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. ▁Most ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁off enders ▁are ▁acquaint ed ▁with ▁their ▁vict ims ; ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 % ▁are ▁relatives ▁of ▁the ▁child , ▁most ▁often ▁brothers , ▁f athers , ▁un cles , ▁or ▁c ous ins ; ▁around ▁ 6 0 % ▁are ▁other ▁acquaint ances , ▁such ▁as ▁" fri ends " ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁b ab ys it ters , ▁or ▁neighb ors ; ▁str angers ▁are ▁the ▁off enders ▁in ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁cases . ▁Most ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁is ▁committed ▁by ▁men ; ▁studies ▁on ▁female ▁child ▁mol esters ▁show ▁that ▁women ▁commit ▁ 1 4 % ▁to ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁off enses ▁reported ▁against ▁boys ▁and ▁ 6 % ▁of ▁off enses ▁reported ▁against ▁girls . ▁ ▁The ▁word ▁ped oph ile ▁is ▁commonly ▁applied ▁ind isc rimin ately ▁to ▁anyone ▁who ▁sex ually ▁ab uses ▁a ▁child , ▁but ▁child ▁sexual ▁off enders ▁are ▁not ▁ped oph iles ▁unless ▁they ▁have ▁a ▁strong ▁sexual ▁interest ▁in ▁pre pub es cent ▁children . ▁Under ▁the ▁law , ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁um bre lla ▁term ▁describing ▁criminal ▁and ▁civil ▁off enses ▁in ▁which ▁an ▁adult ▁eng ages ▁in ▁sexual ▁activity ▁with ▁a ▁minor ▁or ▁explo its ▁a ▁minor ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁sexual ▁grat ification . ▁The ▁American ▁Psych ological ▁Association ▁states ▁that ▁" children ▁cannot ▁consent ▁to ▁sexual ▁activity ▁with ▁adult s ", ▁and ▁condem ns ▁any |
▁such ▁action ▁by ▁an ▁adult : ▁" An ▁adult ▁who ▁eng ages ▁in ▁sexual ▁activity ▁with ▁a ▁child ▁is ▁performing ▁a ▁criminal ▁and ▁imm oral ▁act ▁which ▁never ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁normal ▁or ▁soci ally ▁acceptable ▁behavior ." ▁ ▁Effect s ▁ ▁Psych ological ▁effects ▁Child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁both ▁short - term ▁and ▁long - term ▁harm , ▁including ▁psych op ath ology ▁in ▁later ▁life . ▁Ind ic ators ▁and ▁effects ▁include ▁de pression , ▁anx iety , ▁e ating ▁dis orders , ▁poor ▁self - este em , ▁som at ization , ▁sleep ▁dist urban ces , ▁and ▁dis soci ative ▁and ▁anx iety ▁dis orders ▁including ▁post - tra um atic ▁stress ▁dis order . ▁While ▁children ▁may ▁exhib it ▁re gress ive ▁behav i ours ▁such ▁as ▁thumb ▁su ck ing ▁or ▁bed w et ting , ▁the ▁strong est ▁indicator ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁is ▁sexual ▁acting ▁out ▁and ▁in app ropri ate ▁sexual ▁knowledge ▁and ▁interest . ▁ ▁Vict ims ▁may ▁withdraw ▁from ▁school ▁and ▁social ▁activities ▁and ▁exhib it ▁various ▁learning ▁and ▁behaviour al ▁problems ▁including ▁cruel ty ▁to ▁animals , ▁attention ▁def ic it / hyper activity ▁dis order ▁( AD HD ), ▁conduct ▁dis order , ▁and ▁oppos itional ▁def i ant ▁dis order ▁( O DD ). ▁Te en age ▁pre gn ancy ▁and ▁ris ky ▁sexual ▁behav iors ▁may ▁appear ▁in ▁ad oles c ence . ▁Child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁vict ims ▁report ▁almost ▁four ▁times ▁as ▁many |
▁inc id ences ▁of ▁self - inf lic ted ▁harm . ▁ ▁A ▁well - document ed , ▁long - term ▁negative ▁effect ▁is ▁repeated ▁or ▁additional ▁victim ization ▁in ▁ad oles c ence ▁and ▁ad ul th ood . ▁A ▁caus al ▁relationship ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁between ▁child hood ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁various ▁adult ▁psych op ath ologies , ▁including ▁crime ▁and ▁suic ide , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁alco hol ism ▁and ▁drug ▁ab use . ▁ ▁M ales ▁who ▁were ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁as ▁children ▁more ▁frequently ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁criminal ▁justice ▁system ▁than ▁in ▁a ▁clin ical ▁mental ▁health ▁setting . ▁ ▁A ▁study ▁comparing ▁middle - aged ▁women ▁who ▁were ▁ab used ▁as ▁children ▁with ▁non - ab used ▁counter parts ▁found ▁significantly ▁higher ▁health ▁care ▁costs ▁for ▁the ▁former . ▁ ▁Inter gener ational ▁effects ▁have ▁been ▁noted , ▁with ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁vict ims ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁exhib iting ▁more ▁conduct ▁problems , ▁peer ▁problems , ▁and ▁emot ional ▁problems ▁than ▁their ▁pe ers . ▁ ▁A ▁specific ▁characteristic ▁pattern ▁of ▁sympt oms ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁identified , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁hypoth eses ▁about ▁the ▁caus ality ▁of ▁these ▁associations . ▁ ▁Studies ▁have ▁found ▁that ▁ 5 1 % ▁to ▁ 7 9 % ▁of ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁children ▁exhib it ▁psych ological ▁sympt oms . ▁The ▁risk ▁of ▁harm ▁is ▁greater ▁if ▁the ▁ab user ▁is ▁a ▁relative , ▁if ▁the ▁ab use ▁involves ▁inter course ▁or ▁attempted ▁inter |
course , ▁or ▁if ▁thre ats ▁or ▁force ▁are ▁used . ▁The ▁level ▁of ▁harm ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁affected ▁by ▁various ▁factors ▁such ▁as ▁pen etr ation , ▁duration ▁and ▁frequency ▁of ▁ab use , ▁and ▁use ▁of ▁force . ▁The ▁social ▁st igma ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁may ▁comp ound ▁the ▁psych ological ▁harm ▁to ▁children , ▁and ▁ad verse ▁out comes ▁are ▁less ▁likely ▁for ▁ab used ▁children ▁who ▁have ▁support ive ▁family ▁environments . ▁ ▁Post tra um atic ▁stress ▁dis order ▁ ▁Child ▁ab use , ▁including ▁sexual ▁ab use , ▁especially ▁chron ic ▁ab use ▁starting ▁at ▁early ▁ages , ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁dis soci ative ▁sympt oms , ▁which ▁includes ▁am nes ia ▁for ▁ab use ▁mem ories . ▁ ▁When ▁severe ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁( pen etr ation , ▁several ▁perpet rat ors , ▁last ing ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁year ) ▁had ▁occurred , ▁dis soci ative ▁sympt oms ▁were ▁even ▁more ▁prominent . ▁Rec ent ▁research ▁showed ▁that ▁females ▁with ▁high ▁expos ure ▁to ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁( C SA ) ▁suffer ▁P T SD ▁sympt oms ▁that ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁poor ▁social ▁function ing , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁supported ▁by ▁prior ▁research ▁studies . ▁The ▁feeling ▁of ▁being ▁“ cut - off ” ▁from ▁pe ers ▁and ▁“ em ot ional ▁num b ness ” ▁are ▁both ▁results ▁of ▁C SA ▁and ▁highly ▁in hib it ▁proper ▁social ▁function ing . ▁Furthermore |
, ▁P T SD ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁higher ▁risk ▁of ▁subst ance ▁ab use ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁“ self - med ic ation ▁hypothesis ” ▁and ▁the ▁“ high - ris k ▁and ▁sus cept ibility ▁hypothesis ." ▁Pro long ed ▁expos ure ▁ther apy ▁( PE ) ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁decrease ▁P T SD ▁and ▁de press ive ▁sympt oms ▁in ▁female ▁m eth ad one ▁using ▁C SA ▁surv iv ors . ▁ ▁Besides ▁dis soci ative ▁identity ▁dis order ▁( D ID ), ▁post tra um atic ▁stress ▁dis order ▁( PT SD ), ▁and ▁complex ▁post - tra um atic ▁stress ▁dis order ▁( C - PT SD ), ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁surv iv ors ▁may ▁present ▁border line ▁person ality ▁dis order ▁( B PD ) ▁and ▁e ating ▁dis orders ▁such ▁as ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa . ▁ ▁Research ▁factors ▁Because ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁often ▁occurs ▁alongside ▁other ▁possibly ▁conf ounding ▁variables , ▁such ▁as ▁poor ▁family ▁environment ▁and ▁physical ▁ab use , ▁some ▁sch ol ars ▁argue ▁it ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁control ▁for ▁those ▁variables ▁in ▁studies ▁which ▁measure ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁review ▁of ▁related ▁literature , ▁Martin ▁and ▁F lem ing ▁state ▁" The ▁hypothesis ▁advanced ▁in ▁this ▁paper ▁is ▁that , ▁in ▁most ▁cases , ▁the ▁fundamental ▁damage ▁inf lic ted ▁by ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁child ' s ▁developing ▁capac ities ▁for ▁trust |
, ▁int im acy , ▁ag ency ▁and ▁sexual ity , ▁and ▁that ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁mental ▁health ▁problems ▁of ▁adult ▁life ▁associated ▁with ▁histor ies ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁are ▁second - order ▁effects ." ▁Other ▁studies ▁have ▁found ▁an ▁independent ▁association ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁with ▁ad verse ▁psych ological ▁out comes . ▁ ▁K end ler ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁found ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁severe ▁forms ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁adult ▁psych op ath ology ▁in ▁their ▁sample ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁explained ▁by ▁family ▁disc ord , ▁because ▁the ▁effect ▁size ▁of ▁this ▁association ▁decre ased ▁only ▁slightly ▁after ▁they ▁controlled ▁for ▁possible ▁conf ounding ▁variables . ▁Their ▁exam ination ▁of ▁a ▁small ▁sample ▁of ▁C SA - dis cord ant ▁tw ins ▁also ▁supported ▁a ▁caus al ▁link ▁between ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁adult ▁psych op ath ology ; ▁the ▁C SA - ex posed ▁subjects ▁had ▁a ▁consist ently ▁higher ▁risk ▁for ▁psych op ath olog ic ▁dis orders ▁than ▁their ▁C SA ▁non - ex posed ▁tw ins . ▁ ▁A ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁meta - analysis ▁by ▁Bruce ▁R ind ▁et ▁al . ▁generated ▁controvers y ▁by ▁suggesting ▁that ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁does ▁not ▁always ▁cause ▁per vas ive ▁harm , ▁that ▁some ▁college ▁students ▁reported ▁such ▁enc oun ters ▁as ▁positive ▁experiences ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁psych ological ▁damage ▁depends ▁on ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁the ▁child ▁described ▁the |
▁encounter ▁as ▁" cons ens ual ." ▁The ▁study ▁was ▁critic ized ▁for ▁fla wed ▁method ology ▁and ▁conclus ions . ▁The ▁US ▁Congress ▁condem ned ▁the ▁study ▁for ▁its ▁conclus ions ▁and ▁for ▁providing ▁material ▁used ▁by ▁ped oph ile ▁organizations ▁to ▁justify ▁their ▁activities . ▁ ▁Phys ical ▁effects ▁ ▁In j ury ▁Depending ▁on ▁the ▁age ▁and ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁child , ▁and ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁force ▁used , ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁may ▁cause ▁internal ▁la cer ations ▁and ▁ble eding . ▁In ▁severe ▁cases , ▁damage ▁to ▁internal ▁org ans ▁may ▁occur , ▁which , ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁may ▁cause ▁death . ▁ ▁In fe ctions ▁Child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁may ▁cause ▁in fe ctions ▁and ▁sex ually ▁transm itted ▁dise ases . ▁Due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁sufficient ▁v ag inal ▁fluid , ▁ch ances ▁of ▁in fe ctions ▁can ▁height en ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁age ▁and ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁child . ▁V ag init is ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁reported . ▁ ▁Ne uro log ical ▁damage ▁Research ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁tra um atic ▁stress , ▁including ▁stress ▁caused ▁by ▁sexual ▁ab use , ▁causes ▁notable ▁changes ▁in ▁brain ▁function ing ▁and ▁development . ▁Vari ous ▁studies ▁have ▁suggested ▁that ▁severe ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁may ▁have ▁a ▁de le ter ious ▁effect ▁on ▁brain ▁development . ▁I to ▁et ▁al . ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁found ▁" re vers ed ▁hem is pher ic ▁asym met ry ▁and ▁greater ▁left ▁hem is phere |
▁coh er ence ▁in ▁ab used ▁subjects ;" ▁Te icher ▁et ▁al . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁found ▁that ▁an ▁increased ▁lik elihood ▁of ▁" ict al ▁temporal ▁lo be ▁ep ile ps y - like ▁sympt oms " ▁in ▁ab used ▁subjects ; ▁Anderson ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁recorded ▁ab normal ▁trans verse ▁relax ation ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁c ere bell ar ▁verm is ▁of ▁adult s ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁in ▁child hood ; ▁Te icher ▁et ▁al . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁found ▁that ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁reduced ▁cor pus ▁call os um ▁area ; ▁various ▁studies ▁have ▁found ▁an ▁association ▁of ▁reduced ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁left ▁hi pp oc amp us ▁with ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ; ▁and ▁I to ▁et ▁al . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁found ▁increased ▁electro phys i ological ▁ab normal ities ▁in ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁children . ▁ ▁Some ▁studies ▁indicate ▁that ▁sexual ▁or ▁physical ▁ab use ▁in ▁children ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁over ex c itation ▁of ▁an ▁und e velop ed ▁lim b ic ▁system . ▁Te icher ▁et ▁al . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁used ▁the ▁" L imb ic ▁System ▁Check list - 3 3 " ▁to ▁measure ▁ ict al ▁temporal ▁lo be ▁ep ile ps y - like ▁sympt oms ▁in ▁ 2 5 3 ▁adult s . ▁Re ports ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁were ▁associated ▁with ▁a |
▁ 4 9 % ▁increase ▁to ▁L S CL - 3 3 ▁scores , ▁ 1 1 % ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁associated ▁increase ▁of ▁self - report ed ▁physical ▁ab use . ▁Re ports ▁of ▁both ▁physical ▁and ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁were ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 1 3 % ▁increase . ▁Male ▁and ▁female ▁vict ims ▁were ▁similarly ▁affected . ▁ ▁Naval ta ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁self - report ed ▁math ▁Sch ol astic ▁A pt itude ▁Test ▁scores ▁of ▁their ▁sample ▁of ▁women ▁with ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁repeated ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁were ▁significantly ▁lower ▁than ▁the ▁self - report ed ▁math ▁S AT ▁scores ▁of ▁their ▁non - ab used ▁sample . ▁Because ▁the ▁ab used ▁subjects ' ▁ver bal ▁S AT ▁scores ▁were ▁high , ▁they ▁hypoth es ized ▁that ▁the ▁low ▁math ▁S AT ▁scores ▁could ▁" st em ▁from ▁a ▁defect ▁in ▁hem is pher ic ▁integration ." ▁They ▁also ▁found ▁a ▁strong ▁association ▁between ▁short - term ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁for ▁all ▁categories ▁tested ▁( ver bal , ▁visual , ▁and ▁global ) ▁and ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁ab use . ▁ ▁Inc est ▁ ▁Inc est ▁between ▁a ▁child ▁or ▁ad oles cent ▁and ▁a ▁related ▁adult ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁child ▁inc est uous ▁ab use , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁identified ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁w ides p read ▁form ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁with ▁a ▁highly ▁significant ▁capacity ▁to ▁damage ▁the ▁young ▁person . |
▁One ▁research er ▁stated ▁that ▁more ▁than ▁ 7 0 % ▁of ▁ab users ▁are ▁immediate ▁family ▁members ▁or ▁someone ▁very ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁family . ▁Another ▁research er ▁stated ▁that ▁about ▁ 3 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁perpet rat ors ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁are ▁related ▁to ▁their ▁victim , ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁perpet rat ors ▁are ▁family ▁acquaint ances , ▁like ▁a ▁neighbor , ▁b ab ys itter ▁or ▁friend ▁and ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁perpet rat ors ▁in ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁cases ▁are ▁str angers . ▁A ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁off ense ▁where ▁the ▁perpet r ator ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁child , ▁either ▁by ▁blood ▁or ▁marriage , ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁inc est ▁described ▁as ▁int raf amil ial ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁ ▁The ▁most - o ften ▁reported ▁form ▁of ▁inc est ▁is ▁father – d augh ter ▁and ▁step father – d augh ter ▁inc est , ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁reports ▁consisting ▁of ▁mother / step m other – d augh ter / son ▁inc est . ▁Father – son ▁inc est ▁is ▁reported ▁less ▁often ; ▁however , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁if ▁the ▁actual ▁pre val ence ▁is ▁less ▁or ▁it ▁is ▁under - report ed ▁by ▁a ▁greater ▁margin . ▁Similarly , ▁some ▁argue ▁that ▁sib ling ▁inc est ▁may ▁be ▁as ▁common , ▁or ▁more ▁common , ▁than ▁other ▁types ▁of ▁inc est : ▁Gold man ▁and ▁Gold man ▁reported ▁that |
▁ 5 7 % ▁of ▁inc est ▁involved ▁sib lings ; ▁F inkel hor ▁reported ▁that ▁over ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁nuclear ▁family ▁inc est ▁involved ▁sib lings ; ▁while ▁C aw son ▁et ▁al . ▁show ▁that ▁sib ling ▁inc est ▁was ▁reported ▁twice ▁as ▁often ▁as ▁inc est ▁perpet r ated ▁by ▁f athers / step f athers . ▁ ▁Pre val ence ▁of ▁parent al ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁assess ▁due ▁to ▁secre cy ▁and ▁priv acy ; ▁some ▁estimates ▁state ▁that ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁Americans ▁have ▁been ▁victim ized ▁by ▁parent al ▁inc est ▁as ▁children . ▁ ▁Types ▁Child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁includes ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁sexual ▁off enses , ▁including : ▁ ▁sexual ▁assault ▁– ▁a ▁term ▁defining ▁off enses ▁in ▁which ▁an ▁adult ▁uses ▁a ▁minor ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁sexual ▁grat ification ; ▁for ▁example , ▁ra pe ▁( including ▁sod omy ), ▁and ▁sexual ▁pen etr ation ▁with ▁an ▁object . ▁Most ▁U . S . ▁states ▁include , ▁in ▁their ▁definitions ▁of ▁sexual ▁assault , ▁any ▁pen etr ative ▁contact ▁of ▁a ▁minor ' s ▁body , ▁however ▁slight , ▁if ▁the ▁contact ▁is ▁performed ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁sexual ▁grat ification . ▁ ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁– ▁a ▁term ▁defining ▁off enses ▁in ▁which ▁an ▁adult ▁victim izes ▁a ▁minor ▁for ▁adv ancement , ▁sexual ▁grat ification , ▁or ▁profit ; ▁for ▁example , ▁prost itut ing ▁a ▁child , ▁and ▁creating ▁or ▁tra ff ick ing |
▁in ▁child ▁por n ography . ▁sexual ▁gro oming ▁– ▁a ▁term ▁defining ▁the ▁social ▁conduct ▁of ▁a ▁potential ▁child ▁sex ▁off ender ▁who ▁see ks ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁minor ▁more ▁accepting ▁of ▁their ▁adv ances , ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁an ▁online ▁chat ▁room . ▁ ▁Com mer cial ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁ ▁Com mer cial ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁of ▁children ▁( C SE C ) ▁is ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁Dec laration ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁Congress ▁against ▁Com mer cial ▁Sex ual ▁Exp lo itation ▁of ▁Children , ▁held ▁in ▁Stockholm ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁as ▁" sex ual ▁ab use ▁by ▁an ▁adult ▁accompanied ▁by ▁rem un er ation ▁in ▁c ash ▁or ▁in ▁kind ▁to ▁the ▁child ▁or ▁third ▁person ( s ). " ▁C SE C ▁usually ▁takes ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁child ▁prost itution ▁or ▁child ▁por n ography , ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁facil itated ▁by ▁child ▁sex ▁tour ism . ▁C SE C ▁is ▁particularly ▁a ▁problem ▁in ▁developing ▁countries ▁of ▁Asia . ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁new ▁innov ations ▁in ▁technology ▁have ▁facil itated ▁the ▁trade ▁of ▁Internet ▁child ▁por n ography . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁the ▁term ▁child ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁covers ▁any ▁form ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁which ▁includes ▁an ▁exchange ▁of ▁a ▁resource ▁for ▁sexual ▁activity ▁with ▁a ▁child . ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁term ▁commonly ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁child ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁was ▁child ▁prost itution . ▁The ▁term ▁child ▁sexual ▁explo |
