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▁ 5 / 2 ▁favour ite ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 7 3 rd ▁running ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Gu ine as ▁over ▁the ▁Row ley ▁M ile ▁course ▁at ▁New market ▁on ▁ 2 ▁May , ▁with ▁his ▁main ▁oppon ents ▁appearing ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁Free ▁Hand ic ap ▁winner ▁Mot av ato ▁( 5 / 1 ), ▁Kind ▁of ▁H ush ▁( 9 / 1 ) ▁and ▁the ▁William ▁Hill ▁Fut urity ▁winner ▁B eld ale ▁Fl utter ▁( 1 0 / 1 ). ▁Star key ▁rest rained ▁the ▁col t ▁at ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete en ▁runner ▁field ▁before ▁moving ▁forward ▁with ▁three ▁f url ongs ▁left ▁to ▁run . ▁He ▁looked ▁likely ▁to ▁win ▁easily , ▁but ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁driven ▁out ▁by ▁Star key ▁to ▁win ▁by ▁a ▁neck ▁from ▁the ▁ 5 0 / 1 ▁out s ider ▁Matt ab oy , ▁with ▁Bel ▁Bol ide ▁in ▁third . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁May , ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Ireland ▁and ▁started ▁ 9 / 1 0 ▁favour ite ▁for ▁the ▁Irish ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Gu ine as ▁at ▁the ▁Cur rag h . ▁The ▁race ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁controvers ial ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁and ▁saw ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁a ▁four - race ▁rival ry ▁between ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁and ▁the ▁Vincent ▁O ' B rien - tra ined ▁col t ▁Kings ▁Lake . ▁Star key ▁held ▁up ▁To - |
Ag ori - M ou ▁for ▁a ▁late ▁run ▁as ▁usual ▁and ▁moved ▁up ▁to ▁challenge ▁Kings ▁Lake , ▁r idden ▁by ▁Pat ▁Ed der y ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁quarter ▁mile . ▁The ▁Irish ▁col t ▁ed ged ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁in ▁the ▁closing ▁stages ▁and ▁appeared ▁to ▁b ump ▁the ▁favour ite ▁several ▁times ▁before ▁winning ▁by ▁a ▁neck . ▁Star key ▁ended ▁the ▁race ▁standing ▁up ▁in ▁his ▁stir ru ps ▁and ▁clearly ▁indicated ▁that ▁he ▁felt ▁that ▁his ▁mount ▁had ▁been ▁unf air ly ▁prevent ed ▁from ▁winning . ▁The ▁race course ▁ste wards ▁con cur red , ▁and ▁am ended ▁the ▁result , ▁award ing ▁the ▁victory ▁to ▁To - Ag ori - M ou . ▁Kings ▁Lake ' s ▁connections ▁refused ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁ver dict ▁and ▁took ▁their ▁appeal ▁to ▁the ▁ste wards ▁of ▁the ▁Tur f ▁Club ▁( the ▁regul atory ▁body ▁for ▁hor ser acing ▁in ▁Ireland ), ▁who , ▁after ▁a ▁six - hour ▁hearing , ▁re inst ated ▁the ▁original ▁result . ▁The ▁decision ▁created ▁up ro ar ▁and ▁was ▁widely ▁condem ned ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁Irish ▁press . ▁ ▁Summer ▁The ▁rem atch ▁between ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁and ▁Kings ▁Lake ▁came ▁in ▁the ▁St ▁James ' s ▁Palace ▁St akes ▁over ▁one ▁mile ▁at ▁Royal ▁As cot . ▁Star key ▁changed ▁tact ics ▁and ▁rode ▁the ▁ 2 / 1 ▁second ▁favour ite ▁much ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁pace ▁than ▁in ▁previous ▁races . ▁Early ▁in ▁the |
