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▁Hub b ard ▁Park ▁is ▁nest led ▁within ▁the ▁H anging ▁Hills , ▁a ▁dram atic ▁trap ▁rock ▁mountain ▁r idge ▁over looking ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mer iden ▁and ▁the ▁Qu inn ip iac ▁River ▁Valley ▁ 9 0 0 ▁feet ▁( 2 7 4 ▁m ) ▁below . ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁pe aks ▁are ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁park , ▁South ▁Mountain ▁at ▁, ▁and ▁East ▁Pe ak , ▁at ▁. ▁West ▁Pe ak , ▁at ▁, ▁is ▁located ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁park ▁boundary ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁Consider ed ▁particularly ▁scen ic ▁are ▁Mer im ere ▁Res er voir ▁( p unct u ated ▁with ▁Mine ▁Island ) ▁and ▁Mir ror ▁Lake , ▁nest led ▁between ▁South ▁Mountain ▁and ▁East ▁Pe ak . ▁ ▁Port ions ▁of ▁the ▁park ▁extend ▁into ▁neighbor ing ▁Berlin ▁and ▁Sou thing ton . ▁ ▁Rec re ation ▁Hub b ard ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁out door ▁recre ation ▁destination . ▁The ▁park ▁is ▁crossed ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁h ik ing ▁tra ils , ▁most ▁not ably ▁the ▁ ▁blue - bla zed ▁Meta com et ▁Tra il ▁( m aint ained ▁by ▁the ▁Connecticut ▁Forest ▁and ▁Park ▁Association ), ▁which ▁travers es ▁East ▁Pe ak ▁and ▁West ▁peak ▁the ▁park . ▁Tra ils ▁are ▁open ▁to ▁h ik ing , ▁back country ▁ski ing ; ▁roads ▁are ▁open ▁to ▁b icy cling ▁and ▁mountain ▁b ik ing . ▁Sw imming ▁and ▁rock ▁clim bing ▁are ▁prohib ited . ▁From ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁Castle ▁Craig ▁it |
▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁see ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Qu inn ip iac ▁Valley ▁region , ▁Long ▁Island ▁Sound , ▁and ▁the ▁distant ▁higher ▁pe aks ▁of ▁southern ▁New ▁England . ▁East ▁Pe ak ▁is ▁often ▁c ited ▁as ▁the ▁highest ▁mountain ▁within ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁coast line ▁from ▁Cad illa c ▁Mountain ▁in ▁Maine ▁to ▁Florida , ▁however , ▁nearby ▁West ▁Pe ak ▁is ▁higher . ▁ ▁The ▁park ▁also ▁features ▁a ▁band shell ▁and ▁flower ▁gard ens ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁local ▁festiv als ▁and ▁concert s , ▁most ▁not ably ▁the ▁spring ▁D aff od il ▁Festival . ▁Castle ▁Craig ▁is ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁season . ▁A ▁park ▁road ▁( open ▁from ▁May ▁through ▁October ▁from ▁ 1 0 : 0 0 a . m . ▁to ▁ 5 : 0 0 p . m .) ▁travers es ▁the ▁park . ▁ ▁The ▁D aff od il ▁Festival ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁community ▁to ▁come ▁together ▁in ▁the ▁spring time . ▁H eld ▁every ▁last ▁week end ▁in ▁April , ▁the ▁festival ▁is ▁celebrated ▁with ▁food , ▁a ▁para de , ▁fire works , ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁da ff od ils . ▁The ▁park ▁is ▁filled ▁with ▁these ▁yellow ▁flowers ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁continues ▁to ▁rise . ▁Hub b ard ▁Park ▁is ▁transformed ▁with ▁a ▁craft ▁area ▁with ▁bo oth s ▁from ▁different ▁artists , ▁food ▁tent ▁with ▁live ▁music , ▁and ▁games ▁and ▁r ides |
. ▁Sh utt le ▁b uss es ▁are ▁available ▁throughout ▁Mer iden ▁including ▁Pl att ▁High ▁School , ▁Wil co x ▁Techn ical ▁School , ▁the ▁West field ▁Mall , ▁and ▁dow nt own ▁Mer iden ▁H UB . ▁The ▁D aff od il ▁Festival ▁is ▁free ▁ad mission ▁for ▁all . ▁ ▁The ▁Festival ▁of ▁Silver ▁L ights ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁celebr ation ▁with ▁season al ▁lights ▁that ▁are ▁displayed ▁throughout ▁the ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁winter ▁months . ▁There ▁are ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁light ed ▁displays ▁throughout ▁the ▁park ▁and ▁over ▁half ▁a ▁million ▁lights ▁are ▁used . ▁The ▁lights ▁include ▁many ▁forest ▁animals , ▁all ig ators , ▁cam els , ▁the ▁glo be , ▁a ▁Christmas ▁tree , ▁and ▁h anging ▁snow f la kes . ▁C ars ▁can ▁travel ▁through ▁the ▁park ▁and ▁be ▁mes mer ized ▁by ▁the ▁beauty ▁of ▁the ▁night ▁and ▁lights . ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁ ▁The ▁H anging ▁Hills ▁of ▁Mer iden ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Meta com et ▁R idge , ▁which ▁is ▁nearly ▁continuous ▁from ▁Bel ch ert own , ▁Massachusetts ▁to ▁Bran ford , ▁Connecticut . ▁The ▁h anging ▁Hills ▁were ▁formed ▁by ▁vol can ic ▁activity ▁ 2 0 0 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁during ▁the ▁rif ting ▁apart ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁from ▁E uras ia . ▁ ▁Two ▁major ▁la va ▁flows ▁covered ▁the ▁red ▁sand stone ▁valley ▁in ▁Mer iden . ▁ ▁Each ▁co o led ▁and ▁hard ened ▁into ▁trap ▁rock ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁bas |
alt ) ▁and ▁was ▁gradually ▁covered ▁by ▁sand ▁and ▁mud ▁which ▁er oded ▁from ▁the ▁surrounding ▁hills . ▁Once ▁the ▁vol can ic ▁activity ▁stopped , ▁the ▁whole ▁region ▁f ract ured ▁and ▁t ilt ed ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁Since ▁then , ▁hundreds ▁of ▁feet ▁of ▁the ▁so fter ▁sand stone ▁bed rock ▁have ▁er oded ▁from ▁the ▁valley , ▁leaving ▁the ▁dense , ▁hard ▁vol can ic ▁trap ▁rock ▁r idge ▁layers ▁standing ▁out ▁far ▁above ▁the ▁surrounding ▁landscape . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Black ▁dog ▁( g host ) ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁New ▁H aven ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Hart ford ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Sou thing ton , ▁Connecticut ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Ray mo , ▁Ch et ▁and ▁Ma ure en ▁E . ▁Writ ten ▁in ▁Stone : ▁A ▁Ge olog ic ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁N ort he astern ▁United ▁States . ▁Glo be ▁P equ ot , ▁Ch ester , ▁Connecticut , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Connecticut ▁Walk ▁Book : ▁A ▁Tra il ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁Connecticut ▁Out do ors . ▁ 1 7 th ▁Edition . ▁The ▁Connecticut ▁Forest ▁and ▁Park ▁Association . ▁Rock fall , ▁Connecticut . ▁Und ated . ▁ ▁Connecticut ▁Windows ▁on ▁the ▁Natural ▁World . ▁c ited ▁Dec . ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Connecticut ▁Forest ▁and ▁Park ▁Association ▁ ▁Leg end |
▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Dog ▁ ▁Mer iden ▁Land ▁Trust ▁ ▁The ▁Tra pro ck ▁W ilder ness ▁Rec overy ▁Str ategy ▁ ▁The ▁City ▁of ▁Mer iden ▁ ▁Category : Mer iden , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁New ▁H aven ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : H anging ▁Hills ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁New ▁H aven ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Hart ford ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : P arks ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Connecticut ▁Category : Report edly ▁ha unted ▁locations ▁in ▁Connecticut <0x0A> </s> ▁Jess al yn ▁Sarah ▁G ils ig ▁( born ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁actress ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁roles ▁in ▁television ▁series , ▁e . g . ▁as ▁La uren ▁Davis ▁in ▁Boston ▁Public , ▁G ina ▁Rus so ▁in ▁N ip / T uck , ▁Ter ri ▁Sch u ester ▁in ▁G lee , ▁and ▁as ▁Sig gy ▁Har ald son ▁on ▁the ▁History ▁Channel ▁series ▁Vik ings . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁in ▁Montreal , ▁Quebec , ▁Canada , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Cla ire , ▁a ▁writer ▁and ▁transl ator , ▁and ▁T oby ▁G ils ig , ▁an ▁engineer . ▁She ▁began ▁her ▁acting ▁in ▁a ▁voice ▁work ▁part ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 2 ▁for ▁a ▁National ▁Film ▁Board ▁of ▁Canada ▁production , ▁Mas qu erade . |
▁She ▁is ▁Jewish . ▁ ▁Education ▁G ils ig ▁attended ▁McG ill ▁University ▁in ▁Montreal , ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁gradu ating ▁with ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Arts ▁degree ▁in ▁English ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁She ▁later ▁purs ued ▁her ▁acting ▁studies ▁further ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University ' s ▁Institute ▁for ▁Advanced ▁Theater ▁Training . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁G ils ig ▁began ▁her ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁voice ▁actress . ▁She ▁has ▁done ▁voices ▁in ▁the ▁films ▁such ▁as ▁Mas qu erade , ▁and ▁for ▁television ▁series ▁such ▁as ▁Young ▁Robin ▁H ood . ▁ ▁She ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁where ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁several ▁off - B road way ▁plays . ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁her ▁association ▁with ▁David ▁E . ▁K elle y ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁her ▁st arring ▁role ▁in ▁Boston ▁Public . ▁ ▁After ▁guest - st arring ▁in ▁two ▁episodes ▁of ▁K elle y ' s ▁The ▁Pract ice , ▁G ils ig ▁was ▁cast ▁in ▁two ▁episodes ▁of ▁another ▁K elle y ▁program , ▁the ▁short - l ived ▁S no ops . ▁Although ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁cancel led ▁before ▁G ils ig ' s ▁episodes ▁were ▁broadcast , ▁K elle y ▁wrote ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁La uren ▁Davis ▁in ▁Boston ▁Public ▁specifically ▁for ▁her , ▁a ▁series ▁that ▁premier ed ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁on ▁FO X ; ▁G ils ig ▁would ▁leave ▁the ▁series ▁after |
▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Following ▁her ▁departure ▁from ▁Boston ▁Public , ▁G ils ig ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁N ip / T uck ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁as ▁G ina ▁Rus so , ▁a ▁role ▁she ▁continued ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁five ▁episodes ▁of ▁NY PD ▁Blue , ▁followed ▁by ▁four ▁episodes ▁of ▁FO X ' s ▁Pr ison ▁Break ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁her ▁extensive ▁cred its ▁in ▁television ▁and ▁theatre , ▁G ils ig ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁film , ▁beginning ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁film ▁The ▁Hor se ▁Wh is per er . ▁ ▁She ▁then ▁provided ▁the ▁speaking ▁voice ▁for ▁Kay ley ▁in ▁the ▁animated ▁film ▁Qu est ▁for ▁Cam el ot ▁( 1 9 9 8 ), ▁with ▁Andrea ▁Cor r ▁performing ▁the ▁character ' s ▁songs . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁Ch icks ▁with ▁St icks , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁See ▁This ▁Movie , ▁and ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁lead ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁movie ▁Flo od . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8 ▁she ▁had ▁rec urr ing ▁roles ▁in ▁two ▁television ▁series , ▁playing ▁Sh elle y , ▁the ▁sister ▁of ▁T ami ▁Taylor , ▁on ▁N BC ' s |
▁Friday ▁Night ▁L ights , ▁and ▁Cla ire ▁Ben net ' s ▁bi ological ▁mother , ▁Mer ed ith ▁Gordon , ▁on ▁Hero es . ▁G ils ig ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁main ▁role ▁of ▁Ter ri ▁Sch u ester ▁on ▁the ▁Fox ▁show , ▁G lee , ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁G ils ig ▁was ▁a ▁series ▁regular , ▁port ray ing ▁Sig gy ▁Har ald son , ▁wife ▁of ▁Earl ▁Har ald son ▁and ▁param our ▁of ▁R agn ar ▁L oth bro k ' s ▁brother , ▁Rol lo , ▁on ▁the ▁History ▁Channel ▁series ▁Vik ings ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁Sc andal ' '. ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁G ils ig ▁met ▁and ▁briefly ▁dated ▁her ▁future ▁husband ▁Bobby ▁Sal omon ▁as ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁student ▁- ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁football ▁team ▁quarter back ▁she ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁" co ol ▁gu y ". ▁Sal omon , ▁a ▁film ▁producer , ▁moved ▁to ▁Hollywood ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁began ▁d ating ▁again . ▁They ▁were ▁married ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁in ▁a ▁traditional ▁Jewish ▁wed ding ▁( G ils ig ' s ▁father ▁is ▁Jewish ). ▁G ils ig ▁and ▁Sal omon ▁have ▁a ▁daughter ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ |
▁G ils ig ▁file d ▁for ▁divor ce ▁from ▁Sal omon ▁on ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁cit ing ▁irre con cil able ▁differences , ▁having ▁been ▁separated ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁G ils ig ▁became ▁an ▁American ▁citiz en . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : Ang lo phone ▁Quebec ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁child ▁actress es ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁voice ▁actress es ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁child ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁voice ▁actress es ▁Category : Inst itute ▁for ▁Advanced ▁Theater ▁Training , ▁Harvard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : J ew ish ▁Canadian ▁actress es ▁Category : Mc G ill ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁actress es ▁Category : Pe ople ▁with ▁acquired ▁American ▁citizens hip <0x0A> </s> ▁War ham mer ▁Historical ▁W arg ames , ▁also |
▁known ▁as ▁War ham mer ▁Historical , ▁was ▁the ▁publish er ▁of ▁War ham mer ▁An cient ▁Batt les ▁and ▁other ▁game ▁systems . ▁It ▁was ▁an ▁im print ▁from ▁the ▁B L ▁Publishing ▁division ▁of ▁Games ▁Work shop . ▁ ▁From ▁a ▁le aked ▁email ▁from ▁Rob ▁Bro om , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁War ham mer ▁Historical , ▁it ▁appears ▁that ▁War ham mer ▁Historical ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁property ▁of ▁For ge ▁World ▁and ▁his ▁position ▁has ▁become ▁redundant . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Games ▁Work shop ▁had ▁dissol ved ▁the ▁War ham mer ▁Historical ▁corpor ate ▁structure . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Games ▁Work shop ▁closed ▁War ham mer ▁Historical ▁as ▁a ▁publishing ▁and ▁distribution ▁arm ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁These ▁games ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁available ▁to ▁purchase ▁new , ▁and ▁pres umably , ▁production ▁of ▁any ▁new ▁systems ▁has ▁also ▁ceased . ▁ ▁Game ▁Systems ▁ ▁War ham mer ▁An cient ▁Batt les ▁ ▁English ▁Civil ▁War ▁ ▁W arm aster ▁An ci ents ▁ ▁Leg ends ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁West ▁ ▁Leg ends ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Se as ▁ ▁The ▁Great ▁War ▁ ▁T raf al gar ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁War ham mer ▁Historical ▁W arg ames ▁The ▁Great ▁War ▁ ▁Category : G ames ▁Work shop ▁Category : M ass ▁media ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar es ú a ▁is ▁a ▁bar rio ▁in ▁the |
▁municipality ▁of ▁San ▁Germ án , ▁Puerto ▁Rico . ▁Its ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁was ▁ 1 , 7 9 4 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁from ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish - American ▁War ▁under ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Paris ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁conducted ▁its ▁first ▁census ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁finding ▁that ▁the ▁combined ▁population ▁of ▁Mar es ú a ▁and ▁T una ▁bar rios ▁was ▁ 1 , 0 4 4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁communities ▁in ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Bar rios ▁of ▁San ▁Germ án , ▁Puerto ▁Rico <0x0A> </s> ▁R olf ▁Fr inger ▁ ▁( born ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁football ▁manager ▁and ▁former ▁player . ▁He ▁has ▁managed ▁the ▁Switzerland ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁and ▁numerous ▁Swiss ▁football ▁clubs . ▁ ▁Career ▁At ▁FC ▁Lu z ern ▁he ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁counter att ack ing ▁football . ▁He ▁was ▁replaced ▁as ▁Lu z ern ▁manager ▁by ▁Mur at ▁Y ak in . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁R olf ▁Fr inger ▁would ▁join ▁FC ▁Zürich ▁as ▁manager ▁in ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁he ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁his ▁proud est ▁day ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁FC Z |
▁fan ▁as ▁a ▁child . ▁His ▁first ▁transfer ▁as ▁manager ▁was ▁to ▁sign ▁Bur im ▁K uk eli , ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁managed ▁at ▁FC ▁Lu z ern . ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁November ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁following ▁a ▁board ▁meeting ▁to ▁rel ieve ▁Fr inger ▁of ▁his ▁duties , ▁with ▁FC ▁Zürich ▁sitting ▁at ▁ 7 th ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁League . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : A ust rian ▁football ers ▁Category : Sw iss ▁football ers ▁Category : FC ▁Lu z ern ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Sch aff hausen ▁players ▁Category : A ust rian ▁football ▁man agers ▁Category : Sw iss ▁football ▁man agers ▁Category : B undes liga ▁man agers ▁Category : Sw itzerland ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁man agers ▁Category : Ap oll on ▁Lim ass ol ▁FC ▁man agers ▁Category : V f B ▁Stuttgart ▁man agers ▁Category : PA OK ▁FC ▁man agers ▁Category : FC ▁A ar au ▁man agers ▁Category : FC ▁St . ▁G allen ▁man agers ▁Category : FC ▁Lu z ern ▁man agers ▁Category : FC ▁Sch aff hausen ▁man agers ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ▁man agers ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ▁man agers ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ▁man agers ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ▁man agers ▁in ▁Greece <0x0A> |
</s> ▁Don ' t ▁Let ▁Mother ▁Know , ▁also ▁The ▁Bl iss ▁of ▁Ign or ance ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁American ▁silent ▁film ▁drama ▁produced ▁by ▁Har de e ▁Kirk land . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Max well ▁S argent , ▁Carl ▁Winter hoff , ▁Louise ▁Kelly , ▁Adri enne ▁K ro ell ▁and ▁Jack ▁J ons on . ▁The ▁film ▁status ▁is ▁uncertain ▁but ▁a ▁release ▁f lier ▁surv ives ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁at ▁the ▁Margaret ▁Her rick ▁Library ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Mot ion ▁Pictures ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences . ▁ ▁Plot ▁R ough ▁and ▁Re ady ▁Tom ▁Mor an ▁disco vers ▁an ▁in eb ri ated ▁individual , ▁Dick ▁B air d ▁who ▁is ▁getting ▁the ▁worst ▁of ▁a ▁qu elling ▁fight ▁against ▁odd s ▁and ▁res c ues ▁the ▁under ▁man . ▁ ▁B air d ▁is ▁about ▁all ▁in ▁as ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁his ▁previous ▁diss ip ation ▁and ▁this ▁last ▁b raw l . ▁ ▁He ▁conf esses ▁to ▁Norman ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁at ▁home ▁or ▁seen ▁his ▁mother ▁for ▁fifteen ▁years . ▁ ▁He ▁shows ▁Tom ▁the ▁picture ▁of ▁his ▁mother ▁and ▁sister ▁which ▁he ▁car ries ▁in ▁a ▁lo cket ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁cher ished ▁through ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁w ander ings . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁just ▁written ▁home ▁saying ▁that ▁he ▁will ▁return ▁on ▁a ▁visit , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁too ▁late ; ▁he ▁is ▁next ▁day ▁sl ug ged ▁to ▁death ▁by ▁a ▁rob ber , ▁his ▁last ▁words ▁to |
