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▁the ▁Tob acco ▁companies . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁dem ands ▁listed ▁by ▁the ▁black ▁to b acco ▁workers ▁consisted ▁of ▁having ▁higher ▁w ages , ▁shorter ▁working - h ours ▁and ▁better ▁working ▁conditions . ▁Within ▁ 4 8 ▁hours ▁of ▁the ▁union ’ s ▁committee ▁present ing ▁its ▁case ▁to ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁company , ▁an ▁agreement ▁was ▁reached ▁with ▁Frank ▁Kru ch ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Labor ▁Department ▁and ▁the ▁own ers ▁of ▁the ▁companies . ▁ ▁Other ▁Camp aign s ▁Although ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁often ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁the ▁rights ▁of ▁black ▁workers ▁in ▁the ▁South , ▁they ▁also ▁target ed ▁l yn ch ing ▁cr imes , ▁the ▁poll ▁tax , ▁and ▁register ing ▁African - Amer icans ▁to ▁vote . ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁sought ▁to ▁combat ▁the ▁l yn ch ▁terror ▁that ▁was ▁occurr ing ▁against ▁the ▁youth ▁throughout ▁the ▁south . ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁National ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Ad van cement ▁of ▁Col ored ▁People ▁( NA AC P ), ▁the ▁Southern ▁Conference ▁on ▁Human ▁W elf are ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁other ▁organizations ▁in ▁hopes ▁to ▁support ▁legisl ation ▁that ▁would ▁make ▁l yn ch ing ▁a ▁federal ▁crime . ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁were ▁encourag ed ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁NA AC P ▁to ▁send ▁tele gram s , ▁letters ▁and ▁post cards ▁to ▁deleg ates ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁more ▁important ly , ▁President ▁Franklin
▁D . ▁Ro ose vel t . ▁Since ▁its ▁in ception , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁attempted ▁to ▁get ▁many ▁black s ▁to ▁vote ▁in ▁the ▁South , ▁despite ▁the ▁poll ▁tax es . ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁pushed ▁this ▁movement ▁through ▁their ▁editor ial ▁“ C it iz ens hip ▁Camp aign ” ▁which ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁problems ▁black s ▁faced ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁could ▁be ▁changed ▁if ▁they ▁voted . ▁Besides ▁editor ial s , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁also ▁passed ▁out ▁pam ph lets , ▁leaf lets , ▁manual s , ▁and ▁buttons ▁to ▁encou rage ▁interest ▁in ▁voting . ▁Although ▁not ▁always ▁successful ▁in ▁their ▁tact ics , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁did ▁excel ▁in ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁community ▁groups ▁to ▁have ▁citizens hip ▁campaign s ▁that ▁included ▁vot er ▁registration ▁clin ics . ▁ ▁Other ▁T act ics ▁Besides ▁campaign ing , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁also ▁believed ▁in ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁using ▁the ▁arts ▁as ▁an ▁instrument ▁to ▁promote ▁their ▁causes ▁to ▁the ▁youth . ▁The ▁two ▁main ▁tact ics ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁were ▁poetry ▁and ▁drama . ▁The ▁Congress ▁helped ▁this ▁movement ▁by ▁creating ▁a ▁literary ▁publication ▁Caval cade ▁and ▁a ▁cre ative ▁association ▁entitled ▁the ▁Association ▁of ▁Young ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁Art ists ▁to ▁allow ▁black s ▁to ▁spread ▁their ▁expressions . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁Community ▁Theatre ▁also ▁performed ▁across
▁the ▁South ▁to ▁re ac qu aint ▁Southern ▁African - Amer icans ▁with ▁their ▁her itage , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁show ▁them ▁that ▁struggle ▁was ▁necessary ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁America ▁should ▁change ▁its ▁dem ocr atic ▁pron oun cement . ▁ ▁Commun ism ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁Since ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁commun ist ▁representation ▁present . ▁With ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁and ▁their ▁visibility ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁government ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁actions ▁to ▁suppress ▁organizations ▁with ▁Commun ist ▁members . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁the ▁F BI ▁gathered ▁data ▁on ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁through ▁technical ▁surve ill ance ▁such ▁as ▁tele phone ▁and ▁micro phone ▁t aps . ▁Besides ▁this ▁the ▁F BI ▁paid ▁inform ants ▁and ▁paid ▁for ▁subscri ptions ▁to ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ’ ▁publications . ▁However , ▁the ▁im min ent ▁per ception ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁as ▁a ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁domin ated ▁the ▁mass , ▁which ▁subsequently ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁down fall ▁of ▁many ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁campaign s ▁and ▁its ▁popular ity . ▁S ally e ▁Davis , ▁mother ▁of ▁commun ist ▁scholar ▁and ▁activ ist ▁Ang ela ▁Y . ▁Davis , ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro
▁Youth ▁Congress ▁in ▁B irmingham , ▁Alabama . ▁ ▁E ighth ▁and ▁Last ▁Conference ▁Me eting ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Conference ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁held ▁their ▁e ighth ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁Conference ▁that ▁also ▁happened ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁last ▁conference . ▁The ▁meeting ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 4 , ▁and ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁in ▁B irmingham , ▁Alabama ▁where ▁the ▁headquarters ▁was ▁located . ▁The ▁e ighth ▁conference ▁attract ed ▁national ▁news ▁head lines ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁showed ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁citizens ▁that ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁South . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁Police ▁Commission er ▁was ▁Bull ▁Con nor ▁who ▁used ▁everything ▁in ▁his ▁power ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁from ▁gather ing ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁separation ▁of ▁races ▁was ▁required ▁and ▁that ▁any ▁action ▁that ▁dis ob ey ed ▁this ▁law ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁rein for ced ▁by ▁the ▁police . ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁looked ▁for ▁churches ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁meet ings ▁but ▁upon ▁se cur ing ▁a ▁location ▁to ▁use ▁Bull ▁Con nor ▁would ▁often ▁interven e ▁and ▁call ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁facilities ▁being ▁used ▁and ▁state ▁that ▁since ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁was ▁an ▁inter ra cial ▁organization ▁that ▁the ▁meeting ▁would ▁viol ate ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Alabama ’ s ▁laws . ▁Three ▁black ▁churches ▁turned ▁down ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁before ▁Re ver end
▁H . ▁Douglas ▁Oliver ▁allowed ▁the ▁meeting ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁in ▁his ▁past or ▁of ▁the ▁Alliance ▁G ospel ▁Tab ern acle . ▁The ▁meeting ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁upon ▁arrival ▁all ▁white ▁members ▁were ▁arrested ▁and ▁charged ▁for ▁breaking ▁the ▁seg reg ation ▁laws . ▁Despite ▁this ▁occurrence ▁the ▁meeting ▁still ▁comm enced ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁black ▁members ▁under ▁the ▁seg reg ated ▁conditions . ▁At ▁the ▁meeting ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁passed ▁resolution s ▁condem ning ▁the ▁seg reg ation ▁laws ▁and ▁den ying ▁any ▁affili ation ▁with ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party . ▁ ▁The ▁content ions ▁of ▁the ▁party ▁were ▁not ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁and ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁meeting ▁Edward ▁K . ▁We aver ; ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁res ign . ▁ ▁After math ▁and ▁Leg acy ▁With ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁e ighth ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁res ign ing ▁of ▁the ▁president ▁the ▁Congress ▁began ▁to ▁lose ▁rapid ▁popular ity ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁north ▁as ▁membership ▁decl ined ▁dr ast ically . ▁The ▁oppos ing ▁powers ▁against ▁the ▁Congress ▁were ▁too ▁much ▁to ▁with stand ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁times ▁that ▁occurred ▁post ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁was ▁under going ▁what ▁later ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁and ▁this ▁led ▁to ▁height ened ▁ra cial ▁t ension ▁and ▁encourag ed ▁local ▁and ▁national ▁law
▁enfor cement ▁ag encies ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁surve ill ance ▁of ▁radical ▁and ▁sub vers ive ▁organization . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Att orney ▁General , ▁Tom ▁Clark , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁sub vers ive ▁organization . ▁The ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁two ▁fundamental ▁object ives ▁which ▁were ▁to ▁dem ocrat ize ▁the ▁South ▁and ▁to ▁provide ▁equal ▁opportun ities ▁to ▁its ▁residents ▁and ▁although ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁dis band ed ▁by ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Neg ro ▁Youth ▁Congress ▁efforts ▁were ▁not ▁lost ▁in ▁that ▁inst illed ▁an ▁ess ence ▁and ▁spirit ▁into ▁the ▁people ▁for ▁the ▁further ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁Mov ement ▁that ▁would ▁occur ▁a ▁de cade ▁later . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁http :// eb lack stud ies . org / intro / chapter 1 6 . htm ▁http :// www . history mat ters . g mu . edu / d / 6 9 2 6 / ▁ ▁http :// www . black p ast . org /? q = a ah / s ou thern - neg ro - y outh - con gress - 1 9 3 7 - 1 9 4 9 ▁Wikipedia ▁- ▁G wend ol yn ▁Mid lo ▁Hall ▁ ▁Category : Y outh ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Aur ai ya ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Aur ai ya , ▁India ▁Aur ai ya ▁district ▁Aur ai ya , ▁Nep al <0x0A>
</s> ▁S lim ane ▁Kh alf a ou i ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁Al ger ia ) ▁was ▁a ▁French - Al ger ian ▁terror ist ▁conv icted ▁of ▁the ▁Str as bourg ▁C athedral ▁bomb ing ▁plot ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 0 year s ▁in ▁prison . ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁a ▁French - Mus lim ▁woman ▁during ▁his ▁arrest . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Kh alf a ou i ▁became ▁a ▁fug itive ▁wanted ▁ ▁by ▁French ▁authorities ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁for ▁particip ating ▁in ▁an ▁Al ger ian ▁terror ist ▁network ▁that ▁pl otted ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁attacks ▁across ▁France ▁and ▁Europe . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Kh alf a ou i ▁attended ▁al - Q a eda ▁training ▁cam ps ▁in ▁Afghan istan ▁with ▁Ah med ▁Ress am ▁from ▁Montreal , ▁Quebec , ▁Canada ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁" mill en ni um ▁bomb ing ". ▁He ▁probably ▁fought ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁Ar rest ▁ ▁Kh alf a ou i ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁plot ters ▁of ▁the ▁Str as bourg ▁C athedral ▁bomb ing ▁plot ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁was ▁fully ▁correl ated ▁with ▁Ab u ▁D oh a , ▁the ▁ring le ader . ▁Kh alf a ou i ▁and ▁Al ger ian - B rit ish ▁Rab ah ▁K adre
, ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁reported ▁attempt ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁London ▁Under ground , ▁with ▁poison ing ▁subst ances ▁scheduled ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁France ▁by ▁French ▁police ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁following ▁the ▁arrest ▁of ▁ ▁K adre ▁in ▁London ▁by ▁British ▁police ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁French ▁police ▁came ▁to ▁arrest ▁him , ▁he ▁tried ▁to ▁escape ▁from ▁a ▁second - floor ▁window ▁during ▁an ▁early ▁morning ▁ra id ▁at ▁his ▁sister ' s ▁a partment ▁in ▁the ▁Paris ▁sub urb ▁east ▁of ▁Mont fer me il , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁over power ed ▁and ▁arrested ▁a ▁few ▁minutes ▁later . ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Tri al ▁▁ ▁Kh alf a ou i ▁was ▁charged ▁and ▁brought ▁to ▁trial ▁alongside ▁Moh ammed ▁B ens akh ria ▁and ▁four ▁more ▁defend ants ▁at ▁a ▁French ▁court ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Kh alf a ou i ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁in ▁j ail ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁Str as bourg ▁C athedral ▁bomb ing ▁plot . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : F rench ▁al - Q a eda ▁members ▁Category : Al ger ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁France ▁Category : T error ism ▁in ▁Al ger ia ▁Category : Al ger ian ▁al - Q a eda ▁members ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people
<0x0A> </s> ▁Cr ick ets ▁is ▁the ▁e ighth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁artist ▁Joe ▁Nich ols , ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁by ▁Red ▁Bow ▁Records . ▁It ▁includes ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁Mer le ▁H agg ard ' s ▁" Foot light s ". ▁This ▁album ▁sold ▁ 1 2 , 3 3 0 ▁albums ▁its ▁first ▁week . ▁ ▁Mic key ▁Jack ▁Con es ▁produced ▁the ▁entire ▁album , ▁co - produ cing ▁with ▁Tony ▁Brown ▁on ▁" Y e ah " ▁and ▁" B illy ▁Graham ' s ▁Bible ", ▁and ▁D erek ▁George ▁on ▁all ▁other ▁tracks . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁Cr ick ets ▁gar ner ed ▁generally ▁positive ▁reception ▁from ▁the ▁ratings ▁and ▁reviews ▁of ▁music ▁critics . ▁Stephen ▁Thomas ▁Er le w ine ▁of ▁All Music ▁r ated ▁the ▁album ▁three ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁five , ▁remark ing ▁how ▁" All ▁of ▁Cr ick ets ▁is ▁pe pper ed ▁with ▁these ▁kind ▁of ▁off - hand ▁references ▁to ▁the ▁modern ▁world , ▁but ▁Nich ols ' ▁true ▁tell ▁is ▁the ▁bright , ▁aff able ▁sound ▁of ▁the ▁record , ▁how ▁it ▁finds ▁a ▁co zy ▁middle ▁ground ▁between ▁his ▁burn ished ▁signature ▁and ▁the ▁hyper - st yl ized , ▁over - s ized ▁country ▁of ▁new ▁mill enn ial ▁sports ▁bars ." ▁In ▁addition , ▁Er le w ine ▁says ▁" his ▁true ▁strength s ▁are ▁root ed ▁in ▁the ▁past , ▁not ▁the ▁present ."
▁At ▁Country ▁Week ly , ▁Jon ▁Fre eman ▁grad ed ▁the ▁album ▁a ▁B , ▁indicating ▁how ▁" At ▁times , ▁the ▁over st uff ed ▁( at ▁ 1 6 ▁tracks ) ▁album ▁strugg les ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁memor able ▁hook s ▁coming , ▁opt ing ▁instead ▁for ▁generic ▁tales ▁of ▁women ▁on ▁cre ek ▁banks ." ▁Also , ▁Fre eman ▁writes ▁that ▁" the ▁bel oved ▁ne ot rad itional ist ▁may ▁surprise ▁some ▁listen ers ▁by ▁trying ▁on ▁some ▁contemporary ▁clothes ." ▁Mark os ▁Pap ad atos ▁of ▁Digital ▁Journal ▁grad ed ▁the ▁album ▁an ▁A + , ▁highlight ing ▁how ▁the ▁listener ▁" can ▁really ▁hear ▁Nich ols ' ▁heart ▁on ▁this ▁album ▁and ▁his ▁love ▁for ▁the ▁country ▁genre " ▁because ▁Nich ols ' ▁" le aves ▁his ▁fans ▁year ning ▁for ▁more ." ▁Furthermore , ▁Pap ad atos ▁states ▁Nich ols ' ▁is ▁" strong er ▁than ▁ever " ▁on ▁a ▁release ▁that ▁" contains ▁ 1 6 ▁songs ", ▁which ▁" is ▁a ▁real ▁treat ▁and ▁its ▁production ▁is ▁brilliant ." ▁At ▁R ough stock , ▁Ash ley ▁Co oke ▁r ated ▁the ▁album ▁four ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁five , ▁calling ▁Nich ols ' ▁a ▁" comple t ely ▁under r ated " ▁music ian , ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁the ▁" j ammed ▁pack ed ▁album ▁with ▁many ▁different ▁songs ▁and ▁while ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁songs ▁do ▁fall ▁within ▁the ▁cl ich é ▁of ▁country ▁music ▁out ▁there , ▁the ▁delivery ▁is
▁different ", ▁which ▁this ▁is ▁done ▁with ▁a ▁" sound ▁[ that ] ▁is ▁authentic ▁and ▁his ▁vocals ▁are ▁smooth ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Edd ie ▁Bay ers ▁- ▁drums ▁The ▁Br ent wood ▁Good ▁Ole ▁Boys ▁Ch oir ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁on ▁" Open ▁Up ▁a ▁Can " ▁Pat ▁Buch an an ▁- ▁electric ▁guitar ▁Mic key ▁Jack ▁Con es ▁- ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁guitar , ▁per cussion , ▁background ▁vocals ▁J . T . ▁Cor en fl os ▁- ▁electric ▁guitar ▁Scott ▁Du ca j ▁- ▁tr ump et ▁on ▁" G otta ▁Love ▁It " ▁J ene é ▁Fle en or ▁- ▁fiddle ▁Larry ▁Franklin ▁- ▁fiddle , ▁mand olin ▁Paul ▁Franklin ▁- ▁steel ▁guitar ▁D erek ▁George ▁- ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁guitar , ▁key boards , ▁programming , ▁background ▁vocals ▁Ken ny ▁Green berg ▁- ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar ▁Tony ▁Har rell ▁- ▁key boards ▁A ubre y ▁Hay nie ▁- ▁fiddle , ▁mand olin ▁Wes ▁H ight ower ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁Mark ▁Hill ▁- ▁bass ▁guitar ▁Jim ▁Horn ▁- ▁bar it one ▁sa x oph one ▁and ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁on ▁" G otta ▁Love ▁It " ▁Mike ▁Johnson ▁- ▁steel ▁guitar , ▁do bro ▁on ▁" C rick ets " ▁T roy ▁Lanc aster ▁- ▁electric ▁guitar ▁B . ▁James ▁Low ry ▁- ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁ 1 0 - string ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁gan jo ▁Br ent ▁Mason ▁- ▁electric
▁guitar ▁Steve ▁Nathan ▁- ▁Hamm ond ▁B - 3 ▁organ , ▁key boards ▁Joe ▁Nich ols ▁- ▁lead ▁vocals ▁Russ ▁P ahl ▁- ▁steel ▁guitar ▁Charles ▁Rose ▁- ▁trom bone ▁on ▁" G otta ▁Love ▁It " ▁J imm ie ▁Lee ▁Slo as ▁- ▁bass ▁guitar ▁Bry an ▁S utton ▁- ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar ▁B iff ▁Watson ▁- ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar ▁The ▁Wild ▁Wild ▁Western ▁Women ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁on ▁" Open ▁Up ▁a ▁Can " ▁L on nie ▁Wilson ▁- ▁drums ▁Case y ▁Wood ▁- ▁per cussion , ▁programming ▁Gl enn ▁W orf ▁- ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁Album ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁albums ▁Category : J oe ▁Nich ols ▁albums ▁Category : Bro ken ▁Bow ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁D erek ▁George <0x0A> </s> ▁Hub ert ▁Stanley ▁Wy born ▁Parker ▁D SO ▁V D ▁( 1 6 ▁October ▁ 1 8 8 3 — 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁politician ▁who ▁represented ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁seat ▁of ▁North - E ast ▁F rem ant le ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁seats ▁for ▁Metropolitan - Sub urban ▁Province ▁( l ater ▁known ▁as ▁Sub urban ▁Province ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ist ▁Party ▁until
▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁when ▁the ▁party ▁merged ▁into ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁qualified ▁solic itor ▁and ▁distinguished ▁military ▁officer ▁who ▁served ▁at ▁Gal lip oli ▁and ▁in ▁France ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Parker ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Per th , ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁Stephen ▁Henry ▁Parker , ▁a ▁bar r ister ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Council , ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁His ▁mother ▁was ▁Amy ▁Le ake , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁influ ential ▁Le ake ▁family ▁which ▁included , ▁among ▁others , ▁George ▁Le ake ▁( 1 8 5 6 – 1 9 0 2 ), ▁the ▁third ▁Premier ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁H ale ▁School ▁before ▁being ▁sent ▁to ▁Mal vern ▁College ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁he ▁en list ed ▁as ▁a ▁gun ner ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Australian ▁Art illery , ▁anticip ating ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Bo er ▁War , ▁but ▁was ▁not ▁called ▁up . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁Second ▁Lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁Field ▁Art illery ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 3 , ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Lieutenant ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁He ▁remained ▁on ▁the ▁active ▁list ▁but ▁returned ▁to ▁civil ian ▁life . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁Parker ▁was ▁called ▁to ▁the ▁Bar