▁straight ▁he ▁sent ▁the ▁col t ▁through ▁a ▁gap ▁on ▁the ▁inside ▁and ▁went ▁into ▁the ▁lead ▁by ▁a ▁length . ▁Kings ▁Lake ▁emer ged ▁as ▁the ▁ch allen ger , ▁but ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁pre va iled ▁in ▁a ▁" th r illing ▁battle " ▁to ▁win ▁by ▁a ▁neck , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁pulling ▁six ▁lengths ▁clear ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁run ners . ▁The ▁race ▁was ▁not ▁without ▁controvers y ▁as ▁Star key ▁turned ▁in ▁his ▁s addle ▁and ▁appeared ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁two - f inger ed ▁gesture ▁to ▁Ed der y ▁just ▁after ▁the ▁finishing ▁line . ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁and ▁Kings ▁Lake ▁met ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Sus sex ▁St akes ▁at ▁Good wood ▁Race course ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁July ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁opposed ▁by ▁older ▁horses . ▁Star key ▁revert ed ▁to ▁hold - up ▁tact ics , ▁rest ra ining ▁the ▁ 1 1 / 8 ▁favour ite ▁before ▁making ▁his ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁straight . ▁He ▁made ▁rapid ▁progress ▁and ▁took ▁the ▁lead ▁a ▁f url ong ▁from ▁the ▁finish , ▁but ▁was ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁str ides ▁by ▁King ▁Lake ▁and ▁be aten ▁by ▁a ▁head . ▁ ▁The ▁fourth ▁and ▁final ▁match ▁between ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁and ▁Kings ▁Lake ▁came ▁in ▁the ▁Prix ▁Jacques ▁le ▁Mar ois ▁at ▁De au ville ▁Race course ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁August . ▁To - Ag ori - M |
ou ▁even ed ▁the ▁score , ▁be ating ▁his ▁rival ▁by ▁a ▁nose , ▁but ▁neither ▁col t ▁was ▁any ▁match ▁for ▁the ▁French - tra ined ▁four - year - old ▁North jet , ▁who ▁won ▁easily ▁by ▁five ▁lengths . ▁Later ▁that ▁month , ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁was ▁matched ▁against ▁Mo or est yle , ▁the ▁top - r ated ▁European ▁race hor se ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁at ▁two ▁pounds ▁worse ▁than ▁weight - for - age ▁in ▁the ▁Water ford ▁Cry stal ▁M ile ▁at ▁Good wood . ▁Star key ▁track ed ▁L ester ▁P igg ott ▁on ▁Mo or est yle ▁before ▁moving ▁past ▁the ▁older ▁horse ▁in ▁the ▁straight ▁and ▁opening ▁up ▁a ▁three - length ▁advantage . ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁ve ered ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁in ▁the ▁closing ▁stages ▁but ▁held ▁off ▁the ▁renew ed ▁challenge ▁of ▁Mo or est yle ▁to ▁win ▁by ▁half ▁a ▁length . ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁four teen ▁horses ▁selected ▁to ▁contest ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁running ▁of ▁the ▁Ar ling ton ▁Mill ion ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁but ▁the ▁inv itation ▁was ▁not ▁taken ▁up , ▁leaving ▁the ▁fil ly ▁Mad am ▁Gay ▁to ▁represent ▁Britain . ▁ ▁Aut umn ▁In ▁late ▁September , ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁ran ▁in ▁the ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁St akes ▁at ▁As cot . ▁The ▁race ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁Group ▁Two ▁event , ▁and ▁weight |
▁pen alt ies ▁meant ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁race ▁at ▁level ▁weights ▁against ▁older ▁horses , ▁but ▁he ▁never theless ▁started ▁the ▁ 5 / 4 ▁favour ite . ▁R idden ▁by ▁L ester ▁P igg ott ▁( Star key ▁was ▁serving ▁a ▁susp ension ▁for ▁care less ▁r iding ), ▁he ▁was ▁held ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁before ▁moving ▁up ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁lead ▁inside ▁the ▁final ▁f url ong . ▁He ▁won ▁by ▁a ▁length ▁from ▁the ▁four - year - old ▁C rac aval , ▁who ▁was ▁subsequently ▁dis qual ified ▁for ▁causing ▁inter ference ▁in ▁the ▁closing ▁stages . ▁In ▁October , ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁was ▁moved ▁up ▁in ▁distance ▁to ▁contest ▁the ▁Champion ▁St akes ▁over ▁ten ▁f url ongs ▁at ▁New