 ) ▁A ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁of ▁West ▁Africa . ▁( Lond |
on : ▁Chap man ▁and ▁Hall ). ▁Grant , ▁James ▁( 1 8 9 7 ) ▁Rec ent ▁British ▁batt les ▁on ▁land ▁and ▁sea . ▁( Lond on : ▁Cass ell ). ▁ ▁John ▁Sy kes , ▁Historical ▁Register ▁of ▁Rem ark able ▁events , ▁vol ▁ 1 , ▁p . 3 2 0 ., ▁New castle ▁upon ▁Ty ne ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁ ▁R ear - Ad mir al ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁J ▁Sp ence ▁Ly ne , ▁Something ▁About ▁A ▁S ail or , ▁Jar ro ld s ▁Publish ers , ▁London ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁River ▁Ty ne ▁Category : 1 7 8 1 ▁ships ▁Category : F rig ates ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy <0x0A> </s> ▁Sain ts ▁& ▁S inners ▁was ▁a ▁short - l ived ▁Canadian ▁gl am ▁metal ▁band ▁from ▁Montreal , ▁Quebec . ▁ ▁Biography ▁The ▁band ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁by ▁S WORD ▁V ocal ist ▁Rick ▁Hugh es . ▁The ▁other ▁five ▁members ▁were ▁Gu itar ist ▁Steph ane ▁D uf our , ▁Bass ist ▁Martin ▁Bol du c , ▁Dr um mers ▁Jeff ▁S alem , ▁Ang elo ▁Cur ico ▁and ▁Key boards ▁J esse ▁Brad man ▁( former ly ▁of ▁Night ▁R anger , ▁Ald o ▁Nova , ▁and ▁U FO ). ▁The ▁band ▁released ▁one ▁album , ▁Sain ts ▁& ▁S inners ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁but ▁the ▁gr unge |
▁movement ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁ru ined ▁the ▁bands ▁chance ▁of ▁having ▁a ▁big ▁break through . ▁The ▁band ▁dis band ed ▁one ▁year ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Produ ced ▁by ▁: ▁Ald o ▁Nova ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁Sain ts ▁& ▁S inners ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Band ▁members ▁Rick ▁Hugh es ▁- ▁V oc als ▁Jeff ▁S alem ▁- ▁Dr ums ▁Ang elo ▁" An ge " ▁Cur cio ▁- ▁Dr ums ▁Steph ane ▁D uf our ▁- ▁Gu itar , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Martin ▁" Mart y " ▁Bol du c ▁- ▁Bass , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁J esse ▁Brad man ▁- ▁Key boards , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁S le aze ▁Ro xx : ▁Sain ts ▁& ▁S inners ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Quebec ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁gl am ▁metal ▁musical ▁groups ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁from ▁Montreal <0x0A> </s> ▁Al issa ▁Wal ser ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁writer ▁and ▁artist . ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Friedrich sh afen . ▁Her ▁father ▁is ▁the ▁well - known ▁German ▁writer ▁Martin ▁Wal ser . ▁She ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁short ▁stories , ▁plays ▁and ▁nov els . ▁She ▁has ▁won ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁German ▁literary ▁pri |
zes . ▁Mes mer ized , ▁her ▁first ▁novel , ▁has ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁by ▁Jam ie ▁Bul lo ch . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Friedrich sh afen ▁Category : G erman ▁women ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁German ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁German ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : G erman ▁women ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : G erman ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Baden - W ür ttemberg ▁Category : G erman ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : W omen ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁German ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁German ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁German ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁German ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Rod ▁calculus ▁or ▁rod ▁calculation ▁was ▁the ▁mechanical ▁method ▁of ▁algorithm ic ▁computation ▁with ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁in ▁China ▁from ▁the ▁W arring ▁States ▁to ▁M ing ▁dynast y ▁before ▁the ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁more ▁convenient ▁and ▁faster ▁ab ac us . ▁Rod ▁calculus ▁played ▁a ▁key ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Chinese ▁mathematics ▁to ▁its ▁height ▁in ▁Song ▁D ynast y ▁and ▁Y uan ▁D ynast y , ▁cul min ating ▁in |
▁the ▁in vention ▁of ▁polynomial ▁equations ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁four ▁unknown s ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Z hu ▁Sh ij ie . ▁ ▁Hard ware ▁The ▁basic ▁equipment ▁for ▁carrying ▁out ▁rod ▁calculus ▁is ▁a ▁bundle ▁of ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁and ▁a ▁counting ▁board . ▁The ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁are ▁usually ▁made ▁of ▁b am bo o ▁st icks , ▁about ▁ 1 2 cm - ▁ 1 5 cm ▁in ▁length , ▁ 2 mm ▁to ▁ 4 mm ▁diameter , ▁sometimes ▁from ▁animal ▁b ones , ▁or ▁iv ory ▁and ▁j ade ▁( for ▁well - he e led ▁mer ch ants ). ▁A ▁counting ▁board ▁could ▁be ▁a ▁table ▁top , ▁a ▁wooden ▁board ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁grid , ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁or ▁on ▁sand . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Chinese ▁arch ae olog ists ▁un ear th ed ▁a ▁bundle ▁of ▁well - pres erved ▁animal ▁b one ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁stored ▁in ▁a ▁sil k ▁p ouch ▁from ▁a ▁tomb ▁in ▁Q ian ▁Yang ▁county ▁in ▁Sh an xi ▁province , ▁dated ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁Han ▁dynast y ▁( 2 0 6 ▁BC ▁– ▁ 8 AD ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁a ▁bundle ▁of ▁b am bo o ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁was ▁un ear th ed . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁for ▁rod ▁calculus ▁fl our ished ▁in ▁the ▁W arring ▁States , ▁although ▁no ▁arch ae ological ▁arte fact s ▁were ▁found |
▁earlier ▁than ▁the ▁Western ▁Han ▁D ynast y ▁( the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁Han ▁dynast y ; ▁however , ▁arch ae olog ists ▁did ▁un ear th ▁software ▁arte fact s ▁of ▁rod ▁calculus ▁dated ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁W arring ▁States ); ▁since ▁the ▁rod ▁calculus ▁software ▁must ▁have ▁gone ▁along ▁with ▁rod ▁calculus ▁hardware , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁doubt ▁that ▁rod ▁calculus ▁was ▁already ▁fl our ishing ▁during ▁the ▁W arring ▁States ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 2 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁ ▁Software ▁The ▁key ▁software ▁required ▁for ▁rod ▁calculus ▁was ▁a ▁simple ▁ 4 5 ▁phrase ▁position al ▁decimal ▁multiplication ▁table ▁used ▁in ▁China ▁since ▁anti qu ity , ▁called ▁the ▁nine - n ine ▁table , ▁which ▁were ▁learned ▁by ▁heart ▁by ▁pup ils , ▁mer ch ants , ▁government ▁officials ▁and ▁mathemat icians ▁al ike . ▁ ▁Rod ▁numer als ▁ ▁Display ing ▁numbers ▁ ▁Rod ▁numer als ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁numeric ▁system ▁that ▁uses ▁different ▁pla cement ▁combination ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁symbol ▁to ▁convey ▁any ▁number ▁or ▁fraction ▁in ▁the ▁Dec imal ▁System . ▁For ▁numbers ▁in ▁the ▁units ▁place , ▁every ▁vertical ▁rod ▁represent ▁ 1 . ▁Two ▁vertical ▁ro ds ▁represent ▁ 2 , ▁and ▁so ▁on , ▁until ▁ 5 ▁vertical ▁ro ds , ▁which ▁represents ▁ 5 . ▁For ▁number ▁between ▁ 6 ▁and ▁ 9 , ▁a ▁bi qu inary ▁system ▁is ▁used , ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁horizontal ▁bar ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁vertical ▁bars ▁represent ▁ 5 . ▁The ▁first |
▁row ▁are ▁the ▁number ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 9 ▁in ▁rod ▁numer als , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁row ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁numbers ▁in ▁horizontal ▁form . ▁ ▁For ▁numbers ▁larger ▁than ▁ 9 , ▁a ▁decimal ▁system ▁is ▁used . ▁Rod s ▁placed ▁one ▁place ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁units ▁place ▁represent ▁ 1 0 ▁times ▁that ▁number . ▁For ▁the ▁hundreds ▁place , ▁another ▁set ▁of ▁ro ds ▁is ▁placed ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁which ▁represents ▁ 1 0 0 ▁times ▁of ▁that ▁number , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁As ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁adjacent ▁image , ▁the ▁number ▁ 2 3 1 ▁is ▁represented ▁in ▁rod ▁numer als ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁row , ▁with ▁one ▁rod ▁in ▁the ▁units ▁place ▁representing ▁ 1 , ▁three ▁ro ds ▁in ▁the ▁tens ▁place ▁representing ▁ 3 0 , ▁and ▁two ▁ro ds ▁in ▁the ▁hundreds ▁place ▁representing ▁ 2 0 0 , ▁with ▁a ▁sum ▁of ▁ 2 3 1 . ▁ ▁When ▁doing ▁calculation , ▁usually ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁grid ▁on ▁the ▁surface . ▁If ▁rod ▁numer als ▁two , ▁three , ▁and ▁one ▁is ▁placed ▁consec ut ively ▁in ▁the ▁vertical ▁form , ▁there ' s ▁a ▁possibility ▁of ▁it ▁being ▁mistaken ▁for ▁ 5 1 ▁or ▁ 2 4 , ▁as ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁row ▁of ▁the ▁adjacent ▁image . ▁To ▁avoid ▁confusion , ▁number ▁in ▁consecutive ▁places ▁are ▁placed ▁in ▁altern ating ▁vertical ▁and ▁horizontal ▁form , ▁with ▁the ▁units ▁place ▁in ▁vertical ▁form , ▁as ▁shown |
▁in ▁the ▁bottom ▁row ▁on ▁the ▁right . ▁ ▁Display ing ▁zero es ▁In ▁Rod ▁numer als , ▁zero es ▁are ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁space , ▁which ▁serves ▁both ▁as ▁a ▁number ▁and ▁a ▁place ▁holder ▁value . ▁Un like ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁numer als , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁specific ▁symbol ▁to ▁represent ▁zero . ▁In ▁the ▁adjacent ▁image , ▁the ▁number ▁zero ▁is ▁merely ▁represented ▁with ▁a ▁space . ▁ ▁Neg ative ▁and ▁positive ▁numbers ▁Song ▁mathemat icians ▁used ▁red ▁to ▁represent ▁positive ▁numbers ▁and ▁black ▁for ▁negative ▁numbers . ▁However , ▁another ▁way ▁is ▁to ▁add ▁a ▁slash ▁to ▁the ▁last ▁place ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁is ▁negative . ▁ ▁Dec imal ▁fraction ▁The ▁Mathemat ical ▁Tre at ise ▁of ▁Sun zi ▁used ▁decimal ▁fraction ▁met ro log y . ▁The ▁unit ▁of ▁length ▁was ▁ 1 ▁chi , ▁▁ 1 ▁chi ▁= ▁ 1 0 ▁c un , ▁ 1 ▁c un ▁= ▁ 1 0 ▁fen , ▁ 1 ▁fen ▁= ▁ 1 0 ▁li , ▁ 1 ▁li ▁= ▁ 1 0 ▁ha o , ▁ 1 ▁h ou ▁= ▁ 1 0 ▁hu . ▁▁ 1 ▁chi ▁ 2 ▁c un ▁ 3 ▁fen ▁ 4 ▁li ▁ 5 ▁ha o ▁ 6 ▁sh i ▁ 7 ▁hu ▁is ▁laid ▁out ▁on ▁counting ▁board ▁as ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁unit ▁measurement ▁chi . ▁ ▁Southern ▁Song ▁dynast y ▁math ematic ian ▁Q in ▁Ji ush ao ▁extended ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁decimal ▁fraction ▁beyond ▁met ro |
log y . ▁In ▁his ▁book ▁Mathemat ical ▁Tre at ise ▁in ▁N ine ▁Se ctions , ▁he ▁formally ▁expressed ▁ 1 . 1 4 4 6 1 5 4 ▁day ▁as ▁▁ 日 ▁ ▁He ▁marked ▁the ▁unit ▁with ▁a ▁word ▁“ 日 ” ▁( day ) ▁under ne ath ▁it . ▁ ▁Add ition ▁ ▁Rod ▁calculus ▁works ▁on ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁addition . ▁Un like ▁Arab ic ▁numer als , ▁digits ▁represented ▁by ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁have ▁add itive ▁properties . ▁The ▁process ▁of ▁addition ▁involves ▁mechan ically ▁moving ▁the ▁ro ds ▁without ▁the ▁need ▁of ▁memor ising ▁an ▁addition ▁table . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁biggest ▁difference ▁with ▁Arab ic ▁numer als , ▁as ▁one ▁cannot ▁mechan ically ▁put ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁together ▁to ▁form ▁ 3 , ▁or ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 ▁together ▁to ▁form ▁ 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁adjacent ▁image ▁presents ▁the ▁steps ▁in ▁adding ▁ 3 7 4 8 ▁to ▁ 2 8 9 : ▁Place ▁the ▁aug end ▁ 3 7 4 8 ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁row , ▁and ▁the ▁add end ▁ 2 8 9 ▁in ▁the ▁second . ▁Calcul ate ▁from ▁LEFT ▁to ▁R IGHT , ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 ▁of ▁ 2 8 9 ▁first . ▁Take ▁away ▁two ▁rod ▁from ▁the ▁bottom ▁add ▁to ▁ 7 ▁on ▁top ▁to ▁make ▁ 9 . ▁Move ▁ 2 ▁ro ds ▁from ▁top ▁to ▁bottom ▁ 8 , ▁carry ▁one ▁to ▁forward ▁to ▁ 9 , ▁which ▁becomes ▁zero ▁and ▁car |
ries ▁to ▁ 3 ▁to ▁make ▁ 4 , ▁remove ▁ 8 ▁from ▁bottom ▁row . ▁Move ▁one ▁rod ▁from ▁ 8 ▁on ▁top ▁row ▁to ▁ 9 ▁on ▁bottom ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁carry ▁one ▁to ▁next ▁rank ▁and ▁add ▁one ▁rod ▁to ▁ 2 ▁ro ds ▁on ▁top ▁row ▁to ▁make ▁ 3 ▁ro ds , ▁top ▁row ▁left ▁ 7 . ▁Result ▁ 3 7 4 8 + 2 8 9 = 4 0 3 7 ▁ ▁The ▁ro ds ▁in ▁the ▁aug end ▁change ▁throughout ▁the ▁addition , ▁while ▁the ▁ro ds ▁in ▁the ▁add end ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁" dis app ear ". ▁ ▁Sub tra ction ▁ ▁Without ▁borrow ing ▁In ▁situation ▁in ▁which ▁no ▁borrow ing ▁is ▁needed , ▁one ▁only ▁needs ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁ro ds ▁in ▁the ▁sub tra h end ▁from ▁the ▁min u end . ▁The ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁calculation ▁is ▁the ▁difference . ▁The ▁adjacent ▁image ▁shows ▁the ▁steps ▁in ▁subtract ing ▁ 2 3 ▁from ▁ 5 4 . ▁ ▁Bor row ing ▁In ▁situations ▁in ▁which ▁borrow ing ▁is ▁needed ▁such ▁as ▁ 4 2 3 1 – 7 8 9 , ▁one ▁need ▁use ▁a ▁more ▁complicated ▁procedure . ▁The ▁steps ▁for ▁this ▁example ▁are ▁shown ▁on ▁the ▁left . ▁Place ▁the ▁min u end ▁ 4 2 3 1 ▁on ▁top , ▁the ▁sub tra h end ▁ 7 8 9 ▁on ▁the ▁bottom . ▁Calcul ate ▁from ▁the ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁right . ▁Bor row |
▁ 1 ▁from ▁the ▁thousands ▁place ▁for ▁a ▁ten ▁in ▁the ▁hundreds ▁place , ▁minus ▁ 7 ▁from ▁the ▁row ▁below , ▁the ▁difference ▁ 3 ▁is ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 ▁on ▁top ▁to ▁form ▁ 5 . ▁The ▁ 7 ▁on ▁the ▁bottom ▁is ▁subtract ed , ▁shown ▁by ▁the ▁space . ▁Bor row ▁ 1 ▁from ▁the ▁hundreds ▁place , ▁which ▁leaves ▁ 4 . ▁The ▁ 1 0 ▁in ▁the ▁tens ▁place ▁minus ▁the ▁ 8 ▁below ▁results ▁in ▁ 2 , ▁which ▁is ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 ▁above ▁to ▁form ▁ 5 . ▁The ▁top ▁row ▁now ▁is ▁ 3 4 5 1 , ▁the ▁bottom ▁ 9 . ▁Bor row ▁ 1 ▁from ▁the ▁ 5 ▁in ▁the ▁tens ▁place ▁on ▁top , ▁which ▁leaves ▁ 4 . ▁The ▁ 1 ▁borrow ed ▁from ▁the ▁tens ▁is ▁ 1 0 ▁in ▁the ▁units ▁place , ▁subtract ing ▁ 9 ▁which ▁results ▁in ▁ 1 , ▁which ▁are ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁to ▁form ▁ 2 . ▁With ▁all ▁ro ds ▁in ▁the ▁bottom ▁row ▁subtract ed , ▁the ▁ 3 4 4 2 ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁row ▁is ▁then , ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁calculation ▁ ▁Mult ip lication ▁ ▁Sun zi ▁Su an j ing ▁described ▁in ▁detail ▁the ▁algorithm ▁of ▁multiplication . ▁On ▁the ▁left ▁are ▁the ▁steps ▁to ▁calculate ▁ 3 8 × 7 6 : ▁Place ▁the ▁multip lic and ▁on ▁top , ▁the ▁multip lier ▁on ▁bottom . ▁Line ▁up ▁the |
▁units ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁multip lier ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁multip lic and . ▁Le ave ▁room ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁for ▁recording . ▁Start ▁calculating ▁from ▁the ▁highest ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁multip lic and ▁( in ▁the ▁example , ▁calculate ▁ 3 0 × 7 6 , ▁and ▁then ▁ 8 × 7 6 ). ▁Using ▁the ▁multiplication ▁table ▁ 3 ▁times ▁ 7 ▁is ▁ 2 1 . ▁Place ▁ 2 1 ▁in ▁ro ds ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁with ▁ 1 ▁aligned ▁with ▁the ▁tens ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁multip lier ▁( on ▁top ▁of ▁ 7 ). ▁Then , ▁ 3 ▁times ▁ 6 ▁equals ▁ 1 8 , ▁place ▁ 1 8 ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁image . ▁With ▁the ▁ 3 ▁in ▁the ▁multip lic and ▁multip lied ▁totally , ▁take ▁the ▁ro ds ▁off . ▁Move ▁the ▁multip lier ▁one ▁place ▁to ▁the ▁right . ▁Change ▁ 7 ▁to ▁horizontal ▁form , ▁ 6 ▁to ▁vertical . ▁ 8 × 7 ▁= ▁ 5 6 , ▁place ▁ 5 6 ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁row ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁with ▁the ▁units ▁place ▁aligned ▁with ▁the ▁digits ▁multip lied ▁in ▁the ▁multip lier . ▁Take ▁ 7 ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁multip lier ▁since ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁multip lied . ▁ 8 × 6 ▁= ▁ 4 8 , ▁ 4 ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁step ▁makes ▁ 1 0 , ▁carry ▁ 1 ▁over . ▁Take ▁off ▁ 8 ▁of ▁the |
▁units ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁multip lic and , ▁and ▁take ▁off ▁ 6 ▁in ▁the ▁units ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁multip lier . ▁Sum ▁the ▁ 2 3 8 0 ▁and ▁ 5 0 8 ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁which ▁results ▁in ▁ 2 8 8 8 : ▁the ▁product . ▁ ▁Division ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁animation ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁shows ▁the ▁steps ▁for ▁calculating ▁. ▁Place ▁the ▁divid end , ▁ 3 0 9 , ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁row ▁and ▁the ▁divis or , ▁ 7 , ▁in ▁the ▁bottom ▁row . ▁Le ave ▁space ▁for ▁the ▁top ▁row . ▁Move ▁the ▁divis or , ▁ 7 , ▁one ▁place ▁to ▁the ▁left , ▁changing ▁it ▁to ▁horizontal ▁form . ▁Using ▁the ▁Chinese ▁multiplication ▁table ▁and ▁division , ▁ 3 0 ÷ 7 ▁equals ▁ 4 ▁remainder ▁ 2 . ▁Place ▁the ▁quot ient , ▁ 4 , ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁row ▁and ▁the ▁remainder , ▁ 2 , ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁row . ▁Move ▁the ▁divis or ▁one ▁place ▁to ▁the ▁right , ▁changing ▁it ▁to ▁vertical ▁form . ▁ 2 9 ÷ 7 ▁equals ▁ 4 ▁remainder ▁ 1 . ▁Place ▁the ▁quot ient , ▁ 4 , ▁on ▁top , ▁leaving ▁the ▁divis or ▁in ▁place . ▁Place ▁the ▁remainder ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁row ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁divid end ▁in ▁this ▁step . ▁The ▁result ▁is ▁the ▁quot ient ▁is ▁ 4 4 ▁with ▁a ▁remainder ▁of ▁ 1 ▁ ▁The ▁Sun zi ▁algorithm ▁for ▁division ▁was ▁transm |
itted ▁in ▁to to ▁by ▁al ▁Kh war iz mi ▁to ▁Islam ic ▁country ▁from ▁Indian ▁sources ▁in ▁ 8 2 5 AD . ▁Al ▁Kh war iz mi ' s ▁book ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁Latin ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁The ▁Sun zi ▁division ▁algorithm ▁later ▁evol ved ▁into ▁Gal ley ▁division ▁in ▁Europe . ▁The ▁division ▁algorithm ▁in ▁Ab u ' l - Has an ▁al - U ql id isi ' s ▁ 9 2 5 AD ▁book ▁Kit ab ▁al - F us ul ▁fi ▁al - H is ab ▁al - H indi ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 1 th ▁century ▁K ush yar ▁ibn ▁Lab ban ' s ▁Princi ples ▁of ▁H indu ▁Re ck oning ▁were ▁identical ▁to ▁Sun zu ' s ▁division ▁algorithm . ▁ ▁Fra ctions ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁remainder ▁in ▁a ▁place ▁value ▁decimal ▁rod ▁calculus ▁division , ▁both ▁the ▁remainder ▁and ▁the ▁divis or ▁must ▁be ▁left ▁in ▁place ▁with ▁one ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁another . ▁In ▁Li u ▁H ui ' s ▁notes ▁to ▁Ji uz hang ▁su ans hu ▁( 2 nd ▁century ▁B CE ), ▁the ▁number ▁on ▁top ▁is ▁called ▁" sh i " ▁( 实 ), ▁while ▁the ▁one ▁at ▁bottom ▁is ▁called ▁" fa " ▁( 法 ). ▁In ▁Sun zi ▁Su an j ing , ▁the ▁number ▁on ▁top ▁is ▁called ▁" zi " ▁( 子 ) ▁or ▁" fen zi " ▁( lit ., ▁son ▁of ▁fraction ), ▁and ▁the ▁one |