▁his ▁friend ▁being : ▁" Don ' t ▁let ▁mother ▁know ". ▁ ▁Tom ▁Mor an ▁finds ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁Dick ' s ▁home ▁and ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁his ▁sister . ▁ ▁The ▁mother ▁is ▁blind ▁and ▁thinks ▁her ▁own ▁boy ▁has ▁come ▁back ▁to ▁her . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁and ▁bless ▁her ▁decl ining ▁years . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Max well ▁S argent ▁- ▁Dick ▁B air d ▁ ▁Carl ▁Winter hoff ▁- ▁Tom ▁Mor an ▁ ▁Louise ▁Kelly ▁- ▁Mrs . ▁B air d ▁( as ▁Louise ▁K elle y ) ▁ ▁Adri enne ▁K ro ell ▁- ▁Ir ma ▁B air d , ▁ 1 5 ▁Years ▁Old ▁ ▁Jack ▁J ons on ▁- ▁Mark ▁Hat ton , ▁Ir ma ' s ▁Su itor ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁silent ▁short ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁short ▁films ▁Category : American ▁drama ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Fl uid ▁UI ▁is ▁a ▁browser - based ▁wire fr aming ▁and ▁pro tot yp ing ▁tool ▁developed ▁by ▁Fl uid ▁Software ▁and ▁used ▁to ▁design ▁mobile ▁touch ▁interfaces . ▁ ▁History ▁Fl uid ▁Software ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁software ▁development ▁company ▁founded ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁Dave ▁K ear ney ▁and ▁Ian ▁Hann igan . ▁The ▁company ▁began |
▁work ▁on ▁its ▁first ▁product ▁Fl uid ▁UI ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁entered ▁private ▁beta ▁on ▁December ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁The ▁beta ▁saw ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁users ▁tri alling ▁the ▁software . ▁Fl uid ▁UI ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁of ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Over view ▁Fl uid ▁UI ▁is ▁an ▁HTML 5 ▁mobile ▁interface ▁pro tot yp ing ▁tool ▁that ▁helps ▁the ▁user ▁interface ▁designer ▁to ▁rapidly ▁create ▁pro tot ypes ▁ ▁by ▁arr anging ▁pre - built ▁widget s ▁into ▁a ▁drag - and - drop ▁W Y SI W Y G ▁editor ▁during ▁the ▁requirements ▁stage ▁of ▁app ▁development . ▁It ▁enables ▁iteration ▁and ▁collaboration ▁between ▁user ▁and ▁client . ▁Platform s ▁supported ▁include ▁Android , ▁Android ▁Table t , ▁iPhone ▁and ▁i Pad . ▁ ▁Technology ▁Fl uid ▁UI ▁is ▁built ▁with ▁the ▁latest ▁web ▁techn ologies ▁HTML 5 , ▁CSS 3 ▁and ▁JavaScript . ▁Open ▁source ▁libraries ▁are ▁also ▁integrated ▁into ▁the ▁tool ▁- ▁primarily ▁jQuery . ▁The ▁editor ▁UI ▁uses ▁a ▁fixed ▁Zo oming ▁User ▁Interface ▁( Z UI ) ▁and ▁an ▁In finite ▁canvas ▁layout ▁model ▁for ▁content ▁display . ▁The ▁visual ▁linking ▁system ▁is ▁built ▁with ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁HTML 5 ▁canvas ▁and ▁CSS 3 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Rap id ▁Application ▁Development ▁ ▁Pro tot yp ing ▁ ▁Website ▁wire frame ▁ ▁Rap id ▁pro tot yp ing ▁ ▁Software ▁Pro tot yp ing ▁ ▁Mock - |
up ▁ ▁Human – comput er ▁interaction ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁Website ▁Fl uid ▁UI ▁Editor ▁ ▁Category : Rich ▁Internet ▁applications ▁Category : Web ▁frameworks ▁Category : M ash up ▁( web ▁application ▁hy brid ) ▁Category : So ftware ▁companies ▁of ▁Ireland <0x0A> </s> ▁South ▁Ch ung che ong ▁Province ▁( Ch ung che ong nam - do ) ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 8 ▁cities ▁( si ) ▁and ▁ 7 ▁count ies ▁( gun ). ▁ ▁The ▁city ▁and ▁county ▁names ▁below ▁are ▁given ▁in ▁English , ▁hang ul , ▁and ▁han ja . ▁ ▁C ities ▁ ▁Count ies ▁ ▁List ▁by ▁Population ▁and ▁Area ▁ ▁General ▁information ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ch ung che ong nam - do ▁ ▁* ▁* ▁Ch ung che ong , ▁South ▁Ch ung che ong , ▁South <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁ ▁Pal mer ▁( 6 ▁May ▁ 1 7 7 7 ▁– ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁Wh ig ▁and ▁ ▁Liberal ▁politician ▁who ▁sat ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁in ▁two ▁periods ▁between ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁and ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁ ▁Pal mer ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁West on ▁near ▁Bath , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Pal mer , ▁who ▁had ▁introduced ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁mail ▁coach es . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁College ▁and ▁Ori el ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁and ▁entered ▁the ▁army ▁as ▁cor net ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Drag o ons |
▁in ▁May ▁ 1 7 9 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁( MP ) ▁for ▁Bath . ▁ ▁Pal mer ▁served ▁with ▁his ▁regiment ▁during ▁the ▁Pen ins ular ▁war ▁and ▁acted ▁as ▁lieutenant - col onel ▁from ▁May ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 8 1 4 . ▁The ▁Prince ▁Reg ent ▁appointed ▁him ▁as ▁an ▁a ide - de - camp ▁on ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 1 8 1 1 , ▁and ▁he ▁held ▁the ▁rank ▁until ▁promoted ▁major - general ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 8 2 5 . ▁ ▁Pal mer ▁held ▁his ▁seat ▁at ▁Bath ▁until ▁ 1 8 2 6 . ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 9 ▁election , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁double ▁return ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁by - e lection ▁he ▁lost . ▁ ▁However ▁he ▁was ▁re - elect ed ▁for ▁Bath ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁and ▁held ▁the ▁seat ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁ ▁Pal mer ▁was ▁a ▁large ▁v ine - gro wer ▁at ▁Ch âteau ▁Pal mer ▁in ▁the ▁Gir onde ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁also ▁became ▁the ▁propriet or ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁Theatre ▁Royal . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 3 . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁death , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁bank rupt ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁costs ▁involved ▁in ▁running ▁his ▁v ine y ards , ▁and ▁had ▁sold ▁the ▁Bath |
▁Theatre ▁Royal ; ▁he ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁begg ing ▁on ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁London , ▁' sh unn ed ▁where ▁he ▁once ▁was ▁court ed .' ▁He ▁had ▁married ▁Mary ▁Elizabeth ▁At k yn s , ▁el dest ▁daughter ▁of ▁John ▁Thomas ▁At k yn s ▁of ▁Hunter com be ▁House , ▁Buck ingham shire . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁College ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Ori el ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁for ▁English ▁constitu encies ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 8 0 7 – 1 8 1 2 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 8 1 2 – 1 8 1 8 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 8 1 8 – 1 8 2 0 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 8 2 0 – 1 8 2 6 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 8 3 0 – 1 8 3 1 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 8 3 2 – 1 8 3 5 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 8 3 5 – 1 8 3 7 ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Bath , ▁Som erset <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pacific ▁Month ly ▁was ▁a ▁magazine ▁of ▁politics , ▁culture , ▁literature , ▁and ▁opinion , ▁published ▁in ▁Port |
land , ▁Oregon , ▁United ▁States ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁Southern ▁Pacific ▁Rail road ▁and ▁merged ▁with ▁its ▁magazine , ▁Sun set . ▁Sun set ▁still ▁car ries ▁the ▁sub title ▁" The ▁Pacific ▁Month ly ." ▁ ▁The ▁magazine ▁earned ▁pra ise ▁from ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁contempor aneous ▁publications , ▁both ▁locally ▁and ▁from ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁the ▁east ▁coast , ▁for ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁its ▁literary ▁content , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁details ▁like ▁paper ▁quality ▁and ▁illustr ations . ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁book , ▁it ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁" bad ly ▁needed " ▁" gre at ▁Western ▁magazine ." ▁During ▁its ▁years ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁publication , ▁The ▁Pacific ▁Month ly ''' s ▁most ▁frequent ▁contrib utor ▁was ▁Charles ▁Er sk ine ▁Scott ▁Wood . ▁From ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Port land ▁journalist ▁Fred ▁Lock ley ▁was ▁general ▁manager ▁and ▁frequent ▁writer . ▁ ▁Other ▁contrib utors ▁included ▁Leo ▁Tol sto y , ▁George ▁Ster ling , ▁Jo aqu in ▁Miller , ▁S inc la ir ▁Lewis , ▁and ▁Jack ▁London , ▁whose ▁novel ▁Martin ▁E den '' ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁serial ized ▁form ▁in ▁the ▁magazine . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Pacific ▁Month ly , ▁Volume ▁I , ▁issue ▁ 1 ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 8 9 8 ) ▁The ▁Pacific ▁Month ly ▁arch ives ▁at ▁H ath i Tr |
ust ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Oregon ▁Category : American ▁month ly ▁mag az ines ▁Category : Def unct ▁American ▁literary ▁mag az ines ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁published ▁in ▁Oregon ▁Category : M ass ▁media ▁in ▁Port land , ▁Oregon ▁Category : 1 9 1 1 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Oregon <0x0A> </s> ▁K has ap ur ▁Dam , ▁is ▁an ▁earth fill ▁dam ▁on ▁local ▁river ▁near ▁Par anda , ▁Os man abad ▁district ▁in ▁State ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁The ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁dam ▁above ▁lowest ▁foundation ▁is ▁ ▁while ▁the ▁length ▁is ▁. ▁The ▁gross ▁storage ▁capacity ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁Pur pose ▁ ▁Ir rig ation ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁D ams ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁res er voir s ▁and ▁d ams ▁in ▁India ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : D ams ▁in ▁Os man abad ▁district ▁Category : D ams ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Med aur us ▁was ▁the ▁Il ly rian ▁guard ian ▁de ity ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ris in ium , ▁and ▁possibly ▁a ▁war ▁god . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Med aur us ▁is ▁dep icted ▁as ▁r iding ▁on ▁horse back ▁and ▁carrying ▁a ▁j avel in . ▁As ▁the ▁prote |
ctor ▁of ▁Ris in ium , ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁that ▁Med aur us ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁war ▁god . ▁D yc zek ▁et ▁al . ▁indeed ▁note ▁that ▁a ▁rise ▁in ▁religios ity ▁has ▁been ▁later ▁observed ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ub ian ▁regions ▁threatened ▁by ▁German ic ▁tribes ▁during ▁the ▁M igration ▁Period ▁( 3 7 5 – 5 6 8 ), ▁especially ▁the ▁cult ▁of ▁Jup iter ▁Dep uls or ▁rep elling ▁the ▁enemies . ▁Med aur us ▁could ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁similar ▁function ▁for ▁Il ly rian ▁soldiers ▁fighting ▁far ▁from ▁their ▁home ▁around ▁the ▁Roman ▁l imes . ▁ ▁The ▁L amba esis ▁dedic ation ▁also ▁indicates ▁that ▁an ▁e quest rian ▁statue ▁of ▁Med aur us ▁had ▁been ▁ere cted ▁in ▁L amba esis ▁( N orth ▁Africa ), ▁likely ▁the ▁rep lica ▁of ▁a ▁monument al ▁statue ▁located ▁in ▁Ris in ium . ▁Rec ent ▁ar che ological ▁research ▁in ▁Ris in ium ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁statue ▁of ▁Med aur us ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁on ▁a ▁base ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 5 x 2 0 m , ▁and ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁ac ropol is ▁where ▁it ▁domin ated ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Att est ation ▁ ▁Med aur us ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁a ▁dedic ation ▁car ved ▁in ▁L amba esis ▁by ▁a ▁Roman ▁leg atus ▁native ▁of ▁Ris in ium ▁( present - day ▁R isan , ▁Mont en eg ro ) ▁and ▁more ▁scarcely ▁in ▁two ▁other ▁ins cri ptions ▁found ▁in ▁Ris in |
ium ▁and ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁di ▁Le uca ▁( L ec ce ). ▁The ▁L amba esis ▁ins cri ptions ▁are ▁today ▁lost , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁remaining ▁copies ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁by ▁the ▁Polish ▁L ég ion ▁É tr ang ère ▁soldier ▁Joseph ▁Kon arz ew ski ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁historian ▁Lé on ▁Ren ier . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁of ▁Med aur us ▁was ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁tem ples ▁of ▁As cle pi us ▁and ▁Sal us , ▁ere cted ▁ca . ▁ 1 6 1 – 1 6 2 . ▁The ▁L amba esis ▁ins cription ▁was ▁however ▁not ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁temple ▁of ▁As cle pi us , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁initially ▁thought ▁due ▁to ▁im prec ise ▁indic ations ▁given ▁by ▁Ren ier . ▁The ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁Med aur us ▁as ▁a ▁god ▁of ▁medicine , ▁often ▁encountered ▁in ▁works ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁is ▁therefore ▁less ▁certain . ▁A ▁fourth ▁mention ▁in ▁a ▁V andal ▁text ▁from ▁Africa , ▁that ▁could ▁acc red it ▁the ▁th esis ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁god , ▁is ▁also ▁unlikely , ▁as ▁it ▁probably ▁refers ▁instead ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mad au ros ▁in ▁Num idia . ▁ ▁Text s ▁ ▁The ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁L amba esis ▁dedic ation ▁is ▁an ▁unknown ▁leg atus ▁from ▁the ▁Leg io ▁III ▁August a ▁( in ▁service ▁from ▁ 1 7 8 ? ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 ) ▁who ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Mar com ann |
ic ▁Wars ▁with ▁the ▁Roman ▁em peror ▁Marcus ▁A ure lius , ▁and ▁was ▁eventually ▁nominated ▁Cons ul . ▁The ▁dedic ation ▁was ▁eng ra ved ▁in ▁two ▁different ▁times , ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁obtained ▁the ▁Cons ul ship ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁ 4 ▁lines . ▁The ▁lac unas ▁in ▁the ▁text ▁are ▁likely ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁dam nat io ▁mem oria e , ▁his ▁name ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁ins cription ▁as ▁a ▁pun ishment ▁for ▁a ▁fault . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Category : Il ly rian ▁myth ology ▁Category : Il ly rian ▁gods <0x0A> </s> ▁Billy ▁Sim ons ▁( born ▁December ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁singer - song writer ▁originally ▁from ▁Lud low , ▁Massachusetts . ▁His ▁music ▁is ▁often ▁described ▁as ▁ac oust ic ▁pop , ▁rock , ▁and ▁folk . ▁Although ▁he ▁sometimes ▁plays ▁with ▁a ▁tri o , ▁Sim ons ▁mostly ▁plays ▁solo ▁ac oust ic ▁shows ▁incorpor ating ▁a ▁suit case ▁kick d rum , ▁guitar ▁t apping , ▁beat box ing , ▁a ▁looping ▁effects ▁ped al , ▁and ▁a ▁dist orted ▁micro phone ▁through ▁which ▁he ▁s ings ▁what ▁sound ▁like ▁guitar ▁sol os , ▁always ▁playing ▁with ▁Taylor ▁Gu it ars ▁and ▁Gib son ▁Gu it ars . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Billy ▁Sim ons ▁began ▁giving ▁live ▁performances ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁ven ues ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁Bow |
ery ▁Ball room , ▁The ▁B itter ▁End , ▁Sin - e , ▁The ▁Living ▁Room , ▁and ▁The ▁Canal ▁Room . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Sim ons ▁released ▁a ▁compilation ▁of ▁his ▁compos itions ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁" The ▁J oker ' s ▁Hand " ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁on ▁i T unes . ▁ ▁Notable ▁songs ▁include ▁" S ister ▁Ag nes ," ▁" Body ," ▁and ▁" Part ▁II ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sim ons ▁released ▁a ▁live ▁solo ▁ac oust ic ▁album , ▁" Live ▁at ▁the ▁Academy " ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁Sim ons ▁released ▁" Music ▁From ▁the ▁Mot ion ▁Picture " ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁following ▁his ▁sold - out ▁CD ▁release ▁performance ▁at ▁The ▁B itter ▁End ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁opened ▁performances ▁for ▁Bobby ▁Mc F err in ; ▁Susan ▁Ted esch i ; ▁Dave ▁Matt he ws ▁collabor ator ▁Tim ▁Reyn olds ; ▁P ete ▁Francis ▁of ▁Dis patch ; ▁country ▁super star ▁Phil ▁V ass ar ; ▁Mat isy ahu ; ▁Sp in ▁Do ctors ▁Le ad ▁S inger ▁Chris ▁Bar ron ; ▁and ▁P ure ▁Pra irie ▁League . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Studio ▁Albums ▁& ▁EP s ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁" B illy ▁Sim ons " ▁( EP ) ▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁" The ▁J oker ' s ▁Hand " ▁ |
2 0 0 8 : ▁" S essions ▁On ▁A ▁Hill " ▁( EP ) ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁" Music ▁From ▁The ▁Mot ion ▁Picture " ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁" E ly ria " ▁ 2 0 1 8 : ▁" B less ▁Your ▁Heart " ▁ ▁Live ▁Albums ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁" Live ▁At ▁The ▁Academy " ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁Home page ▁ ▁Billy ▁Sim ons ▁on ▁My Space ▁ ▁Video ▁Link s : ▁ ▁Billy ▁Sim ons ▁plays ▁" Body " ▁from ▁the ▁album , ▁" Live ▁At ▁The ▁Academy " ▁ ▁Category : American ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Lud low , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Eng ae us ▁aff in is ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁c ray fish ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Par ast ac idae . ▁It ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁Australia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁Dor an , ▁N . ▁& ▁Hor witz , ▁P . ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Eng ae us ▁aff in is . ▁IU CN ▁Red ▁List ▁of ▁Th re aten ed ▁Species ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Retrieved ▁February ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Category : Par ast ac idae ▁Category : F resh water ▁cr ust ace ans ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : |
Cr ust ace ans ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Bo az ▁Allen ▁ ▁( born ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁oper atic ▁bar it one . ▁He ▁is ▁widely ▁adm ired ▁in ▁the ▁opera ▁world ▁for ▁his ▁voice , ▁the ▁vers at ility ▁of ▁his ▁re per toire , ▁and ▁his ▁acting — leading ▁many ▁to ▁regard ▁him ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁ly ric ▁bar it ones ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Chan cell or ▁of ▁Dur ham ▁University , ▁succeed ing ▁Bill ▁Bry son . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁ ▁Born ▁to ▁Florence ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Allen ▁in ▁the ▁min ing ▁village ▁of ▁Se ah am ▁Har bour , ▁County ▁Dur ham ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Allen ▁studied ▁at ▁Ry ho pe ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁becoming ▁captain ▁of ▁his ▁house ▁and ▁later ▁head ▁boy ▁while ▁also ▁doing ▁well ▁in ▁sports , ▁such ▁as ▁in ▁athlet ics , ▁rugby ▁and ▁especially ▁golf . ▁It ▁was ▁during ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁school ▁that ▁his ▁singing ▁voice ▁was ▁first ▁observed ▁by ▁the ▁then ▁Physics ▁master , ▁Den is ▁We ather ley , ▁himself ▁a ▁well - known ▁bar it one ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁and ▁especially ▁ren owned ▁for ▁North umber land ▁songs . ▁We ather ley ▁would ▁then ▁go ▁on |
▁to ▁be ▁Allen ' s ▁first ▁t utor , ▁training ▁the ▁young ▁bar it one ▁during ▁l unch ▁breaks . ▁ ▁Allen ' s ▁initial ▁amb ition ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁doctor ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁later ▁abandoned ▁when ▁he ▁won ▁a ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Music ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁with ▁Her vey ▁Alan ▁for ▁four ▁years , ▁special ising ▁in ▁or atorio ▁and ▁L ieder ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁In ▁his ▁final ▁term ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁oper atic ▁stage ▁debut ▁as ▁the ▁bar it one ▁lead ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Music ▁Opera ▁School ▁production ▁of ▁Arthur ▁Benjamin ' s ▁opera ▁Prima ▁Don na . ▁He ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Queen ' s ▁Prize ▁while ▁studying ▁at ▁the ▁college ▁which ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁study ▁under ▁James ▁Lock hart , ▁who ▁noticed ▁his ▁tal ents . ▁Under ▁Lock hart , ▁Allen ▁then ▁shift ed ▁his ▁attention ▁from ▁L ieder ▁and ▁or atorio ▁to ▁opera ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁as ▁D ' Ob igny ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁La ▁tra vi ata ▁with ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁National ▁Opera ▁( W NO ). ▁His ▁early ▁roles ▁with ▁the ▁W NO ▁also ▁included ▁Moz art ' s ▁Al m av iva , ▁G ug li el mo ▁and ▁Pap agen o , ▁Ross ini ' s ▁Fig aro , ▁Fal ke ▁in ▁Die ▁Fle der ma us , ▁Billy ▁Bud d , ▁P osa |
, ▁Eug ene ▁On egin ▁and ▁Germ ont . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁Cov ent ▁Garden ▁debut ▁as ▁Donald ▁in ▁Billy ▁Bud d ▁and ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁company ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁His ▁solo ▁G ly nd eb our ne ▁Festival ▁debut ▁was ▁as ▁Pap agen o ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁during ▁his ▁BBC ▁Prom s ▁performance , ▁Allen ▁col lapsed ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁second ▁solo , ▁tried ▁to ▁recover ▁for ▁his ▁third ▁but ▁col lapsed ▁again ▁and ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁stage ▁( he ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Patrick ▁Mc Car thy ). ▁▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁as ▁Fig aro ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁The ▁Mar riage ▁of ▁Fig aro ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁G ug li el mo ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁and ▁Don ▁Giovanni ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁ha iled ▁by ▁one ▁music ▁critic ▁as ▁the ▁fin est ▁English ▁bar it one ▁since ▁Sir ▁Charles ▁Sant ley . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Metropolitan ▁Opera ▁debut ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁as ▁Pap agen o . ▁He ▁left ▁Cov ent ▁Garden ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁fre el ance ▁singer ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁although ▁he ▁still ▁remains ▁a ▁guest ▁artist ▁with ▁the ▁company . ▁He ▁sang ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁stage ▁premi ere ▁of ▁Bus oni ' s ▁Dok tor ▁Fa |
ust ▁for ▁the ▁English ▁National ▁Opera ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁( a ▁performance ▁which ▁was ▁also ▁comm ended ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Laur ence ▁Oliv ier ▁Awards ▁when ▁the ▁production ▁won ▁the ▁award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Ach iev ement ▁in ▁Opera ), ▁while ▁his ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁Sal zburg ▁Festival ▁was ▁as ▁Ul isse ▁in ▁Monte ver di ' s ▁Il ▁r itor no ▁d ' U l isse ▁in ▁pat ria ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁His ▁Chicago ▁debut ▁was ▁Ross ini ' s ▁Fig aro ▁in ▁The ▁Bar ber ▁of ▁Se ville ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Pres ent ▁work ▁More ▁recently , ▁Allen ▁has ▁performed ▁Eisen stein ▁in ▁Die ▁Fle der ma us , ▁Don ▁Alfonso , ▁Ul isse ▁and ▁Don ▁Giovanni ▁at ▁the ▁Bayer ische ▁Staats oper , ▁Don ▁Giovanni ▁at ▁La ▁Scala , ▁Ye let sky ▁( in ▁The ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sp ades ), ▁Sh ar pl ess ▁( in ▁Mad ama ▁But ter fly ), ▁and ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁in ▁S ween ey ▁Tod d ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Opera ▁House , ▁Eisen stein ▁at ▁the ▁G ly nd eb our ne ▁Festival , ▁Don ▁Alfonso ▁at ▁the ▁Sal zburg ▁E aster ▁and ▁Summer ▁Fest iv als , ▁For ester ▁( The ▁C unning ▁Little ▁V ixen ) ▁at ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Opera ▁and ▁Beck mess er ▁( in ▁Die ▁Meister sing er ▁von ▁N ür n berg ) ▁at ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Opera ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁ |
▁Allen ▁also ▁appears ▁in ▁rec ital ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁throughout ▁Europe , ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁America , ▁with ▁his ▁rec ital ▁re per toire ▁no ▁less ▁extensive ▁than ▁his ▁oper atic ▁one ; ▁r anging ▁from ▁German ▁L ieder , ▁French ▁songs ▁by ▁Dup arc , ▁and ▁English ▁song ▁cycles ▁by ▁Ralph ▁V aug han ▁Williams ▁to ▁musical ▁numbers ▁by ▁Rod gers ▁and ▁Ham mer stein , ▁Jer ome ▁K ern ▁and ▁Cole ▁Por ter . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁recorded ▁or atorio ▁and ▁ch oral ▁works ▁such ▁as ▁Bra h ms ' ▁Ein ▁deutsch es ▁Re qu iem , ▁Hand el ' s ▁Sa ul , ▁and ▁Or ff ' s ▁Car mina ▁Bur ana . ▁The ▁greatest ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁re per toire ▁has ▁been ▁extens ively ▁recorded ▁with ▁such ▁distinguished ▁conduct ors ▁as ▁Sir ▁Georg ▁Sol ti , ▁James ▁Lev ine , ▁Sir ▁Ne ville ▁Mar r iner , ▁Bernard ▁H ait ink , ▁Sir ▁Simon ▁R attle , ▁Wolfgang ▁S aw all isch ▁and ▁Ric c ardo ▁M uti . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁( C BE ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁kn ight ed . ▁Both ▁awards ▁were ▁for ▁his ▁services ▁to ▁opera . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Opera ' s ▁Opera ▁Ad vis ory ▁Board , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁a ▁singer ▁had ▁been ▁given ▁such |
▁an ▁appointment . ▁ ▁Allen ' s ▁first ▁book , ▁Foreign ▁Part s – ▁A ▁S inger ' s ▁Journal ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁he ▁directed ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁Brit ten ' s ▁Albert ▁Her ring ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Music . ▁Other ▁director ial ▁cred its ▁include ▁Moz art ' s ▁Cos ì ▁fan ▁tutte ▁and ▁Don ▁Giovanni ▁( for ▁Sam ling , ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁patron ) ▁at ▁the ▁S age ▁Music ▁Centre ▁in ▁G ates head . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁American ▁director ial ▁debut ▁with ▁a ▁production ▁of ▁Moz art ' s ▁The ▁Mar riage ▁of ▁Fig aro ▁for ▁Arizona ▁Opera . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁directed ▁a ▁new ▁production ▁of ▁The ▁Bar ber ▁of ▁Se ville ▁for ▁Scottish ▁Opera . ▁He ▁has ▁directed ▁a ▁new ▁production ▁of ▁The ▁Mar riage ▁of ▁Fig aro ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁which ▁premier ed ▁in ▁Glasgow ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁also ▁performed ▁as ▁the ▁N arr ator / Dr . ▁P ang loss ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁concert ▁of ▁Leonard ▁Bern stein ' s ▁Cand ide ▁at ▁A very ▁Fish er ▁Hall ▁at ▁Lincoln ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Perform ing ▁Arts , ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁Allen ▁has ▁now ▁performed ▁at ▁Cov ent ▁Garden ▁for ▁over ▁thirty - five ▁years , ▁recently ▁having ▁played ▁in ▁total |
▁fifty ▁roles ▁with ▁the ▁company , ▁with ▁F an inal ▁from ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Der ▁Ros enk aval ier ▁mark ing ▁his ▁ 5 0 th ▁role ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁ 2 5 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁his ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Opera ▁was ▁celebrated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Allen ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁revealed ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁model ▁and ▁insp iration ▁in ▁developing ▁the ▁now ▁famous ▁character ▁of ▁Billy ▁Elli ot ▁in ▁the ▁play ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁by ▁Lee ▁Hall . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁performed ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Wo ody ▁Allen ▁in ▁Pu cc ini ' s ▁Gian ni ▁Sch ic chi ▁for ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Opera ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁at ▁the ▁S pole to ▁Festival ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁marked ▁the ▁ 4 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁W NO ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁also ▁mark ing ▁the ▁four ▁dec ades ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁opera ▁world . ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁annual ▁BBC ▁Prom s , ▁singing ▁songs ▁from ▁numerous ▁M GM ▁musical s ▁such ▁as ▁G igi , ▁K ism et ▁and ▁On ▁the ▁Town ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Albert ▁Hall , ▁London . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 / 1 0 ▁opera ▁season , ▁he ▁appeared ▁in ▁oper as ▁in ▁America , ▁Germany |
▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ; ▁as ▁F an inal ▁in ▁Der ▁Ros enk aval ier , ▁Don ▁Alfonso ▁in ▁Cos ì ▁fan ▁tutte , ▁Pro s doc imo ▁in ▁Il ▁tur co ▁in ▁Italia ▁and ▁Gian ni ▁Sch ic chi ▁at ▁Cov ent ▁Garden . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Allen ▁was ▁appointed ▁Chan cell or ▁of ▁Dur ham ▁University ▁by ▁the ▁University ' s ▁Con v ocation , ▁to ▁serve ▁from ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁succession ▁to ▁Bill ▁Bry son . ▁His ▁first ▁concert ▁with ▁the ▁university ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Dur ham ▁C athedral ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁appearing ▁alongside ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁student ▁perform ers . ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Allen ▁marked ▁his ▁ 4 0 th ▁anni versary ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Opera ▁House , ▁Cov ent ▁Garden , ▁singing ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Don ▁Alfonso ▁in ▁Cos ì ▁fan ▁tutte . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁sang ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Baron ▁Z eta ▁in ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Opera ' s ▁production ▁of ▁Franz ▁Le h ár ' s ▁oper etta ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁W id ow , ▁a ▁role ▁he ▁repr ised ▁at ▁the ▁Met ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . Person al ▁life ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁supp orter ▁of ▁S under land ▁A . F . C .. ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the |
▁S under land ▁A . F . C . ▁char ity ▁Foundation ▁of ▁Light ▁event . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Bayer ischer ▁K amm ers änger , ▁awarded ▁by ▁the ▁Bav arian ▁State ▁Opera ▁Honor ary ▁M emb ership ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁Vis iting ▁Professor ▁of ▁Sing ing ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁Hamb ro ▁Vis iting ▁Professor ship ▁of ▁Opera ▁Studies ▁at ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Honor ary ▁Fellow ▁of ▁Jesus ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Fellow ship ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Music ▁Fellow ship ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁S under land ▁M . A . ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁New castle ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Music ▁( D Mus ) ▁degree ▁from ▁Dur ham ▁University ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁B irmingham . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁New ▁Year ▁Hon ours ▁he ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁( C BE ) ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Queen ' s ▁B irth day ▁Hon ours ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁Knight ▁Bach elor ▁and ▁therefore ▁a ▁sir ▁The ▁Queen ' s ▁Medal ▁for ▁Music ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁His ▁film ▁cred its ▁include ▁The ▁Real ▁Don ▁Giovanni ▁and ▁Mrs ▁Hend erson ▁Pres ents ' '. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Mass en et : ▁Wer ther ▁( Col in ▁Davis ▁recording ) ▁ ▁Moz art : ▁Le ▁no z ze ▁di ▁Fig aro ▁( Ge org ▁Sol ti ▁recording ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Thomas ▁Allen ▁by ▁Bruce ▁D uff |
ie , ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Se ah am ▁Category : A cadem ics ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Music ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Music ▁Category : Command ers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁Category : English ▁oper atic ▁bar it ones ▁Category : G ram my ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : K n ights ▁Bach elor ▁Category : Sing ers ▁awarded ▁kn ighth ood s ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁County ▁Dur ham ▁Category : Ch an cell ors ▁of ▁Dur ham ▁University <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Independent ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁( 1 9 4 4 ) ▁( Span ish : ▁Partido ▁Social ista ▁Independ iente , ▁P SI ) ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁by ▁En rique ▁Bald iv ies o , ▁José ▁Tam ay o , ▁Fernando ▁Cam per o ▁Ál vare z ▁and ▁August o ▁Gu zm án , ▁former ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Social ist ▁Party . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁coup ▁d ' état ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁the ▁coming ▁to ▁power ▁of ▁Major ▁G ual berto ▁Vill ar ro el ▁López , ▁the ▁United ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁split , ▁with ▁a ▁diss ident ▁group ▁forming ▁the ▁Independent ▁Social ist ▁Party , ▁which ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁co oper ated ▁with ▁the ▁Vill ar ro el ▁regime ▁and ▁with ▁Cong r |
essional ▁majority ▁b loc . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁Vill ar ro el , ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁November , ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁the ▁Independent ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁joined ▁with ▁the ▁G enu ine ▁Republican ▁Party , ▁the ▁United ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁Republican ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁Republican ▁Social ist ▁Unity ▁Party . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁Boliv ia ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁Category : So cial ist ▁parties ▁in ▁Boliv ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Dev il ▁Town ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁independent ▁mystery ▁film , ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Har vey ▁Mit k as . ▁The ▁film ▁marks ▁Mit k as ' ▁director al ▁debut . ▁It ▁stars ▁Soph ia ▁Tak al , ▁Lawrence ▁Michael ▁Lev ine , ▁No ah ▁G ers h man , ▁L inds ay ▁Bur d ge , ▁Jenn ifer ▁Kim , ▁and ▁Alex ▁Ross ▁Perry . ▁The ▁film ▁had ▁its ▁world ▁premi ere ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁Sar as ota ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Plot ▁A ▁young ▁woman ' s ▁sister ▁goes ▁missing . ▁To ▁find ▁her ▁missing ▁sister , ▁she ▁sets ▁out ▁on ▁a ▁quest ▁throughout ▁Brook lyn , ▁en list ing ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁the ▁weird est ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Soph ia ▁Tak al ▁as ▁E ve ▁Phill ips ▁ ▁Lawrence ▁Michael ▁Lev ine ▁as ▁Beau ▁Haw th |
or ne ▁ ▁No ah ▁G ers h man ▁as ▁Tom ▁Hall erman ▁ ▁L inds ay ▁Bur d ge ▁as ▁Isabel ▁Phill ps ▁▁ ▁Jenn ifer ▁Kim ▁as ▁Col len ▁Con way ▁ ▁Alex ▁Kar p ov sky ▁as ▁Ter rance ▁B ard ▁ ▁Alex ▁Ross ▁Perry ▁as ▁Det ect ive ▁Ira ▁Gold berg ▁ ▁Mark eting ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁an ▁official ▁te aser ▁and ▁image ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁released . ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁film ▁had ▁its ▁world ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁Sar as ota ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁screen ▁at ▁the ▁Brook lyn ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁and ▁the ▁North side ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁June ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁through ▁No B ud ge . com , ▁an ▁independent ▁film ▁premi ere - stream ing ▁website ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁independent ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁mystery ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁mystery ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁missing ▁people ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁director ial ▁debut ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁D af y dd ▁ap ▁D af y dd ▁L |