market . ▁He ▁started ▁ 5 / 1 ▁favour ite , ▁but ▁after ▁trav elling ▁well ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁race ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁make ▁any ▁progress ▁in ▁the ▁closing ▁stages ▁and ▁finished ▁fifth ▁of ▁the ▁six teen ▁run ners ▁behind ▁the ▁French - tra ined ▁col t ▁V ay ran n . ▁▁ 1 9 8 2 : ▁four - year - old ▁season ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁race ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁trained ▁by ▁John ▁W . ▁Russell . ▁He ▁failed ▁to ▁win ▁in ▁four ▁attempts , ▁with ▁his ▁best ▁placing ▁being ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁Laur ance ▁Arm our ▁Hand |
ic ap ▁at ▁Ar ling ton ▁Park ▁in ▁May . ▁He ▁was ▁retired ▁after ▁finishing ▁fifth ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Hand ic ap ▁at ▁Hollywood ▁Park ▁R ac et rack ▁in ▁July . ▁ ▁Ass ess ment ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁was ▁r ated ▁ 1 3 3 ▁by ▁the ▁independent ▁Time form ▁organisation ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁making ▁him ▁the ▁second ▁best ▁two - year - old ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁one ▁p ound ▁behind ▁Storm ▁Bird . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁r ated ▁second ▁to ▁Storm ▁Bird ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁International ▁Classification . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁season ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁r ated ▁ 1 3 3 ▁by ▁Time form , ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁International ▁Classification ▁he ▁was ▁r ated ▁the ▁equal - four th - best ▁three - year - old ▁col t ▁in ▁Europe ▁behind ▁Sher gar , ▁B ik ala ▁and ▁C ut ▁A bove . ▁In ▁their ▁book ▁A ▁Century ▁of ▁Champions , ▁John ▁Rand all ▁and ▁Tony ▁Morris ▁r ated ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁an ▁" aver age " ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Gu ine as ▁winner ▁and ▁the ▁forty - first ▁best ▁two - year - old ▁trained ▁in ▁Britain ▁or ▁Ireland ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Stud ▁career ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁was ▁retired ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁bre eding ▁st all ion ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁but ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁attract ed ▁little ▁interest . ▁The ▁most ▁successful ▁of |
▁his ▁off spring ▁was ▁the ▁spr inter ▁Answer ▁Do , ▁who ▁won ▁fifteen ▁races ▁including ▁the ▁Gra de ▁II ▁San ▁Carlos ▁Hand ic ap ▁and ▁two ▁run nings ▁of ▁the ▁Gra de ▁III ▁Phoenix ▁Gold ▁Cup . ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁$ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁for ▁$ 3 0 0 ▁a ▁year ▁later . ▁To - Ag ori - M ou ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁Ped ig ree ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁race hor se ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁race hor se ▁death s ▁Category : R ace h ors es ▁b red ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : R ace h ors es ▁trained ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Th or ough bre d ▁family ▁ 1 4 - c ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁Gu ine as ▁w inners <0x0A> </s> ▁N ER C ▁may ▁refer : ▁▁ ▁Natural ▁Environment ▁Research ▁Council ▁ ▁Nash ville ▁& ▁Eastern ▁Rail road ▁Corporation ▁ ▁North ▁American ▁Electric ▁R eli ability ▁Corporation ▁ ▁National ▁Engineering ▁Rob ot ics ▁Cont est ▁ ▁Niger ian ▁Electric ity ▁Reg ul atory ▁Commission <0x0A> </s> ▁R ig as ▁F era ios ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁Mag nes ia ▁regional ▁unit , ▁Th ess aly , ▁Greece . ▁The ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁municipality ▁is ▁the ▁town ▁Vel est ino . ▁The ▁municipality ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 5 5 |