▁on ▁the ▁bottom ▁is ▁called ▁" mu " ▁( 母 ) ▁or ▁" fen mu " ▁( lit ., ▁mother ▁of ▁fraction ). ▁Fen zi ▁and ▁Fen mu ▁are ▁also ▁the ▁modern ▁Chinese ▁name ▁for ▁numer ator ▁and ▁denomin ator , ▁respectively . ▁As ▁shown ▁on ▁the ▁right , ▁ 1 ▁is ▁the ▁numer ator ▁remainder , ▁ 7 ▁is ▁the ▁denomin ator ▁divis or , ▁formed ▁a ▁fraction ▁. ▁The ▁quot ient ▁of ▁the ▁division ▁ ▁is ▁ 4 4 ▁+ ▁. ▁Li u ▁H ui ' s ▁used ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁calculations ▁with ▁fraction ▁in ▁Ha ida o ▁Su an j ing . ▁ ▁This ▁form ▁of ▁fraction ▁with ▁numer ator ▁on ▁top ▁and ▁denomin ator ▁at ▁bottom ▁without ▁a ▁horizontal ▁bar ▁in ▁between , ▁was ▁transm itted ▁to ▁Arab ic ▁country ▁in ▁an ▁ 8 2 5 AD ▁book ▁by ▁al ▁Kh war iz mi ▁via ▁India , ▁and ▁in ▁use ▁by ▁ 1 0 th ▁century ▁Ab u ' l - Has an ▁al - U ql id isi ▁and ▁ 1 5 th ▁century ▁Jam sh ī d ▁al - K ā sh ī ' s ▁work ▁" Ar ith ematic ▁Key ". ▁ ▁Add ition ▁ ▁Put ▁the ▁two ▁numer ators ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁counting ▁board , ▁put ▁the ▁two ▁denomin ators ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 5 ▁at ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁side ▁Cross ▁multiply ▁ 1 ▁with ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 ▁with ▁ 3 ▁to ▁get ▁ 5 ▁and |
▁ 6 , ▁replace ▁the ▁numer ators ▁with ▁the ▁corresponding ▁cross ▁products . ▁Mult ip ly ▁the ▁two ▁denomin ators ▁ 3 ▁× ▁ 5 ▁= ▁ 1 5 , ▁put ▁at ▁bottom ▁right ▁Add ▁the ▁two ▁numer ators ▁ 5 ▁and ▁ 6 ▁= ▁ 1 1 ▁put ▁on ▁top ▁right ▁of ▁counting ▁board . ▁Result : ▁ ▁Sub tra ction ▁ ▁Put ▁down ▁the ▁rod ▁numer al ▁for ▁numer ators ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 8 ▁at ▁left ▁hand ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁counting ▁board ▁Put ▁down ▁the ▁ro ds ▁for ▁denomin ators ▁ 5 ▁and ▁ 9 ▁at ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁counting ▁board ▁Cross ▁multiply ▁ 1 ▁× ▁ 9 ▁= ▁ 9 , ▁ 5 ▁× ▁ 8 ▁= ▁ 4 0 , ▁replace ▁the ▁corresponding ▁numer ators ▁Mult ip ly ▁the ▁denomin ators ▁ 5 ▁× ▁ 9 ▁= ▁ 4 5 , ▁put ▁ 4 5 ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁right ▁of ▁counting ▁board , ▁replace ▁the ▁denomin ator ▁ 5 ▁Sub t ract ▁ 4 0 ▁− ▁ 9 ▁= ▁ 3 1 , ▁put ▁on ▁top ▁right . ▁Result : ▁ ▁Mult ip lication ▁▁ 3 ▁× ▁ 5 ▁Ar range ▁the ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁for ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 5 ▁on ▁the ▁counting ▁board ▁as ▁sh ang , ▁sh i , ▁fa ▁tab ulation ▁format . ▁sh ang ▁times ▁fa ▁add ▁to ▁sh i : ▁ 3 ▁× ▁ 3 ▁+ ▁ 1 ▁= ▁ 1 0 ; ▁ 5 ▁× ▁ 5 ▁+ |
▁ 2 ▁= ▁ 2 7 ▁sh i ▁multip lied ▁by ▁sh i : 1 0 ▁× ▁ 2 7 ▁= ▁ 2 7 0 ▁fa ▁multip lied ▁by ▁fa : 3 ▁× ▁ 5 ▁= ▁ 1 5 ▁sh i ▁divided ▁by ▁fa : ▁ ▁High est ▁common ▁factor ▁and ▁fraction ▁reduction ▁ ▁The ▁algorithm ▁for ▁finding ▁the ▁highest ▁common ▁factor ▁of ▁two ▁numbers ▁and ▁reduction ▁of ▁fraction ▁was ▁laid ▁out ▁in ▁Ji uz hang ▁su ans hu . ▁The ▁highest ▁common ▁factor ▁is ▁found ▁by ▁success ive ▁division ▁with ▁remain ders ▁until ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁remain ders ▁are ▁identical . ▁The ▁animation ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁algorithm ▁for ▁finding ▁the ▁highest ▁common ▁factor ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁reduction ▁of ▁a ▁fraction . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case ▁the ▁h cf ▁is ▁ 2 5 . ▁ ▁Div ide ▁the ▁numer ator ▁and ▁denomin ator ▁by ▁ 2 5 . ▁The ▁reduced ▁fraction ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁Inter pol ation ▁ ▁Calendar ist ▁and ▁math ematic ian ▁He ▁Ch eng t ian ▁( 何 <0xE6> <0x89> <0xBF> 天 ) ▁used ▁fraction ▁interpolation ▁method , ▁called ▁" harm on isation ▁of ▁the ▁divis or ▁of ▁the ▁day " ▁( 调 日 法 ) ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁better ▁approximate ▁value ▁than ▁the ▁old ▁one ▁by ▁iter atively ▁adding ▁the ▁numer ators ▁and ▁denomin ators ▁a ▁" we aker " ▁fraction ▁with ▁a ▁" strong er ▁fraction ". ▁Zu ▁Ch ong z hi ' s ▁legend ary ▁ ▁could ▁be ▁obtained ▁with ▁He ▁Ch eng t |
ian ' s ▁method ▁ ▁System ▁of ▁linear ▁equations ▁ ▁Chapter ▁E ight ▁Rect angular ▁Array s ▁of ▁Ji uz hang ▁su ans hu ▁provided ▁an ▁algorithm ▁for ▁solving ▁System ▁of ▁linear ▁equations ▁by ▁method ▁of ▁elim ination : ▁ ▁Problem ▁ 8 - 1 : ▁Suppose ▁we ▁have ▁ 3 ▁bund les ▁of ▁top ▁quality ▁c ere als , ▁ 2 ▁bund les ▁of ▁medium ▁quality ▁c ere als , ▁and ▁a ▁bundle ▁of ▁low ▁quality ▁c ere al ▁with ▁accum ulative ▁weight ▁of ▁ 3 9 ▁dou . ▁We ▁also ▁have ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 1 ▁bund les ▁of ▁respective ▁c ere als ▁amount ing ▁to ▁ 3 4 ▁dou ; ▁we ▁also ▁have ▁ 1 , 2 ▁and ▁ 3 ▁bund les ▁of ▁respective ▁c ere als , ▁total ing ▁ 2 6 ▁dou . ▁ ▁Find ▁the ▁quantity ▁of ▁top , ▁medium , ▁and ▁poor ▁quality ▁c ere als . ▁In ▁algebra , ▁this ▁problem ▁can ▁be ▁expressed ▁in ▁three ▁system ▁equations ▁with ▁three ▁unknown s . ▁ ▁This ▁problem ▁was ▁solved ▁in ▁Ji uz hang ▁su ans hu ▁with ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁laid ▁out ▁on ▁a ▁counting ▁board ▁in ▁a ▁tab ular ▁format ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁ 3 x 4 ▁matrix : ▁ ▁Algorithm : ▁▁ ▁Mult ip ly ▁the ▁center ▁column ▁with ▁right ▁column ▁top ▁quality ▁number . ▁ ▁Re pe ated ly ▁subtract ▁right ▁column ▁from ▁center ▁column , ▁until ▁the ▁top ▁number ▁of ▁center ▁column ▁= 0 ▁ ▁multiply ▁the ▁left ▁column |
▁with ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁top ▁row ▁of ▁right ▁column ▁ ▁Re pe ated ly ▁subtract ▁right ▁column ▁from ▁left ▁column , ▁until ▁the ▁top ▁number ▁of ▁left ▁column = 0 ▁ ▁After ▁applying ▁above ▁elim ination ▁algorithm ▁to ▁the ▁reduced ▁center ▁column ▁and ▁left ▁column , ▁the ▁matrix ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁tri angular ▁shape : ▁ ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁on ▁bundle ▁of ▁low ▁quality ▁c ere al ▁= ▁ ▁From ▁which ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁one ▁bundle ▁of ▁top ▁and ▁medium ▁quality ▁c ere als ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁easily : ▁ ▁One ▁bundle ▁of ▁top ▁quality ▁c ere als = 9 ▁dou ▁▁ ▁One ▁bundle ▁of ▁medium ▁c ere al = 4 ▁dou ▁> ▁ ▁Ext raction ▁of ▁Square ▁root ▁Algorithm ▁for ▁extra ction ▁of ▁square ▁root ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁Ji uz hang ▁su ans hu ▁and ▁with ▁minor ▁difference ▁in ▁termin ology ▁in ▁Sun zi ▁Su an j ing . ▁ ▁The ▁animation ▁shows ▁the ▁algorithm ▁for ▁rod ▁calculus ▁extra ction ▁of ▁an ▁approximation ▁of ▁the ▁square ▁root ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁algorithm ▁in ▁chap ▁ 2 ▁problem ▁ 1 9 ▁of ▁Sun zi ▁Su an j ing : Now ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁square ▁area ▁ 2 3 4 5 6 7 , ▁find ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁square ' '. ▁ ▁The ▁algorithm ▁is ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁Set ▁up ▁ 2 3 4 5 6 7 ▁on ▁the ▁counting ▁board , ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁row ▁from ▁top , ▁named ▁sh i ▁ ▁Set ▁up ▁a ▁marker ▁ 1 ▁at ▁ 1 0 |
0 0 0 ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁row ▁named ▁x ia ▁fa ▁ ▁Est imate ▁the ▁first ▁digit ▁of ▁square ▁root ▁to ▁be ▁counting ▁rod ▁numer al ▁ 4 , ▁put ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁row ▁( sh ang ) ▁hundreds ▁position , ▁ ▁Mult ip ly ▁the ▁sh ang ▁ 4 ▁with ▁x ia fa ▁ 1 , ▁put ▁the ▁product ▁ 4 ▁on ▁ 3 rd ▁row ▁named ▁f ang ▁fa ▁ ▁Mult ip ly ▁sh ang ▁with ▁f ang ▁fa ▁ded uct ▁the ▁product ▁ 4 x 4 = 1 6 ▁from ▁sh i : ▁ 2 3 - 1 6 = 7 , ▁remain ▁numer al ▁ 7 . ▁ ▁double ▁up ▁the ▁f ang ▁fa ▁ 4 ▁to ▁become ▁ 8 , ▁shift ▁one ▁position ▁right , ▁and ▁change ▁the ▁vertical ▁ 8 ▁into ▁horizontal ▁ 8 ▁after ▁moved ▁right . ▁ ▁Move ▁x ia ▁fa ▁two ▁position ▁right . ▁ ▁Est imate ▁second ▁digit ▁of ▁sh ang ▁as ▁ 8 : ▁put ▁numer al ▁ 8 ▁at ▁t enth ▁position ▁on ▁top ▁row . ▁ ▁Mult ip ly ▁x ia ▁fa ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁digit ▁of ▁sh ang , ▁add ▁to ▁f ang ▁fa ▁. ▁▁ 8 ▁calls ▁ 8 ▁= 6 4 , ▁subtract ▁ 6 4 ▁from ▁top ▁row ▁numer al ▁" 7 4 ", ▁leaving ▁one ▁rod ▁at ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁digit . ▁ ▁double ▁the ▁last ▁digit ▁of ▁f ang ▁fa ▁ 8 , ▁add ▁to ▁ 8 0 ▁= 9 6 |
▁ ▁Move ▁f ang ▁fa 9 6 ▁one ▁position ▁right , ▁change ▁convention ; move ▁x ia ▁fa ▁" 1 " ▁two ▁position ▁right . ▁ ▁Est imate ▁ 3 rd ▁digit ▁of ▁sh ang ▁to ▁be ▁ 4 . ▁ ▁Mult ip ly ▁new ▁digit ▁of ▁sh ang ▁ 4 ▁with ▁x ia ▁fa ▁ 1 , ▁combined ▁with ▁f ang ▁fa ▁to ▁make ▁ 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁subtract ▁success ively ▁ 4 * 9 = 3 6 , 4 * 6 = 2 4 , 4 * 4 = 1 6 ▁from ▁the ▁sh i , ▁leaving ▁ 3 1 1 ▁ ▁double ▁the ▁last ▁digit ▁ 4 ▁of ▁f ang ▁fa ▁into ▁ 8 ▁and ▁merge ▁with ▁f ang ▁fa ▁ ▁result ▁▁ ▁North ▁Song ▁dynast y ▁math ematic ian ▁J ia ▁X ian ▁developed ▁an ▁add itive ▁multip lic ative ▁algorithm ▁for ▁square ▁root ▁extra ction , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁replaced ▁the ▁traditional ▁" d ou bling " ▁of ▁" fang ▁fa " ▁by ▁adding ▁sh ang ▁digit ▁to ▁f ang ▁fa ▁digit , ▁with ▁same ▁effect . ▁ ▁Ext raction ▁of ▁cub ic ▁root ▁ ▁Ji uz hang ▁su ans hu ▁vol ▁iv ▁" sha og u ang " ▁provided ▁algorithm ▁for ▁extra ction ▁of ▁cub ic ▁root . ▁▁ <0xE3> <0x80> <0x94> 一 九 <0xE3> <0x80> <0x95> 今 有 <0xE7> <0xA9> <0x8D> 一 百 八 十 六 <0xE8> <0x90> <0xAC> 八 百 六 十 七 <0xE5> <0xB0> <0xBA> 。 <0xE5> <0x95> <0x8F> <0xE7> <0x82> <0xBA> |
立 方 <0xE5> <0xB9> <0xBE> 何 ？ <0xE7> <0xAD> <0x94> <0xE6> <0x9B> <0xB0> ： 一 百 二 十 三 <0xE5> <0xB0> <0xBA> 。 ▁ ▁problem ▁ 1 9 : ▁We ▁have ▁a ▁ 1 8 6 0 8 6 7 ▁cub ic ▁chi , ▁what ▁is ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁a ▁side ▁? ▁Answer : 1 2 3 ▁chi . ▁ ▁North ▁Song ▁dynast y ▁math ematic ian ▁J ia ▁X ian ▁invent ed ▁a ▁method ▁similar ▁to ▁simplified ▁form ▁of ▁Hor ner ▁scheme ▁for ▁extra ction ▁of ▁cub ic ▁root . ▁The ▁animation ▁at ▁right ▁shows ▁J ia ▁X ian ' s ▁algorithm ▁for ▁solving ▁problem ▁ 1 9 ▁in ▁Ji uz hang ▁su ans hu ▁vol ▁ 4 . ▁ ▁Pol ynomial ▁equation ▁ ▁North ▁Song ▁dynast y ▁math ematic ian ▁J ia ▁X ian ▁invent ed ▁Hor ner ▁scheme ▁for ▁solving ▁simple ▁ 4 th ▁order ▁equation ▁of ▁the ▁form ▁▁ ▁South ▁Song ▁dynast y ▁math ematic ian ▁Q in ▁Ji ush ao ▁improved ▁J ia ▁X ian ' s ▁Hor ner ▁method ▁to ▁solve ▁polynomial ▁equation ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 th ▁order . ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁algorithm ▁for ▁solving ▁▁ ▁in ▁his ▁Mathemat ical ▁Tre at ise ▁in ▁N ine ▁Se ctions ▁vol ▁ 6 ▁problem ▁ 2 . ▁This ▁equation ▁was ▁arranged ▁bottom ▁up ▁with ▁counting ▁ro ds ▁on ▁counting ▁board ▁in ▁tab ular ▁form ▁ ▁Algorithm : ▁Ar range ▁the ▁coefficients ▁in ▁tab ular ▁form , ▁constant ▁at ▁sh i , ▁co eff ien ct ▁of ▁x |
▁at ▁sh ang ▁li an , ▁the ▁co eff ie cnt ▁of ▁X ^ 4 ▁at ▁y i ▁y u ; align ▁the ▁numbers ▁at ▁unit ▁rank . ▁Adv ance ▁sh ang ▁li an ▁two ▁ranks ▁Adv ance ▁y i ▁y u ▁three ▁ranks ▁Est imate ▁sh ang = 2 0 ▁let ▁x ia ▁li an ▁= sh ang ▁* ▁y i ▁y u ▁let ▁fu ▁li an = sh ang ▁* yi ▁y u ▁merge ▁fu ▁li an ▁with ▁sh ang ▁li an ▁let ▁f ang = sh ang ▁* ▁sh ang ▁li an ▁subtract ▁sh ang * fang ▁from ▁sh i ▁add ▁sh ang ▁* ▁y i ▁y u ▁to ▁x ia ▁li an ▁ret ract ▁x ia ▁li an ▁ 3 ▁ranks , ▁ret ract ▁y i ▁y u ▁ 4 ▁ranks ▁The ▁second ▁digit ▁of ▁sh ang ▁is ▁ 0 ▁merge ▁sh ang ▁li an ▁into ▁f ang ▁merge ▁y i ▁y u ▁into ▁x ia ▁li an ▁Add ▁y i ▁y u ▁to ▁fu ▁li an , ▁subtract ▁the ▁result ▁from ▁f ang , ▁let ▁the ▁result ▁be ▁denomin ator ▁find ▁the ▁highest ▁common ▁factor ▁= 2 5 ▁and ▁simp lies ▁the ▁fraction ▁ ▁solution ▁ ▁T ian ▁Y uan ▁sh u ▁ ▁Y uan ▁dynast y ▁math ematic ian ▁Li ▁Z hi ▁developed ▁rod ▁calculus ▁into ▁T ian ▁y uan ▁sh u ▁ ▁Example ▁Li ▁Z hi ▁C ey uan ▁ha ij ing ▁vol ▁II , ▁problem ▁ 1 4 ▁equation ▁of ▁one ▁unknown : ▁▁ 元 |
▁ ▁Pol ynomial ▁equations ▁of ▁four ▁unknown s ▁ ▁Math ematic ian ▁Z hu ▁Sh ij ie ▁further ▁developed ▁rod ▁calculus ▁to ▁include ▁polynomial ▁equations ▁of ▁ 2 ▁to ▁four ▁unknown s . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁polynomials ▁of ▁three ▁unknown s : ▁ ▁Equ ation ▁ 1 : ▁▁ 太 ▁ ▁Equ ation ▁ 2 : ▁ ▁Equ ation ▁ 3 : ▁▁ 太 ▁ ▁After ▁success ive ▁elim ination ▁of ▁two ▁unknown s , ▁the ▁polynomial ▁equations ▁of ▁three ▁unknown s ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁a ▁polynomial ▁equation ▁of ▁one ▁unknown : ▁ ▁Sol ved ▁x = 5 ; ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Chinese ▁mathematics ▁Count ing ▁ro ds ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Lam ▁L ay ▁Y ong ▁( <0xE8> <0x93> <0x9D> <0xE4> <0xB8> <0xBD> <0xE8> <0x93> <0x89> ) ▁Ang ▁T ian ▁Se ▁( <0xE6> <0xB4> <0xAA> 天 <0xE8> <0xB5> <0x90> ), ▁Fle eting ▁Foot steps , ▁World ▁Scient ific ▁ ▁Jean ▁Claude ▁Mart z lo ff , ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Chinese ▁Mathemat ics ▁▁ ▁Category : Ch inese ▁mathematics ▁Category : Math emat ical ▁tools ▁Category : S cience ▁and ▁technology ▁in ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Human ities ▁Research ▁Institute ▁( U CH RI ), ▁is ▁a ▁human ities ▁research ▁inst itute ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁head qu arter ed ▁at ▁the ▁U C ▁Ir v ine ▁campus . ▁It ▁prom otes ▁collaboration ▁and ▁inter dis cipl inar ity ▁through ▁supporting ▁work ▁by ▁teams ▁of ▁research ers ▁from ▁varying ▁fields ▁both ▁within ▁and ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁U C ▁system |
. ▁David ▁The o ▁Gold berg , ▁was ▁appointed ▁Director ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Human ities ▁Research ▁Institute ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Ir v ine ▁Category : H uman ities ▁instit utes <0x0A> </s> ▁Co al ▁Branch ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁un in cor por ated ▁community , ▁located ▁in ▁Kent ▁County , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick . ▁The ▁community ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁sout he astern ▁New ▁Brun sw ick , ▁to ▁the ▁north west ▁of ▁Mon ct on . ▁Co al ▁Branch ▁is ▁located ▁mainly ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁Route ▁ 1 2 6 ▁and ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁Route ▁ 4 6 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Co al ▁Branch ▁River . ▁ ▁Co al ▁Branch ▁is ▁a ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Rich ib uct o ▁River . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁far ming ▁and ▁l umber ing ▁community ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁Co al ▁Branch ▁was ▁a ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Inter colon ial ▁Railway ▁and ▁a ▁far ming ▁and ▁l umber ing ▁settlement ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁existed ▁there ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Co al ▁Branch ▁River ▁was ▁once ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁coal ▁min ing ▁operations ▁with ▁the ▁Be ers ville ▁Co al ▁and ▁Railway ▁Company . ▁ ▁Places ▁of ▁note ▁The ▁community ▁also |
▁has ▁a ▁community ▁center , ▁soft ball ▁field ▁and ▁local ▁churches . ▁ ▁Border ing ▁communities ▁Cla ir ville , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁Bir ch ▁R idge , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁Adams ville , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁ ▁Adams ville , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁communities ▁in ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁ ▁Category : Comm un ities ▁in ▁Kent ▁County , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick <0x0A> </s> ▁" In ▁the ▁Dark " ▁is ▁a ▁hit ▁song ▁written ▁and ▁performed ▁by ▁American ▁rock ▁singer ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁Billy ▁S quier . ▁ ▁It ▁appeared ▁as ▁the ▁opening ▁track ▁of ▁his ▁Tri ple ▁Pl atin um ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁album ▁Don ' t ▁Say ▁No , ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁from ▁that ▁album , ▁following ▁" The ▁St roke ". ▁It ▁reached ▁number ▁ 3 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁chart , ▁and ▁# 7 ▁on ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁Main stream ▁Rock ▁Tra cks ▁chart . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁S quier ' s ▁Top ▁ 4 0 ▁hits ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁Village ▁Vo ice ▁magazine ▁ranked ▁the ▁song ▁at ▁# 6 ▁on ▁their ▁list ▁ 2 0 ▁Best ▁Arena ▁Rock ▁Songs ▁of ▁All ▁Time . ▁ ▁Chart ▁positions ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁singles ▁Category : B illy ▁S quier ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Billy ▁S |
quier ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Rein hold ▁Mack ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁songs ▁Category : Cap it ol ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Hend ▁K he era ▁() ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Egypt ian ▁street ▁artist ▁whose ▁work ▁features ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁st enc ils ▁and ▁s log ans . ▁She ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁Egypt ' s ▁street - art ▁bo om ▁since ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁u pr ising . ▁K he era ▁has ▁been ▁an ▁active ▁particip ant ▁in ▁anti - sex ual ▁har ass ment ▁campaign ▁in ▁Egypt ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁Mass ▁sexual ▁assault ▁in ▁Egypt ▁ ▁Biography ▁Hend ▁K he era ▁first ▁rose ▁to ▁prom in ence ▁as ▁an ▁artist ▁after ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁revolution ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁While ▁studying ▁at ▁university , ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁fashion ▁designer . ▁She ▁now ▁works ▁as ▁a ▁struct ural ▁engineer , ▁but ▁continues ▁to ▁use ▁gra ff iti ▁as ▁an ▁out let ▁for ▁her ▁cre ative ▁side . ▁ ▁Hend ▁K he era ▁painted ▁st enc ils ▁around ▁T ah rir ▁square ▁during ▁sit - ins ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . She ▁also ▁launched ▁a ▁gra ff iti ▁campaign ▁against ▁sexual ▁har ass ment ▁in ▁C airo ▁and ▁her ▁work ▁features ▁prominent ▁issues ▁facing ▁women ▁in ▁Egypt ian ▁society ▁today . ▁ ▁Work ▁Hend ▁K he era ' s ▁work ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁M |
og amma , ▁Egypt ' s ▁administrative ▁building ▁in ▁T ah rir ▁Square ▁and ▁other ▁streets ▁throughout ▁C airo . ▁Her ▁work ▁port ray s ▁her ▁personal ▁struggle ▁as ▁a ▁woman ▁and ▁push es ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁what ▁is ▁soci ally ▁acceptable ▁in ▁Egypt ian ▁society . ▁Hend ▁K he era ▁began ▁creating ▁most ▁of ▁her ▁famous ▁pieces ▁during ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁revolution ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁that ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁C airo ▁in ▁January ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Ar ound ▁this ▁time , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁rise ▁in ▁street ▁art ▁with ▁street ▁artist ▁such ▁as ▁K he era ▁vo icing ▁their ▁st ance ▁through ▁their ▁art . ▁Hend ▁K he era ' s ▁feature ▁on ▁the ▁Rol ling ▁Stone ▁magazine ▁allowed ▁her ▁work ▁to ▁receive ▁recognition , ▁as ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁gra ff iti ▁artist ▁to ▁be ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁Rol ling ▁Stone . ▁Another ▁local ▁Egypt ian ▁artist , ▁Mira ▁Sh ih ade h ▁and ▁K he era ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁sexual ▁har ass ment ▁movement ▁in ▁Egypt ▁through ▁street ▁art . ▁In ▁her ▁Rol ling ▁stones , ▁article ▁that ▁featured ▁K he era ▁she ▁was ▁quoted ▁as ▁saying , ▁" ▁a ▁wall ▁is ▁more ▁powerful ▁than ▁a ▁media ▁channel , ▁for ▁example , ▁because ▁you ▁can ' t ▁ignore ▁it ." ▁▁ ▁Through ▁her ▁art , ▁she ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁anti - sex ual ▁har ass ment ▁campaign s , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁most ▁well - known ▁pieces ▁is ▁based ▁on |
▁the ▁trial ▁of ▁Sam ira ▁I bra him , ▁who ▁took ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁court ▁in ▁August ▁last ▁year ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁her ▁strip - search ▁by ▁a ▁military ▁doctor ▁after ▁she ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁women ▁were ▁det ained ▁at ▁a ▁protest ▁in ▁T ah rir ▁Square , ▁then ▁vide ot aped ▁while ▁the ▁doctor ▁viol ated ▁them . ▁K he era ' s ▁work ▁is ▁a ▁provoc ative ▁st enci led ▁outline ▁of ▁a ▁woman , ▁crossed ▁out ▁in ▁red , ▁with ▁the ▁ca ption , ▁" Don ' t ▁touch . ▁Cas tr ation ▁a wa its ." ▁ ▁Another ▁of ▁her ▁most ▁well - known ▁pieces ▁features ▁Jesus ▁about ▁to ▁get ▁run ▁over , ▁standing ▁with ▁his ▁back ▁turned ▁to ▁a ▁r amp aging ▁tank ▁while ▁holding ▁up ▁a ▁blank ▁sign ▁in ▁protest . ▁This ▁piece ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁Town house ▁Gallery ▁exhibition ▁titled ▁" This ▁is ▁not ▁Gra ff iti ." ▁▁▁ ▁Her ▁main ▁influ ences ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁books ▁and ▁films , ▁rather ▁than ▁other ▁artists . ▁She ▁has ▁used ▁certain ▁characters ▁from ▁literature ▁and ▁cinema ▁in ▁her ▁work ▁including ▁Hend ▁Rost om , ▁the ▁famous ▁Egypt ian ▁actress ▁who ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁' Mar il yn ▁Mon roe ▁of ▁Egypt ' ▁and ▁Ah med ▁Z aki , ▁an ▁Egypt ian ▁actor ▁who ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁classic ▁movie ▁' The ▁Es cape '. ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Rol ling ▁Stone , ▁Hend ▁K he era ▁stated ▁that |
▁her ▁street ▁art ▁has ▁never ▁caused ▁her ▁trouble ▁with ▁the ▁authorities . However , ▁some ▁of ▁her ▁art work ▁has ▁been ▁covered ▁up ▁or ▁removed ▁by ▁authorities ▁and ▁she ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁by ▁some ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁who ▁find ▁her ▁work ▁too ▁off ensive . ▁Other ▁artist ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁have ▁also ▁cred ited ▁Hend ▁K he era ▁for ▁insp iring ▁their ▁work . ▁ ▁Ex hib itions ▁K he era ▁also ▁has ▁been ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁" Under pass ▁in ▁the ▁E yes ▁of ▁Fre edom " ▁Ex hib it ▁at ▁Union ▁Deport ▁in ▁Min ne apolis ▁ ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁Sept . ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁This ▁is ▁Not ▁Gra ff iti , ▁collect ive ▁exhibition ▁in ▁Town house ▁Gallery , ▁Egypt . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Map ▁of ▁selected ▁works ▁by ▁Hend ▁K he era ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : E gypt ian ▁gra ff iti ▁artists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁C airo ▁Category : W omen ▁gra ff iti ▁artists ▁Category : E gypt ian ▁contemporary ▁artists ▁Category : E gypt ian ▁women ▁artists ▁Category : W omen ▁m ural ists <0x0A> </s> ▁C ele br ity ▁Equ ino x ▁is ▁a ▁Sol st ice - class ▁cru ise ▁ship ▁built ▁by ▁Meyer ▁Wer ft ▁in ▁Germany . ▁C ele br ity ▁Equ ino x ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁Sol st ice - class ▁vessels , ▁owned |
▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁C ele br ity ▁Cru ises . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁sister ▁ship ▁of ▁C ele br ity ▁Sol st ice , ▁C ele br ity ▁Eclipse , ▁C ele br ity ▁Sil hou ette , ▁and ▁the ▁C ele br ity ▁Ref lection . ▁C ele br ity ▁Equ ino x ▁entered ▁commercial ▁service ▁for ▁C ele br ity ▁Cru ises ▁on ▁July ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁▁ ▁Kate ▁McC ue ▁was ▁Captain ▁of ▁the ▁Equ ino x ▁until ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁American ▁woman ▁to ▁be ▁captain ▁of ▁a ▁" m ega " ▁cru ise ▁ship . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁ ▁The ▁vessel ▁includes ▁a ▁the ater ▁and ▁a ▁la wn ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁real ▁grass ▁between ▁the ▁ships ▁fun n els ▁where ▁cro quet ▁can ▁be ▁played . ▁ ▁C ele br ity ▁Equ ino x ▁was ▁ref itted ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁It iner aries ▁ ▁Currently ▁the ▁C ele br ity ▁Equ ino x ▁s ails ▁to ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁and ▁the ▁Bah am as ▁year - round ▁from ▁its ▁home port ▁at ▁Fort ▁La ud erd ale , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁Meyer ▁Wer ft ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : C ru ise ▁ships ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Pap enburg ▁Equ ino x ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁Walter ▁Edward ▁Gu in ness , ▁ 1 |
st ▁Baron ▁Mo y ne , ▁D SO ▁& ▁Bar , ▁PC ▁( 2 9 ▁March ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁– ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Ang lo - I r ish ▁politician ▁and ▁business man . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁British ▁minister ▁of ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁until ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁assass in ated ▁by ▁the ▁Jewish ▁terror ist ▁group ▁Le hi . ▁The ▁assass ination ▁of ▁Lord ▁Mo y ne ▁sent ▁shock ▁waves ▁through ▁Palest ine ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁& ▁family ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Dublin , ▁Ireland , ▁the ▁third ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁I ve agh . ▁His ▁family ▁homes ▁were ▁at ▁Farm le igh ▁near ▁Dublin , ▁and ▁at ▁El ved en ▁in ▁Su ff olk . ▁At ▁E ton , ▁Gu in ness ▁was ▁elected ▁head ▁of ▁' Pop ', ▁a ▁self - app oint ing ▁group ▁whose ▁members ▁have ▁a ▁status ▁similar ▁to ▁school ▁pre fect s , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁appointed ▁as ▁Captain ▁of ▁Bo ats . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 3 , ▁Gu in ness ▁married ▁Lady ▁Ev ely n ▁H ilda ▁Stuart ▁Er sk ine ▁( 1 8 8 3 – 1 9 3 9 ), ▁third ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sh i ple y ▁Gordon ▁Stuart ▁Er sk ine , ▁ 1 4 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Buch an . |
▁They ▁had ▁three ▁children : ▁▁ ▁Bry an ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron ▁Mo y ne ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁died ▁ 6 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Hon ▁M urt og h ▁David ▁Gu in ness ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁died ▁ 3 0 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Hon ▁Gran ia ▁Me ve ▁Rosa ura ▁Gu in ness ▁( born ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁died ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 ), ▁married ▁O sw ald ▁Ph ipp s , ▁ 4 th ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Norman by ▁and ▁had ▁issue ▁including ▁Const antine ▁Ph ipp s , ▁ 5 th ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Norman by . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁Gu in ness ▁joined ▁the ▁ye oman ry ▁regiment ▁The ▁Lo yal ▁Su ff olk ▁H uss ars ▁as ▁a ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁and ▁volunte ered ▁for ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War , ▁commission ed ▁as ▁a ▁lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 4 th ▁( S uff olk ) ▁company ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁Battalion ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Ye oman ry ▁on ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁The ▁company ▁left ▁London ▁on ▁the ▁SS ▁Corn wall ▁for ▁South ▁Africa ▁in ▁early ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 0 |
, ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁service ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁honor ary ▁rank ▁of ▁captain ▁in ▁the ▁army . ▁According ▁to ▁Wilson , ▁" they ▁had ▁a ▁devil - may - care ▁eth os ▁and ▁dist aste ▁for ▁military ▁discipline ▁... ▁they ▁made ▁light ning ▁ra ids ▁on ▁Af rik an er ▁positions ; ▁they ▁sk irm ished ▁ahead ▁of ▁adv ancing ▁columns ." ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁led ▁by ▁Major - General ▁Hamilton , ▁they ▁assault ed ▁the ▁r idge ▁at ▁Do orn kop , ▁though ▁Gu in ness ▁was ▁wounded ▁immediately ▁after ▁the ▁battle ▁in ▁mo pping - up ▁at ▁Wit po ort j ie . ▁For ▁his ▁war ▁effort , ▁he ▁was ▁M ention ed ▁in ▁Des patch es ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁South ▁Africa ▁Medal ▁with ▁four ▁clas ps . ▁Following ▁the ▁war , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁substant ive ▁rank ▁of ▁lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁Su ff olk ▁Imperial ▁Ye oman ry ▁( the ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ' s ▁O wn ▁Lo yal ▁Su ff olk ▁H uss ars ) ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁and ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁substant ive ▁rank ▁of ▁captain ▁the ▁next ▁month , ▁on ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁ ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁he ▁served ▁with ▁distinction ▁in ▁the ▁Su ff olk ▁Ye oman ry ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁and ▁at ▁Gal lip oli . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁Brigade ▁Major ▁in ▁the ▁ |
2 5 th ▁division ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁In ▁the ▁fighting ▁around ▁Pass ch end ae le , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁D SO ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁and ▁a ▁bar ▁to ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁during ▁the ▁German ▁Spring ▁Off ensive , ▁for ▁personal ▁bra very , ▁which ▁was ▁rare ▁for ▁an ▁elected ▁politician . ▁He ▁ended ▁the ▁war ▁as ▁a ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 6 th ▁division . ▁His ▁la con ic ▁war ▁di aries ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁edited ▁by ▁Professor ▁Brian ▁Bond . ▁ ▁Early ▁political ▁career ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁general ▁election ▁as ▁a ▁Conserv ative ▁candidate , ▁he ▁un success fully ▁cont ested ▁St ow market , ▁a ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁family ▁estate . ▁ ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁Gu in ness ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁London ▁County ▁Council ▁on ▁which ▁he ▁sat ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁also , ▁at ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁by - e lection , ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁as ▁Conserv ative ▁member ▁for ▁B ury ▁St ▁Edmund s , ▁which ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁represent ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁He ▁took ▁the ▁conserv ative ▁line ▁on ▁Home ▁Rule ▁for ▁Ireland , ▁suff rag ism ▁and ▁reform ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 2 , |
▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁magazine ▁Gu in ness ▁owned , ▁The ▁Out look , ▁broke ▁the ▁Mar con i ▁sc andal , ▁acc using ▁Lloyd ▁George ▁and ▁other ▁Liberal ▁minister s ▁of ▁share ▁fra ud s . ▁Other ▁publications ▁developed ▁the ▁story , ▁but ▁it ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁proven ▁even ▁after ▁length y ▁debate . ▁When ▁his ▁role ▁was ▁deb ated , ▁Gu in ness ▁explained ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁on ▁saf ari ▁in ▁Africa ▁at ▁the ▁start , ▁and ▁that ▁his ▁editor ' s ▁target ▁was ▁in e ffic iency , ▁not ▁cor ruption . ▁He ▁visited ▁eastern ▁An atol ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁reported ▁that ▁Armen ians ▁were ▁being ▁armed ▁secret ly ▁by ▁Russia . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁reduced ▁Gu in ness ' s ▁attend ances ▁and ▁oppon ents ▁accused ▁him ▁of ▁cow ard ice ▁for ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁at ▁all . ▁In ▁a ▁he ated ▁Arm ist ice ▁speech , ▁he ▁ins isted ▁that ▁Germany ▁pay ▁full ▁war ▁re par ations , ▁that ▁no ▁t ies ▁be ▁made ▁with ▁Russian ▁B ols he v ism , ▁and ▁that ▁“ Since ▁the ▁days ▁of ▁Mah omet ▁no ▁proph et ▁has ▁been ▁listened ▁to ▁with ▁more ▁super st it ious ▁respect ▁than ▁has ▁President ▁Wilson ” ▁( of ▁the ▁USA ). ▁Irish ▁political ▁develop ments ▁after ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁were ▁a ▁concern ▁as ▁the ▁Gu in ness ▁business ▁was ▁in ▁Dublin . ▁During ▁the ▁E aster ▁Reb ell ion ▁the ▁bre wer y ▁first - |
a id ▁teams ▁helped ▁both ▁sides . ▁The ▁Gu in ness es ▁were ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁S inn ▁F é in ▁reb els , ▁who ▁ha iled ▁the ▁Central ▁Pow ers ▁as ▁" g all ant ▁al lies ." ▁This ▁attitude ▁had ▁to ▁change , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁deb ates ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁which ▁established ▁the ▁Irish ▁Free ▁State , ▁he ▁said ▁he ▁preferred ▁" a ▁sli pp ery ▁slope ▁to ▁a ▁precip ice " ▁and ▁voted ▁in ▁favour . ▁Despite ▁their ▁politics , ▁during ▁the ▁Irish ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁Civil ▁War ▁his ▁family ▁was ▁popular ▁enough ▁to ▁escape ▁loss ▁or ▁injury . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁the ▁Chan ak ▁crisis ▁caused ▁the ▁coal ition ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Lloyd ▁George ▁to ▁step ▁down ▁unexpected ly ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁Bon ar ▁Law . ▁Gu in ness ' s ▁comments ▁on ▁Turkey ▁were ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁debate ; ▁he ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁adm ire ▁At at ür k , ▁despite ▁serving ▁at ▁Gal lip oli ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Under - Secret ary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁War ▁under ▁Lord ▁Derby . ▁There after , ▁his ▁pron oun c ements ▁appear ▁less ▁dog m atic . ▁He ▁lost ▁office ▁when ▁a ▁Labour ▁government ▁came ▁to ▁power ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁but ▁the ▁following ▁month , ▁Gu in ness ▁was ▁sw orn ▁of ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council . ▁ ▁Though ▁they ▁had ▁generally ▁been ▁political ▁oppon ents ▁in |
▁ 1 9 0 7 – 2 1 , ▁Gu in ness ' s ▁working ▁political ▁relationship ▁with ▁W inst on ▁Church ill ▁started ▁after ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁election ▁victory ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁Fin an cial ▁Secretary ▁under ▁Church ill , ▁the ▁new ▁Chan cell or . ▁T ogether , ▁they ▁put ▁the ▁P ound ▁ster ling ▁back ▁on ▁the ▁gold ▁standard ; ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁pride , ▁but ▁not ▁a ▁policy ▁that ▁last ed ▁for ▁long . ▁A ▁minister ial ▁vac ancy ▁enabled ▁him ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁from ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁until ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁where ▁his ▁main ▁success ▁was ▁in ▁increasing ▁the ▁sugar ▁be et ▁area . ▁The ▁first ▁be et ▁processing ▁factory ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁his ▁constitu ency , ▁partly ▁on ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁Martin ▁Ne umann ▁( a ▁grand father ▁of ▁Stephen ▁F ry ), ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁manager ▁there . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁defeat ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁ret ire ▁from ▁office . ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁stand ▁for ▁re - e lection ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁election ▁and ▁was ▁created ▁Baron ▁Mo y ne , ▁of ▁B ury ▁St ▁Edmund s ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁Su ff olk ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁ ▁Business ▁and ▁char itable ▁interests ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁adult ▁life , ▁Mo y ne |
▁was ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁bre wing ▁firm ▁Gu in ness , ▁established ▁at ▁the ▁St . ▁James ' s ▁Gate ▁Bre wer y ▁by ▁his ▁great - gre at - grand father ▁Arthur ▁Gu in ness ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 . ▁The ▁firm ▁had ▁been ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁by ▁his ▁father . ▁ ▁Mo y ne ▁also ▁established ▁British ▁Pacific ▁Properties ▁in ▁V ancouver , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada . ▁There ▁he ▁commission ed ▁the ▁Lion ' s ▁Gate ▁Bridge , ▁then ▁the ▁longest ▁bridge ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Empire , ▁which ▁was ▁opened ▁by ▁King ▁George ▁VI ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁trust ee ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁char itable ▁housing ▁trust s ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁his ▁father , ▁the ▁Gu in ness ▁Trust ▁in ▁London ▁( est ab lished ▁ 1 8 8 8 ) ▁and ▁the ▁I ve agh ▁Trust ▁in ▁Dublin ▁( est ab lished ▁ 1 8 9 0 ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 7 – 2 8 , ▁he ▁helped ▁ar range ▁the ▁gift ▁to ▁the ▁nation ▁of ▁Ken wood ▁House ▁which ▁contains ▁his ▁father ' s ▁art ▁collection . ▁ ▁Y ach ts ▁ ▁Ar pha ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁Gu in ness ▁bought ▁the ▁passenger ▁fer ry ▁SS ▁Can ter bury ▁from ▁the ▁Southern ▁Railway . ▁She ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁steam ▁y acht ▁and ▁renamed ▁Ar pha . ▁She ▁was ▁sold ▁to |
