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▁hope ▁of ▁transform ing ▁the ▁enter prise ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁This ▁“ cor por ate ▁lean ” ▁approach ▁is ▁fund ament ally ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁ide als ▁of ▁lean ▁thinking , ▁but ▁has ▁been ▁taken ▁up ▁by ▁a ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁large ▁business es ▁seeking ▁to ▁cut ▁their ▁costs ▁without ▁challeng ing ▁their ▁fundamental ▁management ▁assumptions . ▁ ▁Over view ▁▁ ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁was ▁born ▁out ▁of ▁studying ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁Toy ota ▁Motor ▁Company ▁from ▁a ▁bank rupt ▁Japanese ▁autom aker ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁to ▁today ' s ▁dominant ▁global ▁player . ▁At ▁every ▁stage ▁of ▁its ▁expansion , ▁Toy ota ▁remained ▁a ▁puzz le ▁by ▁capt uring ▁new ▁mark ets ▁with ▁products ▁de emed ▁relatively ▁un att ract ive ▁and ▁with ▁system atically ▁lower ▁costs ▁while ▁not ▁following ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁usual ▁management ▁dict ates . ▁In ▁studying ▁the ▁company ▁first hand ▁it ▁appeared ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁unique ▁group ▁of ▁el ders ▁( s ense i ) ▁and ▁coordin ators ▁( train ers ▁from ▁Japan ) ▁dedicated ▁to ▁help ▁man agers ▁think ▁differently . ▁Con tr arily ▁to ▁every ▁other ▁large ▁company , ▁Toy ota ' s ▁training ▁in ▁its ▁form ative ▁years ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁developing ▁people ' s ▁reasoning ▁ab ilities ▁rather ▁than ▁pushing ▁them ▁to ▁execute ▁special ist - der ived ▁systems . ▁ ▁These ▁“ s ense i ”, ▁or ▁master s ▁in ▁lean ▁thinking ▁would ▁challenge ▁line ▁man agers ▁to ▁look ▁differently ▁at ▁their ▁own ▁jobs ▁by |
▁foc using ▁on : ▁ ▁The ▁work place : ▁Go ing ▁and ▁seeing ▁first hand ▁work ▁conditions ▁in ▁practice , ▁right ▁now , ▁and ▁finding ▁out ▁the ▁facts ▁for ▁ones elf ▁rather ▁than ▁re lying ▁on ▁reports ▁and ▁board room ▁meeting . ▁The ▁work place ▁is ▁also ▁where ▁real ▁people ▁make ▁real ▁value ▁and ▁going ▁to ▁see ▁is ▁a ▁mark ▁of ▁respect ▁and ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁support ▁employees ▁to ▁add ▁value ▁through ▁their ▁ideas ▁and ▁initi ative ▁more ▁than ▁merely ▁make ▁value ▁through ▁pres cribed ▁work . ▁The ▁management ▁revolution ▁brought ▁by ▁lean ▁thinking ▁can ▁be ▁sum med ▁up ▁by ▁describing ▁jobs ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁Job ▁= ▁Work ▁+ ▁Ka izen ▁ ▁Value ▁through ▁built - in ▁quality : ▁Under standing ▁that ▁customer ▁satisfaction ▁is ▁param ount ▁and ▁is ▁built - in ▁at ▁every ▁step ▁of ▁the ▁enter prise ' s ▁process , ▁from ▁building ▁in ▁satisfying ▁features ▁( such ▁as ▁peace ▁of ▁mind ) ▁to ▁correctly ▁building ▁in ▁quality ▁at ▁every ▁production ▁step . ▁Bu ilt - in ▁quality ▁means ▁to ▁stop ▁at ▁every ▁doubt ful ▁part ▁and ▁to ▁train ▁yourself ▁and ▁others ▁not ▁to ▁pass ▁on ▁defect ive ▁work , ▁not ▁to ▁do ▁defect ive ▁work ▁and ▁not ▁to ▁accept ▁defect ive ▁work ▁by ▁stopping ▁the ▁process ▁and ▁react ing ▁immediately ▁whenever ▁things ▁go ▁wrong . ▁ ▁Value ▁streams ▁through ▁understanding ▁" t akt " ▁time : ▁By ▁calculating ▁the ▁ratio ▁of ▁open ▁production ▁time ▁to ▁aver aged ▁customer ▁demand ▁one ▁can ▁have ▁a ▁clear ▁idea ▁of ▁the ▁capacity ▁needed ▁to |
▁offer ▁a ▁steady ▁flow ▁of ▁products . ▁This ▁“ t akt ” ▁rh ythm , ▁be ▁it ▁a ▁minute ▁for ▁cars , ▁two ▁months ▁for ▁software ▁projects ▁or ▁two ▁years ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁book ▁leads ▁to ▁creating ▁stable ▁value ▁streams ▁where ▁stable ▁teams ▁work ▁on ▁a ▁stable ▁set ▁of ▁products ▁with ▁stable ▁equipment ▁rather ▁than ▁optimize ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁specific ▁machines ▁or ▁processes . ▁T akt ▁time ▁thinking ▁leads ▁to ▁completely ▁different ▁capacity ▁reasoning ▁than ▁traditional ▁cost ing ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁key ▁to ▁far ▁more ▁f rug al ▁processes . ▁ ▁Flow ▁through ▁reducing ▁batch ▁sizes : ▁Every ▁traditional ▁business , ▁whether ▁in ▁production ▁or ▁services , ▁is ▁add icted ▁to ▁batch . ▁The ▁idea ▁is ▁that ▁once ▁work ▁is ▁set ▁up ▁one ▁way , ▁we ' d ▁better ▁get ▁on ▁and ▁quickly ▁make ▁as ▁many ▁pieces ▁of ▁work ▁as ▁we ▁can ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁unit ▁cost ▁down . ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁looks ▁at ▁this ▁differently ▁in ▁trying ▁to ▁optimize ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁work ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁satisfy ▁real ▁demand ▁now , ▁not ▁imag inary ▁demand ▁next ▁month . ▁By ▁working ▁str enu ously ▁on ▁reducing ▁change - over ▁time ▁and ▁difficulty , ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁approach ▁the ▁lean ▁thinking ▁ideal ▁of ▁single ▁piece ▁flow . ▁In ▁doing ▁so , ▁one ▁reduces ▁dram atically ▁the ▁general ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁business ▁by ▁elimin ating ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁w are h ouses , ▁trans ports , ▁systems , ▁sub cont ractor ▁use ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁▁ ▁P ull ▁to ▁visual ize ▁tak t |
▁time ▁through ▁the ▁flow : ▁pulling ▁work ▁from ▁up stream ▁at ▁tak t ▁time ▁through ▁visual ▁devices ▁such ▁as ▁Kan ban ▁cards ▁is ▁the ▁essential ▁piece ▁that ▁enables ▁lean ▁think ers ▁to ▁visual ize ▁the ▁g aps ▁between ▁the ▁ideal ▁and ▁the ▁actual ▁at ▁the ▁work place ▁at ▁any ▁time . ▁P ull ▁is ▁what ▁creates ▁a ▁cre ative ▁t ension ▁in ▁the ▁work place ▁by ▁both ▁ed ging ▁closer ▁to ▁single - pie ce - work ▁and ▁by ▁highlight ing ▁problems ▁one ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁as ▁they ▁occur ▁so ▁complex ▁situations ▁can ▁be ▁resolved ▁pie c eme al . ▁P ull ▁is ▁the ▁basic ▁technique ▁to ▁“ lean ” ▁the ▁company ▁and , ▁by ▁and ▁large , ▁without ▁pull ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁lean ▁thinking . ▁ ▁Se ek ing ▁per fection ▁through ▁ka izen : ▁The ▁old ▁time ▁sense i ▁used ▁to ▁teach ▁that ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁lean ▁thinking ▁was ▁not ▁to ▁apply ▁lean ▁tools ▁to ▁every ▁process , ▁but ▁to ▁develop ▁the ▁ka izen ▁spirit ▁in ▁every ▁employee . ▁Per fection ▁is ▁not ▁sought ▁through ▁better , ▁more ▁clever ▁systems ▁or ▁go - it - alone ▁hero es ▁but ▁through ▁a ▁commit ment ▁to ▁improve ▁things ▁together ▁step - by - small - step . ▁Ka izen ▁literally ▁means ▁change ▁for ▁the ▁better ▁and ▁Ka izen ▁spirit ▁is ▁about ▁seeking ▁a ▁hundred ▁ 1 % ▁improvements ▁from ▁everyone ▁every ▁day ▁everywhere ▁rather ▁than ▁one ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁le ap ▁forward . ▁The ▁practice ▁of ▁ka izen ▁is ▁what ▁anch |
ors ▁deep ▁lean ▁thinking ▁in ▁people ' s ▁minds ▁and ▁which , ▁ultimately , ▁leads ▁to ▁complete ▁transformation . ▁Pract ising ▁ka izen ▁together ▁builds ▁self - conf idence ▁and ▁the ▁collect ive ▁confidence ▁that ▁we ▁can ▁face ▁our ▁larger ▁challeng es ▁and ▁solve ▁our ▁problems ▁together . ▁ ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁practices ▁▁ ▁Exper ience ▁shows ▁that ▁adopt ing ▁lean ▁thinking ▁requires ▁abandon ing ▁deeply ▁eng rained ▁main stream ▁management ▁thought ▁rout ines , ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁never ▁easy . ▁The ▁three ▁main ▁ways ▁to ▁adopt ▁lean ▁thinking ▁are , ▁un sur pr ising ly : ▁ ▁“ A ha !” ▁moments ▁by ▁seeing ▁someone ▁behave ▁in ▁a ▁striking ▁way , ▁or ▁hitting ▁upon ▁a ▁new ▁idea ▁by ▁reading ▁a ▁book , ▁visit ing ▁a ▁work place , ▁or ▁being ▁be aten ▁over ▁the ▁head ▁by ▁an ▁old ▁time ▁sense i . ▁A ha ! ▁moments ▁are ▁powerful , ▁but ▁unfortunately ▁rare , ▁and ▁need ▁the ▁right ▁conditions ▁to ▁occur . ▁ ▁Every day ▁practice ▁by ▁the ▁daily ▁use ▁of ▁“ lean ” ▁practices . ▁These ▁practices ▁mainly ▁origin ate ▁from ▁Toy ota ▁and ▁are ▁essentially ▁“ th ink ▁with ▁your ▁hand ” ▁exer cis es . ▁Their ▁purpose ▁is ▁not ▁to ▁implement ▁new ▁processes ▁( as ▁they ▁are ▁too ▁often ▁interpreted ) ▁but ▁practical ▁activities ▁to ▁lead ▁one ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁situation ▁differently ▁and ▁have ▁new ▁ideas ▁about ▁it ▁– ▁to ▁adopt ▁a ▁lean er ▁way ▁of ▁thinking . ▁ ▁Jo ining ▁lean ▁self - stud y ▁groups ▁by ▁pract ising |
▁ka izen ▁with ▁others ▁and ▁ident ifying ▁which ▁role ▁models ▁one ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁follow . ▁The ▁lean ▁community ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁generation ▁strong ▁and ▁has ▁many ▁great ▁examples ▁to ▁offer ▁to ▁any ▁lean ▁lear ner , ▁whether ▁beginner ▁or ▁experienced . ▁Work place ▁vis its ▁with ▁experienced ▁lean ▁think ers ▁remain ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁effective ▁ways ▁to ▁grasp ▁their ▁meaning . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁lean ▁thinking ▁tradition , ▁the ▁teacher ▁should ▁not ▁explain ▁but ▁demonstrate ▁– ▁learning ▁is ▁the ▁full ▁responsibility ▁of ▁the ▁lear ner . ▁However , ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁proper ▁conditions ▁for ▁learning ▁the ▁lean ▁tradition ▁has ▁adopted ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁practices ▁from ▁Toy ota ' s ▁own ▁learning ▁curve . ▁The ▁aim ▁of ▁these ▁practices ▁is ▁not ▁to ▁improve ▁processes ▁per ▁se ▁but ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁environment ▁for ▁teach able ▁and ▁learn able ▁moments . ▁▁ ▁Ka izen ▁activities : ▁Whether ▁cross - function al ▁work sh ops , ▁team ▁quality ▁circles , ▁individual ▁suggestions , ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁exer cis es , ▁ka izen ▁activities ▁are ▁about ▁scheduled ▁moments ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁work ▁within ▁the ▁normal ▁working ▁day . ▁The ▁point ▁of ▁ka izen ▁is ▁that ▁improvement ▁is ▁a ▁normal ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁job , ▁not ▁something ▁to ▁be ▁done ▁“ when ▁there ▁is ▁time ▁left ▁after ▁having ▁done ▁everything ▁else .” ▁Ka izen ▁is ▁scheduled , ▁planned , ▁and ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁teacher ▁who ▁makes ▁sure ▁Dr . ▁Dem ing ' s ▁ ▁Plan - Do - Check - Act ▁is ▁followed ▁rig or ously . |
▁ ▁Kan ban : ▁Kan ban ▁is ▁the ▁found ational ▁practice ▁of ▁lean ▁thinking ▁( the ▁Toy ota ▁Production ▁System ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁first ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Kan ban ▁system ). ▁Any ▁process ▁will ▁have ▁different ▁output . ▁For ▁instance , ▁now ad ays , ▁a ▁writer ▁will ▁produce ▁books , ▁ke yn ote ▁speech es , ▁blog ▁posts , ▁twe ets ▁and ▁answer ▁e - mail s . ▁The ▁question ▁is , ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁time ▁right ▁now , ▁how ▁can ▁the ▁person ▁using ▁the ▁process ▁know ▁whether ▁they ▁are ▁doing ▁what ▁is ▁needed ▁for ▁customers ▁right ▁now ▁or ▁whether ▁they ▁are ▁working ▁ahead ▁on ▁something ▁not ▁that ▁important ▁and ▁lag ging ▁behind ▁on ▁something ▁critical . ▁In ▁project ▁management , ▁this ▁creates ▁segments ▁ahead ▁and ▁segments ▁late , ▁and ▁end ▁of ▁project ▁pan ic . ▁In ▁production , ▁this ▁creates ▁entire ▁w are h ouses ▁of ▁invent ories ▁to ▁compens ate ▁for ▁the ▁in ability ▁to ▁produce ▁right ▁now ▁what ▁is ▁needed . ▁Kan ban ▁is ▁a ▁simple ▁technique ▁using ▁cards ▁or ▁post - it ▁notes ▁to ▁visual ize ▁“ le ve led ” ▁( i . e . ▁aver aged ▁to ▁avoid ▁pe aks ▁and ▁tr ough s ) ▁activity ▁at ▁the ▁process . ▁The ▁writer ▁will ▁start ▁a ▁new ▁book ▁when ▁she ' s ▁delivered ▁one . ▁She ▁will ▁worry ▁about ▁the ▁new ▁conference ▁when ▁it ' s ▁time ▁to . ▁She ▁will ▁write ▁a ▁new ▁blog ▁post ▁at ▁a ▁steady ▁rh ythm ▁rather ▁than ▁publish ▁five ▁in ▁a |
▁r ush ▁and ▁then ▁one ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁In ▁production , ▁Kan ban ▁cards ▁make ▁sure ▁employees ▁are ▁working ▁on ▁what ▁is ▁needed ▁right ▁now ▁and ▁not ▁over produ cing ▁parts ▁which ▁will ▁then ▁l inger ▁in ▁invent ory ▁whilst ▁others ▁will ▁be ▁un available . ▁Kan ban ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁practice ▁to ▁reve al ▁all ▁mis f its ▁between ▁today ' s ▁activities ▁and ▁how ▁the ▁market ▁behav es . ▁Kan ban ▁teach es ▁one ▁lean ▁thinking ▁by ▁constantly ▁challeng ing ▁assumptions ▁about ▁market ▁behaviour ▁and ▁our ▁own ▁flex ibility . ▁ ▁Aut onom ation : ▁In ▁any ▁contemporary ▁setting , ▁everyone ▁uses ▁either ▁machines ▁or ▁software ▁to ▁do ▁any ▁work . ▁Yet , ▁this ▁autom ated ▁work ▁still ▁requires ▁specific ▁human ▁jud g ments ▁to ▁be ▁done ▁right . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁many ▁machines ▁can ' t ▁be ▁left ▁alone ▁to ▁work ▁because ▁they ' re ▁likely ▁to ▁go ▁wrong ▁if ▁someone ▁doesn ' t ▁watch ▁them ▁all ▁the ▁time . ▁Aut onom ation ▁is ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁progress ively ▁im part ing ▁human ▁jud g ement ▁to ▁a ▁system ▁so ▁that ▁it ▁self - mon itors ▁and ▁stops ▁and ▁calls ▁a ▁human ▁when ▁it ▁feels ▁it ▁went ▁wrong , ▁just ▁as ▁a ▁desktop ▁computer ▁will ▁flag ▁a ▁virus ▁alert ▁if ▁it ▁feels ▁under ▁attack . ▁Aut onom ation ▁is ▁essential ▁to ▁separate ▁people ▁from ▁machines ▁and ▁not ▁have ▁humans ▁doing ▁machine ▁work ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁Autom ation ▁teach es ▁lean ▁thinking ▁by ▁reve aling ▁new ▁ways |
▁of ▁design ing ▁l ighter , ▁sm arter ▁machines ▁with ▁less ▁capital ▁exp end iture . ▁ ▁And on : ▁Call ing ▁out ▁when ▁something ▁feels ▁out ▁of ▁k ilt ▁and ▁to ▁visual ize ▁that ▁call ▁on ▁central ▁board ▁so ▁that ▁help ▁can ▁come ▁quickly . ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁is ▁thinking ▁together ▁and ▁no ▁employee ▁should ▁be ▁left ▁alone ▁with ▁a ▁problem . ▁And on ▁is ▁a ▁critical ▁system ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁train ▁employees ▁in ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁their ▁jobs ▁within ▁their ▁own ▁operations . ▁And on ▁teach es ▁lean ▁thinking ▁in ▁highlight ing ▁the ▁immediate ▁bar riers ▁to ▁the ▁lean ▁goal ▁of ▁zero ▁defect ▁at ▁every ▁step ▁of ▁the ▁process ▁at ▁all ▁time . ▁Through ▁and on ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁think ▁better ▁about ▁training ▁people ▁and ▁impro ving ▁their ▁work ▁conditions ▁to ▁take ▁all ▁difficulties ▁away . ▁ ▁S ME D : ▁Origin ally ▁known ▁as ▁Single ▁Min ute ▁Exchange ▁of ▁Die ▁( ch anging ▁tools ▁under ▁ 1 0 ▁minutes ), ▁S ME D ▁is ▁a ▁key ▁lean ▁thinking ▁practice ▁to ▁focus ▁directly ▁on ▁flex ibility . ▁F lex ibility ▁is ▁central ▁to ▁flow ▁and ▁always ▁a ▁problem , ▁even ▁for ▁an ▁engine ers ’ ▁mind ▁– ▁how ▁flexible ▁are ▁we ▁to ▁move ▁from ▁one ▁topic ▁to ▁the ▁next ? ▁F lex ibility ▁doesn ' t ▁mean ▁changing ▁everything ▁all ▁the ▁time , ▁but ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁switch ▁quickly ▁from ▁one ▁known ▁activity ▁to ▁the ▁next . ▁S ME D ▁teach es ▁lean ▁thinking ▁in ▁always ▁seeking ▁to ▁improve |
▁flex ibility ▁until ▁one ▁reaches ▁true ▁single - pie ce - flow ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁sequence ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁instant ▁customer ▁demand . ▁ ▁Standard ized ▁Work : ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁is ▁about ▁seeking ▁the ▁smooth est ▁flow ▁in ▁any ▁work , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁see ▁problems ▁one ▁by ▁one ▁and ▁resolve ▁them ▁one ▁by ▁one , ▁thus ▁impro ving ▁both ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁work ▁and ▁the ▁aut onomy ▁of ▁the ▁person . ▁Standard ized ▁Work ▁is ▁the ▁graph ic ▁description ▁of ▁this ▁smooth ▁flow ▁of ▁work ▁at ▁tak t ▁time ▁with ▁zero ▁or ▁one ▁piece ▁of ▁work - in - process ▁and ▁clear ▁location ▁for ▁everything ▁and ▁steps . ▁Tr icky ▁quality ▁points ▁are ▁also ▁identified ▁clearly , ▁to ▁make ▁sure ▁the ▁person ▁visual izes ▁first , ▁what ▁is ▁important ▁for ▁the ▁customer , ▁how ▁to ▁distinguish ▁OK ▁from ▁not ▁OK ▁at ▁every ▁step ▁and ▁have ▁to ▁move ▁confident ly ▁from ▁one ▁step ▁to ▁the ▁next . ▁Standard ized ▁work ▁teach es ▁lean ▁thinking ▁by ▁visual izing ▁every ▁obst acle ▁to ▁smooth ▁work ▁each ▁person ▁enc oun ters ▁and ▁highlight ing ▁topics ▁for ▁ka izen . ▁ ▁Visual ization : ▁Most ▁lean ▁thinking ▁techniques ▁are ▁about ▁visual ization ▁in ▁some ▁form ▁or ▁other ▁so ▁that ▁we ▁can ▁see ▁together , ▁know ▁together ▁and ▁thus ▁learn ▁together . ▁Visual ▁control ▁is ▁the ▁essential ▁trigger ▁to ▁cre ative ▁problem ▁solving ▁as ▁all ▁can ▁see ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁what ▁was ▁planned ▁and ▁what ▁actually ▁happened ▁and ▁can ▁seek ▁both ▁immediate ▁counter me asures ▁and ▁root |
▁causes . ▁Visual ization ▁teach es ▁lean ▁thinking ▁by ▁getting ▁people ▁to ▁work ▁together ▁on ▁their ▁own ▁problems ▁and ▁develop ▁their ▁responsibility ▁to ▁reaching ▁object ives ▁without ▁over bur den . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers ies ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁controvers ies ▁surrounding ▁the ▁word ▁“ lean ,” ▁one ▁concerning ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁lean ▁with ▁the ▁general ▁public ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁within ▁the ▁lean ▁movement ▁itself . ▁ ▁Le an ▁has ▁repeatedly ▁been ▁accused ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁tur bo - charg ed ▁Taylor ism , ▁the ▁har b inger ▁of ▁product ivity ▁pressure , ▁det r iment al ▁to ▁employee ' s ▁health ▁and ▁aut onomy ▁at ▁work . ▁Unfortunately , ▁some ▁company ▁programs ▁calling ▁themselves ▁“ lean ” ▁have ▁indeed ▁had ▁a ▁sever ely ▁negative ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁business ▁and ▁work ▁relations . ▁This ▁problem ▁ar ises ▁when ▁senior ▁leaders ▁do ▁not ▁seek ▁to ▁adopt ▁lean ▁thinking ▁but ▁instead ▁delegate ▁to ▁outside ▁consult ants ▁or ▁internal ▁special ist ▁team ▁the ▁job ▁of ▁“ lean ing ” ▁processes . ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁very ▁clearly ▁states ▁that ▁it ▁see ks ▁cost ▁redu ctions ▁– ▁finding ▁the ▁policy ▁orig ins ▁of ▁unnecessary ▁costs ▁and ▁elimin ating ▁at ▁the ▁cause ▁– ▁and ▁not ▁cost ▁cutting ▁– ▁forcing ▁people ▁to ▁work ▁within ▁reduced ▁bud gets ▁and ▁de grad ed ▁conditions ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁achieve ▁line ▁by ▁line ▁cost ▁advantage . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁doubt ▁about ▁this , ▁but ▁to ▁many ▁man agers , ▁the ▁latter ▁option ▁is ▁far ▁more ▁exped ient ▁than ▁the ▁former ▁and |
▁it ' s ▁easy ▁to ▁call ▁“ lean ” ▁a ▁cost - cut ting ▁program . ▁Non eth eless , ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁that , ▁and ▁any ▁approach ▁that ▁doesn ' t ▁have ▁the ▁explicit ▁aim ▁to ▁develop ▁lean ▁thinking ▁in ▁every ▁employee ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁“ lean .” ▁ ▁A ▁second ▁on going ▁controvers y , ▁within ▁the ▁lean ▁community ▁itself , ▁concerns ▁how ▁closely ▁lean ▁think ers ▁should ▁follow ▁Toy ota ▁practices . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁tricky ▁subject ▁because ▁on ▁the ▁one ▁hand ▁Toy ota ▁is ▁the ▁invent or ▁of ▁lean ▁and ▁is ▁well ▁ahead ▁in ▁both ▁knowledge ▁and ▁experience ▁but , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁why ▁would ▁methods ▁invent ed ▁by ▁a ▁Japanese ▁auto ▁manufact urer ▁apply ▁anywhere ▁else ? ▁In ▁fact , ▁this ▁debate ▁rest s ▁on ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁Toy ota ▁is ▁a ▁mon ol ith ic ▁company ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁un ified ▁practice . ▁In ▁actual ▁terms , ▁Toy ota ▁has ▁changed ▁consider ably ▁from ▁its ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁roots ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁global ▁company ▁with ▁hundreds ▁of ▁sites ▁across ▁all ▁contin ents ▁– ▁no ▁two ▁sites ▁are ▁al ike ▁and ▁although ▁there ▁are ▁similar ▁principles ▁at ▁work , ▁local ▁practices ▁vary ▁consider ably ▁from ▁site ▁to ▁site . ▁No ▁one ▁comes ▁out ▁of ▁any ▁conversation ▁completely ▁un changed ▁and , ▁for ▁instance , ▁in ▁talking ▁to ▁G E ▁one ▁comes ▁back ▁G E - f ied ▁as ▁in ▁talking ▁to ▁Toy ota , ▁one ▁comes ▁back ▁Toy ota |