l w yd ▁( born ▁ 1 5 4 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Wel sh ▁poet . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁D af y dd ▁L l w yd ▁ab ▁I e uan . ▁ ▁His ▁works ▁include ▁po ems ▁written ▁to ▁Gilbert ▁Hum ph rey ▁of ▁C ef n ▁Dig oll , ▁Mont . ▁( 1 5 9 6 ), ▁Dr ▁David ▁Pow el , ▁Si ô n ▁Hu ws ▁of ▁Ma es ▁y ▁P andy , ▁near ▁Tal yl lyn , ▁and ▁also ▁some ▁Y m ry son au ▁( b ard ic ▁deb ates ) ▁between ▁himself ▁and ▁Roger ▁Cy ff in ▁( and ▁also ▁with ▁Lew ys ▁D wn n ). ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁religious ▁and ▁moral ▁po ems . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Lloyd ▁is ▁his ▁great - grand son . ▁David ▁Lloyd ▁is ▁a ▁relative , ▁though ▁the ▁exact ▁relation ▁is ▁unknown . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Wel sh ▁po ets ▁Category : Wel sh ▁male ▁po ets <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁An ch orage ▁Buc s ▁Baseball ▁Club ▁is ▁a ▁college ▁summer ▁baseball ▁team ▁in ▁An ch orage , ▁Al aska . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Al aska ▁Baseball ▁League ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁originally ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁as ▁an ▁An ch orage ▁Ad ult ▁League ▁team . ▁Team ▁colors ▁are ▁black ▁and ▁gold . ▁Form er ▁players ▁who ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁maj ors ▁include ▁Keith |
▁F oul ke , ▁Geoff ▁Jenkins , ▁W ally ▁Jo yn er , ▁Don ▁August , ▁Jeff ▁Kent ▁and ▁numerous ▁others . ▁They ▁were ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Cook ▁In let ▁Buc s ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Home ▁games ▁are ▁played ▁at ▁Mul c ah y ▁Stadium ▁in ▁An ch orage . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Al aska ▁Category : Al aska ▁Baseball ▁League ▁Category : Am ateur ▁baseball ▁teams ▁in ▁Al aska ▁Category : Base ball ▁teams ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Category : S ports ▁in ▁An ch orage , ▁Al aska <0x0A> </s> ▁Y uri y ▁Ts y up yk ▁( born ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁male ▁ ▁track ▁cycl ist , ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁team . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁U CI ▁Track ▁Cy cling ▁World ▁Championships . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁cy cling arch ives . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁track ▁cycl ists ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁male ▁cycl ists ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁received ▁by ▁American ▁director ▁James ▁Camer on . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Camer on , ▁James ▁Category : James |
▁Camer on <0x0A> </s> ▁Tur ret ▁bo ards ▁were ▁an ▁early ▁attempt ▁at ▁making ▁electronic ▁circ uits ▁that ▁were ▁relatively ▁rug ged , ▁produ cible , ▁and ▁service able ▁in ▁the ▁days ▁before ▁printed ▁circuit ▁bo ards ▁( PC B s ). ▁As ▁this ▁method ▁was ▁somewhat ▁more ▁expensive ▁than ▁conventional ▁" point - to - point " ▁w iring ▁techniques , ▁it ▁was ▁generally ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁more ▁expensive ▁components , ▁such ▁as ▁professional , ▁commercial , ▁and ▁military ▁audio ▁and ▁test ▁equipment . ▁This ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁cord wood ▁construction . ▁ ▁Tur ret ▁bo ards ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁thin ▁( gener ally ▁ 1 / 8 inch ) ▁piece ▁of ▁non - con duct ive ▁material ▁d ril led ▁in ▁pattern ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁electronic ▁layout ▁of ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁components . ▁Each ▁hole ▁d ril led ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁tur ret ▁position ed ▁in ▁it . ▁Electron ic ▁components ▁are ▁susp ended ▁between ▁these ▁tur rets ▁and ▁sol der ed ▁to ▁them ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁complete ▁circuit ▁layout . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁electron ics ▁used ▁in ▁W W II ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁this ▁construction ▁method , ▁and ▁Al te c ▁professional ▁g ear ▁of ▁similar ▁v int age ▁has ▁the ▁same ▁construction . ▁However , ▁the ▁unders ide ▁of ▁some ▁tur ret ▁bo ards , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁consumer ▁Z en ith ▁ 1 A 1 0 ▁console ▁radio , ▁circa ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁consists ▁of ▁an ▁array ▁of ▁electron ics ▁components ▁that |
▁are ▁simply ▁susp ended , ▁rather ▁than ▁t ether ed ▁or ▁sol der ed ▁down , ▁and ▁thus ▁could ▁move ▁unexpected ly . ▁Such ▁construction ▁methods ▁t ended ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁radio ▁repair man ▁in ▁work . ▁In ▁general , ▁however , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁tur rets ▁and ▁tur ret ▁bo ards ▁dram atically ▁improved ▁reli ability ▁and ▁service ability . ▁ ▁Tur ret ▁bo ards ▁addition ally ▁allowed ▁some ▁degree ▁of ▁" engine ered " ▁construction . ▁That ▁is , ▁an ▁engineer ▁could ▁design ▁a ▁tur ret ▁board ▁with ▁listed ▁component ▁inter connect s ▁such ▁that ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁assemble d ▁by ▁someone ▁sk illed ▁in ▁component ▁recognition ▁and ▁sol der ing . ▁A ▁sch ematic ▁was ▁unnecessary ▁for ▁assembly . ▁ ▁Until ▁reliable ▁high - temper ature ▁printed ▁circuit ▁bo ards ▁were ▁developed , ▁tur ret ▁board ▁construction ▁was ▁considered ▁the ▁best ▁available ▁technology . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁tur ret ▁bo ards ▁is ▁limited ▁to ▁hand - w ired ▁vac u um ▁t ube ▁electron ics ▁( be ▁it ▁commercial ▁or ▁h ob by ), ▁often ▁as ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁rep licate ▁a ▁classic ▁design ▁or ▁design ▁approach . ▁Popular ▁" DI Y " ▁( Do - It - Your self ) ▁components ▁util izing ▁this ▁approach ▁include ▁reprodu ction ▁v int age ▁guitar ▁ampl ifiers ▁and ▁certain ▁professional ▁studio ▁components ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁classic ▁and ▁still ▁widely ▁used ▁Tele tr on ix ▁LA 2 A ▁t ube ▁compress |
or . ▁In ▁general , ▁however , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁exp ense ▁and ▁time - consum ing ▁nature ▁of ▁tur ret ▁board ▁construction ▁methods , ▁experimental ▁or ▁test - stage ▁electron ics ▁projects ▁generally ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁types ▁of ▁perf board ▁available , ▁while ▁final ▁circ uits — both ▁h ob by ▁and ▁commercial — util ize ▁printed ▁circuit ▁bo ards . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Tur ret ▁Board ▁Const ruction ▁How - To ▁ ▁Category : E lect ron ic ▁design ▁Category : E lect ron ics ▁manufact uring <0x0A> </s> ▁Ek ets ▁Go IF ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁football ▁club ▁located ▁in ▁E ket . ▁ ▁Background ▁Ek ets ▁Go IF ▁currently ▁plays ▁in ▁Division ▁ 4 ▁Sk å ne ▁Nord vä stra ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁sixth ▁tier ▁of ▁Swedish ▁football . ▁They ▁play ▁their ▁home ▁matches ▁at ▁the ▁Ry av allen ▁in ▁E ket . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁is ▁affili ated ▁to ▁Sk å nes ▁Fot bol l för bund . ▁ ▁Season ▁to ▁season ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁Sk å ne ▁County ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Sweden ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Sweden ▁ ▁sv : E k ets ▁Go IF <0x0A> </s> ▁St are ▁G onne ▁ ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Cz ap line k , ▁within ▁Draw sko ▁County , ▁West ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in |
▁north - western ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Cz ap line k , ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁Draw sko ▁Pom or skie , ▁and ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Sz cz ec in . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁Germany . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁St are ▁G onne <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Kate ' s ▁Bas in ▁Fire ▁is ▁a ▁wild fire ▁complex ▁which ▁began ▁burning ▁south west ▁of ▁Th erm opol is ▁and ▁north ▁of ▁River ton ▁in ▁Hot ▁Spr ings ▁County , ▁Wy oming . ▁The ▁fire ▁complex ▁started ▁as ▁the ▁Kate ' s ▁Bas in ▁and ▁Bl ond ie ▁# 2 ▁fires ▁on ▁August ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁by ▁August ▁ 1 8 , ▁it ▁had ▁burn ed ▁over ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁fire ▁started ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁light ning . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁fighting ▁of ▁the ▁fire ▁a ▁burn ▁over ▁incident ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁James ▁( J im ) ▁Burn ett ▁of ▁Hat field , ▁Ark ansas , ▁the ▁Engine ▁B oss ▁of ▁Oklahoma ▁Engine ▁# 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Pacific ▁North west ▁National ▁Inc ident ▁Management ▁Team , ▁Kate ' s ▁Bas in ▁Fire ▁Complex ▁Ass ess ment ▁of ▁Summer ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Wild f ires : ▁Land s cape ▁History , ▁Current ▁Cond ition ▁and ▁O wn ership ▁National ▁Inter ag ency ▁Fire ▁Center , ▁ 1 9 |
9 7 - 2 0 0 6 ▁Lar ge ▁F ires ▁( 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 + ▁fires ) ▁Oklahoma ▁Wild lands ▁Fire fig h ter ▁Memorial ▁James ▁Burn ett ▁Memorial ▁Page ▁" In j ured ▁Oklahoma ▁fire fig h ter ▁returned ▁home ", ▁The ▁Daily ▁Ar d more ite , ▁August ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁" F lare - up ▁dead ly ▁for ▁Ark ansas ▁fire fig h ter ", ▁The ▁Shaw ne e ▁News - Star ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁wild f ires ▁Category : Hot ▁Spr ings ▁County , ▁Wy oming ▁Category : W ild f ires ▁in ▁Wy oming ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁in ▁Wy oming <0x0A> </s> ▁Olymp ia cos ▁CF P ▁Super le ague ▁Formula ▁team ▁is ▁the ▁racing ▁team ▁of ▁Olymp ia cos ▁CF P , ▁a ▁major ▁Greek ▁multi - s port ▁club , ▁based ▁in ▁P ira eus , ▁Ath ens . ▁The ▁Olymp ia cos ▁CF P ▁racing ▁team ▁compet es ▁in ▁the ▁Super le ague ▁Formula . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁operated ▁by ▁G U - R acing ▁International ▁in ▁both ▁seasons . ▁ ▁Record ▁( key ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Super ▁Final ▁results ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁did ▁not ▁count ▁for ▁points ▁towards ▁the ▁main ▁championship . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁▁ ▁Chris ▁van ▁der ▁Dr ift ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁Super ▁Final ▁at ▁Br ands ▁H atch ▁but ▁was |
▁unable ▁to ▁comp ete ▁due ▁to ▁suffering ▁inj uries ▁from ▁a ▁large ▁crash ▁in ▁race ▁two ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁him ▁being ▁taken ▁to ▁hospital ▁with ▁a ▁broken ▁an k le , ▁two ▁broken ▁rib s , ▁a ▁crack ed ▁shoulder ▁bla de , ▁a ▁dis located ▁shoulder ▁and ▁two ▁broken ▁fingers . ▁His ▁Super ▁Final ▁place ▁was ▁taken ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁sevent h ▁highest ▁points - sc orer ▁of ▁the ▁week end , ▁Y el mer ▁Bu ur man . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Olymp ia cos ▁CF P ▁Super le ague ▁Formula ▁team ▁min is ite ▁ ▁Official ▁Olymp ia cos ▁CF P ▁football ▁club ▁website ▁ ▁Formula ▁▁ ▁Category : Super le ague ▁Formula ▁club ▁teams <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mount ▁Cla re ▁Sh ops ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁rail road ▁manufact uring ▁complex ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁located ▁in ▁Baltimore , ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Rail road ▁( B & O ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 . ▁ ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁many ▁invent ions ▁and ▁innov ations ▁in ▁rail road ▁technology . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁B & O ▁Rail road ▁Museum . ▁ ▁The ▁museum ▁and ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁station ▁were ▁designated ▁a ▁National ▁Historic ▁Land mark ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Mount ▁Cla re ▁site ▁was ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁an ▁estate ▁owned ▁by ▁Charles ▁Car roll ▁( bar r ister ), |
▁a ▁distant ▁cousin ▁of ▁Charles ▁Car roll ▁of ▁Car roll ton . ▁( See ▁Mount ▁Cla re ▁( M ary land ). ) ▁The ▁initial ▁operations ▁of ▁the ▁B & O ▁used ▁hor sec ars , ▁and ▁the ▁earliest ▁facilities ▁on ▁the ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁site ▁included ▁a ▁dep ot ▁and ▁st ables ▁for ▁horses . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁passenger ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁U . S . ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁by ▁Peter ▁Cooper ▁at ▁the ▁nearby ▁C anton ▁Iron ▁Works , ▁the ▁B & O ▁began ▁building ▁locomot ives ▁at ▁M t . ▁Cla re , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁fre ight ▁cars , ▁passenger ▁cars , ▁brid ges ▁and ▁other ▁rail road ▁equipment . ▁Ross ▁Win ans ▁and ▁Ph ine as ▁Davis , ▁pione ers ▁in ▁locomot ive ▁design , ▁built ▁their ▁invent ions ▁at ▁M t . ▁Cla re . ▁The ▁sh ops ▁employed ▁ 1 0 0 ▁workers ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁B & O ▁built ▁an ▁iron works ▁at ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 0 . ▁The ▁first ▁iron ▁rail road ▁brid ges , ▁designed ▁by ▁Wend el ▁B oll man , ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁sh ops ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s . ▁ ▁A ▁round house , ▁engine ▁service ▁and ▁car ▁sh ops , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁dep |
ot ▁were ▁also ▁built ▁at ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁during ▁this ▁period . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁the ▁rail road ▁built ▁a ▁found ry , ▁black sm ith ▁shop , ▁additional ▁car ▁sh ops ▁and ▁an ▁office ▁building ▁at ▁M t . ▁Cla re . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁the ▁rail road ▁added ▁a ▁bridge ▁fabric ation ▁shop . ▁ ▁A ▁circular ▁( act ually ▁ 2 2 - s ided ) ▁passenger ▁car ▁shop , ▁sometimes ▁mis l abeled ▁as ▁a ▁round house , ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁architect ▁E . ▁Francis ▁Bald win ▁and ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁completion ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁circular ▁industrial ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁ ▁in ▁diameter ▁and ▁ ▁high . ▁ ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁sh ops ▁employed ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁workers ▁by ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁and ▁over ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁the ▁B & O ▁ere cted ▁a ▁large ▁locomot ive ▁shop , ▁saw mill , ▁machine ▁shop , ▁a ▁gra in ▁elev ator ▁and ▁a ▁tender ▁shop . ▁ ▁Air - condition ed ▁passenger ▁cars ▁were ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁B & O ▁and ▁the ▁Car rier ▁Corporation ▁at ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁rail |
road ▁built ▁its ▁last ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁at ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁as ▁the ▁rail road ▁increased ▁its ▁use ▁of ▁dies el ▁locomot ives , ▁there ▁was ▁less ▁demand ▁for ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁and ▁machine ▁shop ▁work ▁at ▁M t . ▁Cla re . ▁ ▁The ▁rail road ▁abandoned ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁circular ▁car ▁shop ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁and ▁made ▁it ▁available ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁museum . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁a ▁fire ▁destroyed ▁the ▁M t . ▁Cla re ▁locomot ive ▁ere ct ing ▁shop . ▁The ▁Ch es ape ake ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Railway ▁( C & O ) ▁purchased ▁the ▁B & O , ▁also ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁locomot ive ▁rep airs ▁were ▁handled ▁at ▁the ▁B & O ▁sh ops ▁in ▁C umber land , ▁Maryland . ▁Only ▁car ▁rep airs ▁were ▁continued ▁at ▁M t . ▁Cla re , ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁when ▁all ▁shop ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁was ▁dis cont in ued . ▁ ▁By ▁this ▁time ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁buildings ▁were ▁in ▁dis rep air , ▁and ▁most ▁were ▁demol ished ▁by ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁except ▁for ▁those ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁museum . ▁CS X ▁Transport ation , ▁the ▁successor ▁rail road ▁company , ▁sold ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁property , ▁and ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁M t |
. ▁Cla re ▁site ▁have ▁been ▁retained ▁by ▁the ▁museum . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁locomot ive ▁build ers ▁Baltimore ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Rail road ▁Mart ins burg ▁Sh ops ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁B & O ▁Rail road ▁Museum ▁ ▁Category : Black sm ith ▁sh ops ▁Category : B alt imore ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Rail road ▁Category : Ind ust rial ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Maryland ▁Category : Lo comot ive ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ation ▁in ▁Maryland ▁Category : R ail way ▁work sh ops ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ind ust rial ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Baltimore ▁Category : National ▁Historic ▁Land marks ▁in ▁Maryland ▁Category : S outh west ▁Baltimore ▁Category : R ail way ▁work sh ops ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁Category : R ail way ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Maryland ▁Category : Transport ation ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Baltimore <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁( ; ▁NAT O ▁reporting ▁name ▁SS - 2 5 ▁S ick le ; ▁G RA U ▁design ation : ▁ 1 5 Ж 5 8 ▁(" 1 5 Z h 5 8 "); ▁ST ART ▁I ▁design ation : ▁R S - 1 2 M ▁Top ol ) ▁is ▁a ▁mobile ▁inter cont inental ▁ball istic ▁miss ile ▁designed ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁in ▁service ▁with ▁Russia |
' s ▁Str ateg ic ▁Miss ile ▁Tro ops . ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 2 0 s , ▁all ▁SS - 2 5 ▁IC B M s ▁will ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁versions ▁of ▁Top ol - M . ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁stage ▁solid ▁prop ell ant ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁is ▁an ▁improved ▁mobile ▁IC B M ▁which ▁replaced ▁earlier ▁out dated ▁miss ile ▁complex es . ▁It ▁emer ged ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁line ▁of ▁development ▁as ▁mobile ▁miss iles ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁R T - 2 1 ▁Temp ▁ 2 S ▁and ▁the ▁R SD - 1 0 ▁P ione er , ▁and ▁was ▁deployed ▁as ▁a ▁replacement ▁for ▁the ▁widely ▁deployed ▁U R - 1 0 0 . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁considered ▁developing ▁their ▁own ▁road - mobile ▁IC B M ▁called ▁the ▁M idget man , ▁but ▁the ▁program ▁was ▁can ce led ▁with ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War . ▁ ▁Development ▁of ▁the ▁R T - 2 PM ▁was ▁approved ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Institute ▁of ▁Th erm al ▁Technology ▁head ed ▁by ▁Alexander ▁Nad ir ad ze . ▁Fl ight ▁tests ▁were ▁conducted ▁on ▁the ▁P les et sk ▁test ▁site ▁from ▁February ▁through ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁The ▁main ▁problem ▁that ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁overcome ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁was ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁battle ▁management ▁system . ▁After ▁the ▁first ▁test ▁series ▁was ▁successfully |