itation ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁government ▁guidance ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁promote ▁an ▁understanding ▁that ▁children ▁involved ▁in ▁explo itation ▁were ▁vict ims ▁of ▁ab use ▁rather ▁than ▁crim inals . ▁Because ▁early ▁definitions ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁were ▁created ▁to ▁fost er ▁a ▁move ▁away ▁from ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁child ▁prost itution , ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁exchange , ▁which ▁made ▁child ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁different ▁from ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use , ▁referred ▁to ▁financial ▁gain ▁only . ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁since ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁explo itation , ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁exchange ▁has ▁been ▁w iden ed ▁to ▁include ▁other ▁types ▁of ▁gain , ▁including ▁love , ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁status ▁and ▁protection ▁from ▁harm . ▁ ▁Dis closure ▁Children ▁who ▁received ▁support ive ▁responses ▁following ▁dis closure ▁had ▁less ▁tra um atic ▁sympt oms ▁and ▁were ▁ab used ▁for ▁a ▁shorter ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁than ▁children ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁receive ▁support . ▁In ▁general , ▁studies ▁have ▁found ▁that ▁children ▁need ▁support ▁and ▁stress - redu cing ▁resources ▁after ▁dis closure ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁Neg ative ▁social ▁re actions ▁to ▁dis closure ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁harm ful ▁to ▁the ▁surv iv or ' s ▁well ▁being . ▁One ▁study ▁reported ▁that ▁children ▁who ▁received ▁a ▁bad ▁reaction ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁they ▁told , ▁especially ▁if ▁the ▁person ▁was ▁a ▁close ▁family ▁member , ▁had ▁worse ▁scores ▁as ▁adult s ▁on ▁general |
▁tra uma ▁sympt oms , ▁post ▁tra um atic ▁stress ▁dis order ▁sympt oms , ▁and ▁dis soci ation . ▁ ▁Another ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁in ▁most ▁cases ▁when ▁children ▁did ▁disc lose ▁ab use , ▁the ▁person ▁they ▁talked ▁to ▁did ▁not ▁respond ▁effectively , ▁bl amed ▁or ▁rejected ▁the ▁child , ▁and ▁took ▁little ▁or ▁no ▁action ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁ab use . ▁Non - valid ating ▁and ▁otherwise ▁non - support ive ▁responses ▁to ▁dis closure ▁by ▁the ▁child ' s ▁primary ▁attachment ▁figure ▁may ▁indicate ▁a ▁rel ational ▁disturb ance ▁pred ating ▁the ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁that ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁risk ▁factor ▁for ▁the ▁ab use , ▁and ▁which ▁can ▁remain ▁a ▁risk ▁factor ▁for ▁its ▁psych ological ▁consequences . ▁ ▁The ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Child ▁and ▁Ad oles cent ▁Psych iat ry ▁provides ▁gu idel ines ▁for ▁what ▁to ▁say ▁to ▁the ▁victim ▁and ▁what ▁to ▁do ▁following ▁the ▁dis closure . ▁As a ▁Don ▁Brown ▁has ▁indicated : ▁" A ▁minim ization ▁of ▁the ▁tra uma ▁and ▁its ▁effects ▁is ▁commonly ▁inject ed ▁into ▁the ▁picture ▁by ▁parent al ▁care g ivers ▁to ▁shelter ▁and ▁calm ▁the ▁child . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁commonly ▁assumed ▁that ▁foc using ▁on ▁children ’ s ▁issues ▁too ▁long ▁will ▁neg atively ▁impact ▁their ▁recovery . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁parent al ▁care g iver ▁teach es ▁the ▁child ▁to ▁mask ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁issues ." ▁ ▁In ▁many ▁juris dict ions , ▁ab use ▁that ▁is ▁sus pected , ▁not ▁necessarily |
▁proven , ▁requires ▁reporting ▁to ▁child ▁protection ▁ag encies , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Child ▁Prote ction ▁Services ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Re comm end ations ▁for ▁health care ▁workers , ▁such ▁as ▁primary ▁care ▁prov iders ▁and ▁n urs es , ▁who ▁are ▁often ▁su ited ▁to ▁encounter ▁sus pected ▁ab use ▁are ▁ad vised ▁to ▁first ly ▁determine ▁the ▁child ' s ▁immediate ▁need ▁for ▁safety . ▁A ▁private ▁environment ▁away ▁from ▁sus pected ▁ab users ▁is ▁desired ▁for ▁interview ing ▁and ▁exam ining . ▁Le ading ▁statements ▁that ▁can ▁dist ort ▁the ▁story ▁are ▁avoided . ▁As ▁dis clos ing ▁ab use ▁can ▁be ▁dist ress ing ▁and ▁sometimes ▁even ▁shame ful , ▁re ass uring ▁the ▁child ▁that ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁has ▁done ▁the ▁right ▁thing ▁by ▁telling ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁bad ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁ab use ▁was ▁not ▁their ▁fault ▁helps ▁in ▁dis clos ing ▁more ▁information . ▁An atom ically ▁correct ▁doll s ▁are ▁sometimes ▁used ▁to ▁help ▁explain ▁what ▁happened , ▁although ▁some ▁research ers ▁consider ▁the ▁doll s ▁too ▁explicit ▁and ▁over st im ulating , ▁which ▁might ▁contribute ▁to ▁non - ab used ▁children ▁behav ing ▁with ▁the ▁doll s ▁in ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁ways ▁that ▁suggest ▁they ▁were ▁sex ually ▁ab used . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁sus pected ▁ab users , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁recommended ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁non jud gment al , ▁non th re aten ing ▁attitude ▁towards ▁them ▁and ▁to ▁with hold ▁express ing ▁shock , ▁in ▁order |
▁to ▁help ▁disc lose ▁information . ▁ ▁Tre at ment ▁The ▁initial ▁approach ▁to ▁tre ating ▁a ▁person ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁victim ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁is ▁dependent ▁upon ▁several ▁important ▁factors : ▁Age ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁presentation ▁Circ um st ances ▁of ▁presentation ▁for ▁treatment ▁Co - m orb id ▁conditions ▁ ▁The ▁goal ▁of ▁treatment ▁is ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁treat ▁current ▁mental ▁health ▁issues , ▁and ▁tra uma ▁related ▁sympt oms , ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁prevent ▁future ▁ones . ▁ ▁Children ▁and ▁ad oles c ents ▁Children ▁often ▁present ▁for ▁treatment ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁circumstances , ▁including ▁criminal ▁investig ations , ▁cust ody ▁batt les , ▁problem atic ▁behav iors , ▁and ▁refer r als ▁from ▁child ▁w elf are ▁ag encies . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁major ▁modal ities ▁for ▁ther apy ▁with ▁children ▁and ▁ad oles c ents ▁are ▁family ▁ther apy , ▁group ▁ther apy , ▁and ▁individual ▁ther apy . ▁Which ▁course ▁is ▁used ▁depends ▁on ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁factors ▁that ▁must ▁be ▁ass essed ▁on ▁a ▁case - by - case ▁basis . ▁For ▁instance , ▁treatment ▁of ▁young ▁children ▁generally ▁requires ▁strong ▁parent al ▁invol vement ▁and ▁can ▁benefit ▁from ▁family ▁ther apy . ▁Ad oles c ents ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁independent ; ▁they ▁can ▁benefit ▁from ▁individual ▁or ▁group ▁ther apy . ▁The ▁mod ality ▁also ▁sh ifts ▁during ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁treatment ; ▁for ▁example , ▁group ▁ther apy ▁is ▁rarely ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁initial ▁stages , ▁as ▁the ▁subject |
▁matter ▁is ▁very ▁personal ▁and / or ▁embar rass ing . ▁ ▁Major ▁factors ▁that ▁affect ▁both ▁the ▁path ology ▁and ▁response ▁to ▁treatment ▁include ▁the ▁type ▁and ▁sever ity ▁of ▁the ▁sexual ▁act , ▁its ▁frequency , ▁the ▁age ▁at ▁which ▁it ▁occurred , ▁and ▁the ▁child ' s ▁family ▁of ▁origin . ▁ ▁Roland ▁C . ▁Sum mit , ▁a ▁medical ▁doctor , ▁defined ▁the ▁different ▁stages ▁the ▁vict ims ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁go ▁through , ▁called ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁accommod ation ▁synd rome . ▁He ▁suggested ▁that ▁children ▁who ▁are ▁vict ims ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁display ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁sympt oms ▁that ▁include ▁secre cy , ▁hel pl ess ness , ▁ent rap ment , ▁accommod ation , ▁delayed ▁and ▁conflic ted ▁dis closure ▁and ▁rec ant ation . ▁ ▁Ad ult s ▁Ad ult s ▁who ▁have ▁been ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁as ▁children ▁often ▁present ▁for ▁treatment ▁with ▁a ▁secondary ▁mental ▁health ▁issue , ▁which ▁can ▁include ▁subst ance ▁ab use , ▁e ating ▁dis orders , ▁person ality ▁dis orders , ▁de pression , ▁and ▁conflict ▁in ▁rom antic ▁or ▁inter person al ▁relationships . ▁ ▁Gener ally , ▁the ▁approach ▁is ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁present ▁problem , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁ab use ▁itself . ▁Tre at ment ▁is ▁highly ▁varied ▁and ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁person ' s ▁specific ▁issues . ▁For ▁instance , ▁a ▁person ▁with ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁suffering ▁from ▁severe ▁de pression ▁would ▁be ▁treated ▁for |
▁de pression . ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁often ▁an ▁emphas is ▁on ▁cogn itive ▁rest ruct uring ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁deep - se ated ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁tra uma . ▁Some ▁newer ▁techniques ▁such ▁as ▁eye ▁movement ▁des ens it ization ▁and ▁re processing ▁( E MD R ) ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁effective . ▁ ▁Sex ual ▁ab use ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁many ▁sub - cl in ical ▁behavior al ▁issues ▁as ▁well , ▁including ▁re - v ict im ization ▁in ▁the ▁te en age ▁years , ▁a ▁b ip olar - like ▁switching ▁between ▁sexual ▁comp ulsion ▁and ▁shut - down , ▁and ▁dist orted ▁thinking ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁( for ▁instance , ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁common ▁and ▁happens ▁to ▁everyone ). ▁ ▁When ▁first ▁present ing ▁for ▁treatment , ▁the ▁patient ▁can ▁be ▁fully ▁aware ▁of ▁their ▁ab use ▁as ▁an ▁event , ▁but ▁their ▁app rais al ▁of ▁it ▁is ▁often ▁dist orted , ▁such ▁as ▁bel ieving ▁that ▁the ▁event ▁was ▁un remark able ▁( a ▁form ▁of ▁isol ation ). ▁Fre qu ently , ▁vict ims ▁do ▁not ▁make ▁the ▁connection ▁between ▁their ▁ab use ▁and ▁their ▁present ▁path ology . ▁ ▁Pre vention ▁Child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁prevent ion ▁program mes ▁were ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁Some ▁programme ▁are ▁delivered ▁to ▁children ▁and ▁can ▁include ▁one - to - one ▁work ▁and ▁group ▁work . ▁Program mes ▁delivered |
▁to ▁parents ▁were ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁took ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁one - off ▁meet ings , ▁two ▁to ▁three ▁hours ▁long . ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 5 ▁years , ▁web - based ▁program mes ▁have ▁been ▁developed . ▁ ▁Off enders ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁Off enders ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁relatives ▁or ▁acquaint ances ▁of ▁their ▁victim ▁than ▁str angers . ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 7 ▁Id aho ▁study ▁of ▁ 4 3 0 ▁cases ▁found ▁that ▁ 8 2 % ▁of ▁ju ven ile ▁sex ▁off enders ▁were ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁vict ims ▁( ac qu aint ances ▁ 4 6 % ▁or ▁relatives ▁ 3 6 %). ▁ ▁More ▁off enders ▁are ▁male ▁than ▁female , ▁though ▁the ▁percentage ▁var ies ▁between ▁studies . ▁The ▁percentage ▁of ▁inc idents ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁by ▁female ▁perpet rat ors ▁that ▁come ▁to ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁legal ▁system ▁is ▁usually ▁reported ▁to ▁be ▁between ▁ 1 % ▁and ▁ 4 %. ▁Studies ▁of ▁sexual ▁mis con duct ▁in ▁US ▁schools ▁with ▁female ▁off enders ▁have ▁shown ▁mixed ▁results ▁with ▁rates ▁between ▁ 4 % ▁to ▁ 4 3 % ▁of ▁female ▁off enders . ▁M alet z ky ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁found ▁that , ▁of ▁his ▁sample ▁of ▁ 4 , 4 0 2 ▁conv icted ▁child ▁sex ▁off enders , ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁were ▁female . ▁ ▁In ▁U . S . |
▁schools , ▁educ ators ▁who ▁off end ▁range ▁in ▁age ▁from ▁" 2 1 ▁to ▁ 7 5 ▁years ▁old , ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 8 ". ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁C . E . ▁D ett me ij er - V erme ulen , ▁Dutch ▁national ▁sp okes w oman ▁on ▁human ▁traffic ▁and ▁sexual ▁violence ▁against ▁children , ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁ 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁conv icted ▁perpet rat ors ▁are ▁women , ▁ 1 4 . 5 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁vict ims ▁are ▁boys ▁and ▁" most ▁vict ims ▁were ▁ab used ▁by ▁a ▁family ▁member , ▁friend ▁or ▁acquaint ance ." ▁One ▁in ▁six ▁perpet rat ors ▁is ▁himself ▁under age . ▁ ▁Typ ology ▁Early ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁began ▁to ▁class ify ▁off enders ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁motiv ations ▁and ▁tra its . ▁Gro th ▁and ▁Bir n baum ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁categor ized ▁child ▁sexual ▁off enders ▁into ▁two ▁groups , ▁" fix ated " ▁and ▁" re gress ed ". ▁Fix ated ▁were ▁described ▁as ▁having ▁a ▁primary ▁att raction ▁to ▁children , ▁whereas ▁re gress ed ▁had ▁largely ▁maintained ▁relationships ▁with ▁other ▁adult s , ▁and ▁were ▁even ▁married . ▁This ▁study ▁also ▁showed ▁that ▁adult ▁sexual ▁orientation ▁was ▁not ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁sex ▁of ▁the ▁victim ▁target ed , ▁e . g . ▁men ▁who ▁mol ested ▁boys ▁often ▁had ▁adult ▁relationships ▁with |
▁women . ▁ ▁Later ▁work ▁( Hol mes ▁and ▁Hol mes , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁expanded ▁on ▁the ▁types ▁of ▁off enders ▁and ▁their ▁psych ological ▁profiles . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁divided ▁as ▁follows : ▁Situ ational ▁– ▁does ▁not ▁prefer ▁children , ▁but ▁off end ▁under ▁certain ▁conditions . ▁Reg ress ed ▁– ▁Typ ically ▁has ▁relationships ▁with ▁adult s , ▁but ▁a ▁str essor ▁causes ▁them ▁to ▁seek ▁children ▁as ▁a ▁substitute . ▁Mor ally ▁Ind isc rim inate ▁– ▁All - around ▁sexual ▁devi ant , ▁who ▁may ▁commit ▁other ▁sexual ▁off enses ▁un related ▁to ▁children . ▁Na ive / In ade qu ate ▁– ▁O ften ▁ment ally ▁disabled ▁in ▁some ▁way , ▁finds ▁children ▁less ▁threaten ing . ▁Pre fer ential ▁– ▁has ▁true ▁sexual ▁interest ▁in ▁children . ▁Mys oped ▁– ▁Sad istic ▁and ▁violent , ▁target ▁str angers ▁more ▁often ▁than ▁acquaint ances . ▁Fix ated ▁– ▁Little ▁or ▁no ▁activity ▁with ▁own ▁age , ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁" over g rown ▁child ". ▁ ▁C aus al ▁factors ▁C aus al ▁factors ▁of ▁child ▁sex ▁off enders ▁are ▁not ▁known ▁conclus ively . ▁The ▁experience ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁as ▁a ▁child ▁was ▁previously ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁strong ▁risk ▁factor , ▁but ▁research ▁does ▁not ▁show ▁a ▁caus al ▁relationship , ▁as ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁children ▁do ▁not ▁grow ▁up ▁to ▁be ▁adult ▁off enders , ▁nor ▁do ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁adult ▁off enders ▁report |
▁child hood ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁The ▁US ▁Government ▁Account ability ▁Office ▁concluded , ▁" the ▁existence ▁of ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁was ▁not ▁established ." ▁Before ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁there ▁was ▁greater ▁belief ▁in ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁a ▁" cycle ▁of ▁violence ", ▁because ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁research ▁done ▁was ▁ret ros pective — ab users ▁were ▁asked ▁if ▁they ▁had ▁experienced ▁past ▁ab use . ▁Even ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁studies ▁found ▁that ▁most ▁adult ▁sex ▁off enders ▁said ▁they ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁during ▁child hood , ▁but ▁studies ▁varied ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁their ▁estimates ▁of ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁such ▁off enders ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁ab used , ▁from ▁ 0 ▁to ▁ 7 9 ▁percent . ▁More ▁recent ▁pros pective ▁longitud inal ▁research — stud ying ▁children ▁with ▁documented ▁cases ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁over ▁time ▁to ▁determine ▁what ▁percentage ▁become ▁adult ▁off enders — has ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁the ▁cycle ▁of ▁violence ▁theory ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁ade qu ate ▁explanation ▁for ▁why ▁people ▁mol est ▁children . ▁ ▁Off enders ▁may ▁use ▁cogn itive ▁dist ort ions ▁to ▁facil itate ▁their ▁off enses , ▁such ▁as ▁minim ization ▁of ▁the ▁ab use , ▁victim ▁bl aming , ▁and ▁exc uses . ▁ ▁Ped oph ilia ▁ ▁Ped oph ilia ▁is ▁a ▁condition ▁in ▁which ▁an ▁adult ▁or ▁older ▁ad oles cent ▁is ▁primarily ▁or ▁exclus ively ▁attract ed ▁to ▁pre pub es cent ▁children , ▁whether ▁the ▁att raction ▁is ▁acted ▁upon |
▁or ▁not . ▁A ▁person ▁with ▁this ▁att raction ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁ped oph ile . ▁ ▁In ▁law ▁enfor cement , ▁the ▁term ▁ped oph ile ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁those ▁accused ▁or ▁conv icted ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁under ▁so cio legal ▁definitions ▁of ▁child ▁( including ▁both ▁pre pub es cent ▁children ▁and ▁ad oles c ents ▁younger ▁than ▁the ▁local ▁age ▁of ▁consent ); ▁however , ▁not ▁all ▁child ▁sexual ▁off enders ▁are ▁ped oph iles ▁and ▁not ▁all ▁ped oph iles ▁eng age ▁in ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁of ▁children . ▁For ▁these ▁reasons , ▁research ers ▁recommend ▁against ▁im pre cis ely ▁describing ▁all ▁child ▁mol esters ▁as ▁ped oph iles . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁ped oc riminal ity ▁( De : ▁P äd ok riminal ität ; ▁Fr : ▁pé doc riminal ité ) ▁is ▁a ▁controvers ial ▁term ▁which ▁origin ated ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁by ▁organis ations ▁such ▁as ▁UN ICE F , ▁UN H RC , ▁the ▁World ▁Health ▁Organ ization ▁and ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Europe ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁sexual ▁violence ▁used ▁against ▁children , ▁child ▁prost itution , ▁child ▁tra ff ick ing ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁child ▁por n ography . ▁The ▁term ▁" cy ber - ped oc riminal ity " ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁activities ▁of ▁view ers ▁of ▁child ▁por n ography ▁online . ▁ ▁Rec id iv ism ▁Rec id |
iv ism ▁rates ▁for ▁sex ▁off enders ▁are ▁lower ▁than ▁for ▁the ▁general ▁criminal ▁population . ▁Est im ated ▁rates ▁among ▁child ▁sex ▁off enders ▁vary . ▁One ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁ 4 2 % ▁of ▁off enders ▁re - off ended ▁( e ither ▁a ▁sex ▁crime , ▁violent ▁crime , ▁or ▁both ) ▁after ▁they ▁were ▁released . ▁R isk ▁for ▁re - off ense ▁was ▁highest ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ 6 ▁years ▁after ▁release , ▁but ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁significant ▁even ▁ 1 0 – 3 1 ▁years ▁later , ▁with ▁ 2 3 % ▁off ending ▁during ▁this ▁time . ▁A ▁study ▁done ▁in ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁found ▁an ▁ 1 8 . 2 % ▁rec id iv ism ▁rate ▁for ▁off enders ▁target ing ▁the ▁opposite ▁sex ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 4 . 5 % ▁rec id iv ism ▁rate ▁for ▁same - sex ▁off enders ▁after ▁ 5 ▁years . ▁ ▁Because ▁rec id iv ism ▁is ▁defined ▁and ▁measured ▁differently ▁from ▁study ▁to ▁study , ▁one ▁can ▁arrive ▁at ▁in ac cur ate ▁conclus ions ▁being ▁made ▁based ▁on ▁comparison ▁of ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁studies ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁conducted ▁with ▁similar ▁method ology . ▁ ▁Child ▁and ▁young ▁ad oles cent ▁off enders ▁ ▁When ▁a ▁pre pub es cent ▁child ▁is ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁by ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁other ▁children ▁or ▁ad oles cent ▁youth s , ▁and ▁no ▁adult ▁is ▁directly ▁involved , ▁it ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁child - |
on - child ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁The ▁definition ▁includes ▁any ▁sexual ▁activity ▁between ▁children ▁that ▁occurs ▁without ▁consent , ▁without ▁equality , ▁or ▁due ▁to ▁co erc ion , ▁whether ▁the ▁off ender ▁uses ▁physical ▁force , ▁thre ats , ▁trick ery ▁or ▁emot ional ▁manip ulation ▁to ▁comp el ▁co operation . ▁When ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁is ▁perpet r ated ▁by ▁one ▁sib ling ▁upon ▁another , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁" inter s ib ling ▁ab use ", ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁inc est . ▁ ▁Un like ▁research ▁on ▁adult ▁off enders , ▁a ▁strong ▁caus al ▁relationship ▁has ▁been ▁established ▁between ▁child ▁and ▁ad oles cent ▁off enders ▁and ▁these ▁off enders ' ▁own ▁prior ▁victim ization , ▁by ▁either ▁adult s ▁or ▁other ▁children . ▁ ▁Te ach ers ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁UN ICE F ▁report , ▁ 4 6 % ▁of ▁Cong ol ese ▁school g irls ▁confirmed ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁vict ims ▁of ▁sexual ▁har ass ment , ▁ab use , ▁and ▁violence ▁committed ▁by ▁their ▁teachers ▁or ▁other ▁school ▁personnel . ▁In ▁Moz amb ique , ▁a ▁study ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Education ▁found ▁that ▁ 7 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁female ▁respond ents ▁reported ▁knowing ▁teachers ▁who ▁use ▁sexual ▁inter course ▁as ▁a ▁necessary ▁condition ▁to ▁advance ▁students ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁grade . ▁A ▁survey ▁by ▁Prom undo ▁found ▁that ▁ 1 6 % ▁of ▁girls ▁in ▁North ▁K iv u ▁said ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁forced ▁to ▁have |
▁sex ▁with ▁their ▁teachers . ▁According ▁to ▁UN ICE F , ▁teachers ▁in ▁M ali ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁use ▁" La ▁men ace ▁du ▁b ic ▁rou ge " ▁(" the ▁threat ▁of ▁the ▁red ▁pen ") ▁or ▁bad ▁marks ▁if ▁girls ▁do ▁not ▁accept ▁sexual ▁adv ances . ▁According ▁to ▁Plan ▁International , ▁ 1 6 % ▁of ▁children ▁in ▁T ogo , ▁for ▁instance , ▁named ▁a ▁teacher ▁as ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁pre gn ancy ▁of ▁a ▁class mate . ▁ ▁Tre at ment ▁Although ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁known ▁c ure ▁for ▁ped oph ilia , ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁treat ments ▁for ▁ped oph iles ▁and ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab users . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁treat ments ▁focus ▁on ▁attempting ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁sexual ▁preference ▁of ▁ped oph iles , ▁while ▁others ▁focus ▁on ▁keeping ▁ped oph iles ▁from ▁comm itting ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use , ▁or ▁on ▁keeping ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab users ▁from ▁comm itting ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁again . ▁C ogn itive ▁behavior al ▁ther apy ▁( CB T ), ▁for ▁example , ▁a ims ▁to ▁reduce ▁att itudes , ▁belief s , ▁and ▁behav iors ▁that ▁may ▁increase ▁the ▁lik elihood ▁of ▁sexual ▁off enses ▁against ▁children . ▁Its ▁content ▁var ies ▁widely ▁between ▁ther ap ists , ▁but ▁a ▁typical ▁program ▁might ▁involve ▁training ▁in ▁self - control , ▁social ▁compet ence ▁and ▁em path y , ▁and ▁use ▁cogn itive ▁rest ruct uring ▁to ▁change ▁views ▁on ▁sex ▁with ▁children . ▁The ▁most ▁common |
▁form ▁of ▁this ▁ther apy ▁is ▁re lapse ▁prevent ion , ▁where ▁the ▁patient ▁is ▁taught ▁to ▁identify ▁and ▁respond ▁to ▁potentially ▁ris ky ▁situations ▁based ▁on ▁principles ▁used ▁for ▁tre ating ▁add ict ions . ▁ ▁The ▁evidence ▁for ▁cogn itive ▁behavior al ▁ther apy ▁is ▁mixed . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁C och rane ▁Review ▁of ▁random ized ▁tri als ▁found ▁that ▁C B T ▁had ▁no ▁effect ▁on ▁risk ▁of ▁re off ending ▁for ▁contact ▁sex ▁off enders . ▁Meta - anal ys es ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁which ▁included ▁both ▁random ized ▁and ▁non - random ized ▁studies , ▁concluded ▁that ▁C B T ▁reduced ▁rec id iv ism . ▁There ▁is ▁debate ▁over ▁whether ▁non - random ized ▁studies ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁inform ative . ▁More ▁research ▁is ▁needed . ▁ ▁Pre val ence ▁ ▁Global ▁Based ▁on ▁self - dis closure ▁data , ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁meta - analysis ▁of ▁ 2 1 7 ▁studies ▁estimated ▁a ▁global ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁ 1 2 . 7 % – 1 8 % ▁for ▁girls ▁and ▁ 7 . 6 % ▁for ▁boys . ▁The ▁rates ▁of ▁self - dis closed ▁ab use ▁for ▁specific ▁contin ents ▁were ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁meta - analysis ▁of ▁ 6 5 ▁studies ▁from ▁ 2 2 ▁countries ▁found ▁a ▁global ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁ 1 9 . 7 % |
▁for ▁females ▁and ▁ 7 . 9 % ▁for ▁males . ▁In ▁that ▁analysis , ▁Africa ▁had ▁the ▁highest ▁pre val ence ▁rate ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁( 3 4 . 4 % ), ▁primarily ▁because ▁of ▁high ▁rates ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ; ▁Europe ▁showed ▁the ▁lowest ▁pre val ence ▁rate ▁( 9 . 2 % ); ▁and ▁America ▁and ▁Asia ▁had ▁pre val ence ▁rates ▁between ▁ 1 0 . 1 % ▁and ▁ 2 3 . 9 %. ▁ ▁Africa ▁ ▁A ▁ten - country ▁school - based ▁study ▁in ▁southern ▁Africa ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁found ▁ 1 9 . 6 % ▁of ▁female ▁students ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 1 % ▁of ▁male ▁students ▁aged ▁ 1 1 – 1 6 ▁years ▁reported ▁they ▁had ▁experienced ▁forced ▁or ▁co er ced ▁sex . ▁R ates ▁among ▁ 1 6 - year - olds ▁were ▁ 2 8 . 8 % ▁in ▁females ▁and ▁ 2 5 . 4 % ▁in ▁males . ▁Compar ing ▁the ▁same ▁schools ▁in ▁eight ▁countries ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁age - standard ised ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁B ots w ana ▁male ▁sample , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁significant ▁decrease ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁among ▁females ▁in ▁any ▁country ▁and ▁incons istent ▁changes ▁among ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁in ▁Africa ▁is ▁comp ounded ▁by |
▁the ▁vir gin ▁cle ans ing ▁myth ▁that ▁sexual ▁inter course ▁with ▁a ▁vir gin ▁will ▁c ure ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁H IV ▁or ▁A ID S . ▁The ▁myth ▁is ▁pre val ent ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁Z imb ab we , ▁Z amb ia ▁and ▁Niger ia ▁and ▁is ▁being ▁bl amed ▁for ▁the ▁high ▁rate ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁against ▁young ▁children . ▁ ▁Child ▁ra pe ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁rise ▁in ▁the ▁war - rav aged ▁eastern ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo . ▁ ▁A id ▁workers ▁bl ame ▁combat ants ▁on ▁all ▁sides , ▁who ▁operate ▁with ▁much ▁imp unity , ▁for ▁a ▁culture ▁of ▁sexual ▁violence . ▁South ▁Africa ▁has ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁inc id ences ▁of ▁child ▁ra pe ▁( including ▁the ▁ra pe ▁of ▁b ab ies ) ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁( also ▁see ▁sexual ▁violence ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ). ▁A ▁survey ▁by ▁CI ET ▁found ▁around ▁ 1 1 % ▁of ▁boys ▁and ▁ 4 % ▁of ▁girls ▁admitted ▁to ▁forcing ▁someone ▁else ▁to ▁have ▁sex ▁with ▁them . ▁In ▁a ▁related ▁survey ▁conducted ▁among ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁school children , ▁a ▁quarter ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁boys ▁interview ed ▁said ▁that ▁" jack rolling ", ▁a ▁term ▁for ▁gang ▁ra pe , ▁was ▁fun . ▁More ▁than ▁ 6 7 , 0 0 0 ▁cases ▁of ▁ra pe ▁and ▁sexual ▁assault s ▁against ▁children ▁were ▁reported ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁compared ▁to ▁ 3 |
7 , 5 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁Child ▁w elf are ▁groups ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁un report ed ▁inc idents ▁could ▁be ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁times ▁that ▁number . ▁The ▁largest ▁increase ▁in ▁attacks ▁was ▁against ▁children ▁under ▁seven . ▁The ▁vir gin ▁cle ans ing ▁myth ▁is ▁especially ▁common ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁which ▁has ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁of ▁H IV - pos itive ▁citizens ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Eastern ▁Cape ▁social ▁worker ▁Ed ith ▁K riel ▁notes ▁that ▁" child ▁ab users ▁are ▁often ▁relatives ▁of ▁their ▁vict ims ▁– ▁even ▁their ▁f athers ▁and ▁prov iders ." ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁high - profile ▁baby ▁ra pes ▁appeared ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁( including ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁they ▁required ▁extensive ▁re construct ive ▁surg ery ▁to ▁re build ▁ur inary , ▁gen ital , ▁ab dom inal , ▁or ▁tra che al ▁systems ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁a ▁ 9 - month - old ▁was ▁ra ped ▁and ▁likely ▁lost ▁conscious ness ▁as ▁the ▁pain ▁was ▁too ▁much ▁to ▁bear . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁an ▁ 8 - month - old ▁infant ▁was ▁reported ly ▁gang - rap ed ▁by ▁four ▁men . ▁One ▁has ▁been ▁charged . ▁The ▁infant ▁has ▁required ▁extensive ▁re construct ive ▁surg ery . ▁The ▁ 8 - month - old ▁infant ' s ▁inj uries ▁were ▁so ▁extensive , ▁increased ▁attention ▁on ▁pro sec |
ution ▁has ▁occurred . ▁ ▁Asia ▁ ▁In ▁Afghan istan , ▁some ▁boys ▁are ▁forced ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁sexual ▁activities ▁with ▁men . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁term ed ▁' dan cing ▁boys '. ▁The ▁custom ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁sexual ▁sla very ▁and ▁child ▁prost itution . ▁ ▁In ▁Bang l adesh , ▁child ▁prost it utes ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁drug ▁O ra dex on , ▁an ▁over - the - counter ▁ster oid , ▁usually ▁used ▁by ▁far mers ▁to ▁f atten ▁cattle , ▁to ▁make ▁child ▁prost it utes ▁look ▁larger ▁and ▁older . ▁Char ities ▁say ▁that ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁prost it utes ▁in ▁the ▁country ' s ▁legal ized ▁bro th els ▁use ▁the ▁drug . ▁According ▁to ▁social ▁activ ists , ▁the ▁ster oid ▁can ▁cause ▁di ab etes ▁and ▁high ▁blood ▁pressure ▁and ▁is ▁highly ▁add ict ive . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Women ▁and ▁Child ▁Development ▁published ▁the ▁" St ud y ▁on ▁Child ▁Ab use : ▁India ▁ 2 0 0 7 ." ▁It ▁sample d ▁ 1 2 4 4 7 ▁children , ▁ 2 3 2 4 ▁young ▁adult s ▁and ▁ 2 4 4 9 ▁st ake hold ers ▁across ▁ 1 3 ▁states . ▁It ▁looked ▁at ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁child ▁ab use : ▁physical ▁ab use , ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁emot ional ▁ab use ▁and ▁girl ▁child ▁neglect ▁in ▁five ▁evidence ▁groups , ▁namely , ▁children ▁in |
▁a ▁family ▁environment , ▁children ▁in ▁school , ▁children ▁at ▁work , ▁children ▁on ▁the ▁street ▁and ▁children ▁in ▁institutions . ▁The ▁study ' s ▁main ▁find ings ▁included : ▁ 5 3 . 2 2 % ▁of ▁children ▁reported ▁having ▁faced ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁Among ▁them , ▁ 5 2 . 9 4 % ▁were ▁boys ▁and ▁ 4 7 . 0 6 % ▁girls . ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh , ▁Ass am , ▁Bi har ▁and ▁Del hi ▁reported ▁the ▁highest ▁percentage ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁among ▁both ▁boys ▁and ▁girls , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁highest ▁inc idence ▁of ▁sexual ▁assault s . ▁ 2 1 . 9 0 % ▁of ▁child ▁respond ents ▁faced ▁severe ▁forms ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use , ▁ 5 . 6 9 % ▁had ▁been ▁sex ually ▁assault ed ▁and ▁ 5 0 . 7 6 % ▁reported ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁Children ▁on ▁the ▁street , ▁at ▁work ▁and ▁in ▁institution al ▁care ▁reported ▁the ▁highest ▁inc idence ▁of ▁sexual ▁assault . ▁The ▁study ▁also ▁reported ▁that ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁ab users ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁child ▁or ▁are ▁in ▁a ▁position ▁of ▁trust ▁and ▁responsibility ▁and ▁most ▁children ▁had ▁not ▁reported ▁the ▁matter ▁to ▁anyone . ▁Despite ▁years ▁of ▁lack ▁of ▁any ▁specific ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁laws ▁in ▁India , ▁which ▁treated ▁them ▁separately ▁from ▁adult s ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁sexual ▁off ense , ▁the ▁' Pro te ction ▁of ▁Children ▁Again st ▁Sex ual |
▁Off ences ▁Bill , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ' ▁was ▁passed ▁the ▁Indian ▁parliament ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁which ▁came ▁into ▁force ▁from ▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁Pakistan , ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁of ▁children ▁is ▁a ▁problem ▁in ▁some ▁m adr ass as . ▁ ▁The ▁Kas ur ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁sc andal , ▁which ▁involved ▁forced ▁sex ▁acts ▁and ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 2 8 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 0 ▁children , ▁was ▁term ed ▁the ▁largest ▁child ▁ab use ▁sc andal ▁in ▁Pakistan ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Pakistan ' s ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Minister , ▁Sh ir in ▁Maz ari ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁Pakistan ▁was ▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁country ▁with ▁the ▁largest ▁numbers ▁of ▁child ▁por n ography ▁view ers . ▁ ▁Ge o ▁Pakistan , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Investig ation ▁Agency , ▁cy ber - cr ime ▁chief ▁has ▁said , ▁" Child ▁por n ography ▁is ▁a ▁business ▁ ▁. ▁. ▁with ▁those ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁crime ▁linked ▁to ▁international ▁child ▁por n ography ▁rings ." ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁Taiwan , ▁a ▁survey ▁of ▁ad oles c ents ▁reported ▁ 2 . 5 % ▁as ▁having ▁experienced ▁child hood ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁▁ ▁In ▁U z bek istan , ▁the ▁UK ▁Amb assador ▁Craig ▁Murray ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁government , ▁under ▁president ▁Islam ▁Kar im ov , ▁used ▁child ▁ra pe ▁to ▁force ▁false ▁conf |
essions ▁from ▁prisoners . ▁ ▁Pacific ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁UN ICE F , ▁nearly ▁half ▁of ▁reported ▁ra pe ▁vict ims ▁in ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea ▁are ▁under ▁ 1 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁and ▁ 1 3 % ▁are ▁under ▁ 7 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁while ▁a ▁report ▁by ▁Child F und ▁Australia ▁cit ing ▁former ▁Parliament arian ▁D ame ▁Carol ▁Kid u ▁stated ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁those ▁seeking ▁medical ▁help ▁after ▁ra pe ▁are ▁under ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 5 % ▁are ▁under ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 0 % ▁are ▁under ▁ 8 . ▁ ▁Additionally , ▁a ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁men ▁with ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁victim ization , ▁especially ▁having ▁been ▁ra ped ▁or ▁otherwise ▁sex ually ▁co er ced ▁themselves , ▁were ▁more ▁likely ▁than ▁otherwise ▁to ▁have ▁participated ▁in ▁both ▁single - per pet r ator ▁and ▁multiple - per pet r ator ▁non - part ner ▁ra pe . ▁ 5 7 · 5 % ▁( 5 8 7 / 1 0 2 2 ) ▁of ▁men ▁who ▁ra ped ▁a ▁non - part ner ▁committed ▁their ▁first ▁ra pe ▁as ▁te en agers . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Europe ▁Child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁occurs ▁frequently ▁in ▁Western ▁society , ▁although ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁pre val ence ▁can ▁be ▁difficult ▁to ▁determine . ▁Research ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁has ▁concluded ▁that ▁approximately ▁ 1 5 % ▁to ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁women ▁and ▁ 5 % ▁to ▁ 1 5 % |
▁of ▁men ▁were ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁children . ▁In ▁the ▁UK , ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁study ▁estimated ▁pre val ence ▁at ▁about ▁ 5 % ▁for ▁boys ▁and ▁ 1 8 % ▁for ▁girls ▁( not ▁dis similar ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁study ▁that ▁estimated ▁about ▁ 8 % ▁for ▁boys ▁and ▁ 1 2 % ▁for ▁girls ). ▁More ▁than ▁ 2 3 , 0 0 0 ▁inc idents ▁were ▁recorded ▁by ▁the ▁UK ▁police ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Girls ▁were ▁six ▁times ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁assault ed ▁than ▁boys ▁with ▁ 8 6 % ▁of ▁attacks ▁taking ▁place ▁against ▁them . ▁Bar n ardo ' s ▁char ity ▁estimates ▁that ▁two ▁third s ▁of ▁vict ims ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁are ▁girls ▁and ▁o me ▁third ▁are ▁boys . ▁Bar n ardo ' s ▁is ▁concerned ▁that ▁boy ▁vict ims ▁may ▁be ▁over look ed . ▁A ▁firm ▁of ▁solic itors ▁that ▁acts ▁in ▁many ▁cases ▁of ▁child ▁ab use ▁has ▁published ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁over ▁twenty ▁Children ' s ▁Hom es ▁and ▁group ▁actions ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁or ▁for ▁which ▁they ▁are ▁lead ▁solic itors . ▁ ▁The ▁estimates ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁vary ▁widely . ▁A ▁literature ▁review ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁studies ▁found ▁rates ▁of ▁ 3 % ▁to ▁ 3 7 % ▁for ▁males ▁and ▁ 8 % ▁to ▁ 7 1 % ▁for |
▁females , ▁which ▁produced ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 7 % ▁for ▁boys ▁and ▁ 2 8 % ▁for ▁girls , ▁while ▁a ▁statistical ▁analysis ▁based ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁cross - section al ▁studies ▁estimated ▁the ▁rate ▁to ▁be ▁ 7 . 2 % ▁for ▁males ▁and ▁ 1 4 . 5 % ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁US ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁reported ▁ 8 3 , 6 0 0 ▁subst anti ated ▁reports ▁of ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁children ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁while ▁state - level ▁child ▁protect ive ▁services ▁reported ▁ 6 3 , 5 2 7 ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁inc idents ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁In cluding ▁inc idents ▁which ▁were ▁not ▁reported ▁would ▁make ▁the ▁total ▁number ▁even ▁larger . ▁According ▁to ▁Em ily ▁M . ▁Douglas ▁and ▁David ▁F inkel hor , ▁" S ever al ▁national ▁studies ▁have ▁found ▁that ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁children ▁experienced ▁near - equal ▁levels ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁Other ▁studies , ▁however , ▁have ▁found ▁that ▁both ▁black s ▁and ▁Lat inos ▁have ▁an ▁increased ▁risk ▁for ▁sexual ▁victim ization ". ▁ ▁Sur ve ys ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁one ▁fifth ▁to ▁one ▁third ▁of ▁all ▁women ▁reported ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁child hood ▁sexual ▁experience ▁with ▁a ▁male ▁adult . ▁A ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁survey ▁studying ▁father - d augh ter ▁inc est ▁in ▁Finland ▁reported ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 , 0 0 0 ▁ 1 5 - year |