- f ied , ▁so ▁to ▁speak . ▁This ▁debate ▁is ▁thus ▁vital ▁for ▁the ▁lean ▁movement ▁as ▁confront ing ▁Toy ota ▁practices , ▁such ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁here ▁and ▁there , ▁to ▁other ▁environments ▁is ▁the ▁starting ▁point ▁of ▁lean ▁thinking . ▁In ▁this ▁respect , ▁“ how ▁much ▁like ▁Toy ota ▁thinking ▁should ▁lean ▁thinking ▁be ?” ▁is ▁a ▁question ▁without ▁an ▁answer ▁that ▁mer its ▁constant , ▁case ▁by ▁case ▁consideration . ▁ ▁It ’ s ▁about ▁people ▁first ▁ ▁These ▁controvers ies ▁largely ▁emer ge ▁around ▁the ▁radical ▁organiz ational ▁innov ation ▁proposed ▁by ▁lean ▁thinking : ▁putting ▁people ▁first ▁rather ▁than ▁systems . ▁In ▁this , ▁lean ▁thinking ▁dep arts ▁marked ly ▁from ▁main stream ▁management : ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁customers ▁rather ▁than ▁market ▁segments : ▁Without ▁den ying ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁think ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁segments , ▁lean ▁thinking ▁is ▁about ▁taking ▁seriously ▁every ▁single ▁customer ▁compla int ▁and ▁opinion ▁of ▁the ▁product ▁or ▁service , ▁as ▁a ▁fact . ▁The ▁ability ▁to ▁service ▁every ▁customer ▁specifically ▁is ▁only ▁limited ▁by ▁the ▁flex ibility ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁process ▁and ▁lean ▁thinking ▁is ▁about ▁seeking ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁ideal ▁of ▁serving ▁each ▁individual ' s ▁prefer ences . ▁ ▁Te aching ▁employees ▁how ▁to ▁learn ▁rather ▁than ▁telling ▁them ▁what ▁to ▁do : ▁Le an ▁thinking ' s ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁develop ▁each ▁person ' s ▁aut onomy ▁in ▁problem ▁solving ▁by ▁supporting ▁them ▁in ▁their ▁continuous ▁improvement ▁activities . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁radical |
▁break ▁from ▁Taylor ism ▁where ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁special ists ▁will ▁dev ise ▁the ▁“ one - best - way ” ▁and ▁line ▁management ▁will ▁be ▁task ed ▁to ▁en force ▁it . ▁By ▁contrast , ▁lean ▁thinking ▁is ▁taught ▁to ▁man agers ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁help ▁their ▁own ▁direct ▁reports ▁to ▁think ▁lean ▁and ▁reduce ▁over bur den , ▁un ne eded ▁variation ▁and ▁activity ▁waste ▁by ▁working ▁more ▁closely ▁with ▁their ▁teams ▁and ▁across ▁functional ▁boundaries . ▁ ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁at ▁senior ▁level ▁creates ▁lean er ▁enter pr ises ▁because ▁sales ▁increase ▁through ▁customer ▁satisfaction ▁with ▁higher ▁quality ▁products ▁or ▁services , ▁because ▁c ash ▁improve ▁as ▁flex ibility ▁reduces ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁invent ories ▁or ▁back logs , ▁because ▁costs ▁reduce ▁through ▁ident ifying ▁cost ly ▁policies ▁that ▁create ▁waste ▁at ▁value - adding ▁level , ▁and ▁because ▁capital ▁exp end iture ▁is ▁less ▁needed ▁as ▁people ▁themselves ▁invent ▁sm arter , ▁lean er ▁processes ▁to ▁flow ▁work ▁continu ously ▁at ▁tak t ▁time ▁without ▁waste . ▁ ▁Le an ▁and ▁green ▁▁ ▁The ▁importance ▁of ▁lean ▁thinking ▁goes ▁way ▁beyond ▁impro ving ▁business ▁profit ability . ▁In ▁their ▁sem inal ▁book ▁Natural ▁Capital ism , ▁authors ▁Paul ▁Haw ken , ▁Am ory ▁Lov ins ▁and ▁L . ▁Hunter ▁Lov ins ▁explicitly ▁reference ▁lean ▁thinking ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁sust ain ▁growth ▁without ▁so ▁much ▁coll ater al ▁damage ▁for ▁the ▁environment . ▁Indeed , ▁lean ▁thinking ' s ▁approach ▁to ▁seek ▁to ▁eliminate ▁waste ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of |
▁m uri ▁( over bur den ), ▁m ura ▁( un level ness ) ▁and ▁m uda ▁( un necess ary ▁resource ▁use ) ▁is ▁a ▁proven ▁practical ▁way ▁to ▁attack ▁complex ▁problems ▁piece ▁by ▁piece ▁through ▁concrete ▁action . ▁Indeed , ▁Toy ota ▁industrial ▁sites ▁are ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁sust ain ability ▁efforts ▁and ▁well ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁" zero ▁land fill " ▁goal ▁– ▁all ▁waste ▁rec yc led ▁within ▁the ▁site . ▁Pract ising ▁lean ▁thinking ▁offers ▁a ▁rad ically ▁new ▁way ▁to ▁look ▁at ▁traditional ▁goods ▁and ▁service ▁production ▁to ▁learn ▁how ▁to ▁sust ain ▁the ▁same ▁benefits ▁at ▁a ▁much ▁lower ▁cost , ▁finan cially ▁and ▁environment ally . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁P ush – pull ▁strategy ▁Le an <0x0A> </s> ▁Bank hai ▁United ▁Football ▁Club ▁( Th ai ▁ บ ้ า น ค ่ า ย ▁ ย ู ไ น เ ต ็ ด ), ▁is ▁a ▁Th ai ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Ban ▁Kh ai ▁District , ▁Ray ong ▁Province , ▁Th ailand . ▁The ▁club ▁ ▁are ▁currently ▁champions ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Th ai ▁Division ▁ 3 ▁Tournament ▁Eastern ▁Region ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Th ai ▁League ▁ 4 ▁Eastern ▁Region . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Kh ǒ r ▁Royal ▁Cup ▁Bank hai ▁United ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁local ▁football ▁team ▁of ▁Ban ▁Kh ai ▁District , ▁Ray ong ▁Province . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 |
2 ▁they ▁purchased ▁the ▁playing ▁license ▁of ▁Kh ǒ r ▁Royal ▁Cup ▁from ▁B ant ung ked ▁School ▁F . C . ▁ ▁In ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁they ▁played ▁first ▁ever ▁match ▁with ▁Sports ▁Association ▁of ▁Ray ong ▁Province ▁F . C . ▁in ▁Kh ǒ r ▁Royal ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁season ▁and ▁win ▁ 4 – 1 . ▁In ▁their ▁first ▁season ▁they ▁qualified ▁to ▁the ▁semi - final ▁before ▁defeated ▁to ▁Kr ung ▁Th on b uri ▁F . C . ▁ 3 – 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁Kh ǒ r ▁Royal ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁season ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁and ▁defeated ▁to ▁Ray ong ▁Province ▁in ▁penalty ▁shoot - out . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁season ▁they ▁qualified ▁to ▁the ▁semi - final ▁again ▁and ▁draw ▁with ▁Raj ap r ue k ▁University ▁F . C . ▁ 2 – 2 ▁but ▁defeated ▁in ▁penalty ▁shoot ▁- out . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁they ▁defeated ▁in ▁round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁to ▁Army ▁W elf are ▁Department ▁F . C . ▁ 1 – 2 ▁and ▁fall ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁season ▁ ▁Th ai ▁Football ▁Am ateur ▁Tournament ▁ ▁Team ▁records ▁ ▁Match es ▁▁ ▁First ▁Official ▁Match ▁▁▁ 4 – 1 ▁win ▁v ▁Sports ▁Association ▁of ▁Ray ong ▁Province ▁, ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁Kh ǒ r |
▁Royal ▁Cup ▁▁ ▁First ▁Football ▁League ▁Match ▁▁ 2 – 0 ▁win ▁v ▁Sa imit r ▁Kab in ▁United ▁, ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁Th ai ▁League ▁ 4 ▁ ▁Big gest ▁Win ▁▁ 9 – 1 ▁v ▁Tak h ian ▁T ia ▁F . C . ▁, ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁Th ai ▁Football ▁Am ateur ▁Tournament ▁ ▁Big gest ▁L oss ▁▁▁ 4 – 0 ▁v ▁J . W . ▁Group ▁F . C . ▁, ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁Kh ǒ r ▁Royal ▁Cup ▁▁ ▁Big gest ▁League ▁Win ▁▁ 2 – 0 ▁win ▁v ▁Sa imit r ▁Kab in ▁United ▁, ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁Th ai ▁League ▁ 4 ▁ ▁Player ▁records ▁▁ ▁First ▁player ▁to ▁score ▁a ▁goal ▁ ▁With an ▁K aj orn - Grid ik ul ▁: ▁ 4 – 1 ▁win ▁v ▁Sports ▁Association ▁of ▁Ray ong ▁Province ▁, ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁Kh ǒ r ▁Royal ▁Cup ▁ ▁First ▁player ▁to ▁score ▁a ▁league ▁goal ▁ ▁P atch ar ad ana i ▁L ums un ▁: ▁ 2 – 0 ▁win ▁v ▁Sa imit r ▁Kab in ▁United ▁F . C . ▁, ▁ 1 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁Th ai ▁League ▁ 4 ▁ ▁Most ▁goals ▁scored ▁in ▁one ▁game ▁▁ 3 ▁by ▁Pan uk orn ▁P rap a |
▁: ▁ 9 – 1 ▁win ▁v ▁Tak h ian ▁T ia ▁, ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁Th ai ▁Football ▁Am ateur ▁Tournament ▁ ▁Most ▁goals ▁scored ▁in ▁one ▁football ▁league ▁game ▁▁ 2 ▁by ▁P atch ar ad ana i ▁L ums un ▁: ▁ 2 – 0 ▁win ▁v ▁Sa imit r ▁Kab in ▁United ▁F . C . ▁, ▁ 1 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁Th ai ▁League ▁ 4 ▁ ▁Stadium ▁and ▁locations ▁ ▁Record ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Dom estic ▁Le agues ▁ ▁Th ai ▁League ▁ 4 ▁Eastern ▁Region ▁ ▁W inners ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Football ▁Division ▁ 3 ▁ ▁W inners ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 1 0 4 ▁ ท ี ม ร ่ ว ม ช ิ ง ช ั ย ! ▁ แ บ โ <0xE0> <0xB8> <0x9C> <0xE0> <0xB8> <0x9C> ล จ ั บ ส ล า ก ▁ ด ิ ว ิ ช ั ่ น ▁ 3 ▁ <0xE0> <0xB8> <0xA4> ด ู ก า ล ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Facebook page ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Th ailand ▁Category : R ay ong ▁Province ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Th ailand <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁North ▁African ▁o |
str ich , red - ne ck ed ▁o str ich , ▁or ▁Barb ary ▁o str ich ▁( Str uth io ▁cam el us ▁cam el us ) ▁is ▁the ▁nomin ate ▁sub species ▁of ▁the ▁common ▁o str ich ▁from ▁West ▁and ▁North ▁Africa . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁sub species , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁largest ▁living ▁bird . ▁ ▁E volution ary ▁history ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁m t D NA ▁anal ys es ▁control ▁region ▁ha plot ypes ▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁o str ich ▁from ▁Western ▁Asia ▁is ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁Bir bal ▁Sah ni ▁Institute ▁of ▁Pala e ob ot any ▁discovered ▁that ▁common ▁o str ich es ▁used ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁India ▁about ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁DNA ▁research ▁on ▁eleven ▁foss il ised ▁egg sh ells ▁from ▁eight ▁arch ae ological ▁sites ▁in ▁the ▁states ▁of ▁Raj as than , ▁Gu jar at ▁and ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁found ▁ 9 2 % ▁gen etic ▁similarity ▁between ▁the ▁egg sh ells ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁sub species ▁of ▁S . ▁cam el us , ▁at ▁ ▁in ▁height ▁and ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁weight . ▁The ▁neck ▁is ▁p ink ish - red , ▁the ▁pl um age ▁of ▁males ▁is |
▁black ▁and ▁white , ▁and ▁the ▁pl um age ▁of ▁females ▁is ▁grey . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁and ▁distribution ▁The ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich ▁was ▁w ides p read ▁from ▁western ▁to ▁n ort he astern ▁Africa . ▁It ▁used ▁to ▁range ▁from ▁Eth iop ia ▁and ▁Sud an ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁throughout ▁the ▁Sah el ▁to ▁Sen eg al ▁and ▁Maur it ania ▁in ▁the ▁west , ▁and ▁north ▁to ▁Egypt ▁and ▁southern ▁Mor oc co . ▁It ▁has ▁now ▁disappeared ▁from ▁large ▁parts ▁of ▁this ▁range ▁and ▁it ▁only ▁remains ▁in ▁ 6 ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁countries ▁where ▁it ▁originally ▁occurred . ▁This ▁sub species ▁may ▁also ▁have ▁occurred ▁in ▁the ▁S ina i ▁Pen ins ula , ▁where ▁Arab ian ▁o str ich es ▁once ▁lived . ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich es ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁open ▁fields ▁and ▁the ▁sav ann ah s , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁Sah el ▁of ▁Africa . ▁In ▁Israel , ▁the ▁introduced ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich es ▁live ▁in ▁grass lands , ▁semi - des ert s ▁and ▁pla ins . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁status ▁The ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich ▁had ▁dram atically ▁decl ined ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁included ▁on ▁C IT ES ▁Append ix ▁I ▁and ▁some ▁treat ▁it ▁as ▁Crit ically ▁End anger ed . ▁The ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁project ▁by ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁Conserv ation ▁Fund ▁( SC F ) ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁saving |
▁the ▁sub species ▁from ▁ext inction ▁and ▁restore ▁its ▁populations ▁in ▁its ▁former ▁ranges ▁in ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁and ▁the ▁Sah el . ▁ ▁Re int roduction ▁projects ▁ ▁Africa ▁The ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁w ides p read ▁sub species ▁of ▁o str ich . ▁It ▁formerly ▁had ▁an ▁extensive ▁range ▁but ▁is ▁now ▁thought ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁fragment ed ▁po ckets ▁in ▁Cam ero on , ▁Ch ad , ▁Central ▁African ▁Republic ▁and ▁Sen eg al , ▁whilst ▁ext inct ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁range ▁in ▁northern ▁Africa . ▁Re int roduction ▁projects ▁for ▁the ▁o str ich es ▁have ▁begun , ▁especially ▁in ▁northern ▁Sah ara , ▁where ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich es ▁had ▁been ▁ext inct ▁for ▁ 5 0 ▁years . ▁O str ich es ▁were ▁imported ▁from ▁Ch ad ▁and ▁re int rodu ced ▁to ▁S ouss - M assa ▁National ▁Park ▁in ▁Mor oc co . ▁ ▁In ▁Tun is ia , ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich es ▁were ▁once ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁sub species ▁had ▁been ▁ext ir p ated ▁since ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich es ▁were ▁finally ▁returned ▁to ▁Tun is ia ▁after ▁ 1 2 7 ▁years ▁of ▁being ▁ext inct . ▁The ▁birds ▁were ▁first ▁re int rodu ced ▁to ▁D g hou m ès ▁National ▁Park . ▁They ▁were ▁then ▁re int rodu ced ▁to |
▁S idi ▁T ou i ▁National ▁Park , ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁Or b ata ▁Fa unal ▁Reserve . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁planned ▁that ▁the ▁red - ne ck ed ▁o str ich ▁will ▁also ▁ ▁recover ▁in ▁other ▁countries ▁from ▁western ▁to ▁n ort he astern ▁Africa , ▁such ▁as ▁Niger ▁and ▁Niger ia . ▁ ▁Asia ▁The ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich ▁is ▁the ▁closest ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁ext inct ▁Arab ian ▁o str ich ▁from ▁Western ▁Asia . ▁Following ▁anal ys es ▁of ▁m t D NA ▁control ▁region ▁ha plot ypes ▁that ▁confirmed ▁the ▁close ▁relationship ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁African ▁sub species , ▁the ▁North ▁African ▁sub species ▁was ▁considered ▁suitable ▁for ▁introduction ▁into ▁areas ▁where ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁sub species ▁used ▁to ▁live . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 8 9 , ▁the ▁o str ich es , ▁originally ▁taken ▁from ▁Sud an , ▁were ▁introduced ▁to ▁National ▁Wild life ▁Research ▁Center ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁A ▁re int roduction ▁project ▁using ▁the ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich es ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁at ▁Mah az at ▁as - S ay d ▁Prote cted ▁Area ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁Currently , ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 9 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 ▁individuals ▁are ▁living ▁within ▁the ▁reserve . ▁It ▁was ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich es ▁should ▁also ▁re int rodu ced ▁to ▁Al - K h un fah ▁Prote cted ▁Area . |
▁ ▁It ▁also ▁has ▁been ▁re int rodu ced ▁in ▁the ▁Y ot v ata ▁H ai - Bar ▁Nature ▁Reserve ▁in ▁Israel ▁as ▁well ▁and ▁some ▁will ▁eventually ▁be ▁released ▁in ▁open ▁fields ▁of ▁the ▁Neg ev ▁desert . ▁However , ▁the ▁re int roduction ▁failed , ▁as ▁the ▁re int rodu ced ▁o str ich es ▁van ished . ▁The ▁red - ne ck ed ▁o str ich es ▁were ▁previously ▁found ▁at ▁the ▁E il at ▁mountains , ▁the ▁Neg ev ▁desert ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁Arab ah ▁desert . ▁It ▁is ▁thought ▁that ▁the ▁van ished ▁species ▁may ▁have ▁left ▁Israel ▁for ▁Egypt ▁or ▁the ▁N ah al ▁Se if im . ▁The ▁re int roduction ▁project ▁for ▁the ▁o str ich es ▁was ▁on ▁hi atus , ▁but ▁the ▁authority ▁might ▁try ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁It ▁is ▁hoped ▁that ▁Jordan ▁and ▁Egypt ▁would ▁collabor ate ▁with ▁Israel ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁o str ich es ▁can ▁live ▁in ▁a ▁bro ader ▁range . ▁ ▁In ▁capt ivity ▁ ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich es ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁are ▁mostly ▁bre eding ▁populations ▁in ▁European ▁and ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁zo os , ▁such ▁as ▁Han over , ▁Hamburg , ▁and ▁Pa ig nt on ▁Z oo . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich ▁North ▁African ▁o str ich ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁the ▁Sah el ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Sub - S ah aran ▁Africa ▁Category : O str ich es <0x0A> </s> |
▁D ab ur ▁Research ▁Foundation ▁( DR F ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁contract ▁research ▁organization ▁offering ▁pre - cl in ical ▁services ▁in ▁drug ▁discovery ▁and ▁development . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁spe ar head ▁the ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁activities ▁of ▁D ab ur , ▁India ' s ▁largest ▁Ay ur ved ic ▁medicine ▁manufact urer . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Articles ▁about ▁International ▁Fin ance ▁Corporation ▁- ▁Econom ic ▁Times ▁ ▁Bio S pect rum Ind ia ▁- ▁the ▁business ▁of ▁bi ote ch ▁- ▁Customer ▁relationships ▁in ▁a ▁compet itive ▁market ▁ ▁Ele ph ant ▁Capital ▁bu ys ▁st ake ▁in ▁C lin T ec ▁Int l ▁for ▁R s ▁ 5 8 ▁cr ▁ ▁Cos met ics ▁testing ▁k ills ▁ 3 . 9 ▁million ▁animals ▁- ▁Bio S pect rum ▁Asia ▁ ▁Bur mans ▁plan ▁R s ▁ 9 2 5 - cr ore ▁health care ▁fund ▁ ▁D ab ur ▁to ▁re - expand ▁its ▁ph arma ▁research ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : A y ur ved ic ▁organis ations ▁Category : Ph arma ce ut ical ▁companies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : G h azi abad , ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : Med ical ▁research ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Ph arma ce ut ical ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Th ais ▁pin ang ensis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m |
oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Mur ic idae , ▁the ▁m ure x ▁sn ails ▁or ▁rock ▁sn ails . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M ur ic idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁And res co ▁( 1 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Mexican ▁actress ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁roles ▁as ▁" La ▁T uc ita " ▁in ▁the ▁Golden ▁Age ▁of ▁Mexican ▁cinema ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁She ▁began ▁appearing ▁in ▁these ▁films ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁four . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁Mexican ▁equivalent ▁of ▁the ▁Oscar , ▁the ▁Premio ▁A riel . ▁While ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁many ▁mov ies ▁after ▁her ▁child hood , ▁she ▁is ▁less ▁known ▁for ▁them . ▁However , ▁she ▁remained ▁popular ▁for ▁her ▁radio ▁and ▁television ▁appearances , ▁for ▁her ▁on - stage ▁story ▁telling ▁talent , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁live ▁the ater ▁actress , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Di pl oma ▁Med alla ▁al ▁Mé rito ▁( Med al ▁of ▁Mer it ) ▁award ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁American ▁It iner ate ▁Academy ▁of ▁It iner ate ▁Or al ▁N arr ation . ▁ ▁Introduction ▁L lam as |
▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City . ▁There ▁is ▁little ▁published ▁about ▁her ▁parents . ▁Her ▁father , ▁José ▁Maria ▁L lam as ▁O lar an , ▁was ▁Bas que , ▁and ▁ha iled ▁from ▁the ▁Rio ja ▁region ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Her ▁mother , ▁María ▁Dol ores ▁And res co ▁Kur ait is , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Paris , ▁France , ▁to ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁Jewish ▁father ▁and ▁a ▁Lith uan ian ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁mother . ▁They ▁imm igr ated ▁to ▁Mexico ▁from ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁as ▁refuge es ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War ▁and ▁remained ▁advoc ates ▁of ▁the ▁lost ▁Republican ▁side ▁of ▁that ▁war . ▁ ▁Los ▁T res ▁Hu aste cos ▁( The ▁Three ▁Men ▁from ▁Hu aste ca ) ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁made ▁her ▁film ▁debut ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁during ▁the ▁Golden ▁Age ▁of ▁Mexican ▁cinema ▁in ▁memor able ▁child ▁roles . ▁L lam as ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁her ▁screen ▁debut ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁only ▁three , ▁at ▁which ▁age ▁first ▁met ▁Pedro ▁Inf ante , ▁who ▁is ▁still ▁known ▁among ▁his ▁many ▁fans ▁as ▁" The ▁Id ol ▁( El ▁Id olo ) ". ▁When ▁L lam as ▁was ▁only ▁four ▁years ▁old , ▁she ▁co - star red ▁with ▁him ▁as ▁" La ▁T uc ita " ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁classic ▁film ▁Los ▁T res ▁Hu aste cos ▁( The ▁Three ▁Men ▁from ▁Hu aste ca ). |
▁In ▁LL am as ' ▁screen ▁debut , ▁her ▁fe ist y ▁acting ▁style ▁st ole ▁scene ▁after ▁scene ▁from ▁no ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁" id ol ", ▁Pedro ▁Inf ante ▁himself . ▁ ▁Dic en ▁que ▁So y ▁ ▁Mu jer iego ▁( They ▁Say ▁I ▁am ▁a ▁Woman izer ) ▁Her ▁next ▁movie ▁role , ▁also ▁as ▁T uc ita , ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁classic ▁film ▁Dic en ▁que ▁So y ▁un ▁Mu jer iego ▁( They ▁Say ▁I ▁am ▁a ▁Woman izer ). ▁In ▁this ▁film , ▁L lam as ▁co - star red ▁again ▁with ▁Inf ante . ▁In ▁this ▁comedy , ▁Pedro ▁Inf ante ▁plays ▁the ▁phil and ering ▁grand son ▁of ▁" Do ña ▁Rosa ", ▁a ▁prominent ▁ran cher . ▁Do ña ▁Rosa ▁is ▁constantly ▁trying ▁to ▁get ▁her ▁grand son ▁to ▁behave ▁properly ▁– ▁without ▁success . ▁ ▁Premio ▁A riel ▁( M ex ican ▁Oscar ) ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁Premio ▁A riel ▁Mex icano ▁( the ▁Mexican ▁equivalent ▁of ▁the ▁Oscar ) ▁for ▁her ▁role , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁win . ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁did ▁finally ▁win ▁the ▁A riel ▁Award ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁film , ▁Los ▁Ni ños ▁Mir an ▁al ▁C iel o ▁( The ▁Children ▁Look ▁to ▁Heaven ). ▁L lam as ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁make ▁many ▁more ▁mov ies , ▁both ▁as |
▁a ▁child ▁and ▁as ▁an ▁adult . ▁ ▁L lam as ▁and ▁Pedro ▁Inf ante ▁maintained ▁a ▁cord ial ▁relationship ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁ten ▁years , ▁until ▁his ▁un tim ely ▁death ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁Pedro ▁Inf ante ▁was ▁an ▁av id ▁pilot . ▁He ▁was ▁pil oting ▁his ▁own ▁mult ien g ine ▁plane ▁to ▁Mexico ▁City , ▁when ▁it ▁crash ed ▁shortly ▁after ▁take off ▁from ▁M ér ida , ▁Y uc at án ▁causing ▁his ▁death , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁death s ▁of ▁his ▁co - p il ot ▁and ▁the ▁engineer . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁L lam as ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Cultural ▁Director ▁of ▁Mexican ▁Social ▁Security ▁( IM SS ▁or ▁Instituto ▁Mex icano ▁del ▁Seg uro ▁Social ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁Cub an - born ▁author ▁Francisco ▁Gar z ón ▁Cés ped es ▁persu aded ▁her ▁to ▁take ▁up ▁public ▁story ▁telling , ▁which ▁she ▁started ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁do ▁until ▁late ▁in ▁life , ▁even ▁after ▁her ▁acting ▁career ▁ended . ▁ ▁Through ▁her ▁on - stage ▁story ▁telling , ▁she ▁became ▁and ▁remains ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁Mexican ▁culture . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Di pl oma ▁Med alla ▁al ▁Mé rito ▁( Med al ▁of ▁Mer it ) ▁for ▁her ▁ 6 0 ▁years ▁of ▁cre ative ▁and ▁successful ▁art istic ▁and |
▁cultural ▁achiev ement . ▁This ▁award ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish - American ▁Academy ▁of ▁It iner ate ▁Or al ▁N arr ation , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁and ▁Madrid , ▁and ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁Gar z ón ▁Cés ped es . ▁ ▁Family ▁Her ▁late ▁sister ▁María ▁Victoria ▁" Mar iv í " ▁L lam as ▁was ▁a ▁well - known ▁author ▁and ▁tele j ournal ist ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City , ▁who ▁often ▁wrote ▁on ▁femin ist ▁topics . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁Premio ▁Nacional ▁de ▁Period ismo ▁three ▁times ▁and ▁author ed ▁five ▁books . ▁Most ▁notable ▁was ▁her ▁collection ▁of ▁short ▁stories ▁entitled ▁" Que ▁Le ▁C uent o ▁( What ▁Can ▁I ▁Tell ▁You ) ". ▁She ▁also ▁star red ▁in ▁many ▁Spanish - language ▁mov ies . ▁She ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁mov ies ▁Un ▁Div or cio ▁( A ▁Div or ce ; ▁ 1 9 5 3 ), ▁Men ores ▁de ▁Ed ad ▁( Under ▁A ged ; ▁ 1 9 5 1 ), ▁Angel itos ▁Neg ros ▁( L ittle ▁Black ▁Ang els ; ▁ 1 9 4 8 ), ▁Ya ▁T engo ▁a ▁Mi ▁Hij o ▁( Now ▁I ▁Hold ▁My ▁Son ; ▁ 1 9 4 8 ). ▁Mar iv í ▁L lam as ▁died ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁on ▁ 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁aged ▁ 6 7 , ▁from ▁He pat itis ▁C ▁and ▁li ver ▁cancer . ▁Their ▁half ▁brother , ▁José ▁Áng el ▁L lam |
as , ▁is ▁a ▁television ▁actor . ▁ ▁Last ▁years ▁L lam as ▁lived ▁in ▁Mon ter rey , ▁Mexico , ▁where ▁she ▁married ▁R óm ulo ▁L oz ano ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁popular ▁announ cer ▁and ▁actor ▁in ▁Mexico . ▁L oz ano ▁was ▁the ▁em ce e ▁and ▁com ed ian ▁of ▁a ▁variety / tal ent ▁show ▁called ▁Mira ▁Que ▁Bon ito ▁( Look ▁How ▁Nice ) ▁for ▁almost ▁ 3 0 ▁years . ▁L oz ano ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁several ▁mov ies ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁L oz ano ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁in ▁Mon ter rey ▁of ▁heart ▁disease . ▁L lam as ▁has ▁children ▁and ▁grand children ▁and ▁described ▁her ▁family ▁as ▁the ▁true ▁success ▁story ▁of ▁her ▁life . ▁Her ▁son , ▁José ▁Fernando ▁L oz ano ▁L lam as , ▁a ka ▁Fernando ▁L oz ano , ▁is ▁an ▁actor ▁and ▁host ▁of ▁TV ▁Az te ca ' s ▁V eng a ▁la ▁A leg ria . ▁Fernando ▁L oz ano ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁stage ▁in ▁Def ending ▁the ▁Cav eman , ▁and ▁with ▁his ▁mother ▁in ▁the ▁the atr ical ▁comedy ▁Si ▁Te ▁Cas as ▁Te ▁A pl asto ▁( If ▁You ▁Get ▁Mar ried , ▁I ▁Will ▁Cr ush ▁You ). ▁She ▁also ▁had ▁two ▁daughters , ▁Lu z ▁Maria ▁L oz ano ▁L lam as ▁and ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L oz ano ▁L |
lam as . ▁ ▁Death ▁L lam as ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 0 ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Gu adal aj ara , ▁J alis co , ▁from ▁card iac ▁arrest ▁ ▁while ▁visit ing ▁her ▁daughter . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁M ás ▁All á ▁de ▁M í / F ar ther ▁From ▁Me ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁La ▁T uc ita ▁ ▁El ▁C riminal ' ▁... ▁a ka ▁El ▁G at illo ▁de ▁la ▁M uerte ▁( The ▁C riminal ▁a ka ▁The ▁Tr igger ▁of ▁Death ) ▁( USA ) ▁ ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁ ▁C az ador ▁de ▁As es inos ' ▁( H unter ▁of ▁Mur der ers ) ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁.... ▁Dra . ▁Cam pos ▁ ▁El ▁G at illo ▁de ▁la ▁M uerte ▁( The ▁Tr igger ▁of ▁Death ) ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁ ▁La ▁Ed ad ▁de ▁la ▁T ent ación ▁( The ▁Age ▁of ▁T empt ation ) ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁( as ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁" T uc ita ") ▁ ▁V eng anza ▁en ▁el ▁Cir co ▁( V en ge ance ▁in ▁the ▁Circ us ) ▁( 1 9 5 4 ) ▁( as ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁" T us ita ") ▁.... ▁Pul gu ita ▁ ▁La ▁Segunda ▁Mu jer ▁( The ▁Second ▁Woman ) ▁( 1 9 5 |
3 ) ▁( as ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁' T uc ita ') ▁ ▁Una ▁Cal le ▁Entre ▁T ú ▁y ▁Y o ▁( The ▁Street ▁Between ▁You ▁and ▁Me ) ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁( as ▁Ma . ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁' T us ita ') ▁ ▁Los ▁Hij os ▁de ▁La ▁Cal le ▁( The ▁S ons ▁of ▁the ▁Street ) ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁( as ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁' T us ita ') ▁ ▁The ▁Two ▁Or ph ans ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁( as ▁María ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as ▁' T us ita ') ▁ ▁Los ▁Ni ños ▁Mir an ▁al ▁C iel o ▁( The ▁Children ▁Look ▁to ▁Heaven ) ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁ ▁El ▁Sem inar ista ▁( The ▁The ological ▁Student ) ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁.... ▁T uc ita ▁ ▁Dic en ▁Que ▁So y ▁Mu jer iego ▁( They ▁Say ▁that ▁I ▁Am ▁a ▁Woman izer ) ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁.... ▁La ▁T uc ita ▁ ▁Los ▁T res ▁Hu aste cos ▁( The ▁Three ▁Men ▁from ▁Hu aste ca ) ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁.... ▁T uc ita ▁ ▁TV ▁shows ▁ ▁¡ P ed ro ▁Inf ante ▁V ive ! ▁( P ed ro ▁Inf ante ▁L ives ; ▁ 2 0 0 7 ). ... ▁H ers elf ▁ ▁La ▁Historia ▁Det rás ▁del ▁M ito |
▁( The ▁Story ▁Be hind ▁the ▁M yth ) ▁.... ▁H ers elf ▁( 1 ▁episode , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Est rell as ▁Inf ant iles ▁del ▁C ine ▁Mex icano ▁( Child ▁Stars ▁of ▁Mexican ▁Cinema ) ▁( 2 0 0 6 , ▁TV ▁episode ) ▁.... ▁H ers elf ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Biography , ▁his pan od et ul sa . com ; ▁accessed ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁" Mar ía ▁Eugen ia ▁L lam as : ▁' La ▁F ama ▁Es ▁una ▁Pom pa ▁de ▁J ab ón ' "; ▁accessed ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Fernando ▁L oz ano ; ▁accessed ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁▁ ▁Category : M ex ican ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : M ex ican ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : M ex ican ▁t elen ov ela ▁actress es ▁Category : M ex ican ▁television ▁present ers ▁Category : M ex ican ▁people ▁of ▁Bas que ▁descent ▁Category : M ex ican ▁people ▁of ▁Spanish ▁descent ▁Category : M ex ican ▁people ▁of ▁French ▁descent ▁Category : M ex ican ▁people ▁of ▁Ukrain ian - J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : M ex ican ▁people ▁of ▁Lith uan ian ▁descent ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Mexico ▁City ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mon ter rey ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 |
1 4 ▁death s ▁Category : W omen ▁television ▁present ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Qu ib ble ▁Island ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Chen na i , ▁T amil ▁N adu , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁formed ▁by ▁the ▁enc irc lement ▁of ▁the ▁Ad yar ▁River ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁trib ut aries . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁between ▁the ▁neighbourhood s ▁of ▁My lap ore ▁and ▁Ad yar . ▁It ▁ab uts ▁the ▁southern ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁Marina ▁Beach . ▁During ▁the ▁British ▁rule , ▁a ▁European ▁c emetery ▁was ▁located ▁here . ▁ ▁It ▁also ▁houses ▁the ▁grave ▁of ▁famous ▁actor ▁J . ▁P . ▁Ch and rab ab u . ▁ ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Chen na i ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁Chen na i ▁Category : R iver ▁islands ▁of ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁town ▁and ▁local ity ▁in ▁the ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁Ab original ▁Sh ire , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 8 2 ▁people . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁Ab original ▁community . ▁ ▁The ▁community ▁of ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Cape ▁York ▁region ▁with ▁the ▁surrounding ▁environment ▁and ▁cultural ▁tour ism ▁attract ing ▁many ▁people ▁to ▁the ▁region . ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁traditional ▁hom el ands ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Ku ku ▁( G oo - |
go o ) ▁Y al an ji ▁( Y a - lan - ge e ). ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁‘ W uj al ▁W uj al ’ ▁or ▁‘ many ▁falls ’ ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁language . ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁Ind igen ous ▁languages ▁spoken ▁within ▁this ▁community . ▁ ▁Geography ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁in ▁northern ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 9 . 9 4 ▁square ▁kilometres ▁of ▁land . ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁approximately ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Cape ▁Trib ulation ▁and ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁Cook town . ▁Access ▁to ▁the ▁community ▁is ▁via ▁se aled ▁road ▁from ▁Cook town , ▁or ▁by ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁Track , ▁an ▁un se aled ▁road ▁from ▁Cape ▁Trib ulation ▁which ▁is ▁only ▁suitable ▁for ▁four ▁wheel ▁drive ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁gradient ▁of ▁the ▁terrain ▁and ▁the ▁many ▁streams ▁and ▁rivers ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁D aint ree ▁d rain age ▁bas in ▁which ▁cross ▁the ▁path ▁at ▁very ▁regular ▁intervals . ▁During ▁high ▁water flow ▁the ▁road ▁from ▁Cape ▁Trib ulation ▁is ▁imp ass able . ▁ ▁The ▁rare ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁C od ▁( G uy u ▁w uj al w uj al ensis ) ▁is ▁found ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁and ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁this ▁community . ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁ ▁Ku ku |
▁Y al an ji ▁ ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁G ug u ▁Y al an ji , ▁Ku ku ▁Y al aja , ▁and ▁Ku ku ▁Y eland ji ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁Ab original ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁M oss man ▁and ▁D aint ree ▁areas ▁of ▁ ▁North ▁Queensland . ▁The ▁language ▁region ▁includes ▁areas ▁within ▁the ▁local ▁government ▁area ▁of ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁Douglas ▁and ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁Cook , ▁particularly ▁the ▁local ities ▁of ▁M oss man , ▁D aint ree , ▁Blo om field ▁River , ▁China ▁Camp , ▁May town , ▁Pal mer , ▁Cape ▁Trib ulation ▁and ▁W uj al ▁W uj al . ▁ ▁Y al an ji ▁ ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Ku ku ▁Y al an ji , ▁Ku ku ▁Y al aja , ▁Ku ku ▁Y eland ji , ▁and ▁G ug u ▁Y al an ji ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁Ab original ▁language ▁of ▁Far ▁North ▁Queensland . ▁The ▁traditional ▁language ▁region ▁is ▁M oss man ▁River ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁Ann an ▁River ▁in ▁the ▁north , ▁border ed ▁by ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁extending ▁in land ▁to ▁west ▁of ▁Mount ▁Mul gra ve . ▁This ▁includes ▁the ▁local ▁government ▁boundaries ▁of ▁the ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁Douglas , ▁the ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁Cook ▁and ▁the ▁Ab original ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁and ▁the ▁towns ▁and ▁local ities ▁of ▁Cook town , ▁ ▁M oss man , ▁D aint ree , ▁Cape ▁Trib |
ulation ▁and ▁W uj al ▁W uj al . ▁It ▁includes ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Pal mer ▁River , ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River , ▁China ▁Camp , ▁May town , ▁and ▁Pal mer ville . ▁ ▁European ▁contact ▁ ▁The ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁mission ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁land ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Ku ku - Y al an ji ▁people . ▁The ▁first ▁recorded ▁Europe ans ▁to ▁visit ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁were ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁Lieutenant ▁Commander ▁Frederick ▁Bed well ▁and ▁Captain ▁Phill ip ▁Parker ▁King ▁on ▁board ▁HMS ▁Mer ma id ▁on ▁a ▁hydro log ical ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁east ▁coast ▁of ▁Australia . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 1 9 , ▁HMS ▁Mer ma id ▁anch ored ▁in ▁We ary ▁Bay ▁and :" Mr . ▁Bed well ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁examine ▁the ▁opening , ▁which ▁was ▁called ▁Bl om field ' s ▁Riv u let ▁… N ear ▁the ▁entrance ▁upon ▁the ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁in let ▁several ▁h uts ▁were ▁noticed , ▁and ▁near ▁them ▁Mr . ▁Bed well ▁found ▁a ▁can oe ; ▁which , ▁being ▁h ollow ed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁tr unk ▁of ▁a ▁tree , ▁was ▁of ▁very ▁different ▁construction ▁to ▁any ▁we ▁had ▁before ▁seen ; ▁its ▁length ▁was ▁twenty - one ▁feet ▁… ▁an ▁out r igger , ▁project ing ▁about ▁two ▁feet , ▁was ▁neat ly ▁attached ▁to ▁one ▁side , ▁which ▁prevent ed ▁its ▁li ability ▁to ▁over set , ▁and ▁at ▁each ▁end ▁was ▁a ▁projection , ▁from ▁fifteen |
▁to ▁twenty ▁inches ▁long , ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁n atives ▁carry ▁their ▁fire ▁or ▁sit " The ▁next ▁Europe ans ▁to ▁visit ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁were ▁William ▁Hann ▁and ▁his ▁party . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁William ▁Hann ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Government ▁to ▁explore ▁Cape ▁York ▁Pen ins ula ▁to ▁assess ▁its ▁min eral ▁and ▁land ▁resources . ▁On ▁their ▁return , ▁the ▁party ▁reached ▁the ▁coast ▁at ▁We ary ▁Bay ▁and ▁then ▁followed ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁up stream . ▁Hann ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁discover ing ▁and ▁naming ▁the ▁Pal mer , ▁T ate ▁and ▁D aint ree ▁rivers . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁Hann ’ s ▁party ▁discovered ▁gold ▁on ▁the ▁Pal mer ▁River . ▁After ▁hearing ▁of ▁the ▁discovery , ▁James ▁Vent ure ▁M ull igan ▁led ▁an ▁expedition ▁to ▁the ▁Pal mer ▁River ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁M ull igan ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁sand bars ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁gl itter ed ▁with ▁gold , ▁which ▁started ▁a ▁huge ▁gold ▁r ush ▁to ▁the ▁district . ▁By ▁late ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁the ▁first ▁government ▁officials ▁and ▁prospect ors ▁came ▁ash ore ▁at ▁the ▁Ende av our ▁River ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁det achment ▁of ▁Native ▁Police . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁Cook town ▁was ▁established . ▁Within ▁ 4 ▁months , ▁Cook town ▁and ▁the ▁Pal mer ▁River ▁gold field ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁about ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁people , ▁many |
▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁Chinese ▁imm igr ants . ▁By ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁Cook town ▁had ▁grown ▁to ▁about ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Conf lict ▁between ▁the ▁Europe ans ▁and ▁local ▁Ab original ▁people ▁began ▁almost ▁immediately . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁ 9 3 ▁min ers ▁( led ▁by ▁Gold fields ▁Commission er ▁Howard ▁St ▁George ▁and ▁Engine er ▁A ▁C ▁Mac Mill an ) ▁set ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁Ende av our ▁River ▁to ▁bla ze ▁a ▁track ▁to ▁the ▁Pal mer ▁River . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁several ▁sk irm ishes ▁along ▁the ▁way , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁a ▁pitch ed ▁battle ▁between ▁about ▁ 1 5 0 ▁Ab original ▁war riors ▁and ▁the ▁expedition ▁members ▁at ▁their ▁camp ▁near ▁the ▁Norman by ▁River . ▁The ▁site ▁of ▁this ▁encounter ▁was ▁subsequently ▁named ▁‘ B attle ▁Camp ’ . ▁A ▁contemporary ▁newspaper ▁published ▁the ▁following ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁expedition ▁members :" Black s ▁surprised ▁us ▁at ▁day break , ▁about ▁ 1 5 0 , ▁all ▁were ▁armed ; ▁got ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁camp ▁before ▁anyone ▁heard ▁them ; ▁great ▁const ern ation ; ▁shot ▁several ; ▁they ▁ran ▁into ▁large ▁water hol es ▁for ▁shelter , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁shot " In ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁the ▁Native ▁Police ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁country ▁in land ▁from ▁Tr inity ▁Bay ▁and ▁We ary ▁Bay ▁to ▁find ▁another ▁road ▁to |
▁the ▁Pal mer ▁River . ▁They ▁followed ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁up stream , ▁but ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁pen et rate ▁the ▁thick ▁scr ub . ▁The ▁Native ▁Police ▁officer ▁reported ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁found ▁the ▁Ab orig ines ▁" ex ceed ingly ▁d aring , ▁constantly ▁appearing ▁in ▁most ▁threaten ing ▁att itudes " ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁dis per se ▁them ▁on ▁three ▁or ▁four ▁occasions ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁a ▁prospect ing ▁party ▁on ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁was ▁attacked ▁and ▁driven ▁back ▁to ▁Cook town ▁by ▁Ab original ▁people . ▁The ▁Native ▁Police ▁also ▁established ▁a ▁camp ▁at ▁Laura ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁A ▁further ▁det achment ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Sub - In spect or ▁O ’ Con nor ▁arrived ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁The ▁first ▁past oral ists ▁in ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁district ▁were ▁George ▁His lop ▁and ▁Frederick ▁B auer . ▁B auer ▁established ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁Sug ar ▁Company ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁with ▁imported ▁Mal ay ▁labour . ▁The ▁town ▁of ▁Ay ton ▁was ▁established ▁around ▁the ▁sugar ▁mill . ▁The ▁Ku ku ▁Y al an ji ▁people ▁continued ▁to ▁resist ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁their ▁lands ▁by ▁the ▁min ers , ▁past oral ists ▁and ▁tim ber ▁get ters . ▁Front ier ▁violence ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁was ▁a ▁frequent ▁occurrence ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s , ▁resulting ▁in ▁hundreds ▁of ▁cas |
ual ties . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁grad ual ▁change ▁in ▁north ▁Queensland ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁policy ▁of ▁taking ▁the ▁country ▁by ▁le th al ▁force . ▁Instead , ▁Ab original ▁people ▁were ▁removed ▁off ▁their ▁country ▁on ▁to ▁miss ions , ▁where ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁trouble ▁the ▁sett lers ▁and ▁provided ▁a ▁cheap ▁source ▁of ▁labour . ▁This ▁policy ▁change ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁decision ▁to ▁establish ▁two ▁Ab original ▁res erves ▁in ▁the ▁Cook town ▁district ; ▁one ▁at ▁Cape ▁Bed ford ▁and ▁one ▁at ▁Blo om field ▁River . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁Luther an ▁mission ary ▁Johann ▁F lier l ▁was ▁trav elling ▁to ▁New ▁Guinea ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁mission , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁unexpected ly ▁delayed ▁in ▁Cook town . ▁While ▁there , ▁he ▁negoti ated ▁with ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Government ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁mission ▁close ▁to ▁Cook town ▁at ▁Cape ▁Bed ford ▁on ▁land ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁gaz ett ed ▁as ▁an ▁Ab original ▁reserve ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁he ▁also ▁negoti ated ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁mission ▁at ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River , ▁on ▁a ▁ 6 4 0 ▁a cre ▁site ▁reserved ▁for ▁the ▁Ab orig ines ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁by ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Government , ▁just ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁F alls . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 4 0 ▁acres ▁gaz ett ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 |
6 , ▁ 5 0 ▁square ▁miles ▁of ▁land ▁was ▁reserved ▁as ▁a ▁hunting ▁ground ▁for ▁Ab original ▁people ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁ ▁Frederick ▁B auer ▁was ▁appointed ▁the ▁inter im ▁super int endent ▁of ▁the ▁mission ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Luther an ▁mission ary ▁Carl ▁H ▁Meyer , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁at ▁the ▁Cape ▁Bed ford ▁Mission . ▁ ▁Meyer ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁Sebastian ▁Ho er lein ▁who ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 . ▁Another ▁mission ary , ▁Johann ▁Bog ner , ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁and ▁worked ▁with ▁Ho er lein ▁until ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁left ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁ill ▁health . ▁ ▁From ▁in ception , ▁the ▁mission ▁strugg led ▁to ▁become ▁firm ly ▁established . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁the ▁police ▁magistr ate ▁from ▁Cook town ▁visited ▁the ▁mission ▁and ▁reported ▁that ▁about ▁ 8 0 ▁people ▁were ▁living ▁there , ▁consisting ▁of ▁mostly ▁aged ▁men , ▁women ▁and ▁children . ▁The ▁average ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁mission ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁was ▁only ▁ 5 5 . ▁The ▁population ▁varied ▁over ▁time , ▁as ▁Ab original ▁people ▁would ▁come ▁and ▁go ▁from ▁the ▁mission ▁as ▁they ▁pleased . ▁ ▁This ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁mission ▁has |
▁been ▁explained ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Anderson , ▁who ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁mission ▁was ▁mostly ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁W uj al w uj al war ra ▁‘ m ob ’ ▁of ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁area , ▁on ▁whose ▁land ▁the ▁mission ▁stood . ▁They ▁incorpor ated ▁the ▁resources ▁available ▁at ▁the ▁mission ▁into ▁their ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁life . ▁The ▁mission ▁provided ▁a ▁reliable ▁source ▁of ▁food ▁and ▁to b acco , ▁and ▁material ▁items , ▁such ▁as ▁farm ▁tools ▁and ▁blank ets . ▁The ▁mission ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁‘ car ing ▁centre ’ ▁where ▁they ▁could ▁leave ▁the ▁elder ly , ▁ill ▁and ▁young . ▁ ▁Over ▁time , ▁the ▁Ku ku - Y al an ji ▁found ▁other ▁sites ▁of ▁more ▁use . ▁The ▁mission ▁super int endent ▁Carl ▁Meyer ▁l ament ed ▁that ▁" it ▁is ▁pain ful ▁and ▁disappoint ing ▁to ▁be ▁contin ually ▁reve aling ▁the ▁g ospel ▁message ▁and ▁find ▁it ▁meeting ▁de af ▁ears ▁everywhere ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁the ▁Evangel ical ▁Luther an ▁Im manuel ▁Syn od ▁made ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁withdraw ▁from ▁the ▁mission . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁Northern ▁Prote ctor ▁Walter ▁Roth ▁closed ▁the ▁mission . ▁The ▁reserve ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁was ▁rev oked . ▁The ▁Ab original ▁people ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁on ▁the ▁mission ▁stayed ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁small ▁cam ps . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁Cook town ▁Prote ctor ▁of |
▁Ab original s ▁reported ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁camp ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁river , ▁a ▁camp ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁river , ▁and ▁another ▁one ▁up stream . ▁He ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁people ▁camp ed ▁there ▁seemed ▁to ▁be ▁fairly ▁well ▁off , ▁having ▁an ▁abund ant ▁supply ▁of ▁food . ▁However , ▁he ▁raised ▁concerns ▁about ▁the ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁children ▁living ▁there ▁and ▁not ▁att ending ▁school . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁a ▁newspaper ▁article ▁was ▁published ▁which ▁reported ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁white ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁area ▁had ▁compla ined ▁to ▁the ▁Cook ▁Sh ire ▁Council ▁about ▁the ▁clean lin ess ▁of ▁the ▁cam ps ▁at ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River . ▁This ▁compla int ▁followed ▁a ▁test ▁of ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁State ▁School ▁children ▁for ▁hook w orm , ▁which ▁found ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁students ▁were ▁inf ected . ▁Th irty ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 1 ▁students ▁at ▁the ▁school ▁were ▁Ab original . ▁The ▁council ▁then ▁demanded ▁that ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Native ▁Affairs ▁take ▁ur gent ▁action ▁to ▁clean ▁up ▁the ▁cam ps . ▁The ▁department ▁approached ▁the ▁Luther an ▁Church ▁to ▁re - est ab lish ▁the ▁mission ▁at ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁and ▁provided ▁them ▁with ▁a ▁£ 2 5 0 0 ▁grant ▁to ▁fund ▁housing , ▁transport ation ▁and ▁communic ations . ▁ ▁An ▁area ▁of ▁ 2 6 0 ▁acres ▁( which ▁included ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁reserve |
) ▁was ▁gaz ett ed ▁as ▁an ▁Ab original ▁reserve ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁the ▁mission ▁compr ised ▁ 3 ▁main ▁villages ; ▁B ottom ▁Camp , ▁Thompson ’ s ▁Creek ▁Camp ▁and ▁the ▁Out post , ▁and ▁a ▁separate ▁area ▁where ▁the ▁super int endent ▁lived . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁a ▁girls ’ ▁host el ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁super int endent ’ s ▁house ▁with ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁Ab original ▁car pent ers ▁from ▁the ▁Hope ▁V ale ▁Mission . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁land ▁about ▁ 6 km ▁up stream ▁from ▁the ▁mission , ▁where ▁the ▁old ▁mission ▁had ▁been , ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁an ▁Ab original ▁reserve . ▁The ▁land ▁was ▁cleared ▁for ▁growing ▁cro ps . ▁A ▁manager ’ s ▁house , ▁a ▁boy ’ s ▁d orm itory , ▁a ▁mess ▁h ut ▁and ▁saw ▁ben ch ▁were ▁constructed ▁on ▁this ▁site . ▁Sub sequently , ▁all ▁the ▁cam ps ▁were ▁cons olid ated ▁into ▁this ▁one . ▁ ▁Local ▁government ▁and ▁De ed ▁of ▁Grant ▁in ▁Trust ▁community ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁mission ▁was ▁officially ▁renamed ▁W uj al ▁W uj al . ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁the ▁Ab original ▁reserve ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Government ▁was ▁transferred ▁to |
▁the ▁trust ees hip ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁under ▁a ▁De ed ▁of ▁Grant ▁in ▁Trust . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁under ▁the ▁Local ▁Government ▁( Comm unity ▁Government ▁Are as ) ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁Ab original ▁Council ▁became ▁the ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁Ab original ▁Sh ire ▁Council . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁, ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 3 2 6 . ▁ ▁Community ▁▁ ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁was ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁Mission ▁and ▁the ▁people ▁are ▁Ku ku ▁Y al an ji . ▁The ▁community ▁has ▁an ▁estimated ▁population ▁of ▁ 4 7 0 ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁The ▁community ▁at ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁existed ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁for ▁thousands ▁of ▁years ▁and ▁is ▁set ▁around ▁the ▁highly ▁sacred ▁water falls ▁of ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁meaning ▁many ▁" falls " ▁in ▁the ▁Ku ku ▁Y al an ji ▁language . ▁Vis itors ▁are ▁war ned ▁not ▁to ▁bring ▁any ▁alco hol ▁into ▁the ▁community ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Government ' s ▁a ims ▁at ▁tack ling ▁alco hol ▁ab use . ▁Tra ff ick ers ▁of ▁such ▁cont rab and ▁subst ances ▁may ▁be ▁subject ▁to ▁fin es . ▁The ▁government ▁also ▁help ▁the ▁community ▁by ▁giving ▁small ▁one ▁day ▁a ▁week ▁jobs ▁involving ▁community ▁service |
▁to ▁d eter ▁loc als ▁away ▁from ▁b ored om ▁and ▁alco hol ▁ab use . ▁ ▁The ▁community ▁has ▁a ▁hel ic opter ▁landing ▁pad ▁just ▁beside ▁the ▁hospital . ▁Emer gency ▁medical ▁services ▁are ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Primary ▁Health ▁Care ▁Centre ▁( Remote ▁Area ▁N urs es , ▁Health ▁Work ers , ▁and ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁vis its ▁per ▁week ▁from ▁do ctors ▁based ▁at ▁the ▁Cook town ▁Hospital . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁Ab original ▁Council ▁came ▁into ▁being , ▁with ▁the ▁area ▁reg aining ▁its ▁traditional ▁name , ▁W uj al ▁W uj al . ▁The ▁community ▁has ▁an ▁Ind igen ous ▁Know ledge ▁Centre ▁' B inal ▁Mang ka ▁Bay an , ▁which ▁means ▁" house ▁of ▁knowing ▁things ". ▁The ▁Centre ▁provides ▁access ▁to ▁books , ▁mag az ines ▁and ▁other ▁educational ▁material , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁running ▁programs ▁for ▁children , ▁adult s ▁and ▁sen iors . ▁Pa id ▁internet ▁access ▁is ▁available . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁school ▁in ▁W uj al ▁W uj al . ▁The ▁nearest ▁primary ▁school ▁is ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁Blo om field . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁secondary ▁school ▁serving ▁the ▁area ▁so ▁board ing ▁school ▁or ▁distance ▁education ▁must ▁be ▁used . ▁ ▁The ▁water falls ▁▁ ▁The ▁water falls ▁are ▁very ▁sacred ▁to ▁the ▁community . ▁ ▁For ▁these ▁sensitive ▁cultural ▁reasons , ▁the ▁general ▁public ▁only ▁have ▁access ▁to ▁one ▁water fall ▁which ▁is ▁clearly ▁indicated . ▁Other ▁water falls ▁are |
▁reserved ▁for ▁the ▁female ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁community . ▁ ▁T ours ▁ ▁T ours ▁are ▁available ▁by ▁four ▁wheel ▁drive ▁vehicles ▁from ▁C air ns ▁and ▁Cape ▁Trib ulation ▁via ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁Track . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Walker ▁family , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁groups ▁of ▁the ▁Ku ku ▁Y al an ji ▁people , ▁comm enced ▁their ▁rain for est ▁t ours ▁on ▁their ▁traditional ▁country ▁at ▁Thompson ▁Creek , ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁W uj al ▁W uj al . ▁Gu ided ▁wal ks ▁to ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁F alls ▁have ▁recently ▁been ▁added ▁as ▁another ▁opportunity ▁in ▁their ▁business . ▁ ▁As ▁their ▁tour ▁attract s ▁business ▁from ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁area , ▁mainly ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁W ilder ness ▁L odge , ▁the ▁guests ▁come ▁by ▁boat ▁to ▁their ▁landing ▁site ▁on ▁the ▁Blo om field ▁River ▁bank , ▁creating ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁jet ty ▁or ▁r amp . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁redu p licated ▁Australian ▁place ▁names ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁This ▁Wikipedia ▁article ▁contains ▁material ▁from ▁Ab original ▁and ▁Tor res ▁Stra it ▁Island er ▁community ▁histor ies : ▁W uj al ▁W uj al . ▁Pub lished ▁by ▁The ▁State ▁of ▁Queensland ▁under ▁CC - BY - 4 . 0 , ▁accessed ▁on ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Royal ▁Commission ▁into ▁Ab original ▁Death s ▁in ▁C ust ody : |
▁Report ▁of ▁the ▁In qu iry ▁into ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁young ▁man ▁who ▁died ▁at ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Queensland : ▁Queensland ▁Places : ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁Ab original ▁miss ions ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Far ▁North ▁Queensland ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : A bor iginal ▁communities ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : A bor iginal ▁Sh ire ▁of ▁W uj al ▁W uj al ▁Category : Art icles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Government ▁Category : Local ities ▁in ▁Queensland <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr amp ▁Press ▁is ▁a ▁publishing ▁company ▁founded ▁in ▁Dublin ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁by ▁Lisa ▁Co en ▁and ▁Sarah ▁Davis - G off . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁independent ▁publish er ▁that ▁special ises ▁in ▁Irish ▁fiction . ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁John ▁Mill ington ▁Syn ge ' s ▁tr amp , ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁bold ▁out s ider . ▁ ▁Publishing ▁history ▁Tr amp ▁Press ▁published ▁its ▁inaug ural ▁title ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Fl ight , ▁the ▁debut ▁novel ▁of ▁O ona ▁F raw ley , ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁short list ed ▁for ▁Best ▁New com er ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁B ord ▁G á is ▁Energy ▁Irish ▁Book ▁Awards . ▁The ▁book ▁also ▁received ▁positive ▁reviews ▁in ▁both ▁The ▁Guardian ▁and ▁The ▁Irish ▁Times . ▁ ▁Dublin ers ▁ 1 |
0 0 : ▁ 1 5 ▁New ▁St ories ▁In sp ired ▁by ▁the ▁Original , ▁edited ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Morris , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁on ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁James ▁Joy ce ' s ▁Dublin ers . ▁It ▁compr ises ▁short ▁fiction ▁from ▁established ▁and ▁emer ging ▁writers ▁– ▁including ▁John ▁Kelly , ▁Mary ▁Mor r iss y , ▁Bel inda ▁Mc Ke on ▁and ▁E ime ar ▁Mc B ride ▁– ▁and ▁an ▁introduction ▁by ▁Morris . ▁ ▁Dublin ers ▁ 1 0 0 ▁won ▁the ▁Journal . ie ▁Best ▁Irish - Pub lished ▁Book ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁B ord ▁G á is ▁Energy ▁Irish ▁Book ▁Awards ▁while ▁Don al ▁Ryan ' s ▁story ▁for ▁the ▁collection , ▁entitled ▁E vel ine , ▁was ▁short list ed ▁for ▁the ▁Writing . ie ▁Best ▁Short ▁Story ▁Award . ▁It ▁also ▁received ▁positive ▁reviews ▁in ▁The ▁Guardian , ▁Irish ▁Times ▁and ▁The ▁Times ▁Liter ary ▁Supp lement . ▁The ▁book ▁was ▁mentioned ▁ahead ▁of ▁its ▁publication ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times . ▁ ▁A ▁Str ug gle ▁for ▁Fame ▁by ▁Charlotte ▁R idd ell ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁called ▁' Rec over ed ▁Vo ices ', ▁which ▁a ims ▁to ▁show case ▁literature ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁largely ▁forgotten . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Independent ▁described ▁this ▁redis cover ed ▁book ▁by ▁a ▁pro l ific ▁author ▁as ▁a ▁" rare ▁treat ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Tr amp ▁Press ▁published |