▁conducted ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁regiment ▁with ▁Top ol ▁miss iles ▁put ▁on ▁alert ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁Through out ▁this ▁time ▁work ▁continued ▁on ▁impro ving ▁the ▁battle ▁management ▁system . ▁The ▁test ▁miss ile ▁fir ings ▁were ▁finally ▁completed ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁The ▁first ▁regiment ▁of ▁" Top ol " ▁miss iles ▁employ ing ▁a ▁modern ized ▁mobile ▁command ▁center ▁( in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Ir k ut sk ) ▁were ▁put ▁on ▁alert ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁After ▁Nad ir ad ze ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Bor is ▁N . ▁Lap yg in ▁continued ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁Top ol ▁miss ile . ▁ ▁Design ▁ ▁The ▁R T - 2 PM ▁IC B M ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁road ▁mobile ▁and ▁is ▁mounted ▁on ▁a ▁heavy ▁tr uck ▁( MA Z - 7 3 1 0 ▁or ▁MA Z - 7 9 1 7 ). ▁ ▁The ▁R T - 2 ▁is ▁a ▁road ▁mobile ▁ 3 - stage , ▁single ▁war head ▁IC B M . ▁Its ▁ 2 1 . 5 ▁meter ▁length ▁and ▁ 1 . 7 ▁meter ▁diameter ▁are ▁approximately ▁the ▁same ▁size ▁and ▁shape ▁as ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Min ut eman ▁IC B M . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁throw - weight ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 0 kg ▁and ▁car ries ▁a |
▁single ▁war head ▁with ▁a ▁yield ▁of ▁ 8 0 0 kt ▁and ▁accuracy ▁( CE P ) ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 m . ▁Its ▁road ▁mobile ▁cap ability ▁gave ▁the ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁an ▁extremely ▁high ▁probability ▁of ▁surv ival . ▁It ▁can ▁fire ▁from ▁field ▁deployment ▁sites ▁or ▁through ▁sl iding ▁roof ▁gar age ▁bases . ▁The ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁joined ▁oper ational ▁Soviet ▁SR F ▁reg iments ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁A ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 1 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁kilom eters ▁could ▁be ▁required ▁to ▁deploy ▁a ▁force ▁consisting ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁road - mobile ▁Top ol ▁IC B M s . ▁Mobile ▁units ▁require ▁a ▁much ▁higher ▁number ▁of ▁personnel ▁for ▁maintenance ▁and ▁operation ▁than ▁fixed ▁systems . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁was ▁significantly ▁more ▁cost ly ▁to ▁maintain ▁and ▁operate ▁than ▁sil o ▁launched ▁systems . ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁stages ▁are ▁made ▁of ▁composite ▁materials . ▁During ▁first ▁stage ▁operation ▁the ▁flight ▁control ▁is ▁implemented ▁through ▁four ▁aer od ynamic ▁and ▁four ▁jet ▁van es . ▁Four ▁similar ▁tre ll ised ▁aer od ynamic ▁surfaces ▁serve ▁for ▁stabil ization . ▁During ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁stage ▁of ▁flight ▁gas ▁is ▁inject ed ▁into ▁the ▁diver ging ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁no zz le ▁for ▁flight ▁control . ▁ ▁The ▁miss ile ▁is ▁deployed ▁in ▁a ▁Trans porter ▁E rect or ▁La |
unch er ▁( TE L ) ▁can ister ▁mounted ▁on ▁cross - country ▁ 7 - ax le ▁ch ass is ▁on ▁a ▁mobile ▁launch ▁vehicle . ▁The ▁ch ass is ▁incorpor ates ▁j acks , ▁gas ▁and ▁hyd ra ul ic ▁drives ▁and ▁cyl ind ers , ▁with ▁a ▁power ▁of ▁several ▁hundred ▁tons , ▁for ▁jack ing ▁and ▁level ing ▁of ▁the ▁launch er , ▁speed ing ▁up ▁( com bat ) ▁and ▁slow ing ▁down ▁( m aint aining ) ▁elev ation ▁of ▁the ▁container ▁with ▁the ▁miss ile ▁in ▁the ▁vertical ▁position . ▁The ▁T EL ▁is ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁Mobile ▁command ▁post , ▁carrying ▁support ▁facilities ▁mounted ▁on ▁cross - country ▁ 4 - ax le ▁ch ass is ▁with ▁un ified ▁v ans . ▁The ▁complex ▁is ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁an ▁on board ▁in ert ial ▁navigation ▁system ▁which ▁gives ▁the ▁T EL ▁group ▁the ▁cap ability ▁to ▁conduct ▁the ▁launch ▁independently ▁from ▁its ▁field ▁deployment ▁sites . ▁This ▁to po - ge odes ic ▁support ▁and ▁navigation ▁sub system , ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁" Sign al " ▁Research ▁Institute , ▁provides ▁a ▁quick ▁and ▁highly ▁precise ▁tie - in ▁of ▁the ▁launch er ▁in ▁a ▁field ▁position ▁and ▁enables ▁its ▁crew ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁miss ile ▁launch es ▁from ▁any ▁combat ▁pat rol ▁route ▁point . ▁The ▁launch ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁at ▁regiment al ▁bases ▁from ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁g arrison ▁gar age . ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁history ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time |
▁of ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁ST ART ▁I ▁Tre aty ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁had ▁deployed ▁some ▁ 2 8 8 ▁Top ol ▁miss iles . ▁Dep loyment ▁continued , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 6 0 ▁Top ol ▁miss iles ▁were ▁deployed . ▁ ▁The ▁Top ol ▁miss ile ▁was ▁deployed ▁at ▁previously ▁developed ▁deployment ▁sites . ▁After ▁the ▁IN F ▁Tre aty ▁was ▁signed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁several ▁SS - 2 0 ▁deployment ▁sites ▁were ▁adapted ▁to ▁launch ▁the ▁Top ol ▁miss iles . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁expressed ▁specific ▁concerns ▁during ▁the ▁IN F ▁treat y ▁negoti ations . ▁When ▁the ▁SS - 2 5 ▁miss ile ▁system ▁was ▁deployed ▁in ▁the ▁field , ▁with ▁its ▁miss ile ▁inside ▁the ▁can ister ▁and ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁launch er , ▁the ▁US ▁cont ended ▁that ▁the ▁can ister ▁might ▁conce al ▁an ▁R SD - 1 0 ▁P ione er ▁miss ile . ▁This ▁was ▁of ▁concern ▁because ▁unlike ▁the ▁single ▁war head ▁of ▁the ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol , ▁the ▁R SD - 1 0 ▁carried ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 ▁war head s . ▁A ▁resolution ▁was ▁reached ▁after ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁agreed ▁to ▁allow ▁ins pection ▁parties ▁to ▁use ▁radiation ▁detection ▁systems ▁to ▁measure ▁fast ▁neut ron ▁intensity ▁flux ▁em an ating ▁from ▁the ▁launch ▁can ister . ▁A ▁launch ▁can ister ▁with ▁a ▁miss ile ▁inside ▁containing ▁a |
▁single ▁war head , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol , ▁em itted ▁a ▁different ▁pattern ▁of ▁fast ▁neut rons ▁than ▁did ▁one ▁with ▁a ▁miss ile ▁having ▁three ▁war head s , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁R SD - 1 0 . ▁ ▁Pro vis ions ▁of ▁the ▁S AL T ▁II ▁agreement ▁prohib ited ▁the ▁deployment ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁new ▁miss ile ▁( which ▁became ▁R T - 2 3 UT Th ), ▁it ▁was ▁officially ▁declared ▁by ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁that ▁the ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁was ▁developed ▁to ▁upgrade ▁the ▁sil o ▁based ▁R T - 2 . ▁The ▁US ▁government ▁disput ed ▁this ▁view , ▁cont ending ▁that ▁the ▁miss ile ▁was ▁clearly ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 % ▁larger ▁and ▁had ▁twice ▁the ▁throw - weight ▁as ▁the ▁R T - 2 ▁and ▁therefore ▁constit uted ▁a ▁new ▁miss ile ▁system . ▁Marsh al ▁Nikol ai ▁Og ark ov , ▁Soviet ▁Chief ▁of ▁General ▁Staff ▁cancel led ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁test ▁flight ▁of ▁the ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁launched ▁from ▁P les et sk ▁( the ▁launch ▁site ▁in ▁north west ▁Russia ▁used ▁for ▁test ▁firing ▁of ▁solid ▁fuel ▁prop ell ant ▁IC B M s )- ▁ 2 4 ▁minutes ▁later ▁to ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁K ly uch i ▁target ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁Kam chat ka ▁Pen ins ula . ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁the ▁scheduled ▁launch |
▁was ▁the ▁night ▁that ▁Korean ▁Air ▁L ines ▁Fl ight ▁ 0 0 7 ▁was ▁shot ▁down ▁after ▁accident ally ▁intr ud ing ▁Soviet ▁air space ▁over ▁Kam chat ka . ▁ ▁An ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁with ▁two ▁M IR V s ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁tested ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁miss ile ▁was ▁tested ▁at ▁least ▁once ▁with ▁four ▁M IR V ▁war head s , ▁but ▁there ▁has ▁apparently ▁been ▁no ▁further ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁multiple ▁war head ▁version . ▁This ▁became ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁cont ention ▁during ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁ST ART ▁negoti ations , ▁at ▁which ▁time ▁the ▁US ▁pressed ▁for ▁a ▁definition ▁of ▁" download ing " ▁( rem oving ▁war head s ▁from ▁miss iles ) ▁that ▁would ▁comp licate ▁any ▁Soviet ▁attempt ▁suddenly ▁to ▁deploy ▁multiple ▁war head s ▁on ▁the ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol . ▁ ▁Russia ▁plans ▁to ▁re equ ip ▁approximately ▁ 4 0 0 ▁sil os ▁where ▁ob sole te ▁U R - 1 0 0 , ▁R T - 2 ▁and ▁MR - UR - 1 0 0 ▁miss iles ▁are ▁located . ▁Under ▁the ▁ST ART ▁II ▁Tre aty , ▁which ▁never ▁had ▁and ▁most ▁likely ▁will ▁never ▁have ▁a ▁binding ▁effect , ▁Russia ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁place ▁ 9 0 ▁single - war head ▁solid ▁fuel ▁miss iles ▁in ▁re equ ipped ▁R - 3 6 ▁sil os . ▁In |
▁order ▁to ▁guard ▁against ▁a ▁break - out ▁scenario ▁involving ▁the ▁rapid ▁recon version ▁of ▁R - 3 6 ▁sil os ▁on - site ▁ins pection ▁became ▁a ▁very ▁important ▁aspect ▁of ▁ST ART ▁II ▁ver ification . ▁ ▁Post - S ov iet ▁period ▁ ▁The ▁break up ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁had ▁a ▁significant ▁impact ▁on ▁the ▁Top ol ▁program . ▁The ▁dispers ed ▁manufact uring ▁of ▁IC B M ▁components ▁seriously ▁complicated ▁research ing ▁and ▁building ▁new ▁miss ile ▁systems . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Min sk ▁Whe e led ▁T ruck - T ractor ▁Man ufact uring ▁Plant ▁in ▁Bel arus ▁manufact ured ▁the ▁miss iles ' ▁trans porter ▁launch ers , ▁and ▁some ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁guidance ▁system ▁were ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁In ▁Bel arus , ▁as ▁of ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁ 6 3 ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁IC B M s ▁originally ▁deployed ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁returned ▁to ▁Russia . ▁As ▁of ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Bel arus ▁had ▁two ▁oper ational ▁mobile ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁reg iments ▁remaining ▁on ▁its ▁territory , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁nuclear ▁war head s . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Bel arus ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁Russia ▁placing ▁the ▁reg iments ▁under ▁exclusive ▁Russian ▁control . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Moscow ▁and ▁Min sk ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement |
▁requiring ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁these ▁nuclear ▁miss iles ▁and ▁all ▁related ▁miss ile ▁support ▁equipment ▁to ▁Russia ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 8 1 ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁IC B M s ▁and ▁associated ▁war head s ▁were ▁returned ▁to ▁Russia ▁from ▁Bel arus . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁resources ▁and ▁qualified ▁personnel ▁forced ▁the ▁Str ateg ic ▁Ro cket ▁Forces ▁to ▁cut ▁back ▁operations ▁consider ably , ▁with ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁reg iments ▁of ▁the ▁mobile ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁miss iles ▁dispers ed ▁in ▁the ▁field . ▁The ▁remaining ▁ 4 0 ▁or ▁so ▁reg iments , ▁each ▁with ▁nine ▁single - war head ▁miss iles , ▁remain ▁in ▁g arrison . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁test ▁of ▁oper ational ▁read iness , ▁the ▁Str ateg ic ▁Ro cket ▁Forces ▁successfully ▁launched ▁a ▁sil o - based ▁Top ol ▁IC B M ▁at ▁a ▁target ▁in ▁the ▁K ura ▁Test ▁Range ▁in ▁Kam chat ka . ▁The ▁Top ol ▁miss ile , ▁the ▁oldest ▁of ▁its ▁type ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁ar sen al , ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁performed ▁f law lessly ▁despite ▁having ▁out l ived ▁by ▁ 1 5 0 ▁percent ▁its ▁oper ational ▁period ▁of ▁service . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁history ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 |
, ▁another ▁successful ▁test ▁launch ▁was ▁conducted . ▁One ▁Top ol ▁from ▁a ▁mobile ▁launch er ▁at ▁P les et sk ▁test ▁site ▁reached ▁its ▁target ▁on ▁Kam chat ka . ▁As ▁the ▁Str ateg ic ▁Ro cket ▁Forces ▁representative ▁reported , ▁it ▁allowed ▁for ▁the ▁extension ▁of ▁Top ol ' s ▁service ▁life ▁to ▁ 2 1 ▁years . ▁ ▁Another ▁test ▁of ▁the ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁on ▁Th urs day , ▁August ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁launch ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁spe cially ▁task ed ▁to ▁test ▁the ▁miss ile ' s ▁cap ability ▁to ▁avoid ▁ground - based ▁detection ▁systems . ▁The ▁test ▁included ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁war head , ▁designed ▁to ▁pen et rate ▁miss ile ▁defense ▁systems . ▁ ▁Another ▁test ▁was ▁conducted ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁when ▁a ▁Top ol ▁was ▁launched ▁from ▁the ▁P les et sk ▁test ▁site ▁in ▁northern ▁Russia . ▁The ▁miss ile , ▁with ▁a ▁dummy ▁war head , ▁hit ▁a ▁target ▁at ▁the ▁K ura ▁Test ▁Range ▁on ▁the ▁Kam chat ka ▁Pen ins ula . ▁Russian ▁president ▁D mit ry ▁Med ved ev ▁observed ▁the ▁test ▁on ▁site . ▁ ▁Test s ▁conducted ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁ 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁confirmed ▁service ▁life ▁extension ▁to ▁ 2 3 ▁years ▁( to ▁ 2 0 |
1 9 ). ▁More ▁tests ▁for ▁extension ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁were ▁announced , ▁and ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁an ▁R S - 1 2 M ▁Top ol ▁Inter cont inental ▁Ball istic ▁Miss ile ▁was ▁launched ▁from ▁the ▁P les et sk ▁site ▁in ▁northern ▁Russia ▁▁▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Russia ▁test ▁fired ▁an ▁R S - 1 2 M ▁Top ol ▁Inter cont inental ▁Ball istic ▁Miss ile ▁from ▁Kap ust in ▁Y ar ▁testing ▁ground ▁near ▁the ▁C asp ian ▁Sea , ▁successfully ▁hitting ▁its ▁target ▁at ▁a ▁test ▁ground ▁in ▁Kaz akh stan . ▁Although ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁had ▁received ▁advanced ▁notice ▁about ▁the ▁test ▁it ▁had ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁the ▁crisis ▁in ▁the ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Russia ▁test ▁fired ▁an ▁R S - 1 2 M ▁Top ol ▁Inter cont inental ▁Ball istic ▁Miss ile ▁from ▁Kap ust in ▁Y ar ▁testing ▁ground . ▁ ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁- ▁The ▁Russian ▁Str ateg ic ▁Miss ile ▁Forces ▁have ▁conducted ▁a ▁successful ▁test ▁launch ▁of ▁a ▁R S - 1 2 M ▁Top ol ▁inter cont inental ▁ball istic ▁miss ile , ▁the ▁Def ense ▁Ministry ▁said ▁Friday . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁min istry , ▁the ▁miss ile , ▁launched ▁from ▁the ▁P les et sk ▁space ▁center ▁in ▁north western ▁Russia ▁has ▁hit ▁a |
▁designated ▁target ▁on ▁the ▁Kam chat ka ▁pen ins ula ▁" with ▁high ▁precision ." ▁The ▁R S - 1 2 M ▁Top ol ▁( SS - 2 5 ▁S ick le ) ▁is ▁a ▁single - war head ▁inter cont inental ▁ball istic ▁miss ile , ▁which ▁entered ▁service ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁maximum ▁range ▁of ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 km ▁( 6 , 1 2 5 ▁miles ) ▁and ▁can ▁carry ▁a ▁nuclear ▁war head ▁with ▁a ▁yield ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 5 5 0 ▁kil ot ons . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Russian ▁Str ateg ic ▁Miss ile ▁Tro ops ▁performed ▁a ▁miss ile ▁test ▁with ▁a ▁sub orb ital ▁launch ▁of ▁a ▁R S - 1 2 M ▁Top ol ▁miss ile ▁from ▁Kap ust in ▁Y ar . ▁The ▁test ▁was ▁successful . ▁ ▁The ▁Top ol ▁will ▁eventually ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁road - mobile ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Top ol - M ▁miss ile . ▁ ▁US ▁Air ▁Force ▁National ▁Air ▁and ▁Space ▁Int elligence ▁Center ▁estim ating ▁that ▁as ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁launch ers ▁were ▁operation ally ▁deployed . ▁ ▁Vari ants ▁▁ ▁Start - 1 ▁– ▁a ▁commercial ▁space ▁launch ▁vehicle ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁miss ile . ▁ ▁Oper ators ▁ ▁The ▁Str ateg ic ▁Miss ile ▁Tro ops ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁operator ▁of ▁the ▁R T - 2 |
PM ▁Top ol . ▁As ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁ 3 6 ▁road - mobile ▁R T - 2 PM ▁Top ol ▁miss iles ▁are ▁deployed ▁with : ▁▁ 3 5 th ▁Ro cket ▁Division ▁at ▁Bar na ul ▁▁ 7 th ▁Gu ards ▁Ro cket ▁Division ▁at ▁V yp ol z ovo ▁ ▁Form er ▁operators ▁▁▁▁ 3 9 th ▁Gu ards ▁Ro cket ▁Division ▁( P ash ino , ▁Nov os ib ir sk ▁O blast ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Str ateg ic ▁Miss ile ▁Tro ops ▁ ▁R T - 2 PM 2 ▁Top ol - M ▁ ▁R S - 2 4 ▁Y ars ▁ ▁R S - 2 6 ▁R ube zh ▁ ▁R S - 2 8 ▁S arm at ▁ ▁R - 3 6 ▁( miss ile ) ▁ ▁U R - 1 0 0 N ▁ ▁L GM - 3 0 ▁Min ut eman ▁ ▁D F - 5 ▁ ▁D F - 4 1 ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Pod v ig , ▁P avel . ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁Russian ▁Str ateg ic ▁N uc lear ▁Force . ▁Cambridge , ▁MA : ▁The ▁M IT ▁Press . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁CS IS ▁Miss ile ▁Th re at ▁- ▁SS - 2 5 ▁" Top ol " ▁ ▁kap yar ▁( in ▁Russian ) ▁ ▁Russian ▁N uc lear ▁Forces , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁The ▁Bul letin ▁of ▁the ▁At omic ▁Scient ists , ▁March |