- old ▁high ▁school ▁girls ▁who ▁filled ▁out ▁the ▁question na ires , ▁of ▁the ▁girls ▁living ▁with ▁their ▁bi ological ▁f athers , ▁ 0 . 2 % ▁reported ▁father - d augh ter ▁inc est ▁experiences ; ▁of ▁the ▁girls ▁living ▁with ▁a ▁step father , ▁ 3 . 7 % ▁reported ▁sexual ▁experiences ▁with ▁him . ▁The ▁reported ▁counts ▁included ▁only ▁father - d augh ter ▁inc est ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁include ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁ ▁The ▁survey ▁summary ▁stated , ▁" the ▁feelings ▁of ▁the ▁girls ▁about ▁their ▁inc est ual ▁experiences ▁are ▁over wh el ming ly ▁negative ." ▁O thers ▁argue ▁that ▁pre val ence ▁rates ▁are ▁much ▁higher , ▁and ▁that ▁many ▁cases ▁of ▁child ▁ab use ▁are ▁never ▁reported . ▁One ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁profession als ▁failed ▁to ▁report ▁approximately ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁cases ▁they ▁encountered . ▁A ▁study ▁by ▁Law son ▁& ▁Ch aff in ▁indicated ▁that ▁many ▁children ▁who ▁were ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁were ▁" ident ified ▁sole ly ▁by ▁a ▁physical ▁compla int ▁that ▁was ▁later ▁diagn osed ▁as ▁a ▁ven ere al ▁disease ... ▁Only ▁ 4 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁children ▁who ▁were ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁ven ere al ▁disease ▁made ▁a ▁ver bal ▁dis closure ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁during ▁the ▁initial ▁interview ." ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁ep ide mi ological ▁literature ▁on ▁C SA ▁that ▁there ▁is |
▁no ▁ident ifiable ▁dem ographic ▁or ▁family ▁characteristic ▁of ▁a ▁child ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁bar ▁the ▁prospect ▁that ▁a ▁child ▁has ▁been ▁sex ually ▁ab used . ▁ ▁Child ▁marriage ▁is ▁often ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁another ▁form ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁Over ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁mar ri ages ▁involving ▁min ors ▁were ▁allowed ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁US . ▁These ▁mar ri ages ▁were ▁most ▁often ▁between ▁an ▁adult ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁minor . ▁Child ▁marriage ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁is ▁allowed ▁in ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁states ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁parent al ▁consent ▁or ▁jud icial ▁appro val ▁( typ ically ▁for ▁pre gn ancy ) ▁is ▁given . ▁ ▁In ▁US ▁schools , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Education , ▁" near ly ▁ 9 . 6 % ▁of ▁students ▁are ▁targets ▁of ▁educ ator ▁sexual ▁mis con duct ▁som etime ▁during ▁their ▁school ▁career ." ▁In ▁studies ▁of ▁student ▁sex ▁ab use ▁by ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁educ ators , ▁male ▁students ▁were ▁reported ▁as ▁targets ▁in ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 2 3 % ▁to ▁ 4 4 %. ▁In ▁U . S . ▁school ▁settings ▁same - sex ▁( f em ale ▁and ▁male ) ▁sexual ▁mis con duct ▁against ▁students ▁by ▁educ ators ▁" r anges ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 8 % ▁of ▁reported ▁cases , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁study " ▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁under report |
ing ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁of ▁boys ▁by ▁both ▁women ▁and ▁men ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁occur ▁due ▁to ▁sex ▁s tere ot yp ing , ▁social ▁den ial , ▁the ▁minim ization ▁of ▁male ▁victim ization , ▁and ▁the ▁relative ▁lack ▁of ▁research ▁on ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁of ▁boys . ▁Sex ual ▁victim ization ▁of ▁boys ▁by ▁their ▁moth ers ▁or ▁other ▁female ▁relatives ▁is ▁especially ▁rarely ▁research ed ▁or ▁reported . ▁Sex ual ▁ab use ▁of ▁girls ▁by ▁their ▁moth ers , ▁and ▁other ▁related ▁and / or ▁un related ▁adult ▁females ▁is ▁beginning ▁to ▁be ▁research ed ▁and ▁reported ▁despite ▁the ▁highly ▁tab oo ▁nature ▁of ▁female – f em ale ▁child ▁sex ▁ab use . ▁In ▁studies ▁where ▁students ▁are ▁asked ▁about ▁sex ▁off enses , ▁they ▁report ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁female ▁sex ▁off enders ▁than ▁found ▁in ▁adult ▁reports . ▁This ▁under report ing ▁has ▁been ▁attributed ▁to ▁cultural ▁den ial ▁of ▁female - per pet r ated ▁child ▁sex ▁ab use , ▁because ▁" m ales ▁have ▁been ▁social ized ▁to ▁believe ▁they ▁should ▁be ▁fl atter ed ▁or ▁appreci ative ▁of ▁sexual ▁interest ▁from ▁a ▁female ." ▁Journal ist ▁C ath y ▁Young ▁writes ▁that ▁under - report ing ▁is ▁contributed ▁to ▁by ▁the ▁difficulty ▁of ▁people , ▁including ▁jur ors , ▁in ▁seeing ▁a ▁male ▁as ▁a ▁" true ▁victim ". ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁reported ▁child ▁sex ▁ab use ▁has ▁increased , ▁but ▁this ▁may ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁greater ▁willing ness ▁to ▁report |
. ▁ ▁Police ▁need ▁more ▁resources ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁Also ▁parents ▁and ▁schools ▁need ▁to ▁give ▁children ▁and ▁ad oles c ents ▁regular ▁advice ▁about ▁how ▁to ▁spot ▁ab use ▁and ▁about ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁report ▁ab use . ▁ ▁Software ▁prov iders ▁are ▁ur ged ▁to ▁do ▁more ▁to ▁police ▁their ▁environment ▁and ▁make ▁it ▁safe ▁for ▁children . ▁ ▁International ▁law ▁ ▁Child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁is ▁out la wed ▁nearly ▁everywhere ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁generally ▁with ▁severe ▁criminal ▁pen alt ies , ▁including ▁in ▁some ▁juris dict ions , ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁or ▁capital ▁pun ishment . ▁ ▁An ▁adult ' s ▁sexual ▁inter course ▁with ▁someone ▁below ▁the ▁legal ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁stat ut ory ▁ra pe , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁principle ▁that ▁a ▁child ▁is ▁not ▁capable ▁of ▁consent ▁and ▁that ▁any ▁apparent ▁consent ▁by ▁a ▁child ▁is ▁not ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁legal ▁consent . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁Nations ▁Convention ▁on ▁the ▁Rights ▁of ▁the ▁Child ▁( C RC ) ▁is ▁an ▁international ▁treat y ▁that ▁leg ally ▁oblig es ▁states ▁to ▁protect ▁children ' s ▁rights . ▁ ▁Articles ▁ 3 4 ▁and ▁ 3 5 ▁of ▁the ▁C RC ▁require ▁states ▁to ▁protect ▁children ▁from ▁all ▁forms ▁of ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁and ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁This ▁includes ▁out law ing ▁the ▁co erc ion ▁of ▁a ▁child ▁to ▁perform ▁sexual ▁activity , ▁the ▁prost itution ▁of ▁children , ▁and ▁the ▁explo itation ▁of ▁children ▁in ▁creating ▁por n |
ography . ▁States ▁are ▁also ▁required ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁ab du ction , ▁sale , ▁or ▁tra ff ick ing ▁of ▁children . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 ▁countries ▁are ▁bound ▁by ▁the ▁C RC , ▁including ▁every ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁except ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁South ▁Sud an . ▁ ▁The ▁Council ▁of ▁Europe ▁has ▁adopted ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Europe ▁Convention ▁on ▁the ▁Prote ction ▁of ▁Children ▁against ▁Sex ual ▁Exp lo itation ▁and ▁Sex ual ▁Ab use ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁prohib it ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁that ▁occurs ▁within ▁home ▁or ▁family . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁a ▁directive . ▁This ▁directive ▁de als ▁with ▁several ▁forms ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁of ▁children , ▁especially ▁commercial ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁of ▁children . ▁ ▁History ▁Child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁has ▁gained ▁public ▁attention ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁few ▁dec ades ▁and ▁has ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁high - profile ▁cr imes . ▁While ▁sexual ▁use ▁of ▁children ▁by ▁adult s ▁has ▁been ▁present ▁throughout ▁history , ▁public ▁interest ▁in ▁prevent ion ▁has ▁t ended ▁to ▁fl uct uate . ▁Initial ly , ▁concern ▁centered ▁around ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ten , ▁but ▁over ▁time , ▁advoc ates ▁have ▁attract ed ▁attention ▁toward ▁the ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁of ▁children ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 7 . ▁Up ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁the |
▁psych ological ▁impact ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁was ▁not ▁emphas ized , ▁instead ▁emphas is ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁physical ▁harm ▁or ▁the ▁child ' s ▁reputation . ▁W ides p read ▁public ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁children ' s ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁did ▁not ▁occur ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁West . ▁ ▁Early ▁writ ings ▁The ▁first ▁published ▁work ▁dedicated ▁specifically ▁to ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁appeared ▁in ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 : ▁Medical - Leg al ▁Studies ▁of ▁Sex ual ▁Ass ault ▁( E t ude ▁Méd ico - L ég ale ▁sur ▁les ▁Att ent ats ▁aux ▁M œ urs ), ▁by ▁August e ▁Am bro ise ▁T ard ieu , ▁the ▁noted ▁French ▁path ologist ▁and ▁pione er ▁of ▁for ens ic ▁medicine . ▁ ▁Public ▁concern ▁ ▁Child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁became ▁a ▁public ▁issue ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Prior ▁to ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁time , ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁remained ▁rather ▁secret ive ▁and ▁soci ally ▁un spe ak able . ▁Studies ▁on ▁child ▁mol est ation ▁were ▁none x istent ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁national ▁estimate ▁of ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁cases ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁By ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁ 4 4 ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁U . S . ▁states ▁had ▁en act ed ▁mand atory |
▁laws ▁that ▁required ▁phys icians ▁to ▁report ▁cases ▁of ▁susp icious ▁child ▁ab use . ▁Leg al ▁action ▁began ▁to ▁become ▁more ▁pre val ent ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁with ▁the ▁en act ment ▁of ▁the ▁Child ▁Ab use ▁Pre vention ▁and ▁Tre at ment ▁Act ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Center ▁for ▁Child ▁Ab use ▁and ▁Neg lect . ▁Since ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Child ▁Ab use ▁and ▁Tre at ment ▁Act , ▁reported ▁child ▁ab use ▁cases ▁have ▁increased ▁dram atically . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁the ▁National ▁Ab use ▁Co al ition ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁create ▁pressure ▁in ▁con gress ▁to ▁create ▁more ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁laws . ▁ ▁Second ▁wave ▁femin ism ▁brought ▁greater ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁violence ▁against ▁women , ▁and ▁made ▁them ▁public , ▁political ▁issues . ▁Jud ith ▁Lewis ▁H erman , ▁Harvard ▁professor ▁of ▁psych iat ry , ▁wrote ▁the ▁first ▁book ▁ever ▁on ▁father - d augh ter ▁inc est ▁when ▁she ▁discovered ▁during ▁her ▁medical ▁res iden cy ▁that ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁she ▁was ▁seeing ▁had ▁been ▁vict ims ▁of ▁father - d augh ter ▁inc est . ▁H erman ▁notes ▁that ▁her ▁approach ▁to ▁her ▁clin ical ▁experience ▁grew ▁out ▁of ▁her ▁invol vement ▁in ▁the ▁civil ▁rights ▁movement . ▁ ▁Her ▁second ▁book ▁Tra uma ▁and ▁Rec overy ▁co ined ▁the ▁term ▁complex |
▁post - tra um atic ▁stress ▁dis order ▁and ▁included ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁as ▁a ▁cause . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁Congress ▁passed ▁the ▁Child ▁Ab use ▁Vict ims ' ▁Rights ▁Act , ▁giving ▁children ▁a ▁civil ▁claim ▁in ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁cases . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁laws ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁began ▁to ▁create ▁greater ▁pro sec ution ▁and ▁detection ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab users . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁a ▁large ▁transition ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁legisl ature ▁related ▁to ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁Meg an ' s ▁Law ▁which ▁was ▁en act ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁gives ▁the ▁public ▁access ▁to ▁knowledge ▁of ▁sex ▁off enders ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁Anne ▁H ast ings ▁described ▁these ▁changes ▁in ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁as ▁" the ▁beginning ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁history ' s ▁largest ▁social ▁revolution s ." ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁John ▁Jay ▁College ▁of ▁C riminal ▁Justice ▁professor ▁B . J . ▁C ling , ▁ ▁" By ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁legit imate ▁focus ▁of ▁professional ▁attention , ▁while ▁increasing ly ▁separated ▁from ▁second ▁wave ▁femin ism ... As ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁becomes ▁absor bed ▁into ▁the ▁larger ▁field ▁of ▁inter person al ▁tra uma ▁studies , ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁studies ▁and ▁inter vention ▁strateg ies |
▁have ▁become ▁deg ender ed ▁and ▁largely ▁una ware ▁of ▁their ▁political ▁orig ins ▁in ▁modern ▁femin ism ▁and ▁other ▁v ibr ant ▁political ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁One ▁may ▁hope ▁that ▁unlike ▁in ▁the ▁past , ▁this ▁redis cover y ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁that ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 0 s ▁will ▁not ▁again ▁be ▁followed ▁by ▁collect ive ▁am nes ia . ▁The ▁institution al ization ▁of ▁child ▁m alt re at ment ▁inter vent ions ▁in ▁feder ally ▁fund ed ▁cent ers , ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁soci eties , ▁and ▁a ▁host ▁of ▁research ▁studies ▁( in ▁which ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁continues ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁world ) ▁offers ▁grounds ▁for ▁c aut ious ▁optim ism . ▁Nevertheless , ▁as ▁Jud ith ▁H erman ▁arg ues ▁c og ently , ▁' The ▁system atic ▁study ▁of ▁psych ological ▁tra uma ... dep ends ▁on ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁a ▁political ▁movement .' " ▁ ▁Civil ▁law su its ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁growing ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁has ▁spark ed ▁an ▁increasing ▁number ▁of ▁civil ▁law su its ▁for ▁mon et ary ▁dam ages ▁stem ming ▁from ▁such ▁inc idents . ▁ ▁In cre ased ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁has ▁encourag ed ▁more ▁vict ims ▁to ▁come ▁forward , ▁whereas ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁vict ims ▁often ▁kept ▁their ▁ab use ▁secret . ▁Some ▁states ▁have ▁en act ed ▁specific ▁laws ▁length ening ▁the ▁applicable ▁stat utes |
▁of ▁limitations ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁allow ▁vict ims ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁to ▁file ▁suit ▁sometimes ▁years ▁after ▁they ▁have ▁reached ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁majority . ▁ ▁Such ▁law su its ▁can ▁be ▁brought ▁where ▁a ▁person ▁or ▁entity , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁school , ▁church ▁or ▁youth ▁organization , ▁or ▁day care ▁was ▁charged ▁with ▁super vis ing ▁the ▁child ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁with ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁resulting , ▁making ▁the ▁individual ▁or ▁institution ▁li able . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Catholic ▁sex ▁ab use ▁cases ▁the ▁various ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Dioc ese ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁have ▁paid ▁out ▁approximately ▁$ 1 ▁billion ▁sett ling ▁hundreds ▁of ▁such ▁law su its ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁There ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁law su its ▁involving ▁the ▁American ▁Relig ious ▁Right . ▁ ▁Cr imes ▁have ▁alleg edly ▁gone ▁un report ed ▁and ▁vict ims ▁were ▁press ured ▁into ▁silence . ▁As ▁law su its ▁can ▁involve ▁demand ing ▁procedures ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁concern ▁that ▁children ▁or ▁adult s ▁who ▁file ▁suit ▁will ▁be ▁re - v ict im ized ▁by ▁defend ants ▁through ▁the ▁legal ▁process , ▁much ▁as ▁ra pe ▁vict ims ▁can ▁be ▁re - v ict im ized ▁by ▁the ▁accused ▁in ▁criminal ▁ra pe ▁tri als . ▁ ▁The ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁pla int iff ' s ▁att orney ▁Thomas ▁A . ▁C if arel li ▁has ▁written ▁that ▁children ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁legal ▁system , ▁particularly ▁vict ims |
▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁mol est ation , ▁should ▁be ▁afford ed ▁certain ▁proced ural ▁saf egu ards ▁to ▁protect ▁them ▁from ▁har ass ment ▁during ▁the ▁legal ▁process . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁in ▁Z amb ia ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁teacher - student ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁sexual ▁assault ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁of ▁Z amb ia ▁where ▁a ▁land mark ▁case ▁decision , ▁with ▁pres iding ▁Judge ▁Philip ▁Mus onda , ▁awarded ▁$ 4 5 mill ion ▁Z amb ian ▁kw ach a ▁( US $ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ) ▁to ▁the ▁pla int iff , ▁a ▁ 1 3 - year - old ▁girl ▁for ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁ra pe ▁by ▁her ▁school ▁teacher . ▁This ▁claim ▁was ▁brought ▁against ▁her ▁teacher ▁as ▁a ▁" person ▁of ▁authority " ▁who , ▁as ▁Judge ▁Mus onda ▁stated , ▁" had ▁a ▁moral ▁superior ity ▁( respons ibility ) ▁over ▁his ▁students " ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁World ▁Health ▁Organ ization ▁– ▁Gene va ▁report , ▁“ World ▁Report ▁on ▁Vi ol ence ▁and ▁Health ▁( Ch ap ▁ 6 ▁– ▁Sex ual ▁Vi ol ence ) ” ▁states , ▁“ Action ▁in ▁schools ▁is ▁vital ▁for ▁reducing ▁sexual ▁and ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁violence . ▁In ▁many ▁countries ▁a ▁sexual ▁relation ▁between ▁a ▁teacher ▁and ▁a ▁pup il ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁serious ▁discipl inary ▁off ence ▁and ▁policies ▁on ▁sexual ▁har |
ass ment ▁in ▁schools ▁either ▁do ▁not ▁exist ▁or ▁are ▁not ▁implemented . ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁though , ▁some ▁countries ▁have ▁introduced ▁laws ▁prohib iting ▁sexual ▁relations ▁between ▁teachers ▁and ▁pup ils . ▁Such ▁measures ▁are ▁important ▁in ▁helping ▁er ad icate ▁sexual ▁har ass ment ▁in ▁schools . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁a ▁wider ▁range ▁of ▁actions ▁is ▁also ▁needed , ▁including ▁changes ▁to ▁teacher ▁training ▁and ▁rec ruit ment ▁and ▁re forms ▁of ▁curr ic ula , ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁transform ▁gender ▁relations ▁in ▁schools .” ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Lear n ▁the ▁Fact s ▁of ▁Child ▁Sex ual ▁Ab use ▁The ▁You ni que ▁Foundation ▁ ▁Get ▁the ▁Fact s ▁Def end ▁In noc ence ▁▁▁ ▁Category : H uman ▁sexual ity <0x0A> </s> ▁Peter ▁S ka ar up ▁( 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁politician ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁People ' s ▁Party . ▁S ka ar up ▁has ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁Fol ket ing ▁since ▁ 1 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁parliament ary ▁leader ▁since ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Peter ▁S ka ar up ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁A ar hus ▁sub urb ▁Bra brand . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁the ▁retired ▁photo ▁techn ician ▁Hans ▁S ka ar up ▁and ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁Fol ket ing ▁Bir the ▁S ka ar up |
. ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁A ar hus ▁C athedral ▁School ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁then ▁worked ▁as ▁technical ▁consult ant ▁for ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁railway ' s ▁travel ▁division ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁he ▁also ▁became ▁party ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁party ▁F rem sk rid t sp art iet ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁he ▁left ▁to ▁help ▁co - found ▁Dans k ▁Fol ke part i ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁secretary ▁chief ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁he ▁also ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁organizations ▁such ▁as ▁ Ø ster bro ▁local ▁council , ▁Dans k ▁U den rig sp olit isk ▁Institut , ▁C open hagen ▁Cap acity , ▁K ø ben hav ns ▁Bor ger re pr æ s entation , ▁Dan ish ▁People ' s ▁Party ▁board ▁and ▁been ▁a ▁board ▁member ▁of ▁ Ø rest ad ss elsk abet . ▁ ▁S ka ar up ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁Fol ket ing et ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Dan ish ▁general ▁election ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁vice - ch air man ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁People ' s ▁Party . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Fol ket ing et ' s ▁Committee ▁for ▁Law ▁and ▁vice - |
ch air man ▁of ▁Fol ket ing et ' s ▁Committee ▁for ▁Transport ation . ▁SK aar up ▁was ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁years ▁the ▁official ▁speaker ▁on ▁issues ▁related ▁to ▁foreign ers ▁and ▁imm igr ants , ▁before ▁he ▁became ▁speaker ▁of ▁law . ▁ ▁Political ▁st ances ▁S ka ar up ▁supports ▁imm igr ant ▁rep atri ation ▁from ▁Den mark . ▁He ▁has ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁the ▁volunt ary ▁return ▁of ▁migr ants ▁" stru gg ling ▁to ▁adapt ▁to ▁Dan ish ▁society ". ▁He ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁imm igr ants ▁from ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁and ▁specifically ▁" N ord ic ▁countries ", ▁were ▁the ▁main ▁concern , ▁and ▁has ▁clar ified ▁that ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁government ▁should ▁be ▁target ing ▁" n ational s ▁from ▁non - West ern ▁countries ". ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁S ka ar up ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁veter inary ▁nur se ▁Ther ese ▁S ka ar up . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Fol ket ing ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁A ar hus ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ne bro g ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Dan ish ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Woman ▁H ater ▁( 1 9 1 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁short ▁film ▁st arring ▁Pear l ▁White ▁and ▁Stuart ▁Hol mes . ▁ ▁Plot ▁A ▁man ▁receives ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁a |
▁girl ▁stating ▁that ▁she ▁does ▁not ▁want ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁him ▁anymore . ▁After ▁this , ▁he ▁becomes ▁the ▁" w oman ▁h ater " ▁referenced ▁in ▁the ▁title . ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁film ▁runs ▁at ▁ 1 3 ▁minutes , ▁but ▁is ▁incomplete , ▁and ▁is ▁being ▁preserved ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Film ▁Pres ervation ▁Foundation ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Film ▁Archive . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁redis cover ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁American ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Woman ▁H ater ▁at ▁Sil ent E ra ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁short ▁films ▁Category : American ▁silent ▁short ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁rom ance ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Red isc over ed ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁rom ance ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Peter ▁Ben oit ▁( 1 7 ▁August ▁ 1 8 3 4 8 ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 1 ), ▁was ▁a ▁F lem ish ▁composer ▁of ▁Belg ian ▁national ity . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Pet rus ▁Leonard us ▁Leopold us ▁Ben oit ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁H arel be ke , ▁Fland ers , ▁Belg ium ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁taught ▁music ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁the ▁village ▁organ ist . ▁In ▁ 1 8 |
5 1 ▁Ben oit ▁entered ▁the ▁Br uss els ▁Conserv atoire , ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁till ▁ 1 8 5 5 , ▁studying ▁primarily ▁with ▁F J ▁F ét is . ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁he ▁composed ▁music ▁to ▁many ▁mel od ram as , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁opera ▁Le ▁Village ▁dans ▁les ▁mont agn es ▁for ▁the ▁Park ▁Theatre , ▁of ▁which ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁resident ▁conduct or . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Prix ▁de ▁Rome ▁for ▁his ▁cant ata ▁Le ▁Me ur tre ▁d ' Ab el . ▁The ▁accomp any ing ▁money ▁grant ▁enabled ▁him ▁to ▁travel ▁through ▁Germany . ▁In ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁his ▁journ ings ▁he ▁found ▁time ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁considerable ▁amount ▁of ▁music , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁ess ay ▁called ▁L ' É cole ▁de ▁musique ▁fl am ande ▁et ▁son ▁a venir . ▁ ▁F ét is ▁loud ly ▁pra ised ▁his ▁M esse ▁sol enn elle , ▁which ▁Ben oit ▁composed ▁in ▁Br uss els ▁on ▁his ▁return ▁from ▁Germany . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁he ▁visited ▁Paris ▁for ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁his ▁opera ▁Le ▁Ro i ▁des ▁A ul nes ▁(" The ▁Er l ▁King "), ▁which , ▁though ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁Thé âtre ▁Ly rique , ▁was ▁never ▁performed . ▁( He ▁also ▁composed ▁a ▁work ▁for ▁piano ▁and ▁or chestra ▁called ▁Le ▁Ro i ▁des ▁A ul nes .) ▁While ▁there ▁he ▁conducted ▁at ▁the ▁Thé |
âtre ▁des ▁Bou ff es ▁Paris iens . ▁Again ▁returning ▁home , ▁he ▁aston ished ▁the ▁musical ▁community ▁with ▁the ▁production ▁in ▁Ant werp ▁of ▁a ▁sacred ▁t et ral ogy , ▁consisting ▁of ▁his ▁Cant ate ▁de ▁No ël , ▁the ▁above - ment ioned ▁Mass , ▁a ▁Te ▁De um ▁and ▁a ▁Re qu iem , ▁in ▁which ▁were ▁emb od ied ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁extent ▁his ▁theories ▁about ▁F lem ish ▁music . ▁ ▁Ben oit ▁passion ately ▁purs ued ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁an ▁entirely ▁separate ▁F lem ish ▁school , ▁and ▁to ▁that ▁purpose ▁even ▁changed ▁his ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁" Pierre " ▁to ▁the ▁Dutch ▁equivalent ▁" Peter ". ▁Through ▁pro dig ious ▁effort ▁he ▁succeeded ▁in ▁gather ing ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁enthus iast s ▁who ▁recognized ▁with ▁him ▁the ▁potential ▁for ▁a ▁F lem ish ▁school ▁that ▁would ▁differ ▁completely ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁and ▁German ▁schools . ▁However ▁these ▁intent ions ▁failed , ▁as ▁the ▁school ' s ▁faith ▁was ▁tied ▁too ▁closely ▁to ▁Ben oit ' s ▁music , ▁which ▁was ▁hardly ▁more ▁F lem ish ▁than ▁it ▁was ▁French ▁or ▁German . ▁ ▁Ben oit ' s ▁most ▁important ▁compos itions ▁include ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁or ator ios ▁De ▁Sch elde ▁( The ▁river ▁Sch eld t ) ▁and ▁Luc ifer ▁( which ▁met ▁complete ▁failure ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁st aged ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ), ▁the ▁oper as ▁Het ▁Dor p ▁in ▁' t ▁Ge berg |
te ▁( The ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁mountains ) ▁and ▁Isa , ▁and ▁the ▁D rama ▁Christ i , ▁a ▁huge ▁body ▁of ▁songs , ▁ch or uses , ▁small ▁cant at as ▁and ▁mot ets . ▁Ben oit ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁ess ays ▁on ▁musical ▁matters . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁composed ▁a ▁Fl ute ▁Con cer to ▁( Sym ph onic ▁T ale ), ▁Op . ▁ 4 3 a , ▁and ▁a ▁P iano ▁Con cer to ▁( Sym ph onic ▁T ale ), ▁Op . ▁ 4 3 b . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Ant werp ▁on ▁ 8 ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁aged ▁ 6 6 . ▁In ▁H arel be ke ▁a ▁museum ▁rem embers ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁work , ▁called ▁the ▁St ed elijk ▁Museum ▁" Peter ▁Ben oit ". ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁▁▁ 1 8 8 1 : ▁Commander ▁in ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Leopold . ▁▁ 1 8 8 2 : ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Science , ▁Let ters ▁and ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁of ▁Belg ium . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Biography ▁on ▁Fam ous ▁Bel gi ans ▁Biography ▁on ▁N ax os . com ▁▁ ▁Biography ▁at ▁S VM ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁male ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁opera ▁compos ers ▁Category : M |
embers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Belg ium ▁Category : F lem ish ▁compos ers ▁Category : M ale ▁opera ▁compos ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁H arel be ke ▁Category : P rix ▁de ▁Rome ▁( Bel g ium ) ▁w inners ▁Category : P up ils ▁of ▁François - Jose ph ▁F ét is ▁Category : R om antic ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁male ▁mus icians ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁male ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁general ▁go / no ▁go ▁testing ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁pass / fail ▁test ▁( or ▁check ) ▁principle ▁using ▁two ▁boundary ▁conditions ▁or ▁a ▁binary ▁classification . ▁The ▁test ▁is ▁passed ▁only ▁when ▁the ▁Go ▁condition ▁is ▁met ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁No ▁go ▁condition ▁fails . ▁ ▁The ▁test ▁gives ▁no ▁information ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁con formance ▁to , ▁or ▁deviation ▁from ▁the ▁boundary ▁conditions . ▁These ▁tests ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁statistical ▁process ▁control ▁purposes . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁specific ▁S PC ▁tools ▁that ▁use ▁parameter ▁based ▁measurements ▁( e . g ., ▁P - charts ) ▁for ▁determ ining ▁the ▁stability ▁of ▁a ▁process . ▁ ▁Us es ▁ ▁Engineering ▁ ▁In ▁engineering ▁the ▁test ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁used ▁only ▁to ▁check ▁non crit ical ▁parameters ▁where ▁the ▁manufact uring ▁process ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁stable ▁and ▁well ▁controlled , ▁and ▁the ▁toler ances ▁are ▁wide ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁parameter . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁preceding ▁checks ▁before ▁a |
▁Space ▁Sh utt le ▁lif to ff ▁had ▁the ▁flight ▁controller ▁perform ▁a ▁go / no ▁go ▁check ▁on ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁vehicle ' s ▁critical ▁systems . ▁ ▁Psych ology ▁ ▁In ▁psych ology ▁Go / No - go ▁tests ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁measure ▁a ▁participants ▁capacity ▁for ▁sust ained ▁attention ▁and ▁response ▁control . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁go / no - go ▁test ▁that ▁requires ▁a ▁particip ant ▁to ▁perform ▁an ▁action ▁given ▁certain ▁stim uli ▁( e . g ., ▁press ▁a ▁button ▁– ▁Go ) ▁and ▁in hib it ▁that ▁action ▁under ▁a ▁different ▁set ▁of ▁stim uli ▁( e . g ., ▁not ▁press ▁that ▁same ▁button ▁– ▁No - Go ). ▁ ▁Military ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army , ▁dr ills ▁and ▁prof ic iency ▁evaluation ▁rub rics ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁GO / NO ▁GO ▁( pass / fail ) ▁system . ▁E valu ations ▁involving ▁numerical ▁scores ▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁Phys ical ▁F it ness ▁Test ) ▁convert ▁raw ▁scores ▁to ▁GO / NO ▁GO ▁based ▁on ▁cut offs ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁particular ▁performance ▁standard ▁for ▁that ▁area . ▁Within ▁a ▁given ▁skills ▁unit , ▁the ▁rub ric ▁often ▁spec ifies ▁GO / NO ▁GO ▁scoring ▁for ▁each ▁individual ▁item ▁or ▁concept ▁a ▁soldier ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁trained ▁and ▁evaluated ▁on . ▁Usually , ▁a ▁soldier ▁must ▁score ▁GO ▁( i . e . ▁perform ▁satisf actor ily ) ▁on ▁all ▁sections ▁of ▁an ▁evaluation ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁the |
▁next ▁phase ▁of ▁training , ▁to ▁pass ▁the ▁course , ▁and / or ▁to ▁att ain ▁the ▁particular ▁qual ification . ▁ ▁Go / no ▁go ▁gau ges ▁▁ ▁Go / no ▁go ▁gau ges ▁are ▁encountered ▁in ▁all ▁types ▁of ▁manufact uring . ▁ ▁They ▁may ▁measure ▁a ▁physical ▁dimension , ▁e . g . ▁( 5 0 ▁ ± 0 . 0 1 mm ), ▁or ▁a ▁value ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁a ▁res istor ▁( 1 0 0 Ω ▁( oh ms ) ▁ ± 1 %). ▁A ▁typical ▁example ▁is ▁a ▁plug ▁gauge . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁G au ge ▁block ▁Qual itative ▁property ▁Sho ck ▁det ector ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Go ▁Or ▁No ▁Go ? ▁ ▁Category : Qual ity ▁control <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Florida ▁A & M ▁R att lers ▁football ▁team ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁team ▁that ▁represented ▁Florida ▁A & M ▁College ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Inter col leg iate ▁Athlet ic ▁Conference ▁( SI AC ) ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁college ▁football ▁season . ▁In ▁their ▁sixth ▁season ▁under ▁head ▁coach ▁William ▁M . ▁Bell , ▁the ▁R att lers ▁compiled ▁an ▁ 8 – 1 ▁record , ▁shut ▁out ▁six ▁of ▁nine ▁oppon ents , ▁and ▁defeated ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁Orange ▁Bl oss om ▁Classic . ▁The ▁R att lers ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Sam pson - B rag g ▁Field ▁in ▁T alla has see , ▁Florida |
. ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Florida ▁A and M ▁Category : F lor ida ▁A & M ▁R att lers ▁football ▁seasons ▁Florida ▁A and M ▁R att lers ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center ▁is ▁a ▁super ▁regional ▁sho pping ▁m all ▁located ▁in ▁Cer rit os , ▁California . ▁Since ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁the ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center ▁has ▁been ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Cer rit os ' ▁tax ▁re venue . ▁The ▁m all ▁is ▁the ▁city ' s ▁largest ▁re venue ▁source , ▁producing ▁$ 5 8 1 ▁per ▁square ▁foot ▁in ▁sales ▁($ 2 9 6 ▁million ▁total ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁tax ▁re venue ▁generated ▁from ▁the ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center ▁for ▁its ▁host ▁city ▁tot als ▁to ▁approximately ▁$ 3 ▁million ▁a ▁year . ▁The ▁facility ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Mac er ich ▁& ▁G IC ▁Private ▁Limited . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Cer rit os ▁R ede velop ment ▁Agency ▁initially ▁inv ested ▁$ 3 0 ▁million ▁for ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center ▁area . ▁The ▁ ▁sho pping ▁area ▁built ▁at ▁Grid ley ▁Road ▁and ▁South ▁Street ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁Ernest ▁M . ▁H ahn , ▁Inc . ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁with ▁the ▁Ph ase ▁I ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁cor rid or ▁from ▁The ▁Broadway ▁department ▁store ▁( current ly ▁M acy ' s ) ▁to ▁O hr bach |
' s ▁( first ▁became ▁a ▁Mer v yn ' s , ▁currently ▁a ▁Fore ver ▁ 2 1 ) ▁and ▁J . W . ▁Robinson ' s ▁( bec ame ▁Rob ins ons - May ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁having ▁an ▁initial ▁ 1 5 0 ▁special ty ▁stores . ▁Ph ase ▁II ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁with ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁wing ▁from ▁O hr bach ' s ▁to ▁S ears . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Ph ase ▁III ▁saw ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁Nord st rom ▁and ▁its ▁first ▁wing . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Ph ase ▁IV ▁was ▁completed ▁when ▁the ▁Pal m ▁Court ▁C af es ▁deb uted ▁in ▁the ▁Center ▁with ▁ 1 4 ▁e ater ies . ▁ ▁At ▁its ▁opening , ▁the ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁area ' s ▁first ▁sho pping ▁m alls ▁and ▁was ▁noted ▁for ▁its ▁high ▁quality ▁maintenance ▁and ▁complete ▁climate - control led ▁environment . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁center ▁was ▁to ▁bring ▁thousands ▁of ▁dollars ▁of ▁sales ▁tax ▁re venue ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Cer rit os . ▁In ▁its ▁first ▁four ▁years , ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Cer rit os ' ▁ret ail ▁sales ▁grew ▁ten fold , ▁to pping ▁over ▁$ 2 0 7 ▁million ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Today ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁S ears ▁Hold ings ▁sp |
un ▁off ▁its ▁ 2 3 5 ▁properties , ▁including ▁the ▁S ears ▁at ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center , ▁into ▁S ert i age ▁G row th ▁Properties . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁center ▁has ▁been ▁under going ▁a ▁large - scale ▁renov ation , ▁which ▁brought ▁in ▁new ▁anch ors ▁such ▁as ▁Dick ' s ▁Sport ing ▁Good s ▁and ▁H ark ins ▁The at res , ▁in - line ▁stores , ▁rem ode led ▁inter iors , ▁new ▁furn ish ings ▁and ▁light ing , ▁exterior ▁land sc aping , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁art ▁work ▁and ▁overall ▁re - brand ing . ▁ ▁The ▁M acy ' s ▁wing ▁houses ▁mer ch and ise , ▁con fection ery , ▁and ▁services ▁for ▁the ▁family , ▁the ▁main ▁conc ourse ▁holds ▁more ▁ups c ale ▁fashion ▁stores , ▁restaur ants ▁and ▁bout iques , ▁and ▁the ▁S ears ▁wing ▁focus es ▁on ▁special ty ▁sh ops ▁in ▁entertain ment , ▁younger ▁consum ers , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁newly ▁renov ated ▁D ining ▁Court . ▁ ▁Fore ver ▁ 2 1 , ▁which ▁opened ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁Mer v yn ' s ▁store , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁flags hip ▁sty led ▁store ▁for ▁the ▁ret ail er ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁opened ▁to ▁much ▁acc laim . ▁ ▁A ▁brand ▁new , ▁re located ▁Nord st rom ▁department ▁store ▁and ▁wing ▁opened ▁in ▁May ▁ |
2 0 1 0 ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Rob ins ons - May ▁store ▁( closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁due ▁to ▁M acy ' s ▁acqu iring ▁May ▁Department ▁St ores ▁Company ). ▁The ▁added ▁wing ▁made ▁room ▁for ▁nine ▁additional ▁in - line ▁sh ops ▁and ▁restaur ants . ▁The ▁old ▁Nord st rom ▁site ▁was ▁demol ished ▁for ▁re development ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 6 - screen ▁H ark ins ▁The at res ▁which ▁opened ▁in ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁The ▁Che es ec ake ▁Factory , ▁which ▁opened ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Real izing ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁mult icult ural ism ▁and ▁divers ity ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁today , ▁the ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center , ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Cer rit os , ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Festival ▁of ▁Friend ship ▁held ▁every ▁February . ▁Cultural ▁bo oth s ▁and ▁performances ▁are ▁held ▁ann ually ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁reaching ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁various ▁diverse ▁communities ▁the ▁center ▁serves . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 8 . 5 ▁million ▁sh opp ers ▁visited ▁the ▁m all ▁with ▁November ▁ 2 6 ▁( Black ▁Friday ) ▁mark ing ▁the ▁biggest ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁with ▁ 7 9 , 6 8 2 ▁visitors . ▁The ▁daily ▁average ▁attend ance ▁from ▁January ▁through ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁was ▁ 2 2 |