▁S ara ▁Ba ume ' s ▁debut ▁novel ▁Sp ill ▁Sim mer ▁Fal ter ▁W ither . ▁Ba ume ▁won ▁the ▁Dav y ▁By r nes ▁Award ▁and ▁the ▁H enn ess y ▁New ▁Irish ▁W riter ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁award . ▁The ▁novel ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁exc iting ▁debut ▁by ▁writer ▁Joseph ▁O ' Con nor ▁and ▁rights ▁were ▁sold ▁to ▁UK ▁publish er ▁Hein emann . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Tr amp ▁Press ▁published ▁Mike ▁McC orm ack ' s ▁novel ▁Sol ar ▁B ones ▁which ▁won ▁the ▁year ' s ▁G olds m ith s ▁Prize . ▁Vert igo ▁by ▁Jo anna ▁Wal sh ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Orange ▁H ors es ▁by ▁Ma e ve ▁Kelly ▁was ▁ 2 0 1 6 ' s ▁Rec over ed ▁Vo ices ▁title . ▁ ▁Tr amp ▁Press ' ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁catalog ue ▁included ▁The ▁Iron ▁Age ▁by ▁Ar ja ▁K aj ermo , ▁A ▁Line ▁Made ▁By ▁Walk ing ▁by ▁S ara ▁Ba ume ▁and ▁The ▁Un for ese en ▁by ▁Dor othy ▁Mac ard le . ▁The ▁Un for ese en ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Rec over ed ▁Vo ices ▁series . ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁saw ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁Emil ie ▁P ine ' s ▁ess ay ▁collection ▁Notes ▁to ▁Self . ▁This ▁was ▁Tr amp ' s ▁first ▁for ay ▁into ▁non - f iction . ▁The ▁book ▁won ▁the |
▁An ▁Post ▁Irish ▁Book ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Tr amp ▁Press ▁also ▁published ▁the ▁novel ▁Problem s ▁by ▁J ade ▁Sh arma ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and ▁A ▁Br illiant ▁Void : ▁A ▁Selection ▁of ▁Classic ▁Irish ▁Science ▁F iction , ▁which ▁was ▁edited ▁by ▁Irish ▁academic ▁Jack ▁F enn ell . ▁A ▁Br illiant ▁Void ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Rec over ed ▁Vo ices ▁series . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Tr amp ▁Press ▁plans ▁to ▁publish ▁a ▁novel , ▁The ▁Red ▁Word ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Hen stra , ▁and ▁Minor ▁Mon uments , ▁an ▁ess ay ▁collection ▁by ▁Irish ▁journalist ▁Ian ▁Mal en ey . ▁ ▁Tr amp ▁Press ▁books ▁ ▁Fl ight ▁by ▁O ona ▁F raw ley ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Dublin ers ▁ 1 0 0 : ▁ 1 5 ▁New ▁St ories ▁In sp ired ▁by ▁the ▁Original ▁edited ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Morris ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ ▁A ▁Str ug gle ▁for ▁Fame ▁by ▁Charlotte ▁R idd ell ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁A ▁Kind ▁of ▁Com pass : ▁St ories ▁on ▁Dist ance ▁edited ▁by ▁Bel inda ▁Mc Ke on ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁▁ ▁Sp ill ▁Sim mer ▁Fal ter ▁W ither ▁by ▁S ara ▁Ba ume ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁The ▁Un inv ited ▁by ▁Dor othy ▁Mac ard le ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Vert igo ▁by ▁Jo |
anna ▁Wal sh ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Sol ar ▁B ones ▁by ▁Mike ▁McC orm ack ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Orange ▁H ors es ▁by ▁Ma e ve ▁Kelly ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁The ▁Iron ▁Age ▁by ▁Ar ja ▁K aj ermo ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ ▁A ▁Line ▁Made ▁By ▁Walk ing ▁by ▁S ara ▁Ba ume ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ ▁The ▁Un for ese en ▁by ▁Dor othy ▁Mac ard le ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Notes ▁to ▁Self ▁by ▁Emil ie ▁P ine ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁▁ ▁Problem s ▁by ▁J ade ▁Sh arma ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁▁▁ ▁A ▁Br illiant ▁Void : ▁A ▁Selection ▁of ▁Classic ▁Irish ▁Science ▁F iction ▁edited ▁by ▁Jack ▁F enn ell ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁The ▁Red ▁Word ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Hen stra ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Minor ▁Mon uments ▁by ▁Ian ▁Mal en ey ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Publishing ▁awards ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Tr amp ▁Press ▁won ▁the ▁David ▁Man ley ▁Award ▁for ▁Emer ging ▁Arts ▁Entre pr ene ur ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁short list ed ▁for ▁a ▁Black night ▁S ME ▁award . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Tr amp ▁Press ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Book ▁publishing ▁companies ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : Pub lish ing ▁companies ▁established |
▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Dublin ▁( city ) <0x0A> </s> ▁M oney line ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁M oney line ▁odd s , ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁fixed - od ds ▁g amb ling ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁American ▁odd s ▁M oney line , ▁renamed ▁Lou ▁Dob bs ▁M oney line ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁Lou ▁Dob bs ▁Ton ight ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁a ▁television ▁series ▁hosted ▁by ▁Lou ▁Dob bs ▁on ▁C able ▁News ▁Network <0x0A> </s> ▁D mit ri ▁Serge ye v ich ▁Gon char ov ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Russian ▁professional ▁footballer . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Second ▁Division ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁for ▁P FC ▁C SK A - d ▁Moscow . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League ▁bronze : ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁European ▁club ▁compet itions ▁With ▁P FC ▁C SK A ▁Moscow . ▁▁ ▁UEFA ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 9 6 – 9 7 : ▁ 1 ▁game . ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁ 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 0 ▁qual ification : ▁ 2 ▁games . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Dresden ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Russ ian ▁football ers |
▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Sax ony ▁Category : P FC ▁C SK A ▁Moscow ▁players ▁Category : Russ ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Lok om ot iv ▁N iz h ny ▁Nov gor od ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁F ak el ▁Vor one zh ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Spart ak ▁Moscow ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Spart ak ▁Vlad ik av kaz ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Kub an ▁K ras n od ar ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ak h mat ▁Gro z ny ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Krist all ▁Sm ol ensk ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁New ▁Log us ▁Block ▁is ▁a ▁building ▁complex ▁in ▁sout heast ▁Port land , ▁Oregon , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Port land , ▁Oregon ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Oregon ▁Category : B uck man , ▁Port land , ▁Oregon ▁Category : Com mer cial ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁Category : Com mer cial ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Oregon ▁Category : Ind ivid ually ▁listed ▁contrib uting ▁properties ▁to ▁historic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁in ▁Oregon ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Port land , ▁Oregon ▁Category : Port land ▁Historic ▁Land marks ▁Category : Rich ard son ian ▁Roman es |
que ▁architecture ▁in ▁Oregon <0x0A> </s> ▁Pur ius ▁super p ul vere a ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁E reb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Harrison ▁Gray ▁D yar ▁Jr . ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Mexico ▁and ▁southern ▁Texas . ▁ ▁Ad ult s ▁have ▁been ▁recorded ▁on ▁wing ▁in ▁March , ▁October ▁and ▁November . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁Category : P ha eg opter ina <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pri est hill ▁Group ▁is ▁a ▁ge olog ic ▁group ▁in ▁Scotland . ▁It ▁pres erves ▁foss ils ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Sil ur ian ▁period . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁foss il ifer ous ▁strat ig raph ic ▁units ▁in ▁Scotland ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ge ological ▁groups ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Ge olog ic ▁form ations ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Category : Sil ur ian ▁System ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : Sil ur ian ▁Scotland <0x0A> </s> ▁W inf red ▁can ▁mean : ▁W inf red , ▁South ▁Dak ota ▁Saint ▁Bon if ace ▁( Win fr id / W inf red ) ▁W inf red ▁( bishop ), ▁bishop ▁of ▁Mer cia ▁and ▁Lind sey , ▁successor ▁to ▁Ch ad ▁of ▁Mer cia <0x0A> </s> ▁Marie ux ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Som me ▁department ▁in ▁Haut s - de - France ▁in ▁northern ▁France . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Marie ux ▁is ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁D 1 1 |
▁road , ▁some ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Am iens . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁château ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 7 ▁and ▁is ▁still ▁owned ▁and ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁family ▁today . ▁Marie ux ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁once ▁strateg ically ▁important ▁and ▁well - protected ▁Roman ▁road ▁leading ▁from ▁Am iens ▁to ▁the ▁English ▁Channel ▁and ▁Britain . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War , ▁it ▁was ▁British ▁army ▁headquarters ▁for ▁this ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁front . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁George ▁V ▁l unch ed ▁here ▁at ▁the ▁château ▁with ▁French ▁Prés ident ▁Po inc ar é ▁and ▁the ▁Chief s - of - St aff ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁and ▁British ▁arm ies . ▁ ▁Population ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁Som me ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Marie ux ▁on ▁the ▁Qu id ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Som me ▁( de partment ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Simon ▁Ker rod ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁African ▁rugby ▁union ▁player , ▁currently ▁playing ▁with ▁English ▁Prem iers hip ▁side ▁Har le qu ins . ▁His ▁regular ▁position ▁is ▁tight head ▁prop . ▁ ▁He ▁represented ▁the ▁ ▁Under – 1 9 ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁their ▁Under – 2 1 ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁senior ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 |
3 ▁V oda com ▁Cup ▁competition ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁against ▁Argent ine ▁side ▁. ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁included ▁in ▁a ▁South ▁African ▁Barb ari ans ▁team ▁to ▁face ▁Sar ac ens ▁in ▁London . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁represented ▁College ▁Ro vers ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁S AR U ▁Community ▁Cup ▁tournament . ▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁ ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁selected ▁on ▁the ▁ben ch ▁for ▁the ▁ ▁side ▁to ▁face ▁ ▁during ▁a ▁tour ▁match ▁during ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁incoming ▁tour . ▁He ▁came ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁for ▁the ▁injured ▁Char l ▁du ▁Pl ess is ▁shortly ▁before ▁half ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁Kings ▁suffered ▁a ▁ 1 2 – 3 4 ▁defeat . ▁However , ▁Ker rod ▁got ▁his ▁first ▁points ▁in ▁a ▁Kings ▁sh irt ▁as ▁he ▁scored ▁a ▁try ▁with ▁a ▁minute ▁to ▁go ▁in ▁the ▁match . ▁He ▁also ▁scored ▁a ▁try ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁match ▁for ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁V oda com ▁Cup , ▁helping ▁the ▁side ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 7 – 1 7 ▁victory ▁over ▁Eastern ▁Cape ▁riv als ▁the ▁ ▁in ▁East ▁London . ▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁English ▁R F U ▁Championship ▁side ▁Jersey ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Ker rod ▁makes ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁Av iva ▁Prem iers hip ▁with ▁Wor c ester ▁War riors |
▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 - 1 8 ▁season . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Ker rod ▁sign ▁for ▁Prem iers hip ▁riv als ▁Har le qu ins ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 - 2 0 ▁season . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Sh arks ▁( C urr ie ▁Cup ) ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh ib ▁J ad val ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Sh ī b ▁J ad val ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Sh ī b ▁J ū b ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Si y akh ▁Dar eng un ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Sh ira z ▁County , ▁F ars ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 3 7 9 , ▁in ▁ 7 3 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sh ira z ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ah - e ▁Gol ni ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Ch ā h - e ▁Gol n ī ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Koh ur est an ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁K ham ir ▁County , ▁H orm oz gan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 7 , ▁in ▁ 6 ▁families . |
▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁K ham ir ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Fen ny ▁Air field ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁w art ime ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁air field ▁in ▁Bang l adesh ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁Bur ma ▁Camp aign ▁ 1 9 4 4 - 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁abandoned . ▁ ▁History ▁Fen ny ▁was ▁the ▁primary ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁T enth ▁Air ▁Force ▁ 1 2 th ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Group , ▁which ▁fle w ▁B - 2 5 ▁Mitchell ▁medium ▁bom bers ▁from ▁the ▁air field ▁after ▁its ▁re ass ignment ▁from ▁Tw elf th ▁Air ▁Force ▁in ▁southern ▁Italy . ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁operated ▁from ▁Fen ny ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁until ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁flying ▁combat ▁miss ions ▁over ▁Bur ma ▁supporting ▁the ▁British ▁Four teenth ▁Army . ▁When ▁Al lied ▁forces ▁at ▁Im phal , ▁India , ▁were ▁threatened ▁by ▁a ▁Japanese ▁off ensive , ▁the ▁group ▁delivered ▁am mun ition ▁and ▁other ▁supplies . ▁▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁bom bers , ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁Com bat ▁C argo ▁Squadron ▁used ▁Fen ny ▁to ▁air ▁drop ▁supplies ▁and ▁am mun ition ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁forces . ▁▁ ▁Fen ny ▁also ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁communic ations ▁station ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁Air ▁Techn ical ▁Service ▁Command ▁maintenance ▁dep ot . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁www . p ac ific w re cks . com ▁- ▁Fen ny ▁keyword ▁search |
▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : A ir fields ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Raj ▁Category : Def unct ▁air ports ▁in ▁Bang l adesh ▁Category : A ir ports ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Le igh ▁Wood s ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Som erset ▁district ▁of ▁Som erset , ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁It ▁is ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁boundary ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Br istol . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁Le igh ▁Wood s ▁National ▁Nature ▁Reserve . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁at ▁the ▁western ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cl if ton ▁Sus p ension ▁Bridge , ▁which ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁making ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Le igh ▁Wood s ▁as ▁an ▁up market ▁resident ial ▁area ▁pract ic able . ▁H ouses ▁in ▁varying ▁styles ▁were ▁built ▁from ▁the ▁mid - 1 8 6 0 s ▁until ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁St yles ▁adopted ▁included ▁Italian , ▁ne o - Jac obe an , ▁Scottish ▁bar onial , ▁Swiss ▁ch alet , ▁Modern ▁glass ▁buildings , ▁Dom estic ▁Rev ival ▁and ▁Arts ▁and ▁C raft s . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁civil ▁parish ▁of ▁Long ▁As ht on , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁ecc les iast ical ▁parish ▁of ▁Abb ots ▁Le igh ▁with ▁Le igh ▁Wood s . ▁The ▁church ▁of ▁St ▁Mary ▁the ▁Virgin ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁architect ▁John ▁Med land ▁and ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 |
. ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁North ▁Som erset <0x0A> </s> ▁K art ike ▁De ur ali ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁development ▁committee ▁in ▁K av rep al anch ok ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Bag m ati ▁Zone ▁of ▁central ▁Nep al . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Nep al ▁census , ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 3 2 1 4 ▁in ▁ 5 3 3 ▁individual ▁households . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁UN ▁map ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁K av rep al anch ow k ▁District ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁K av rep al anch ok ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Frank ▁E gh are v ba ▁( born ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Niger ian ▁football ▁stri ker ▁playing ▁with ▁SV ▁Wür m la . ▁ ▁Career ▁After ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁youth ▁team ▁of ▁SK ▁Rap id ▁Wien ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁he ▁moved ▁in ▁summer ▁that ▁year ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁played ▁for ▁one ▁year ▁with ▁res erves ▁squad ▁of ▁FC ▁Kar pat y ▁L viv . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁in ▁summer ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁that ▁E gh are v ba ▁begin ▁his ▁senior ▁career ▁by ▁signing ▁with ▁Polish ▁club ▁Tom as ov ia ▁Tom asz ów ▁Lub el ski ▁where ▁he ▁will ▁stay ▁until ▁summer ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁he ▁was ▁loan ed ▁twice ▁to ▁other ▁stronger ▁Polish ▁clubs , ▁first ▁in ▁the |
▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 - 0 5 ▁season ▁to ▁W id zew ▁Ł ód ź ▁and ▁second ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 - 0 6 ▁to ▁Ś lą sk ▁W roc ław . ▁After ▁the ▁contract ▁exp ired ▁in ▁summer ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Switzerland ▁and ▁signed ▁with ▁FC ▁N aters ▁where ▁he ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁major ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁club ▁by ▁scoring ▁ 1 5 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 2 6 ▁league ▁matches . ▁After ▁that ▁season ▁Aust rian ▁club ▁SK ▁Schw ador f ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁signed ▁him ▁in ▁summer ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁where ▁ 9 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 2 4 ▁league ▁matches ▁called ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁V f B ▁Ad mi ra ▁W acker ▁M öd ling ▁to ▁sign ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁summer . ▁Not ▁having ▁much ▁ch ances ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁Ad mi ra , ▁he ▁will ▁return ▁to ▁Schw ador f ▁as ▁a ▁loan ed ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 ▁season ▁where ▁he ▁will ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁good ▁exhib itions ▁by ▁scoring ▁ 7 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 1 4 ▁league ▁matches . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁E gh are v ba ▁received ▁an ▁offer ▁from ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁club ▁FK ▁J avor ▁Ivan j ica ▁where ▁he ▁will ▁play ▁ 1 3 ▁league ▁matches ▁scoring ▁once ▁but , ▁probably ▁because ▁of ▁the |
▁introduction ▁of ▁foreign ▁players ▁limit ▁by ▁the ▁feder ation ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁club ▁already ▁had ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁African ▁and ▁South ▁American ▁players ▁made ▁him ▁being ▁dro pt ▁from ▁the ▁chart ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁In ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Austria ▁this ▁time ▁signing ▁with ▁SC ▁Austria ▁L ust en au ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁Er ste ▁Liga . ▁In ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁FC ▁N aters ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁Swiss ▁ 1 . ▁Liga ▁and ▁scored ▁ 1 3 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 2 3 ▁games . ▁ ▁In ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁same ▁level ▁Swiss ▁club ▁FC ▁Sol oth urn . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Frank ▁E gh are v ba ▁at ▁S rb ij af ud bal ▁▁▁ ▁Frank ▁E gh are v ba ▁at ▁Player history ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Ben in ▁City ▁Category : N iger ian ▁football ers ▁Category : N iger ian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : W id zew ▁Ł ód ź ▁players ▁Category : Ś lą sk ▁W roc ław ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ad mi ra ▁W acker ▁M öd ling ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁J avor ▁Ivan j ica ▁players ▁Category : SC ▁Austria ▁L ust en au ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Sol oth |
urn ▁players ▁Category : Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁Category : N iger ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : T omas ov ia ▁Tom asz ów ▁Lub el ski ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Y oon ▁Park ▁( born ▁November ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁Korean ▁actor . ▁Y oon ▁began ▁his ▁entertain ment ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁drum mer ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁Can ' t ▁Play ▁Well ▁( ), ▁which ▁won ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁Prize ▁at ▁the ▁ 3 4 th ▁M BC ▁Camp us ▁Song ▁Festival ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁When ▁his ▁contract ▁with ▁ag ency ▁S . M . ▁Entertainment ▁exp ired , ▁he ▁joined ▁J Y P ▁Entertainment ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Y oon ▁had ▁st arring ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁dram as ▁What ▁H app ens ▁to ▁My ▁Family ? ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁and ▁F lower ▁of ▁Queen ▁( 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Television ▁series ▁ ▁Television ▁show ▁ ▁Music ▁video ▁ ▁Theater ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Y oon ▁Park ▁at ▁J Y P ▁Entertainment ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st |
- century ▁South ▁Korean ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : J Y P ▁Entertainment ▁artists ▁Category : S outh ▁Korean ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : S outh ▁Korean ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : S outh ▁Korean ▁male ▁television ▁actors <0x0A> </s> ▁Car ▁F ulla ▁White ▁Boys ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁solo ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁ra pper ▁Hay st ak . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁via ▁Street ▁F lava ▁Records ▁and ▁Koch ▁Records . ▁Rec ording ▁session a ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Street ▁F lav or ▁Rec ording ▁Studios ▁in ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee . ▁Production ▁was ▁handled ▁by ▁Kevin ▁" D J ▁Dev " ▁Gr ish am , ▁Son ny ▁Parad ise ▁and ▁Sh annon ▁Sand ers . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Jason ▁W inf ree ▁– ▁main ▁artist ▁A yes ha ▁Por ter ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁I vy ▁Brown ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁Jeff ▁Pr ie be ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁Sh annon ▁Sand ers ▁– ▁background ▁vocals , ▁horn s , ▁producer ▁Terry ▁Hudson ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁Andrew ▁Ram sey ▁– ▁guitar ▁& ▁bass ▁Charlie ▁Bar rett ▁– ▁guitar ▁( track ▁ 1 0 ) ▁Kevin ▁" D J ▁Dev " ▁Gr ish am ▁– ▁scratch es , ▁producer ▁David ▁David son ▁– ▁strings ▁Son ny ▁Parad ise ▁– ▁producer , ▁executive ▁producer ▁Brian ▁Hard in ▁– ▁mixing ▁Bernard ▁Grund man ▁– ▁master ing ▁Larry ▁Parad ise ▁– ▁executive ▁producer ▁Man or ▁Graph ix ▁– ▁graphics , ▁layout , ▁design ▁ ▁References ▁ |
▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁albums ▁Category : H ay st ak ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Ke ir ▁Pear son ▁( born ▁December ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁Academy ▁Award - n omin ated ▁screen writer ▁notable ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁film ▁Hotel ▁R w anda . ▁ ▁Career ▁Pear son ▁graduated ▁from ▁Harvard ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁he ▁also ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁row ing ▁team . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Pear son ▁heard ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Paul ▁R uses ab ag ina , ▁a ▁hotel ▁manager ▁living ▁in ▁R w anda ▁during ▁the ▁R wand an ▁gen o cide . ▁F asc in ated , ▁Pear son ▁interview ed ▁R uses ab ag ina ▁and ▁wrote ▁the ▁script ▁for ▁Hotel ▁R w anda , ▁sending ▁it ▁to ▁director ▁Terry ▁George , ▁who ▁fell ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁the ▁story . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁positive ▁reviews . ▁George ▁and ▁Pear son ▁shared ▁an ▁Oscar ▁nom ination ▁for ▁best ▁original ▁screen play . ▁Also ▁se cur ing ▁Oscar ▁nomin ations ▁were ▁Don ▁C head le ▁and ▁Soph ie ▁Ok oned o ▁for ▁their ▁performances . ▁ ▁Pear son ▁also ▁wrote ▁the ▁screen play ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁film ▁Ch á vez , ▁about |
▁the ▁American ▁labor ▁leader ▁César ▁Ch á vez , ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁United ▁Farm ▁Work ers . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁male ▁row ers ▁Category : American ▁male ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁History ▁en ▁Españ ol ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 4 - hour ▁Spanish - language ▁pay ▁television ▁channel , ▁a ▁counter part ▁of ▁the ▁History ▁channel , ▁that ▁focus es ▁on ▁Latin ▁American ▁and ▁world ▁history . ▁It ▁officially ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁network ▁shows ▁original ▁programming , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Spanish - d ub bed ▁versions ▁of ▁programs ▁originally ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁main , ▁English - language , ▁History ▁channel . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁'' ▁ ▁Category : A & E ▁Network s ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁television ▁networks ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sc ru j ▁Mac D uh k ▁was ▁a ▁Jun o - n omin ated ▁Canadian ▁folk ▁music ▁group ▁based ▁in ▁W inn ip eg , ▁Man it oba . ▁The ▁band ▁included ▁singer - song writer ▁Ruth ▁Mo ody , ▁current ▁member ▁of ▁the |
▁W ail in ' ▁Jenn ys , ▁and ▁also ▁Cla wh ammer ▁ban jo ▁player / v ocal ist ▁Leonard ▁Pod ol ak , ▁who ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁form ▁The ▁Du h ks . ▁ ▁History ▁Sc ru j ▁Mac D uh k ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁the ▁band ▁released ▁an ▁album , ▁Live ▁At ▁The ▁West ▁End ▁Cultural ▁Centre , ▁which ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁W inn ip eg ▁in ▁May ▁that ▁year ▁with ▁the ▁co operation ▁of ▁C BC ▁Man it oba . ▁All ▁five ▁group ▁members , ▁including ▁Mo ody , ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁vocals , ▁and ▁the ▁album ▁featured ▁Pod ol ak ▁on ▁ 5 - string ▁ban jo , ▁Jer emy ▁Pen ner ▁on ▁fiddle , ▁Dan ▁Base ley ▁on ▁accord ion , ▁tin ▁wh ist le , ▁and ▁steel ▁pan , ▁Jo el ▁F af ard ▁on ▁guitar , ▁and ▁G illes ▁F ourn ier ▁on ▁bass . ▁Gu est ▁mus icians ▁Geoff ▁Butler ▁on ▁button ▁accord ions ▁and ▁Al ist air ▁Den net ▁on ▁bod h ran ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁heard ▁on ▁the ▁album . ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁tou red ▁across ▁Canada , ▁including ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Stan ▁Rog ers ▁Fol k ▁Festival , ▁and ▁released ▁a ▁second ▁album , ▁* The ▁Road ▁To ▁C ans o , ▁through ▁their ▁label ▁Sc ru j ▁T unes ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁The ▁album ▁featured ▁Christian ▁D ug as ▁on ▁per cussion ▁and ▁guitar ▁with ▁some |
▁bass ▁and ▁feet . ▁Mo ody ▁contributed ▁lead ▁and ▁backing ▁vocals ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁piano ▁and ▁bod h ran . ▁Pen ner ▁on ▁fiddle ▁and ▁Pod ol ak ▁on ▁ 5 - string ▁ban jo ▁and ▁bod h ran , ▁also ▁contributed ▁some ▁vocal ▁work . ▁Bass ist ▁Oliver ▁Sw ain ▁also ▁sang ▁and ▁played ▁mand olin ▁on ▁one ▁t une , ▁and ▁Jer emy ▁Wal sh ▁contributed ▁guitar , ▁wh ist le , ▁and ▁some ▁vocal ▁work . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Sc ru j ▁Mac D uh k ▁was ▁presented ▁with ▁a ▁Pra irie ▁Music ▁Award ▁for ▁best ▁independent ▁album . ▁The ▁band ▁broke ▁up ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁Live ▁At ▁The ▁West ▁End ▁Cultural ▁Centre ▁Track ▁listing : ▁ ▁Rod dy ▁Mc Cor ley ▁/ ▁Lost ▁g ander ▁( trad itional ) ▁ ▁Walk in ▁B oss ▁/ ▁Cold ▁F rost y ▁Mor ning ▁( trad itional ) ▁ ▁Oh ▁No ▁Not ▁I ▁( trad itional ) ▁ ▁Ro cks ▁of ▁Ba wn ▁( trad itional ) ▁ ▁Alice ▁in ▁F ren f ell ▁( Jo el ▁F af ard ) ▁ ▁F ier ce ▁W arm th ▁( Jo el ▁F af ard ) ▁ ▁Alan ▁Mac Ph erson ▁of ▁D umb art on ▁/ ▁Pre tty ▁Little ▁Indian ▁( trad itional ) ▁ ▁B anks ▁of ▁Red ▁Ros es ▁( trad itional ) ▁ ▁Wait ing ▁for ▁Nancy ▁( C urt is ▁B outer se ) ▁/ ▁Aqu a |
▁Marine ▁One ▁Step ▁( Ge off ▁Butler ) ▁/ ▁P addy ' s ▁J ig ▁( trad itional ) ▁ ▁The ▁Road ▁To ▁C ans o ▁ ▁C id erm ill : ▁C id erm ill ▁/ ▁The ▁Col liers ' ▁Re el ▁/ ▁Sad ie ▁at ▁the ▁Back ▁Do or * ▁( Tr ad ., ▁arr . ▁S ru j ▁Mac D uh k ; ▁* ▁composed ▁by ▁J ere ▁Can ote ) ▁ ▁The ▁R amb ling ▁Irish man ▁( Tr ad ., ▁arr . ▁S ru j ▁Mac D uh k ) ▁ ▁La ▁Ban quer oute * ▁/ ▁La ▁Re el ▁St . ▁Jean ▁( Tr ad ., ▁arr . ▁S ru j ▁Mac D uh k ; ▁* ▁composed ▁by ▁Oscar ▁Th iff ault ) ▁ ▁Sil ence ▁They ▁Say ▁( J er emy ▁Wal sh ) ▁ ▁N ons uch / D ink y ' s ▁Re el / The ▁Me ech ▁Lake ▁Break down * ▁( Tr ad ., ▁arr . ▁S ru j ▁Mac D uh k ; ▁* com posed ▁by ▁Em ile ▁Ben oit ) ▁ ▁The ▁Ma id ▁Who ▁Sold ▁Her ▁Bar ley ▁/ ▁The ▁R akes ▁of ▁K ild are ▁( Tr ad ., ▁arr . ▁S ru j ▁Mac D uh k ) ▁ ▁The ▁Northern ▁Set : ▁Anderson ' s ▁Rel ▁/ ▁Alan ▁Mac Ph erson ▁of ▁D umb art on ▁/ ▁The ▁Man ▁From ▁D und or an ▁( Tr ad ., ▁arr . ▁S ru j ▁Mac |
D uh k ) ▁ ▁Rod dy ▁Mc Cor ley ▁/ ▁Lost ▁G ander ▁( Tr ad ., ▁arr . ▁S ru j ▁Mac D uh k ) ▁ ▁Things ▁In ▁Life ▁( Don ▁Sto ver ) ▁ ▁Advent ure ▁S ings ▁( J er emy ▁Wal sh ) ▁/ ▁Louis ▁R iel ▁( And y ▁Des jar lais ) ▁ ▁C rag ie ▁Hills ▁( Tr ad ., ▁arr . ▁S ru j ▁Mac D uh k ) ▁ ▁The ▁Road ▁To ▁C ans o : ▁A ▁Th ous and ▁Ro ads ▁( Ge off ▁Butler ) ▁/ ▁The ▁Road ▁to ▁C ans o ▁( R uth ▁Mo ody ) ▁/ ▁H are ▁O ' ▁The ▁D ug ▁( Al an ▁Mac Le od ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁from ▁W inn ip eg ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁folk ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Man it oba <0x0A> </s> ▁Ang é lica ▁D ass ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁photograph er ▁based ▁in ▁Madrid ▁and ▁the ▁cre ator ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁Human æ . ▁She ▁gave ▁a ▁T ED ▁talk ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁called ▁" The ▁beauty ▁of ▁human ▁skin ▁in ▁every ▁color " ▁about ▁how ▁skin ▁colors ▁" make ▁us ▁see ▁each |
▁other ▁as ▁different , ▁even ▁though ▁we ▁are ▁equal ." ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Ang é lica ▁D ass ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Project ▁Human æ ▁ ▁She ▁created ▁her ▁portrait ▁project ▁Human æ ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁while ▁studying ▁at ▁Spain ' s ▁E TI . ▁She ▁began ▁with ▁photograph s ▁of ▁her ▁Spanish ▁husband , ▁herself ▁and ▁their ▁families . ▁She ▁then ▁matched ▁a ▁strip ▁of ▁pixels ▁from ▁the ▁nos es ▁to ▁color ▁cards ▁from ▁P ant one . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁catalog ue ▁of ▁human ▁skin ▁colors ▁that ▁are ▁displayed ▁as ▁a ▁coll age ▁of ▁P ant one ▁port ra its . ▁The ▁display ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁dialog ue ▁about ▁how ▁we ▁see ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁how ▁we ▁view ▁race , ▁eth nic ity ▁and ▁identity ▁and ▁has ▁included ▁over ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁pictures ▁of ▁people ▁in ▁ 1 7 ▁countries ▁and ▁ 2 7 ▁cities ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁Human æ ▁is ▁a ▁travel ing ▁exhib it ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁such ▁places ▁as ▁the ▁D ael im ▁Museum ▁in ▁Se oul , ▁South ▁Korea ; ▁the ▁U rib itar te ▁Prom en ade , ▁in ▁Bil ba o , ▁Spain ; ▁the ▁U ph o ▁Urban ▁Ph oto ▁Festival ▁in ▁Mal aga , ▁Spain ; ▁the ▁Museo ▁della ▁Sci enza ▁e ▁della ▁T ec n ologia ▁Leon ardo ▁da ▁V inci , ▁in ▁Milan , ▁Italy ; ▁and ▁Hab itat ▁III , |
▁UN ▁Conference ▁on ▁H ous ing ▁and ▁S ust ain able ▁Urban ▁Development , ▁in ▁Qu ito , ▁E cuador ; ▁the ▁M igration ▁Museum ▁in ▁London , ▁Kings port , ▁Tennessee ▁and ▁International ▁Phot ography ▁Festival ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁photograph ers ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ▁( city ) ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁photograph ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Port rait ▁photograph ers ▁Category : W omen ▁photograph ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Kay ▁Cop land ▁is ▁a ▁Scottish ▁sport ▁shoot er . ▁ ▁Cop land ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁winning ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 0 m ▁pr one ▁pairs ▁event ▁and ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 0 m ▁three ▁positions ▁pairs ▁event , ▁both ▁alongside ▁Jenn ifer ▁Mc Int osh . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁female ▁sport ▁shoot ers ▁Category : S ho ot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁gold ▁med all ists ▁for ▁Scotland ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁bronze ▁med all ists ▁for ▁Scotland ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁med all ists ▁in ▁shooting <0x0A> </s> ▁Don ▁R ig ters ▁( born ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 |
2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁retired ▁basketball ▁player . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁first ▁two ▁professional ▁seasons , ▁R ig ters ▁played ▁for ▁Challenge ▁Sports ▁Rot ter dam . ▁For ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁Port ▁of ▁Den ▁Hel der ▁Kings . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Kings ▁went ▁bank rupt ▁and ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁dissol ved . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁R ig ters ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁music ▁video ▁" What ▁Is ▁Love ▁ 2 0 1 6 " ▁by ▁Belg ian ▁DJ ▁Lost ▁Fre qu encies ▁In ▁the ▁video ▁directed ▁by ▁Soul v iz ion , ▁he ▁plays ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁David , ▁a ▁basketball ▁player ▁who ▁is ▁sever ely ▁injured ▁and ▁is ▁trying ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁com eb ack ▁to ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁euro b asket . com ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Den ▁Hel der ▁Kings ▁players ▁Category : D utch ▁Basketball ▁League ▁players ▁Category : D utch ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : D utch ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : P ens ac ola ▁State ▁Pir ates ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁B innen ma as ▁Category : Point ▁gu ards ▁Category : F ey eno ord ▁Basketball ▁players ▁Category : S ho oting ▁gu ards <0x0A> </s> ▁A . ▁P . ▁Ar j un |
▁( born ▁ 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁film ▁director , ▁screen writer ▁and ▁ly ric ist . ▁He ▁works ▁in ▁K ann ada ▁cinema . ▁M aking ▁his ▁entry ▁as ▁a ▁ly ric ist ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁Th ang ig agi ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁ ▁Ar j un ▁deb uted ▁as ▁a ▁director ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁film ▁Amb ari . ▁His ▁second ▁director ial ▁Add h uri ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁and ▁won ▁him ▁multiple ▁awards . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁As ▁director ▁ ▁As ▁associate ▁director ▁sh ast ri ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Th ang iga agi ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁S neh ana ▁Pre eth ina ▁ ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁As ▁ly ric ist ▁ ▁Th ang ig agi ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Y uga ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Amb ari ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁B anni ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁G ub bi ▁ ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁S way am var a ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Sug ree va ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Add h uri ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Raj an ikan tha ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Var ad han ay aka ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Ch andra ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) |
▁ ▁And har ▁Bah ar ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁A anth ary a ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁End end u ▁Nin ag agi ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Kar od path i ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Sh iv aj in ag ara ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Bah add ur ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Th ar age le ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Fair ▁& ▁Lov ely ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁G aj akes ari ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Mr . ▁and ▁Mrs . ▁Ram ach ari ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁R ha ate e ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁End end igu ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁M ud du ▁Man ase ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : Fil m ▁direct ors ▁from ▁K arn ata ka ▁Category : K ann ada ▁film ▁direct ors ▁Category : K ann ada - language ▁ly ric ists ▁Category : Ind ian ▁ly ric ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Fil m fare ▁Awards ▁South ▁w inners ▁Category : K ann ada ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mand ya ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Indian ▁film ▁direct ors <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁the ▁age ▁at ▁which ▁a ▁person ▁is ▁considered |