/ A pril ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁pp . 2 ▁ ▁G lob alse curity . org ▁SS - 2 5 ▁info ▁ ▁R T - 0 0 2 PM ▁Category : C old ▁War ▁inter cont inental ▁ball istic ▁miss iles ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : We ap ons ▁and ▁am mun ition ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁R T - 0 0 2 PM ▁Category : V ot kin sk ▁Machine ▁Building ▁Plant ▁products <0x0A> </s> ▁East ▁Tim or ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Winter ▁Youth ▁Olympics ▁in ▁L ille ham mer , ▁Norway ▁from ▁ 1 2 ▁to ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Al pine ▁ski ing ▁ ▁Alex i ▁G out t ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁make ▁his ▁nation ' s ▁Winter ▁Youth ▁Olympic ▁debut ▁after ▁qual ifying ▁in ▁al pine ▁ski ing . ▁Despite ▁appearing ▁at ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremony ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁particip ate ▁in ▁any ▁event . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁East ▁Tim or ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁East ▁Tim or ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Winter ▁Youth ▁Olympics ▁Category : E ast ▁Tim or ▁at ▁the ▁Youth ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁John ▁W endl ▁( born ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 3 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁engineer ▁who ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Mc D onn ell - D oug las ▁Corporation |
, ▁mainly ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁a eros pace ▁control . ▁He ▁is ▁noted ▁primarily ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁developers ▁of ▁terrain ▁following ▁technology ▁and ▁a ▁pro ponent ▁of ▁incorpor ating ▁energy ▁management ▁theory ▁into ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁f ighter ▁aircraft . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁Wright ▁Brothers ▁Medal ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁with ▁Ralph ▁P ru itt , ▁Gordon ▁G . ▁Gro se , ▁and ▁J . ▁L . ▁Por ter ▁for ▁a ▁paper ▁discuss ing ▁future ▁aircraft ▁designs ▁that ▁integrate ▁fly - by - wire ▁controls ▁with ▁engine ▁in lets / no zz les ▁and ▁advanced ▁pilot ▁displays . ▁ ▁Biography ▁W endl ▁attended ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁gradu ating ▁with ▁B S ▁in ▁Elect rical ▁Engineering ▁( EE ) ▁from ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Engineering ▁and ▁App lied ▁Science ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁He ▁did ▁his ▁gradu ate ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁institution ▁under ▁John ▁Z ab orsz ky , ▁working ▁as ▁an ▁instruct or ▁for ▁physics ▁and ▁E E ▁courses ▁and ▁comple ting ▁a ▁th esis ▁on ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁serv os ▁for ▁he ated ▁g ases ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁W endl ▁joined ▁Mc D onn ell ▁A ircraft ▁working ▁in ▁guidance ▁and ▁flight ▁control ▁systems , ▁which ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁were ▁topics ▁experien cing ▁rapid ▁adv anc ements . ▁The ▁company ▁had ▁expanded ▁its ▁efforts ▁into ▁a ▁vig orous ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁program ▁to ▁support ▁its ▁aircraft ▁and ▁miss ile ▁programs ▁and ▁W endl ' s |
▁efforts ▁focused ▁on ▁prop ulsion / control ▁coupling , ▁energy ▁management , ▁fly - by - wire ▁controls , ▁terrain ▁following , ▁and ▁control ▁augment ation . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁he ▁co - author ed ▁a ▁paper ▁document ing ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁vertical ▁terrain - follow ing ▁cap ability ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁General ▁Electric ▁ 6 6 6 A ▁actu ator ▁system ▁as ▁applied ▁to ▁f ighter - b om ber ▁aircraft , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁F - 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁Mc D onn ell ▁was ▁engaged ▁in ▁the ▁fier ce ▁US AF ▁F - X ▁program ▁competition ▁for ▁an ▁aircraft ▁that ▁would ▁counter ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Mig - 2 5 . ▁It ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁contract ▁for ▁what ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁F - 1 5 ▁E agle ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁W endl ▁directed ▁the ▁fuel ▁system ▁design ▁and ▁development ▁program ▁and ▁later ▁contributed ▁to ▁various ▁engineering ▁ref in ements ▁to ▁subsequent ▁models ▁of ▁the ▁E agle . ▁ ▁W endl ▁is ▁of ▁eth nic ▁German ▁her itage ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Michael ▁Christopher ▁W endl . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : American ▁a eros pace ▁engine ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 3 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : W right ▁Brothers ▁Medal ▁recip ients <0x0A> </s> ▁V atti ray an ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁Northern ▁Province . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List |
▁of ▁towns ▁in ▁Northern ▁Province , ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Department ▁of ▁Census ▁and ▁Statistics ▁- S ri ▁L anka ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Northern ▁Province , ▁Sri ▁L anka <0x0A> </s> ▁Har inder ▁Singh ▁G iani ▁( born ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁at ▁Gu j ran w ala ▁and ▁died ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁at ▁Ch and ig ar h ) ▁was ▁an ▁em inent ▁jur ist , ▁who ▁pract iced ▁at ▁the ▁bar ▁of ▁the ▁P un j ab ▁and ▁H ary ana ▁High ▁Court ▁at ▁Ch and ig ar h ▁for ▁over ▁ 4 2 ▁years . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁Senior ▁Central ▁Government ▁Stand ing ▁Coun sel ▁in ▁the ▁mid - n inet ies . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁committee ▁set ▁up ▁to ▁draft ▁a ▁new ▁constitution ▁for ▁the ▁Di wan . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁Pr at ap ▁Singh ▁G iani , ▁the ▁em inent ▁S ikh ▁scholar ▁and ▁call ig raph er . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁K art ar ▁Singh ▁Gy ani , ▁a ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁S ikh ▁G ur ud w ara ▁Jud icial ▁Commission , ▁Am rit s ar . ▁ ▁He ▁remained ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Local ▁Committee , ▁Ch and ig ar h ▁of ▁the ▁Chief ▁Kh als a ▁Di wan ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁de cade ▁and ▁dedicated ▁a ▁large ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁spare ▁time ▁for ▁it ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁G uru |
▁H ark r ish an ▁Public ▁School , ▁Ch and ig ar h . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Ob itu ary ▁- ▁The ▁Trib une ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁" Ch else a " ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁song ▁recorded ▁by ▁American ▁pop ▁rock ▁band ▁Stef y . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁from ▁their ▁debut ▁album , ▁The ▁Orange ▁Album ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁It ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁main stream ▁radio ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁was ▁made ▁available ▁as ▁a ▁CD ▁single ▁and ▁digital ▁download ▁by ▁Wind - up ▁Records ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 8 . ▁The ▁song ▁features ▁a ▁mel ody ▁that ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁The ▁Eur ythm ics ' ▁" S weet ▁Dream s ▁( Are ▁Made ▁of ▁This ) ". ▁ ▁" Ch else a " ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Harry , ▁Greg ▁Kur st in ▁and ▁Stef y ▁R ae , ▁while ▁production ▁was ▁handled ▁by ▁Harry . ▁The ▁song ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁from ▁music ▁critics , ▁who ▁favor ably ▁compared ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁G wen ▁Stef ani ▁and ▁Bl ond ie , ▁but ▁found ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁" weak " ▁debut ▁single . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁moder ately ▁successful ▁after ▁its ▁release , ▁pe aking ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁Dance ▁Club ▁Play , ▁and ▁playing ▁a ▁prominent ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁FIFA |
▁World ▁Cup ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁release ▁ ▁" Ch else a " ▁was ▁written ▁and ▁produced ▁during ▁recording ▁sessions ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ▁at ▁ 3 2 0 ▁Studios ▁and ▁Bomb sh elter ▁Studios . ▁S essions ▁for ▁Stef y ' s ▁debut ▁album , ▁The ▁Orange ▁Album , ▁began ▁when ▁lead ▁singer ▁Stef y ▁R ae ▁was ▁" look [ ing ] ▁for ▁[ a ] ▁sense ▁of ▁uniqu eness " ▁in ▁the ▁music ▁industry . ▁R ae ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁inspired ▁to ▁write ▁" Ch else a " ▁after ▁another ▁woman ▁st ole ▁her ▁boy friend . ▁ ▁The ▁single ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Stef y ▁lead ▁singer ▁Stef y ▁R ae , ▁Greg ▁Kur st in , ▁and ▁Jimmy ▁Harry , ▁while ▁production ▁was ▁handled ▁sole ly ▁by ▁Harry . ▁The ▁track ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁as ▁a ▁CD ▁single ▁and ▁digital ▁download ▁by ▁Wind - up ▁Records . ▁The ▁CD ▁single ▁version ▁of ▁" Ch else a " ▁came ▁with ▁B - side ▁track ▁" C over ▁Up ". ▁The ▁single ▁was ▁later ▁issued ▁to ▁main stream ▁radio ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁where ▁it ▁received ▁mod est ▁success ▁and ▁significant ▁air play , ▁chart ing ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁Dance ▁Club ▁Play ▁for ▁nine ▁consecutive ▁weeks . ▁ ▁Com position ▁and ▁reception ▁▁ ▁Mus ically , ▁" Ch else a " ▁is ▁a ▁b ubble g um ▁pop ▁and ▁new ▁wave ▁track , ▁referencing |
▁the ▁music ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁Chris ▁Car le , ▁writing ▁for ▁I GN , ▁described ▁the ▁single ▁as ▁an ▁" ode ▁to ▁je alous y " ▁that ▁started ▁" with ▁[ a ] ▁Eur h ythm ics - style ▁synth ▁before ▁launch ing ▁into ▁a ▁sn ar ling , ▁almost - t ough ▁ch orus ." ▁Marcus ▁Duke ▁for ▁the ▁Daily ▁Express ▁also ▁noted ▁the ▁" s ly ▁sampling " ▁of ▁Eur h ythm ics , ▁and ▁stated ▁" Ste f y ▁R ae ▁has ▁definitely ▁been ▁influenced ▁by ▁G wen ▁Stef ani ." ▁Francis ▁Pet ru ziel lo ▁of ▁Domain ▁Cleveland ▁Entertainment ▁wrote ▁an ▁album ▁review ▁of ▁The ▁Orange ▁Album ▁and ▁stated ▁"' Ch else a ' ▁k icks ▁off ▁[ the ] ▁album ▁with ▁the ▁pix ie - like ▁vocals ▁of ▁Stef y ▁R ae ▁singing ▁about ▁a ▁boy friend ▁leaving ▁her ▁for ▁another ▁woman ." ▁ ▁" Ch else a " ▁received ▁generally ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁from ▁music ▁critics . ▁Chris ▁Car le ▁of ▁I GN ▁pra ised ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁being ▁a ▁" stand out ▁track " ▁and ▁a ▁" gre at ▁bl end ▁of ▁play ful ▁and ▁pain ful ". ▁Similarly , ▁Marcus ▁D unk ▁of ▁the ▁Daily ▁Express ▁wrote ▁that ▁" Ch else a " ▁was ▁a ▁highlight ▁for ▁Stef y . ▁Francis ▁Pet ru ziel lo , ▁writing ▁for ▁Domain ▁Cleveland ▁Entertainment , ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁" d ance able " ▁qual ities ▁of ▁the |
▁song . ▁A ▁rev iewer ▁of ▁Billboard ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁single , ▁comparing ▁it ▁to ▁G wen ▁Stef ani ▁and ▁Bl ond ie ' s ▁work , ▁but ▁considered ▁it ▁" hard ly ▁a ▁proper ▁intro " ▁on ▁The ▁Orange ▁Album , ▁however , ▁the ▁rev iewer ▁pra ised ▁it ▁for ▁being ▁a ▁" de lect ably ▁b ubble ▁g um " ▁song . ▁A ▁critic ▁from ▁C M J ▁New ▁Music ▁Month ly ▁was ▁dis ple ased ▁with ▁" Ch else a ", ▁stating ▁that ▁it ' s ▁a ▁" p ale ▁im itation ▁of ▁[ a ] ▁classic ▁de cade - of - dec ad ence ▁act ", ▁referencing ▁the ▁song ' s ▁sampling ▁of ▁" S weet ▁Dream s ▁( Are ▁Made ▁of ▁This ) ". ▁ ▁Com mer cial ▁performance ▁ ▁" Ch else a " ▁was ▁moder ately ▁successful . ▁Due ▁to ▁strong ▁air play ▁on ▁main stream ▁dance ▁radio , ▁the ▁single ▁managed ▁to ▁peak ▁at ▁number ▁fifteen ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁Dance ▁Club ▁Play ; ▁it ▁remained ▁on ▁the ▁charts ▁for ▁nine ▁weeks ▁before ▁depart ing ▁the ▁chart ▁on ▁October ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁It ▁also ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁eigh teen ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Dance / M ix ▁Show ▁Air play ▁chart , ▁where ▁it ▁last ed ▁for ▁four ▁weeks . ▁In ▁Europe , ▁the ▁single ▁also ▁f ared ▁moder ately ▁well . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁the ▁track ▁deb uted ▁and ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁eight y - two |
▁on ▁the ▁Official ▁Ch arts ▁Company . ▁In ▁Ireland , ▁" Ch else a " ▁deb uted ▁and ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁nin ety - six . ▁ ▁Music ▁video ▁ ▁The ▁official ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" Ch else a " ▁was ▁first ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁via ▁YouTube , ▁before ▁being ▁made ▁available ▁for ▁purchase ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 3 . ▁The ▁video ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁N ig el ▁Dick ▁and ▁features ▁a ▁guest ▁appearance ▁by ▁Adam ▁West ▁as ▁the ▁judge ▁of ▁a ▁court ▁case . ▁The ▁video ▁begins ▁with ▁R ae ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁the ▁scene ▁of ▁the ▁case , ▁surrounded ▁by ▁West ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁female ▁jur ors ▁who ▁cla p ▁along ▁to ▁the ▁song ' s ▁mel ody . ▁Pres umably , ▁R ae ▁is ▁trying ▁to ▁conv ict ▁her ▁ex - boy friend ▁of ▁che ating ▁on ▁her . ▁Vari ous ▁scenes ▁include ▁R ae ▁performing ▁at ▁a ▁school ' s ▁g ymnasium ▁and ▁pick ing ▁a ▁fight ▁with ▁a ▁female ▁ant agon ist ▁named ▁Ch else a . ▁The ▁video ▁con cludes ▁with ▁R ae ▁winning ▁the ▁court ▁case ▁and ▁walking ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁scene . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁and ▁formats ▁▁ ▁US ▁CD ▁single ▁ ▁" Ch else a " ▁ ▁- ▁ 2 : 5 1 ▁UK ▁CD ▁single ▁ ▁" Ch else a " ▁ ▁- ▁ 2 : 5 2 ▁ ▁" C over ▁Up " ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 1 ▁Sebast ien |
▁Leg er ▁Rem ix es ▁CD ▁( US ▁version ) ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( S eb ast ien ▁Leg er ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 6 : 2 3 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( S eb ast ien ▁Leg er ▁Mix ) ▁( Radio ▁Edit )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 4 ▁Sebast ien ▁Leg er ▁Rem ix es ▁CD ▁( UK ▁version ) ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( S eb ast ien ▁Leg er ▁Mix ) ▁( Radio ▁Edit )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 9 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( S eb ast ien ▁Leg er ▁Mix ) ▁( Cl ub ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 6 : 3 1 ▁ ▁The ▁Rem ix es ▁CD ▁( US ▁version ) ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( Chr is ▁C ox ▁Radio ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 0 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( Chr is ▁C ox ▁Club ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 1 0 : 0 3 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( Chr is ▁C ox ▁Dub ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 7 : 3 9 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( Al bum ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 2 : 5 2 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( M organ ▁Page ▁Radio ▁Mix " ▁ ▁- ▁ 4 : 4 2 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( M organ ▁Page ▁Club ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 7 : 3 0 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( M organ |
▁Page ▁Dub ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 7 : 3 1 ▁The ▁Rem ix es ▁CD ▁( Den mark ▁version ) ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( Original ▁version )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 2 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( Chr is ▁C ox ▁Club ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 1 0 : 0 3 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( Chr is ▁C ox ▁Dub ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 7 : 3 9 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( M organ ▁Page ▁Club ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 7 : 3 0 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( M organ ▁Page ▁Dub ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 7 : 2 9 ▁ ▁" Ch else a ▁( S eb ast ien ▁Leg er ▁Mix )" ▁ ▁- ▁ 6 : 2 9 ▁ ▁Cred its ▁and ▁personnel ▁ ▁Cred its ▁and ▁personnel ▁adapted ▁from ▁The ▁Orange ▁Album ▁l iner ▁notes ▁Rec ording ▁ ▁Record ed ▁at ▁ 3 : 2 0 ▁Studios ▁and ▁Bomb sh elter ▁Studios , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Stef y ▁R ae ▁– ▁vocals , ▁lyr ics ▁ ▁Andreas ▁Bro b jer ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Bry an ▁K . ▁Christ ner ▁– ▁legal ▁ ▁Chr iss ▁F ud ur ich ▁– ▁engineer ▁ ▁Brian ▁" Big ▁Bass " ▁Gard ner ▁– ▁master ing ▁ ▁Jason ▁G avi ati ▁– ▁key boards ▁ ▁Benjamin ▁Hab er ▁– ▁phot ography ▁ ▁O ren ▁Had ar ▁– ▁engineer ▁ ▁Jimmy ▁Harry ▁– ▁engineer , ▁guitar |
, ▁key boards , ▁lyr ics , ▁production , ▁programming ▁▁ ▁Fem io ▁Hern ande z ▁– ▁assistant ▁mixing ▁ ▁Greg ▁Kur st in ▁– ▁lyr ics ▁ ▁Tom ▁Lord - Al ge ▁– ▁mixing ▁ ▁G ail ▁Mar ow itz ▁– ▁art ▁direction ▁ ▁Se an ▁Meyer ▁– ▁guitar ▁ ▁Mike ▁Mong illo ▁– ▁coordin ator ▁ ▁Ch ad ▁N ini ▁– ▁assistant ▁engineer ▁ ▁Beth any ▁P aw l uk ▁– ▁design ▁ ▁Ben ▁Tir ney ▁– ▁assistant ▁engineer ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Release ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁singles ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁songs ▁Category : Ste f y ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Greg ▁Kur st in ▁Category : W ind - up ▁Records ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Harry <0x0A> </s> ▁Na ▁Na ▁Na ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Songs ▁▁ ▁Nan ana ▁( Kar men ▁St ave c ▁song ), ▁Sloven e ▁entry ▁at ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na " ▁( T iff any ▁song ) ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na " ▁( One ▁D irection ▁song ), ▁B - side ▁of ▁their ▁debut ▁single ▁" What ▁M akes ▁You ▁Beautiful " ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na " ▁( P ent aton ix ▁song ) ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ▁( D ul ce ▁Ni ña )", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁K umb ia ▁Kings ▁from ▁Fu ego ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na |
▁Na ▁( Na ▁Na ▁Na ▁Na ▁Na ▁Na ▁Na ▁Na ▁Na )", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁My ▁Chem ical ▁Rom ance ▁from ▁D anger ▁Days ▁ ▁" Right ▁Now ▁( Na ▁Na ▁Na )", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁A kon ▁from ▁Fre edom ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Big ▁Time ▁R ush ▁from ▁ 2 4 / Se ven ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁The ▁Ad ict s <0x09> 1 9 8 6 ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Al ▁B ano ▁and ▁Rom ina ▁Power ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Co zy ▁Pow ell ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁The ▁D raft ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁She ila ▁Canada ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁The ▁Sho es ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Status ▁Qu o ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Na ▁Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁ 1 1 2 ▁from ▁Hot ▁& ▁W et ▁ ▁" Na - Na Na - Na ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Nel ly ▁ ▁" N ah ▁Ne h ▁N ah ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁V aya ▁Con ▁Dios ▁ ▁" H ey ▁J ude ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁the ▁Beat les ▁with ▁its ▁" na ▁na |