0 . 6 3 6 km 2 . ▁The ▁municipality ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Greek ▁writer ▁and ▁revolution ary ▁R ig as ▁F era ios , ▁whose ▁h omet own ▁was ▁Vel est ino . ▁ ▁Municip ality ▁The ▁municipality ▁R ig as ▁F era ios ▁was ▁formed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁local ▁government ▁reform ▁by ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁ 3 ▁former ▁municipal ities , ▁that ▁became ▁municipal ▁units : ▁Fer es ▁Kar la ▁Ker am idi ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁Th ess aly ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Mag nes ia ▁( reg ional ▁unit ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁N ug gets ▁is ▁a ▁close ▁group ▁of ▁four ▁gran ite ▁is lets , ▁with ▁a ▁combined ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁in ▁south - e astern ▁Australia . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Sch out en ▁Island ▁Group , ▁lying ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁eastern ▁coast ▁of ▁Tas mania ▁near ▁the ▁Fre yc inet ▁Pen ins ula . ▁ ▁Fa una ▁Record ed ▁bre eding ▁se ab ird ▁species ▁are ▁little ▁p engu in , ▁short - ta iled ▁she ar water , ▁fair y ▁pr ion , ▁common ▁div ing - pet rel , ▁white - fac ed ▁storm - pet rel , ▁Pacific ▁g ull , ▁silver ▁g ull , ▁black - fac ed ▁c orm or ant ▁and ▁C asp ian ▁t ern . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁South ▁East ▁Tas mania <0x0A> |
</s> ▁The ▁Mur ic iz al ▁River ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁of ▁T oc ant ins ▁state ▁in ▁central ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁T oc ant ins ▁ ▁References ▁Brazil ian ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁T oc ant ins <0x0A> </s> ▁Ox yn asp id idae ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁go ose ▁bar n acles ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁Le pad iformes . ▁ ▁Gener a ▁The ▁following ▁gener a ▁are ▁listed ▁by ▁the ▁World ▁Register ▁of ▁Marine ▁Species : ▁Ar cho x ny as pis ▁Van ▁Sy oc ▁& ▁De kel b ou m , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁† ▁ ▁Min y as pis ▁Van ▁Sy oc ▁& ▁De kel b ou m , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Ox yn as pis ▁Dar win , ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁S cler as pis ▁Van ▁Sy oc ▁& ▁De kel b ou m , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : B arn acles ▁Category : An imal ▁families <0x0A> </s> ▁H amp ank atta ▁( pr on ounced ▁as ▁' H amp an ak atte ' ▁in ▁T ulu ) ▁is ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁Mang al ore ▁City , ▁K arn ata ka . ▁H amp ank atta ▁also ▁called ▁as ▁H app an an ak atte / H amp ank atte / H amp an an ak atte / H amp an ak atte . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁util ities ▁are ▁located ▁here ▁and |