▁to ▁be ▁leg ally ▁compet ent ▁to ▁consent ▁to ▁sexual ▁acts . ▁Con sequently , ▁an ▁adult ▁who ▁eng ages ▁in ▁sexual ▁activity ▁with ▁a ▁person ▁younger ▁than ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁unable ▁to ▁leg ally ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁sexual ▁activity ▁was ▁cons ens ual , ▁and ▁such ▁sexual ▁activity ▁may ▁be ▁considered ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁or ▁stat ut ory ▁ra pe . ▁The ▁person ▁below ▁the ▁minimum ▁age ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁victim , ▁and ▁their ▁sex ▁partner ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁off ender , ▁unless ▁both ▁are ▁under age . ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁setting ▁an ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁to ▁protect ▁an ▁under age ▁person ▁from ▁sexual ▁adv ances . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁rarely ▁appears ▁in ▁legal ▁stat utes . ▁Gener ally , ▁a ▁law ▁will ▁instead ▁establish ▁the ▁age ▁below ▁which ▁it ▁is ▁illegal ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁sexual ▁activity ▁with ▁that ▁person . ▁It ▁has ▁sometimes ▁been ▁used ▁with ▁other ▁mean ings , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁age ▁at ▁which ▁a ▁person ▁becomes ▁compet ent ▁to ▁consent ▁to ▁marriage , ▁but ▁the ▁meaning ▁given ▁above ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁now ▁generally ▁understood . ▁It ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁other ▁laws ▁regarding ▁age ▁minim ums ▁including , ▁but ▁not ▁limited ▁to , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁majority , ▁age ▁of ▁criminal ▁responsibility , ▁voting ▁age , ▁drink ing ▁age , ▁and ▁driving ▁age . ▁ ▁Age ▁of ▁consent ▁laws ▁vary ▁widely ▁from ▁juris diction ▁to ▁juris diction , ▁though ▁most ▁juris dict ions ▁set ▁the ▁age ▁of |
▁consent ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 8 . ▁The ▁laws ▁may ▁also ▁vary ▁by ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁sexual ▁act , ▁the ▁gender ▁of ▁the ▁participants ▁or ▁other ▁consider ations , ▁such ▁as ▁involving ▁a ▁position ▁of ▁trust ; ▁some ▁juris dict ions ▁may ▁also ▁make ▁allow ances ▁for ▁min ors ▁engaged ▁in ▁sexual ▁acts ▁with ▁each ▁other , ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁single ▁age . ▁Ch arg es ▁and ▁pen alt ies ▁resulting ▁from ▁a ▁bre ach ▁of ▁these ▁laws ▁may ▁range ▁from ▁a ▁mis de mean or , ▁such ▁as ▁cor ruption ▁of ▁a ▁minor , ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁popular ly ▁called ▁stat ut ory ▁ra pe . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁" gre y ▁areas " ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁of ▁law , ▁some ▁regarding ▁un specific ▁and ▁un t ried ▁legisl ation , ▁others ▁brought ▁about ▁by ▁deb ates ▁regarding ▁changing ▁soci etal ▁att itudes , ▁and ▁others ▁due ▁to ▁conflicts ▁between ▁federal ▁and ▁state ▁laws . ▁These ▁factors ▁all ▁make ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁an ▁often ▁confusing ▁subject , ▁and ▁a ▁topic ▁of ▁highly ▁charged ▁deb ates . ▁ ▁Age ▁of ▁consent ▁by ▁continent ▁ ▁Africa ▁ ▁A ges ▁of ▁consent ▁in ▁Africa ▁ ▁Amer icas ▁ ▁A ges ▁of ▁consent ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁A ges ▁of ▁consent ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁A ges ▁of ▁consent ▁in ▁South ▁America ▁ ▁Asia ▁ ▁A ges ▁of ▁consent ▁in ▁Asia ▁ ▁Europe ▁ ▁A ges ▁of ▁consent ▁in ▁Europe ▁ ▁O ce ania ▁ ▁A ges ▁of ▁consent |
▁in ▁O ce ania ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁social ▁att itudes ▁ ▁Trad itional ▁att itudes ▁In ▁traditional ▁soci eties , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁for ▁a ▁sexual ▁union ▁was ▁a ▁matter ▁for ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁decide , ▁or ▁a ▁trib al ▁custom . ▁In ▁most ▁cases , ▁this ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁signs ▁of ▁pub ert y , ▁men stru ation ▁for ▁a ▁woman , ▁and ▁pub ic ▁hair ▁for ▁a ▁man . ▁The ▁ancient ▁Greek ▁poet ▁H es iod ▁in ▁Works ▁and ▁Days ▁( c . ▁ 7 0 0 BC ) ▁suggests ▁that ▁a ▁man ▁should ▁marry ▁around ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁thirty , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁should ▁take ▁a ▁wife ▁who ▁is ▁five ▁years ▁past ▁pub ert y . ▁ ▁R eli able ▁data ▁for ▁ages ▁at ▁marriage ▁is ▁scar ce . ▁In ▁England , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁only ▁reliable ▁data ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁modern ▁period ▁comes ▁from ▁property ▁records ▁made ▁after ▁death . ▁Not ▁only ▁were ▁the ▁records ▁relatively ▁rare , ▁but ▁not ▁all ▁bother ed ▁to ▁record ▁the ▁participants ' ▁ages , ▁and ▁it ▁seems ▁that ▁the ▁more ▁complete ▁the ▁records ▁are , ▁the ▁more ▁likely ▁they ▁are ▁to ▁reve al ▁young ▁mar ri ages . ▁Modern ▁histor ians ▁have ▁sometimes ▁shown ▁rel uct ance ▁to ▁accept ▁evidence ▁of ▁young ▁ages ▁of ▁marriage , ▁dismiss ing ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁' mis reading ' ▁by ▁a ▁later ▁cop ier ▁of ▁the ▁records . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century , ▁Gr at ian , ▁the ▁influ ential |
▁founder ▁of ▁canon ▁law ▁in ▁medieval ▁Europe , ▁accepted ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁pub ert y ▁for ▁marriage ▁to ▁be ▁around ▁twelve ▁for ▁girls ▁and ▁around ▁four teen ▁for ▁boys ▁but ▁acknowled ged ▁consent ▁to ▁be ▁meaning ful ▁if ▁both ▁children ▁were ▁older ▁than ▁seven ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁There ▁were ▁authorities ▁that ▁said ▁that ▁consent ▁could ▁take ▁place ▁earlier . ▁Mar riage ▁would ▁then ▁be ▁valid ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁neither ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁parties ▁ann ul led ▁the ▁mar ital ▁agreement ▁before ▁reaching ▁pub ert y , ▁or ▁if ▁they ▁had ▁already ▁consum m ated ▁the ▁marriage . ▁Jud ges ▁sometimes ▁hon ored ▁mar ri ages ▁based ▁on ▁mut ual ▁consent ▁at ▁ages ▁younger ▁than se ven : ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁established ▁canon , ▁there ▁are ▁recorded ▁mar ri ages ▁of ▁two - ▁and ▁three - year - olds . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁recorded ▁age - of - cons ent ▁law ▁dates ▁from ▁ 1 2 7 5 ▁in ▁England ; ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁prov isions ▁on ▁ra pe , ▁the ▁Stat ute ▁of ▁West min ster ▁ 1 2 7 5 ▁made ▁it ▁a ▁mis de mean or ▁to ▁" rav ish " ▁a ▁" ma iden ▁within ▁age ," ▁whether ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁her ▁consent . ▁The ▁phrase ▁" with in ▁age " ▁was ▁later ▁interpreted ▁by ▁jur ist ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Co ke ▁( Eng land , ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ) ▁as ▁meaning ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁marriage , ▁which ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁was ▁twelve ▁years ▁of ▁age |
. ▁ ▁The ▁American ▁colon ies ▁followed ▁the ▁English ▁tradition , ▁and ▁the ▁law ▁was ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁guide . ▁For ▁example , ▁Mary ▁H ath away ▁( V ir gin ia , ▁ 1 6 8 9 ) ▁was ▁only ▁nine ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁William ▁Williams . ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Co ke ▁" made ▁it ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁marriage ▁of ▁girls ▁under ▁ 1 2 ▁was ▁normal , ▁and ▁the ▁age ▁at ▁which ▁a ▁girl ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁wife ▁was ▁el ig ible ▁for ▁a ▁d ower ▁from ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁estate ▁was ▁ 9 ▁even ▁though ▁her ▁husband ▁be ▁only ▁four ▁years ▁old ." ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁Italian ▁and ▁German ▁states ▁set ▁the ▁minimum ▁age ▁for ▁sexual ▁inter course ▁for ▁girls , ▁setting ▁it ▁at ▁twelve ▁years . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁other ▁European ▁countries ▁also ▁began ▁to ▁en act ▁similar ▁laws . ▁The ▁first ▁French ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 7 9 1 ▁established ▁the ▁minimum ▁age ▁at ▁eleven ▁years . ▁Portugal , ▁Spain , ▁Den mark ▁and ▁the ▁Swiss ▁cant ons ▁initially ▁set ▁the ▁minimum ▁age ▁at ▁ten ▁to ▁twelve ▁years . ▁ ▁Age ▁of ▁consent ▁laws ▁were , ▁histor ically , ▁difficult ▁to ▁follow ▁and ▁en force : ▁legal ▁norm s ▁based ▁on ▁age ▁were ▁not , ▁in ▁general , ▁common ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁because ▁clear ▁proof ▁of ▁exact ▁age ▁and ▁precise ▁date ▁of |
▁birth ▁were ▁often ▁un available . ▁ ▁In ▁Australia , ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁thought ▁was ▁that ▁children ▁were ▁inher ently ▁sin ful ▁and ▁vulner able ▁to ▁sexual ▁tempt ations . ▁P un ishment ▁for ▁" g iving ▁in " ▁to ▁these ▁tempt ations ▁was ▁generally ▁left ▁to ▁parents ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁government ▁matter , ▁except ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁ra pe . ▁Australian ▁children ▁had ▁few ▁rights ▁and ▁were ▁leg ally ▁considered ▁the ▁ch att el ▁of ▁their ▁parents . ▁From ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁and ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁att itudes ▁started ▁to ▁change . ▁By ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century ▁there ▁was ▁increased ▁concern ▁over ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use . ▁ ▁Re forms ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁A ▁general ▁shift ▁in ▁social ▁and ▁legal ▁att itudes ▁toward ▁issues ▁of ▁sex ▁occurred ▁during ▁the ▁modern ▁era . ▁Att itudes ▁on ▁the ▁appropriate ▁age ▁of ▁permission ▁for ▁females ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁sexual ▁activity ▁dr ift ed ▁toward ▁ad ul th ood . ▁While ▁ages ▁from ▁ten ▁to ▁th ir teen ▁years ▁were ▁typically ▁regarded ▁as ▁acceptable ▁ages ▁for ▁sexual ▁consent ▁in ▁Western ▁countries ▁during ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century , ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁changing ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁sexual ity ▁and ▁child hood ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁raising ▁of ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent . ▁ ▁English ▁common ▁law ▁had ▁tradition ally |
▁set ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁within ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁ten ▁to ▁twelve ▁years ▁old , ▁but ▁the ▁Off ences ▁Again st ▁the ▁Person ▁Act ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁raised ▁this ▁to ▁th ir teen ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland . ▁Early ▁femin ists ▁of ▁the ▁Social ▁P urity ▁movement , ▁such ▁as ▁Joseph ine ▁Butler ▁and ▁others , ▁instrument al ▁in ▁se cur ing ▁the ▁repe al ▁of ▁the ▁Cont ag ious ▁D ise ases ▁Act s , ▁began ▁to ▁turn ▁towards ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁child ▁prost itution ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s . ▁S ens ational ▁media ▁revel ations ▁about ▁the ▁sc our ge ▁of ▁child ▁prost itution ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁then ▁caused ▁out rage ▁among ▁the ▁respect able ▁middle - classes , ▁leading ▁to ▁pressure ▁for ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁to ▁be ▁raised ▁again . ▁ ▁The ▁investig ative ▁journalist ▁William ▁Thomas ▁Ste ad ▁of ▁the ▁P all ▁Mall ▁Gazette ▁was ▁p iv otal ▁in ▁expos ing ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁child ▁prost itution ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁under world ▁through ▁a ▁public ity ▁st unt . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁he ▁" p urch ased " ▁one ▁victim , ▁El iza ▁Arm strong , ▁the ▁th ir teen - year - old ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁chim ney ▁swe ep , ▁for ▁five ▁pounds ▁and ▁took ▁her ▁to ▁a ▁bro th el ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁dru gg ed . ▁He ▁then ▁published ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁four ▁expos |
és ▁entitled ▁The ▁Ma iden ▁T ribute ▁of ▁Modern ▁Bab yl on , ▁which ▁shock ed ▁its ▁readers ▁with ▁tales ▁of ▁child ▁prost itution ▁and ▁the ▁ab du ction , ▁proc ure ment , ▁and ▁sale ▁of ▁young ▁English ▁vir g ins ▁to ▁Cont inental ▁" ple asure ▁pal aces ". ▁The ▁" Ma iden ▁T ribute " ▁was ▁an ▁instant ▁sens ation ▁with ▁the ▁reading ▁public , ▁and ▁Victor ian ▁society ▁was ▁thrown ▁into ▁an ▁up ro ar ▁about ▁prost itution . ▁F ear ing ▁ri ots ▁on ▁a ▁national ▁scale , ▁the ▁Home ▁Secretary , ▁Sir ▁William ▁Har court , ▁ple aded ▁in ▁vain ▁with ▁Ste ad ▁to ▁ce ase ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁articles . ▁A ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁reform ▁groups ▁held ▁protest ▁meet ings ▁and ▁march ed ▁together ▁to ▁Hy de ▁Park ▁demand ing ▁that ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁be ▁raised . ▁The ▁government ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁propose ▁the ▁C riminal ▁Law ▁Am end ment ▁Act ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁which ▁raised ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁from ▁th ir teen ▁to ▁six teen ▁and ▁cl amp ed ▁down ▁on ▁prost itution . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁most ▁states ▁set ▁the ▁minimum ▁age ▁at ▁ten ▁to ▁twelve ▁( in ▁Del aware , ▁it ▁was ▁seven ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ). ▁In sp ired ▁by ▁the ▁" Ma iden ▁T ribute " ▁articles , ▁female ▁reform ers ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁initi ated ▁their |
▁own ▁campaign , ▁which ▁pet ition ed ▁legisl ators ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁legal ▁minimum ▁age ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁six teen , ▁with ▁the ▁ult imate ▁goal ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁age ▁to ▁eigh teen . ▁The ▁campaign ▁was ▁successful , ▁with ▁almost ▁all ▁states ▁raising ▁the ▁minimum ▁age ▁to ▁six teen ▁to ▁eigh teen ▁years ▁by ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁France , ▁Portugal , ▁Den mark , ▁the ▁Swiss ▁cant ons ▁and ▁other ▁countries , ▁the ▁minimum ▁age ▁was ▁raised ▁to ▁between ▁th ir teen ▁and ▁six teen ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁dec ades . ▁Though ▁the ▁original ▁arguments ▁for ▁raising ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁were ▁based ▁on ▁mor ality , ▁since ▁then ▁the ▁raison ▁d ' être ▁of ▁the ▁laws ▁has ▁changed ▁to ▁child ▁w elf are ▁and ▁a ▁so - called ▁right ▁to ▁child hood ▁or ▁innoc ence . ▁ ▁In ▁France , ▁under ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁Code , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁was ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 2 ▁at ▁eleven , ▁and ▁was ▁raised ▁to ▁th ir teen ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁It ▁was ▁increased ▁to ▁fifteen ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁Spain , ▁it ▁was ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 2 ▁at ▁" pub ert y ▁age ", ▁and ▁changed ▁to ▁twelve ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁which ▁was ▁kept ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁ 1 3 ; ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁it ▁was ▁raised |
▁to ▁ 1 6 . ▁▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁and ▁present ▁day ▁situation ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁concerns ▁about ▁child ▁sex ▁tour ism ▁and ▁commercial ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁of ▁children ▁gained ▁international ▁prom in ence , ▁and ▁have ▁resulted ▁in ▁legisl ative ▁changes ▁in ▁several ▁juris dict ions , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁several ▁international ▁instruments . ▁ ▁The ▁Council ▁of ▁Europe ▁Convention ▁on ▁the ▁Prote ction ▁of ▁Children ▁against ▁Sex ual ▁Exp lo itation ▁and ▁Sex ual ▁Ab use ▁( L anz ar ote , ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 7 ), ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁Union ' s ▁Direct ive ▁ 2 0 1 1 / 9 2 / E U ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁on ▁comb ating ▁the ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁and ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁of ▁children ▁and ▁child ▁por n ography ▁were ▁adopted . ▁ ▁The ▁Optional ▁Pro tocol ▁on ▁the ▁S ale ▁of ▁Children , ▁Child ▁Pro st itution ▁and ▁Child ▁P orn ography ▁came ▁into ▁force ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁Pro tocol ▁to ▁Pre vent , ▁Supp ress ▁and ▁P un ish ▁Tra ff ick ing ▁in ▁Pers ons , ▁especially ▁Women ▁and ▁Children , ▁which ▁came ▁into ▁force ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁prohib its ▁commercial ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁of ▁children . ▁ ▁The ▁Council ▁of ▁Europe ▁Convention ▁on ▁Action ▁against ▁Tra ff ick |
ing ▁in ▁Human ▁Be ings ▁( which ▁came ▁into ▁force ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁also ▁de als ▁with ▁commercial ▁sexual ▁explo itation ▁of ▁children . ▁ ▁Several ▁Western ▁countries ▁have ▁raised ▁their ▁ages ▁of ▁consent ▁recently . ▁These ▁include ▁Canada ▁( in ▁ 2 0 0 8 — from ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 6 ); ▁and ▁in ▁Europe , ▁I cel and ▁( in ▁ 2 0 0 7 — from ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 5 ), ▁Lith u ania ▁( in ▁ 2 0 1 0 — from ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 6 ), ▁Cro atia ▁( in ▁ 2 0 1 3 — from ▁ 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 5 ), ▁and ▁Spain ▁( in ▁ 2 0 1 5 — from ▁ 1 3 ▁to ▁ 1 6 ). ▁ ▁The ▁International ▁C riminal ▁Court ▁Stat ute ▁does ▁not ▁provide ▁a ▁specific ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁in ▁its ▁ra pe / sex ual ▁violence ▁stat ute , ▁but ▁makes ▁reference ▁to ▁sexual ▁acts ▁committed ▁against ▁persons ▁" inc ap able ▁of ▁giving ▁genu ine ▁consent "; ▁and ▁the ▁explic ative ▁foot note ▁states , ▁" It ▁is ▁understood ▁that ▁a ▁person ▁may ▁be ▁in cap able ▁of ▁giving ▁genu ine ▁consent ▁if ▁affected ▁by ▁natural , ▁induced ▁or ▁age - related ▁in cap acity ." ▁( see ▁note ▁ 5 1 ) ▁ ▁Law ▁Sex ual ▁relations ▁with ▁a ▁person ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁a ▁crime ▁in ▁most ▁countries |