▁na ▁na " ▁hook ▁repeatedly ▁many ▁times ▁at ▁the ▁c oda ▁section ▁ ▁" Land ▁of ▁a ▁Th ous and ▁D ances ", ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁" na ▁na ▁na ▁na ▁na " ▁hook , ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Chris ▁Ken ner ▁ ▁" Here ▁Com es ▁the ▁Hot ste pper ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁In i ▁K amo ze ▁with ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁ch orus ▁of ▁the ▁Ken ner ▁song ▁ ▁" Th ese ▁Are ▁the ▁Days ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Van ▁Mor r ison ▁that ▁uses ▁a ▁hook ▁of ▁" na ▁na , ▁na ▁na ▁na ▁na ▁na , ▁na ▁na , ▁na ▁na ▁na ▁na ▁na ..." ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁song . ▁ ▁" Na ▁Na ▁Hey ▁Hey ▁K iss ▁Him ▁Good bye ", ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁hook ▁" Na ▁na ▁na ▁na , ▁he y ▁he y , ▁good bye " ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Na ▁Na ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Na ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Con i ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁C une o , ▁Italy ▁Con i , ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Italian ▁National ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁() <0x0A> </s> ▁Mag ali ▁Le ▁F loc ' h ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁French ▁racing ▁cycl ist . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁French ▁national ▁road ▁race ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁She ▁also ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁road ▁race ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 |
0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F rench ▁female ▁cycl ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Me aux ▁Category : Cy cl ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁cycl ists ▁of ▁France ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Seine - et - Mar ne <0x0A> </s> ▁G ór ki ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Bro ch ów , ▁within ▁So ch acz ew ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - central ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Bro ch ów , ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁So ch acz ew , ▁and ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Wars aw . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁So ch acz ew ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Song ▁G w ang - se on ▁( born ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁Korean ▁sw immer . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁four ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S outh ▁Korean ▁male ▁sw imm ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁sw imm ers ▁of ▁South ▁Korea ▁Category : Sw imm ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving |
▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁European ▁Institute ▁is ▁a ▁non part isan ▁public ▁policy ▁organization ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Trans at l antic ▁relations . ▁ ▁The ▁Institute ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C .. ▁ ▁It ▁regularly ▁hosts ▁for ums , ▁round table ▁discuss ions , ▁and ▁programs ▁with ▁political ▁and ▁business ▁leaders ▁from ▁the ▁U . S . ▁and ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁Institute ▁publish es ▁the ▁e - j ournal ▁European ▁Affairs . ▁ ▁Mission ▁and ▁focus ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Institute ' s ▁website , ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁mission ▁is ▁" to ▁provide ▁an ▁independent ▁forum ▁for ▁US ▁and ▁European ▁government ▁and ▁corpor ate ▁decision ▁mak ers , ▁officials ▁from ▁mult il ater al ▁organizations , ▁foreign ▁and ▁economic ▁policy ▁anal yst s , ▁and ▁expert ▁journal ists ▁to ▁discuss ▁issues ▁of ▁common ▁concern ▁and ▁develop ▁effective ▁and ▁mut ually ▁benef icial ▁solutions ." ▁ ▁The ▁Institute ' s ▁programs ▁generally ▁fall ▁into ▁the ▁following ▁ 1 0 ▁categories : ▁Def ense ▁and ▁Civil ▁Security ; ▁Trade ▁and ▁In vest ment ; ▁Fin an cial ▁and ▁Mon et ary ▁Affairs ; ▁Energy ▁and ▁Environment ; ▁Transport ation ; ▁IT ▁and ▁Tele communic ations ; ▁Aer onaut ics ▁and ▁Space ; ▁Bi ote chn ology , ▁Food ▁Saf ety ▁and ▁Cons umer ▁Prote ction ; ▁Trans at l antic ▁Govern ance ▁and ▁EU - US - Russ ia ▁Tri angular ▁Rel ations . ▁ ▁Location ▁The ▁European ▁Institute ▁is |
▁based ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁with ▁offices ▁over looking ▁Far rag ut ▁Square ▁at ▁ 1 0 0 1 ▁Connecticut ▁Avenue , ▁N W , ▁Su ite ▁ 2 2 0 . ▁ ▁M emb ership ▁The ▁European ▁Institute ▁works ▁closely ▁with ▁the ▁European ▁Commission , ▁the ▁European ▁Council ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament , ▁the ▁US ▁Administration ▁and ▁Congress , ▁leading ▁mult in ational ▁corpor ations ▁from ▁both ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁Europe , ▁national ▁govern ments , ▁and ▁several ▁mult il ater al ▁organizations . ▁It ▁is ▁granted ▁Special ▁Cons ult ative ▁Status ▁with ▁the ▁UN ▁Econom ic ▁and ▁Social ▁Council ▁( E CO SO C ). ▁ ▁Current ▁European ▁govern ments ▁particip ating ▁are : ▁Austria , ▁Belg ium , ▁Bulg aria , ▁Cy pr us , ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic , ▁Den mark , ▁Est onia , ▁Finland , ▁France , ▁Germany , ▁Greece , ▁Hung ary , ▁Ireland , ▁Italy , ▁Lat via , ▁Lith u ania , ▁Lie chten stein , ▁Luxemb ourg , ▁Mal ta , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁Norway , ▁Poland , ▁Portugal , ▁Roman ia , ▁The ▁Russian ▁Federation , ▁Sloven ia , ▁the ▁Slov ak ▁Republic , ▁Spain , ▁Sweden , ▁Switzerland ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁Board ▁members ▁Notable ▁current ▁and ▁former ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Institute ' s ▁Board ▁of ▁Ad vis ors ▁and / or ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors : ▁Jac qu eline ▁G rap in , ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Institute , ▁Co - Ch air ▁of ▁the |
▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁Amb assador ▁Gün ter ▁Burg hardt , ▁former ▁European ▁Union ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Ber tr and ▁Coll omb , ▁Honor ary ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁La far ge ▁Jacques ▁Del ors , ▁twice ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Commission Am b assador ▁C . ▁Boy den ▁Gray , ▁Gray ▁& ▁Sch mit z ▁L LP , ▁former ▁Special ▁En voy ▁for ▁European ▁Affairs ▁and ▁for ▁E uras ian ▁Energy ▁Amb assador ▁Robert ▁E . ▁Hunter , ▁former ▁U . S . ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁NAT O ▁T . ▁Allen ▁Mc Ar tor , ▁Chair man , ▁Air bus ▁North ▁America ▁Hold ings ▁Robert ▁Sie gel ▁( p ast ▁member ), ▁host ▁of ▁N PR ▁program ▁All ▁Things ▁Consider ed ▁Peter ▁S uther land ▁( p ast ▁member ), ▁Chair man , ▁Gold man ▁Sach s ▁International ▁Sim one ▁Ve il ▁( p ast ▁member ), ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament ▁Robert ▁Zo el lick ▁( p ast ▁member ), ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Bank ▁ ▁European ▁Affairs ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁European ▁Institute ▁has ▁published ▁the ▁quarter ly ▁policy ▁journal ▁European ▁Affairs , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁an ▁e - j ournal , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁blog . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁issue ▁includes ▁articles ▁by ▁Ho over ▁Institute ▁fellow , ▁K ori ▁Sch ake ; ▁Frederick ▁K em pe , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Council ▁and ▁Dam on ▁Wilson , ▁Director ▁of ▁its ▁International ▁Security ▁Program ; ▁and ▁Robert ▁Hunter , |
▁former ▁US ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁NAT O , ▁now ▁Senior ▁Ad visor ▁at ▁the ▁R AND ▁Corporation . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Trans at l antic ▁relations ▁Euro - American ▁relations ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁European ▁Institute ▁official ▁site ▁European ▁Affairs ▁official ▁site ▁Facebook ▁Page ▁Facebook ▁page ▁ ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : Un ited ▁States – Europe an ▁relations ▁Category : Non - pro fit ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Category : Un ited ▁States – Europe an ▁Union ▁relations <0x0A> </s> ▁Lip owa ▁Gó ra ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁S ok ół ka , ▁within ▁S ok ół ka ▁County , ▁Pod l ask ie ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁north - e astern ▁Poland , ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Bel arus . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁S ok ół ka ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mine ▁with ▁the ▁Iron ▁Do or ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁American ▁silent ▁ep ic ▁Western ▁mel od rama ▁directed ▁by ▁Sam ▁Wood ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Sol ▁L esser . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁novel ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁by ▁American ▁Author ▁Harold ▁Bell ▁Wright ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁ ▁Pr ints ▁preserved ▁in ▁G os film of ond ▁and ▁Bo is ▁d ' Ar cy , ▁France . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁track ed ▁down ▁by |
▁historian ▁Dem ion ▁C lin co ▁and ▁shown ▁by ▁the ▁T uc son ▁Historic ▁Pres ervation ▁Foundation . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁screen ing ▁English ▁inter - tit les ▁were ▁re created ▁and ▁an ▁original ▁musical ▁score ▁composed ▁by ▁New ▁York - based ▁conduct or ▁and ▁composer ▁Brian ▁Hol man . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁it ▁was ▁re made ▁as ▁a ▁sound ▁film ▁The ▁Mine ▁with ▁the ▁Iron ▁Do or . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Dor othy ▁Mack a ill ▁- ▁Mart a ▁Hil gro ve ▁ ▁Pat ▁O ' Mal ley ▁- ▁Hugh ▁Edwards ▁ ▁Raymond ▁Hat ton ▁- ▁The ▁L izard ▁ ▁Bert ▁Wood ru ff ▁- ▁Th ad ▁Gro ve ▁ ▁Charles ▁Murray ▁- ▁Bob ▁Hill ▁ ▁Mitchell ▁Lewis ▁- ▁Son ora ▁Jack ▁ ▁Mary ▁Car r ▁- ▁St . ▁Jimmy ' s ▁Mother ▁ ▁William ▁Col lier ▁Jr . ▁- ▁Ch ico ▁ ▁Cre ight on ▁H ale ▁- ▁St . ▁Jimmy ▁ ▁Robert ▁Fra zer ▁- ▁Nat ache e ▁ ▁Clar ence ▁Bur ton ▁- ▁The ▁Sher iff ▁ ▁L ill ian ▁Le ight on ▁ ▁Production ▁notes ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁shot ▁on ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁T uc son ▁Arizona ▁Valley , ▁Oracle , ▁Arizona , ▁and ▁M t . ▁Lem mon . ▁ ▁While ▁shooting ▁the ▁film ▁the ▁cast ▁and ▁crew ▁stayed ▁at ▁the ▁Tri angle ▁L ▁R anch ▁and ▁the ▁Wilson ▁R anch ▁( R an cho ▁L inda ▁V ista ) ▁outside ▁of ▁Oracle , ▁Arizona ▁off ▁Historic ▁US ▁Route ▁ 8 0 |
. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁redis cover ed ▁films ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 s ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁ep ic ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁silent ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : American ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Sam ▁Wood ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Arizona ▁Category : T re asure ▁h unt ▁films ▁Category : American ▁independent ▁films ▁Category : M el od ram as ▁Category : Red isc over ed ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁Sol ▁L esser ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 s ▁independent ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁American ▁Base ▁Hospital ▁No . ▁ 5 7 ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁military ▁hospital ▁formed ▁in ▁Georgia , ▁United ▁States . ▁During ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁the ▁hospital ▁moved ▁to ▁Paris , ▁where ▁a ▁ 1 , 8 0 0 - bed ▁hospital ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁war ▁cas ual ties . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁declared ▁war ▁on ▁Germany ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁At ▁Fort ▁O gle th or pe , ▁Georgia , ▁the ▁American ▁military ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁Medical ▁Offic ers ▁Training ▁Camp ▁( M OT C ) ▁called ▁Camp ▁Green leaf . ▁Author |
ized ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁de comm ission ed ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁camp ▁trained ▁ 6 , 6 4 0 ▁officers ▁and ▁ 3 1 , 1 3 8 ▁en list ed ▁men . ▁ ▁Among ▁some ▁units ▁were ▁the ▁do ctors ▁and ▁staff ▁of ▁Base ▁Hospital ▁No . ▁ 5 7 . ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁hospital ▁were ▁organized ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁men ▁were ▁draft ed ▁from ▁O il ▁City , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁After ▁training ▁they ▁sh ipped ▁to ▁Camp ▁Mer ritt , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁where ▁they ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁the ▁Mad ingo ▁on ▁July ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁After ▁stopping ▁briefly ▁in ▁England ▁they ▁board ed ▁the ▁London der ry ▁and ▁land ed ▁in ▁France ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁They ▁moved ▁around ▁France ▁until ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁it ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁Paris ▁where ▁they ▁took ▁over ▁ 1 , 8 0 0 ▁b eds ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁school ▁building ▁in ▁Paris . ▁During ▁the ▁off ens ives ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁hospital ▁had ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁patients . ▁From ▁taking ▁over ▁the ▁Paris ▁school ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁to ▁when ▁the ▁unit ▁left ▁France ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 |
9 1 9 , ▁the ▁hospital ▁unit ▁treated ▁ 8 , 5 0 5 ▁surg ical ▁and ▁medical ▁cases , ▁and ▁ 7 , 2 9 2 ▁dent al ▁cases . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁nin ete en ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁S iam ese ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Forces ▁who ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁during ▁their ▁W WI ▁deployment , ▁eleven ▁died ▁in ▁hosp it als . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁five ▁of ▁these ▁hospital - bound ▁Th ai ▁soldiers ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁Base ▁Hospital ▁No . ▁ 5 7 ▁in ▁Paris . ▁▁ ▁The ▁unit ▁returned ▁to ▁America ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁Kaiser in ▁August a ▁Victoria , ▁and ▁was ▁dem obil ized ▁soon ▁after . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Command ing ▁Officer ▁ ▁Col . ▁Edward ▁C . ▁Mitchell , ▁M . ▁C ., ▁April ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁to ▁August ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁ ▁Chief ▁of ▁surg ical ▁service ▁ ▁L C ▁Frank ▁D . ▁S my the , ▁M . ▁C . ▁Maj . ▁David ▁M . ▁Hen ning , ▁M . ▁C . ▁L C ▁Jun ius ▁Lyn ch , ▁M . ▁C . ▁ ▁Chief ▁of ▁medical ▁service ▁ ▁L C ▁The odore ▁L . ▁B out ill ier , ▁M . ▁C . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁American ▁Hospital ▁of ▁Paris ▁ ▁References ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁( Total ▁pages : ▁ |
2 4 4 ) ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : H osp it als ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Category : H osp it als ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁Category : Pat ri otic ▁and ▁national ▁organizations ▁char tered ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁S la ven ▁K ova če vić ▁( C yr ill ic : ▁C л a в e н ▁Ko в a ч e ви ћ ; ▁born ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Mont en egr in ▁football ▁manager ▁and ▁former ▁player . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁as ▁mid f iel der ▁with ▁FK ▁Ž el je z ni č ar ▁Sar aje vo ▁in ▁the ▁Premier ▁League ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina . ▁Ear lier ▁he ▁played ▁with ▁FK ▁Z em un ▁in ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga . ▁ ▁He ▁finished ▁his ▁playing ▁career ▁at ▁FK ▁Pal il ul ac ▁Be og rad ▁in ▁Ser bian ▁League ▁Bel grade ▁and , ▁after words , ▁became ▁coach . ▁He ▁started ▁his ▁co aching ▁career ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁taking ▁charge ▁of ▁FK ▁Lok om ot iva ▁Ž ele znik , ▁and , ▁later ▁he ▁also ▁co ached ▁FK ▁Rad ni č ki ▁O br en ov ac ▁and ▁FK ▁B SK ▁Bor č a . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth |
s ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Pod gor ica ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁football ers ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : F K ▁Bud u ć nost ▁Pod gor ica ▁players ▁Category : OF K ▁Pet rov ac ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Rad ni č ki ▁Be og rad ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Z em un ▁players ▁Category : Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Č uk ari č ki ▁players ▁Category : OF K ▁M lad en ov ac ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Vo ž d ov ac ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Be ž an ija ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Pal il ul ac ▁Be og rad ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Ž el je z ni č ar ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁football ▁man agers <0x0A> </s> ▁" Pro jections " ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁( 3 rd ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁season ) ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁science ▁fiction ▁television ▁program ▁Star ▁Tre k : ▁Vo y ager . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁sl ated ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁season , ▁the ▁episode ▁originally ▁a ired ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁tells ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Vo y ager ▁h olog raph ic ▁doctor ▁having ▁an ▁identity ▁crisis ▁on |