▁S ark ▁Motor ships ▁Ltd ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁R ous sal ka ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁Gu in ness ▁bought ▁the ▁passenger ▁fer ry ▁SS ▁Bright on ▁from ▁the ▁Southern ▁Railway . ▁She ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁dies el ▁power ▁and ▁renamed ▁R ous sal ka . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁R ous sal ka ▁was ▁w reck ed ▁in ▁Kill ary ▁Bay ▁but ▁all ▁on ▁board ▁were ▁res cu ed . ▁ ▁Rosa ura ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁Mo y ne ▁purchased ▁the ▁passenger ▁fer ry ▁SS ▁Die ppe ▁from ▁the ▁Southern ▁Railway . ▁She ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁dies el ▁power ▁and ▁renamed ▁Rosa ura . ▁He ▁used ▁this ▁boat ▁for ▁social ▁cru ises , ▁including ▁a ▁voyage ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁from ▁Marse ille ▁on ▁to ▁Greece ▁and ▁Be ir ut ▁with ▁the ▁Church ills ▁as ▁his ▁guests ▁of ▁honour . ▁From ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁he ▁vent ured ▁further ▁to ▁the ▁Pacific , ▁with ▁Clement ine ▁Church ill ▁as ▁a ▁guest , ▁and ▁brought ▁the ▁first ▁living ▁Kom odo ▁drag on ▁back ▁to ▁Britain . ▁He ▁wrote ▁two ▁books ▁about ▁the ▁cult ures ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁encountered ▁in ▁thousands ▁of ▁miles ▁of ▁travel ▁around ▁the ▁Pacific , ▁Indian ▁and ▁Atlantic ▁o ce ans . ▁They ▁are ▁now ▁quite ▁rare : ▁Walk about ; ▁a ▁J our ney ▁between ▁the ▁Pacific ▁and ▁Indian ▁o ce |
ans ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁and ▁Atlantic ▁Circle ▁( 1 9 3 8 ). ▁ ▁The ▁Rosa ura ▁explains ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁closer ▁t ies ▁to ▁W inst on ▁Church ill , ▁which ▁were ▁to ▁result ▁in ▁his ▁un tim ely ▁death . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁they ▁agreed ▁that ▁the ▁government ▁policies ▁of ▁dro pping ▁the ▁P ound ▁ster ling ▁off ▁the ▁gold ▁standard ▁and ▁de - rating ▁to ▁co pe ▁with ▁the ▁Great ▁De pression ▁were ▁in ade qu ate , ▁along ▁with ▁propos als ▁for ▁domin ion ▁status ▁for ▁India . ▁When ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁coal ition ▁government ▁was ▁formed , ▁their ▁critic isms ▁meant ▁that ▁as ▁former ▁minister s ▁they ▁were ▁now ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁political ▁cold . ▁From ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁they ▁also ▁war ned ▁about ▁Hitler ' s ▁rise ▁to ▁power ▁and ▁German ▁re arm ament . ▁ ▁His ▁t ies ▁to ▁Church ill ▁were ▁also ▁strength ened ▁through ▁" The ▁Other ▁Club ," ▁an ▁inform al ▁d ining ▁club ▁for ▁polit icians ▁in ▁London ▁that ▁Church ill ▁had ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁and ▁that ▁Mo y ne ▁later ▁joined . ▁A ▁rule ▁was ▁that ▁members ▁had ▁to ▁freely ▁express ▁their ▁opinions . ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁there ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁when ▁the ▁bad ▁news ▁came ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Ne ville ▁Chamber lain ' s ▁capit ulation ▁to ▁Hitler ▁at ▁Mun ich . ▁Also |
▁present ▁were ▁Br end an ▁Bra cken , ▁Lloyd ▁George , ▁Bob ▁Bo oth by , ▁D uff ▁Cooper , ▁J . L . ▁Gar vin , ▁editor ▁of ▁The ▁Ob server , ▁and ▁Walter ▁Elli ot . ▁" W inst on ▁r anted ▁and ▁ra ved , ▁vent ing ▁his ▁s ple en ▁on ▁the ▁two ▁government ▁minister s ▁present ▁and ▁demand ing ▁to ▁know ▁how ▁they ▁could ▁support ▁a ▁policy ▁that ▁was ▁' s ord id , ▁squ al id , ▁sub - human ▁and ▁suic idal .' " ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁they ▁still ▁shared ▁the ▁minor ity ▁view ▁in ▁parliament ; ▁the ▁majority ▁agreed ▁with ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁cousin - in - law ▁' Ch ips ' ▁Ch annon ▁MP , ▁who ▁recorded ▁about ▁the ▁Mun ich ▁that ▁" the ▁whole ▁world ▁rejo ices ▁whilst ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁mal contents ▁je er ." ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁just ▁before ▁the ▁Mun ich ▁crisis , ▁Church ill ▁wrote ▁an ▁oft - re pe ated ▁comment ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Mo y ne : ▁" O wing ▁to ▁the ▁neglect ▁of ▁our ▁def ences ▁and ▁the ▁m ish and ling ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁problem ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁five ▁years , ▁we ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁very ▁near ▁the ▁ble ak ▁choice ▁between ▁War ▁and ▁Sh ame . ▁My ▁feeling ▁is ▁that ▁we ▁shall ▁choose ▁Sh ame , ▁and ▁then ▁have ▁War ▁thrown ▁in ▁a ▁little ▁later , ▁on ▁even ▁more ▁ad verse |
▁terms ▁than ▁at ▁present ." ▁ ▁Later ▁political ▁career ▁ ▁Even ▁though ▁an ▁elev ation ▁to ▁the ▁L ords ▁ends ▁many ▁political ▁lives , ▁Mo y ne ▁spent ▁part ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁in ▁the ▁col ony ▁of ▁Ken ya ▁over see ing ▁its ▁fin ances . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁he ▁cha ired ▁a ▁parliament ary ▁committee ▁super vis ing ▁English ▁sl um ▁clear ances , ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁his ▁experience ▁gained ▁in ▁his ▁family ' s ▁char itable ▁trust s ▁mentioned ▁above . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Royal ▁Commission ▁exam ining ▁Dur ham ▁University , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁committee ▁investig ating ▁the ▁British ▁film ▁industry . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁appointed ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁Royal ▁Commission , ▁which ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁investigate ▁how ▁best ▁the ▁British ▁colon ies ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁should ▁be ▁govern ed , ▁after ▁labour ▁un rest . ▁The ▁Report ▁and ▁notes ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁are ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁PRO ▁at ▁K ew , ▁London . ▁ ▁Just ▁before ▁he ▁returned ▁from ▁the ▁Car ib bean , ▁his ▁wife ▁Ev ely n ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁Mo y ne ▁sought ▁the ▁intern ment ▁of ▁D iana ▁Mos |
ley , ▁his ▁former ▁daughter - in - law , ▁who ▁had ▁left ▁his ▁son ▁Bry an ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁She ▁had ▁rem ar ried ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁in ▁Berlin ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁fasc ist ▁leader ▁Sir ▁O sw ald ▁Mos ley , ▁with ▁Hitler ▁and ▁Go ebb els ▁as ▁witness es . ▁File ▁No ▁K V ▁ 2 / 1 3 6 3 ▁at ▁the ▁PRO , ▁K ew , ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁collection ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁on ▁British ▁right - wing ▁extrem ists . ▁The ▁PRO ' s ▁on - line ▁archiv ist ▁notes ▁that ▁“ D iana ▁Mos ley ▁was ▁not ▁intern ed ▁on ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁war , ▁and ▁remained ▁at ▁liberty ▁for ▁some ▁time . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁Home ▁Office ▁letter ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁explaining ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary ' s ▁decision ▁not ▁to ▁intern ▁her ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁and ▁then ▁correspond ence ▁from ▁her ▁former ▁father - in - law , ▁Lord ▁Mo y ne , ▁which ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁resulted ▁in ▁her ▁det ention ▁the ▁following ▁month .” ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁friend ▁Church ill ▁had ▁become ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁last ▁letter , ▁dated ▁ 2 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁is ▁quoted ▁in ▁Anne ▁de ▁Cour cy ' s ▁book ▁on ▁D iana ▁Mos ley . ▁Later ▁that ▁day |
▁her ▁order ▁of ▁det ention ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁J . S . ▁H ale , ▁a ▁principal ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State . ▁ ▁From ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁given ▁Hitler ' s ▁In vas ion ▁of ▁Poland ▁( 1 9 3 9 ), ▁Mo y ne ▁cha ired ▁the ▁Polish ▁Rel ief ▁Fund ▁in ▁London ▁and ▁gave ▁over ▁his ▁London ▁house ▁at ▁ 1 1 ▁Gros ven or ▁Place , ▁in ▁Bel gra via ▁near ▁Buck ingham ▁Palace , ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Polish ▁officers . ▁From ▁the ▁elev ation ▁of ▁Church ill ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Mo y ne ▁held ▁several ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁Church ill ▁war ▁min istry , ▁starting ▁with ▁a ▁J oint ▁Secretary ship ▁in ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Agricult ure . ▁In ▁a ▁cabinet ▁res h uffle ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁he ▁took ▁on ▁his ▁post ▁in ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Office ▁and ▁led ▁the ▁Church ill ▁government ' s ▁business ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords , ▁with ▁the ▁honor ific ▁title ▁of ▁Le ader ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords . ▁ ▁L arg ely ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁his ▁travel s ▁and ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies , ▁Lord ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁appointed ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁the ▁Col on ies ▁by ▁Church ill , ▁serving ▁from ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁to ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁next ▁appointed ▁Deput y |
▁Res ident ▁Minister ▁of ▁State ▁in ▁C airo ▁from ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁to ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁Minister - Res ident ▁for ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁from ▁then ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁Within ▁the ▁British ▁system ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁this ▁meant ▁control ▁over ▁Pers ia , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁including ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine , ▁and ▁Africa . ▁The ▁main ▁task ▁was ▁to ▁ensure ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁A xis ▁forces ▁in ▁North ▁Africa , ▁princip ally ▁the ▁A frika ▁Kor ps ▁led ▁by ▁General ▁R omm el . ▁Another ▁concern ▁was ▁the ▁influence ▁on ▁Arab ▁opinion ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Mu ft i , ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 – 1 9 3 9 ▁Arab ▁revol t ▁in ▁Palest ine , ▁who ▁had ▁moved ▁on ▁to ▁Naz i ▁German ▁san ctu ary ▁in ▁Berlin ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁Mo y ne , ▁Jews ▁and ▁Palest ine ▁ ▁View s ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁views ▁were ▁partly ▁out lined ▁in ▁a ▁speech ▁about ▁rec ruit ment ▁of ▁Jews ▁into ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁on ▁ 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁Mo y ne ▁said ▁that : ▁The ▁Government ▁have ▁already ▁explained ▁what ▁has ▁been ▁done ▁to ▁arm ▁the ▁Jews ▁for ▁the ▁legit imate ▁purpose ▁of ▁self - def ence , ▁and ▁we ▁shall ▁no ▁doubt ▁hear ▁from ▁the ▁noble ▁Lord , ▁Lord ▁Cro ft , ▁to - day ▁how ▁that |
▁process ▁has ▁continued ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁few ▁weeks ; ▁but ▁is ▁it ▁not ▁clear ▁that ▁Lord ▁Mel ch ett ▁and ▁the ▁responsible ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁in ▁this ▁country ▁generally ▁seek ▁to ▁be ▁saved ▁from ▁Lord ▁Wed g wood ▁in ▁his ▁attempt ▁to ▁make ▁political ▁capital ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁desire ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁to ▁do ▁their ▁ut most ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁freedom ▁against ▁Naz i ▁ty ran ny ? ▁ ▁However ▁he ▁opposed ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁specifically ▁Jewish ▁army ▁units ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁" part ly ▁to ▁avoid ▁off ending ▁Arab ▁sens ib ilities ." ▁ ▁In ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁settlement ▁he ▁said : ▁ ▁It ▁must ▁surely ▁have ▁a ▁de pl or able ▁effect ▁upon ▁our ▁Al lies ▁to ▁be ▁told ▁by ▁an ▁ex - C ab inet ▁Minister ▁that ▁the ▁Palest ine ▁Administration ▁do ▁not ▁like ▁Jews , ▁and ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁enough ▁anti - Sem ites ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁to ▁back ▁up ▁the ▁Hitler ▁policy ▁and ▁spirit . ▁This ▁suggestion ▁is ▁a ▁complete ▁revers al ▁of ▁the ▁truth . ▁If ▁a ▁comparison ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁with ▁the ▁Naz is , ▁it ▁is ▁surely ▁those ▁who ▁wish ▁to ▁force ▁an ▁imported ▁rég ime ▁upon ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁who ▁are ▁guilty ▁of ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁ag gression ▁and ▁dom ination . ▁Lord ▁Wed g wood ' s ▁proposal ▁that ▁Arab s ▁should ▁be ▁sub j ug ated ▁by ▁force ▁to ▁a ▁Jewish ▁rég ime ▁is ▁incons istent ▁with ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Char ter , ▁and |
▁that ▁ought ▁to ▁be ▁told ▁to ▁America . ▁The ▁second ▁principle ▁of ▁that ▁Char ter ▁l ays ▁down ▁that ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁ourselves ▁desire ▁to ▁see ▁no ▁territorial ▁changes ▁that ▁do ▁not ▁accord ▁with ▁the ▁freely ▁expressed ▁wishes ▁of ▁the ▁pe op les ▁concerned ; ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁principle ▁l ays ▁down ▁that ▁they ▁respect ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁all ▁pe op les ▁to ▁choose ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁Government ▁under ▁which ▁they ▁will ▁live . ▁ ▁British ▁policy ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁on ▁imm igration ▁followed ▁the ▁White ▁P aper ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁Ch arg es ▁against ▁Mo y ne , ▁ampl ified ▁by ▁Le hi ▁propag anda , ▁included ▁that ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁host ile ▁to ▁Jewish ▁settlement ▁in ▁Palest ine ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁support ▁of ▁an ▁Arab ▁feder ation ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁made ▁speech es ▁containing ▁ant is emit ic ▁language , ▁including ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁where ▁he ▁suggested ▁that ▁Arab s ▁should ▁get ▁so vere ig nt y ▁over ▁Palest ine ▁as ▁the ▁Arab ▁race ▁was ▁" p urer " ▁than ▁the ▁" m ixed " ▁Jewish ▁race . ▁This ▁opinion ▁was ▁supported ▁by ▁A . S . ▁Ye h uda ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁School ▁for ▁Social ▁Research ▁who ▁wrote ▁that ▁Mo y ne ▁taught ▁the ▁Arab s ▁rac ism ▁against ▁Jews . ▁However , ▁according ▁to ▁historian ▁Bernard ▁Wasser stein , ▁both ▁these ▁charges ▁are ▁false . ▁Mo y ne ▁believed ▁in |
▁a ▁feder ation ▁of ▁Palest ine , ▁Trans j ord an ▁and ▁Sy ria , ▁but ▁only ▁conditional ▁on ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state . ▁Of ▁ra cial ▁pur ity , ▁Wasser stein ▁wrote , ▁" In ▁fact , ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁speech , ▁when ▁ ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁his ▁known ▁views ▁on ▁matters ▁of ▁race ▁can ▁be ▁shown ▁to ▁contradict ▁this ▁interpretation ▁totally ." ▁Mo y ne , ▁an ▁amateur ▁anth rop ologist , ▁believed ▁that ▁ra cially ▁inter m ixed ▁groups ▁were ▁more ▁advanced ▁than ▁the ▁" prim itive " ▁ra cially ▁pure ▁groups ▁like ▁the ▁n atives ▁of ▁New ▁Guinea . ▁ ▁Palest ine ▁partition ▁propos als ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁a ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Cab inet ▁had ▁proposed ▁a ▁partition ▁of ▁Palest ine ▁after ▁the ▁war , ▁based ▁lo os ely ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁Pe el ▁Commission ▁proposal . ▁The ▁plan ▁included ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state , ▁a ▁small ▁resid ual ▁mand atory ▁area ▁under ▁British ▁control , ▁and ▁an ▁Arab ▁state ▁to ▁be ▁joined ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁Arab ▁feder ation ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁Sy ria . ▁The ▁Cab inet ▁approved ▁the ▁plan ▁in ▁principle ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁but ▁it ▁faced ▁severe ▁opposition ▁from ▁the ▁Foreign ▁Secretary ▁Anthony ▁E den ▁among ▁others . ▁" M oy ne ' s ▁position ▁differ ed ▁from ▁that ▁of ▁nearly ▁all ▁the ▁British ▁civil ▁and ▁military ▁officials ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East : ▁the ▁cons ensus |
▁of ▁British ▁official ▁opinion ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁opposed ▁partition ▁and ▁opposed ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state ; ▁Mo y ne ▁supported ▁both ." ▁The ▁partition ▁plan ▁was ▁before ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁for ▁final ▁appro val ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁week ▁that ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁assass in ated . ▁ ▁" B lo od ▁for ▁tr uck s " ▁proposal ▁An ▁an ec d ote , ▁often ▁c ited ▁by ▁Le hi ▁apolog ists ▁in ▁defense ▁of ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁assass ination , ▁but ▁dismiss ed ▁by ▁Bruce ▁Hoff man ▁as ▁a ▁can ard , ▁holds ▁that ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁personally ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁death s ▁of ▁a ▁million ▁Hung arian ▁Jews . ▁ ▁Jo el ▁Brand , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish - H ung arian ▁A id ▁and ▁Res cue ▁Committee , ▁approached ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁with ▁a ▁proposal ▁from ▁Adolf ▁E ich mann , ▁the ▁SS ▁officer ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁deport ing ▁Hung ary ' s ▁Jews ▁to ▁Aus ch witz . ▁E ich mann ' s ▁so - called ▁" blo od ▁for ▁tr uck s " ▁( Bl ut ▁Für ▁W are ; ▁literally ▁" blo od ▁for ▁goods ") ▁proposal ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁Naz is ▁would ▁release ▁up ▁to ▁one ▁million ▁Jews ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁tr uck s ▁and ▁other ▁goods ▁from ▁the ▁Western ▁Al lies . ▁ ▁Brand ▁was ▁arrested ▁and ▁taken ▁to ▁C airo , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁question ed ▁for ▁several |
▁months . ▁Brand ▁reported ▁that ▁during ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁inter rog ations ▁an ▁English man ▁( s ic ) ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁know ▁had ▁asked ▁him ▁about ▁E ich mann ' s ▁proposal , ▁then ▁replied ▁" What ▁can ▁I ▁do ▁with ▁a ▁million ▁Jews ? ▁Where ▁can ▁I ▁put ▁them ? ". ▁On ▁leaving ▁the ▁room , ▁Brand ▁reported , ▁his ▁military ▁esc ort ▁had ▁told ▁him ▁that ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁had ▁made ▁that ▁remark ▁was ▁Lord ▁Mo y ne . ▁Brand ▁then ▁added : ▁" I ▁later ▁lear nt ▁that ▁Lord ▁Mo y ne ▁had ▁often ▁de pl ored ▁the ▁trag ic ▁fate ▁of ▁the ▁Jews . ▁The ▁policy ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁follow , ▁however , ▁was ▁one ▁dict ated ▁by ▁a ▁cold ▁and ▁imp erson al ▁administration ▁in ▁London . ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁that ▁he ▁paid ▁with ▁his ▁life ▁for ▁the ▁gu ilt ▁of ▁others ." ▁ ▁Brand ▁told ▁this ▁story ▁to ▁the ▁K ast ner ▁lib el ▁trial ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁but ▁in ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁he ▁added ▁a ▁cave at ▁" I ▁afterwards ▁heard ▁that ▁the ▁man ▁with ▁whom ▁I ▁spoke ▁was ▁not , ▁in ▁fact , ▁Lord ▁Mo y ne , ▁but ▁another ▁British ▁states man . ▁Unfortunately ▁I ▁have ▁no ▁means ▁of ▁ver ifying ▁this ." ▁Brand ▁later ▁test ified ▁in ▁the ▁E ich mann ▁trial ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁Mo y ne ▁who ▁said ▁" What |