, 1 3 3 ▁people ▁a ▁day . ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁saw ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 3 5 , 6 3 1 ▁a ▁day . ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁finan cially ▁successful ▁m all ▁in ▁the ▁S out heast ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁region . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Red ▁Robin ▁closed ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁a ▁P . ▁F . ▁Ch ang ' s , ▁which ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁S ears ▁would ▁be ▁closing ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁plan ▁to ▁close ▁ 1 4 2 ▁stores ▁nation wide . ▁The ▁store ▁closed ▁on ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Ser itage ▁plans ▁to ▁demol ish ▁the ▁S ears ▁Auto ▁Center ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁Out back ▁Ste ak house ▁and ▁Mass age ▁En vy . ▁ ▁Trans it ▁Access ▁The ▁m all ▁is ▁accessible ▁by ▁Metro ▁Local ▁L ines ▁ 6 2 , ▁ 1 3 0 , ▁Metro ▁Express ▁Line ▁ 5 7 7 , ▁Long ▁Beach ▁Trans it ▁Rout es ▁ 1 7 2 , ▁ 1 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 2 , ▁O CT A ▁Route ▁ 3 0 , ▁and ▁Cer rit os ▁on ▁Whe els ▁Line ▁ 2 B . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cer rit os ▁Auto ▁Square ▁Cer rit os ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Perform ing ▁Arts |
▁Cer rit os ▁Mill en ni um ▁Library ▁Cer rit os ▁Senior ▁Center ▁at ▁Pat ▁N ixon ▁Park ▁Cer rit os ▁Tow ne ▁Center ▁Cer rit os ▁V eter ans ▁Memorial ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁E fty chi ou , ▁A ., ▁& ▁C en ov ich , ▁M . ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁Cer rit os ▁at ▁ 5 0 : ▁celebr ating ▁our ▁past ▁and ▁our ▁future . ▁Virginia ▁Beach , ▁V A : ▁The ▁Don ning ▁Company ▁Publish ers . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center ▁Official ▁Site ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁- ▁Nord st rom ▁at ▁Nord st rom ▁website ▁Los ▁Cer rit os ▁Center ▁Review ▁The ▁City ▁of ▁Cer rit os ▁State ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Category : C er rit os , ▁California ▁Category : Mac er ich ▁Category : S ho pping ▁m alls ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Bay , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : S ho pping ▁m alls ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁New ▁Alb any ▁High ▁School ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁New ▁Alb any ▁High ▁School ▁( Ind iana ) ▁in ▁New ▁Alb any , ▁Indiana ▁New ▁Alb any ▁High ▁School ▁( Oh io ) ▁in ▁New ▁Alb any , ▁Ohio ▁New ▁Alb any ▁High ▁School ▁( Miss iss ippi ) ▁in ▁New ▁Alb any , ▁Mississippi <0x0A> </s> ▁Hello ▁Tom orrow ▁is ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 |
0 0 5 ▁Ad idas ▁television ▁advert is ement , ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁commercial . ▁The ▁ 9 0 - second ▁spot ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Oscar - n omin ated ▁film ▁director ▁S pi ke ▁Jon ze ▁for ▁ad ▁ag ency ▁T B WA \ Ch iat \ Day ▁to ▁advert ise ▁the ▁ad idas _ 1 ▁" int ellig ent " ▁s ne akers . ▁The ▁title ▁song ▁was ▁composed ▁specifically ▁for ▁the ▁advert is ement ▁by ▁Jon ze ' s ▁brother , ▁Sam ▁" S que ak ▁E . ▁C lean " ▁Sp iegel , ▁and ▁its ▁lyr ics ▁were ▁s ung ▁by ▁Jon ze ' s ▁then - g irl friend , ▁Kar en ▁O ▁of ▁the ▁Gram my - n omin ated ▁rock ▁band ▁Yeah ▁Yeah ▁Yeah s . ▁Pro ving ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁incred ibly ▁successful ▁commercial , ▁Hello ▁Tom orrow ▁received ▁many ▁hon ors ; ▁these ▁include ▁two ▁Gold ▁L ions ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁C annes ▁L ions ▁International ▁Ad vert ising ▁Festival , ▁three ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Silver ▁C lio ▁Awards , ▁and ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Gold ▁EF FI E ▁Award . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁visual ▁effects - lad en ▁commercial , ▁a ▁man ▁( play ed ▁by ▁actor ▁David ▁Douglas ) ▁w akes ▁up ▁in ▁his ▁bed - ▁which , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁lamp , ▁is ▁in ▁an ▁otherwise ▁dark ▁space - ▁as ▁his ▁ad idas _ 1 ▁s |
ne akers ▁b ounce ▁onto ▁his ▁feet ▁and ▁tie ▁their ▁own ▁la ces . ▁He ▁then ▁travel s ▁through ▁many ▁city ▁streets , ▁and ▁at ▁one ▁point ▁is ▁ch ased ▁through ▁a ▁forest ▁by ▁a ▁bear . ▁In ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁scenes , ▁light ▁is ▁only ▁created ▁behind ▁the ▁man ▁by ▁the ▁steps ▁he ▁takes ; ▁ ▁he ▁is ▁almost ▁always ▁running ▁into ▁darkness . ▁Similar ▁to ▁the ▁ch ase ▁scene ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Jon ze ' s ▁film ▁Being ▁John ▁M alk ov ich , ▁the ▁man ▁frequently ▁j umps ▁from ▁one ▁plane ▁to ▁another , ▁as ▁the ▁camera ▁rot ates ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁a ▁wall ▁or ▁ce iling ▁has ▁become ▁the ▁floor . ▁After ▁running ▁head - first ▁into ▁a ▁fire ▁hyd rant , ▁the ▁man ▁ya wn s , ▁returns ▁to ▁his ▁bed ▁( which , ▁from ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁standing , ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁wall ), ▁and ▁goes ▁to ▁sleep . ▁Finally , ▁as ▁the ▁sho es ▁t umble ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁camera , ▁shown ▁on screen ▁are ▁the ▁s log an ▁for ▁the ▁ad idas _ 1 , ▁" World ' s ▁First ▁Int ellig ent ▁Sho e ," ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁Ad idas ▁s log an ▁" Im possible ▁is ▁Nothing " ▁and ▁the ▁Ad idas ▁logo . ▁ ▁After ▁working ▁together ▁on ▁" Hello ▁Tom orrow ", ▁which ▁was ▁officially ▁released ▁on ▁i T unes , ▁S que ak ▁E . ▁C lean ▁produced ▁Yeah ▁Yeah ▁Yeah s ' ▁second ▁full - length ▁album , |
▁Show ▁Your ▁B ones . ▁That ▁album ' s ▁first ▁single , ▁" G old ▁Lion ", ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁awards ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁commercial ▁in ▁C annes . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁complete ▁commercial ▁The ▁complete ▁commercial ▁on ▁Ad For um . com , ▁including ▁a ▁full ▁break down ▁of ▁awards ▁ ▁Break down ▁of ▁the ▁advert is ement , ▁including ▁lyr ics ▁to ▁the ▁song ▁" Hello ▁Tom orrow " ▁ ▁Review ▁of ▁Show ▁Your ▁B ones ▁from ▁Rol ling ▁Stone , ▁which ▁discuss es ▁the ▁naming ▁of ▁" G old ▁Lion " ▁ ▁Category : American ▁television ▁commer ci als ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁television ▁commer ci als <0x0A> </s> ▁Phil ▁Hay nes ▁( born ▁October ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁off ensive ▁guard ▁for ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁( N FL ). ▁He ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁W ake ▁Forest . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁high ▁school ▁Hay nes ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁R ale igh , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁and ▁initially ▁attended ▁North ▁R ale igh ▁Christian ▁Academy . ▁Starting ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁basketball ▁player , ▁a ▁local ▁ins urance ▁bro ker ▁fund ed ▁his ▁scholar ship ▁top ▁play ▁basketball ▁for ▁the ▁Kn ights . ▁He ▁transferred ▁to ▁Virginia ▁Epis cop al ▁School ▁in ▁Lyn ch burg , ▁Virginia ▁after ▁his ▁junior ▁year ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁re - class ify ▁and ▁gain ▁an ▁extra ▁season ▁of ▁el ig ibility |
. ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁football ▁team ▁at ▁Virginia ▁Epis cop al ▁and ▁attract ed ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁college ▁rec ruit ers , ▁ultimately ▁comm itting ▁to ▁play ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁W ake ▁Forest ▁despite ▁playing ▁one ▁year ▁of ▁football . ▁Since ▁he ▁had ▁already ▁rec lass ified ▁as ▁a ▁junior , ▁Hay nes ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁R ale igh ▁and ▁took ▁extra ▁courses ▁at ▁William ▁G . ▁En lo e ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁enter ▁W ake ▁Forest ▁with ▁his ▁original ▁class . ▁ ▁College ▁career ▁Hay nes ▁spent ▁five ▁total ▁seasons ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁W ake ▁Forest ▁Dem on ▁De a cons , ▁red sh ir ting ▁his ▁true ▁fresh man ▁season . ▁He ▁started ▁at ▁right ▁tack le ▁as ▁a ▁red sh irt ▁fresh man ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁left ▁guard ▁for ▁his ▁final ▁three ▁seasons . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁third ▁team ▁All - At l antic ▁Coast ▁Conference ▁( AC C ) ▁after ▁his ▁red sh irt ▁junior ▁season ▁and ▁entered ▁his ▁red sh irt ▁senior ▁year ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Out land ▁Tro phy ▁watch list . ▁Over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁his ▁colleg iate ▁career , ▁Hay nes ▁started ▁ 4 7 ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁Dem on ▁De a cons . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁ ▁Hay nes ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁round ▁( 1 2 4 th ▁overall ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁NFL ▁D raft . ▁He ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the |
▁reserve / P UP ▁list ▁to ▁start ▁the ▁season ▁while ▁recover ing ▁from ▁sports ▁h ern ia ▁surg ery . ▁Hay es ▁was ▁activ ated ▁from ▁the ▁P UP ▁list ▁on ▁November ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁After ▁not ▁appearing ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁during ▁the ▁regular ▁season , ▁Hay nes ▁made ▁his ▁NFL ▁debut ▁on ▁January ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 7 - 9 ▁win ▁in ▁the ▁Wild card ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁post season ▁against ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁W ake ▁Forest ▁Dem on ▁De a cons ▁bio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁R ale igh , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : American ▁football ▁off ensive ▁gu ards ▁Category : W ake ▁Forest ▁Dem on ▁De a cons ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Se attle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ca ud ron ▁R . 1 1 , ▁( mis - ident ified ▁in ▁Jane ' s ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁as ▁the ▁Ca ud ron ▁R . II ), ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁five - se at ▁tw in - engine ▁bom ber , ▁reconna issance ▁and ▁esc ort ▁bi plane ▁developed ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Ca ud ron ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁ ▁Development ▁The ▁R . 1 1 ▁was ▁originally ▁intended ▁to ▁ful fill ▁the |
▁French ▁Corps ▁d ' Ar mee ▁reconna issance ▁category . ▁Its ▁design ▁was ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Ca ud ron ▁R . 4 , ▁but ▁with ▁a ▁more ▁pointed ▁nose , ▁two ▁b rac ing ▁b ays ▁out board ▁the ▁engines ▁rather ▁than ▁three , ▁no ▁nose - w heel , ▁and ▁a ▁much ▁larger ▁tail . ▁▁ ▁The ▁engines ▁were ▁hous ed ▁in ▁stream lined ▁nac elles ▁just ▁above ▁the ▁lower ▁wing . ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁history ▁The ▁French ▁army ▁ordered ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁R . 1 1 s . ▁ ▁Production ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁aircraft ▁completed ▁late ▁in ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁the ▁first ▁Esc adr ille ▁( s quad ron ) ▁R . 2 6 ▁was ▁equ ipped . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁esc adr ille ▁to ▁form ▁before ▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁( and ▁ab rupt ▁end ▁of ▁production ) ▁was ▁R . 2 4 6 , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁ 3 7 0 ▁plan es ▁had ▁been ▁completed . ▁ ▁Vari ants ▁The ▁Ca ud ron ▁R . 1 2 ▁was ▁an ▁experimental ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁R . 1 1 , ▁with ▁a ▁larger ▁engine . ▁Development ▁ended ▁when ▁the ▁Ca ud ron ▁R . 1 4 ▁variant ▁appeared ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁Oper ators ▁ ▁French ▁Air ▁Force ▁ ▁American ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Force ▁ ▁Units ▁using ▁this ▁aircraft ▁Esc adr ille ▁R . 4 6 |
▁Esc adr ille ▁R . 2 3 9 ▁Esc adr ille ▁R . 2 4 0 ▁Esc adr ille ▁R . 2 4 1 ▁Esc adr ille ▁R . 2 4 2 ▁Esc adr ille ▁R . 2 4 6 ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁French ▁bom ber ▁aircraft ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁aircraft ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁R 0 1 1 ▁Category : Bi plan es ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁French ▁f ighter ▁aircraft <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ga eta ▁Dioc es an ▁Museum , ▁formally ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Museo ▁Dioc es ano ▁e ▁della ▁Relig ios ità ▁del ▁Par co ▁dei ▁Mont i ▁Aur unci , ▁displays ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁religious ▁objects ▁and ▁art works , ▁and ▁is ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁Pal azzo ▁De ▁V io , ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁C athedral ▁of ▁Ga eta , ▁region ▁of ▁Laz io , ▁Italy . ▁ ▁The ▁palace ▁was ▁ref urb ished ▁by ▁Card inal ▁T omm aso ▁De ▁V io , ▁relative ▁of ▁Thomas ▁C aj et an , ▁as ▁his ▁palace ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 0 0 s . ▁The ▁collection ▁first ▁displayed ▁next ▁to ▁church ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁the ▁dioc es an ▁museum ▁in ▁this ▁palace ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁It ▁houses ▁sacred ▁objects ▁of ▁silver ▁and ▁cor al , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁numerous ▁art works . ▁ ▁Among ▁the |
▁works ▁represented ▁are : ▁Christ , ▁Virgin , ▁and ▁St ▁John ▁the ▁Evangel ist ▁det ached ▁fres co ▁from ▁the ▁ref ect ory ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁convent ▁of ▁San ▁Francesco ▁by ▁Giovanni ▁da ▁Ga eta ▁As c ension ▁of ▁the ▁Virgin ▁and ▁Ad oration ▁of ▁the ▁Mag i , ▁alt arp ie ces ▁from ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁San ▁Francesco ▁attributed ▁to ▁Gi rol amo ▁Im par ato ▁Rest ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁alt arp ie ce ▁from ▁San ▁Francesco ▁by ▁Francesco ▁Sol im ena . ▁Piet à ▁( after ▁ 1 5 2 0 ) ▁from ▁the ▁Du omo ▁by ▁Qu entin ▁Mass ys , ▁Madonna ▁delle ▁Id rie ▁from ▁the ▁Du omo ▁by ▁Giovanni ▁da ▁Ga eta ▁ ▁Christ ▁carrying ▁Cross ▁from ▁the ▁Du omo ▁by ▁Luis ▁de ▁Mor ales ▁Standard ▁of ▁Le p anto ▁( 1 5 7 1 ), ▁ship ' s ▁battle ▁flag ▁by ▁Gi rol amo ▁S ici ol ante ▁ ▁Other ▁works ▁by ▁Sci p ione ▁Pul zone , ▁Sebast iano ▁Con ca , ▁Pom pe o ▁Bat oni , ▁D irk ▁Hend rick sz ▁( o ▁Te od oro ▁D ' Err ico ), ▁and ▁Fab riz io ▁Sant af ede . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pal aces ▁in ▁Laz io ▁Category : Bar o que ▁architecture ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Art ▁museum s ▁and ▁gall eries ▁in ▁Laz io ▁Category : Art ▁museum s ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁museum s ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁Hi at av |
ol va ▁rug osa ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁O v ul idae , ▁the ▁ov ul ids , ▁cow ry ▁al lies ▁or ▁false ▁cow ries . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : O v ul idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁X enia ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁public ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁X enia , ▁Ohio , ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁X enia ▁Community ▁School s ▁district , ▁where ▁en roll ment ▁is ▁over ▁ 1 , 1 0 0 ▁students . ▁The ▁Ohio ▁Department ▁of ▁Education ▁has ▁given ▁X enia ▁High ▁School ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁" Cont inu ous ▁Im prov ement " ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁school ▁year ; ▁the ▁school ▁met ▁ 1 0 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁state ▁indic ators . ▁▁ ▁The ▁circa ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁high ▁school ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁an ▁F 5 ▁torn ado ▁on ▁April ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁during ▁what ▁was ▁dub bed ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Super ▁Out break . ▁A ▁replacement ▁building ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁Stud ents ▁from ▁the ▁high ▁school ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁schools ▁were ▁re located ▁to ▁Warner ▁Middle ▁School ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁until ▁the ▁new ▁school ▁was ▁built . ▁ ▁Notable ▁al |
umn i ▁ ▁Doug ▁Adams , ▁former ▁professional ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Barry ▁C lem ens , ▁former ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁ ▁Tr ent ▁Cole , ▁Indian apolis ▁Col ts ▁def ensive ▁end ▁ ▁Paul ▁H ust on , ▁former ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁ ▁Bret ▁Jones , ▁former ▁professional ▁s occer ▁player ▁ ▁David ▁Le ver ing ▁Lewis , ▁history ▁professor ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁University ▁and ▁twice ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁note ▁Bill ▁R iche y ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Ohio ▁Te acher ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁The ▁next ▁year , ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Mil ken ▁Family ▁Foundation ▁National ▁Edu c ator ▁Award . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Disney ▁Te acher ▁Award . ▁A aron ▁R ex ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Ohio ▁Te acher ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁the ▁Ohio ▁Lot tery . ▁ ▁Sports ▁The ▁school ' s ▁mas cot ▁is ▁the ▁Bu cc ane er ▁and ▁its ▁colors ▁are ▁blue ▁and ▁white . ▁The ▁school ' s ▁fight ▁song ▁is ▁" H oor ah ▁for ▁X enia ▁High ▁School ." ▁Jack ▁Har b augh ▁was ▁the ▁head ▁football ▁coach ▁for ▁one ▁year , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 - 2 0 , ▁the ▁Buc s ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Miami ▁Valley ▁League ▁( M V L ). ▁ ▁State ▁champion ships ▁▁ ▁Boys ▁Basketball ▁– ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁ |
▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁District ▁Website ▁ ▁School ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁in ▁Gre ene ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁Category : X enia , ▁Ohio ▁Category : Public ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁T ec - M ec ▁( full ▁name ▁Studio ▁T ec nica ▁Me cc an ica ) ▁was ▁a ▁Formula ▁One ▁constructor ▁from ▁Italy . ▁F ounded ▁by ▁former ▁Mas er ati ▁designer ▁Val er io ▁Col otti ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁they ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁Grand ▁Prix , ▁scoring ▁no ▁World ▁Championship ▁points . ▁ ▁T ec - M ec ▁used ▁an ▁improved , ▁light ened ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Mas er ati ▁ 2 5 0 F , ▁named ▁the ▁F 4 1 5 . ▁The ▁car ▁was ▁upgrad ed ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 5 0 F ' s ▁designer , ▁Col otti , ▁and ▁fin anced ▁by ▁Lloyd ▁Cas ner ▁of ▁Cam or adi ▁International . ▁The ▁team ▁made ▁its ▁single ▁out ing ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁United ▁States ▁Grand ▁Prix , ▁but ▁the ▁car , ▁driven ▁by ▁Fritz ▁d ' O rey ▁last ed ▁six ▁la ps ▁before ▁ret iring , ▁having ▁qualified ▁ 1 7 th ▁on ▁the ▁grid ▁ahead ▁of ▁only ▁the ▁m idget ▁rac er ▁of ▁Rod ger ▁Ward . ▁ ▁Col otti ▁sold ▁the ▁design ▁studio ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁continued ▁to ▁produce ▁cars ▁for ▁the ▁Formula ▁Junior ▁series . ▁ ▁Complete ▁Formula ▁One ▁World ▁Championship ▁results |
▁ ▁( key ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Col otti ▁Tras mission i ▁ ▁Val er io ▁Col otti ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Encyc lo pa edia ▁Results ▁from ▁Formula 1 . com ▁ ▁Category : Form ula ▁One ▁construct ors ▁Category : Form ula ▁One ▁entr ants ▁Category : Ital ian ▁auto ▁racing ▁teams ▁Category : Ital ian ▁race car ▁construct ors ▁Category : V eh icle ▁manufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁N elt ume ▁is ▁a ▁Chile an ▁town ▁in ▁P angu ip ul li ▁commune , ▁of ▁Los ▁R íos ▁Region . ▁It ▁lies ▁along ▁the ▁ 2 0 3 - CH ▁route ▁to ▁Hu ah um ▁Pass ▁into ▁Argentina . ▁The ▁town ' s ▁main ▁economic ▁activities ▁are ▁forest ry ▁and , ▁more ▁recently , ▁tour ism ▁since ▁the ▁Hu ilo - H u ilo ▁Bi ological ▁Reserve ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁During ▁large ▁periods ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁N elt ume ▁was ▁a ▁site ▁of ▁social ▁mobil izations ▁and ▁un rest , ▁events ▁which ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁with ▁the ▁crack ▁down ▁of ▁the ▁" To qui ▁La ut aro " ▁gu err illa ▁set ▁of ▁by ▁M IR ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁military ▁dict ator ship ▁in ▁Chile . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁S ett lement ▁and ▁found ing ▁of ▁N elt ume ▁( 1 8 |