▁and ▁from ▁then ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁pract iced ▁law ▁in ▁North am ▁and ▁Kal go or lie . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁he ▁en list ed ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁Australian ▁Imperial ▁Force ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁as ▁a ▁Lieutenant , ▁emb ark ing ▁for ▁active ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁October . ▁He ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Gal lip oli ▁on ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Captain ▁on ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Egypt ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁R MS ▁Em press ▁of ▁Britain , ▁where ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁he ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Cam el ▁Corps ▁and ▁ultimately ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁Field ▁Art illery ▁Brigade ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Major ▁on ▁ 5 ▁June , ▁and ▁emb ark ed ▁for ▁France ▁with ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Division , ▁command ing ▁two ▁batter ies . ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁wounded ▁and ▁g ass ed ▁in ▁France , ▁and ▁was ▁ev acu ated ▁to ▁the ▁UK . ▁While ▁there , ▁he ▁married ▁Helen ▁Ri all , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁William ▁August us ▁Ri all , ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁December . ▁He ▁returned ▁briefly ▁to ▁active
▁service ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁in ▁France , ▁and ▁was ▁M ention ed ▁in ▁Des patch es . ▁Upon ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁he ▁was ▁removed ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁to ▁Ad ela ide ▁ab o ard ▁HMS ▁K ash mir , ▁and ▁was ▁dis charg ed ▁in ▁Per th ▁on ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Order ▁and ▁Vol unte er ▁Dec oration , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 4 - 1 5 ▁Star , ▁British ▁War ▁Medal ▁and ▁Vict ory ▁Medal , ▁and ▁was ▁entitled ▁to ▁the ▁Gal lip oli ▁Med all ion ▁and ▁pla que . ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁legal ▁practice ▁with ▁Parker ▁& ▁Parker , ▁while ▁continu ing ▁his ▁part - time ▁invol vement ▁with ▁the ▁Cit izen ▁Forces . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁Crown ▁Pro sec utor ▁with ▁the ▁Crown ▁Law ▁Department . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁having ▁had ▁no ▁children , ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Helen ▁divor ced . ▁The ▁following ▁month ▁at ▁St ▁Col um ba ' s ▁Church , ▁C ott es lo e , ▁he ▁married ▁Ada ▁Sh oll , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Hor ace ▁Sh oll ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁member ▁for ▁Ro eb our ne ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁They ▁settled ▁in ▁Mos man ▁Terra ce ▁in ▁the ▁Per th ▁sub urb ▁of
▁Mos man ▁Park , ▁and ▁had ▁two ▁sons ▁and ▁a ▁daughter . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁Leg al ▁Staff ▁Officer ▁to ▁the ▁Australian ▁Army ▁Leg al ▁Department , ▁while ▁pract icing ▁priv ately ▁with ▁Parker ▁& ▁Ro e ▁( l ater ▁Parker ▁& ▁By ass ). ▁He ▁maintained ▁his ▁practice ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁duration ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁Political ▁life ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁election , ▁Parker ▁un success fully ▁cont ested ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁Gu ild ford . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁election , ▁Parker ▁cont ested ▁the ▁Labor - h eld ▁seat ▁of ▁North - E ast ▁F rem ant le ▁for ▁the ▁National ist ▁Party . ▁The ▁seat ▁was ▁normally ▁a ▁very ▁safe ▁Labor ▁seat ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁held ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁by ▁William ▁Ang win , ▁who ▁had ▁left ▁to ▁become ▁Agent - General ▁for ▁Western ▁Australia ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁The ▁seat ▁had ▁passed ▁at ▁that ▁point ▁to ▁Francis ▁R owe , ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁for ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁as ▁secretary ▁to ▁the ▁F rem ant le ▁Wh arf ▁Labour er ' s ▁Union , ▁and ▁had ▁reached ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 0 ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁election . ▁Additionally , ▁there ▁was ▁considerable ▁public ▁fr ustration ▁at ▁the ▁Col lier ▁Government , ▁who ▁were ▁viewed ▁as ▁having ▁failed ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁rising ▁un emp loyment ▁resulting ▁from ▁the ▁Great ▁De pression
. ▁Sir ▁James ▁Mitchell , ▁the ▁National ists ' ▁leader ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁premier ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁during ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁growth , ▁campaign ed ▁with ▁a ▁message ▁of ▁hope ▁against ▁the ▁climate ▁of ▁mount ing ▁pover ty ▁and ▁uncertainty . ▁Parker ' s ▁win ▁by ▁ 1 3 ▁votes ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁major ▁ups et . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Stand ing ▁Or ders ▁Committee , ▁and ▁a ▁Select ▁Committee ▁inqu iring ▁into ▁the ▁Pr ices ▁of ▁the ▁N ec ess ities ▁of ▁Life . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁following ▁the ▁unexpected ▁death ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Dav y , ▁Parker ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁Premier ▁Sir ▁James ▁Mitchell ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁as ▁Att orney - General ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education . ▁He ▁therefore ▁res igned ▁his ▁seat ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁constitution al ▁requirement ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁contest ▁a ▁minister ial ▁by - e lection ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁up coming ▁state ▁election . ▁The ▁election , ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁De pression , ▁was ▁a ▁dis aster ▁for ▁Mitchell ▁and ▁the ▁National ists — P ark er , ▁Mitchell ▁and ▁two ▁other ▁minister s ▁lost ▁their ▁seats , ▁and ▁Labor ' s ▁Philip ▁Col lier ▁became ▁premier ▁again . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁he ▁cont ested ▁the ▁Metropolitan - Sub urban ▁as ▁the ▁end ors ed ▁National ist ▁candidate
, ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁seat , ▁which ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁hold ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁He ▁served ▁on ▁various ▁Select ▁Comm itte es ▁into ▁various ▁Act s , ▁and ▁as ▁an ▁Honor ary ▁Royal ▁Commission er ▁enqu iring ▁into ▁the ▁Elect oral ▁Act . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁after ▁the ▁comm enc ement ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁General ▁Staff ▁Officer ▁Gra de ▁III ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Command ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁Cit izen ▁Forces , ▁working ▁with ▁the ▁Int elligence ▁Section . ▁He ▁travel led ▁to ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁with ▁the ▁Sea ▁Transport ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁A IF ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁as ▁a ▁" voy age ▁only ▁officer ", ▁but ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁retired ▁from ▁military ▁service ▁and ▁promoted ▁to ▁Honor ary ▁Lieutenant - Col onel . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁unexpected ▁victory ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal - Country ▁coal ition ▁under ▁Ross ▁Mc L art y , ▁Parker ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry , ▁serving ▁as ▁Minister ▁for ▁M ines , ▁Chief ▁Secretary ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Police ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁term ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry , ▁addition ally ▁serving ▁brief ▁terms ▁in ▁Health ▁and ▁Native ▁Affairs . ▁He ▁became ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Comm itte es ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁At ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁his ▁third ▁full ▁term ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁at
▁age ▁ 7 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁his ▁Sub urban ▁Province ▁seat ▁by ▁Ruby ▁H utch ison , ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁ever ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Council . ▁He ▁continued ▁his ▁commit ments ▁as ▁an ▁active ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Return ed ▁Services ▁League ▁( RS L ), ▁vice - com mod ore ▁of ▁the ▁Mos man ▁Bay ▁Y acht ▁Club , ▁and ▁as ▁committee ▁member ▁of ▁several ▁exclusive ▁clubs , ▁namely ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Tur f ▁Club ▁( W AT C ), ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Cr icket ▁Association ▁( W AC A ), ▁W eld ▁Club , ▁and ▁Tat ters all ' s ▁Club . ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁Sir ▁Charles ▁G air d ner ▁Hospital ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁was ▁cre m ated ▁at ▁Kar rak atta ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁H ale ▁School ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Mal vern ▁College ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Per th , ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁Kar rak atta ▁C emetery ▁Category : L iber al ▁Party ▁of ▁Australia ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Australian ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁H ib bert ia ▁c ist
if l ora , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁Rock ▁Rose ▁Guinea - flow er , ▁is ▁a ▁shr ub ▁species ▁that ▁is ▁native ▁to ▁eastern ▁Australia . ▁It ▁grows ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 cm ▁high ▁and ▁has ▁linear ▁leaves ▁to ▁ 1 0 mm ▁long . ▁Y ellow ▁flowers ▁with ▁five ▁pet als ▁appear ▁in ▁spring . ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁formally ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁by ▁botan ist ▁Norman ▁W ake field . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁recogn ised ▁sub species : ▁H . ▁c ist if l ora ▁ ▁N . A . W ake f . ▁sub sp . ▁c ist if l ora ▁ ▁from ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁H . c ist if l ora ▁ ▁sub sp . ▁ro str ata ▁To el ken ▁- ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁type ▁spec imen ▁collected ▁in ▁ ▁the ▁Gr amp ians ▁in ▁Victoria . ▁Hy br ids ▁with ▁H ib bert ia ▁ser ice a ▁have ▁been ▁recorded . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁c ist if l ora ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Manuel ▁A ce ved o ▁( or ▁A ce bed o ; ▁ 1 7 4 4 – 1 8 0 0 ), ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Madrid , ▁was ▁a ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁Jose ▁L ope z , ▁but ▁by ▁dil ig ently ▁copying ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁the ▁best
▁pain ters ▁lie ▁soon ▁sur pass ed ▁his ▁master . ▁He ▁painted ▁historical ▁and ▁religious ▁subjects , ▁and ▁was ▁much ▁employed ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁B erm ude z ▁mentions ▁a ▁' John ▁the ▁Bapt ist ' ▁and ▁a ▁' St . ▁Francis ' ▁by ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁chap el ▁of ▁the ▁hospital ▁of ▁La ▁Lat ina ▁at ▁Madrid . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 0 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Madrid ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Spanish ▁pain ters ▁Category : Span ish ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : Mad ril en ian ▁pain ters <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁b les b ok ▁or ▁b les bu ck ▁( D am alis cus ▁pyg arg us ▁ph ill ips i ) ▁is ▁an ▁ant el ope ▁en demic ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁E sw at ini . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁white ▁face ▁and ▁fore head ▁which ▁inspired ▁the ▁name , ▁because ▁b les ▁is ▁the ▁A frika ans ▁word ▁for ▁a ▁bla ze ▁such ▁as ▁one ▁might ▁see ▁on ▁the ▁fore head ▁of ▁a ▁horse . ▁ ▁Aff in ities ▁and ▁status ▁The ▁b les b ok ▁and ▁the ▁b onte b ok ▁( D am alis cus ▁pyg arg us ▁dor cas ) ▁are ▁variant ▁sub species ▁of ▁one ▁another ▁and ▁can ▁readily ▁inter bre ed , ▁the ▁off spring ▁being ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁b onte bles ▁or
▁b aster ▁b les b ok , ▁the ▁differences ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁sub species ▁have ▁ar isen ▁due ▁to ▁prefer ences ▁for ▁different ▁habit ats ▁in ▁the ▁wild . ▁The ▁b les b ok ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁southern ▁Africa ▁and ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁large ▁numbers ▁in ▁all ▁national ▁par ks ▁with ▁open ▁grass lands , ▁from ▁the ▁High vel d ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Va al ▁river ▁south wards ▁through ▁the ▁Free ▁State , ▁to ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Cape . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁pla ins ▁species ▁and ▁dis lik es ▁wood ed ▁areas . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁in ▁numbers ▁so ▁numerous , ▁her ds ▁reached ▁from ▁horizon ▁to ▁horizon . ▁ ▁Phys ical ▁characteristics ▁ ▁Phys ically , ▁r ams ▁and ▁e w es ▁are ▁remark ably ▁similar . ▁Their ▁mass ▁can ▁be ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ 8 5 kg . ▁A ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁b les b ok ▁is ▁the ▁prominent ▁white ▁bla ze ▁on ▁the ▁face ▁and ▁a ▁horizontal ▁brown ▁strip ▁which ▁div ides ▁this ▁bla ze ▁above ▁the ▁eyes . ▁Body ▁colour ▁is ▁brown ▁with ▁a ▁l ighter - col oured ▁s addle ▁on ▁the ▁back , ▁and ▁the ▁r ump ▁an ▁even ▁l ighter ▁sh ade . ▁The ▁legs ▁are ▁brown ▁with ▁a ▁white ▁patch ▁behind ▁the ▁top ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁front ▁legs . ▁Lower ▁legs ▁wh it ish . ▁Both ▁sex es ▁carry ▁horn s , ▁ring ed ▁almost ▁to ▁the ▁tip . ▁Fem ale ▁horn s ▁are ▁slightly
▁more ▁sl ender . ▁The ▁neck ▁and ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁b les b ok ▁is ▁brown . ▁Lower ▁down ▁on ▁the ▁fl anks ▁and ▁but to cks , ▁the ▁color ing ▁becomes ▁dark er . ▁The ▁bel ly , ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁but to cks ▁and ▁the ▁area ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁tail ▁is ▁white . ▁B les b ok ▁can ▁be ▁easily ▁differenti ated ▁from ▁other ▁ant el op es ▁because ▁they ▁have ▁a ▁distinct ▁white ▁face ▁and ▁fore head . ▁The ▁b les b ok ▁diff ers ▁from ▁the ▁b onte b ok ▁by ▁having ▁less ▁white ▁on ▁the ▁coat ▁and ▁the ▁bla ze ▁on ▁the ▁face , ▁which ▁is ▁usually ▁divided , ▁the ▁coat ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁l ighter ▁yellow ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁b onte b ok . ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁their ▁horn s ▁aver ages ▁at ▁around ▁ 3 8 cm . ▁Male ▁adult ▁b les b ok ▁average ▁around ▁ 7 0 kg ; ▁females ▁average ▁lower , ▁at ▁around ▁ 6 1 kg . ▁▁ ▁Body ▁length : ▁▁ ▁Should er ▁height : ▁▁ ▁T ail ▁length : ▁▁ ▁We ight : ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁B les b ok ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁open ▁v eld ▁or ▁pla ins ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁Nam ib ia . ▁Their ▁preferred ▁habitat ▁is ▁open ▁grass land ▁with ▁water . ▁They ▁often ▁occup y ▁relatively ▁small ▁territ ories ▁of ▁ 2 . 5 ▁to ▁ 6 . 0 ▁acres
▁in ▁size . ▁They ▁were ▁once ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁abund ant ▁ant el ope ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁African ▁pla ins , ▁but ▁have ▁become ▁scar ce ▁since ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁due ▁to ▁rel ent less ▁hunting ▁for ▁their ▁sk ins ▁and ▁meat . ▁ ▁Re production ▁ ▁The ▁b les b ok ▁is ▁a ▁season al ▁bre eder , ▁with ▁r ut ting ▁from ▁March ▁to ▁May . ▁B irth s ▁peak ▁during ▁November ▁and ▁December ▁after ▁a ▁gest ation ▁period ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 4 0 ▁days ▁( 8 ▁months ). ▁Fem ales ▁give ▁birth ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁cal f ▁per ▁bre eding ▁season . ▁ ▁Status ▁The ▁b les b ok ▁was ▁h unted ▁nearly ▁to ▁ext inction ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁large ▁numbers , ▁but ▁having ▁been ▁protected ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁it ▁has ▁pro l ifer ated ▁and ▁today ▁it ▁is ▁sufficiently ▁numerous ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁class ed ▁as ▁end anger ed . ▁In ▁modern ▁times , ▁this ▁is ▁largely ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁commercial ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁b les b ok ▁to ▁private ▁land ▁own ers , ▁and ▁also ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁medium - s ized ▁ant el ope ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁contained ▁by ▁normal ▁stock ▁f encing . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁b les b ok ▁numbers ▁have ▁had ▁an ▁up ward ▁tr end , ▁and ▁are ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁at ▁least ▁ 5 4 , 0 0 0 , ▁with ▁about ▁
6 9 % ▁of ▁these ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁gen et ically ▁pure . ▁There ▁are ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁protected ▁areas . ▁The ▁principal ▁threat ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁hy brid ization ▁with ▁D . ▁p . ▁pyg arg us . ▁ ▁Pred ators ▁Hum ans , ▁l ions , ▁le op ards , ▁African ▁wild ▁dogs , ▁sp otted ▁hy enas , ▁and ▁che et ah s ▁are ▁the ▁b les b ok ' s ▁main ▁pred ators , ▁while ▁jack als ▁and ▁e ag les ▁may ▁attack ▁the ▁cal ves . ▁The ▁b les b ok ▁is ▁both ▁far med ▁and ▁h unted ▁for ▁the ▁skin , ▁meat , ▁and ▁tro phy . ▁B les b ok ▁are ▁sh y ▁and ▁alert ; ▁they ▁rely ▁on ▁speed ▁and ▁end urance ▁to ▁escape ▁pred ators , ▁but ▁have ▁an ▁t endency ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁place ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁attacked ▁after ▁a ▁few ▁minutes . ▁They ▁can ▁maintain ▁a ▁speed ▁of ▁ ▁when ▁ch ased , ▁but , ▁like ▁other ▁white - front ed ▁dam alis ques , ▁b les b ok ▁are ▁not ▁good ▁jump ers ▁or ▁craw lers . ▁ ▁Pale ont ology ▁F oss il ▁remains ▁of ▁a ▁pre histor ic ▁relative , ▁Dam alis cus ▁n iro , ▁were ▁found ▁in ▁depos its ▁in ▁Ster k f onte in . ▁With ▁a ▁weight ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 1 2 0 kg , ▁it ▁was ▁heav ier ▁than ▁the ▁modern ▁b les b ok
▁and ▁it ▁had ▁slightly ▁different ▁horn s . ▁D . ▁n iro ▁became ▁ext inct ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁ 1 2 ▁thousand ▁years ▁ago . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁A ▁video ▁of ▁a ▁b les b ok ▁cow ▁trying ▁to ▁save ▁its ▁off spring ▁from ▁a ▁south ▁China ▁t ig ress ▁ ▁A ▁video ▁of ▁a ▁south ▁China ▁t iger ▁named ▁Hope ▁tack ling ▁a ▁b les b ok ▁ ▁Category : D am alis cus ▁Category : M amm als ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : End em ic ▁fa una ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : M amm als ▁of ▁Southern ▁Africa ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Francis ▁Har per ▁( bi ologist ) ▁Category : Sub species ▁ ▁fr : B les b ok <0x0A> </s> ▁Jack ▁C us ack ▁( Nov ember ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁– ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁prominent ▁early ▁figures ▁in ▁professional ▁football ▁in ▁Ohio . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁twenty - one , ▁C us ack ▁became ▁the ▁manager ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁C anton ▁Bul ld ogs , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁teams ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁During ▁his ▁six ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁C anton ▁Bul ld ogs , ▁C us ack ▁led ▁the ▁team ▁to ▁Ohio ▁League ▁champion ships , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1