▁shall ▁I ▁do ▁with ▁those ▁million ▁Jews ?" ▁The ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁remark , ▁attributed ▁to ▁Mo y ne , ▁is ▁regularly ▁quoted ▁by ▁histor ians . ▁Histor ian ▁Bernard ▁Wasser stein ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁" the ▁truth ▁is ▁that ▁Brand ▁almost ▁certainly ▁never ▁met ▁Mo y ne ". ▁This ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁Sh l omo ▁Ar ons on , ▁who ▁traces ▁the ▁remark ▁to ▁a ▁comment ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Ref uge e ▁Section ▁of ▁the ▁Foreign ▁Office , ▁Ale c ▁Rand all , ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁repeated ▁by ▁Mos he ▁Sher tok ▁at ▁a ▁meeting ▁which ▁Brand ▁attended . ▁ ▁During ▁Brand ' s ▁in car cer ation , ▁both ▁Brand ▁and ▁Mo y ne ▁were ▁interview ed ▁by ▁Ira ▁Hir sch mann , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁appointed ▁by ▁Ro ose vel t ▁as ▁the ▁War ▁Ref uge e ▁Board ▁delegate ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁According ▁to ▁Hir sch mann , ▁Mo y ne ▁suggested ▁sending ▁Brand ▁back ▁to ▁Hung ary ▁with ▁a ▁non comm itt al ▁reply ▁that ▁would ▁enable ▁the ▁Jews ▁there ▁to ▁continue ▁tal ks . ▁ ▁Mo y ne ▁also ▁supported ▁a ▁proposal ▁to ▁offer ▁money ▁to ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁instead ▁of ▁tr uck s . ▁However , ▁the ▁British ▁government ▁did ▁not ▁adopt ▁either ▁proposal . ▁ ▁The ▁Western ▁Al lies , ▁while ▁ske pt ical ▁of ▁the ▁offer , ▁at ▁first ▁seriously ▁considered ▁discuss ing ▁the ▁offer ▁with ▁the ▁Germ ans , ▁but ▁changed ▁their ▁minds ▁when ▁their ▁intelligence ▁investig ations ▁concluded ▁that ▁it |
▁was ▁a ▁German ▁trap ▁to ▁embar rass ▁the ▁US ▁government ▁and ▁damage ▁the ▁al liance ▁with ▁the ▁S ovi ets . ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁released ▁Brand ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁about ▁one ▁month ▁before ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁assass ination , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁group ▁Le hi ▁which ▁would ▁commit ▁the ▁assass ination . ▁ ▁Two ▁months ▁before ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁Brand ▁commented : ▁" I ▁made ▁a ▁terrible ▁mistake ▁in ▁passing ▁this ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁British . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁clear ▁to ▁me ▁that ▁Him ml er ▁sought ▁to ▁sow ▁susp icion ▁among ▁the ▁Al lies ▁as ▁a ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁his ▁much ▁desired ▁Naz i - West ern ▁coal ition ▁against ▁Moscow ." ▁ ▁Ass ass ination ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁afternoon ▁of ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Eli y ahu ▁Bet - Z uri ▁and ▁Eli y ahu ▁H ak im ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁milit ant ▁group ▁Le hi ▁waited ▁for ▁Mo y ne ▁near ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁C airo ▁following ▁a ▁well - pl anned ▁and ▁much ▁pract ised ▁plan ▁of ▁action ▁to ▁assass inate ▁Mo y ne . ▁ ▁Mo y ne ▁arrived ▁in ▁his ▁car ▁with ▁his ▁driver , ▁L ance ▁Corpor al ▁Arthur ▁Full er , ▁his ▁secretary , ▁Dor othy ▁O sm ond , ▁and ▁his ▁AD C , ▁Major ▁Andrew ▁Hugh es - O ns low . ▁The ▁AD C ▁went ▁to ▁open ▁the ▁front ▁door ▁of |
▁the ▁residence ▁and ▁the ▁driver ▁got ▁out ▁to ▁open ▁the ▁door ▁for ▁Mo y ne . ▁They ▁were ▁suddenly ▁told ▁not ▁to ▁move , ▁as ▁Bet - Z uri ▁emer ged ▁and ▁shot ▁Full er ▁in ▁the ▁ch est , ▁causing ▁him ▁to ▁collapse ▁in ▁the ▁drive way ▁and ▁ble ed ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁minutes . ▁H ak im ▁then ▁pulled ▁the ▁car ▁door ▁open ▁and ▁shot ▁Mo y ne ▁three ▁times . ▁The ▁first ▁bullet ▁hit ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁neck ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side , ▁just ▁above ▁the ▁cla v icle , ▁the ▁second ▁pen etr ated ▁his ▁ab d omen , ▁pun ct ured ▁his ▁colon ▁and ▁large ▁int est ine , ▁and ▁became ▁embedded ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁lum bar ▁verte bra e , ▁while ▁the ▁third ▁shot , ▁fired ▁after ▁Mo y ne ▁raised ▁his ▁right ▁hand , ▁ri pped ▁across ▁four ▁of ▁his ▁fingers ▁and ▁went ▁in ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁ch est , ▁causing ▁no ▁serious ▁inj uries . ▁ ▁H ak im ▁and ▁Bet - Z uri ▁ran ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁yard , ▁jump ed ▁on ▁their ▁r ented ▁b icy cles , ▁and ▁began ▁ped aling ▁down ▁the ▁street ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁scene . ▁Major ▁Hugh es - O ns low ▁r ushed ▁to ▁the ▁sent ry ▁box ▁and ▁raised ▁the ▁alarm . ▁H ear ing ▁it , ▁H ak im ▁and ▁Bet - Z uri ▁turned ▁onto ▁a ▁side ▁street . ▁They ▁had ▁very ▁nearly ▁got ten ▁away ▁when ▁an ▁Egypt ian |
▁motor cycle ▁polic eman , ▁El - A min ▁Mah omed ▁Abd ul lah , ▁caught ▁up ▁to ▁them . ▁Bet - Z uri ▁fired ▁a ▁vol ley ▁of ▁warning ▁sh ots ▁in ▁his ▁direction , ▁which ▁he ▁ignored . ▁Abd ul lah ▁then ▁dis mount ed ▁and ▁ordered ▁him ▁to ▁drop ▁his ▁weapon . ▁Bet - Z uri ▁attempted ▁to ▁shoot ▁out ▁the ▁motor cycle ' s ▁t ires , ▁but ▁found ▁that ▁his ▁p istol ▁had ▁run ▁out ▁of ▁am mun ition , ▁and ▁as ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁reload ▁it , ▁Abd ul lah ▁fired , ▁hitting ▁Bet - Z uri ▁in ▁the ▁ch est . ▁H ear ing ▁the ▁comm otion , ▁H ak im ▁turned ▁back ▁to ▁help ▁Bet - Z uri , ▁and ▁within ▁minutes , ▁another ▁polic eman ▁appeared , ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁were ▁placed ▁under ▁arrest . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁Mo y ne ▁reg ained ▁conscious ness , ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁minutes , ▁a ▁doctor ▁and ▁amb ul ance ▁arrived . ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁r ushed ▁to ▁a ▁British ▁military ▁hospital ▁in ▁C airo , ▁and ▁admitted ▁at ▁ 1 : 4 0 p . m ., ▁in ▁critical ▁condition , ▁having ▁lost ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁blood ▁through ▁gross ▁hem or rh aging ▁and ▁suffering ▁from ▁shock . ▁Five ▁minutes ▁later , ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁three ▁blood ▁trans f us ions , ▁causing ▁his ▁condition ▁to ▁improve . ▁After ▁he ▁compla ined ▁of ▁a ▁burning ▁sens ation ▁down ▁his |
▁right ▁leg ▁and ▁an ▁in ability ▁to ▁move ▁it , ▁X - ray s ▁revealed ▁an ▁injury ▁to ▁his ▁thor ac ic ▁verte bra e . ▁Later , ▁his ▁right ▁arm ▁also ▁became ▁par al yz ed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁neck ▁w ound . ▁Do ctors ▁were ▁rel uct ant ▁to ▁operate ▁until ▁his ▁condition ▁improved , ▁but ▁at ▁ 5 : 3 0 , ▁a ▁lum bar ▁pun ct ure ▁revealed ▁a ▁blood ▁st ain , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁to ▁operate . ▁He ▁was ▁given ▁another ▁blood ▁trans f usion , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁operation ▁that ▁followed , ▁sur ge ons ▁removed ▁the ▁bullet ▁lod ged ▁near ▁the ▁second ▁lum bar ▁verte bra ▁and ▁discovered ▁the ▁inj uries ▁to ▁the ▁colon ▁and ▁large ▁int est ine , ▁while ▁the ▁neck ▁w ound ▁and ▁finger ▁w ounds ▁were ▁clean ed . ▁So on ▁after ▁the ▁operation , ▁his ▁condition ▁began ▁to ▁d eter ior ate , ▁and ▁he ▁died ▁at ▁ 8 : 4 0 ▁pm , ▁aged ▁ 6 4 . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁principal ▁witness ▁at ▁the ▁trial , ▁Major ▁Hugh es - O ns low ▁became ▁a ▁marked ▁man ▁and ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁A den ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁Kh art ou m ▁for ▁his ▁safety . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁said , ▁" No ▁doubt ▁Lord ▁Mo y ne ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁target ▁for ▁political ▁assass ination , ▁but ▁the ▁shooting ▁of ▁the ▁ch auff eur ▁was ▁pure ▁murder ." ▁ ▁Mo y ne ' s |
▁body ▁was ▁flow n ▁home ▁to ▁England ▁and ▁cre m ated ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁November ▁at ▁Gold ers ▁Green ▁C rem ator ium . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Le hi ▁leader ▁Nat an ▁Y ell in - Mor , ▁the ▁group ' s ▁founder ▁Ya ' ir ▁Stern ▁had ▁considered ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁assass in ating ▁the ▁British ▁Minister ▁Res ident ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁before ▁Mo y ne ▁held ▁the ▁position . ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁prede cess or ▁Richard ▁Case y ▁was ▁de emed ▁un su itable ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁Australian . ▁When ▁Mo y ne ▁replaced ▁Case y ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁planning ▁for ▁the ▁operation ▁began . ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁highest ▁British ▁official ▁within ▁Le hi ''' s ▁reach , ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁personally ▁responsible ▁for ▁Britain ' s ▁Palest ine ▁policy . ▁In ▁particular , ▁he ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁architect s ▁of ▁Britain ' s ▁strict ▁imm igration ▁policy , ▁and ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁hand ▁in ▁the ▁Str uma ▁dis aster , ▁which ▁followed ▁a ▁ref us al ▁to ▁grant ▁vis as ▁to ▁Palest ine ▁for ▁its ▁Jewish ▁refuge e ▁passengers , ▁decided ▁during ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁Col onial ▁Secretary . ▁According ▁to ▁Bell , ▁Lord ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁believed ▁by ▁the ▁under ground ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁Arab ist , ▁who ▁had ▁consist ently ▁followed ▁an ▁anti - Z ion ist ▁line |
. ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Ya akov ▁B ana i ▁( M az al ), ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁fighting ▁unit ▁of ▁Le hi , ▁there ▁were ▁three ▁purposes ▁in ▁the ▁assass ination : ▁ ▁To ▁show ▁the ▁world ▁that ▁this ▁conflict ▁was ▁not ▁between ▁a ▁government ▁and ▁its ▁citizens ▁as ▁Britain ▁had ▁tried ▁to ▁show ▁but ▁between ▁citizens ▁and ▁a ▁foreign ▁r uler . ▁To ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁the ▁conflict ▁was ▁between ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Imperial ism . ▁To ▁take ▁the ▁" W ar ▁of ▁Liber ation " ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Land ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Y ish uv . ▁The ▁trial ▁was ▁not ▁planned , ▁but ▁the ▁action ▁had ▁to ▁capture ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁press ▁and ▁lead ▁political ▁thoughts . ▁ ▁Author ▁James ▁Bar r ▁suggests ▁that ▁a ▁French ▁intelligence ▁initi ative ▁was ▁behind ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁murder , ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁Sy ria ▁plan . ▁ ▁Tri al ▁After ▁the ▁assass ination , ▁Le hi ▁announced : ▁ ▁We ▁acc use ▁Lord ▁Mo y ne ▁and ▁the ▁government ▁he ▁represents , ▁with ▁murder ing ▁hundreds ▁and ▁thousands ▁of ▁our ▁bre th ren ; ▁we ▁acc use ▁him ▁of ▁se izing ▁our ▁country ▁and ▁lo oting ▁our ▁poss essions . ▁We ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁do ▁justice ▁and ▁to ▁fight . ▁ ▁Bet - Z uri ▁and ▁H ak im ▁initially ▁gave ▁false ▁names , ▁but ▁their ▁true ▁ident ities ▁were ▁soon ▁discovered . ▁They ▁were ▁tried ▁in ▁an |
▁Egypt ian ▁court . ▁ ▁Event ually , ▁the ▁Le hi ▁members ▁were ▁found ▁guilty ▁and , ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death . ▁Their ▁appe als ▁for ▁cle men cy ▁were ▁dismiss ed , ▁probably ▁partly ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁pressure ▁from ▁W inst on ▁Church ill , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁al ly ▁and ▁close ▁personal ▁friend . ▁They ▁were ▁h anged ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁After math ▁Although ▁the ▁group ▁had ▁been ▁target ing ▁British ▁Mand ate ▁personnel ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁high - profile ▁British ▁official ▁to ▁be ▁killed ▁by ▁them , ▁though ▁several ▁failed ▁attempts ▁had ▁been ▁made ▁to ▁assass inate ▁the ▁British ▁High ▁Commission er ▁in ▁Palest ine , ▁Sir ▁Harold ▁Mac Michael . ▁This ▁was ▁therefore ▁the ▁opening ▁shot ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁Le hi ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Jewish ▁authorities ▁in ▁Palest ine , ▁fear ful ▁of ▁British ▁ret ribution , ▁were ▁quick ▁to ▁distance ▁themselves ▁from ▁Le hi ▁actions . ▁On ▁the ▁news ▁of ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁death , ▁Cha im ▁We iz mann , ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁President ▁of ▁Israel , ▁is ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁death ▁was ▁more ▁pain ful ▁to ▁him ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁son . ▁ ▁British ▁prime ▁minister ▁W inst on ▁Church ill , ▁who ▁once ▁described ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁" Z ion ist |
," ▁for ▁the ▁time - be ing ▁temper ed ▁his ▁support ▁for ▁Z ion ism . W asser stein ▁( 1 9 8 0 ), ▁pp . ▁ 3 6 – 3 7 . ▁Mo y ne ▁had ▁been ▁sent ▁to ▁C airo ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁long ▁personal ▁and ▁political ▁friendship , ▁and ▁Church ill ▁told ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons : ▁ ▁If ▁our ▁dream s ▁for ▁Z ion ism ▁are ▁to ▁end ▁in ▁the ▁smoke ▁of ▁assass ins ' ▁p ist ols ▁and ▁our ▁lab ours ▁for ▁its ▁future ▁to ▁produce ▁only ▁a ▁new ▁set ▁of ▁gang sters ▁worthy ▁of ▁Naz i ▁Germany , ▁many ▁like ▁myself ▁will ▁have ▁to ▁re cons ider ▁the ▁position ▁we ▁have ▁maintained ▁so ▁consist ently ▁and ▁so ▁long ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁If ▁there ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁any ▁hope ▁of ▁a ▁peace ful ▁and ▁successful ▁future ▁for ▁Z ion ism , ▁these ▁w icked ▁activities ▁must ▁ce ase , ▁and ▁those ▁responsible ▁for ▁them ▁must ▁be ▁destroyed ▁root ▁and ▁branch . ▁[...] ▁In ▁Palest ine ▁the ▁executive ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁Agency ▁have ▁called ▁upon ▁the ▁Jewish ▁community — and ▁I ▁quote ▁their ▁actual ▁words : ▁' To ▁cast ▁out ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁this ▁destruct ive ▁band , ▁dep rive ▁them ▁of ▁all ▁refuge ▁and ▁shelter , ▁to ▁resist ▁their ▁thre ats , ▁and ▁to ▁render ▁all ▁necessary ▁assistance ▁to ▁the ▁authorities ▁in ▁the ▁prevent ion ▁of ▁terror ist ▁acts , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁er adic ation ▁of ▁the ▁terror ist ▁organisation .' ▁These ▁are ▁strong ▁words |
, ▁but ▁we ▁must ▁wait ▁for ▁these ▁words ▁to ▁be ▁translated ▁into ▁de eds . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁added , ▁" I ▁can ▁ass ure ▁the ▁House ▁that ▁the ▁Jews ▁in ▁Palest ine ▁have ▁rarely ▁lost ▁a ▁better ▁or ▁more ▁well - in formed ▁friend ." ▁ ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁parliament ary ▁friend ▁and ▁cousin ▁in ▁law , ▁Henry ▁' Ch ips ' ▁Ch annon ▁M . P . ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁di ary : ▁ ▁I ▁went ▁to ▁sleep ▁last ▁night ▁with ▁strange ▁emot ions . ▁Walter ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁man , ▁col oss ally ▁rich , ▁well - mean ing , ▁intellig ent , ▁sc rup ul ous , ▁yet ▁a ▁v ive ur , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁modern ▁Gu in ness ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁social ▁or ▁political ▁role .... ▁He ▁was ▁careful ▁with ▁his ▁huge ▁fortune , ▁though ▁he ▁had ▁probably ▁about ▁three ▁millions . The ▁Times ▁of ▁London ▁quoted ▁Ha ' aret z ''' s ▁view ▁that ▁the ▁assass ins ▁" have ▁done ▁more ▁by ▁this ▁single ▁repre hens ible ▁crime ▁to ▁demol ish ▁the ▁ed ifice ▁ere cted ▁by ▁three ▁gener ations ▁of ▁Jewish ▁pione ers ▁than ▁is ▁imag in able ." ▁ ▁The ▁assass ination ▁caused ▁the ▁Palest ine ▁partition ▁propos als ▁that ▁were ▁await ing ▁final ▁appro val ▁in ▁Cab inet ▁to ▁be ▁immediately ▁sh el ved ▁and ▁never ▁res ur rect ed . ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁successor ▁in ▁C airo , ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Gr igg , ▁was ▁opposed |
▁to ▁partition . ▁Some ▁histor ians , ▁such ▁as ▁Wasser stein ▁and ▁Por ath , ▁have ▁spec ulated ▁that ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁real ▁possibility . ▁ ▁The ▁historian ▁B ren ner ▁writes ▁that ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁Mo y ne ▁was ▁also ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁effic acy ▁of ▁armed ▁resistance ▁and ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁safe ▁in ▁any ▁place ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁they ▁remained ▁in ▁Palest ine . ▁The ▁assass ination ▁also ▁seemed ▁to ▁affect ▁the ▁Arab ▁side , ▁particularly ▁in ▁stim ulating ▁Egypt ian ▁national ism . ▁B ren ner ▁makes ▁a ▁comparison ▁between ▁Mo y ne ' s ▁death ▁and ▁the ▁assass ination ▁of ▁pro - B rit ish ▁A hm ad ▁Mah ir ▁P asha . ▁There ▁were ▁Le hi ▁members ▁who ▁advoc ated ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁a ▁" S emit ic ▁B loc " ▁oppos ing ▁foreign ▁dom ination , ▁and ▁this ▁made ▁it ▁possible ▁for ▁Arab s ▁to ▁actually ▁join ▁Le hi . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁Egypt ▁returned ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁Ben ▁Z uri ▁and ▁H ak im ▁to ▁Israel ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁prisoners ▁from ▁Gaz a ▁and ▁S ina i . ▁They ▁were ▁laid ▁in ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁Jerusalem ▁Hall ▁of ▁Hero ism , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁attended ▁by ▁many ▁dign itar ies , ▁including ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Y itz h ak ▁Rab in ▁and ▁President ▁E ph ra im ▁K atz ir . |
▁Then ▁they ▁were ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁section ▁of ▁Mount ▁Herz l ▁in ▁a ▁state ▁fun eral ▁with ▁full ▁military ▁hon ors . ▁Britain ▁lod ged ▁a ▁formal ▁protest , ▁but ▁Israel ▁rejected ▁the ▁criticism , ▁referring ▁to ▁Ben ▁Z uri ▁and ▁H ak im ▁as ▁" h ero ic ▁freedom ▁f igh ters ." ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁post age ▁st amps ▁were ▁issued ▁in ▁their ▁honour . ▁ ▁References ▁( cit ations ) ▁ ▁References ▁( books ) ▁ ▁References ▁( j ourn als ) ▁ ▁References ▁( web ) ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness ▁summary ▁contributions ▁( online ): ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁mur ders ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁cr imes ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁mur ders ▁in ▁Africa ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁mur ders ▁in ▁Asia ▁Category : 2 0 th ▁century ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Category : Ant i - Z ion ism ▁in ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine ▁Category : Ass ass in ated ▁British ▁polit icians ▁Category : Bar ons ▁in ▁the ▁Pe er age ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Secret aries ▁of ▁State ▁Category : B |