9 8 - 1 9 4 4 ) ▁The ▁area ▁of ▁N elt ume ▁was ▁colon ized ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁dec ades ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁economic ▁bo om ▁that ▁the ▁wood ▁industry ▁was ▁experien cing ▁in ▁Chile ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁The ▁hum id ▁and ▁for ested ▁areas ▁of ▁N elt ume ▁had ▁not ▁had ▁any ▁recorded ▁human ▁occupation ▁until ▁that ▁years ▁as ▁native ▁Map uch es ▁lived ▁rather ▁on ▁the ▁lake ▁sh ores ▁of ▁Cal af qu én , ▁P angu ip ul li ▁and ▁Ri ñ ih ue ▁L akes ▁and ▁visited ▁sp or ad ically ▁the ▁eastern ▁parts ▁of ▁these ▁la kes ▁for ▁gather ing ▁food . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁P angu ip ul li ▁became ▁settled ▁by ▁the ▁first ▁non - ind igen ous ▁persons ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁a ▁small ▁forest ry ▁enter prise ▁was ▁installed ▁in ▁N elt ume . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁an ▁engine ered ▁wood ▁plant ▁is ▁installed ▁in ▁N elt ume . ▁Before ▁the ▁gra vel ▁road ▁to ▁N elt ume ▁built ▁the ▁town ▁re lied ▁on ▁steam ▁boat ▁transport ▁across ▁P angu ip ul li ▁Lake . ▁ ▁Social ▁un rest ▁( 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 7 3 ) ▁N elt ume ▁got ▁its ▁first ▁police ▁station ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁when ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fund os ▁( country ▁est ates ) ▁that ▁where ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁E ch av |
ar ri ▁y ▁Bra vo ▁company ▁became ▁subject ▁of ▁un rest ▁and ▁mobil ization ▁for ▁social ▁dem ands ▁among ▁l umber jack s ▁and ▁camp es inos . ▁The ▁camp es inos ▁were ▁strongly ▁repr essed ▁by ▁authorities ▁and ▁some ▁ 2 0 ▁families ▁where ▁exp elled ▁from ▁the ▁zone . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁there ▁was ▁another ▁strike ▁among ▁saw mill ▁and ▁forest ry ▁workers , ▁who ▁tried ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁trade ▁union ▁and ▁demanded ▁higher ▁sal aries , ▁as ▁consequence ▁about ▁ 4 0 ▁leaders ▁and ▁their ▁families ▁were ▁driven ▁out ▁of ▁N elt ume . ▁Wit ness es ▁from ▁this ▁period ▁record ▁people ▁being ▁taken ▁to ▁Val div ia ▁by ▁Car ab iner os ▁and ▁estimates ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁strike ▁in ▁three ▁months . ▁The ▁same ▁witness ▁states ▁that ▁Car ab iner os ▁were ▁asked ▁by ▁the ▁saw mill ▁b oss ▁to ▁gun ▁any ▁stri ker ▁found ▁walking ▁around ▁in ▁night time . ▁The ▁repr ession ▁of ▁this ▁movement ▁was ▁according ▁to ▁histor ians ▁P ino ▁and ▁J elin ▁so ▁strong ▁that ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁Un idad ▁Popular ▁government ▁did ▁the ▁workers ▁managed ▁form ▁trade ▁un ions ▁in ▁the ▁zone . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁after ▁several ▁land ▁occup ations ▁inform ally ▁known ▁as ▁Oper ación ▁ar d illas ▁( Span ish ▁for ▁Operation ▁S qu ir rel s ) ▁the ▁Un idad ▁Popular ▁government ▁ex prop ri ated ▁the ▁fund o ▁Car ran es |
▁from ▁the ▁Soci aded ▁Agr í cola ▁y ▁M ader era ▁de ▁N elt me ▁creating ▁the ▁Comple jo ▁M ader ero ▁P angu ip ul li ▁mer ging ▁with ▁it ▁other ▁ex prop ri ated ▁lands ▁reaching ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 3 6 0 . 0 0 0 ▁ha ▁of ▁wood ed ▁terrain . ▁Property ▁in ▁Li qui ñ e ▁and ▁Ch ih u ío , ▁local ities ▁outside ▁the ▁proper ▁N elt ume ▁area , ▁were ▁also ▁placed ▁under ▁the ▁Comple jo ▁M ader ero ▁P angu ip ul li . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁president ▁Salvador ▁All ende ▁visited ▁N elt ume . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 9 ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Chile an ▁coup ▁d ' et at ▁conserv ative ▁newspaper ▁El ▁Mercur io ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁Chile an ▁Air ▁Force ▁had ▁found ▁str angers ▁in ▁a ▁" zone ▁called ▁N elt ume " ▁which ▁the ▁newspaper ▁un pre cis ely ▁described ▁as ▁lying ▁east ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Sa aved ra ▁and ▁south ▁of ▁C aut ín ▁River . ▁El ▁Mercur io ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁case ▁was ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁what ▁happened ▁in ▁Boliv ia ▁comparing ▁it ▁with ▁Che ▁G ue var a ' s ▁camp ▁in ▁Man c ahu az ú , ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁local ▁Map uch es ▁had ▁den ounced ▁their ▁[ the ▁left ists ] ▁presence ▁after ▁they ▁became ▁subjects ▁of ▁un just ▁dem ands ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁the |
▁extrem ists . ▁ ▁Ass ault ▁on ▁car ab iner os ▁station ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁After ▁hearing ▁the ▁news ▁about ▁the ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁coup ▁M RC ▁( Span ish ▁ac ron ym ▁for ▁Revolution ary ▁Camp es ino ▁Mov ement ), ▁a ▁group ▁formed ▁with ▁help ▁of ▁M IR , ▁decided ▁to ▁take ▁actions ▁against ▁the ▁police ▁station ▁in ▁N elt ume ▁as ▁a ▁first ▁step ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁Un idad ▁Popular ▁government . ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁the ▁M RC ▁was ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁have ▁the ▁police ▁to ▁surrender , ▁making ▁them ▁join ▁the ▁revol t ▁and ▁se ize ▁any ▁weapons ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁there . ▁People ▁from ▁M CR ▁gathered ▁all ▁weapons ▁they ▁could ▁find , ▁four ▁rif les ▁and ▁some ▁shot g uns , ▁and ▁prepared ▁do z ens ▁of ▁mol ot ov ▁co ck t ails ▁and ▁home - made ▁gr en ades . ▁The ▁assault ▁was ▁launched ▁at ▁ 0 2 . 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁night , ▁September ▁ 1 2 . ▁The ▁attack ers ▁were ▁between ▁ 6 0 ▁and ▁ 8 0 ▁men . ▁ ▁Jorge ▁Dur án ▁Del g ado , ▁a ▁former ▁M IR ▁milit ant ▁that ▁was ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁old ▁when ▁he ▁participated ▁on ▁the ▁assault ▁on ▁the ▁police ▁station , ▁rem embers ▁these ▁moments : ▁" Pe pe ▁shout ed ▁at ▁them ▁to ▁surrender , ▁to ▁not ▁fear ▁for ▁the ▁lives . ▁To ▁[ s urr ender ▁and ] ▁fight ▁together |
▁with ▁us ▁to ▁defend ▁to ▁government ▁of ▁All ende " ▁Ben ito ▁Car ras co ▁R if fo , ▁by ▁then ▁command ant ▁of ▁the ▁police ▁station , ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁shout ed ▁back : ▁" We ▁don ' t ▁surrender , ▁car ab iner os ▁does ▁not ▁surrender ▁m ier da !" ▁ ▁The ▁four ▁car ab iner os ▁inside ▁the ▁police ▁station ▁had ▁two ▁S IG ▁automatic ▁rif les ▁and ▁two ▁car ab ines ▁with ▁which ▁they ▁answered ▁the ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁M RC . ▁The ▁police ▁station ▁was ▁a ▁rust ic ▁tree ▁building ▁but ▁was ▁enough ▁to ▁resist ▁the ▁weak ▁fire power ▁of ▁the ▁ass ail ants , ▁and ▁rain ▁prevent ed ▁the ▁Mol ot ov ▁co ck t ails ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁structure ▁on ▁fire . ▁Inside ▁the ▁police ▁station ▁were ▁also ▁the ▁w ives ▁and ▁children ▁of ▁the ▁car ab iner os . ▁Corpor al ▁Juan ▁Cam pos ▁in ▁the ▁police ▁station ▁asked ▁for ▁help ▁to ▁the ▁police ▁station ▁in ▁Ch osh uen co ▁some ▁ 2 0 km ▁west ▁and ▁shout ed ▁des per ately ▁though ▁the ▁radio : ▁" Send ▁the ▁aer ial ▁caval ry !" ▁ ▁At ▁around ▁ 0 3 . 0 0 ▁a ▁rein for cement ▁of ▁four ▁car ab iner os ▁arrived ▁on ▁a ▁pick up ▁tr uck . ▁These ▁rein for c ements ▁err one ously ▁fired ▁at ▁car ab iner os ▁at ▁first , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁they ▁had ▁arrived , ▁the ▁attack ▁was ▁almost ▁over ▁and ▁the |
▁M CR ▁people ▁had ▁retired . ▁ ▁After math ▁Nob ody ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁assault ▁and ▁the ▁police ▁station ▁did ▁not ▁suffer ▁considerable ▁damage . ▁The ▁police ▁attempted ▁to ▁identify ▁the ▁weapons ▁used ▁but ▁the ▁investigation ▁could ▁not ▁find ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁bul lets ▁fired ▁against ▁the ▁station . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 2 ▁people ▁were ▁executed ▁in ▁Val div ia ▁for ▁these ▁actions ▁and ▁" gu err illa ▁activities " ▁in ▁N elt ume . ▁On ▁November ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁three ▁young ▁men ▁were ▁condem ned ▁in ▁a ▁court ▁mart ial ▁to ▁death ▁for ▁their ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁assault . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁General ▁Bra vo ▁qualified ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁men ▁as ▁" ter rible " ▁as ▁there ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁any ▁proof ▁of ▁their ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁assault . ▁In ▁the ▁days ▁around ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁Chile ' s ▁national ▁day , ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁par atro op ▁command os ▁under ▁Ale j andro ▁Med ina ▁Lo is ▁searched ▁through ▁the ▁N elt ume ▁zone ▁in ▁search ▁for ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁M CR , ▁Com and ante ▁Pe pe , ▁who ▁was ▁captured ▁and ▁some ▁days ▁later ▁executed ▁by ▁the ▁Car avan ▁of ▁Death . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁events ▁in ▁N elt ume ▁vill ager ▁Lu ís ▁An c api ▁is ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁surv ived ▁a ▁death ▁flight ▁by ▁falling ▁into ▁a ▁" mat |
tr ess " ▁of ▁Ch us que a ▁qu ila . ▁ ▁Gu err illa ▁( 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁military ▁regime ▁in ▁Chile ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁Left ▁Mov ement ▁( M IR ▁in ▁Spanish ) ▁drew ▁up ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁popular ▁gu err illa ▁war ▁in ▁southern ▁Chile . ▁They ▁sought ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁focus ▁of ▁resistance ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁F idel ▁Castro ' s ▁ 2 6 th ▁of ▁July ▁Mov ement ▁in ▁the ▁Sierra ▁Ma estra . ▁The ▁area ▁of ▁N elt ume ▁was ▁chosen ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁an ▁ind igen ous ▁Map uche ▁population ▁and ▁" a ▁large ▁and ▁explos ive ▁rural ▁pro let ariat " ▁among ▁the ▁saw mill ▁workers ▁of ▁N elt ume . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁considered ▁convenient ▁that ▁the ▁place ▁was ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Val div ia , ▁Tem u co ▁and ▁Os orno . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁M IR ▁sent ▁the ▁first ▁unit ▁of ▁its ▁newly ▁formed ▁gu err illa ▁group ▁" Dest ac amento ▁To qui ▁La ut aro " ▁into ▁the ▁mountain ous ▁area ▁around ▁N elt ume . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁gu err illas ▁had ▁been ▁det ained ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁following ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Chile an ▁coup ▁d ' état ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁enter ▁il leg ally ▁into ▁Chile ▁from ▁their ▁ex ile ▁countries ▁ab o ard . ▁The ▁f oco |
▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁authorities ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁when ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁active ▁for ▁less ▁than ▁one ▁year . ▁The ▁Chile an ▁army ▁succeeded ▁in ▁isol ating ▁the ▁group ▁by ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁in ▁October ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁its ▁last ▁members ▁were ▁captured . ▁Three ▁gu err illas ▁are ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁captured , ▁tort ured ▁and ▁executed . ▁Another ▁six ▁died ▁in ▁combat ▁and ▁during ▁amb ush es . ▁Two ▁more ▁were ▁captured ▁in ▁neighbor ing ▁areas ▁in ▁Argentina , ▁and ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁Chile ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁Operation ▁Cond or . ▁ ▁S elling ▁of ▁state ▁property ▁( 1 9 8 7 - 1 9 9 0 ) ▁During ▁the ▁last ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁P ino ch et ▁Reg ime , ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁large ▁port ions ▁of ▁land ▁that ▁were ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Comple jo ▁Forest al ▁y ▁M ader ero ▁P angu ip ul li ▁were ▁sold ▁under ▁obsc ure ▁circumstances ▁to ▁Chile an ▁billion aires , ▁among ▁them ▁And r ón ico ▁Lu ks ic , ▁whose ▁family ▁now ▁own s ▁F undo ▁Chan chan ▁and ▁F undo ▁En co ▁along ▁En co ▁River ▁and ▁other ▁properties ▁around ▁N elt ume . ▁Another ▁wealth y ▁business man , ▁V í ctor ▁Pet ermann , ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁F undo ▁Hu ilo - H u ilo ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁established ▁the |
▁lux ur ious ▁Hu ilo - H u ilo ▁Bi ological ▁Reserve ▁dedicated ▁to ▁both ▁ec ot our ism ▁and ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁b iod iversity . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁El ▁Plan ▁ 7 8 ▁y ▁el ▁f oco ▁gu err ill ero ▁de ▁N elt ume , ▁in ▁SU - R ▁ID ENT ID AD . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁towns ▁in ▁Chile ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Val div ia ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Ellen ▁K j ell berg ▁( born ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁dan cer . ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Os lo , ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁art ▁historian ▁and ▁muse ologist ▁Re id ar ▁K j ell berg . ▁She ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁leading ▁d anc ers ▁at ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁National ▁Opera ▁and ▁Bal let ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁A ▁bronze ▁sculpt ure ▁of ▁K j ell berg , ▁model led ▁by ▁N ina ▁Sund bye ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁National ▁Opera ▁and ▁Bal let ▁in ▁Os lo . ▁She ▁was ▁appointed ▁Professor ▁at ▁the ▁Os lo ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Os lo |
▁Category : N or weg ian ▁ball er inas <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁international ▁E CL ▁exam ination ▁system ▁provides ▁a ▁standard ised ▁test - system ▁custom ised ▁to ▁the ▁languages ▁of ▁the ▁EU ▁member ▁states ▁and ▁the ▁EU ▁candidate ▁countries . ▁The ▁test - system ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁recommend ations ▁of ▁the ▁Common ▁European ▁Framework ▁of ▁Reference ▁( CE FR ) ▁and ▁is ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Cons ort ium ▁for ▁the ▁Cert ificate ▁of ▁Att ain ment ▁in ▁Modern ▁L anguages ▁( E CL ). ▁The ▁E CL ▁is ▁an ▁association ▁of ▁institutions ▁representing ▁European ▁languages . ▁ ▁The ▁E CL ▁exam ination ▁system ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁an ▁international ▁team ▁of ▁language ▁testing ▁exper ts , ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁the ▁International ▁Centre ▁of ▁the ▁E CL ▁Ex ams ▁oper ates ▁at ▁the ▁Foreign ▁Language ▁Secret ariat , ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁P é cs , ▁Hung ary . ▁E CL ▁exam ination ▁in ▁Hung arian ▁as ▁a ▁foreign ▁language ▁is ▁a ▁full ▁member ▁of ▁AL TE ▁( Associ ation ▁of ▁Language ▁Test ers ▁in ▁Europe ). ▁ ▁General ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁E CL ▁language ▁exam ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁E CL ▁language ▁exam ination ▁system ▁offers ▁mon ol ing ual ▁tests . ▁It ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁test ▁the ▁candidates ' ▁or al ▁and ▁written ▁skills ▁in ▁various ▁every day ▁situations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁professional / work - related ▁and ▁personal / private ▁situations . ▁ ▁As |
▁part ▁of ▁the ▁E CL ▁testing ▁four ▁skills ▁are ▁tested : ▁or al ▁communication , ▁listening ▁compreh ension , ▁written ▁communication ▁and ▁reading ▁compreh ension . ▁ ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁tests ▁in ▁all ▁ 1 5 ▁languages ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁strict ▁quality ▁standards ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁various ▁tests ▁are ▁reliable , ▁valid ▁and ▁compar able . ▁ ▁An ▁E CL ▁exam ▁can ▁be ▁taken ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁languages : ▁Bulgar ian , ▁Cro at ian , ▁Czech , ▁English , ▁French , ▁German , ▁Heb rew , ▁Hung arian , ▁Italian , ▁Spanish , ▁Polish , ▁Roman ian , ▁Russian , ▁Ser bian , ▁and ▁Slov ak . ▁ ▁Level s ▁▁ ▁The ▁E CL ▁language ▁exam ▁can ▁be ▁taken ▁on ▁four ▁levels ▁and ▁it ▁measures ▁primarily ▁the ▁communic ative ▁language ▁compet ences ▁of ▁candidates . ▁The ▁requirements ▁at ▁the ▁different ▁levels ▁are ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁recommend ations ▁of ▁the ▁Common ▁European ▁Framework : ▁▁ ▁A 2 ▁– ▁Way stage ▁ ▁B 1 ▁– ▁Th reshold ▁ ▁B 2 ▁– ▁V antage ▁ ▁C 1 ▁– ▁Effect ive ▁Oper ational ▁Prof ic iency ▁ ▁Ex am ination ▁components ▁▁ ▁The ▁peculiar ity ▁of ▁the ▁E CL ▁testing ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁include ▁grammar ▁tests ▁or ▁translation ▁tasks . ▁The ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁test ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁on ▁all ▁four ▁levels . ▁The ▁or al ▁exam ▁consists ▁of ▁two ▁parts ▁in ▁which ▁" oral ▁communication " ▁and ▁" list ening " ▁skills ▁are ▁ass essed . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁written ▁part |
▁of ▁the ▁exam ination ▁" written ▁communication " ▁and ▁" reading ▁compreh ension " ▁skills ▁are ▁tested . ▁Each ▁skill ▁is ▁tested ▁by ▁two ▁tasks . ▁ ▁Or al ▁test ▁▁ ▁a ▁/ ▁Or al ▁communication ▁ ▁The ▁candidate ▁must ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁skill ▁of ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁an ▁or al ▁interaction ▁– ▁on ▁given ▁topics ▁and ▁in ▁areas ▁of ▁interest ▁specified ▁for ▁the ▁given ▁level ▁– ▁and ▁also ▁of ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁express ▁their ▁views ▁with ▁ease ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁mon olog ue . ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁are ▁interview ed ▁in ▁pairs ▁( or ▁in ▁th rees ▁if ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁odd ▁number ▁of ▁candidates ). ▁The ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁candidates ▁is ▁ass essed ▁by ▁two ▁exam in ers ▁who ▁give ▁their ▁assess ment ▁independently . ▁ ▁The ▁test ▁begins ▁with ▁the ▁so - called ▁introduction , ▁a ▁warm - up ▁which ▁takes ▁about ▁ 3 – 5 ▁minutes . ▁The ▁main ▁purpose ▁of ▁this ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁exam ▁is ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁relax ed ▁atmosphere ▁and ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁candidates ▁settled ▁into ▁the ▁exam ▁situation . ▁This ▁part ▁is ▁not ▁ass essed . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁already ▁ass essed ▁task , ▁which ▁takes ▁about ▁ 5 – 8 ▁minutes , ▁the ▁two ▁candidates ▁are ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁conversation ▁on ▁a ▁given ▁topic . ▁The ▁exam iner ▁begins ▁the ▁task ▁and ▁provides ▁gu iding ▁questions ▁to ▁facil itate ▁the ▁conversation ▁between ▁the ▁examine es . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁also ▁ass essed ▁task , ▁which |