7 , ▁and ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁bringing ▁Jim ▁Thor pe ▁into ▁professional ▁football . ▁C us ack ▁also ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁helping ▁rev ive ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁following ▁the ▁C anton ▁Bul ld ogs - M ass illon ▁Tig ers ▁Bet ting ▁Sc andal , ▁which ▁er oded ▁public ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁He ▁also ▁ens ured ▁that ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁had ▁a ▁st ur dy ▁financial ▁foundation ▁for ▁when ▁they ▁would ▁later ▁enter ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁C us ack ▁left ▁football ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁oil ▁and ▁gas oline ▁business ▁in ▁Oklahoma . ▁He ▁later ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁oil ▁operator ▁in ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁bet ting ▁sc andal ▁C us ack ▁developed ▁a ▁love ▁for ▁professional ▁football ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁C anton ▁Bul ld ogs ▁franch ise , ▁then ▁head ed ▁up ▁by ▁Bl ond y ▁Wal lace . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁though ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁were ▁accused ▁of ▁throwing ▁a ▁game ▁to ▁rival ▁Mass illon ▁Tig ers . ▁M aking ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁accus ations ▁was ▁Victor ▁Kauf mann , ▁who ▁had ▁lost ▁a ▁heavy ▁bet ▁on ▁the ▁disput ed ▁contest . ▁Right ▁after ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁returned ▁to ▁C anton , ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 - 6 ▁loss ▁to ▁Mass ill ion
, ▁Kauf mann ▁and ▁C us ack ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Court land ▁Hotel ▁Bar , ▁where ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁had ▁con greg ated ▁to ▁post - mort em ▁the ▁game . ▁There ▁a ▁fight ▁broke ▁out ▁after ▁Kauf man ▁accused ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁of ▁throwing ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁fight ▁eng ulf ed ▁the ▁whole ▁bar ▁and ▁police ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁in . ▁K auff man ▁and ▁C us ack ▁escaped ▁the ▁bar , ▁before ▁the ▁police ▁showed ▁up . ▁In ▁his ▁book , ▁" A ▁P ione er ▁in ▁Pro ▁Football ", ▁C us ack ▁still ▁believed , ▁years ▁later , ▁that ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁and ▁Wal lace ▁threw ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁Pro ▁football ▁A ▁C anton ▁team ▁was ▁organized ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁with ▁all ▁games ▁held ▁at ▁League ▁Park , ▁owned ▁by ▁Ed ▁Pier o ▁and ▁Dr . ▁L oth amer . ▁The ▁new ▁organization ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁C anton ▁Prof ession als ▁for ▁fear s ▁that ▁the ▁old ▁Bul ld og ▁name ▁would ▁bring ▁back ▁mem ories ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁sc andal . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁this ▁time , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 1 , ▁C us ack ▁became ▁the ▁team ' s ▁secretary - tre as urer , ▁at ▁no ▁cost ▁to ▁the ▁team , ▁as ▁a ▁favor ▁to ▁Ros co e ▁Ober lin . ▁However ▁C us ack ▁was ▁dis lik ed ▁by ▁the ▁current ▁Prof ession als
▁manager ▁H . H . ▁Hal ter . ▁C us ack ▁later ▁went ▁behind ▁Hal ter ' s ▁back ▁to ▁sign ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁Peg gy ▁Par rett ' s ▁Ak ron ▁Indians , ▁concerning ▁conditions ▁for ▁a ▁match ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁squad s , ▁something ▁Hal ter ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁do . ▁When ▁Jack ' s ▁actions ▁were ▁discovered ▁by ▁Hal ter , ▁he ▁tried ▁to ▁dispose ▁of ▁Jack ' s ▁services ▁through ▁a ▁team ▁meeting . ▁However ▁during ▁the ▁meeting ▁the ▁team ▁s ided ▁C us ack , ▁after ▁discover ing ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁secured ▁a ▁ 5 - year ▁le ase ▁on ▁League ▁Park ▁for ▁the ▁Pro s . ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁Hal ter ▁being ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁team , ▁and ▁Jack ▁being ▁named ▁the ▁team ' s ▁new ▁manager . ▁ ▁As ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Pro s , ▁C us ack ▁slowly ▁added ▁star ▁college ▁players ▁to ▁his ▁ro ster ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁local ▁sand lot ters ▁who ▁constit uted ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁team . ▁To ▁make ▁the ▁team ▁more ▁prof itable ▁he ▁had ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁seats ▁added ▁to ▁League ▁Park . ▁Also ▁Jack ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁Pro s ▁had ▁to ▁live ▁down ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁sc andal ▁and ▁gain ▁the ▁public ' s ▁confidence ▁in ▁the ▁hon esty ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁It ▁was ▁his ▁theory ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁could ▁stop ▁players ▁from ▁jump ing ▁from ▁one ▁team ▁to ▁another , ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁first ▁step ▁in ▁the ▁right
▁direction . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁man agers ▁made ▁a ▁ver bal ▁agreement ▁that ▁once ▁a ▁player ▁signed ▁with ▁a ▁team ▁he ▁was ▁that ▁team ' s ▁property ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁he ▁played , ▁or ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁management . ▁Finally ▁C us ack ▁rev ived ▁the ▁C anton - M ass illon ▁rival ry ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁With ▁the ▁rival ry , ▁fans ▁began ▁referring ▁to ▁C anton ▁as ▁the ▁" B ul ld ogs " ▁again . ▁So on ▁afterwards ▁C us ack ▁re inst ated ▁the ▁team ' s ▁former ▁name . ▁ ▁Sign ing ▁Thor pe ▁Just ▁before ▁C anton ' s ▁first ▁game ▁with ▁the ▁newly ▁rev ived ▁Mass illon ▁Tig ers , ▁C us ack ▁signing ▁the ▁Jim ▁Thor pe , ▁the ▁Sac ▁and ▁Fox ▁Indian ▁from ▁Oklahoma ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁r ated ▁as ▁the ▁world ' s ▁greatest ▁football ▁player , ▁and ▁all - around ▁ath lete . ▁He ▁had ▁Thor pe ▁under ▁contract ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁C anton ▁for ▁$ 2 5 0 ▁a ▁game . ▁Thor pe ▁ended ▁up ▁being ▁a ▁huge ▁draw ▁for ▁C anton ▁bringing ▁record ▁numbers ▁of ▁fans ▁to ▁the ▁games . ▁C anton ▁lost ▁the ▁first ▁game ▁to ▁the ▁Tig ers ▁ 1 6 - 0 , ▁however ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁second ▁game ▁ 6 - 0 . ▁ ▁Under ▁C us ack ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁Ohio ▁League ▁Championships . ▁Even
▁with ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁taking ▁place , ▁C anton ▁still ▁had ▁a ▁t ough ▁team . ▁However ▁with ▁more ▁players ▁going ▁into ▁the ▁armed ▁forces , ▁football ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁halt ▁until ▁after ▁the ▁Arm ist ice , ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁O il ▁Business ▁After ▁leaving ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁Jack ▁went ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁an ▁office ▁employee ▁for ▁the ▁East ▁Ohio ▁Gas ▁Company , ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁Standard ▁O il . ▁When ▁professional ▁football ▁took ▁a ▁hi atus ▁for ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁Jack ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁oil ▁business ▁in ▁Oklahoma . ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁Ralph ▁Hay ▁ ▁stating ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁carry ▁on ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁if ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁returning . ▁Ralph , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁good ▁friend ▁of ▁both ▁Thor pe ▁and ▁Jack , ▁was ▁acquaint ed ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁our ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁players , ▁and ▁therefore ▁was ▁in ▁position ▁to ▁organ ize ▁a ▁team ▁from ▁that ▁foundation . ▁Jack ▁decided ▁to ▁let ▁Hay ▁go ▁ahead ▁rather ▁than ▁withdraw ▁from ▁his ▁oil ▁operations . ▁he ▁transferred ▁the ▁le ase ▁on ▁League ▁Park ▁to ▁Hay . ▁ ▁Back ▁to ▁football ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁C us ack ▁left ▁Ark ansas , ▁after ▁contract ing ▁mal aria , ▁for ▁C anton . ▁There ▁met ▁up ▁with ▁Thor pe , ▁who ▁was
▁now ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Tig ers . ▁He ▁h ired ▁C us ack ▁to ▁look ▁after ▁his ▁personnel ▁affairs ▁as ▁he ▁felt ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁receiving ▁his ▁full ▁amount ▁of ▁gate ▁money ▁ow ed ▁to ▁him . ▁He ▁later ▁found ▁out ▁that ▁when ▁Cleveland ▁played ▁in ▁a ▁baseball ▁ven ue , ▁the ▁stad ium ▁personnel ▁would ▁take ▁a ▁larger ▁cut ▁for ▁themselves ▁and ▁leave ▁the ▁rest ▁for ▁the ▁players . ▁He ▁also ▁found ▁out ▁that ▁over ▁ 8 0 0 - 9 0 0 ▁compl iment ary ▁tick ets ▁were ▁given ▁out ▁per ▁contest , ▁far ▁above ▁the ▁allow able ▁amount . ▁C us ack ▁soon ▁found ▁himself ▁collect ing ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁mon ies ▁due ▁to ▁every ▁Tig ers ▁player . ▁Even ▁when ▁the ▁tre as urer ▁of ▁the ▁Tig ers ▁tried ▁to ▁run ▁off ▁with ▁over ▁$ 3 , 7 5 0 ▁ow ed ▁to ▁the ▁team , ▁C us ack ▁and ▁Thor pe ▁track ed ▁him ▁down ▁and ▁returned ▁the ▁money ▁to ▁the ▁players . ▁He ▁soon ▁became ▁the ▁manager ▁for ▁the ▁Tig ers ▁for ▁two ▁games ▁before ▁qu itting ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁ ▁C us ack ▁later ▁became ▁an ▁independent ▁oil ▁operator ▁living ▁in ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁References ▁P ione er ▁in ▁Pro ▁Football ▁by ▁Jack ▁C us ack ▁P ig sk in : ▁The ▁Early ▁Years ▁of ▁Pro ▁Football ▁The ▁Ohio ▁League ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁death
s ▁Category : National ▁Football ▁League ▁head ▁coach es ▁Category : National ▁Football ▁League ▁own ers ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁C anton , ▁Ohio ▁Category : C anton ▁Bul ld ogs ▁head ▁coach es <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁B ute era ▁is ▁a ▁U g and an ▁lawyer ▁and ▁judge ▁who ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁U g anda ▁since ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Im medi ately ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁U g anda ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al . ▁ ▁Career ▁He ▁has ▁previously ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁Public ▁Pro sec ution ▁( DP P ), ▁in ▁the ▁U g anda ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Justice ▁and ▁Constitution al ▁Affairs , ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Jud ici ary ▁of ▁U g anda ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Law yer ▁acc uses ▁Muse ven i ▁of ▁b rib ing ▁vot ers ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : U g and an ▁law y ers ▁Category : U g and an ▁jud ges ▁Category : M aker ere ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : L aw ▁Development ▁Centre ▁al umn i ▁Category : Just ices ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁U g anda <0x0A> </s> ▁Mark ▁B . ▁C ohen ▁( born ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9
4 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Democratic ▁politician ▁from ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁He ▁represented ▁District ▁ 2 0 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁from ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁until ▁his ▁defeat ▁for ▁re e lection ▁in ▁the ▁Democratic ▁primary ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁C ohen ▁ran ▁for ▁judge ▁and ▁won ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁primary ▁and ▁general ▁election . ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁C ohen ▁was ▁sw orn ▁in ▁for ▁a ▁ 1 0 - year ▁term ▁as ▁a ▁Judge ▁on ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Common ▁Ple as ▁in ▁Philadelphia . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁the ▁oldest ▁child ▁of ▁Florence ▁and ▁David ▁C ohen . ▁ ▁C ohen ▁attended ▁Central ▁High ▁School ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁He ▁sent ▁a ▁letter ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁to ▁Martin ▁Luther ▁King , ▁Jr ., ▁inv iting ▁King ▁to ▁speak ▁at ▁his ▁school . ▁ ▁C ohen ▁en rolled ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁features ▁writer ▁for ▁The ▁Daily ▁Pennsylvan ian ▁and ▁an ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁P enn ▁affili ate ▁of ▁the ▁College ▁Democr ats ▁of ▁America . ▁C ohen ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁with ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁political ▁science . ▁ ▁C ohen ▁earned ▁a ▁law ▁degree ▁from
▁the ▁Harris burg ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁W id ener ▁University ▁School ▁of ▁Law ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁W id ener ▁University ▁Commonwealth ▁Law ▁School ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁an ▁M . B . A . ▁from ▁Leb anon ▁Valley ▁College ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁As ▁an ▁active ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Bar , ▁he ▁is ▁qualified ▁in ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁law ▁in ▁Pennsylvania . ▁He ▁is ▁admitted ▁to ▁practice ▁before ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Pennsylvania , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Cour ts ▁for ▁Pennsylvania , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁for ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Circ uit , ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁ ▁Original ▁election ▁ ▁C ohen ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁election ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁ 2 4 ▁years ▁old . ▁He ▁was ▁officially ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁special ▁election ▁as ▁the ▁Democratic ▁nom ine e ▁for ▁the ▁vac ant ▁House ▁seat ▁by ▁the ▁executive ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁State ▁Committee . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁House , ▁ 1 9 7 4 - 1 9 8 8 ▁ ▁C ohen ▁spons ored ▁legisl ation ▁to ▁enable ▁an ▁American ▁citiz en ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁foreign ▁medical ▁gradu ate ▁to ▁complete ▁a ▁ 5 th ▁Path way ▁Program ▁to ▁receive ▁a ▁license ▁to ▁practice ▁medicine ▁in ▁Pennsylvania . ▁The ▁ 5 th ▁Path way ▁Program ▁pe aked ▁nation
ally ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 0 , ▁but ▁ultimately ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁the ▁programs ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Edu c ational ▁Commission ▁for ▁Foreign ▁Medical ▁Gr adu ates ▁led ▁to ▁its ▁decl ine ▁and ▁event ual ▁elim ination ▁by ▁the ▁Council ▁on ▁Medical ▁Education ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Medical ▁Association . ▁ ▁C ohen ▁was ▁later ▁appointed ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Government ▁Committee ▁and ▁as ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Public ▁Util ity ▁Sub comm ittee ▁of ▁the ▁Cons umer ▁Prote ction ▁Committee . ▁ ▁To ▁deal ▁with ▁plant ▁clos ings , ▁C ohen ▁introduced ▁state ▁legisl ation ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁federal ▁Work er ▁Ad just ment ▁and ▁Ret ra ining ▁Notification ▁Act . ▁C ohen ' s ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁bill ▁provided ▁for ▁ 7 5 ▁days ▁advance ▁notice ▁for ▁plant ▁clos ings . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁he ▁introduced ▁House ▁Bill ▁ 1 2 5 1 , ▁the ▁more ▁compreh ensive ▁Employee ▁Prote ction ▁and ▁Community ▁St abil ization ▁Act . ▁His ▁legisl ation ▁helped ▁lead ▁to ▁en act ment ▁of ▁ 6 0 - day ▁advance ▁notice ▁plant ▁closing ▁legisl ation ▁by ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁which , ▁in ▁turn , ▁helped ▁insp ire ▁the ▁federal ▁ 6 0 ▁day ▁advance ▁notice ▁requirement ▁en act ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁C ohen ▁became ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Labor ▁Rel ations ▁Committee , ▁a ▁position ▁he ▁held ▁until ▁ 1 9
9 0 ; ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure , ▁he ▁focused ▁on ▁increasing ▁the ▁minimum ▁w age ▁and ▁protect ing ▁worker ' s ▁compens ation ▁benefits . ▁His ▁efforts ▁to ▁raise ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁minimum ▁w age ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁r ises ▁in ▁infl ation , ▁couple d ▁with ▁ag gress ive ▁state wide ▁organ izing ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Un emp loyment ▁Project ▁and ▁Pennsylvania ▁labor ▁un ions , ▁helped ▁lead ▁to ▁minimum ▁w age ▁increase ▁bill ▁sign ings ▁by ▁Govern ors ▁Robert ▁P . ▁Case y ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁Edward ▁G . ▁R end ell ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁A ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Labor ▁Rel ations ▁Committee ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁time ▁it ▁took ▁injured ▁workers ▁to ▁get ▁worker ' s ▁compens ation ▁benefits ▁found ▁that ▁it ▁took ▁disabled ▁workers ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁months ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁decision ▁on ▁their ▁el ig ibility . ▁C ohen ▁sought ▁rem ed ial ▁legisl ation ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁worker ' s ▁compens ation ▁problems . ▁The ▁Pennsylvania ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Com merce ▁offered ▁its ▁own ▁reform ▁program . ▁Ult imately , ▁elements ▁of ▁both ▁plans ▁took ▁effect . ▁His ▁chemical ▁right ▁to ▁know ▁legisl ation ▁for ▁workers ▁and ▁communities ▁was ▁signed ▁into ▁law ▁by ▁Governor ▁Richard ▁Th orn burgh ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁C ohen ▁introduced ▁House ▁Resol ution ▁ 3 1 3 ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁which ▁established ▁the
▁Select ▁Committee ▁to ▁Study ▁the ▁Fe as ibility ▁of ▁a ▁Harris burg ▁Law ▁School . ▁After ▁this ▁resolution ▁was ▁approved ▁by ▁a ▁ 9 8 ▁to ▁ 9 7 ▁margin ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁C ohen ▁cha ired ▁the ▁committee , ▁which ▁strongly ▁recommended ▁that ▁a ▁Harris burg ▁law ▁school ▁be ▁created , ▁drawing ▁the ▁interest ▁of ▁Del aware ▁Law ▁School ▁of ▁W id ener ▁University . ▁Del aware ▁Law ▁School ▁did ▁its ▁own ▁feas ibility ▁study , ▁confirm ing ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁establish ing ▁a ▁Harris burg ▁campus , ▁gained ▁fund ing ▁from ▁business man ▁John ▁V art an , ▁and ▁ultimately ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁W id ener ▁University ▁School ▁of ▁Law . ▁The ▁law ▁school ▁opened ▁in ▁September , ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁and ▁graduated ▁its ▁first ▁class ▁of ▁full - time ▁students ▁in ▁May , ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁The ▁first ▁evening ▁class , ▁of ▁which ▁C ohen ▁was ▁a ▁member , ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Middle ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁House , ▁ 1 9 8 8 - 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁C ohen ▁was ▁elected ▁Democratic ▁C au cus ▁Chair , ▁a ▁position ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁served ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Major ity ▁Wh ip ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁C au cus ▁Chair
▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁He ▁would ▁serve ▁as ▁C au cus ▁Chair ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁C ohen ▁introduced ▁House ▁Resol ution ▁ 3 2 3 ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁which , ▁upon ▁its ▁ad option ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁house , ▁created ▁the ▁Select ▁Committee ▁to ▁Study ▁the ▁Fe as ibility ▁of ▁a ▁Harris burg ▁University . ▁Spe aker ▁Robert ▁W . ▁O ' D onn ell ▁appointed ▁C ohen ▁to ▁chair ▁the ▁committee , ▁which ▁held ▁hear ings ▁without ▁producing ▁a ▁cons ensus ▁and ▁concluded ▁that ▁" fur ther ▁study " ▁was ▁needed . ▁The ▁Harris burg ▁University ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁was ▁char tered ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Its ▁affili ate , ▁Sci T ech ▁High , ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Later ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁and ▁defeat ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁expanded ▁the ▁employ ment ▁law ▁rights ▁of ▁police ▁officers ▁after ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁military ▁deployment , ▁by ▁spons oring ▁legisl ation ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁work , ▁even ▁if ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁abroad ▁during ▁their ▁required ▁rec ert ification ▁tests . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁C ohen ▁introduced ▁a ▁bill ▁to ▁legal ize ▁medical ▁mar iju ana ▁in ▁Pennsylvania , ▁saying ▁that ▁he ▁bel ieves ▁it ▁is ▁time ▁to ▁get ▁rid ▁of ▁a ▁dec ades -
old ▁negative ▁image ▁surrounding ▁mar iju ana ▁and ▁replace ▁it ▁with ▁" a ▁new , ▁honest ▁image ." ▁H ear ings ▁on ▁the ▁bill ▁were ▁held , ▁but ▁the ▁bill ▁did ▁not ▁att ain ▁enough ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁Committee ▁to ▁call ▁up ▁the ▁bill ▁for ▁a ▁vote . ▁Despite ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁public ▁hear ings ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁C ohen ' s ▁medical ▁mar iju ana ▁bill ▁continued ▁to ▁gain ▁public ▁support . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁legisl ation ▁similar ▁to ▁C ohen ' s ▁became ▁law . ▁ ▁C ohen ▁worked ▁to ▁see ▁that ▁human ▁services ▁programs ▁were ▁ade qu ately ▁fund ed ▁in ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁budget ▁cutting . ▁He ▁act ively ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Public ▁W elf are ' s ▁App ropri ations ▁Committee ▁Bud get ▁H ear ing . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Democratic ▁Le ader ▁Frank ▁D erm ody ▁and ▁House ▁Spe aker ▁Samuel ▁H . ▁Smith ▁announced ▁C ohen ' s ▁appointment ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 ▁legisl ative ▁session ▁as ▁Democratic ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁State ▁Government ▁Committee . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁C ohen ▁lost ▁the ▁Democratic ▁primary ▁for ▁his ▁House ▁seat ▁to ▁J ared ▁Sol omon , ▁a ▁community ▁organ izer . ▁Sol omon ▁had ▁challeng ed ▁C ohen ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁coming ▁within ▁ 1 5 8 ▁votes ▁of
▁un se ating ▁him . ▁C ohen ' s ▁alleg ed ▁mis use ▁of ▁the ▁per ▁di em ▁system ▁had ▁become ▁increasing ly ▁controvers ial ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁and ▁Sol omon ▁used ▁the ▁issue ▁to ▁attack ▁him . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁rem atch ▁between ▁Sol omon ▁and ▁C ohen ▁was ▁not ably ▁ac rid . ▁One ▁article ▁suggested ▁that ▁C ohen ' s ▁oper atives ▁had ▁st olen ▁Sol omon ' s ▁garbage ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁find ▁embar rass ing ▁information . ▁C ohen ▁su ed ▁Sol omon ▁for ▁lib el ▁over ▁a ▁f lier ▁that ▁suggested ▁that ▁C ohen ▁had ▁" b ought ▁a ▁second ▁home ▁in ▁Harris burg ▁and ▁bil led ▁us ▁$ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁it ," ▁though ▁Sol omon ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁alleg ation ▁was ▁truth ful . ▁Not ably , ▁Represent ative ▁Brian ▁Sim s , ▁who ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁State ▁Government ▁Committee ▁with ▁C ohen , ▁end ors ed ▁Sol omon , ▁writing , ▁" I ▁don ’ t ▁hate ▁Mark ▁C ohen ▁but ▁his ▁behavior ▁in ▁the ▁Capit ol ▁has ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁shock ing ▁surpr ises ▁of ▁my ▁time ▁there . ▁V irt ually ▁every ▁single ▁person ▁in ▁the ▁Capital ▁has ▁a ▁story ▁about ▁Mark ▁being ▁lost ▁in ▁a ▁bath room ▁or ▁arg uing ▁with ▁the ▁plants ▁or ▁with ▁the ▁pictures ▁on ▁the ▁wall ." ▁C ohen ▁respond ed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁" a ▁nearly ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁attend ance ▁record ▁on ▁the ▁House
▁floor ." ▁C ohen ▁lost ▁the ▁election ▁by ▁a ▁large ▁margin , ▁receiving ▁ 4 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁to ▁nearly ▁ 5 7 ▁percent ▁for ▁Sol omon . ▁ ▁Philadelphia ▁Court ▁of ▁Common ▁Ple as ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁C ohen ▁returned ▁to ▁elected ▁office ▁with ▁his ▁confirm ation ▁to ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Common ▁Ple as . ▁Despite ▁being ▁given ▁a ▁" Not ▁Re comm ended " ▁rating ▁by ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Bar ▁Association , ▁he ▁won ▁a ▁seat ▁on ▁the ▁court , ▁al beit ▁with ▁the ▁second - low est ▁number ▁of ▁votes ▁among ▁the ▁vict ors . ▁ ▁Political ▁positions ▁ ▁Public ▁health ▁C ohen ▁supported ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁efforts ▁to ▁greatly ▁reduce ▁public ▁expos ure ▁to ▁second - hand ▁smoke , ▁and ▁potential ▁for ▁dam ages ▁from ▁it , ▁supporting ▁both ▁the ▁legisl ation ▁b anning ▁much ▁sm oking ▁in ▁restaur ants ▁that ▁was ▁en act ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁the ▁more ▁compreh ensive ▁ban ▁previously ▁proposed . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁spons or ▁and ▁part - author ▁of ▁a ▁chemical ▁right ▁to ▁know ▁bill ▁signed ▁into ▁law ▁by ▁Governor ▁Richard ▁Th orn burgh . ▁C ohen ▁helped ▁expose ▁the ▁s elling ▁of ▁t aint ed ▁meat ▁to ▁Mc Donald ' s ▁and ▁test ified ▁before ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁Sub comm ittee ▁on ▁Liv est ock ▁and ▁P oul try ▁that ▁U . S . ▁food ▁safety ▁laws ▁should ▁be ▁strength ened . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁force ▁in
▁the ▁House ▁behind ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁Organ ▁Don ation ▁Trust ▁Fund . ▁The ▁law ▁establish ing ▁it ▁gave ▁organizations ▁special izing ▁in ▁organ ▁trans plant ation ▁hospital ▁access ▁to ▁potential ▁organ ▁don ors , ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁drivers ' ▁license ▁identification ▁for ▁each ▁potential ▁organ ▁don or , ▁and ▁public ized ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁organ ▁don ation . ▁It ▁became ▁a ▁national ▁model , ▁and ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁national ▁policy ▁during ▁the ▁Cl inton ▁Administration . ▁ ▁To ▁protect ▁the ▁health ▁and ▁safety ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁public ▁sector ▁workers ▁under ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁the ▁federal ▁Occ up ational ▁Saf ety ▁and ▁Health ▁Administration , ▁he ▁introduced ▁a ▁proposed ▁law ▁creating ▁a ▁state - run ▁OS HA ▁system ▁for ▁state ▁and ▁local ▁government al ▁employees . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁supp orter ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁Children ' s ▁Health ▁In sur ance ▁Program , ▁and ▁the ▁increase ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁cig aret te ▁tax ▁to ▁subs id ize ▁medical ▁mal p ract ice ▁ins urance ▁for ▁phys icians . ▁ ▁Education ▁reform ▁A ▁back er ▁of ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁char ter ▁schools ▁in ▁Pennsylvania , ▁legisl ation ▁he ▁supported ▁helped ▁start ▁three ▁char ter ▁schools ▁currently ▁in ▁his ▁legisl ative ▁district : ▁Im h ote p ▁High ▁School , ▁Del aware ▁Valley ▁High ▁School , ▁and ▁Ta con y ▁Element ary ▁School . ▁ ▁Civil ▁rights ▁ ▁C ohen ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁House ▁member ▁to ▁introduce ▁legisl ation ▁to ▁seek ▁recognition ▁of ▁same - sex ▁un ions ▁in
▁Pennsylvania , ▁bringing ▁forth ▁legisl ation ▁for ▁civil ▁un ions ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁( H ouse ▁Bill ▁ 2 4 4 7 ) ▁and , ▁with ▁ultimately ▁ 4 3 ▁co - sp ons ors , ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁( H ouse ▁Bill ▁ 7 0 8 ). ▁The ▁bill ▁was ▁un success ful , ▁and ▁same - sex ▁marriage ▁was ▁later ▁legal ized ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁federal ▁court ▁decision . ▁ ▁He ▁supported ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁g ays ▁and ▁les bi ans ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁Eth nic ▁Int im id ation ▁and ▁Institution al ▁V andal ism ▁Act . ▁ ▁V oting ▁ ▁He ▁supports ▁the ▁rights ▁of ▁all ▁citizens ▁to ▁vote , ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁government - iss ued ▁photo ▁identification . ▁ ▁He ▁voc ally ▁critic ized ▁the ▁proposed ▁replacement ▁of ▁the ▁winner - take - all ▁allocation ▁system ▁for ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁elect oral ▁votes ▁by ▁a ▁system ▁giving ▁a ▁candidate ▁a ▁single ▁vote ▁for ▁each ▁Cong r essional ▁district ▁carried , ▁with ▁just ▁two ▁votes ▁for ▁carrying ▁Pennsylvania . ▁C ohen ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁plan ▁" un const itution ally ▁ab rid ges ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁minor ity ▁citizens ." ▁ ▁Other ▁positions ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁C ohen ▁has ▁brought ▁pending ▁state - level ▁national ▁issues ▁to ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House , ▁introdu cing ▁b ills ▁establish ing ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁membership ▁in ▁the
▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁Inter state ▁Comp act , ▁legal izing ▁medical ▁mar iju ana , ▁and ▁allowing ▁people ▁to ▁get ▁civil ▁un ions ▁in ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁C ohen ▁oppos es ▁the ▁castle ▁doctrine , ▁which ▁allows ▁citizens ▁a ▁bro ader ▁legal ▁defense ▁for ▁shooting ▁others ▁on ▁their ▁own ▁property ▁or ▁their ▁own ▁work place . ▁ ▁National ▁invol vement ▁ ▁C ohen ▁was ▁an ▁un success ful ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁Democratic ▁nom ination ▁for ▁the ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁held ▁by ▁Josh ua ▁E il berg ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁He ▁act ively ▁campaign ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁for ▁the ▁Democratic ▁nom ination ▁for ▁the ▁Cong r essional ▁seat ▁being ▁vac ated ▁by ▁Joseph ▁H oe ff el ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁the ▁US ▁Senate , ▁but ▁with d rew ▁his ▁candid acy ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁when ▁it ▁had ▁become ▁clear ▁that ▁Al ly son ▁Schw art z ▁had ▁more ▁support ▁than ▁he ▁did . ▁After ▁Schw art z ▁announced ▁her ▁g ubern atorial ▁candid acy ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁C ohen ▁file d ▁with ▁the ▁Federal ▁E lection ▁Commission ▁as ▁a ▁con gression al ▁candidate , ▁but ▁quickly ▁announced ▁he ▁had ▁re cons ider ed ▁and ▁would ▁not ▁run ▁for ▁Congress . ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁ ▁C ohen ▁has ▁faced ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁criticism ▁for ▁his ▁use ▁of ▁government ▁per ks . ▁Journal ist ▁John ▁Ba er ▁dub bed ▁him ▁the ▁" king
▁of ▁per ks " ▁for ▁his ▁use ▁of ▁per ▁di ems . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁C ohen ▁used ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁$ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁per ▁di ems , ▁including ▁$ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁air line ▁tick ets , ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁and ▁a ▁half . ▁Like wise , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 - 0 5 , ▁he ▁bil led ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁$ 2 8 , 2 0 0 ▁for ▁books . ▁His ▁use ▁of ▁per ▁di ems ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁attack ▁him ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁campaign ▁that ▁resulted ▁in ▁his ▁losing ▁his ▁seat . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Mon a , ▁a ▁Philadelphia ▁special ▁education ▁teacher ▁and ▁advoc ate ▁for ▁children ▁with ▁aut ism , ▁have ▁one ▁daughter ▁and ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁Cast or ▁Gard ens ▁section ▁of ▁N ortheast ▁Philadelphia . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁recognition ▁received ▁ ▁C ohen ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁two ▁inc umb ent ▁PA ▁House ▁members ▁that ▁the ▁S out he astern ▁Pennsylvania ▁Chapter ▁of ▁Americans ▁for ▁Democratic ▁Action ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁said ▁" we ▁strongly ▁ur ge " ▁vot ers ▁to ▁support . ▁ ▁He ▁received ▁an ▁" Out standing ▁Service ▁Award " ▁from ▁his ▁legal ▁al ma ▁mater , ▁W id ener ▁University ▁School ▁of ▁Law , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁received
▁an ▁award ▁from ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁National ▁Guard ▁Associ ations ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁for ▁draft ing ▁legisl ation ▁providing ▁benefits ▁to ▁res erv ists ▁called ▁to ▁active ▁duty ▁in ▁the ▁G ulf ▁and ▁elsewhere . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Mark ▁B . ▁C ohen ▁at ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁ ▁Rep . ▁Mark ▁B . ▁C ohen ▁at ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁Democratic ▁C au cus ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : D aily ▁Pennsylvan ian ▁people ▁Category : J ew ish ▁American ▁state ▁legisl ators ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : L eb anon ▁Valley ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : P en nsylvan ia ▁Democr ats ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Harris burg , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : L aw y ers ▁from ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : W id ener ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : J ournal ists ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : J ournal ists ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category : W id ener ▁University ▁Commonwealth ▁Law ▁School ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁I ▁Am ▁the ▁Law ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁I ▁Am ▁the ▁Law ▁( 1 9 2 2 ▁film ), ▁st arring ▁Alice ▁Lake ▁and ▁Kenneth ▁Har lan ▁ ▁I ▁Am ▁the ▁Law ▁( 1 9 3 8 ▁film ), ▁st arring ▁Edward ▁G . ▁Robinson ▁ ▁I '
m ▁the ▁Law , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁synd ic ated ▁TV ▁series ▁st arring ▁George ▁R aft ▁ ▁" I ▁am ▁the ▁law ! ", ▁frequently - used ▁expression ▁by ▁fict ional ▁com ic ▁book ▁character ▁Judge ▁D red d ▁ ▁" I ▁Am ▁the ▁Law ", ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁song ▁by ▁The ▁Human ▁League ▁written ▁about ▁this ▁character ▁which ▁features ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁D are ▁ ▁" I ▁Am ▁the ▁Law ", ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁song ▁by ▁Anth ra x ▁written ▁about ▁this ▁character ▁which ▁features ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁Among ▁the ▁Living <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Mc Donald ' s ▁Open ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Pal ais ▁Om nis ports ▁de ▁Paris - Ber cy ▁in ▁Paris , ▁France . ▁ ▁Part icip ants ▁ ▁Games ▁All ▁games ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁Om nis ports ▁de ▁Paris - Ber cy ▁in ▁Paris , ▁France . ▁ ▁Final ▁stand ings ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁NBA ▁International ▁Pre - Se ason ▁and ▁Reg ular - Se ason ▁Games ▁List ▁of ▁champions ▁at ▁a - d - c ▁▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁in ▁American ▁basketball ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁in ▁French ▁basketball ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁in ▁Spanish ▁basketball ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁in ▁Cro at ian ▁basketball ▁Category : Intern ational ▁basketball ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by
▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Lanc aster ▁Township ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁three ▁town ships ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Indiana : ▁▁ ▁Lanc aster ▁Township , ▁Hun ting ton ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁ ▁Lanc aster ▁Township , ▁Jefferson ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁ ▁Lanc aster ▁Township , ▁Well s ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Lanc aster ▁Township ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Category : Ind iana ▁town ship ▁dis ambiguation ▁pages <0x0A> </s> ▁Histor ically , ▁the ▁classic ▁Mac ▁OS ▁used ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁memory ▁management ▁that ▁has ▁fallen ▁out ▁of ▁favor ▁in ▁modern ▁systems . ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁this ▁approach ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁areas ▁addressed ▁by ▁the ▁change ▁to ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁problem ▁for ▁the ▁engine ers ▁of ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁was ▁how ▁to ▁make ▁optim um ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 8 KB ▁of ▁RAM ▁with ▁which ▁the ▁machine ▁was ▁equ ipped , ▁on ▁Motor ola ▁ 6 8 0 0 0 - based ▁computer ▁hardware ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁support ▁virtual ▁memory . ▁Since ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁the ▁machine ▁could ▁only ▁run ▁one ▁application ▁program ▁at ▁a ▁time , ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁fixed ▁secondary ▁storage , ▁the ▁engine ers ▁implemented ▁a ▁simple ▁scheme ▁which ▁worked ▁well ▁with ▁those ▁particular ▁constraints . ▁That ▁design ▁choice ▁did ▁not ▁scale ▁well ▁with ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁machine , ▁creating ▁various ▁difficulties ▁for ▁both ▁program mers ▁and ▁users . ▁ ▁Fragment ation ▁The ▁primary ▁concern ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁engine ers ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁fragment ation
▁- ▁that ▁is , ▁the ▁repeated ▁allocation ▁and ▁deal location ▁of ▁memory ▁through ▁pointers ▁leading ▁to ▁many ▁small ▁isolated ▁areas ▁of ▁memory ▁which ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁too ▁small , ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁total ▁free ▁memory ▁may ▁be ▁sufficient ▁to ▁satisfy ▁a ▁particular ▁request ▁for ▁memory . ▁To ▁solve ▁this , ▁Apple ▁engine ers ▁used ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁a ▁re loc atable ▁handle , ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁memory ▁which ▁allowed ▁the ▁actual ▁data ▁referred ▁to ▁be ▁moved ▁without ▁invalid ating ▁the ▁handle . ▁Apple ' s ▁scheme ▁was ▁simple ▁- ▁a ▁handle ▁was ▁simply ▁a ▁pointer ▁into ▁a ▁( non ▁re loc atable ) ▁table ▁of ▁further ▁pointers , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁pointed ▁to ▁the ▁data . ▁If ▁a ▁memory ▁request ▁required ▁comp action ▁of ▁memory , ▁this ▁was ▁done ▁and ▁the ▁table , ▁called ▁the ▁master ▁pointer ▁block , ▁was ▁updated . ▁The ▁machine ▁itself ▁implemented ▁two ▁areas ▁in ▁memory ▁available ▁for ▁this ▁scheme ▁- ▁the ▁system ▁heap ▁( used ▁for ▁the ▁OS ), ▁and ▁the ▁application ▁heap . ▁As ▁long ▁as ▁only ▁one ▁application ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁was ▁run , ▁the ▁system ▁worked ▁well . ▁Since ▁the ▁entire ▁application ▁heap ▁was ▁dissol ved ▁when ▁the ▁application ▁quit , ▁fragment ation ▁was ▁minim ized . ▁ ▁The ▁memory ▁management ▁system ▁had ▁weak ness es ; ▁ ▁the ▁system ▁heap ▁was ▁not ▁protected ▁from ▁err ant ▁applications , ▁as ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁possible ▁if ▁the ▁system ▁architecture ▁had ▁supported ▁memory ▁protection , ▁and ▁this ▁was ▁frequently ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁system ▁problems
▁and ▁crashes . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁handle - based ▁approach ▁also ▁opened ▁up ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁programming ▁errors , ▁where ▁pointers ▁to ▁data ▁within ▁such ▁re loc atable ▁blocks ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁guaranteed ▁to ▁remain ▁valid ▁across ▁calls ▁that ▁might ▁cause ▁memory ▁to ▁move . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁real ▁problem ▁for ▁almost ▁every ▁system ▁API ▁that ▁existed . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁trans par ency ▁of ▁system - owned ▁data ▁structures ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁APIs ▁could ▁do ▁little ▁to ▁solve ▁this . ▁Thus ▁the ▁on us ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁programmer ▁not ▁to ▁create ▁such ▁pointers , ▁or ▁at ▁least ▁manage ▁them ▁very ▁carefully ▁by ▁dere fer encing ▁all ▁handles ▁after ▁every ▁such ▁API ▁call . ▁Since ▁many ▁program mers ▁were ▁not ▁generally ▁familiar ▁with ▁this ▁approach , ▁early ▁Mac ▁programs ▁suffered ▁frequently ▁from ▁fault s ▁ar ising ▁from ▁this . ▁ ▁Pal m ▁OS ▁and ▁ 1 6 - bit ▁Windows ▁use ▁a ▁similar ▁scheme ▁for ▁memory ▁management , ▁but ▁the ▁Pal m ▁and ▁Windows ▁versions ▁make ▁programmer ▁error ▁more ▁difficult . ▁For ▁instance , ▁in ▁Mac ▁OS , ▁to ▁convert ▁a ▁handle ▁to ▁a ▁pointer , ▁a ▁program ▁just ▁de - re ferences ▁the ▁handle ▁directly , ▁but ▁if ▁the ▁handle ▁is ▁not ▁locked , ▁the ▁pointer ▁can ▁become ▁invalid ▁quickly . ▁C alls ▁to ▁lock ▁and ▁un lock ▁handles ▁are ▁not ▁bal anced ; ▁ten ▁calls ▁to ▁H Lock ▁are ▁und one ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁call ▁to ▁H Un lock . ▁In ▁Pal m ▁OS ▁and ▁Windows , ▁handles
▁are ▁an ▁op aque ▁type ▁and ▁must ▁be ▁de - refer enced ▁with ▁Mem Handle Lock ▁on ▁Pal m ▁OS ▁or ▁Global / Local Lock ▁on ▁Windows . ▁When ▁a ▁Pal m ▁or ▁Windows ▁application ▁is ▁finished ▁with ▁a ▁handle , ▁it ▁calls ▁Mem Handle Un lock ▁or ▁Global / Local Un lock . ▁Pal m ▁OS ▁and ▁Windows ▁keep ▁a ▁lock ▁count ▁for ▁blocks ; ▁after ▁three ▁calls ▁to ▁Mem Handle Lock , ▁a ▁block ▁will ▁only ▁become ▁un locked ▁after ▁three ▁calls ▁to ▁Mem Handle Un lock . ▁ ▁Address ing ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁nested ▁lo cks ▁and ▁un lock s ▁can ▁be ▁straightforward ▁( although ▁ted ious ) ▁by ▁employ ing ▁various ▁methods , ▁but ▁these ▁intr ude ▁upon ▁the ▁read ability ▁of ▁the ▁associated ▁code ▁block ▁and ▁require ▁aw aren ess ▁and ▁discipline ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁c oder . ▁ ▁Memory ▁le aks ▁and ▁st ale ▁references ▁A war eness ▁and ▁discipline ▁are ▁also ▁necessary ▁to ▁avoid ▁memory ▁" le aks " ▁( fail ure ▁to ▁deal loc ate ▁within ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁the ▁allocation ) ▁and ▁to ▁avoid ▁references ▁to ▁st ale ▁handles ▁after ▁release ▁( which ▁usually ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁hard ▁crash — anno ying ▁on ▁a ▁single - task ing ▁system , ▁potentially ▁dis astr ous ▁if ▁other ▁programs ▁are ▁running ). ▁ ▁Switch er ▁The ▁situation ▁w ors ened ▁with ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁Switch er , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁way ▁for ▁a ▁Mac ▁with ▁ 5 1 2 KB ▁or ▁more ▁of ▁memory
▁to ▁run ▁multiple ▁applications ▁at ▁once . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁necessary ▁step ▁forward ▁for ▁users , ▁who ▁found ▁the ▁one - app - at - a - time ▁approach ▁very ▁limit ing . ▁Because ▁Apple ▁was ▁now ▁committed ▁to ▁its ▁memory ▁management ▁model , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁compatibility ▁with ▁existing ▁applications , ▁it ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁adopt ▁a ▁scheme ▁where ▁each ▁application ▁was ▁allocated ▁its ▁own ▁heap ▁from ▁the ▁available ▁RAM . ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁actual ▁RAM ▁allocated ▁to ▁each ▁heap ▁was ▁set ▁by ▁a ▁value ▁c oded ▁into ▁the ▁metadata ▁of ▁each ▁application , ▁set ▁by ▁the ▁programmer . ▁Sometimes ▁this ▁value ▁wasn ' t ▁enough ▁for ▁particular ▁kinds ▁of ▁work , ▁so ▁the ▁value ▁setting ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁exposed ▁to ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁twe ak ▁the ▁heap ▁size ▁to ▁suit ▁their ▁own ▁requirements . ▁While ▁popular ▁among ▁" power ▁users ", ▁this ▁expos ure ▁of ▁a ▁technical ▁implementation ▁detail ▁was ▁against ▁the ▁gra in ▁of ▁the ▁Mac ▁user ▁philosophy . ▁A part ▁from ▁expos ing ▁users ▁to ▁es oter ic ▁technical ities , ▁it ▁was ▁in efficient , ▁since ▁an ▁application ▁would ▁be ▁made ▁to ▁grab ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁all otted ▁RAM , ▁even ▁if ▁it ▁left ▁most ▁of ▁it ▁subsequently ▁un used . ▁Another ▁application ▁might ▁be ▁memory ▁star ved , ▁but ▁would ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁util ize ▁the ▁free ▁memory ▁" owned " ▁by ▁another ▁application . ▁▁ ▁While ▁an ▁application ▁could ▁not ▁benef icial ly ▁util ize ▁a ▁sister ▁application ' s ▁heap , ▁it
▁could ▁certainly ▁destroy ▁it , ▁typically ▁by ▁in ad vert ently ▁writing ▁to ▁a ▁n ons ense ▁address . ▁An ▁application ▁accident ally ▁tre ating ▁a ▁fragment ▁of ▁text ▁or ▁image , ▁or ▁an ▁un ass igned ▁location ▁as ▁a ▁pointer ▁could ▁easily ▁overwrite ▁the ▁code ▁or ▁data ▁of ▁other ▁applications ▁or ▁even ▁the ▁OS , ▁leaving ▁" l urk ers " ▁even ▁after ▁the ▁program ▁was ▁ex ited . ▁Such ▁problems ▁could ▁be ▁extremely ▁difficult ▁to ▁analyze ▁and ▁correct . ▁ ▁Switch er ▁evol ved ▁into ▁Multi F inder ▁in ▁System ▁ 4 . 2 , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁Process ▁Manager ▁in ▁System ▁ 7 , ▁and ▁by ▁then ▁the ▁scheme ▁was ▁long ▁ent rench ed . ▁Apple ▁made ▁some ▁attempts ▁to ▁work ▁around ▁the ▁obvious ▁limitations ▁– ▁temporary ▁memory ▁was ▁one , ▁where ▁an ▁application ▁could ▁" bor row " ▁free ▁RAM ▁that ▁lay ▁outside ▁of ▁its ▁heap ▁for ▁short ▁periods , ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁un pop ular ▁with ▁program mers ▁so ▁it ▁largely ▁failed ▁to ▁solve ▁the ▁problems . ▁Apple ' s ▁System ▁ 7 ▁T une - up ▁add on ▁added ▁a ▁" min imum " ▁memory ▁size ▁and ▁a ▁" pre ferred " ▁size — if ▁the ▁preferred ▁amount ▁of ▁memory ▁was ▁not ▁available , ▁the ▁program ▁could ▁launch ▁in ▁the ▁minimum ▁space , ▁possibly ▁with ▁reduced ▁functionality . ▁This ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁standard ▁OS ▁starting ▁with ▁System ▁ 7 . 1 , ▁but ▁still ▁didn ' t ▁address ▁the ▁root ▁problem . ▁ ▁Virtual ▁memory
▁schemes , ▁which ▁made ▁more ▁memory ▁available ▁by ▁p aging ▁un used ▁port ions ▁of ▁memory ▁to ▁disk , ▁were ▁made ▁available ▁by ▁third - party ▁util ities ▁like ▁Connect ix ▁Virtual , ▁and ▁then ▁by ▁Apple ▁in ▁System ▁ 7 . ▁ ▁This ▁increased ▁Mac int osh ▁memory ▁capacity ▁at ▁a ▁performance ▁cost , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁add ▁protected ▁memory ▁or ▁prevent ▁the ▁memory ▁manager ' s ▁heap ▁comp action ▁that ▁would ▁invalid ate ▁some ▁pointers . ▁▁ 3 2 - bit ▁clean ▁Origin ally ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁had ▁ 1 2 8 k B ▁of ▁RAM , ▁with ▁a ▁limit ▁of ▁ 5 1 2 k B . ▁This ▁was ▁increased ▁to ▁ 4 MB ▁upon ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁Plus . ▁These ▁Mac int osh ▁computers ▁used ▁the ▁ 6 8 0 0 0 ▁CPU , ▁a ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁processor , ▁but ▁only ▁had ▁ 2 4 ▁physical ▁address ▁lines . ▁The ▁ 2 4 ▁lines ▁allowed ▁the ▁processor ▁to ▁address ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 6 MB ▁of ▁memory ▁( 2 2 4 ▁bytes ), ▁which ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁sufficient ▁amount ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁The ▁RAM ▁limit ▁in ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁design ▁was ▁ 4 MB ▁of ▁RAM ▁and ▁ 4 MB ▁of ▁R OM , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁memory ▁map . ▁This ▁was ▁fixed ▁by ▁changing ▁the ▁memory ▁map ▁with ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁II ▁and ▁the ▁Mac int osh
▁Port able , ▁allowing ▁up ▁to ▁ 8 MB ▁of ▁RAM . ▁ ▁Because ▁memory ▁was ▁a ▁scar ce ▁resource , ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁the ▁Mac ▁OS ▁decided ▁to ▁take ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁un used ▁byte ▁in ▁each ▁address . ▁The ▁original ▁Memory ▁Manager ▁( up ▁until ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁System ▁ 7 ) ▁placed ▁flags ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁ 8 bits ▁of ▁each ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁pointer ▁and ▁handle . ▁Each ▁address ▁contained ▁flags ▁such ▁as ▁" locked ", ▁" pur ge able ", ▁or ▁" resource ", ▁which ▁were ▁stored ▁in ▁the ▁master ▁pointer ▁table . ▁When ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁actual ▁address , ▁these ▁flags ▁were ▁mask ed ▁off ▁and ▁ignored ▁by ▁the ▁CPU . ▁ ▁While ▁a ▁good ▁use ▁of ▁very ▁limited ▁RAM ▁space , ▁this ▁design ▁caused ▁problems ▁when ▁Apple ▁introduced ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁II , ▁which ▁used ▁the ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁Motor ola ▁ 6 8 0 2 0 ▁CPU . ▁The ▁ 6 8 0 2 0 ▁had ▁ 3 2 ▁physical ▁address ▁lines ▁which ▁could ▁address ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 GB ▁( 2 3 2 ▁bytes ) ▁of ▁memory . ▁The ▁flags ▁that ▁the ▁Memory ▁Manager ▁stored ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁byte ▁of ▁each ▁pointer ▁and ▁handle ▁were ▁significant ▁now , ▁and ▁could ▁lead ▁to ▁address ing ▁errors . ▁ ▁In ▁theory , ▁the ▁architect s ▁of ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁system ▁software ▁were ▁free ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁" flags ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁byte " ▁scheme ▁to ▁avoid ▁this
▁problem , ▁and ▁they ▁did . ▁For ▁example , ▁on ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁II ci ▁and ▁later ▁machines , ▁H Lock () ▁and ▁other ▁APIs ▁was ▁re written ▁to ▁implement ▁handle ▁lock ing ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁other ▁than ▁flag ging ▁the ▁high ▁bits ▁of ▁handles . ▁But , ▁many ▁Mac int osh ▁application ▁program mers ▁and ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁the ▁Mac int osh ▁system ▁software ▁code ▁itself ▁accessed ▁the ▁flags ▁directly ▁rather ▁than ▁using ▁the ▁APIs , ▁such ▁as ▁H Lock (), ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁provided ▁to ▁manipulate ▁them . ▁By ▁doing ▁this ▁they ▁rendered ▁their ▁applications ▁in compatible ▁with ▁true ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁address ing , ▁and ▁this ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁not ▁being ▁" 3 2 - bit ▁clean ". ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁stop ▁contin ual ▁system ▁crashes ▁caused ▁by ▁this ▁issue , ▁System ▁ 6 ▁and ▁earlier ▁running ▁on ▁a ▁ 6 8 0 2 0 ▁or ▁a ▁ 6 8 0 3 0 ▁would ▁force ▁the ▁machine ▁into ▁ 2 4 - bit ▁mode , ▁and ▁would ▁only ▁recognize ▁and ▁address ▁the ▁first ▁ 8 ▁meg aby tes ▁of ▁RAM , ▁an ▁obvious ▁f law ▁in ▁machines ▁whose ▁hardware ▁was ▁w ired ▁to ▁accept ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 2 8 MB ▁RAM ▁– ▁and ▁whose ▁product ▁literature ▁advert ised ▁this ▁cap ability . ▁With ▁System ▁ 7 , ▁the ▁Mac ▁system ▁software ▁was ▁finally ▁made ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁clean , ▁but ▁there ▁were ▁still ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁dirty ▁R OM s .
▁The ▁problem ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁use ▁ 2 4 - bit ▁or ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁address ing ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁very ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁boot ▁process , ▁when ▁the ▁R OM ▁rout ines ▁initialized ▁the ▁Memory ▁Manager ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁basic ▁Mac ▁environment ▁where ▁Nu Bus ▁R OM s ▁and ▁disk ▁drivers ▁are ▁loaded ▁and ▁executed . ▁Old er ▁R OM s ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁any ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁Memory ▁Manager ▁support ▁and ▁so ▁was ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁boot ▁into ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁mode . ▁Sur pr ising ly , ▁the ▁first ▁solution ▁to ▁this ▁f law ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁software ▁utility ▁company ▁Connect ix , ▁whose ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁product ▁MO DE 3 2 ▁re initial ized ▁the ▁Memory ▁Manager ▁and ▁repeated ▁early ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Mac ▁boot ▁process , ▁allowing ▁the ▁system ▁to ▁boot ▁into ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁mode ▁and ▁en abling ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁RAM ▁in ▁the ▁machine . ▁Apple ▁lic ensed ▁the ▁software ▁from ▁Connect ix ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁and ▁distributed ▁it ▁for ▁free . ▁The ▁Mac int osh ▁II ci ▁and ▁later ▁Motor ola ▁based ▁Mac int osh ▁computers ▁had ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁clean ▁R OM s . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁quite ▁a ▁while ▁before ▁applications ▁were ▁updated ▁to ▁remove ▁all ▁ 2 4 - bit ▁dependencies , ▁and ▁System ▁ 7 ▁provided ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁switch ▁back ▁to ▁ 2 4 - bit ▁mode ▁if
▁application ▁in compat ib ilities ▁were ▁found . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁migration ▁to ▁the ▁Power PC ▁and ▁System ▁ 7 . 1 . 2 , ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁clean lin ess ▁was ▁mand atory ▁for ▁creating ▁native ▁applications ▁and ▁even ▁later ▁Motor ola ▁ 6 8 0 4 0 ▁based ▁Mac s ▁could ▁not ▁support ▁ 2 4 - bit ▁mode . ▁ ▁Object ▁orientation ▁The ▁rise ▁of ▁object - orient ed ▁languages ▁for ▁programming ▁the ▁Mac ▁– ▁first ▁Object ▁Pascal , ▁then ▁later ▁C ++ ▁– ▁also ▁caused ▁problems ▁for ▁the ▁memory ▁model ▁adopted . ▁At ▁first , ▁it ▁would ▁seem ▁natural ▁that ▁objects ▁would ▁be ▁implemented ▁via ▁handles , ▁to ▁gain ▁the ▁advantage ▁of ▁being ▁re loc atable . ▁These ▁languages , ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁originally ▁designed , ▁used ▁pointers ▁for ▁objects , ▁which ▁would ▁lead ▁to ▁fragment ation ▁issues . ▁A ▁solution , ▁implemented ▁by ▁the ▁TH IN K ▁( l ater ▁Sym ante c ) ▁comp ilers , ▁was ▁to ▁use ▁Hand les ▁internally ▁for ▁objects , ▁but ▁use ▁a ▁pointer ▁syntax ▁to ▁access ▁them . ▁This ▁seemed ▁a ▁good ▁idea ▁at ▁first , ▁but ▁soon ▁deep ▁problems ▁emer ged , ▁since ▁program mers ▁could ▁not ▁tell ▁whether ▁they ▁were ▁dealing ▁with ▁a ▁re loc atable ▁or ▁fixed ▁block , ▁and ▁so ▁had ▁no ▁way ▁to ▁know ▁whether ▁to ▁take ▁on ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁lock ing ▁objects ▁or ▁not . ▁Need less ▁to ▁say ▁this ▁led ▁to ▁huge ▁numbers ▁of ▁bugs ▁and ▁problems ▁with ▁these ▁early
▁object ▁implementations . ▁Later ▁comp ilers ▁did ▁not ▁attempt ▁to ▁do ▁this , ▁but ▁used ▁real ▁pointers , ▁often ▁implementing ▁their ▁own ▁memory ▁allocation ▁schemes ▁to ▁work ▁around ▁the ▁Mac ▁OS ▁memory ▁model . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁Mac ▁OS ▁memory ▁model , ▁with ▁all ▁its ▁inher ent ▁problems , ▁remained ▁this ▁way ▁right ▁through ▁to ▁Mac ▁OS ▁ 9 , ▁due ▁to ▁severe ▁application ▁compatibility ▁constraints , ▁the ▁increasing ▁avail ability ▁of ▁cheap ▁RAM ▁meant ▁that ▁by ▁and ▁large ▁most ▁users ▁could ▁upgrade ▁their ▁way ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁corner . ▁The ▁memory ▁wasn ' t ▁used ▁efficiently , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁abund ant ▁enough ▁that ▁the ▁issue ▁never ▁became ▁critical . ▁This ▁is ▁ir onic ▁given ▁that ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁design ▁was ▁to ▁maxim ise ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁very ▁limited ▁amounts ▁of ▁memory . ▁ ▁finally ▁did ▁away ▁with ▁the ▁whole ▁scheme , ▁implementing ▁a ▁modern ▁sparse ▁virtual ▁memory ▁scheme . ▁A ▁subset ▁of ▁the ▁older ▁memory ▁model ▁APIs ▁still ▁exist ▁for ▁compatibility ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Car bon , ▁but ▁map ▁to ▁the ▁modern ▁memory ▁manager ▁( a ▁thread safe ▁malloc ▁implementation ) ▁under ne ath . ▁Apple ▁recomm ends ▁that ▁ ▁code ▁use ▁malloc ▁and ▁free ▁" al most ▁exclus ively ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Class ic ▁Mac ▁OS ▁Category : Memory ▁management <0x0A> </s> ▁Glo bo zo os perm ia ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁and ▁severe ▁form ▁of ▁mon omorphic ▁ter ato zo os perm ia . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁s perm ato zo
a ▁show ▁the ▁same ▁ab normal ity , ▁and ▁over ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁s perm ato zo a ▁in ▁s perm ▁have ▁this ▁ab normal ity . ▁Glo bo zo os perm ia ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁less ▁than ▁ 0 . 1 % ▁of ▁male ▁infer til ity . ▁It ▁is ▁character ised ▁by ▁round - head ed ▁s perm ato zo a ▁without ▁ac ros om es , ▁an ▁ab normal ▁nuclear ▁memb rane ▁and ▁mid pie ce ▁defect s . ▁A ffect ed ▁males ▁therefore ▁suffer ▁from ▁either ▁reduced ▁fert ility ▁or ▁infer til ity . ▁Studies ▁suggest ▁that ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁can ▁be ▁either ▁total ▁( 1 0 0 % ▁round - head ed ▁s perm ato zo a ▁without ▁ac ros om es ) ▁or ▁partial ▁( 2 0 - 6 0 % ▁round ▁ac ros om eless ▁s perm ato zo a ▁with ▁normal ▁s perm ▁also ▁identified ▁in ▁the ▁s perm ▁count , ) ▁however ▁it ▁is ▁unclear ▁whether ▁these ▁two ▁forms ▁are ▁variations ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁synd rome , ▁or ▁actually ▁different ▁synd rom es . ▁ ▁Studies ▁have ▁suggested ▁mut ations ▁or ▁delet ions ▁in ▁three ▁gen es ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁this ▁condition : ▁SP ATA 1 6 , ▁P IC K 1 ▁and ▁D PY 1 9 L 2 . ▁IC SI ▁( int racy top las mic ▁s perm ▁injection ) ▁has ▁previously ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁assist ▁reprodu ction ▁in ▁glo bo zo os per mic ▁patients ,
▁however ▁it ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁particularly ▁effective ▁in ▁all ▁patients , ▁due ▁to ▁low ▁fert il isation ▁rates . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁Glo bo zo os perm ia ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁glo bo zo os perm ia : ▁ ▁Type ▁ 1 ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁exhib its ▁a ▁complete ▁lack ▁of ▁ac ros ome ▁and ▁ac ros om al ▁en zym es ▁and ▁spher ical ▁arrangement ▁of ▁the ▁chrom atin . ▁This ▁makes ▁the ▁s perm ▁completely ▁unable ▁to ▁pen et rate ▁the ▁zona ▁p ell uc ida . ▁The ▁s perm ▁in ▁Type ▁ 2 ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁has ▁some ▁ac ros om al ▁covering ▁surrounded ▁by ▁large ▁dro ple ts ▁of ▁cy top las mic ▁material , ▁suggesting ▁secondary ▁deg ener ative ▁changes . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁con ical ▁nucle us . ▁It ▁is ▁thought ▁that ▁infer til ity ▁in ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁poor ▁mob ility ▁of ▁the ▁s perm ▁resulting ▁in ▁slow ▁movement ▁and ▁difficulty ▁fert il ising ▁the ▁egg . ▁ ▁Sym pt oms ▁ ▁As ide ▁from ▁the ▁effect ▁on ▁fert ility ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁is ▁sympt om less . ▁People ▁with ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁have ▁normal ▁physical ▁and ▁mental ▁development , ▁normal ▁clin ical ▁features ▁and ▁normal ▁h orm onal ▁profile . ▁ ▁Gen et ics ▁▁ ▁Table ▁ 1 : ▁Gene ▁mut ations ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁identified ▁in ▁glo bo zo