rit ish ▁people ▁murder ed ▁abroad ▁Category : B rit ish ▁people ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Comp an ions ▁of ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Order ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Category : De ath s ▁by ▁fire arm ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : Foreign ▁Office ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Mo y ne ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Mad agas car ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Ye oman ry ▁officers ▁Category : I r ish ▁Ang lic ans ▁Category : J ew ish ▁British ▁history ▁Category : J ew ish ▁Egypt ian ▁history ▁Category : L ead ers ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁Category : M and atory ▁Palest ine ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Min ister s ▁in ▁the ▁Church ill ▁w art ime ▁government , ▁ 1 9 4 0 – 1 9 4 5 ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁College ▁Category : Pe ople ▁murder ed ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁County ▁Dublin ▁Category : Secret aries ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁the ▁Col on ies ▁Category : S uff olk ▁Ye oman ry ▁officers ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Gu in ness , ▁Walter ▁Category |
: You ng er ▁sons ▁of ▁ear ls <0x0A> </s> ▁Quint ess ence ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁group ▁Quint ess ence . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Side ▁one ▁ ▁" J es us , ▁Bud d ha , ▁Mos es , ▁G aur anga " ▁- ▁ 5 : 0 1 ▁ ▁" Se a ▁of ▁Im mort ality " ▁- ▁ 5 : 1 9 ▁ ▁" High ▁on ▁M t . ▁K ail ash ▁( Ex cer pt ▁From ▁Opera )" ▁- ▁ 5 : 5 1 ▁ ▁" B urn ing ▁Bush ▁( Live )" ▁- ▁ 2 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" Sh iva ' s ▁Ch ant " ▁- ▁ 2 : 1 3 ▁ ▁Side ▁two ▁ ▁" P ris ms ▁( Con ception ▁Bar ham )" ▁- ▁ 3 : 1 2 ▁ ▁" Tw il ight ▁Z ones " ▁- ▁ 5 : 1 8 ▁ ▁" M aha ▁Mant ra " ▁- ▁ 1 : 3 7 ▁ ▁" Only ▁Love " ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 4 ▁ ▁" St . ▁P anc ras ▁( Live )" ▁- ▁ 6 : 1 9 ▁ ▁" Inf init um ▁( Con ception ▁Bar ham )" ▁- ▁ 1 : 4 2 ▁ ▁CD ▁bonus ▁tracks ▁ ▁" J es us , ▁Bud d ha , ▁Mos es , ▁G aur anga " ▁- ▁ 5 : 0 8 ▁( live ▁version ) ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁S amb hu ▁Bab |
aj i ▁- ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁Mah a ▁Dev ▁- ▁rh ythm ▁guitar ▁ ▁Sh iva ▁Sh ank ar ▁Jones ▁- ▁vocals ▁ ▁J ake ▁Mil ton ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁All an ▁Most ert ▁- ▁lead ▁guitar ▁ ▁R aja ▁Ram ▁- ▁fl ute ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁albums ▁Category : Qu int ess ence ▁( English ▁band ) ▁albums ▁Category : Is land ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁H id et oshi ▁S ato ▁( born ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁lug er . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁singles ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : J apan ese ▁male ▁lug ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁lug ers ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : L ug ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Tokyo <0x0A> </s> ▁S ow ma eh - ye ▁Sof la ▁() ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁S ow ma eh - ye ▁Sof la , ▁Mar ag he h ▁ ▁S ow ma eh - ye ▁Sof la , ▁Mey ane h <0x0A> </s> ▁Norway ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Stockholm , ▁Sweden . ▁ 1 9 0 ▁compet itors , ▁ 1 8 8 ▁men ▁and ▁ 2 ▁women , ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁ 5 8 |
▁events ▁in ▁ 1 4 ▁sports . ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁ ▁Gold ▁ ▁Ferdinand ▁B ie ▁— ▁Athletics , ▁Men ' s ▁Pent ath lon ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁Team ▁( free ▁system ) ▁— ▁G ymn ast ics ▁ ▁Alfred ▁Lars en , ▁Johan ▁An ker , ▁N ils ▁Bert elsen , ▁Half dan ▁Hans en , ▁Magn us ▁Kon ow , ▁Pet ter ▁Lars en , ▁E il ert ▁Fal ch - L und , ▁Christian ▁Sta ib , ▁Arn f inn ▁He je ▁and ▁Carl ▁Th a ul ow ▁— ▁S ail ing , ▁Men ' s ▁ 1 2 m ▁class ▁ ▁Thor alf ▁Glad , ▁Thomas ▁A as , ▁Andreas ▁Bre cke , ▁Tor le iv ▁Corn eli ussen ▁and ▁Christian ▁J eb e ▁— ▁S ail ing , ▁Men ' s ▁ 8 m ▁class ▁ ▁Silver ▁ ▁G ud brand ▁Sk atte bo e , ▁Ole ▁S æ ther , ▁ Ø sten ▁ Ø st ensen , ▁Albert ▁Hel ger ud , ▁O la f ▁S æ ther ▁and ▁Ein ar ▁Li berg ▁— ▁Sho oting , ▁Men ' s ▁Team ▁free ▁rif le ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁Team ▁( S wed ish ▁system ) ▁— ▁G ymn ast ics ▁ ▁Cla us ▁H ø yer , ▁Re id ar ▁Hol ter , ▁Max ▁H ers eth , ▁Fr ith j of ▁Ol stad ▁and ▁O la f ▁B j ør n stad ▁— ▁Row ing , ▁Men ' s ▁co x |
ed ▁f ours , ▁in rig gers ▁ ▁En ge bre t ▁Sk ogen ▁— ▁Sho oting , ▁Men ' s ▁ 3 0 0 m ▁military ▁rif le , ▁three ▁positions ▁ ▁Mol la ▁B j ur sted t ▁— ▁Tennis , ▁Women ' s ▁singles ▁out door ▁ ▁Aqu at ics ▁ ▁D iving ▁ ▁Three ▁divers , ▁all ▁men , ▁represented ▁Norway . ▁It ▁was ▁Norway ' s ▁debut ▁in ▁div ing . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁divers ▁reached ▁the ▁final ▁in ▁any ▁of ▁their ▁events . ▁ ▁Rank ings ▁given ▁are ▁within ▁the ▁diver ' s ▁heat . ▁ ▁Sw imming ▁ ▁Five ▁sw imm ers , ▁including ▁one ▁woman , ▁competed ▁for ▁Norway ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Games . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁debut ▁in ▁sw imming . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁sw imm ers ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁final s , ▁with ▁Joh ns en ' s ▁sixth - place ▁finish ▁in ▁his ▁ 4 0 0 - met re ▁fre est yle ▁semif inal ▁the ▁best ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁Games . ▁ ▁R anks ▁given ▁for ▁each ▁sw immer ▁are ▁within ▁the ▁heat . ▁▁ ▁Men ▁▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Athletics ▁▁ 2 3 ▁athlet es ▁represented ▁Norway . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁third ▁appearance ▁in ▁the ▁sport ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Ferdinand ▁B ie , ▁who ▁had ▁originally ▁won ▁the ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁pent ath lon , ▁was ▁awarded ▁gold ▁after ▁Jim ▁Thor pe ▁was ▁dis |
qual ified . ▁When ▁Thor pe ▁was ▁re inst ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁B ie ▁retained ▁his ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁and ▁became ▁co - ch amp ions ▁with ▁Thor pe . ▁B ie ' s ▁medal ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁won ▁by ▁Norway ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁first ▁athlet ics ▁gold ▁medal . ▁Ar ne ▁H alse , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁held ▁Norway ' s ▁best ▁athlet ics ▁result ▁with ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁j avel in ▁throw , ▁placed ▁ 7 th ▁in ▁the ▁j avel in ▁and ▁ 5 th ▁in ▁the ▁two - hand ed ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁event . ▁Norway ▁also ▁had ▁two ▁fourth - place ▁finish es , ▁in ▁the ▁triple ▁jump ▁and ▁team ▁cross ▁country . ▁ ▁R anks ▁given ▁are ▁within ▁that ▁ath lete ' s ▁heat ▁for ▁running ▁events . ▁ ▁Cy cling ▁ ▁Six ▁cycl ists ▁represented ▁Norway . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁nation ▁in ▁cy cling . ▁Bir g ir ▁Andreas en ▁had ▁the ▁best ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁time ▁trial , ▁the ▁only ▁race ▁held , ▁finishing ▁ 1 4 th . ▁Because ▁only ▁three ▁Norwegian ▁cycl ists ▁finished ▁the ▁time ▁trial , ▁the ▁team ▁received ▁no ▁ranking ▁in ▁the ▁four - man ▁team ▁competition . ▁ ▁Road ▁cy cling ▁ ▁E quest rian ▁▁ ▁D ress age ▁▁ ▁J ump ing ▁ ▁F encing ▁ ▁Seven ▁f enc ers |
▁represented ▁Norway , ▁including ▁the ▁only ▁Norwegian ▁fen cer ▁who ▁had ▁competed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁nation ▁in ▁f encing . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁f enc ers ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁advance ▁past ▁the ▁quarter final ▁round ; ▁however , ▁adv ancement ▁to ▁quarter final s ▁was ▁itself ▁an ▁improvement ▁over ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁Games . ▁ ▁Football ▁ ▁Qu arter final s ▁ ▁Cons olation ▁tournament ▁ ▁G ymn ast ics ▁ ▁Fort y - six ▁g ymn asts ▁represented ▁Norway . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁nation ▁in ▁g ymn ast ics . ▁Norway ▁had ▁no ▁g ymn asts ▁in ▁the ▁individual ▁competition , ▁but ▁had ▁teams ▁in ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁team ▁events . ▁In ▁the ▁free ▁system ▁even , ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁team ▁took ▁first ▁place ▁to ▁ear n ▁the ▁country ' s ▁first ▁g ymn ast ics ▁gold ▁medal . ▁The ▁team ▁finished ▁third ▁and ▁last ▁in ▁the ▁Swedish ▁system , ▁taking ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal . ▁ ▁Art istic ▁ ▁Modern ▁pent ath lon ▁▁ ▁Norway ▁had ▁two ▁compet itors ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁Olympic ▁pent ath lon ▁competition . ▁Pa as ke ▁finished ▁ 1 3 th ▁among ▁the ▁ 2 2 ▁finish ers , ▁while ▁Nor by ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁ten ▁pent ath let es ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁finish . ▁ ▁( The ▁scoring ▁system ▁was ▁point - for - place ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁events , ▁with ▁the ▁smallest ▁point ▁total ▁winning |
.) ▁ ▁Row ing ▁▁ ▁Tw enty ▁four ▁row ers ▁represented ▁Norway . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁second ▁appearance ▁in ▁row ing . ▁The ▁Norweg ians ▁took ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁in rig gers ▁co x ed ▁f ours ▁competition ; ▁it ▁was ▁Norway ' s ▁first ▁Olympic ▁medal ▁in ▁row ing . ▁ ▁( R anks ▁given ▁are ▁within ▁each ▁crew ' s ▁heat .) ▁ ▁S ail ing ▁▁▁▁ ▁E igh teen ▁sail ors ▁represented ▁Norway . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁second ▁appearance ▁in ▁sail ing . ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁boats ▁found ▁either ▁great ▁success ▁or ▁an ▁utter ▁lack ▁there of . ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁boats ▁won ▁each ▁race ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁classes ▁to ▁take ▁gold ▁med als ▁without ▁any ▁need ▁for ▁race - offs ; ▁these ▁two ▁gold ▁med als ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁med als ▁of ▁any ▁sort ▁Norwegian ▁sail ors ▁had ▁won . ▁The ▁third ▁boat , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁placed ▁fifth ▁( of ▁six ) ▁in ▁both ▁of ▁its ▁two ▁races ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁score ▁a ▁single ▁point . ▁ ▁( 7 ▁points ▁for ▁ 1 st ▁in ▁each ▁race , ▁ 3 ▁points ▁for ▁ 2 nd , ▁ 1 ▁point ▁for ▁ 3 rd . ▁Race - off ▁to ▁break ▁t ies ▁in ▁total ▁points ▁if ▁necessary ▁for ▁medal ▁stand ings .) ▁ ▁Sho oting ▁▁ ▁Tw enty ▁eight ▁shoot ers ▁competed ▁for ▁Norway . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁nation ▁in ▁shooting , ▁which |
▁Norway ▁had ▁cont ested ▁each ▁time ▁the ▁nation ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics . ▁The ▁Norwegian ▁shoot ers ▁won ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁med als — a ▁silver ▁in ▁the ▁team ▁free ▁rif le ▁and ▁Sk ogen ' s ▁bronze ▁in ▁the ▁three ▁positions ▁military ▁rif le . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁compar atively ▁disappoint ing ▁result , ▁as ▁the ▁Norweg ians ▁had ▁taken ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁gold ▁med als ▁and ▁a ▁bronze ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁and ▁four ▁total ▁med als ▁( though ▁no ▁g olds ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁ ▁Tennis ▁▁ ▁Seven ▁tennis ▁players , ▁including ▁one ▁woman , ▁represented ▁Norway ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Games . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁debut ▁in ▁tennis . ▁Despite ▁a ▁combined ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 – 1 0 ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁tennis ▁players , ▁B j ur sted t ▁took ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁after ▁receiving ▁by es ▁through ▁to ▁the ▁semif inals ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁out door ▁singles . ▁Her ▁win ▁in ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁match ▁after ▁being ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁semi ▁gave ▁Norway ▁its ▁first ▁tennis ▁medal . ▁▁ ▁Men ▁▁ ▁Women ▁▁ ▁M ixed ▁ ▁Wrestling ▁ ▁Gre co - R oman ▁ ▁Norway ▁was ▁represented ▁by ▁nine ▁wrest lers ▁in ▁its ▁second ▁Olympic ▁wrest ling ▁appearance . ▁L of th us ' s ▁ 1 1 th - place ▁finish ▁was ▁the ▁best . ▁The ▁team ▁went ▁a ▁combined ▁ 8 – 1 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links |
▁ ▁International ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁results ▁database ▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Yam ak asi ▁() ▁are ▁the ▁original ▁group ▁of ▁park our ▁pract ition ers ▁from ▁L isses , ▁France . ▁The ▁nine ▁found ing ▁members ▁were ▁David ▁Belle , ▁S éb ast ien ▁Fou can , ▁Ch â u ▁Belle ▁Din h , ▁Williams ▁Belle , ▁Y ann ▁H na ut ra , ▁Laurent ▁P iem ont esi , ▁Guy lain ▁N ' G uba ▁Bo ye ke , ▁Mal ik ▁Di ou f , ▁and ▁Charles ▁Per ri ére . ▁Their ▁philosophy ▁was ▁that ▁park our ▁builds ▁an ▁individual ▁who ▁is ▁phys ically , ▁ment ally , ▁and ▁eth ically ▁strong . ▁The ▁name ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁popular ▁references ▁to ▁park our , ▁including ▁in ▁French ▁films ▁about ▁ad mi rable ▁law break ers ▁who ▁do ▁their ▁phys ically ▁demand ing ▁de eds ▁for ▁char itable ▁ends . ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁group ▁have ▁continued ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁video ▁reports ▁on ▁their ▁history ▁and ▁the ▁practice . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁Yam ak asi ▁is ▁trac ed ▁back ▁through ▁David ▁Belle ▁to ▁his ▁father ▁Raymond ▁Belle , ▁who ▁was ▁heavily ▁influenced ▁by ▁Georges ▁H é bert ' s ▁m eth ode ▁nature lle . ▁ ▁David ▁initially ▁trained ▁on ▁his ▁own , ▁and ▁after ▁moving ▁to ▁L isses ▁found ▁other ▁young ▁men ▁( including ▁his ▁c ous ins |
) ▁who ▁had ▁similar ▁des ires ▁and ▁they ▁began ▁to ▁train ▁together . ▁The ▁group ▁put ▁themselves ▁through ▁challeng es ▁that ▁forced ▁them ▁to ▁find ▁physical ▁and ▁mental ▁strength ▁to ▁succeed . ▁Ex amples ▁included ▁training ▁without ▁food ▁or ▁water , ▁or ▁sleep ing ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁without ▁a ▁blank et , ▁to ▁learn ▁to ▁end ure ▁the ▁cold . ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁began ▁calling ▁themselves ▁the ▁Yam ak asi ▁- ▁Cong ol ese ▁L ing ala ▁ya ▁mak ási , ▁meaning ▁strong ▁in ▁one ' s ▁person . ▁They ▁called ▁their ▁activity ▁l ' art ▁du ▁dép lacement ▁- ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁movement . ▁To ▁join ▁the ▁group , ▁new ▁members ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁recommended ▁by ▁an ▁existing ▁member ▁and ▁then ▁pass ▁tests ▁to ▁evaluate ▁their ▁motiv ation ▁for ▁joining . ▁The ▁group ▁complement ed ▁their ▁training ▁with ▁values ▁and ▁principles ▁shared ▁with ▁all ▁members , ▁such ▁as ▁hon esty , ▁respect , ▁hum ility , ▁sacrifice ▁and ▁hard ▁work . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁no ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁permitted ▁to ▁be ▁late ▁for ▁training , ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁hold ▁back ▁the ▁whole ▁group . ▁If ▁any ▁member ▁completed ▁a ▁challenge , ▁everyone ▁else ▁had ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁same ▁thing . ▁During ▁their ▁training ▁no ▁one ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁negative ▁or ▁to ▁comp lain . ▁F ew ▁exc uses ▁were ▁allowed . ▁For ▁instance , ▁if ▁someone ▁claimed ▁that ▁his ▁sho es ▁were ▁too ▁worn ▁out ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁jump , ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁do ▁it ▁anyway |
, ▁even ▁if ▁it ▁meant ▁doing ▁the ▁jump ▁bare foot . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁everyone ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁have ▁knowledge ▁of ▁their ▁own ▁limits . ▁ ▁Res pect ing ▁one ' s ▁health ▁and ▁physical ▁well - be ing ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ations ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁If ▁any ▁member ▁hurt ▁himself ▁during ▁or ▁after ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁a ▁movement , ▁the ▁movement ▁was ▁de emed ▁a ▁failure . ▁A ▁movement ▁executed ▁only ▁once ▁was ▁not ▁considered ▁an ▁achiev ement ; ▁only ▁with ▁repet ition ▁was ▁the ▁challenge ▁complete . ▁Every ▁movement ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁repeated ▁at ▁least ▁ten ▁times ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁without ▁the ▁trace ur ▁having ▁to ▁push ▁his ▁limits ▁or ▁sust aining ▁any ▁injury . ▁If ▁any ▁mistake ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁any ▁trace ur ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁everyone ▁had ▁to ▁start ▁all ▁over ▁again . ▁ ▁Hum ility ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁principle . ▁No ▁trace ur ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁feel ▁superior ▁over ▁someone ▁else , ▁for ▁example ▁by ▁executing ▁a ▁movement ▁only ▁to ▁show ▁off ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁someone ▁who ▁could ▁not ▁perform ▁the ▁movement . ▁If ▁any ▁trace ur ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁claimed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁completed ▁a ▁difficult ▁and ▁dangerous ▁challenge ▁that ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁attempted ▁una ided , ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁prove ▁his ▁claims ▁by ▁doing ▁the ▁challenge ▁again . ▁Anyone ▁who ▁li ed ▁viol ated ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁hum ility . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁huge ▁emphas is ▁on ▁the ▁collect ive , ▁each ▁trace ur ▁had ▁to ▁progress ▁and ▁develop ▁independently , |