▁the ▁hol ode ck ▁regarding ▁whether ▁he ▁or ▁the ▁world ▁around ▁him ▁is ▁the ▁ill usion . ▁ ▁Bran non ▁B rag a ▁compared ▁" Pro jections " ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁René ▁Des cart es , ▁and ▁wrote ▁the ▁episode ▁around ▁the ▁prem ise ▁of ▁c og ito ▁er go ▁sum , ▁question ing ▁whether ▁the ▁Doctor ▁or ▁the ▁Vo y ager ▁is ▁the ▁ill usion . ▁ ▁Be ating ▁out ▁Le Var ▁Bur ton ▁( Ge ord i ▁La ▁For ge ) ▁for ▁the ▁guest ▁appearance , ▁D w ight ▁Sch ult z ▁as ▁Regin ald ▁Bar cl ay ▁was ▁pra ised ▁by ▁the ▁cast ▁and ▁crew , ▁especially ▁for ▁his ▁on - screen ▁chem istry ▁with ▁co - star ▁Robert ▁Pic ardo . ▁ ▁The ▁episode ▁received ▁decided ly ▁mixed ▁reviews , ▁r anging ▁from ▁ 5 0 – 9 2 % ▁appro val ▁with ▁critics ▁comment ing ▁on ▁predict ability ▁and ▁the ▁under util ization ▁of ▁Sch ult z ▁and ▁Pic ardo . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Vo y agers ▁Emer gency ▁Medical ▁H olog raph ic ▁Program ▁( EM H ), ▁" the ▁Doctor " ▁( Ro bert ▁Pic ardo ), ▁is ▁activ ated ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁red ▁alert . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁computer ' s ▁( M aj el ▁Bar rett ) ▁assertion ▁that ▁nobody ▁is ▁ab o ard , ▁B ' El anna ▁Tor res ▁( R ox ann ▁Daw son ) ▁soon ▁arriv es ▁in ▁sick bay . ▁She ▁inform s ▁the ▁Doctor ▁that ▁the ▁ship ▁was |
▁attacked ▁by ▁K azon ▁and ▁that ▁all ▁except ▁herself ▁and ▁Captain ▁Jan ew ay ▁( K ate ▁Mul g rew ) ▁have ▁abandoned ▁ship . ▁After ▁tre ating ▁her ▁inj uries , ▁Tor res ▁trans fers ▁the ▁Doctor ' s ▁program ▁to ▁the ▁bridge ▁using ▁newly ▁installed ▁h olog raph ic ▁emit ters ▁there . ▁After ▁tre ating ▁the ▁captain ▁and ▁then ▁assist ing ▁Ne el ix ▁( E than ▁Phill ips ) ▁to ▁defeat ▁a ▁st ray ▁K azon ▁in ▁the ▁mess ▁hall , ▁the ▁Doctor ▁disco vers ▁he ' s ▁ble eding ▁and ▁feeling ▁pain , ▁neither ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁function ▁of ▁his ▁program . ▁In ▁sick bay , ▁making ▁in qui ries ▁with ▁the ▁computer , ▁the ▁Doctor ▁is ▁told ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁h olog raph ic ▁programs ▁matching ▁his ▁own ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁actually ▁Lewis ▁Z imm erman ▁( P ic ardo ) — wh om ▁the ▁Doctor ▁recogn izes ▁as ▁his ▁programmer . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁computer ▁ins isting ▁that ▁the ▁crew ▁of ▁Vo y ager ▁is ▁only ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁h olog raph ic ▁programs , ▁a ▁new ▁h olog ram ▁appears ▁in ▁sick bay ▁and ▁claims ▁that ▁he ' s ▁Regin ald ▁Bar cl ay ▁( D w ight ▁Sch ult z ), ▁Doctor ▁Z imm erman ' s ▁assistant ▁at ▁the ▁Jup iter ▁Station ▁Hol opro gram ming ▁Center . ▁Bar cl ay ▁explains ▁that ▁the ▁Doctor ▁is ▁really ▁Lewis ▁Z imm erman ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁Vo y ager ▁is ▁actually ▁a |
▁simulation ▁in ▁which ▁he ' s ▁been ▁stuck ▁and ▁is ▁suffering ▁mental ▁damage ▁due ▁to ▁radiation ▁poison ing . ▁To ▁end ▁the ▁program ▁and ▁rescue ▁Z imm erman , ▁Bar cl ay ▁suggests ▁destroy ing ▁the ▁ship ▁before ▁he ▁suff ers ▁irre par able ▁brain ▁damage . ▁To ▁conv ince ▁the ▁Doctor ▁that ▁he ' s ▁Z imm erman ▁in ▁a ▁simulation , ▁Bar cl ay ▁rest arts ▁the ▁Vo y ager ▁program ▁and ▁the ▁Doctor ▁finds ▁himself ▁rel iving ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁" C aret aker " ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁first ▁brought ▁online . ▁ ▁Con vin ced ▁of ▁Bar cl ay ' s ▁claims , ▁the ▁Doctor ▁prepar es ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁ship ▁when ▁Ch ak ot ay ▁( Ro bert ▁Bel tr an ) ▁arriv es ▁and ▁gives ▁an ▁alternative ▁story : ▁The ▁Doctor ▁is ▁indeed ▁the ▁Vo y ager ▁EM H , ▁but ▁his ▁program ▁is ▁stuck ▁in ▁the ▁mal function ing ▁hol ode ck . ▁The ▁crew ▁is ▁trying ▁to ▁extr icate ▁his ▁program ▁so ▁he ▁only ▁needs ▁to ▁wait ▁it ▁out ; ▁if ▁he ▁dest ro ys ▁the ▁ship ▁as ▁Bar cl ay ▁suggests , ▁it ▁will ▁prem ature ly ▁end ▁the ▁program ▁and ▁the ▁Doctor ▁will ▁be ▁lost . ▁Even ▁though ▁Bar cl ay ▁introdu ces ▁K es ▁( J enn ifer ▁L ien ) ▁as ▁Z imm erman ' s ▁wife , ▁the ▁Doctor ▁finally ▁opts ▁to ▁believe ▁in ▁his ▁h olog raph ic ▁existence . ▁The ▁simulation ▁ends ▁and ▁the ▁Doctor ▁finds ▁himself ▁on |
▁the ▁hol ode ck ; ▁Ch ak ot ay ' s ▁story ▁was ▁true ▁and ▁the ▁Doctor ▁is ▁safely ▁returned ▁to ▁sick bay . ▁ ▁Writing ▁" Pro jections " ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁first - season ▁episodes ▁that ▁was ▁held ▁over ▁by ▁UP N ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁jump ▁on ▁other ▁networks ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 – 1 9 9 6 ▁television ▁season . ▁ ▁Bran non ▁B rag a ▁wrote ▁the ▁story ▁from ▁the ▁initial ▁idea ▁of ▁the ▁Doctor ▁having ▁an ▁identity ▁crisis , ▁" What ▁if ▁the ▁doctor ▁disco vers ▁that ▁Vo y ager ▁is ▁a ▁h olog ram ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁real ?" ▁ ▁From ▁there , ▁B rag a ▁question ed ▁the ▁ax iom ▁" I ▁think , ▁therefore ▁I ▁am " ▁and ▁what ▁it ▁means ▁to ▁be ▁" real ". ▁ ▁Call ing ▁it ▁a ▁" c ree py , ▁philosoph ical ▁quand ary ", ▁B rag a ▁related ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁" Pro jections " ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁René ▁Des cart es , ▁where ▁" the ▁[ character ▁is ] ▁pl ag ued ▁by ▁an ▁evil ▁demon ▁out ▁to ▁prove ▁he ▁doesn ' t ▁exist "; ▁in ▁this ▁instance , ▁B rag a ▁made ▁Bar cl ay ▁( Sch ult z ) ▁the ▁demon . ▁ ▁The ▁episode ▁was ▁written ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁vie wer ▁guessing ▁as ▁to ▁which ▁reality ▁was ▁true ; ▁B rag a ▁would ▁later ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁fun ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁wasn ' t ▁in ▁the ▁story ▁itself , |
▁but ▁in ▁the ▁telling ▁of ▁the ▁story , ▁" in ▁considering ▁all ▁the ▁different ▁tw ists ▁and ▁turns ▁along ▁the ▁way ." ▁ ▁The ▁final ▁draft ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁was ▁submitted ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁Cast ing ▁for ▁" Pro jections " ▁was ▁done ▁by ▁Jun ie ▁Low ry - John son ▁and ▁Ron ▁Sur ma . ▁ ▁W riter ▁Bran non ▁B rag a ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁having ▁D w ight ▁Sch ult z ▁guest ▁star ▁as ▁Lieutenant ▁Bar cl ay , ▁later ▁saying ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁Pic ardo ▁worked ▁so ▁well ▁together ▁that ▁" they ▁should ▁have ▁a ▁spin - off ▁series ." ▁ ▁E pisode ▁director ▁Jonathan ▁F rak es ▁would ▁also ▁la ud ▁the ▁chem istry ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁actors . ▁ ▁Sch ult z ▁was ▁pleased ▁to ▁be ▁back ▁on ▁Star ▁Tre k , ▁and ▁was ▁surprised ▁to ▁be ▁considered ▁for ▁a ▁Vo y ager ▁guest ▁appearance . ▁ ▁On ▁meeting ▁Robert ▁Pic ardo , ▁he ▁re called ▁they ▁spent ▁their ▁time ▁j oking ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁on ▁set , ▁discuss ing ▁mut ual ▁friends , ▁and ▁comparing ▁notes ▁on ▁their ▁theatre ▁experiences . ▁ ▁Pic ardo ▁would ▁call ▁working ▁with ▁Sch ult z ▁" like ▁having ▁party ." ▁ ▁Before ▁dec iding ▁on ▁Sch ult z , ▁it ▁was ▁originally ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁guest ▁star ▁would ▁be ▁Star ▁Tre k : ▁The ▁Next ▁Gener ations ▁Le Var ▁Bur ton ▁as ▁Ge ord i |
▁La ▁For ge . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁W riter ▁Bran non ▁B rag a ▁called ▁" Pro jections " ▁his ▁favorite ▁install ment ▁of ▁Star ▁Tre k : ▁Vo y ager ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁interview ▁with ▁The ▁Official ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁Vo y ager ▁Magazine . ▁ ▁Series ▁co - cre ator ▁and ▁executive ▁producer ▁Michael ▁P iller ▁called ▁the ▁episode ▁" a ▁wonderful ▁show " ▁and ▁" a ▁fasc in ating ▁episode ", ▁specifically ▁pra ising ▁Robert ▁Pic ardo ' s ▁performance ▁alongside ▁fellow ▁co - cre ator ▁and ▁executive ▁producer ▁Jer i ▁Taylor . ▁ ▁Pic ardo ▁himself ▁would ▁rate ▁" Pro jections " ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁best ▁Doctor - he avy ▁stories ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁season , ▁second ▁only ▁to ▁" L if es ign s ". ▁Review ers ▁L ance ▁Park in ▁and ▁Mark ▁Jones ▁thought ▁the ▁episode ▁was ▁" ex cell ent ". ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁Communic ator ▁magazine , ▁Jer i ▁Taylor ▁would ▁point ▁to ▁an ▁on going ▁Internet ▁survey ▁that ▁ranked ▁" Pro jections " ▁as ▁the ▁third - high est ▁ranked ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁book ▁D elta ▁Qu adr ant : ▁The ▁uno fficial ▁guide ▁to ▁Vo y ager , ▁though ▁David ▁Mc In te e ▁would ▁d ing ▁the ▁episode ▁on ▁its ▁ult imate ▁predict ability ▁and ▁the ▁character ization ▁of ▁Bar cl ay ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode , ▁he ▁found ▁the ▁inter play |
▁between ▁Pic ardo ▁and ▁Sch ult z ▁to ▁be ▁over wh el ming ly ▁in ▁the ▁episode ' s ▁favor ; ▁he ▁r ated ▁the ▁episode ▁ 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁C ine f ant ast iques ▁D ale ▁K utz era ▁was ▁less ▁im pressed ▁by ▁the ▁episode , ▁saying ▁it ▁lost ▁momentum ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁ill - used ▁"[ Star ▁Tre k ] ' s ▁greatest ▁inferior ity - complex ▁and ▁greatest ▁e got ist ." ▁ ▁K utz era ▁gave ▁the ▁episode ▁two ▁out ▁of ▁four ▁stars . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Business ▁Ins ider ▁listed ▁" Pro jections " ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁under r ated ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁franch ise . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Star ▁Tre k : ▁Vo y ager ▁( season ▁ 2 ) ▁episodes ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁American ▁television ▁episodes ▁Category : H olog raph y ▁in ▁television ▁Category : T ele vision ▁programs ▁directed ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁F rak es <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Australian ▁Ind igen ous ▁Communic ations ▁Association ▁( A IC A ) ▁is ▁the ▁peak ▁body ▁for ▁Australia ’ s ▁Ab original ▁and ▁Tor res ▁Stra it ▁Island er ▁broad c aster s . ▁ ▁The ▁A IC A ▁a ims ▁to ▁represent ▁all ▁Ind igen ous ▁people ▁and ▁organis ations ▁in ▁the ▁media , ▁communic ations ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁industry . ▁It ▁develop s ▁national ▁policy , ▁advoc |
ates ▁and ▁lo bb ies ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁and ▁provides ▁assistance ▁for ▁the ▁creation ▁and ▁sust aining ▁of ▁Ind igen ous ▁media ▁forms . ▁ ▁History ▁A IC A ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁replaced ▁the ▁National ▁Ind igen ous ▁Media ▁Association ▁of ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Fund ing ▁The ▁A IC A ▁receives ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁its ▁funds ▁from ▁the ▁Australian ▁Government ▁through ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Environment , ▁Water , ▁Heritage ▁and ▁the ▁Arts . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Ind igen ous ▁Radio ▁Service ▁Central ▁Australian ▁Ab original ▁Media ▁Association ▁Community ▁Broadcast ing ▁Association ▁of ▁Australia ▁Community ▁Broadcast ing ▁Foundation ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁A IC A ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ind igen ous ▁Australian ▁mass ▁media ▁Category : Comm unity ▁radio ▁stations ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : Comm unity ▁radio ▁organizations <0x0A> </s> ▁T ito ▁F rit io f ▁Col li ander ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁– ▁May ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁Eastern ▁Orth odox ▁Christian ▁writer . ▁ ▁Life ▁Col li ander ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁St . ▁Petersburg , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Colonel ▁Sig fried ▁Jo ak im ▁Col li ander ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁D ag mar ▁Il mat ar , ▁n ée ▁von ▁Sch ou lt z . ▁Col li ander ▁received ▁an ▁art istic ▁education . ▁His ▁wife , ▁In a ▁Be hr sen , ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁artist , ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁Ser |
g ius ▁became ▁an ▁Orth odox ▁priest . ▁ ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁Col li ander ▁published ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁nov els ▁and ▁short ▁stories ▁that ▁made ▁him ▁famous . ▁His ▁books ▁were ▁written ▁under ▁the ▁strong ▁influence ▁of ▁D osto ye v sky ' s ▁frequent ▁them es ▁of ▁gu ilt ▁and ▁searching ▁for ▁faith ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁world . ▁His ▁nov els ▁Cr us ade ▁( K or st å get ), ▁Mer cy ▁( F ör bar ma ▁dig ) ▁and ▁others ▁were ▁translated ▁into ▁foreign ▁languages . ▁ ▁Col li ander ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁In a ▁converted ▁to ▁Orth odox y , ▁and ▁the ▁writer ▁attended ▁the ▁Orth odox ▁sem inary ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁His ▁most ▁famous ▁book , ▁The ▁Way ▁of ▁the ▁As c et ics ▁( A sk et ern as ▁vä g ), ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁Swedish . ▁The ▁English ▁translation , ▁The ▁Way ▁of ▁the ▁As c et ics , ▁went ▁through ▁several ▁ed itions . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁mem oir ▁of ▁life ▁in ▁Ts ar ist ▁Russia ▁and ▁Finland ▁in ▁a ▁pre - war ▁book ▁about ▁I ly a ▁Rep in . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁is ▁buried ▁at ▁the ▁Orth odox ▁c emetery ▁in ▁Hels ink i ▁near ▁Lap in la ht i . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁T ito ▁Col li ander ▁▁▁ |
▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sank t - Peter burg sky ▁U ye zd ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁Category : E astern ▁Orth odox ▁Christians ▁from ▁Russia ▁Category : E astern ▁Orth odox ▁the olog ians ▁Category : E astern ▁Orth odox ▁writers ▁Category : F inn ish ▁writers ▁in ▁Swedish ▁Category : Pro ▁Finland ia ▁Med als ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Lion ▁of ▁Finland <0x0A> </s> ▁Sw allow ▁T ales ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁album ▁by ▁British ▁country ▁rock ▁band ▁C och ise . ▁▁ ▁C och ise ▁was ▁most ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁guitar ist ▁M ick ▁Grab ham , ▁who ▁joined ▁British ▁rock ▁band ▁Pro col ▁Har um ▁after ▁C och ise ▁dissol ved ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁and ▁featured ▁several ▁supporting ▁artists ▁including ▁Tim ▁Ren wick ▁and ▁Cat ▁B atch elor . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁music ▁label ▁Liber ty ▁Records . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁originally ▁released ▁as ▁an ▁LP , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁released ▁on ▁CD . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Dick ▁Taylor ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁band . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁were ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁and ▁released ▁their ▁first ▁album , ▁C och ise , ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
7 0 . ▁The ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁changed ▁greatly ▁before ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁Sw allow ▁T ales ▁as ▁lead ▁singer ▁Stewart ▁Brown ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁John ▁Gilbert . ▁Gu itar ist ▁B J ▁Cole ▁said ▁that ▁Gilbert ' s ▁voice ▁contrast ed ▁with ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁Brown , ▁as ▁Gilbert ▁sound ed ▁best ▁on ▁rock ▁songs ▁whereas ▁Brown ▁was ▁more ▁m ellow . ▁Crit ic ▁Rich ie ▁Unter berger ▁( of ▁All music ), ▁however , ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁music ▁sound ed ▁largely ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁on ▁their ▁previous ▁self - t itled ▁album , ▁and ▁described ▁them ▁as ▁" middle ▁of ▁the ▁pack " ▁with ▁neither ▁" sty list ic ▁distinction " ▁or ▁" top - sh elf ▁song writing ". ▁ ▁The ▁song - writing ▁was ▁done ▁entirely ▁by ▁guitar ists ▁M ick ▁Grab ham ▁and ▁Cole , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁" L ove ' s ▁Made ▁a ▁F ool ▁of ▁You " ▁which ▁is ▁by ▁Bud dy ▁Hol ly ▁and ▁Bob ▁Mont gom ery . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁" L ove ' s ▁Made ▁a ▁F ool ▁of ▁You " ▁- ▁( only ▁on ▁CD ) ▁( B ud dy ▁Hol ly , ▁Bob ▁Mont gom ery ) ▁- ▁ 2 : 5 1 ▁ ▁" J ed ▁Col lder " ▁- ▁( M ick ▁Grab ham ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 1 8 ▁ ▁" Down ▁Country ▁Girls " ▁- ▁( M ick ▁Grab ham ) ▁- ▁ 1 : 4 9 ▁ ▁" Home |
▁Again " ▁- ▁( M ick ▁Grab ham ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 1 ▁ ▁" L ost ▁He arts " ▁- ▁( B J ▁Cole ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 5 ▁ ▁" Str ange ▁Im ages " ▁- ▁( B J ▁Cole ) ▁- ▁ 2 : 0 3 ▁ ▁" Why ▁I ▁Sing ▁the ▁Blues " ▁- ▁( M ick ▁Grab ham ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 0 9 ▁ ▁" An other ▁Day " ▁- ▁( M ick ▁Grab ham ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 1 6 ▁ ▁" A xi om ▁of ▁Maria " ▁- ▁( B J ▁Cole ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 0 2 ▁ ▁" Can ▁I ▁Break ▁Your ▁Heart " ▁- ▁( M ick ▁Grab ham ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 0 3 ▁ ▁" O ▁Come ▁All ▁Ye ▁Fa ith ful " ▁- ▁( Tr ad itional ; ▁arranged ▁by ▁B J ▁Cole ) ▁- ▁ 1 : 1 5 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁C och ise ▁ ▁John ▁Gilbert ▁- ▁lead ▁vocals ▁ ▁B J ▁Cole ▁- ▁reson ator ▁and ▁ped al ▁steel ▁gu it ars ▁ ▁M ick ▁Grab ham ▁- ▁electric ▁and ▁ac oust ic ▁gu it ars , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Rick ▁Will s ▁- ▁bass , ▁backing ▁vocals , ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Will ie ▁Wilson ▁- ▁drums , ▁backing ▁vocals , ▁per cussion ▁Add itional ▁mus icians ▁ ▁C ale b ▁Qu aye ▁- ▁piano ▁( 3 , ▁ 5 , ▁ 9 ), ▁electric ▁guitar ▁( |
7 ) ▁ ▁N ig el ▁Ol sson ▁- ▁harm ony ▁vocals ▁( 5 ) ▁ ▁Steve ▁Mar ri ott ▁- ▁piano ▁( 6 ), ▁backing ▁vocals ▁( 6 ) ▁ ▁Tim ▁Ren wick ▁- ▁electric ▁guitar ▁( 7 ) ▁Add itional ▁personnel ▁ ▁Roger ▁W ake ▁- ▁Engine er ▁ ▁Hugh ▁F iel der ▁- ▁Lin er ▁Notes ▁ ▁Paul ▁David ▁H ick son ▁- ▁Cover ▁Art , ▁Art ▁Con ception ▁ ▁W . ▁He ath ▁Robinson ▁- ▁front ▁cover ▁painting ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C och ise ▁( band ) ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁albums ▁Category : L iber ty ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Ghost b ust ers ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁American ▁super natural ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Ivan ▁Re it man ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Dan ▁A yk ro yd ▁and ▁Harold ▁Ram is . ▁It ▁stars ▁Bill ▁Murray , ▁A yk ro yd , ▁and ▁Ram is ▁as , ▁respectively , ▁Peter ▁V enk man , ▁Ray ▁St ant z , ▁and ▁Eg on ▁Sp eng ler , ▁a ▁tri o ▁of ▁ecc ent ric ▁par aps ych olog ists ▁who ▁start ▁a ▁g host - catch ing ▁business ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁stars ▁Sig our ney ▁We aver ▁and ▁Rick ▁Mor an is , ▁and ▁features ▁An nie ▁Pot ts , ▁William ▁A ther ton , ▁and ▁Er nie ▁Hudson ▁in ▁supporting ▁roles . ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁his ▁own ▁fasc ination ▁with ▁spiritual ity , ▁A yk |
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