os perm ia ▁and ▁the ▁impact ▁these ▁mut ations ▁have ▁on ▁s perm ▁function ▁and ▁successful ▁fert il ization . ▁ ▁Di agn osis ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁round ▁head ed ▁s perm ▁in ▁a ▁sem en ▁analysis ▁sample ▁confir ms ▁the ▁diagn osis ▁of ▁glo bo zo os perm ia . ▁The ▁lack ▁of ▁ac ros ome ▁can ▁be ▁as cert ained ▁by ▁a ▁technique ▁known ▁as ▁imm un of lu ores c ence . ▁ ▁Tre at ment ▁Until ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁only ▁options ▁for ▁people ▁with ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁who ▁wished ▁to ▁conce ive ▁were ▁ad option ▁or ▁s perm ▁don ation . ▁With ▁the ▁adv ancement ▁of ▁assist ed ▁re product ive ▁techniques ▁( ART ) ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁possible ▁for ▁those ▁with ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁to ▁conce ive ▁using ▁their ▁own ▁s perm . ▁The ▁main ▁technique ▁used ▁is ▁int racy top las mic ▁s perm ▁injection ▁( IC SI ) ▁where ▁fert il isation ▁is ▁achieved ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁s perm ▁being ▁inject ed ▁into ▁the ▁egg . ▁Some ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁for ▁a ▁vi able ▁emb ry o ▁to ▁be ▁created ▁with ▁this ▁technique ▁alone , ▁however ▁others ▁have ▁found ▁it ▁necessary ▁to ▁also ▁use ▁calci um ▁ion oph ore ▁treatment ▁for ▁fert il isation ▁to ▁be ▁successful . ▁Cal ci um ▁ion oph ore ▁treatment ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁artificial ly ▁activ ate ▁the ▁o ocy te . ▁This ▁treatment ▁may ▁be ▁necessary ▁as
▁glo bo zo os per mic ▁s perm ▁can ▁be ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁activ ate ▁the ▁o ocy te , ▁an ▁important ▁stage ▁in ▁fert il isation . ▁ ▁The ▁treatment ▁options ▁currently ▁available ▁focus ▁on ▁over coming ▁the ▁pro gn osis ▁of ▁infer til ity ▁which ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁glo bo zo os perm ia . ▁So ▁far ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁treatment ▁options ▁to ▁prevent ▁or ▁c ure ▁glo bo zo os perm ia . ▁ ▁Research ▁ ▁Research ▁into ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁is ▁aim ed ▁at ▁impro ving ▁understanding ▁of ▁its ▁cause ▁and ▁developing ▁treatment ▁options . ▁ ▁Gen et ics ▁ ▁The ▁observation ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁many ▁times ▁that ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁ar ises ▁in ▁sib lings ▁which ▁points ▁towards ▁an ▁underlying ▁gen etic ▁cause . ▁Rec ent ▁progress ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁into ▁determ ining ▁what ▁gen es ▁could ▁be ▁imp licated ▁in ▁this ▁path ology , ▁with ▁the ▁previously ▁mentioned ▁gen es ▁being ▁found ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁role . ▁There ▁are ▁more ▁gen es ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁mut ated ▁in ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁in ▁m ice , ▁but ▁these ▁are ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁human ▁disease ▁process . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁these ▁include ▁G op c , ▁H rb ▁and ▁C sn ka 2 . ▁There ▁are ▁thousands ▁of ▁gen es ▁which ▁guide ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁s per mat ogen esis , ▁and ▁knowing ▁how ▁they ’ re ▁involved ▁in ▁glo bo zo os perm
ia ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁current ▁area ▁of ▁research . ▁ ▁IC SI ▁ ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁int racy top las mic ▁s perm ▁injection ▁made ▁conception ▁a ▁possibility ▁for ▁patients ▁with ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁male ▁infer til ity ▁conditions , ▁including ▁glo bo zo os perm ia . ▁However , ▁fert ility ▁rates ▁with ▁this ▁approach ▁are ▁still ▁low , ▁and ▁research ▁is ▁on going ▁into ▁how ▁this ▁can ▁be ▁improved . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁that ▁tre ating ▁glo bo zo os perm ia ▁with ▁IC SI ▁along ▁with ▁o ocy te ▁activation ▁by ▁calci um ▁ion oph ore ▁( an ▁ion ▁car rier ▁used ▁to ▁increase ▁int rac ell ular ▁calci um ▁is ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁result ▁in ▁conception ▁than ▁IC SI ▁alone . ▁Another ▁prom ising ▁treatment ▁area ▁also ▁looks ▁at ▁causing ▁o ocy te ▁activation ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁IC SI , ▁this ▁time ▁using ▁s perm atic ▁binding - prote ins , ▁ph osph ol ip ase ▁C ▁z eta ▁( PL C ζ ) ▁and ▁post ac ros om al ▁she ath ▁W W ▁domain ▁binding ▁protein ▁( PA WP ). ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Test icular ▁infer til ity ▁factors <0x0A> </s> ▁W yn n ▁R . ▁Schw art z ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁clin ical ▁and ▁experimental ▁psych ologist , ▁research ▁ps y cho anal yst , ▁and ▁modern ▁the or ist ▁of ▁psych ology , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁Des
cript ive ▁psych ology . ▁ ▁Background ▁W yn n ▁Schw art z ▁did ▁his ▁under grad uate ▁work ▁at ▁Duke ▁University ▁and ▁holds ▁a ▁doctor ate ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Colorado , ▁B ould er ▁obtained ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁the ▁cre ator ▁of ▁Des cript ive ▁Psych ology , ▁Peter ▁G . ▁O ss orio , ▁and ▁trained ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁ps y cho anal yst ▁at ▁the ▁Boston ▁Ps y cho anal yt ic ▁Society ▁and ▁Institute . ▁His ▁concept ual ▁work ▁on ▁em path y ▁has ▁provided ▁an ▁ordinary ▁language ▁understanding ▁ ▁of ▁em path y ▁as ▁a ▁feature ▁of ▁I - Th ou ▁relationships ▁and ▁ordinary ▁social ▁interactions . ▁ ▁His ▁experiments ▁with ▁hyp nos is ▁have ▁helped ▁clarify ▁how ▁some ▁hyp not ic ▁indu ctions ▁with ▁certain ▁subjects ▁create ▁a ▁temporary ▁dis ruption ▁in ▁epis od ic ▁memory ▁and ▁und erm ine ▁reality ▁testing . ▁His ▁experiments ▁with ▁dream s ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁an ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁manner ▁in ▁which ▁dream ▁cogn ition ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁a ▁person ' s ▁basic ▁every day ▁ ▁concerns ▁sh aped ▁by ▁the ▁individual ' s ▁person ality ▁and ▁current ▁pre occup ations . ▁ ▁Professor ▁Schw art z ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁core ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁School ▁of ▁Professional ▁Psych ology , ▁and ▁teach es ▁at ▁Harvard ▁Medical ▁School ▁and ▁the ▁Harvard ▁Ext ension ▁School . ▁He ▁has ▁taught ▁at ▁W elles ley ▁College , ▁the ▁Boston ▁Ps y cho anal yt ic ▁Society ▁and ▁Institute , ▁and ▁the
▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Ps y cho analysis . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁his ▁ps y cho anal yt ic ▁work ▁involves ▁an ▁application ▁of ▁Des cript ive ▁Psych ology . ▁ ▁On ▁em path y ▁" We ▁recognize ▁others ▁as ▁em path ic ▁when ▁we ▁feel ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁accur ately ▁acted ▁on ▁or ▁somehow ▁acknowled ged ▁in ▁stated ▁or ▁un st ated ▁fashion ▁our ▁values ▁or ▁motiv ations , ▁our ▁knowledge , ▁and ▁our ▁skills ▁or ▁compet ence , ▁but ▁especially ▁as ▁they ▁appear ▁to ▁recognize ▁the ▁significance ▁of ▁our ▁actions ▁in ▁a ▁manner ▁that ▁we ▁can ▁toler ate ▁their ▁being ▁recognized ." ▁ ▁Schw art z ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁suggests ▁people ▁are ▁em path ic ▁when ▁they ▁recognize ▁another ▁person ' s ▁intent ions , ▁actions , ▁personal ▁characteristics , ▁and ▁psych ological ▁states ▁and ▁communicate ▁that ▁recognition ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁in ▁an ▁accurate ▁and ▁toler able ▁manner . ▁ ▁An ▁em path ic ▁recognition ▁of ▁another ' s ▁behavior ▁can ▁include ▁actions ▁that ▁the ▁observed ▁claims ▁or ▁dis own s . ▁According ▁to ▁Schw art z , ▁a ▁th era pe ut ic ▁interpretation ▁of ▁a ▁dis owned ▁or ▁un cons ci ously ▁motiv ated ▁action ▁recogn izes ▁that ▁people ▁take ▁it ▁that ▁things ▁are ▁as ▁they ▁seem ▁to ▁them ▁unless ▁they ▁have ▁sufficient ▁reason ▁to ▁think ▁otherwise ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁ther ap ist ' s ▁task ▁is ▁to ▁tact fully ▁build ▁the ▁case ▁that ▁things ▁might ▁not ▁be ▁as ▁they ▁seem ▁to ▁the ▁client . ▁▁ ▁When
▁em path ically ▁interpre ting ▁behaviour , ▁a ▁ther ap ist ▁offers ▁an ▁interpretation ▁that ▁the ▁client ▁can ▁accept ▁or ▁reject , ▁since ▁the ▁ther ap ist ▁acknowled ges ▁that ▁useful ▁interpret ations ▁are ▁subject ▁to ▁on going ▁neg ot iation ▁and ▁revision . ▁ ▁Although ▁accurate ▁em path ic ▁interpret ations ▁can ▁take ▁an ▁infinite ▁variety ▁of ▁forms , ▁they ▁must ▁be ▁useful , ▁toler able , ▁and ▁fit ▁the ▁person ' s ▁possible ▁self - under standing . ▁ ▁In ▁ps y cho analysis , ▁the ▁ther ap ist ▁attempts ▁an ▁em path ic ▁interpretation ▁of ▁trans ference ▁and ▁resistance . ▁ ▁On ▁ps y cho analysis ▁Schw art z ▁is ▁noted ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁clar ifying ▁the ▁theory ▁and ▁practice ▁of ▁ps y cho analysis ▁in ▁ordinary ▁p rag m atic ▁language ▁from ▁the ▁perspective ▁of ▁Des cript ive ▁Psych ology ▁and ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁ps y cho anal yt ic ▁approaches ▁to ▁dream ▁psych ology . ▁ ▁Represent ative ▁publications ▁Schw art z , ▁W . ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁The ▁Param eters ▁of ▁Emp ath y : ▁Core ▁consider ations ▁for ▁psych other apy ▁and ▁super vision . ▁Adv ances ▁in ▁Des cript ive ▁Psych ology ▁Schw art z , ▁W . ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁On ▁saying ▁" no ": ▁Ev idence ▁based ▁practice ▁and ▁the ▁hij ack ing ▁of ▁the ▁empir ical . ▁Adv ances ▁in ▁Des cript ive ▁Psych ology ▁Schw art z , ▁W . ▁( 2 0
0 8 ) ▁Pres ent ations ▁of ▁self ▁and ▁the ▁status ▁dynamics ▁of ▁psych other apy ▁and ▁super vision ▁Am ▁J ▁Psych other apy ▁ 6 2 : 5 1 - 6 5 Sch wart z , ▁W . ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁From ▁pass ivity ▁to ▁compet ence : ▁A ▁concept ual ization ▁of ▁knowledge , ▁skill , ▁toler ance , ▁and ▁em path y . ▁Psych iat ry , ▁ 6 5 ( 4 ), ▁ 3 3 8 - 3 4 5 . ▁R ▁Green berg , ▁C ▁Pear l man , ▁W ▁Schw art z . ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁Using ▁the ▁R or sch ach ▁to ▁Define ▁D iffer ences ▁in ▁Sch iz op hren ics ▁and ▁the ▁Imp lications ▁for ▁Tre at ment . ▁J . ▁Am . ▁Ps y cho anal . ▁Ass oc . Sch wart z , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁Problem ▁Represent ation ▁in ▁Dream s . ▁The ▁K ek ul é ▁r iddle : ▁a ▁challenge ▁for ▁chem ists ▁and ▁psych olog ists , ▁ ▁Glen view ▁Press . ▁Green berg , ▁R ., ▁K atz , ▁H ., ▁Schw art z , ▁W ., ▁Pear l man , ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Research - B ased ▁Re cons ider ation ▁of ▁the ▁ps y cho anal yt ic ▁theory ▁of ▁Dream s ▁ ▁J . ▁Am . ▁Ps y cho anal . ▁Ass oc . Sch wart
z , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁A ▁ps y cho anal yt ic ▁approach ▁to ▁dream work — ▁Dream time ▁and ▁Dream work : ▁Dec oding ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁Night ▁Schw art z , ▁W ., ▁God w yn , ▁M . ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁Action ▁and ▁representation ▁in ▁ordinary ▁and ▁luc id ▁dream s . ▁Cons cious ▁Mind , ▁S leep ing ▁Bra in : ▁Pers pect ives ▁on ▁Luc id ▁Dream s Sch wart z , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) The ▁two ▁concepts ▁of ▁action ▁and ▁responsibility ▁in ▁ps y cho analysis . ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Ps y cho anal yt ic ▁Association ▁Plot kin , ▁W ., ▁Schw art z , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁A ▁concept ual ization ▁of ▁hyp nos is : ▁Ex pl oring ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁app rais al ▁and ▁anom aly ▁in ▁behavior ▁and ▁experience . ▁Adv ances ▁in ▁Des cript ive ▁Psych ology ▁Schw art z , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁The ▁problem ▁of ▁other ▁possible ▁persons : ▁Dol ph ins , ▁prim ates , ▁and ▁al iens . ▁Adv ances ▁in ▁Des cript ive ▁Psych ology R ▁Green berg , ▁C ▁Pear l man , ▁W ▁Schw art z ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁Memory , ▁em otion , ▁and ▁RE M ▁sleep . ▁J ▁Ab norm ▁Psych ology ▁Schw art z , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 8 0
) ▁Hyp nos is ▁and ▁epis od ic ▁memory . ▁International ▁Journal ▁of ▁C lin ical ▁and ▁Ex perimental ▁Hyp nos is Sch wart z , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁D eg rad ation , ▁acc red itation , ▁and ▁r ites ▁of ▁passage . ▁Psych iat ry . ▁'' Sch wart z , ▁W . ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁Time ▁and ▁context ▁during ▁hyp not ic ▁invol vement . ▁International ▁Journal ▁of ▁C lin ical ▁and ▁Ex perimental ▁Hyp nos is ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Fre edom , ▁Liber ation , ▁and ▁Re action : ▁Less ons ▁in ▁Psych ology ▁The ▁Society ▁for ▁Des cript ive ▁Psych ology ▁W yn n ▁Schw art z , ▁Ph . D . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁ps y cho anal yst s ▁Category : American ▁psych olog ists ▁Category : Har vard ▁Ext ension ▁School ▁fac ulty <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁Mor land ▁( 2 6 ▁June ▁ 1 7 6 3 ▁in ▁London 2 9 ▁October ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁in ▁Bright on ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁painter . ▁His ▁early ▁work ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁Francis ▁Whe at ley ▁but ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 7 9 0 s ▁he ▁came ▁into ▁his ▁own ▁style . ▁His ▁best ▁compos itions ▁focus ▁on ▁rust ic ▁scenes : ▁far ms ▁and ▁hunting ; ▁sm ug gl ers ▁and ▁gy ps ies ; ▁and ▁rich , ▁text
ured ▁land sc apes ▁informed ▁by ▁Dutch ▁Golden ▁Age ▁painting . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁George ▁Mor land ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁June ▁ 1 7 6 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Henry ▁Robert ▁Mor land , ▁and ▁grand son ▁of ▁George ▁Henry ▁Mor land , ▁said ▁by ▁C unning ham ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁line ally ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Sir ▁Samuel ▁Mor land , ▁while ▁other ▁bi ograph ers ▁go ▁so ▁far ▁as ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁only ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁baron et cy ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁it . ▁ ▁Mor land ▁began ▁to ▁draw ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁three ▁years , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ten ▁( 1 7 7 3 ) ▁his ▁name ▁appears ▁as ▁an ▁honor ary ▁exhib itor ▁of ▁sketch es ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy . ▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁exhib it ▁at ▁the ▁Free ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 5 ▁and ▁ 1 7 7 6 , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Art ists ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 7 , ▁and ▁then ▁again ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 8 , ▁ 1 7 7 9 ▁and ▁ 1 7 8 0 . ▁ ▁His ▁tal ents ▁were ▁carefully ▁cultiv ated ▁by ▁his ▁father , ▁who ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁stim ulating ▁them ▁und uly ▁with ▁a ▁view ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁profit , ▁shut ting ▁the ▁child ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁gar ret ▁to ▁make ▁draw ings ▁from ▁pictures ▁and ▁cast s ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁found ▁a ▁ready
▁sale . ▁ ▁The ▁boy , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁soon ▁found ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁make ▁money ▁for ▁himself ▁by ▁hiding ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁draw ings , ▁and ▁lower ing ▁them ▁at ▁night fall ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁window ▁to ▁young ▁accomp lices , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁used ▁to ▁spend ▁the ▁proceed s ▁in ▁fro lic ▁and ▁self - ind ul gence . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁also ▁assert ed ▁that ▁his ▁father , ▁discover ing ▁this ▁trick , ▁tried ▁to ▁conc ili ate ▁him ▁by ▁indul gence , ▁hum our ing ▁his ▁wh ims ▁and ▁encourag ing ▁his ▁low ▁t ast es . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁set ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁to ▁copy ▁pictures ▁of ▁all ▁kinds , ▁but ▁especially ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁and ▁F lem ish ▁master s . ▁Among ▁others ▁he ▁copied ▁F us eli ' s ▁Night m are ▁and ▁Reyn olds ' s ▁G arr ick ▁between ▁T rag edy ▁and ▁Com edy . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁introduced ▁to ▁Sir ▁Josh ua ▁Reyn olds , ▁and ▁obtained ▁permission ▁to ▁copy ▁his ▁pictures , ▁and ▁all ▁accounts ▁agree ▁that ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁sevent een ▁he ▁had ▁obtained ▁considerable ▁reputation ▁not ▁only ▁with ▁his ▁friends ▁and ▁the ▁deal ers , ▁but ▁among ▁artists ▁of ▁re put e . ▁ ▁A ▁convin cing ▁proof ▁of ▁the ▁skill ▁in ▁original ▁composition ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁then ▁att ained ▁is ▁the ▁fine ▁eng ra ving ▁by ▁William ▁Ward , ▁after ▁his ▁picture ▁of ▁The ▁Ang ler ' s ▁Rep ast
, ▁which ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 7 8 0 ▁by ▁John ▁Rap ha el ▁Smith . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁before ▁his ▁app rent ices hip ▁to ▁his ▁father ▁came ▁to ▁an ▁end , ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 , ▁Rom ney ▁offered ▁to ▁take ▁him ▁into ▁his ▁own ▁house , ▁with ▁a ▁sal ary ▁of ▁£ 3 0 0 , ▁on ▁condition ▁of ▁his ▁signing ▁articles ▁for ▁three ▁years . ▁ ▁But ▁Mor land , ▁we ▁are ▁told , ▁had ▁had ▁enough ▁of ▁rest raint , ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁ru pt ure ▁with ▁his ▁father ▁he ▁set ▁up ▁on ▁his ▁own ▁account ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 ▁or ▁ 1 7 8 5 ▁at ▁the ▁house ▁of ▁a ▁picture ▁deal er , ▁and ▁comm enced ▁that ▁life ▁which , ▁in ▁its ▁combination ▁of ▁hard ▁work ▁and ▁hard ▁drink ing , ▁is ▁almost ▁without ▁a ▁parallel . ▁ ▁Mor land ▁soon ▁became ▁the ▁mere ▁slave ▁of ▁the ▁deal er ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁lived . ▁ ▁His ▁bo on ▁compan ions ▁were ▁" ost lers , ▁pot bo ys , ▁horse ▁j ock e ys , ▁m one yl enders , ▁pa wn bro k ers , ▁pun ks , ▁and ▁p ug il ists ." ▁In ▁this ▁company ▁the ▁hand some ▁young ▁artist ▁sw agger ed , ▁dressed ▁in ▁a ▁green ▁coat , ▁with ▁large ▁yellow ▁buttons , ▁le ather ▁b ree ches , ▁and ▁top ▁bo ots . ▁" He ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁very ▁extreme ▁of ▁fo
pp ish ▁pu pp ey ism ", ▁says ▁Hass ell ; ▁" his ▁head , ▁when ▁orn ament ed ▁according ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁taste , ▁res emble d ▁a ▁snow ball , ▁after ▁the ▁model ▁of ▁T ipp ey ▁Bob , ▁of ▁dram atic ▁memory , ▁to ▁which ▁was ▁attached ▁a ▁short , ▁thick ▁tail , ▁not ▁unlike ▁a ▁painter ' s ▁br ush ." ▁His ▁youth ▁and ▁strong ▁constitution ▁enabled ▁him ▁to ▁recover ▁rapidly ▁from ▁his ▁excess es , ▁and ▁he ▁not ▁only ▁employed ▁the ▁intervals ▁in ▁painting , ▁but ▁at ▁this ▁time , ▁or ▁shortly ▁afterwards , ▁taught ▁himself ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁viol in . ▁ ▁He ▁made ▁also ▁an ▁effort , ▁and ▁a ▁successful ▁one , ▁to ▁free ▁himself ▁from ▁his ▁task - master , ▁and ▁escaped ▁to ▁Marg ate , ▁where ▁he ▁painted ▁mini atures ▁for ▁a ▁while . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 5 ▁he ▁paid ▁a ▁short ▁visit ▁to ▁France , ▁wh ither ▁his ▁fame ▁had ▁preced ed ▁him , ▁and ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁no ▁lack ▁of ▁comm issions . ▁ ▁Return ing ▁to ▁London , ▁he ▁lod ged ▁in ▁a ▁house ▁at ▁K ens al ▁Green , ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁H arrow , ▁near ▁William ▁Ward , ▁inter course ▁with ▁whose ▁family ▁seems ▁for ▁a ▁time ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁steady ing ▁influence . ▁It ▁resulted ▁in ▁his ▁marriage ▁with ▁Miss ▁Anne ▁Ward ▁( N ancy ), ▁the ▁sister ▁of ▁his ▁friend , ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 7 8 6 , ▁and ▁the ▁bond