▁and ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁complete ▁trust ▁within ▁the ▁group . ▁Every ▁trace ur ▁was ▁to ▁encou rage ▁the ▁others ▁and ▁show ▁confidence ▁through ▁their ▁behaviour . ▁If ▁a ▁member ▁viol ated ▁the ▁principles , ▁the ▁group ▁could ▁meet ▁without ▁the ▁off ending ▁person ▁to ▁discuss ▁various ▁pun ish ments . ▁ ▁Anyone ▁de emed ▁un su itable ▁could ▁be ▁tempor arily ▁or ▁even ▁perman ently ▁b anned ▁from ▁the ▁group ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁u ph old ▁the ▁discipl ines , ▁values , ▁and ▁principles . ▁Despite ▁the ▁huge ▁emphas is ▁on ▁the ▁collect ive ▁and ▁the ▁principles , ▁everyone ▁was ▁trying ▁to ▁find ▁their ▁own ▁way ▁in ▁Park our ▁to ▁ful fill ▁their ▁personal ▁development . ▁The ▁aim ▁of ▁park our ▁was ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁means ▁to ▁be ▁yourself . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁after ▁David ' s ▁brother ▁sent ▁pictures ▁and ▁video ▁to ▁a ▁French ▁TV ▁programme , ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁park our ▁began ▁to ▁increase . ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁television ▁program mes ▁in ▁various ▁countries ▁subsequently ▁featured ▁video ▁foot age ▁of ▁the ▁group , ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁popular ity ▁increased , ▁they ▁began ▁to ▁get ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁offers . ▁Event ually , ▁the ▁original ▁group ▁split ▁apart ▁to ▁purs ue ▁different ▁goals , ▁some ▁stay ing ▁with ▁the ▁discipline ▁and ▁others ▁leaving . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁pract ition ers ▁in ▁total , ▁though , ▁kept ▁increasing , ▁and ▁park our ' s ▁popular ity ▁began ▁to ▁spread ▁around ▁the ▁glo be ▁through |
▁television , ▁feature ▁film ▁and ▁increasing ▁use ▁of ▁online ▁video - sh aring ▁methods . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁word ▁Yam ak asi ▁is ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁L ing ala ▁language , ▁which ▁is ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ▁and ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo . ▁Ya ▁mak ási ▁comb ines ▁the ▁possess ive ▁ya ▁with ▁mak ási , ▁the ▁pl ural ▁form ▁of ▁b ok ási , ▁and ▁can ▁mean ▁strong ▁in ▁body , ▁spirit , ▁or ▁person . ▁The ▁word ▁b ok ási ▁transl ates ▁from ▁L ing ala ▁to ▁French ▁as ▁pouvoir / pu issance , ▁v igue ur , ▁force / rés istance , ▁vital ité , ▁ener gie ▁( power , ▁vig our , ▁strength , ▁vital ity , ▁energy ). ▁ ▁References ▁in ▁popular ▁culture ▁Several ▁films ▁and ▁document aries ▁of ▁the ▁Yam ak asi ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁- ▁all ▁without ▁David ▁Belle ▁or ▁S éb ast ien ▁Fou can , ▁who ▁had ▁left ▁after ▁disag re ements ▁on ▁the ▁core ▁values ▁of ▁their ▁movement . ▁The ▁characters ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁French ▁film ▁Yam ak asi ▁became ▁cat ▁burg l ars ▁to ▁retrieve ▁the ▁money ▁for ▁a ▁child ' s ▁heart ▁trans plant ation . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁semi - sequ el , ▁Les ▁fils ▁du ▁vent , ▁the ▁group ▁moves ▁to ▁Bang k ok ▁and ▁gets ▁ent ang led ▁in ▁a ▁battle ▁between ▁the ▁Y aku za ▁and ▁the ▁tri ads . ▁ ▁The |
▁French ▁document ary ▁Gén ération ▁Yam ak asi , ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁show c ased ▁the ▁group ' s ▁movement ▁and ▁philosophy , ▁and ▁how ▁they ▁passed ▁it ▁on ▁to ▁urban ▁youth . ▁ESP N ▁reported ▁on ▁park our ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁featuring ▁Laurent ▁P iem ont esi ▁and ▁Ch â u ▁Belle ▁Din h . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁ADD ▁Academy ▁( Art ▁du ▁D ép lacement ) ▁ ▁Category : P ark our ▁organis ations ▁Category : L ing ala ▁language <0x0A> </s> ▁Bar u ip ur ▁J unction ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁Kol k ata ▁Sub urban ▁Railway ▁J unction ▁Station ▁on ▁the ▁Se ald ah – N am kh ana ▁line ▁with ▁an ▁approximate ▁ ▁distance ▁from ▁Se ald ah ▁railway ▁station . ▁It ▁is ▁under ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁zone ▁of ▁Indian ▁Rail ways . ▁Bar u ip ur ▁J unction ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bus iest ▁railway ▁stations ▁of ▁Se ald ah ▁railway ▁division . ▁More ▁than ▁ 8 0 ▁pairs ▁of ▁E . M . U . ▁local ▁trains ▁pass ▁through ▁the ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁a ▁daily ▁basis . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁South ▁ 2 4 ▁P arg anas ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁State ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al . ▁Bar u ip ur ▁J unction ▁railway ▁station ▁serves ▁Bar u ip ur ▁city ▁and ▁the ▁surrounding ▁areas . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Bar u ip ur ▁J unction ▁railway |
▁station ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁. ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁average ▁elev ation ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁, ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Beng al ▁Railway ▁constructed ▁a ▁ ▁wide ▁Broad ▁G au ge ▁Railway ▁from ▁Se ald ah ▁to ▁Bar u ip ur . ▁ ▁Elect r ification ▁Elect r ification ▁from ▁Se ald ah ▁to ▁Bar u ip ur ▁was ▁completed ▁with ▁ 2 5 ▁k V ▁AC ▁overhead ▁system ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 6 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁j unction ▁stations ▁in ▁West ▁Beng al ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁South ▁ 2 4 ▁P arg anas ▁district ▁Category : Se ald ah ▁railway ▁division ▁Category : K olk ata ▁Sub urban ▁Railway ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁Category : 1 8 8 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁video ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁S ega ▁ 3 2 X ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Game play ▁In ▁Tem po , ▁the ▁tit ular ▁character ▁and ▁his ▁girl friend , ▁K aty , ▁star ▁on ▁the ▁Major ▁Minor ▁Show ▁as ▁they ▁clim b ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁tower ▁to ▁defeat ▁King ▁Dir ge . ▁The ▁stages ▁are ▁presented ▁as ▁performances ▁on ▁a ▁musical ▁variety ▁show ▁like ▁Soul ▁Train . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁uses ▁hand - dra wn ▁graphics ▁for ▁the ▁background s ▁and ▁spr ites . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁On ▁release , ▁Fam ic om |
▁Ts ū sh in ▁scored ▁the ▁game ▁a ▁ 3 0 ▁out ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁Though ▁they ▁commented ▁on ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁original ity ▁in ▁the ▁game play , ▁Game Pro ▁concluded ▁that ▁Tem po ''' s ▁" d azz ling " ▁background ▁graphics , ▁rich ▁sound track , ▁and ▁extremely ▁low ▁difficulty ▁make ▁it ▁" a ▁perfect ▁game ▁for ▁nov ices ." Next ▁Generation ▁review ed ▁the ▁game , ▁rating ▁it ▁two ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁five , ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁" none ▁of ▁[ its ] ▁good ▁qual ities ▁keep ▁Tem po ▁from ▁missing ▁the ▁beat ▁and ▁being ▁yet ▁another ▁poor ▁ 3 2 X ▁effort ." ▁ ▁Four ▁review ers ▁for ▁the ▁Japanese ▁S ega ▁Sat urn ▁Magazine ▁gave ▁it ▁scores ▁of ▁ 6 , 4 , 6 , 7 , ▁for ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 6 . 2 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁review , ▁I GN ▁gave ▁the ▁game ▁ 7 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁In ▁part ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁failed ▁ 3 2 X ▁add - on , ▁it ▁failed ▁to ▁find ▁an ▁audience . ▁S ega ▁non eth eless ▁tried ▁again ▁with ▁two ▁sequ els : ▁Tem po ▁Jr . ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁for ▁the ▁Game ▁G ear , ▁and ▁Super ▁Tem po ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁for ▁the ▁S ega ▁Sat urn . F am ic om ▁Ts ū sh in ▁scored ▁Tem po ▁Jr . '' ▁an |
▁ 1 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Red ▁Entertainment ▁games ▁Category : S ega ▁video ▁games ▁Category : S ega ▁ 3 2 X ▁games ▁Category : Platform ▁games ▁Category : S ega ▁ 3 2 X - only ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁Elli ott ▁Martin ▁Brow ne ▁( 2 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁– ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁theatre ▁director , ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁production ▁of ▁tw enti eth ▁century ▁verse ▁plays . ▁He ▁collabor ated ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁with ▁T . ▁S . ▁Eli ot ▁and ▁was ▁first ▁producer ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁plays ▁including ▁Mur der ▁in ▁the ▁C athedral . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Elli ott ▁Martin ▁Brow ne ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ze als , ▁W ilt shire , ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁the ▁third ▁son ▁of ▁Colonel ▁Per c ival ▁John ▁Brow ne . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁College , ▁and ▁Christ ▁Church , ▁Oxford , ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁modern ▁history ▁and ▁the ology . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁he ▁worked ▁at ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁jobs ▁related ▁to ▁drama , ▁in ▁Kent , ▁Don c aster , ▁London ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁drama ▁at ▁the ▁Car neg ie ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology |
, ▁Pitts burgh . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁he ▁married ▁the ▁actress ▁Hen zie ▁Ra eb urn , ▁who ▁subsequently ▁appeared ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁produ ctions . ▁They ▁had ▁two ▁sons . ▁ ▁First ▁work ▁with ▁Eli ot ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁George ▁Bell , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Ch ich ester , ▁to ▁be ▁director ▁of ▁religious ▁drama ▁for ▁the ▁dioc ese . ▁One ▁of ▁Brow ne ' s ▁early ▁assign ments ▁was ▁to ▁organ ise ▁a ▁page ant , ▁The ▁Rock , ▁to ▁raise ▁funds ▁for ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁Ang lic an ▁churches . ▁At ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁Bishop ▁Bell , ▁T . ▁S . ▁Eli ot ▁wrote ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁ch or uses ▁linking ▁the ▁lo os ely ▁historical ▁scenes ▁of ▁the ▁page ant , ▁which ▁was ▁played ▁by ▁am ateurs ▁and ▁presented ▁at ▁Sad ler ' s ▁Well s ▁Theatre ▁for ▁a ▁fort night ' s ▁run ▁in ▁summer ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁ ▁After ▁this ▁success , ▁Bell ▁invited ▁Eli ot ▁and ▁Brow ne ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁a ▁play ▁to ▁be ▁written ▁by ▁Eli ot ▁and ▁presented ▁at ▁the ▁Can ter bury ▁Festival ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁with ▁Brow ne ▁as ▁director . ▁The ▁title ▁was ▁Mur der ▁in ▁the ▁C athedral ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁this ▁production ▁that ▁established ▁the ▁collaboration ▁between ▁Eli ot ▁as ▁poet - play w right ▁and ▁Martin ▁Brow ne ▁as ▁director ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁last ▁for ▁twenty ▁years . |
▁This ▁first ▁production , ▁with ▁Robert ▁Spe a ight ▁as ▁Be cket , ▁was ▁st aged ▁in ▁the ▁chapter ▁house ▁at ▁Can ter bury ▁and ▁was ▁then ▁taken ▁to ▁London , ▁where ▁it ▁ran ▁for ▁almost ▁a ▁year . ▁It ▁established ▁Brow ne ▁as ▁the ▁leading ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁" po etic ▁drama " ▁movement , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁under going ▁something ▁of ▁a ▁rev ival . ▁The ▁American ▁premi ere , ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁followed ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁with ▁Brow ne ▁himself ▁playing ▁Four th ▁Temp ter . ▁ ▁He ▁succeeded ▁Bishop ▁Bell ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Relig ious ▁D rama ▁Society ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁(" R AD I US "). ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁he ▁directed ▁Eli ot ' s ▁second ▁play , ▁The ▁Family ▁Re union , ▁in ▁London ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁launched ▁a ▁tour ing ▁company ▁which ▁he ▁called ▁the ▁" P il gr im ▁Play ers ", ▁whose ▁programme ▁was ▁domin ated ▁by ▁the ▁plays ▁of ▁Eli ot ▁and , ▁to ▁a ▁less er ▁degree , ▁of ▁James ▁Br id ie ▁( O . ▁H . ▁M avor ), ▁the ▁Scottish ▁dram at ist . ▁These ▁t ours ▁continued ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁Post war ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁Brow ne ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁ 1 5 0 - se ater ▁Mercur y ▁Theatre , ▁Not ting ▁Hill ▁Gate , ▁and ▁devoted ▁it ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁three ▁years ▁to |
▁the ▁production ▁of ▁modern ▁verse ▁plays , ▁with ▁first ▁produ ctions ▁of ▁plays ▁by ▁Christopher ▁F ry , ▁Ron ald ▁Dun can , ▁Norman ▁Nich ol son ▁and ▁Anne ▁R id ler , ▁all ▁directed ▁by ▁Brow ne ▁himself . ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁D rama ▁League , ▁an ▁organisation ▁devoted ▁to ▁giving ▁assistance ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁amateur ▁the at res . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁director ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁production ▁since ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century ▁of ▁the ▁York ▁Myst ery ▁Pl ays , ▁which ▁he ▁directed ▁in ▁the ▁ru ins ▁of ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁Ab bey , ▁York , ▁for ▁the ▁York ▁Festival , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁celebr ations ▁of ▁the ▁Festival ▁of ▁Britain . ▁He ▁under to ok ▁further ▁produ ctions ▁of ▁the ▁plays ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁ven ue ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁Meanwhile ▁he ▁continued ▁his ▁collaboration ▁with ▁T . ▁S . ▁Eli ot , ▁direct ing ▁The ▁C ock tail ▁Party ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁The ▁Conf ident ial ▁C ler k ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁and ▁The ▁E lder ▁States man ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁ ▁For ▁six ▁months ▁of ▁each ▁year ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁he |
▁served ▁as ▁visit ing ▁professor ▁of ▁religious ▁drama ▁at ▁Union ▁The ological ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁he ▁was ▁drama ▁advis er ▁to ▁Cov entry ▁C athedral , ▁direct ing ▁the ▁media eval ▁mystery ▁plays ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁he ▁directed ▁at ▁the ▁Y v onne ▁Ar na ud ▁Theatre ▁in ▁Gu ild ford , ▁the ▁plays ▁being ▁Mur der ▁in ▁the ▁C athedral , ▁The ▁Family ▁Re union , ▁Thor nt on ▁W ilder ' s ▁Our ▁Town ▁and ▁The ▁Long ▁Christmas ▁D inner , ▁and ▁the ▁media eval ▁mor ality ▁play , ▁Ever yman . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁C BE ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁Following ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Hen zie ▁Ra eb urn , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁he ▁married ▁Aud rey ▁Johnson . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁M idd les ex ▁Hospital , ▁West min ster , ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁surv ived ▁by ▁his ▁second ▁wife . ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁death s ▁Category : English ▁theatre ▁direct ors ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁W ilt shire ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁College ▁Category : Al umn i |
▁of ▁Christ ▁Church , ▁Oxford ▁Category : Command ers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire <0x0A> </s> ▁Com ing ▁Out ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁East ▁German ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁He iner ▁Car ow ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Wol fram ▁W itt ▁which ▁de als ▁with ▁the ▁lead ▁character , ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁teacher , ▁" coming ▁out " ▁and ▁accepting ▁himself ▁as ▁gay . ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁the ▁last ▁films ▁made ▁by ▁DE FA , ▁the ▁East ▁German ▁state ▁film ▁studio , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁gay - th emed ▁feature ▁film ▁that ▁it ▁made . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁K ino ▁International ▁in ▁Berlin ▁on ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁night ▁that ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Wall ▁was ▁opened . ▁ ▁It ▁won ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁awards ▁including ▁a ▁Silver ▁Bear ▁and ▁Ted dy ▁Award ▁at ▁ 4 0 th ▁Berlin ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁awards ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Fe ature ▁Film ▁Festival ▁of ▁the ▁G DR . ▁ ▁The ▁lead ▁actors ▁are ▁Matth ias ▁Fre ih of , ▁D ag mar ▁Man zel , ▁and ▁D irk ▁K um mer . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁shot ▁on ▁location ▁in ▁East ▁Berlin ▁and ▁includes ▁scenes ▁shot ▁with ▁am ateurs ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁gay ▁ven ues ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁story ▁revol ves ▁around ▁a ▁young ▁high - school ▁teacher , ▁Philipp ▁Kl arm ann , ▁who ▁during ▁his ▁first ▁day ▁at ▁work ▁coll ides ▁with ▁a ▁fellow ▁teacher , ▁Tan |
ja , ▁in ▁a ▁school ▁cor rid or . ▁Philipp ▁ens ures ▁Tan ja ▁is ▁okay ▁and ▁later ▁takes ▁her ▁out ▁for ▁a ▁drink . ▁A ▁rom ance ▁quickly ▁develop s ▁and ▁they ▁become ▁engaged ▁to ▁be ▁married . ▁ ▁It ▁later ▁becomes ▁clear ▁that ▁Philipp ▁is ▁conflic ted ▁about ▁his ▁sexual ity . ▁He ▁demonstr ates ▁em path y ▁with ▁a ▁disc rimin ated ▁minor ity ▁by ▁def ending ▁a ▁black ▁man ▁who ▁is ▁being ▁bul lied ▁on ▁a ▁train . ▁Jakob , ▁an ▁out ▁gay ▁friend ▁of ▁Tan ja ' s , ▁comes ▁to ▁visit . ▁Un known ▁to ▁her , ▁he ▁and ▁Phill ip ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁previous ▁relationship ▁that ▁didn ' t ▁end ▁well . ▁▁ ▁Philipp ▁later ▁vis its ▁a ▁gay ▁bar , ▁where ▁a ▁party ▁is ▁taking ▁place . ▁Most ▁pat rons ▁are ▁in ▁cost ume ▁and ▁many ▁are ▁in ▁drag . ▁Philipp ▁is ▁c aut ious , ▁but ▁takes ▁a ▁seat ▁near ▁an ▁older ▁male ▁character ▁who ▁sens es ▁his ▁hes itation ▁in ▁this ▁setting ▁and ▁says , ▁" Don ' t ▁be ▁sc ared . ▁Every one ▁is ▁at ▁first . ▁Be ▁brave ." ▁▁ ▁A ▁young ▁man , ▁Matth ias , ▁watch es ▁Philipp ▁from ▁a ▁distance . ▁They ▁later ▁meet ▁up , ▁have ▁an ▁evening ▁out ▁together ▁and ▁have ▁sex ▁and ▁fall ▁in ▁love . ▁ ▁Philipp ' s ▁relationship ▁with ▁Tan ja ▁d eter ior ates ▁and ▁he ▁strugg les ▁with ▁his ▁identity . ▁His ▁mother ▁indicates ▁that ▁she ▁real ises ▁he |