▁also ▁takes ▁ 5 – 8 ▁minutes , ▁the ▁candidates ▁express ▁their ▁thoughts ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁mon olog ue ▁– ▁about ▁a ▁mont age . ▁Should ▁it ▁be ▁necessary , ▁the ▁exam iner ▁may ▁help ▁the ▁candidate ▁in ▁his ▁speech ▁with ▁some ▁questions . ▁ ▁The ▁" O ral ▁communication " ▁sub test ▁is ▁evaluated ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁five ▁criteria : ▁ ▁b ▁/ ▁List ening ▁compreh ension ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁must ▁demonstrate ▁their ▁ability ▁to ▁understand ▁semi ▁authentic ▁and ▁authentic ▁audio ▁record ings ▁that ▁ful fill ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁the ▁given ▁level . ▁The ▁candidates ▁listen ▁to ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁record ings ▁twice . ▁The ▁listening ▁compreh ension ▁test ▁consists ▁of ▁two ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁tasks ▁( e . g .: ▁matching , ▁multiple - choice ▁questions , ▁table ▁filling / put ting ▁an ▁X ▁to ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁appropriate , ▁sentence ▁completion , ▁short ▁answers , ▁etc .) ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁items ▁each . ▁ ▁Writ ten ▁test ▁▁ ▁a ▁/ ▁Writ ten ▁communication ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁must ▁write ▁two ▁texts ▁of ▁a ▁given ▁length . ▁They ▁must ▁ad here ▁to ▁the ▁given ▁bullet ▁points ▁and ▁the ▁given ▁number ▁of ▁words . ▁A ▁mon o - ▁or ▁b iling ual ▁printed ▁dictionary ▁may ▁be ▁used . ▁ ▁The ▁sub test ▁" W ritten ▁communication " ▁is ▁evaluated ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁five ▁criteria : ▁ ▁b ▁/ ▁Reading ▁compreh ension ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁must ▁demonstrate ▁their ▁ability ▁to ▁compreh end ▁general ▁texts |
▁at ▁the ▁given ▁exam ▁level ▁and ▁their ▁ability ▁to ▁solve ▁two ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁reading ▁compreh ension ▁tasks ▁without ▁using ▁a ▁dictionary . ▁The ▁reading ▁compreh ension ▁test ▁consists ▁of ▁two ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁tasks ▁( e . g .: ▁matching , ▁bank ed ▁gap - fill ing , ▁multiple ▁choice ▁questions , ▁short ▁answer , ▁table ▁filling / put ting ▁an ▁X ▁to ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁appropriate , ▁sentence ▁completion , ▁etc .) ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁items ▁each . ▁ ▁Test ▁format ▁ ▁E valu ation ▁of ▁the ▁tests ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁E CL ▁exam ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁points ▁can ▁be ▁given ▁for ▁each ▁skill . ▁The ▁or al ▁part ▁is ▁passed ▁if ▁the ▁candidate ▁reaches ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 4 0 % ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁skills ▁of ▁" oral ▁communication " ▁and ▁" list ening " ▁tasks ▁and ▁ach ieves ▁an ▁average ▁score ▁of ▁ 6 0 % ▁overall . ▁The ▁written ▁part ▁is ▁passed ▁if ▁the ▁candidate ▁reaches ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 4 0 % ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁skills ▁of ▁" written ▁communication " ▁and ▁" reading ▁compreh ension " ▁and ▁ach ieves ▁an ▁average ▁score ▁of ▁ 6 0 % ▁overall . ▁The ▁complex ▁test ▁is ▁successfully ▁passed ▁if ▁the ▁candidate ▁has ▁passed ▁both ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁exam ination ▁as ▁described ▁above . ▁ ▁When ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁exam ination ▁parts ▁is ▁passed ▁the ▁candidate ▁gets ▁a ▁certificate ▁of ▁passed ▁or al ▁or ▁written ▁part ▁exam . ▁ ▁Ex am ination ▁locations ▁▁ ▁The |
▁E CL ▁ex ams ▁can ▁be ▁taken ▁at ▁approximately ▁ 2 0 0 ▁exam ▁sites ▁world wide . ▁The ▁exam ▁sites ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁ 1 8 ▁European ▁countries , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Argentina . ▁The ▁exam ▁sites ▁network ▁will ▁be ▁expanded ▁to ▁other ▁countries , ▁including ▁Asian ▁countries . ▁ ▁Ex am ▁periods ▁▁ ▁E CL ▁ex ams ▁are ▁offered ▁five ▁times ▁a ▁year . ▁The ▁English ▁and ▁German ▁E CL ▁ex ams ▁can ▁be ▁taken ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁exam ▁periods . ▁Ex ams ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁test ▁languages ▁are ▁offered ▁twice ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Link s ▁▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁of ▁E CL ▁ ▁Category : Europe an ▁Union ▁Category : Language ▁assess ment <0x0A> </s> ▁Jan ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁( born ▁October ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁Netherlands ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁footballer , ▁sc out ▁and ▁manager . ▁He ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁forward . ▁After ▁working ▁as ▁assistant ▁technical ▁director ▁at ▁Liverpool ▁F . C .' s ▁Academy , ▁he ▁now ▁sc outs ▁for ▁Port sm outh ▁F . C . ▁in ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Player ▁In ▁his ▁playing ▁career , ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁played ▁for ▁Ajax , ▁V ites se ▁Arn hem , ▁Lok eren , ▁and ▁Cer cle ▁Bru g ge . ▁ ▁De ▁Kon ing ▁also ▁regularly ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁U 1 8 ▁and ▁U 2 1 ▁national ▁teams . ▁During ▁his ▁career ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁played ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁ren owned ▁players ▁such ▁as |
▁Johan ▁Cru y ff , ▁Ru ud ▁K rol , ▁Johan ▁Ne esk ens , ▁Ar ie ▁Ha an ▁and ▁Johnny ▁Rep . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁playing ▁career ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁spent ▁time ▁in ▁his ▁family ’ s ▁sc rap ▁metal ▁business ▁while ▁ach ieving ▁his ▁co aching ▁qual ifications ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁after ▁receiving ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁co aching ▁qual ifications , ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁join ▁Ajax ▁by ▁Louis ▁van ▁Ga al ▁to ▁develop ▁young ▁talent . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁Ajax ▁he ▁trained ▁some ▁intern ation ally ▁known ▁players ▁such ▁as ▁Wes ley ▁S ne ij der , ▁Rafael ▁van ▁der ▁Va art , ▁Johnny ▁He iting a ▁and ▁Dave ▁Van ▁den ▁Berg h . ▁ ▁Van ▁der ▁Va art ▁later ▁stated ▁in ▁a ▁Dutch ▁TV ▁interview ▁that ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁was ▁the ▁best ▁coach ▁he ▁ever ▁had . ▁ ▁Sc out ▁ ▁De ▁Kon ing ▁also ▁is ▁ren owned ▁for ▁his ▁eye ▁for ▁talent . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁# 1 0 ▁of ▁Top ▁Sport ▁Group , ▁and ▁later ▁IS M ▁International ▁brought ▁him ▁in ▁as ▁a ▁talent ▁sc out . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁following ▁eight ▁years ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁o vers aw ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁several ▁big - name ▁players ▁between ▁clubs , ▁not ably ▁Crist ian ▁Ch iv u . ▁Ch iv u ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁Ajax ▁on ▁de ▁Kon ing ' s ▁recommendation ▁for ▁ 2 . 5 ▁million ▁eu ros ▁and ▁later |
▁sold ▁to ▁AS ▁Roma ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁eu ros . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁sc out ed ▁for ▁Premier ▁League ▁clubs ▁in ▁England , ▁working ▁with ▁S under land , ▁New castle ▁United , ▁and ▁for ▁Ray ▁Clar ke ▁at ▁South am pton . ▁ ▁Manager ▁Later ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁was ▁yet ▁again ▁asked ▁for ▁help , ▁this ▁time ▁from ▁ex - A jax ▁footballer ▁Piet ▁Ham berg . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years , ▁Ham berg ▁and ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁managed ▁Al ▁J az ira ▁Club ▁( Un ited ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates ) ▁and ▁E tt ifa q ▁FC ▁( Sa udi ▁Arab ia ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Sto ke ▁City ▁F . C . ▁board ▁appointed ▁Arn or ▁G ud j oh ns en ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁new ▁manager . ▁His ▁nom ination ▁was ▁Jan ▁de ▁Kon ing , ▁but ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁No ▁ 1 , ▁so ▁suggested ▁his ▁friend , ▁the ▁former ▁Holland ▁mid f iel der ▁Johan ▁Bos k amp . ▁ ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁served ▁as ▁assistant ▁manager ▁under ▁Bos k amp . ▁De ▁Kon ing ▁was ▁twice ▁susp ended ▁by ▁Sto ke ▁due ▁to ▁disag re ements ▁within ▁the ▁management ▁team . ▁He ▁was ▁s ack ed ▁by ▁Sto ke ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁de ▁Kon ing ▁once ▁again ▁worked |
▁with ▁Ray ▁Clar ke , ▁serving ▁as ▁head ▁sc out ▁for ▁C elt ic , ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁when ▁he ▁joined ▁Piet ▁Hamburg ▁at ▁Liverpool ' s ▁Academy . ▁He ▁is ▁now ▁sc out ing ▁for ▁Port sm outh , ▁concentr ating ▁on ▁Holland , ▁Belg ium ▁and ▁Germany . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Profile ▁& ▁statistics ▁- ▁Lok eren ▁ ▁Statistics ▁- ▁Cer cle ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : D utch ▁football ers ▁Category : AF C ▁Ajax ▁players ▁Category : SB V ▁V ites se ▁players ▁Category : K . S . C . ▁Lok eren ▁O ost - V la ander en ▁players ▁Category : C er cle ▁Bru g ge ▁K . S . V . ▁players ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁First ▁Division ▁A ▁players ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Amsterdam ▁Category : Sto ke ▁City ▁F . C . ▁non - play ing ▁staff ▁Category : D utch ▁football ▁man agers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards <0x0A> </s> ▁V ish esh ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁who ▁was ▁most ▁recently ▁a ▁training ▁player ▁with ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁ 3 6 ers ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Basketball ▁League ▁( N BL ). ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁U tt |
ar ▁Pr adesh . ▁As ▁a ▁ 1 2 - year - old , ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁would ▁follow ▁his ▁brother , ▁V ib hor , ▁to ▁the ▁basketball ▁courts ▁of ▁U da i ▁Pr at ap ▁College ▁in ▁Var an asi ▁every ▁evening . ▁Within ▁weeks , ▁he ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Var an asi ▁U - 1 3 ▁district ▁meet , ▁and ▁soon ▁developed ▁a ▁lik ing ▁towards ▁the ▁sport . ▁Within ▁a ▁year ▁of ▁playing ▁basketball , ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁represented ▁his ▁district ▁and ▁state ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁He ▁kept ▁developing ▁expon entially ▁and ▁six ▁years ▁later , ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 7 , ▁bag ged ▁himself ▁a ▁spot ▁on ▁the ▁Senior ▁Indian ▁men ' s ▁team . ▁G row ing ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁father ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁lect urer ▁and ▁a ▁mother ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁principal , ▁there ▁was ▁pressure ▁on ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁to ▁perform ▁academ ically . ▁However , ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁had ▁other ▁things ▁in ▁mind . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁began ▁playing ▁compet itive ▁basketball ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁at ▁the ▁Asian ▁Club ▁Championships . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁aver aged ▁ 3 0 . 8 ▁points , ▁ 9 . 5 ▁reb ounds ▁and ▁ 8 . 2 ▁ass ists ▁in ▁ 1 1 ▁games ▁for ▁Beng al uru ▁Be ast ▁in ▁the |
▁United ▁Basketball ▁Alliance ▁of ▁India ▁Pro ▁Basketball ▁League . ▁In ▁one ▁match ▁against ▁rival ▁Hy der abad , ▁he ▁pou red ▁in ▁ 5 7 ▁points ▁and ▁registered ▁ 1 1 ▁ass ists . ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁signed ▁a ▁one - year ▁training ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁ 3 6 ers ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁National ▁Basketball ▁League , ▁becoming ▁the ▁league ' s ▁first ▁Indian ▁player . ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁ 3 6 ers ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁N BL ▁season . ▁ ▁National ▁team ▁career ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁India ▁national ▁basketball ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁at ▁the ▁FI BA ▁Asia ▁Championship . ▁He ▁has ▁since ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁FI BA ▁Asia ▁Championship , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁FI BA ▁Asia ▁Championship , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FI BA ▁Asia ▁Cup , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁FI BA ▁Asia ▁Championship , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁FI BA ▁Asia ▁Challenge . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁FI BA ▁Asia ▁Challenge ▁in ▁Iran , ▁B hr ig uv ans hi ▁aver aged ▁a ▁career - best ▁ 1 6 . 9 ▁points ▁per ▁game , ▁to ▁go ▁with ▁ 4 . 4 ▁reb ounds , ▁ 3 . 8 ▁ass ists ▁and ▁ 2 |
. 5 ▁ste als ▁in ▁eight ▁games . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B asketball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : B asketball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : B asketball ▁players ▁from ▁Var an asi ▁Category : Ind ian ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : S ho oting ▁gu ards ▁Category : Sm all ▁for wards ▁Category : You ng ▁C agers ▁players ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁compet itors ▁for ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁Bar ra ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁Bar ra ▁de ▁Ter es ó pol is ▁or ▁simply ▁as ▁Bar ra , ▁was ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Ter es ó pol is , ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁state . ▁They ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁S érie ▁C ▁once . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁founded ▁on ▁June ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁They ▁professional ized ▁its ▁football ▁department ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁compet ing ▁in ▁the ▁Campeonato ▁C ari oca ▁Third ▁Level . ▁Bar ra ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁S érie ▁C ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁elimin ated ▁in ▁the ▁Third ▁Stage ▁by ▁XV ▁de ▁Pi rac ic aba . ▁The ▁club ▁closed ▁its ▁professional ▁football ▁department ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Stadium ▁Bar ra ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at |
▁Est ád io ▁Jorge ▁Fer re ira ▁da ▁Silva , ▁nick named ▁Pit uc ão . ▁The ▁stad ium ▁has ▁a ▁maximum ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Category : Def unct ▁football ▁clubs ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁( state ) ▁Category : T eres ó pol is ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Brazil <0x0A> </s> ▁Eric ▁Fon er ▁( ; ▁born ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁historian . ▁He ▁writes ▁extens ively ▁on ▁American ▁political ▁history , ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁freedom , ▁the ▁early ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Republican ▁Party , ▁African - American ▁bi ography , ▁Re const ruction , ▁and ▁histor i ography , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁at ▁the ▁Columbia ▁University ▁Department ▁of ▁History ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁popular ▁text books . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Open ▁Sy ll ab us ▁Project , ▁Fon er ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁frequently ▁c ited ▁author ▁on ▁college ▁sy ll abi ▁for ▁history ▁courses . ▁ ▁Fon er ▁is ▁a ▁leading ▁contemporary ▁historian ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁Re const ruction ▁period , ▁having ▁published ▁Re const ruction : ▁America ' s |
▁Un fin ished ▁Revolution , ▁ 1 8 6 3 – 1 8 7 7 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 ▁other ▁books ▁on ▁the ▁topic . ▁His ▁online ▁courses ▁on ▁" The ▁Civil ▁War ▁and ▁Re const ruction ", ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁are ▁available ▁from ▁Columbia ▁University ▁on ▁Columbia X . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Fon er ' s ▁The ▁F ier y ▁Tri al : ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln ▁and ▁American ▁S la very ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁won ▁the ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁History , ▁the ▁Lincoln ▁Prize , ▁and ▁the ▁B anc ro ft ▁Prize . ▁Fon er ▁previously ▁won ▁the ▁B anc ro ft ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁for ▁his ▁book ▁Re const ruction : ▁America ' s ▁Un fin ished ▁Revolution , ▁ 1 8 6 3 – 1 8 7 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Historical ▁Association . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Philosoph ical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Fon er ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁New ▁York , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Jewish ▁parents ▁L iza ▁( née ▁Kra itz ), ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁art ▁teacher , ▁and ▁historian ▁Jack ▁D . ▁Fon er , ▁who ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁trade ▁union ▁movement ▁and ▁the ▁campaign ▁for ▁civil ▁rights ▁for ▁African ▁Americans . ▁Eric ▁Fon |
er ▁describes ▁his ▁father ▁as ▁his ▁" first ▁great ▁teacher ," ▁and ▁rec alls ▁how , ▁ ▁dep riv ed ▁of ▁his ▁liv elihood ▁while ▁I ▁was ▁growing ▁up , ▁he ▁supported ▁our ▁family ▁as ▁a ▁fre el ance ▁lect urer . ▁... ▁List ening ▁to ▁his ▁lect ures , ▁I ▁came ▁to ▁appreciate ▁how ▁present ▁concerns ▁can ▁be ▁ill umin ated ▁by ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁past — how ▁the ▁repr ession ▁of ▁the ▁Mc Car thy ▁era ▁re called ▁the ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁Ali en ▁and ▁Sed ition ▁Act s , ▁the ▁civil ▁rights ▁movement ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁viewed ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁strugg les ▁of ▁Black ▁and ▁White ▁abol ition ists , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁brut al ▁supp ression ▁of ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁ins urre ction ▁at ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁century ▁could ▁be ▁found ▁the ▁ante ced ents ▁of ▁American ▁inter vention ▁in ▁Vietnam . ▁I ▁also ▁im bib ed ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁thinking ▁about ▁the ▁past ▁in ▁which ▁vision aries ▁and ▁under d ogs — Tom ▁Pa ine , ▁Wend ell ▁Phill ips , ▁Eug ene ▁V . ▁Deb s , ▁and ▁W . E . B . ▁Du ▁Bo is — w ere ▁as ▁central ▁to ▁the ▁historical ▁drama ▁as ▁pres idents ▁and ▁capt ains ▁of ▁industry , ▁and ▁how ▁a ▁commit ment ▁to ▁social ▁justice ▁could ▁inf use ▁one ' s ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁the ▁past . ▁ ▁Fon er ▁went ▁to ▁Columbia ▁University ▁for ▁his ▁B A ; ▁he ▁was ▁major ing |
▁in ▁physics ▁until ▁he ▁took ▁a ▁year - long ▁sem inar ▁with ▁James ▁P . ▁Sh ent on ▁on ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁and ▁Re const ruction ▁during ▁his ▁junior ▁year . ▁" It ▁probably ▁determined ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁my ▁career ▁has ▁been ▁focused ▁on ▁that ▁period ," ▁he ▁re called ▁years ▁later . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁Fon er ▁graduated ▁sum ma ▁cum ▁la ude ▁as ▁a ▁history ▁major . ▁He ▁studied ▁at ▁Oxford ▁as ▁a ▁K ellett ▁Fellow ; ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁B A ▁from ▁Ori el ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁college ' s ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁University ▁Challenge ▁winning ▁team , ▁though ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁final , ▁having ▁already ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁US . ▁ ▁Fon er ▁returned ▁to ▁Columbia ▁for ▁his ▁Ph D , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁under ▁Richard ▁Hof stad ter ; ▁he ▁finished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Career ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁Fon er ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁department ▁at ▁City ▁College ▁and ▁Gr adu ate ▁Center ▁at ▁City ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁visit ing ▁professor ▁of ▁American ▁History ▁at ▁Pr inc eton ▁University . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁Pitt ▁Professor ▁of ▁American ▁History ▁and ▁Institution s |
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