▁between ▁the ▁families ▁was ▁strength ened ▁a ▁month ▁later ▁by ▁the ▁marriage ▁of ▁William ▁Ward ▁and ▁Mor land ' s ▁sister ▁Maria . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁newly ▁married ▁cou ples ▁set ▁up ▁house ▁together ▁in ▁High ▁Street , ▁Mary le bone , ▁and ▁Mor land ▁for ▁a ▁while ▁appeared ▁to ▁have ▁become ▁a ▁reform ed ▁character . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁now ▁becoming ▁known ▁by ▁such ▁eng rav ings ▁from ▁his ▁pictures ▁as ▁the ▁large ▁' Children ▁N ut ting ' ▁( 1 7 8 3 ), ▁and ▁several ▁smaller ▁and ▁more ▁sentiment al ▁subjects ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 5 , ▁like ▁the ▁' ▁L ass ▁of ▁Living ston .' ▁To ▁ 1 7 8 6 , ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁his ▁marriage , ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁belong ▁the ▁series ▁of ▁' Let it ia ▁or ▁S edu ction ' ▁( well ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁eng rav ings ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 9 ), ▁in ▁which ▁with ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁narr ative ▁power ▁of ▁Hog arth , ▁but ▁with ▁so fter ▁touch es , ▁the ▁' Progress ' ▁of ▁Let it ia ▁is ▁told ▁in ▁six ▁scenes ▁ad mi rable ▁in ▁design , ▁and ▁painted ▁with ▁great ▁skill , ▁finish , ▁and ▁ref in ement . ▁About ▁this ▁period ▁he ▁was ▁fond ▁of ▁visit ing ▁the ▁Is le ▁of ▁W ight , ▁where ▁he ▁painted ▁his ▁best ▁coast ▁scenes , ▁and ▁studied ▁life ▁and ▁character ▁in ▁a ▁low ▁public - house ▁at ▁F resh water ▁Gate , ▁called ▁the ▁Cab in
. ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 6 ▁he ▁painted ▁The ▁W reck ▁of ▁the ▁Has well , ▁an ▁oil ▁on ▁canvas . ▁It ▁shows ▁women ▁and ▁children ▁cl utch ing ▁what ▁little ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁remains ▁af loat ▁while ▁a ▁crew man ' s ▁eyes ▁tell ▁the ▁event ual ▁fate ▁of ▁his ▁half - sub mer ged ▁body . ▁It ▁clearly ▁con ve ys ▁the ▁terror ▁and ▁hop eless ness ▁that ▁must ▁g rip ▁people ▁when ▁they ▁know ▁they ' re ▁taking ▁their ▁last ▁breath . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁ ▁After ▁three ▁months ▁the ▁double ▁household ▁was ▁broken ▁up ▁by ▁diss ensions ▁between ▁the ▁ladies , ▁and ▁Mor land ▁took ▁lod g ings ▁in ▁Great ▁Port land ▁Street , ▁and ▁afterwards ▁moved ▁to ▁Cam den ▁Town , ▁where ▁he ▁lived ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁house ▁in ▁Ple asing ▁Pass age , ▁at ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁ta vern ▁known ▁as ▁Mother ▁Black ▁Cap . ▁The ▁attra ctions ▁of ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁in ns , ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly ▁Ro oms ▁at ▁Kent ish ▁Town , ▁now ▁proved ▁too ▁strong ▁for ▁him , ▁and ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁all ▁his ▁bad ▁hab its . ▁ ▁A ▁long ▁ill ness ▁of ▁his ▁wife , ▁following ▁her ▁conf in ement ▁and ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁child , ▁further ▁weak ened ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁home , ▁and ▁he ▁neglect ed ▁and ▁ultimately ▁left ▁his ▁wife , ▁though ▁he ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁made ▁her ▁an ▁allow ance ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁he ▁lived . ▁ ▁When ▁he ▁finally ▁separated ▁from ▁her ▁it
▁is ▁not ▁easy ▁to ▁determine , ▁and ▁his ▁course ▁afterwards ▁was ▁so ▁err atic ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁trace ▁it ▁with ▁min uten ess ▁and ▁order . ▁He ▁moved ▁from ▁Ple asing ▁Pass age ▁to ▁W arr ens ▁Lane , ▁and ▁seems ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁to ▁have ▁made ▁his ▁headquarters ▁at ▁P adding ton . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁here ▁probably ▁that ▁he ▁painted ▁the ▁celebrated ▁picture ▁of ▁' The ▁Inside ▁of ▁a ▁St able ,' ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Gallery , ▁which ▁was ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁stable ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁Lion ▁Inn ▁at ▁P adding ton , ▁opposite ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁lived . ▁ ▁At ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁pl en itude ▁of ▁his ▁power , ▁and ▁diss ip ation ▁had ▁not ▁imp a ired ▁the ▁sur eness ▁of ▁his ▁touch , ▁his ▁unus ually ▁fine ▁sense ▁of ▁colour , ▁or ▁the ▁ref in ement ▁of ▁his ▁art istic ▁feeling . ▁He ▁exhib ited ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁and ▁ 1 7 9 4 , ▁but ▁though ▁he ▁still ▁painted ▁fin ely ▁he ▁had ▁become ▁completely ▁the ▁pre y ▁of ▁the ▁deal ers , ▁painting ▁as ▁it ▁were ▁from ▁hand ▁to ▁mouth ▁to ▁supply ▁himself ▁with ▁funds ▁for ▁his ▁extra v ag ances . ▁ ▁His ▁art ▁was ▁so ▁popular ▁that , ▁compar atively ▁small ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁price ▁which ▁he ▁actually ▁received ▁for ▁his ▁labour , ▁he ▁might ▁have
▁easily ▁lived ▁for ▁a ▁week ▁on ▁the ▁ear nings ▁of ▁a ▁day . ▁He ▁was ▁bes ie ged ▁by ▁deal ers ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁him , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁said , ▁with ▁a ▁pur se ▁in ▁one ▁hand ▁and ▁a ▁bott le ▁in ▁the ▁other . ▁ ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁work ▁he ▁got ▁through ▁was ▁pro dig ious . ▁ ▁He ▁would ▁paint ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁pictures ▁a ▁day , ▁and ▁once ▁painted ▁a ▁large ▁landscape ▁with ▁six ▁figures ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁six ▁hours . ▁ ▁Every ▁demand ▁that ▁was ▁made ▁upon ▁him , ▁whether ▁a ▁ta vern ▁score ▁or ▁the ▁renew al ▁of ▁a ▁bill , ▁was ▁paid ▁by ▁a ▁picture . ▁ ▁And ▁they ▁were ▁good ▁pictures ▁too , ▁generally ▁worth ▁many ▁times ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁account ▁to ▁be ▁settled , ▁and ▁always ▁popular ▁in ▁eng rav ings . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 9 2 ▁inclus ive , ▁over ▁a ▁hundred ▁eng rav ings ▁after ▁Mor land ▁were ▁published . ▁ ▁They ▁included ▁' A ▁Vis it ▁to ▁the ▁Child ▁at ▁Home ' ▁and ▁' A ▁Vis it ▁to ▁the ▁Board ing ▁School ,' ▁two ▁compos itions ▁of ▁remarkable ▁ref in ement ▁and ▁eleg ance , ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁char ming ▁scenes ▁of ▁children ' s ▁sports , ▁like ▁' Children ▁Bird nest ing ,' ▁' J u ven ile ▁Navigation ,' ▁' The ▁K ite ▁ent ang led ,' ▁' Bl ind ▁Man ' s ▁Buff ,' ▁and
▁' Children ▁playing ▁at ▁Sold iers .' ▁Equ alling ▁if ▁not ▁exceed ing ▁these ▁in ▁popular ity ▁were ▁scenes ▁of ▁moral ▁contrast , ▁like ▁' The ▁F ruits ▁of ▁early ▁Indust ry ▁and ▁Econom y ' ▁( 1 7 8 9 ) ▁and ▁' The ▁Effect s ▁of ▁Ext rav ag ance ▁and ▁Id len ess ' ▁( 1 7 9 4 ), ▁the ▁' M is eries ▁of ▁Id len ess ' ▁and ▁the ▁' Com fort s ▁of ▁Indust ry ,' ▁both ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 0 , ▁and ▁subjects ▁appe aling ▁to ▁national ▁sentiment , ▁like ▁' The ▁S lave ▁Trade ' ▁( 1 7 9 1 ) ▁and ▁' A fr ican ▁Hospital ity .' ▁Five ▁hundred ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁eng ra ving ▁of ▁' Dan cing ▁D ogs ' ▁( 1 7 9 0 ) ▁were ▁sold ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁weeks , ▁and ▁one ▁deal er ▁gave ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁nine ▁dozen ▁sets ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁pl ates ▁of ▁' The ▁Des er ter ' ▁( 1 7 9 1 ). ▁E leg ant ▁and ▁ref ined ▁subjects ▁gradually ▁gave ▁place ▁exclus ively ▁to ▁scenes ▁from ▁hum ble ▁life ▁in ▁town ▁and ▁country , ▁including ▁the ▁coast ▁with ▁fish erm en ▁and ▁sm ug gl ers , ▁sport ing ▁scenes , ▁but ▁more ▁frequently , ▁in ▁a ▁plain ▁but ▁s eld om ▁a ▁co arse ▁manner , ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁c ott age , ▁the ▁stable , ▁and ▁the ▁inn - yard , ▁with ▁l
ively ▁groups ▁of ▁natural ▁men ▁and ▁women , ▁and ▁still ▁more ▁natural ▁horses , ▁don keys , ▁dogs , ▁p igs , ▁p oul try , ▁and ▁other ▁animals . ▁ ▁About ▁ 2 5 0 ▁separate ▁eng rav ings ▁from ▁his ▁works ▁appeared ▁in ▁his ▁lifetime . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁publish ers ▁re aped ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁their ▁large ▁sale , ▁Mor land ' s ▁credit ▁and ▁resources ▁enabled ▁him ▁for ▁some ▁years ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁rol lick ing ▁life ▁he ▁loved ▁without ▁much ▁pressure ▁of ▁care . ▁ ▁At ▁one ▁time ▁he ▁kept ▁eight ▁s addle ▁horses ▁at ▁the ▁White ▁Lion . ▁ ▁As ▁time ▁went ▁on ▁deb ts ▁increased ▁and ▁credit ors ▁became ▁more ▁pressing , ▁and ▁he ▁lived ▁a ▁h unted ▁life , ▁only ▁able ▁to ▁escape ▁from ▁the ▁b ail iffs ▁by ▁his ▁knowledge ▁of ▁London ▁and ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁friends ▁and ▁deal ers . ▁He ▁fl itted ▁from ▁one ▁house ▁to ▁another , ▁res iding ▁among ▁other ▁places ▁at ▁Lamb eth , ▁East ▁She en , ▁Queen ▁Anne ▁Street , ▁the ▁Min ories , ▁K ens ington , ▁and ▁H ack ney . ▁ ▁At ▁H ack ney ▁his ▁se clusion ▁ar oused ▁the ▁susp icion ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁for ger ▁of ▁bank ▁notes , ▁and ▁his ▁prem ises ▁were ▁searched ▁at ▁the ▁instance ▁of ▁the ▁bank ▁direct ors , ▁who ▁afterwards ▁made ▁him ▁a ▁present ▁of ▁ 4 0 l . ▁for ▁the ▁incon ven ience ▁caused ▁by ▁their ▁mistake . ▁ ▁De al ers
▁and ▁inn keep ers ▁also ▁would ▁keep ▁rooms ▁ready ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁paint ▁in , ▁supplied ▁with ▁the ▁necessary ▁materials , ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁generally ▁some ▁deal er ▁at ▁hand ▁ready ▁to ▁carry ▁off ▁his ▁pictures ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁dry , ▁often ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁finished . ▁ ▁Mor land ▁was ▁not , ▁however , ▁much ▁more ▁sc rup ul ous ▁in ▁his ▁deal ings ▁than ▁the ▁deal ers ▁themselves , ▁and ▁a ▁picture ▁begun ▁under ▁contract ▁with ▁one ▁would ▁be ▁part ed ▁with ▁to ▁another ▁who ▁had ▁money ▁in ▁his ▁hand , ▁if ▁the ▁right ful ▁owner ▁was ▁not ▁there ▁to ▁claim ▁it . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁way ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁pictures ▁got ▁into ▁the ▁market ▁comm enced ▁by ▁Mor land , ▁and ▁finished ▁by ▁inferior ▁hands , ▁while ▁hundreds ▁of ▁copies ▁were ▁made ▁and ▁sold ▁as ▁original s . ▁' I ▁once ▁saw ,' ▁says ▁Hass ell , ▁' tw elve ▁copies ▁from ▁a ▁small ▁picture ▁of ▁Mor land ' s ▁at ▁one ▁time ▁in ▁a ▁deal er ' s ▁shop , ▁with ▁the ▁original ▁in ▁the ▁centre .' ▁ ▁Another ▁deal er ▁( acc ording ▁to ▁Red gra ve ), ▁in ▁whose ▁house ▁he ▁painted ▁under ▁contract ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁( com men cing ▁about ▁ 1 7 9 4 ), ▁had ▁each ▁morning ' s ▁work ▁regularly ▁copied . ▁Occ asion ally ▁Mor land ▁managed ▁to ▁escape ▁from ▁both ▁deal ers ▁and ▁b ail iffs . ▁ ▁Once ▁he ▁paid ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁Claude ▁Lor raine
▁Smith ▁in ▁Le ic esters hire . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁app reh ended ▁as ▁a ▁sp y ▁at ▁Y arm outh . ▁ ▁He ▁painted ▁the ▁sign ▁of ▁an ▁inn ▁called ▁the ▁Black ▁Bull , ▁somewhere ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁between ▁De al ▁and ▁London . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 7 9 9 , ▁Mor land ▁was ▁at ▁last ▁arrested ▁for ▁deb t , ▁but ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁take ▁lod g ings ▁' with in ▁the ▁rules ,' ▁and ▁these ▁became ▁the ▁rende z vous ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁dis cred itable ▁friends . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁mit ig ated ▁conf in ement ▁he ▁s ank ▁lower ▁and ▁lower . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁often ▁been ▁dr unk ▁for ▁days ▁together , ▁and ▁to ▁have ▁generally ▁sle pt ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁in ▁a ▁hel pl ess ▁condition . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁probable ▁that ▁these ▁stories ▁are ▁ex agger ated , ▁for ▁he ▁still ▁produced ▁an ▁enorm ous ▁quantity ▁of ▁good ▁work . ▁ ▁' For ▁his ▁brother ▁alone ,' ▁says ▁Red gra ve , ▁' he ▁painted ▁ 1 9 2 ▁pictures ▁between ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁and ▁ 1 8 0 4 , ▁and ▁he ▁probably ▁painted ▁as ▁many ▁more ▁for ▁other ▁deal ers ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁period , ▁his ▁terms ▁being ▁four ▁gu ine as ▁a ▁day ▁and ▁his ▁drink .' ▁ ▁Another ▁account ▁says ▁that ▁' d uring ▁his ▁last ▁eight ▁years ▁he ▁painted ▁ 4 9 0 ▁pictures ▁for ▁his ▁brother , ▁and ▁probably ▁three ▁hundred ▁more
▁for ▁others , ▁besides ▁making ▁hundreds ▁of ▁draw ings . ▁ ▁His ▁total ▁production ▁is ▁estimated ▁at ▁no ▁less ▁than ▁four ▁thousand ▁pictures . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁under ▁the ▁In sol vent ▁Deb t ors ▁Act , ▁but ▁his ▁health ▁was ▁ru ined ▁and ▁his ▁hab its ▁ir rem edi able . ▁ ▁About ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁seized ▁with ▁p als y ▁and ▁lost ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁his ▁left ▁hand , ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁hold ▁his ▁p alette . ▁ ▁Not with standing ▁he ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁gone ▁on ▁painting ▁to ▁the ▁last , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁again ▁for ▁a ▁public an ' s ▁score , ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁a ▁sp ong ing - house ▁in ▁E y re ▁Street , ▁Cold ▁Bath ▁Field s , ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁October ▁ 1 8 0 4 . ▁His ▁wife ▁died ▁three ▁days ▁afterwards , ▁and ▁both ▁were ▁buried ▁together ▁in ▁the ▁bur ial - ground ▁attached ▁to ▁St . ▁James ' s ▁Chap el ▁in ▁the ▁H amp st ead ▁Road . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁The ▁fin est ▁of ▁Mor land ' s ▁pictures ▁were ▁executed ▁between ▁ 1 7 9 0 ▁and ▁ 1 7 9 4 , ▁and ▁amongst ▁them ▁his ▁picture ▁The ▁inside ▁of ▁a ▁stable ▁( T ate ▁Britain , ▁London ) ▁may ▁be ▁reck oned ▁as ▁a ▁master pie ce . ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁eight ▁years ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁Mor land ▁produced ▁some ▁nine ▁hundred ▁paint
ings , ▁besides ▁over ▁a ▁thousand ▁draw ings . ▁ ▁He ▁exhib ited ▁regularly ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁from ▁ 1 7 8 4 ▁down ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 4 . ▁ ▁Among st ▁these ▁was ▁the ▁remarkable ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁picture ▁Exec rable ▁Human ▁Tra ffic ▁or ▁the ▁Aff ection ate ▁S la ves . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁exhib ited ▁a ▁companion ▁picture ▁showing ▁Afr icans ▁car ing ▁for ▁ship w reck ed ▁Europe ans . ▁They ▁were ▁subsequently ▁published ▁as ▁prints ▁and ▁served ▁to ▁promote ▁abol ition ism . ▁ ▁Mor land ▁was ▁a ▁close ▁friend ▁of ▁fellow ▁artist , ▁William ▁Arm field ▁Hob day ▁( 1 7 7 1 – 1 8 3 1 ) ▁who ▁painted ▁a ▁portrait ▁of ▁the ▁artist ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁int act . ▁William ▁Collins ▁was ▁an ▁inform al ▁pup il ▁and ▁later ▁wrote ▁a ▁bi ography . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁English ▁school ▁of ▁painting ▁ ▁References ▁and ▁sources ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Ch est erton , ▁G . ▁K ▁( Ed .). ▁Fam ous ▁P aint ings , ▁Volume ▁ 2 ▁( C ass ell , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ), ▁N os . ▁ 1 ▁& ▁ 1 6 . ▁John ▁Hass ell . ▁Mem oir s ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁George ▁Mor land ▁( Lond on : ▁J . ▁C une e , ▁ 1 8 0 6 ). ▁Richard son , ▁Ralph . ▁George ▁Mor land , ▁painter , ▁London ▁( 1
7 6 3 - 1 8 0 4 ) ▁( Lond on : ▁E . ▁Stock , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ), ▁J . ▁T . ▁N ett les hip . ▁George ▁Mor land : ▁and ▁the ▁evolution ▁from ▁him ▁of ▁some ▁later ▁pain ters ▁( Lond on : ▁See ley , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ). ▁B aily , ▁J . ▁T . ▁H . ▁& ▁Hard ie , ▁Martin . ▁George ▁Mor land ; ▁a ▁bi ographical ▁ess ay ▁( Lond on , ▁Otto , ▁ 1 9 0 6 ). ▁William son , ▁G . ▁C . ▁George ▁Mor land ; ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁works ▁( Lond on : ▁Bell ▁& ▁sons , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ). ▁Wilson , ▁David ▁Henry . ▁George ▁Mor land ▁( W alter ▁Scott ▁publishing ▁co ., ▁ 1 9 0 7 ). ▁Gil bey , ▁Sir ▁Walter , ▁& ▁C uming , ▁E . ▁D . ▁George ▁Mor land , ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁works ▁( Ad am ▁& ▁Charles ▁Black , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ). ▁C uming , ▁E . ▁D . ▁George ▁Mor land : ▁six teen ▁examples ▁in ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁artist ' s ▁work ▁( Lond on ▁: ▁A . & ▁C . ▁Black , ▁ 1 9 1 0 ). ▁Hend erson , ▁B . L . K . ▁Mor land ▁and ▁I bb et son ▁( Ph il ip ▁All an , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 2 3 ). ▁Winter , ▁D
. ▁George ▁Mor land : ▁ 1 7 6 3 - 1 8 0 4 ▁( St an ford ▁University , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ). ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Early ▁bi ograph ies ▁include ▁those ▁by : ▁William ▁Collins ▁( 1 8 0 5 ), ▁Francis ▁William ▁B lag don ▁( 1 8 0 6 ), ▁John ▁Hass ell ▁( 1 8 0 6 ) ▁and ▁George ▁Da we ▁( 1 8 0 7 ). ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Art cyc lopedia : ▁Mor land , ▁George ▁T ate ▁Britain : ▁George ▁Mor land ▁Museum ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Te ▁Papa ▁T ong are wa : ▁George ▁Mor land ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 6 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 0 4 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁English ▁pain ters ▁Category : English ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁English ▁pain ters ▁Category : B rit ish ▁landscape ▁pain ters ▁Category : An imal ▁artists ▁Category : In m ates ▁of ▁the ▁Marsh alse a ▁Category : P ain ters ▁from ▁London ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Y arm outh , ▁Is le ▁of ▁W ight ▁Category : Pe ople ▁imprison ed ▁for ▁deb t <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar rah ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁east - central ▁I v ory ▁Coast . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁of ▁and ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁Ar rah ▁Department ▁in ▁Mor on ou ▁Region , ▁L acs ▁District . ▁Ar rah ▁is ▁also ▁a
▁commune . ▁ ▁The ▁tri point ▁of ▁the ▁districts ▁of ▁L acs , ▁Lag unes , ▁and ▁Como é ▁lies ▁ 2 0 ▁kilometres ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁of ▁Ar rah ▁was ▁ 3 3 , 3 7 2 ▁. ▁ ▁Vill ages ▁The ▁ 8 ▁villages ▁of ▁the ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁of ▁Ar rah ▁and ▁their ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁are : ▁ ▁Ar rah ▁( 2 4 ▁ 1 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Ass ik ro ▁( 9 7 7 ) ▁ ▁Br ou - Att ak ro ▁( 3 ▁ 4 5 1 ) ▁ ▁D all os so ▁( 1 ▁ 1 7 5 ) ▁ ▁E til ék ro ▁( 6 1 4 ) ▁ ▁K ou adi ok ro ▁( 1 ▁ 2 2 1 ) ▁ ▁M ' bra k ro ▁( 4 7 9 ) ▁ ▁Y aff o - Ag ni ▁( 1 ▁ 3 3 2 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁L acs ▁District ▁Category : Sub - p ref ect ures ▁of ▁Mor on ou ▁Region ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Mor on ou ▁Region ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Mor on ou ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁Nik ola ▁ Ð uri č ko ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁actor .
▁▁ Ð uri č ko ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bel grade , ▁SR ▁Ser bia , ▁S FR ▁Y ug oslav ia . ▁Equ ally ▁active ▁on ▁film , ▁television , ▁and ▁in ▁the ater , ▁ Ð uri č ko ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Bel grade ▁University ▁of ▁Arts ▁School ▁of ▁D ram atic ▁Arts . ▁His ▁first ▁notable ▁film ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁in ▁a ▁movie ▁Pos led n ji ▁k rug ▁u ▁Mon ci . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ Ð uri č ko ▁married ▁a ▁woman ▁he ▁had ▁met ▁earlier ▁that ▁year ▁on ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁The ▁C ordon ▁where ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁production ▁assistant ▁and ▁he ▁had ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁roles . ▁T ogether ▁they ▁have ▁a ▁daughter . ▁ ▁He ▁provides ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁Mann y ▁in ▁the ▁Ser bian - language ▁dub ▁of ▁the ▁Ice ▁Age ▁franch ise . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁moved ▁from ▁Ser bia ▁to ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁with ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Bel grade ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Ser bian ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Bel grade ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁D ram atic ▁Arts ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Ser bian ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Ser bian
▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : Ser bian ▁male ▁voice ▁actors ▁Category : Ser bian ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : M ilo š ▁Ž uti ć ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : Z or an ▁Rad mil ović ▁Award ▁w inners <0x0A> </s> ▁Let icia ▁Herr era ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Ju ana ▁Let icia ▁Herr era ▁Ale ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 0 ), ▁Mexican ▁politician ▁ ▁Let icia ▁Herr era ▁S ánchez ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 9 ), ▁Nic ar agu an ▁lawyer , ▁gu err illa ▁leader , ▁and ▁politician <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Beth ▁Ha im ▁of ▁O uder ker k ▁aan ▁de ▁Am st el ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁Jewish ▁c emetery ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁It ▁was ▁purchased ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁b ury ing ▁ground ▁by ▁the ▁Jewish ▁community ▁of ▁Amsterdam ▁in ▁ 1 6 1 4 ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁O uder ker k ▁aan ▁de ▁Am st el , ▁in ▁the ▁coun tr ys ide ▁near ▁Amsterdam . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁age , ▁the ▁gra vey ard ▁is ▁interesting ▁because ▁the ▁tomb st ones ▁have ▁ins cri ptions ▁in ▁three ▁languages , ▁Portuguese , ▁Dutch ▁and ▁Heb rew , ▁and ▁because , ▁unus ually ▁for ▁a ▁Jewish ▁c emetery , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁tomb st ones ▁are ▁car ved ▁with ▁elaborate ▁scenes ▁including ▁human ▁figures . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁paint ings ▁ ▁by ▁Jacob ▁van ▁R uis da el ▁that ▁were ▁inspired ▁by ▁Beth ▁Ha im . ▁Although
▁the ▁paint ings ▁are ▁usually ▁called ▁in ▁English ▁" The ▁Jewish ▁C emetery ▁at ▁O uder ker k ", ▁the ▁artist ▁felt ▁free ▁to ▁add ▁pictures que ▁elements , ▁and ▁they ▁therefore ▁do ▁not ▁closely ▁res emble ▁the ▁actual ▁location . ▁ ▁People ▁Fam ous ▁people ▁buried ▁at ▁the ▁Beth ▁Ha im ▁include : ▁ ▁Samuel ▁Pal la che ▁ ▁( ca . ▁ 1 5 5 0 – 1 6 1 6 ), ▁Mor oc can ▁diplom at ▁ ▁Joseph ▁Pal la che ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 8 0 ▁– ▁ 1 6 3 8 / 1 6 4 8 / 1 6 5 7 ) ▁merchant ▁and ▁diplom at ▁ ▁numerous ▁Pal la che ▁family ▁( l ater ▁as ▁" Pal ache ") ▁descend ants ▁of ▁brothers ▁Samuel ▁and ▁Joseph ▁Pal la che ▁ ▁Men asse h ▁Ben ▁Israel ▁( 1 6 0 4 – 1 6 5 7 ), ▁ra bbi ▁and ▁friend ▁of ▁Rem brand t ▁van ▁R ijn ▁ ▁Joseph ▁P ardo ▁( ca . ▁ 1 5 6 1 – 1 6 1 9 ), ▁Italian ▁ra bbi ▁ ▁David ▁P ardo ▁( ca . ▁ 1 5 9 1 – 1 6 5 7 ), ▁Dutch ▁ra bbi ▁and ▁son ▁of ▁Joseph ▁P ardo ▁ ▁El ia hu ▁Mont al to ▁( 1 6 0 4 – 1 6 5 7 ), ▁personal ▁phys ician ▁to ▁Maria ▁de ▁Med ici ▁ ▁Joseph ▁P ardo ▁( ca . ▁ 1 6 2 4 – 1
6 7 7 ), ▁English ▁ha zz an ▁ ▁Bar uch ▁Sp ino za ' s ▁parents ▁( 1 6 th – 1 7 th ▁centuries ) ▁ ▁Mau p ▁Car ans a ▁( 1 9 1 6 - 2 0 0 9 ), ▁real ▁estate ▁developer ▁ ▁The ▁c emetery ▁is ▁open ▁to ▁visitors ▁and ▁is ▁free ▁of ▁charge . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Beth ▁Ha im ▁Portuguese - J ew ish ▁C emetery , ▁The ▁Netherlands ▁( o fficial ▁website ) ▁ ▁Bur ial ▁lookup ▁for ▁the ▁Geme ente ▁Amsterdam ▁Portuguese ▁Israel ite ▁Cong reg ation ▁bur ial s ▁database ▁ ▁Category : J ew ish ▁c em eter ies ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : C em eter ies ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : C em eter ies ▁in ▁North ▁Holland ▁Category : O uder - Am st el <0x0A> </s> ▁S ail or ' s ▁Song ▁( F rench : Le ▁chant ▁du ▁mar in ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁French ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Car mine ▁Gall one ▁and ▁st arring ▁Albert ▁Pr é je an , ▁Jim ▁G ér ald ▁and ▁L ol ita ▁Ben av ente . ▁ ▁The ▁film ' s ▁sets ▁were ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁art ▁director ▁Serge ▁P im é no ff . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁▁ ▁Albert ▁Pr é je an ▁as ▁Ge or get ▁▁▁ ▁Jim ▁G ér ald ▁ ▁as ▁Mar ius ▁▁▁ ▁L ol ita ▁Ben av ente ▁as ▁Car men ▁▁▁ ▁Syl v ette ▁Fil
la cier ▁as ▁Catherine ▁▁▁ ▁Mart he ▁M uss ine ▁as ▁Marie ▁▁▁ ▁Robert ▁Cu per ly ▁as ▁Le ▁mat el ot ▁▁▁ ▁Or este ▁Bil ancia ▁as ▁Le ▁cu is in ier ▁▁▁ ▁Dou mb ia ▁as ▁L ' homme ▁de ▁cou leur ▁▁▁ ▁G in ette ▁Ga ub ert ▁as ▁Max e ▁▁▁ ▁Franz ▁M ald ace a ▁as ▁Z izi ▁▁▁ ▁Pedro ▁El vi ro ▁as ▁Jeff ▁▁ ▁Louis ▁Z ell as ▁as ▁G asp ard ▁▁▁ ▁Gas quet ▁as ▁Le ▁cap itaine ▁▁▁ ▁R ene ▁R uf ly ▁as ▁L ' o ffic ier ▁▁ ▁Wil ly ▁Cast ello ▁▁ ▁Jes ús ▁Castro ▁Blan co ▁▁ ▁Fern and el ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Cris p , ▁Col in . ▁Gen re , ▁M yth ▁and ▁Convention ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Cinema , ▁ 1 9 2 9 - 1 9 3 9 . ▁Indiana ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁films ▁Category : F rench - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Car mine ▁Gall one ▁Category : F rench ▁black - and - white ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Just ▁for ▁K icks ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁comedy ▁series ▁that ▁a ired ▁on ▁the ▁Nick el ode on ▁television ▁network ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁channel ' s ▁TE EN ick ▁television ▁line up . ▁The
▁series ▁is ▁about ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁girls ▁on ▁a ▁s occer ▁team ▁set ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁Cre ated ▁by ▁Al ana ▁Sank o ▁and ▁developed ▁by ▁Who op i ▁Gold berg , ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁first ▁titled ▁Head ▁to ▁To e , ▁and ▁then ▁The ▁Power ▁St rik ers , ▁but ▁its ▁title ▁was ▁finally ▁changed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁Just ▁for ▁K icks . ▁The ▁series ▁premier ed ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁on ▁Nick el ode on ▁UK , ▁and ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁on ▁Nick el ode on ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁series ▁is ▁produced ▁by ▁Brook well ▁Mc N am ara ▁Entertainment . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁Nick el ode on ' s ▁most ▁forgotten ▁series , ▁as ▁this ▁show ▁fell ▁to ▁obsc urity ▁and ▁was ▁lost ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁de cade ▁until ▁May ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁nearly ▁ten ▁years ▁after ▁its ▁original ▁premi ere , ▁when ▁the ▁entire ▁series ▁was ▁uploaded ▁onto ▁YouTube ▁in ▁two ▁parts . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁the ▁show ▁has ▁yet ▁to ▁ever ▁air ▁again ▁on ▁television ▁in ▁over ▁a ▁de cade . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁Main ▁characters ▁ ▁Alex a ▁D ' Am ico ▁( Fran ces ca ▁Catal ano ) ▁– ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁typical ▁popular ▁high ▁school ▁girl . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁former ▁cheer le ader ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁fond ▁of ▁boys . ▁She ▁has ▁an ▁older ▁brother
, ▁Chris . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁series , ▁her ▁father ▁gets ▁laid ▁off ▁of ▁his ▁job , ▁which ▁causes ▁some ▁stress ▁for ▁her . ▁Since ▁Alex a ▁started ▁being ▁a ▁s occer ▁player ▁and ▁she ▁had ▁to ▁stop ▁cheer leading ▁her ▁old , ▁popular ▁friends ▁don ' t ▁understand ▁why ▁she ▁would ▁rather ▁run ▁around ▁on ▁a ▁mud dy ▁field ▁than ▁go ▁sho pping . ▁She ▁lives ▁in ▁Brook lyn . ▁ ▁Win if red ▁" F red die " ▁Cost ello ▁( M all ory ▁Low ) ▁– ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁t ough ▁girl ▁in ▁high ▁school ▁who ▁is ▁not ▁good ▁friends ▁with ▁Alex a ▁because ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁friends ▁are ▁sn obs ▁to ▁Fred die ▁at ▁their ▁private ▁school . ▁Her ▁father ▁is ▁always ▁with ▁the ▁military , ▁and ▁she ▁lives ▁with ▁her ▁grand m other . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁having ▁severe ▁cases ▁of ▁" b ac ne ", ▁or ▁ac ne ▁on ▁her ▁back . ▁Fred die ▁lives ▁in ▁Manh attan ▁on ▁the ▁Upper ▁East ▁Side . ▁ ▁La uren ▁Zel mer ▁( K at ija ▁Pe vec ) ▁– ▁La uren ▁is ▁a ▁sh y , ▁tim id ▁serious ▁girl ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁ath lete . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁typical ▁school g irl ▁who ▁plays ▁the ▁viol in ▁and ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁s occer ▁team , ▁among ▁other ▁activities . ▁La uren ▁is ▁very ▁intellig ent , ▁and ▁is ▁very ▁busy ▁with ▁ext rac urr icular ▁activities , ▁which ▁causes ▁her ▁much ▁stress
. ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁big ▁cr ush ▁on ▁Alex a ' s ▁older ▁brother ▁Chris , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁they ▁start ▁to ▁date , ▁much ▁to ▁Alex a ' s ▁dis bel ief . ▁Her ▁over prote ct ive ▁mother ▁works ▁at ▁a ▁local ▁private ▁school , ▁in ▁which ▁La uren ▁att ends . ▁La uren ▁lives ▁in ▁Har lem , ▁Manh attan . ▁ ▁V ida ▁At wood ▁( J ess ica ▁Williams ) ▁– ▁V ida ▁is ▁a ▁sport y ▁athlet ic ▁serious ▁girl , ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁lot ▁in ▁common ▁with ▁her ▁s occer ▁mate ▁La uren ▁Zel mer . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁playing ▁s occer ▁the ▁longest , ▁and ▁is ▁sort ▁of ▁the ▁uno fficial ▁best ▁at ▁the ▁game . ▁She ▁lives ▁at ▁home ▁with ▁her ▁younger ▁brother , ▁older ▁sister , ▁and ▁parents . ▁V ida ▁is ▁self - cons cious ▁of ▁her ▁tower ing ▁height , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁she ▁once ▁beat ▁up ▁a ▁boy ▁back ▁in ▁first ▁or ▁second ▁grade . ▁She ▁lives ▁in ▁Queens . ▁ ▁Chris ▁D ' Am ico ▁( J er ad ▁Anderson ) ▁- ▁Chris ▁is ▁Alex a ' s ▁older ▁brother , ▁he ▁is ▁an ▁asp iring ▁film maker ▁and ▁somewhat ▁dim w itted . ▁ ▁Rec urr ing ▁characters ▁ ▁Mar ni ▁Nelson ▁( J ess ica ▁S ara ) ▁- ▁A ▁Power ▁St rik ers ▁team mate ▁later ▁turned ▁team ▁manager ▁ ▁Co ach ▁Les lie ▁Moore ▁( C ra ig ▁Young
) ▁- ▁The ▁Power ▁St rik ers ▁coach ▁ ▁E van ▁Rib isi ▁( John ny ▁Pal ermo ) ▁- ▁Chris ' ▁best ▁friend ▁who ▁also ▁works ▁at ▁the ▁girls ' ▁local ▁hang out ▁the ▁@ itude ▁Ca fe ▁▁▁ ▁Court ney ▁( Sh elle y ▁Buck ner ) ▁- ▁Alex a ' s ▁shall ow ▁best ▁friend ▁who ▁doesn ' t ▁like ▁Alex a ▁having ▁interest ▁in ▁s occer ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Charles ▁At wood ▁( K ade em ▁Hard ison ) ▁- ▁V ida ' s ▁d ad ▁ ▁Mrs . ▁At wood ▁( Jo N ell ▁Kennedy ) ▁- ▁V ida ' s ▁mom ▁ ▁Ty ▁At wood ▁( Le on ▁Thomas ▁III ) ▁- ▁V ida ' s ▁anno ying ▁little ▁brother ▁ ▁El ise ▁At wood ▁( Sh ani ▁P ride ) ▁- ▁V ida ' s ▁older ▁sister ▁who ▁is ▁an ▁asp iring ▁model ▁▁ ▁Mrs . ▁Zel mer ▁( J en ica ▁Berg ere ) ▁- ▁La uren ' s ▁over prote ct ive ▁mom ▁ ▁Lucy ▁Cost ello ▁( A my ▁Hill ) ▁- ▁Fred die ' s ▁grand m other ▁who ▁she ▁is ▁living ▁with ▁while ▁her ▁parents ▁are ▁over se as ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁American ▁comedy - d rama ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0
0 0 s ▁American ▁te en ▁drama ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁American ▁te en ▁sit com s ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁Nick el ode on ▁shows ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : F ict ional ▁association ▁football ▁television ▁series ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁by ▁Brook well ▁Mc N am ara ▁Entertainment ▁Category : T ele vision ▁shows ▁set ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁association ▁football ▁television ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁On ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁a ▁Che v ron ▁owned ▁oil ▁well ▁began ▁le aking ▁causing ▁ ▁of ▁cru de ▁oil ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁ocean ▁every ▁day . ▁The ▁leak ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Cam pos ▁Bas in , ▁Brazil ▁ ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro . ▁At ▁first , ▁Che v ron ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁leak ▁was ▁most ▁likely ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁se ep ▁in ▁the ▁ocean ▁floor ▁but ▁later ▁admitted ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁made ▁a ▁mis calcul ation . ▁Che v ron ▁says ▁that ▁they ▁under est im ated ▁the ▁amount ▁pressure ▁that ▁the ▁res er voir ▁would ▁ex ert ▁on ▁the ▁oil ▁well ▁and ▁says ▁that ▁heav ier ▁mud ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁se al ▁the ▁well . ▁ ▁of ▁oil ▁were ▁sp illed ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁four ▁days ▁until ▁the ▁well ▁was ▁finally ▁se aled . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁oil ▁sp ill , ▁ 1 8 ▁ships ▁were ▁sent ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁ocean
▁to ▁clean ▁the ▁sp ill . ▁There ▁was ▁little ▁documented ▁environmental ▁impact , ▁and ▁the ▁oil ▁never ▁reached ▁the ▁sh ores ▁of ▁Rio . ▁Following ▁the ▁sp ill , ▁Brazil ian ▁pro sec utors ▁file d ▁a ▁law suit ▁for ▁ 4 0 ▁billion ▁re ais ▁($ 1 8 ▁billion ), ▁but ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Che v ron ▁and ▁Brazil ian ▁officials ▁reached ▁a ▁settlement ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ▁million ▁re ais ▁($ 1 3 5 ▁million ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Dro pp s . ut m si . ut ex as . edu ▁Gul fre ase arch init i ative . org ▁ ▁Category : O il ▁sp ills ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁the ▁environment ▁Category : Environment al ▁dis aster s ▁in ▁South ▁America ▁Category : P oll ution ▁in ▁Brazil <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁New ▁Mexico ▁g ubern atorial ▁election ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁elect ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁Inc umb ent ▁Dem ocrat ▁John ▁E . ▁Mil es ▁was ▁term - limited , ▁and ▁could ▁not ▁run ▁for ▁re e lection ▁to ▁a ▁third ▁consecutive ▁term . ▁Form er ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁John ▁J . ▁D emp sey ▁won ▁the ▁open ▁seat . ▁ ▁General ▁election ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁g ubern atorial ▁ 1 9
4 2 ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : Nov ember ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁t ā t ua ▁is ▁a ▁traditional ▁M ā ori ▁bel t ▁which ▁main ▁purpose ▁is ▁to ▁carry ▁objects ▁or ▁arms . ▁Several ▁forms ▁of ▁t ā tu as ▁serve ▁different ▁functions . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁▁ ▁" T ā t ua " ▁is ▁a ▁M ā ori - language ▁word ▁meaning ▁" b elt ". ▁ ▁Trad itional ▁use ▁▁ ▁M ā ori ▁war riors ▁were ▁fam ously ▁known ▁for ▁we aring ▁only ▁a ▁mar o ▁( k ilt ) ▁and ▁a ▁t ā t ua ▁during ▁battle . ▁Trad itional ▁t ā tu as ▁are ▁made ▁of ▁har ake ke ▁( f lax ) ▁and ▁used ▁to ▁carry ▁tools ▁or ▁weapons . ▁It ▁s its ▁across ▁the ▁ab d omen ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁passed ▁on ▁from ▁generation ▁to ▁generation . ▁ ▁T ā t ua ▁kot ar as ▁are ▁broad ▁pla ited ▁bel ts ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁defence ▁against ▁spe ars ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁before ▁a ▁mort al ▁combat . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁M ā ori ▁traditional ▁text iles ▁ ▁Matthew ▁Mc Int y re - Wil son ▁( cont empor ary ▁we aver ▁of ▁t ā tu as ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ma ori ▁Cost ume ▁and ▁Tan iko ▁ ▁Category : M ā ori ▁culture ▁Category : We aves ▁Category : M ā ori ▁art <0x0A> </s> ▁S ado ve anu ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁name ,

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