▁is ▁gay ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁disapp ro ves . ▁ ▁Philipp ▁is ▁eventually ▁forced ▁to ▁come ▁out ▁to ▁Tan ja , ▁after ▁she ▁in ad vert ly ▁meets ▁Math ias ▁during ▁inter mission ▁at ▁a ▁concert ▁by ▁the ▁famous ▁conduct or ▁Daniel ▁Bar en bo im ▁that ▁all ▁three ▁are ▁att ending . ▁Matth ias ▁is ▁dist ra ug ht ▁when ▁he ▁lear ns ▁that ▁Philipp ▁has ▁a ▁f ian c ée ▁and ▁runs ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁concert ▁hall ▁in ▁dist ress . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁weeks , ▁Philipp ▁searches ▁for ▁Matth ias ▁and ▁also ▁goes ▁cru ising ▁for ▁sex ; ▁he ▁meets ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁man ▁and ▁has ▁cas ual ▁sex , ▁an ▁experience ▁which ▁he ▁enjo ys . ▁He ▁eventually ▁finds ▁Math ias ▁at ▁a ▁bar ▁with ▁another ▁man . ▁Matth ias ▁reject s ▁Phill ip ▁and ▁Phill ip ▁goes ▁away ▁ups et ▁and ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁gay ▁bar ▁where ▁the ▁two ▁originally ▁met . ▁The ▁old ▁man ▁Philipp ▁first ▁met ▁in ▁the ▁bar ▁is ▁there ▁again ▁and ▁he ▁tells ▁him ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁how ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁separate ▁from ▁his ▁lo ver ▁during ▁the ▁Naz i ▁period . ▁He ▁con cludes ▁his ▁story ▁by ▁saying ▁" every one ▁is ▁alone ▁... ▁everyone ▁is ▁afraid ." ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁ends ▁with ▁a ▁class room ▁scene , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁head ▁teacher , ▁who ▁has ▁apparently ▁discovered ▁Philipp ' s ▁sexual ▁orientation , ▁comes ▁to ▁do ▁a ▁sh am ▁class room ▁observation , ▁theoret ically ▁to ▁see ▁if ▁he |
▁is ▁suitable ▁to ▁teach . ▁Philipp ▁s its ▁on ▁his ▁des k ▁saying ▁and ▁doing ▁nothing , ▁prompt ing ▁the ▁head ▁teacher ▁to ▁y ell ▁' K ol lege ▁Kl arm ann !' ▁to ▁which ▁Philipp ▁simply ▁rep lies ▁' J a ', ▁sign ifying ▁his ▁accept ance ▁of ▁his ▁sexual ▁orientation . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Matth ias ▁Fre ih of ▁as ▁Philipp ▁Kl arm ann ▁ ▁D ag mar ▁Man zel ▁as ▁Tan ja ▁ ▁D irk ▁K um mer ▁as ▁Matth ias ▁ ▁Michael ▁G w is dek ▁as ▁Ach im ▁ ▁Werner ▁D iss el ▁as ▁Old er ▁hom osex ual ▁man ▁ ▁G ud run ▁Ritter ▁as ▁Frau ▁Mo elle mann , ▁Wait ress ▁ ▁W alf ried e ▁Sch mitt ▁as ▁Philipp ' s ▁mother ▁ ▁Ax el ▁W and t ke ▁as ▁Jakob ▁ ▁Pierre ▁Bl iss ▁as ▁Ara ber ▁ ▁René ▁Schmidt ▁as ▁Young ▁man ▁in ▁the ▁park ▁ ▁Thomas ▁G um pert ▁as ▁Larry ▁ ▁Urs ula ▁Sta ack ▁as ▁W anton ▁ ▁Robert ▁Hum mel ▁as ▁L utz ▁ ▁Hor st ▁Z i eth en ▁as ▁L ank y ▁boy ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁opening ▁scene ▁follows ▁an ▁amb ul ance ▁through ▁well - known ▁areas ▁and ▁bor ough s ▁such ▁as ▁P ren z la uer ▁Berg , ▁Berlin - M itte ▁( Alex ander ▁Platz ) ▁and ▁Friedrich sh ain ▁on ▁a ▁night ▁that ▁the ▁audience ▁could ▁assume ▁is ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁E ve , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁fire works ▁in ▁the |
▁background . ▁Other ▁scenes ▁in ▁the ▁movie ▁are ▁fil med ▁on ▁locations ▁that ▁were ▁common ▁meeting ▁points ▁for ▁hom osex uals ▁in ▁East ▁Germany ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Fair yt ale ▁F ount ain ▁( M är chen br un nen ) ▁in ▁Volks park ▁Friedrich sh ain ▁and ▁bars ▁such ▁as ▁" S cho ppen st ube " ▁in ▁P ren z la uer ▁Berg ▁and ▁Zum ▁Burg fried en ▁which ▁was ▁located ▁at ▁W ich ert straße ▁ 6 9 , ▁though ▁it ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Sc enes ▁fil med ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁where ▁Philipp ▁teach es ▁were ▁fil med ▁in ▁the ▁Carl - von - O ss iet z ky - G ymnasium , ▁a ▁historical ▁building ▁and ▁school ▁in ▁P ank ow ▁and ▁some ▁h alls ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁scenes . ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁of ▁L oth ar ▁Bis ky ▁allowed ▁scenes ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Tan ja ' s ▁a partment ▁to ▁be ▁fil med ▁in ▁their ▁Berlin ▁home . ▁Bis ky ▁was ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Film ▁and ▁Television ▁( P ots dam - B abel s berg ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁later , ▁in ▁the ▁reun ified ▁Germany , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁left ▁wing ▁politician . ▁Two ▁of ▁his ▁three ▁sons ▁are ▁gay , ▁one ▁of ▁whom ▁is ▁Berlin - based ▁painter ▁Nor bert ▁Bis ky . ▁ ▁Awards ▁The ▁film ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁at |
▁film ▁festiv als ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁has ▁won ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁awards , ▁including : ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ 4 0 th ▁Berlin ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁( Ber lin ale ) ▁- ▁Silver ▁Bear ▁for ▁' out standing ▁art istic ▁contribution ', ▁for ▁its ▁' expression ▁of ▁respect ▁for ▁human ▁rights , ▁human ity , ▁and ▁toler ance '. ▁Ted dy ▁Award , ▁an ▁award ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁L B GT ▁films ▁at ▁the ▁Berlin ale . ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ <0x09> A kadem ie ▁der ▁K ün ste ▁Berlin ▁( A cademy ▁of ▁Arts , ▁Berlin ) ▁- ▁Kon rad ▁Wolf ▁Prize ▁for ▁director ▁He iner ▁Car ow ▁and ▁author ▁Wol fram ▁W itt . ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ <0x09> ▁( National ▁Fe ature ▁Film ▁Festival ▁of ▁the ▁G DR ) ▁- ▁Best ▁Director ▁( He iner ▁Car ow ); ▁Best ▁Young ▁Male ▁A ctor ▁( Mat th ias ▁Fre ih of ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Die ▁andere ▁Lie be ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Dennis , ▁David ▁Br andon . ▁" Com ing ▁Out ▁into ▁Social ism : ▁He iner ▁Car ow ’ s ▁Third ▁Way .” ▁In ▁A ▁Comp an ion ▁to ▁German ▁Cinema . ▁Ed ited ▁by ▁Ter ri ▁G ins berg ▁and ▁Andrea ▁M ensch , ▁p . ▁ 5 5 – 8 1 . ▁Mal den , ▁MA ▁& ▁Oxford : ▁Black well , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁▁ ▁Fra ck man , ▁K yle ▁( 2 0 1 |
8 ) ▁Sh ame ▁and ▁Love : ▁East ▁German ▁Hom osex ual ity ▁Go es ▁to ▁the ▁Mov ies . ▁In ▁Fra ck man , ▁K yle ; ▁Ste ward , ▁F aye ▁( eds .) ▁G ender ▁and ▁Sex ual ity ▁in ▁East ▁German ▁Film : ▁Int im acy ▁and ▁Ali en ation ▁Ro chester , ▁NY : ▁Cam den ▁House ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Com ing ▁out ▁( 9 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁in ▁East ▁German ▁Cinema ▁B log . ▁Retrieved ▁ 4 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁L GB T - related ▁films ▁Category : L GB T - related ▁coming - of - age ▁films ▁Category : Sil ver ▁Bear ▁for ▁out standing ▁art istic ▁contribution ▁Category : E ast ▁German ▁films ▁Category : G erman ▁L GB T - related ▁films ▁Category : G erman - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁He iner ▁Car ow ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Berlin ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Berlin ▁Category : G ay - related ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁M om olu ▁V . ▁S ack or ▁Sir leaf ▁was ▁a ▁Liber ian ▁politician . ▁During ▁the ▁First ▁Liber ian ▁Civil ▁War , ▁he ▁represented ▁the ▁National ▁Patri otic ▁Front ▁of ▁Liber ia ▁intern ation ally . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁foreign ▁minister ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Patri otic ▁Re const ruction ▁Assembly ▁Government ▁of ▁Charles ▁Taylor |
▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁He ▁represented ▁the ▁N P FL ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Gene va ▁tal ks ▁that ▁followed ▁the ▁Har per ▁mass acre . ▁ ▁As ▁war ring ▁fa ctions ▁agreed ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁National ▁Trans itional ▁Government ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Sir leaf ▁was ▁named ▁foreign ▁minister . ▁ ▁After ▁Charles ▁Taylor ▁was ▁elected ▁President ▁of ▁Liber ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Sir leaf ▁was ▁again ▁named ▁foreign ▁minister . ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁later ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁by ▁Mon ie ▁R . ▁Capt an . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Foreign ▁Minister s ▁of ▁Liber ia ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁at ▁a ▁conference ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia . ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁consisted ▁of ▁young ▁leaders ▁that ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Neg ro ▁Congress . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁gather ing ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁individuals . ▁ ▁Such ▁individuals ▁as ▁represent atives ▁from ▁almost ▁all ▁the ▁black ▁colleg es ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁Boy ▁and ▁Girl ▁Sc outs , ▁young ▁steel ▁workers , ▁and ▁even ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Y M CA ▁all ▁joined ▁together ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress . ▁ ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁major ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁role ▁of |
▁dem ocracy ▁was ▁not ▁commun ism ▁or ▁social ism ▁but ▁rather ▁fasc ism ▁was ▁the ▁biggest ▁threat , ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁black ▁population ▁but ▁also ▁a ▁major ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁white ▁population ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁felt ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁organization ▁because ▁it ▁allowed ▁people ▁to ▁not ▁only ▁sett le ▁into ▁the ▁Southern ▁areas ▁but ▁also ▁take ▁action ▁to ▁change ▁it ▁for ▁the ▁better ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁engaged ▁in ▁many ▁activities ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁such ▁as ▁leading ▁boy cot ts ▁against ▁disc rimin atory ▁working ▁environments , ▁register ing ▁African - American ▁votes , ▁discussed ▁problems ▁with ▁government ▁officials ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C ., ▁organized ▁workers ▁into ▁un ions ▁and ▁assist ed ▁rural ▁African - Amer icans ▁in ▁legal ▁cases . ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁performed ▁such ▁studies ▁as ▁taking ▁items ▁being ▁purchased ▁in ▁a ▁black ▁community ▁and ▁then ▁comparing ▁the ▁prices ▁to ▁those ▁same ▁items ▁being ▁purchased ▁in ▁a ▁white ▁community . ▁ ▁This ▁study ▁showed ▁that ▁prices ▁for ▁the ▁same ▁goods ▁were ▁ 2 0 - 3 0 % ▁higher ▁in ▁the ▁black ▁communities ▁then ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁white ▁communities , ▁which ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁citizens ▁who ▁were ▁struggling ▁most ▁to ▁surv ive ▁were ▁actually ▁pay ing ▁higher ▁prices ▁for ▁the ▁items ▁that ▁were ▁necessary ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁live . ▁ ▁Prom inent ▁members |
▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁consisted ▁of ▁veter an ▁activ ists ▁James ▁Jackson , ▁Helen ▁Gray , ▁Est her ▁Cooper ▁Jackson ▁and ▁Edward ▁E . ▁Str ong ▁and ▁at ▁one ▁time ▁or ▁another ▁had ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁prominent ▁figures ▁that ▁included ▁Mary ▁McC le od ▁Beth une , ▁Charlotte ▁Haw kins ▁Brown , ▁Franklin ▁D . ▁Ro ose vel t ▁and ▁William ▁Edward ▁Burg hardt ▁Du Bo is . ▁At ▁its ▁prime ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁claimed ▁that ▁it ▁represented ▁about ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁young ▁black ▁southern ers ▁but ▁due ▁to ▁ins u fficient ▁records ▁these ▁numbers ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁verified . ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁saw ▁its ▁dem ise ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁in ▁part ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁post war ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁fear , ▁h yst eria , ▁ra cial ▁violence ▁and ▁loss ▁of ▁jobs ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁many ▁difficulties ▁for ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁leaders ▁to ▁solve . ▁ ▁Early ▁Years ▁and ▁Begin nings ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress , ▁many ▁African - Amer icans ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century ▁strugg led ▁with ▁financial ▁hard ships ▁and ▁often ▁were ▁near ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁economic ▁and ▁political ▁life . ▁The ▁National ▁Neg ro ▁Congress ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Chicago ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 --- although ▁the ▁young ▁were ▁present |
▁felt ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁create ▁their ▁own ▁con gress ▁in ▁hopes ▁of ▁not ▁being ▁ham per ed ▁by ▁elder ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁African - American ▁movement ▁during ▁this ▁time . ▁Although ▁there ▁was ▁much ▁debate ▁on ▁where ▁the ▁first ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁meeting ▁would ▁be ▁held ▁it ▁was ▁eventually ▁decided ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁held ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁at ▁the ▁Fif th ▁Bapt ist ▁Church . ▁The ▁first ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁meeting ▁consisted ▁of ▁ 5 3 4 ▁deleg ates ▁that ▁represented ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁young ▁people ▁in ▁ 2 3 ▁states . ▁Of ▁these ▁deleg ates ▁a ▁representative ▁from ▁all ▁histor ically ▁black ▁colleg es ▁was ▁present ▁as ▁well ▁and ▁members ▁from ▁Y M CA ▁branches ▁and ▁Girl ▁and ▁Boy ▁sc outs ▁across ▁the ▁region . ▁Like ▁the ▁National ▁Neg ro ▁Congress ▁before ▁it ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁also ▁consisted ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁party ▁members ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁First ▁Assembly ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁met ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁groups ▁to ▁discuss ▁problems ▁and ▁to ▁advoc ate ▁ideas ▁to ▁the ▁general ▁body ▁for ▁appro val , ▁modification ▁or ▁re jection . ▁Prom inent ▁adult ▁leaders ▁such ▁as ▁John ▁P ▁Davis , ▁executive ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Neg ro ▁Congress , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁other ▁leaders |
▁from ▁the ▁Christian ▁Youth ▁Council ▁of ▁North ▁America , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Y M CA ▁and ▁teachers ▁from ▁the ▁black ▁colleg es ▁around ▁the ▁area ▁assist ed ▁the ▁divided ▁groups ▁of ▁the ▁SN Y C . ▁The ▁key ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Congress ▁were ▁noted ▁by ▁the ▁sem inar ▁on ▁“ The ▁Ro le ▁of ▁the ▁Neg ro ▁Church ▁in ▁Sol ving ▁Social ▁and ▁Econom ic ▁Problem s ▁of ▁the ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ,” ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁ke yn ote ▁address ▁delivered ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Mor de ca i ▁Johnson , ▁the ▁first ▁black ▁president ▁of ▁Howard ▁University ▁Dean ▁Herbert ▁M . ▁Smith ▁spe ar head ed ▁the ▁sem inar ▁stating ▁that ▁Neg ro ▁minister s ▁had ▁to ▁interest ▁themselves ▁in ▁matters ▁with ▁church ▁members ▁if ▁they ▁wanted ▁the ▁church ▁to ▁remain ▁the ▁greatest ▁instrument ▁of ▁social ▁en light en ment . ▁Following ▁the ▁sem inar , ▁Dr . ▁Johnson ▁addressed ▁the ▁deleg ates ▁with ▁his ▁ke yn ote ▁ur ging ▁the ▁audience ▁to ▁ref rain ▁from ▁the ▁status ▁qu o ▁and ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁abol ishing ▁in just ice ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁system ▁against ▁African - Amer icans . ▁Dr . ▁Johnson ’ s ▁ke yn ote ▁addresses ▁was ▁received ▁with ▁great ▁enthus ias m ▁and ▁app la use ▁from ▁the ▁deleg ates ▁and ▁obser vers , ▁as ▁it ▁mainly ▁was ▁filled ▁with ▁advice ▁for ▁the ▁young ▁and ▁critic ized ▁the ▁old . ▁ ▁First ▁Session ▁The ▁first ▁conference ▁also ▁saw ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁infrastr ucture ▁of |
▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Office ▁located ▁in ▁Richmond . ▁The ▁Congress ▁looked ▁to ▁make ▁officers ▁consisting ▁of ▁young ▁people ▁who ▁lived ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁South . ▁The ▁national ▁officers ▁elected ▁to ▁serve ▁a ▁one - year ▁term ▁were ▁as ▁follows : ▁William ▁F . ▁Richard son ▁as ▁National ▁Chair man , ▁Edward ▁Str ong ▁as ▁Executive ▁Secretary , ▁C . ▁Columb us ▁Al ston ▁as ▁National ▁Field ▁Represent ative , ▁and ▁James ▁A . ▁C ox ▁as ▁Tre as urer . ▁National ▁officers ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁rec ruit ment ▁for ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress . ▁The ▁most ▁frequently ▁used ▁method ▁for ▁expansion ▁was ▁the ▁membership ▁drives ▁that ▁consisted ▁of ▁three ▁different ▁types : ▁affili ate , ▁club , ▁and ▁individual . ▁ ▁Four ▁Point ▁Program ▁Through out ▁its ▁history , ▁SN Y C ▁followed ▁a ▁four - point ▁program ▁that ▁was ▁util ized ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁issues ▁and ▁campaign s . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁SN Y C , ▁ 1 0 0 ▁local ▁coun c ils ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁group ▁supported ▁this ▁four - point ▁program . ▁The ▁four - point ▁program ▁sought ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁in ▁citizens hip , ▁education , ▁jobs , ▁and ▁health . ▁In ▁adopt ing ▁these ▁points , ▁the ▁SN Y C ▁attract ed ▁accept ance ▁not ▁only ▁from ▁African - Amer icans ▁but ▁white ▁citizens ▁in ▁the ▁south , ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Tob acco ▁St rik es ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress |
▁was ▁caught ▁in ▁two ▁sp ont aneous ▁strik es ▁that ▁occurred ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁The ▁first ▁strike ▁occurred ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁against ▁the ▁Car r ington ▁& ▁Mich aux ▁Tob acco ▁St em ming ▁Company . ▁The ▁second ▁strike ▁occurred ▁on ▁May ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁against ▁the ▁I . ▁N . ▁V aug hn ▁& ▁Company . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁to b acco ▁industry ▁already ▁had ▁an ▁established ▁to b acco ▁union , ▁The ▁Tob acco ▁Work ers ’ ▁International ▁Union , ▁which ▁followed ▁the ▁policy ▁of ▁occup ational ▁seg reg ation ▁rather ▁than ▁ra cial ▁disc rim ination ▁which ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁ignore ▁the ▁rights ▁and ▁needs ▁of ▁African - American ▁workers . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁black ▁workers ▁organized , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁sent ▁a ▁field ▁representative , ▁C . ▁Columb us ▁Al ston . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁being ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress , ▁Al ston ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁union ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Youth ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Federation ▁of ▁Labor ▁and ▁helped ▁organ ize ▁the ▁black ▁workers ▁into ▁the ▁Tob acco ▁St em mers ▁and ▁Labor ers ▁Indust rial ▁Union . ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Al ston ▁and ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress , ▁the ▁Tob acco ▁St em mers ▁and ▁Labor ers ▁Indust rial ▁Union ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁draft ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁dem ands ▁aim ed ▁at |
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