; ▁exceptions ▁to ▁this ▁include ▁Y emen , ▁and ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁Jur is dict ions ▁use ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁terms ▁for ▁the ▁off ense , ▁including ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use , ▁stat ut ory ▁ra pe , ▁illegal ▁car nal ▁knowledge , ▁cor ruption ▁of ▁a ▁minor , ▁besides ▁others . ▁ ▁The ▁enfor cement ▁practices ▁of ▁age - of - cons ent ▁laws ▁vary ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁social ▁sens ib ilities ▁of ▁the ▁particular ▁culture ▁( see ▁above ). ▁O ften , ▁enfor cement ▁is ▁not ▁exerc ised ▁to ▁the ▁letter ▁of ▁the ▁law , ▁with ▁legal ▁action ▁being ▁taken ▁only ▁when ▁a ▁sufficiently ▁soci ally - un accept able ▁age ▁gap ▁exists ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁individuals , ▁or ▁if ▁the ▁perpet r ator ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁position ▁of ▁power ▁over ▁the ▁minor ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁teacher , ▁minister , ▁or ▁doctor ). ▁The ▁sex ▁of ▁each ▁particip ant ▁can ▁also ▁influence ▁per ception s ▁of ▁an ▁individual ' s ▁gu ilt ▁and ▁therefore ▁enfor cement . ▁ ▁Age ▁The ▁threshold ▁age ▁for ▁eng aging ▁in ▁sexual ▁activity ▁var ies ▁between ▁juris dict ions . ▁Most ▁juris dict ions ▁have ▁set ▁a ▁fixed ▁age ▁of ▁consent . ▁However , ▁some ▁juris dict ions ▁permit ▁sex ▁with ▁a ▁person ▁after ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁their ▁pub ert y , ▁such ▁as ▁Y emen , ▁but ▁only ▁in ▁marriage . ▁A ges ▁can ▁also ▁vary ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁calendar ▁used , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁L un |
ar ▁calendar , ▁how ▁birth ▁dates ▁in ▁le ap ▁years ▁are ▁handled , ▁or ▁even ▁the ▁method ▁by ▁which ▁birth ▁date ▁is ▁calculated . ▁ ▁Def enses ▁and ▁exceptions ▁The ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁a ▁legal ▁bar rier ▁to ▁the ▁minor ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁consent ▁and ▁therefore ▁obtain ing ▁consent ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁general ▁a ▁defense ▁to ▁having ▁sexual ▁relations ▁with ▁a ▁person ▁under ▁the ▁pres cribed ▁age , ▁for ▁example : ▁ ▁Re ason able ▁belief ▁that ▁the ▁victim ▁is ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁In ▁some ▁juris dict ions ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁defense ▁if ▁the ▁accused ▁can ▁show ▁that ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁reason ably ▁believed ▁the ▁victim ▁was ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent . ▁However , ▁where ▁such ▁a ▁defense ▁is ▁provided , ▁it ▁normally ▁applies ▁only ▁when ▁the ▁victim ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁or ▁the ▁accused ▁can ▁show ▁due ▁dil ig ence ▁in ▁determ ining ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁the ▁victim ▁( e . g . ▁an ▁under age ▁person ▁who ▁used ▁a ▁fake ▁identification ▁document ▁claim ing ▁to ▁be ▁of ▁legal ▁age ). ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁In ▁various ▁juris dict ions , ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁laws ▁do ▁not ▁apply ▁if ▁the ▁parties ▁are ▁leg ally ▁married ▁to ▁each ▁other . ▁▁ ▁Some ▁juris dict ions ▁have ▁laws ▁explicitly ▁allowing ▁sexual ▁acts ▁with ▁min ors ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁if ▁their ▁partner ▁is ▁close ▁in ▁age ▁to ▁them . ▁For ▁instance , ▁in ▁Canada , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁ 1 6 , ▁but ▁there |
▁are ▁two ▁close - in - age ▁exem ptions : ▁sex ▁with ▁min ors ▁aged ▁ 1 4 – 1 5 ▁is ▁permitted ▁if ▁the ▁partner ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁five ▁years ▁older , ▁and ▁sex ▁with ▁min ors ▁aged ▁ 1 2 – 1 3 ▁is ▁permitted ▁if ▁the ▁partner ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁two ▁years ▁older . ▁Other ▁countries ▁state ▁that ▁the ▁sexual ▁conduct ▁with ▁the ▁minor ▁is ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁pun ished ▁if ▁the ▁partners ▁are ▁of ▁a ▁similar ▁age ▁and ▁development : ▁for ▁instance , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁in ▁Finland ▁is ▁ 1 6 , ▁but ▁the ▁law ▁states ▁that ▁the ▁act ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁pun ished ▁if ▁" there ▁is ▁no ▁great ▁difference ▁in ▁the ▁ages ▁or ▁the ▁mental ▁and ▁physical ▁m atur ity ▁of ▁the ▁persons ▁involved ". ▁Another ▁approach ▁takes ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁st ip ulation ▁that ▁sexual ▁inter course ▁between ▁a ▁minor ▁and ▁an ▁adult ▁is ▁legal ▁under ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁the ▁latter ▁does ▁not ▁exceed ▁a ▁certain ▁age . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁state ▁of ▁Del aware ▁is ▁ 1 8 , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁allowed ▁for ▁te en agers ▁aged ▁ 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁sexual ▁inter course ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁older ▁partner ▁is ▁younger ▁than ▁ 3 0 . ▁In ▁Sloven ia , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁ 1 5 , ▁but ▁the ▁law ▁requires ▁that ▁there ▁be ▁" a ▁marked ▁dis cre p ancy ▁between ▁the ▁m |
atur ity ▁of ▁the ▁perpet r ator ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁victim ". ▁ ▁Hom osex ual ▁and ▁heter osex ual ▁age ▁dis cre pan cies ▁Some ▁juris dict ions , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Bah am as , ▁UK ▁over se as ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁C ay man ▁Islands , ▁Chile , ▁Par agu ay ▁and ▁Sur in ame ▁have ▁a ▁higher ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁for ▁same - sex ▁sexual ▁activity . ▁However , ▁such ▁dis cre pan cies ▁are ▁increasing ly ▁being ▁challeng ed . ▁Within ▁B erm uda ▁for ▁example ▁( since ▁ 1 ▁November , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁under ▁section ▁ 1 7 7 ▁of ▁the ▁C riminal ▁Code ▁Act ▁ 1 9 0 7 ) ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁for ▁v ag inal ▁and ▁or al ▁sex ▁is ▁ 1 6 , ▁but ▁for ▁anal ▁sex ▁it ▁is ▁ 1 8 . ▁In ▁Canada , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁was ▁originally ▁ 2 1 ▁for ▁same - sex ▁sexual ▁activity ▁between ▁males ▁( with ▁no ▁laws ▁regarding ▁les bian ▁sexual ▁activities ), ▁while ▁it ▁was ▁ 1 6 ▁for ▁heter osex ual ▁sexual ▁activity ; ▁this ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁the ▁case ▁and ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁for ▁all ▁sexual ▁activity ▁is ▁ 1 6 . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Government ▁repe aled ▁the ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁C riminal ▁Code ▁that ▁set ▁a ▁higher ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁for ▁anal ▁inter course . |
▁ ▁G ender - age ▁differential s ▁In ▁some ▁juris dict ions ▁( such ▁as ▁Indones ia ), ▁there ▁are ▁different ▁ages ▁of ▁consent ▁for ▁heter osex ual ▁sexual ▁activity ▁that ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁gender ▁of ▁each ▁person . ▁In ▁countries ▁where ▁there ▁are ▁gender - age ▁differential s , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁may ▁be ▁higher ▁for ▁girls — for ▁example ▁in ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea , ▁where ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁for ▁heter osex ual ▁sex ▁is ▁ 1 6 ▁for ▁girls ▁and ▁ 1 4 ▁for ▁boys , ▁or ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁higher ▁for ▁males , ▁such ▁as ▁in ▁Indones ia , ▁where ▁males ▁must ▁be ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁females ▁must ▁be ▁ 1 6 ▁years ▁old . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁numerous ▁juris dict ions — such ▁as ▁K uw ait ▁and ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁Territ ories — in ▁which ▁marriage ▁laws ▁govern ▁the ▁gender - age ▁differential . ▁In ▁these ▁juris dict ions , ▁it ▁is ▁illegal ▁to ▁have ▁sexual ▁inter course ▁outside ▁of ▁marriage , ▁so ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁the ▁marriage able ▁age . ▁In ▁K uw ait , ▁this ▁means ▁that ▁boys ▁must ▁be ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁girls ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 5 ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁Position ▁of ▁authority / tr ust ▁In ▁most ▁juris dict ions ▁where ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁below ▁ 1 8 ▁( such ▁as ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ), ▁in ▁cases ▁where ▁a ▁person ▁aged ▁ 1 8 |
▁or ▁older ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁position ▁of ▁trust ▁over ▁a ▁person ▁under ▁ 1 8 , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁usually ▁r ises ▁to ▁ 1 8 ▁or ▁higher . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁such ▁positions ▁of ▁trust ▁include ▁relationships ▁between ▁teachers ▁and ▁students . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁ 1 6 , ▁but ▁if ▁the ▁person ▁is ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁the ▁older ▁person ▁it ▁becomes 1 8 . ▁▁ ▁Circ um st ances ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁In ▁several ▁juris dict ions , ▁it ▁is ▁illegal ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁sexual ▁activity ▁with ▁a ▁person ▁under ▁a ▁certain ▁age ▁under ▁certain ▁circumstances ▁regarding ▁the ▁relationship ▁in ▁question , ▁such ▁as ▁if ▁it ▁involves ▁taking ▁advantage ▁of ▁or ▁cor rupt ing ▁the ▁mor als ▁of ▁the ▁young ▁person . ▁For ▁example , ▁while ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁ 1 4 ▁in ▁Germany ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁in ▁Canada , ▁it ▁is ▁illegal ▁in ▁both ▁countries ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁sexual ▁activity ▁with ▁a ▁person ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁if ▁the ▁activity ▁explo its ▁the ▁younger ▁person . ▁Another ▁example ▁is ▁in ▁Mexico , ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁crime ▁called ▁" est u pro " ▁defined ▁as ▁sexual ▁activity ▁with ▁a ▁person ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁but ▁under ▁a ▁certain ▁age ▁limit ▁( gener ally ▁ 1 8 ) ▁in ▁which ▁consent ▁of ▁the ▁younger ▁person ▁was ▁obtained ▁through ▁s edu ction ▁and / or ▁dece it . ▁In ▁Pennsylvania , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent |
▁is ▁officially ▁ 1 6 , ▁but ▁if ▁the ▁older ▁partner ▁is ▁ 1 8 ▁or ▁older , ▁he / she ▁may ▁still ▁be ▁pro sec uted ▁for ▁cor ruption ▁of ▁min ors ▁if ▁he / she ▁cor rupt s ▁or ▁tends ▁to ▁cor rupt ▁the ▁mor als ▁of ▁the ▁younger ▁person . ▁ ▁Ext r ater rit orial ity ▁ ▁A ▁growing ▁number ▁of ▁countries ▁have ▁specific ▁extr ater rit orial ▁legisl ation ▁that ▁pro sec utes ▁their ▁citizens ▁in ▁their ▁hom eland ▁should ▁they ▁eng age ▁in ▁ill ic it ▁sexual ▁conduct ▁in ▁a ▁foreign ▁country ▁with ▁children . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁E CP AT ▁reported ▁that ▁ 4 4 ▁countries ▁had ▁extr ater rit orial ▁child ▁sex ▁legisl ation . ▁For ▁example , ▁PRO TE CT ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁a ▁federal ▁United ▁States ▁law ▁b ans ▁sexual ▁activity ▁by ▁its ▁citizens ▁with ▁foreign ers ▁or ▁with ▁U . S . ▁citizens ▁from ▁another ▁state , ▁if ▁the ▁partner ▁is ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁the ▁activity ▁is ▁illegal ▁under ▁the ▁federal , ▁state , ▁or ▁local ▁law . ▁This ▁applies ▁in ▁cases ▁where ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁partners ▁travel s ▁into ▁or ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁or ▁from ▁one ▁state ▁into ▁another , ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁an ▁illegal ▁sexual ▁encounter . ▁ ▁Other ▁issues ▁ ▁G ender ▁of ▁participants ▁There ▁is ▁debate ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁the ▁gender ▁of ▁those ▁involved ▁should ▁lead ▁to ▁different ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁sexual ▁encounter |
, ▁in ▁law ▁or ▁in ▁practice . ▁Trad itionally , ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁laws ▁regarding ▁v ag inal ▁inter course ▁were ▁often ▁meant ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁ch ast ity ▁of ▁un mar ried ▁girls . ▁Many ▁femin ists ▁and ▁social ▁campaign ers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁have ▁object ed ▁to ▁the ▁social ▁importance ▁of ▁vir gin ity , ▁and ▁have ▁also ▁attempted ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁s tere ot ypes ▁of ▁female ▁pass ivity ▁and ▁male ▁ag gression ; ▁demand ing ▁that ▁the ▁law ▁protect ▁children ▁from ▁explo itation ▁regardless ▁of ▁their ▁gender , ▁rather ▁than ▁dealing ▁with ▁concerns ▁of ▁ch ast ity . ▁This ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁gender - neut ral ▁laws ▁in ▁many ▁juris dict ions . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁oppos ing ▁view ▁which ▁arg ues ▁that ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁v ag inal ▁inter course ▁is ▁an ▁" une qual ▁act " ▁for ▁males ▁and ▁females , ▁due ▁to ▁issues ▁such ▁as ▁pre gn ancy , ▁increased ▁risk ▁of ▁ST D s , ▁and ▁risk ▁of ▁physical ▁injury ▁if ▁the ▁girl ▁is ▁too ▁young ▁and ▁not ▁phys ically ▁ready . ▁In ▁the ▁US , ▁in ▁Michael ▁M . ▁v . ▁Super ior ▁C t . 4 5 0 ▁U . S . ▁ 4 6 4 ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁it ▁was ▁ruled ▁that ▁the ▁double ▁standard ▁of ▁offering ▁more ▁legal ▁protection ▁to ▁girls ▁is ▁valid ▁because ▁" the ▁Equ al ▁Prote ction ▁Cla use ▁does ▁not ▁mean ▁that ▁the ▁phys |
i ological ▁differences ▁between ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁must ▁be ▁dis reg arded ". ▁ ▁Trad itionally , ▁many ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁laws ▁de alt ▁primarily ▁with ▁men ▁eng aging ▁in ▁sexual ▁acts ▁with ▁under age ▁girls ▁and ▁boys ▁( the ▁latter ▁acts ▁often ▁falling ▁under ▁sod omy ▁and ▁bug g ery ▁laws ). ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁in ▁some ▁legal ▁systems , ▁issues ▁of ▁women ▁having ▁sexual ▁contact ▁with ▁under age ▁partners ▁were ▁rarely ▁acknowled ged . ▁For ▁example , ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁before ▁the ▁Sex ual ▁Off ences ▁( Am end ment ) ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁stat ut ory ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁for ▁les bian ▁sex . ▁In ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁before ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁laws ▁dealing ▁with ▁women ▁having ▁sex ▁with ▁under age ▁boys . ▁Pre viously , ▁in ▁F iji , ▁male ▁off enders ▁of ▁child ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁could ▁receive ▁up ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment , ▁whilst ▁female ▁off enders ▁would ▁receive ▁up ▁to ▁seven ▁years . ▁Situ ations ▁like ▁these ▁have ▁been ▁attributed ▁to ▁soci etal ▁views ▁on ▁traditional ▁gender ▁roles , ▁and ▁to ▁construct s ▁of ▁male ▁sexual ity ▁and ▁female ▁sexual ity ; ▁according ▁to ▁E ▁Mart ello z zo , ▁"[ V ] iew ing ▁females ▁as ▁perpet rat ors ▁of ▁sexual ▁ab use ▁goes ▁against ▁every ▁s tere ot ype ▁that ▁society ▁has ▁of ▁women : ▁women ▁as ▁moth ers ▁and |
▁care g ivers ▁and ▁not ▁as ▁people ▁who ▁ab use ▁and ▁harm ". ▁Al issa ▁N ut ting ▁arg ues ▁that ▁women ▁are ▁not ▁acknowled ged ▁as ▁perpet rat ors ▁of ▁sex ▁cr imes ▁because ▁society ▁does ▁not ▁accept ▁that ▁women ▁have ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁sexual ity ▁of ▁their ▁own . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁ ▁The ▁age ▁at ▁which ▁a ▁person ▁can ▁be ▁leg ally ▁married ▁can ▁differ ▁from ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent . ▁In ▁juris dict ions ▁where ▁the ▁marriage able ▁age ▁is ▁lower ▁than ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent , ▁those ▁laws ▁usually ▁override ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁laws ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁married ▁couple ▁where ▁one ▁or ▁both ▁partners ▁are ▁below ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent . ▁Some ▁juris dict ions ▁prohib it ▁all ▁sex ▁outside ▁of ▁marriage ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁age , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Y emen . ▁ ▁Pro st itution ▁ ▁In ▁many ▁countries , ▁there ▁are ▁specific ▁laws ▁dealing ▁with ▁child ▁prost itution . ▁ ▁P orn ography ▁and ▁' j ail b ait ' ▁images ▁ ▁In ▁some ▁countries , ▁states , ▁or ▁other ▁juris dict ions , ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁may ▁be ▁lower ▁than ▁the ▁age ▁at ▁which ▁a ▁person ▁can ▁appear ▁in ▁por n ographic ▁images ▁and ▁films . ▁In ▁many ▁juris dict ions , ▁the ▁minimum ▁age ▁for ▁participation ▁and ▁even ▁view ing ▁such ▁material ▁is ▁ 1 8 . ▁As ▁such , ▁in ▁some ▁juris dict ions , ▁films ▁and ▁images ▁showing ▁individuals |
▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁but ▁above ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent , ▁that ▁meet ▁the ▁legal ▁definition ▁of ▁child ▁por n ography ▁are ▁prohib ited ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁sexual ▁acts ▁dep icted ▁are ▁legal ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁otherwise ▁under ▁that ▁juris diction ' s ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁laws . ▁In ▁those ▁cases , ▁it ▁is ▁only ▁the ▁film ing ▁of ▁the ▁sex ▁act ▁that ▁is ▁the ▁crime ▁as ▁the ▁act ▁itself ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁sex ▁crime . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁under ▁federal ▁law ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁crime ▁to ▁film ▁min ors ▁below ▁ 1 8 ▁in ▁sexual ▁acts , ▁even ▁in ▁states ▁where ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁is ▁below ▁ 1 8 . ▁In ▁those ▁states , ▁charges ▁such ▁as ▁child ▁por n ography ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁pro sec ute ▁someone ▁having ▁sex ▁with ▁a ▁minor , ▁who ▁could ▁not ▁otherwise ▁be ▁pro sec uted ▁for ▁stat ut ory ▁ra pe , ▁provided ▁they ▁fil med ▁or ▁photograph ed ▁the ▁act . ▁ ▁J ail b ait ▁images ▁can ▁be ▁differenti ated ▁from ▁child ▁por n ography , ▁as ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁feature ▁min ors ▁before ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁pub ert y , ▁nor ▁do ▁they ▁contain ▁n ud ity . ▁The ▁images ▁are , ▁however , ▁usually ▁sexual ized , ▁often ▁featuring ▁t ween ▁or ▁young ▁te en agers ▁in ▁b ik in is , ▁sk ir ts , ▁under we ar ▁or ▁l inger ie . ▁Whether |
▁or ▁not ▁these ▁images ▁are ▁legal ▁is ▁deb ated . ▁When ▁question ed ▁regarding ▁their ▁leg ality ▁legal ▁anal yst ▁Jeff rey ▁To ob in ▁stated ▁he ▁thought ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁illegal , ▁though ▁legal ▁expert ▁Sun ny ▁Host in ▁was ▁more ▁ske pt ical , ▁describing ▁j ail b ait ▁images ▁as ▁" border line " ▁child ▁por n ography ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁illegal . ▁ ▁Health ▁ ▁The ▁human ▁imm une ▁system ▁continues ▁to ▁develop ▁after ▁pub ert y . ▁The ▁age ▁of ▁expos ure ▁has ▁an ▁influence ▁upon ▁if ▁the ▁imm une ▁system ▁can ▁f end ▁off ▁in fe ctions ▁in ▁general , ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁also ▁true ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁some ▁sex ually ▁transm itted ▁dise ases . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁risk ▁factor ▁for ▁H P V ▁stra ins ▁causing ▁gen ital ▁w arts ▁is ▁sexual ▁debut ▁at ▁a ▁young ▁age ; ▁if ▁this ▁extends ▁to ▁the ▁cancer ▁causing ▁stra ins , ▁then ▁sexual ▁debut ▁at ▁a ▁young ▁age ▁would ▁potentially ▁also ▁increase ▁risk ▁of ▁pers istence ▁of ▁H P V ▁in fe ctions ▁that ▁cause ▁the ▁very ▁H P V ▁induced ▁can cers ▁that ▁are ▁being ▁diagn osed ▁in ▁sp ik ing ▁numbers ▁of ▁relatively ▁young ▁people . ▁ ▁In iti atives ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁consent ▁ ▁Age - of - cons ent ▁reform ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁some ▁individuals ▁or ▁groups , ▁for ▁different ▁reasons , ▁to ▁alter ▁or ▁abol ish ▁age - of - cons ent ▁laws . ▁These ▁efforts ▁advoc |
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