▁the ▁local ity ▁bo asts ▁the ▁most ▁bu zz ing ▁commercial ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Mang al ore ▁Central ▁Rail ▁connect ivity ▁in ▁Mang al ore ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁Mang al ore ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁starting ▁point ▁of ▁India ' s ▁longest ▁rail ▁route . ▁The ▁city ▁has ▁two ▁railway ▁stations , ▁Mang al ore ▁Central ▁( at ▁H amp ank atta ) ▁and ▁Mang al ore ▁J unction ▁( at ▁K ank an adi ). ▁A ▁met re ▁gauge ▁railway ▁track , ▁built ▁through ▁the ▁Western ▁Gh ats , ▁connect s ▁Mang al ore ▁with ▁Hass an . ▁The ▁broad ▁gauge ▁track ▁connecting ▁Mang al ore ▁to ▁Bang al ore ▁via ▁Hass an ▁was ▁opened ▁to ▁fre ight ▁traffic ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Mang al ore ▁is ▁also ▁connected ▁to ▁Chen na i ▁through ▁the ▁Southern ▁Railway ▁and ▁to ▁M umb ai ▁via ▁the ▁Kon kan ▁Railway . ▁ ▁Import ant ▁places ▁in ▁H amp ank atta ▁are ▁as ▁follows ▁ ▁Public ▁Util ities ▁ 1 . ▁Service ▁Bus ▁Stand ▁: ▁This ▁bus ▁stand ▁is ▁located ▁adjacent ▁to ▁Ne h ru ▁Ma idan ▁near ▁State B ank . ▁All ▁private ▁run ▁express ▁& ▁sh utt le ▁bus es ▁to ▁various ▁places ▁around ▁Mang al ore ▁like ▁U du pi , ▁K und ap ur , ▁K oll ur , ▁Kas arg od , ▁P utt ur , ▁K ark ala |
, ▁M ood bid re , ▁Sh im oga , ▁etc ., ▁start ▁from ▁this ▁bus ▁stand . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁K SR TC ▁bus es ▁to ▁BC ▁road ▁& ▁P utt ur ▁also ▁start ▁from ▁here . ▁ 2 . ▁City ▁Railway ▁Station : ▁This ▁station ▁is ▁now ▁called ▁as ▁Mang al ore ▁Central ▁Station . ▁All ▁trains ▁having ▁Mang al ore ▁as ▁starting ▁point ▁start ▁from ▁this ▁station . ▁ ▁The ▁trains ▁which ▁just ▁pass ▁through ▁Mang al ore ▁will ▁stop ▁at ▁K ank an adi ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁Mang al ore ▁J unction ) ▁only . ▁They ▁do ▁not ▁come ▁to ▁Mang al ore ▁Central ▁station . ▁ 3 . ▁Town ▁Hall : ▁This ▁hall ▁mainly ▁hosts ▁different ▁cultural ▁activities ▁like ▁T ulu ▁dram as , ▁Be ary ▁dram as , ▁Y ak sh ag anas , ▁events ▁of ▁Rot ar act ▁club , ▁weight ▁lif ting ▁champion ships , ▁etc . ▁ 4 . ▁R TO : ▁Regional ▁Transport ▁office ▁ 5 . ▁Ne h ru ▁Ma idan : ▁This ▁play ground ▁is ▁open ▁for ▁common ▁public . ▁People ▁play ▁all ▁kinds ▁of ▁games . ▁This ▁ground ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁political ▁r al lies , ▁Independ ence ▁day / Rep ublic ▁day ▁par ades , ▁circ us , ▁exhib itions , ▁etc . ▁ 6 . ▁DC ▁& ▁Mag istr ate ▁Office ▁ 7 . ▁P WD ▁( Public ▁Works ▁Department ) ▁ 8 . ▁Central ▁Market ▁ 9 . ▁City ▁Central ▁Library : ▁This ▁is ▁located |
▁close ▁to ▁St ▁Alo ys ius ▁college . ▁This ▁library ▁is ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁Mang al ore ▁city ▁corpor ation . ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁branches ▁for ▁city ▁central ▁library ▁within ▁Mang al ore . ▁ ▁H osp it als ▁ 1 . ▁W en lock ▁Hospital : ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁hospital ▁in ▁Dak sh ina ▁K ann ada ▁district ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁government . ▁ 2 . ▁Lady ▁G os chen ▁Hospital ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁institutions ▁ 1 . ▁Mil ag res ▁Pre - Univers ity ▁College ▁ 2 . ▁University ▁College ▁ 3 . ▁St . ▁Alo ys ius ▁group ▁of ▁Institution s ▁ 4 . ▁K ast ur ba ▁Medical ▁College ▁ 5 . ▁Mil ag res ▁School ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁Places ▁ 1 . ▁Sh ar av u ▁Mah agan ap ati ▁Temple ▁ 2 . ▁K ud ro li ▁temple ▁ 3 . ▁Mil ag res ▁Church ▁ 4 . ▁St ▁Alo ys ius ▁Church ▁ 5 . ▁Id g ha ▁Mas j id , ▁built ▁by ▁T ipp u ▁Sultan . ▁ 6 . ▁No or ▁Mas j id ▁ ▁Places ▁for ▁Le is ure ▁ 1 . ▁Tag ore ▁Park ▁ 2 . ▁Town hall ▁Park ▁ 3 . ▁Corporation ▁Bank ▁Park ▁near ▁Ne h ru ▁Ma idan ▁ 4 . ▁Ne h ru ▁Ma idan ▁( for ▁sports ) ▁ 5 . ▁Central ▁T alk ies ▁ 6 . ▁City ▁Central ▁Library , ▁Light ▁House ▁Hill ▁ 7 . ▁Ide al |
▁Ice ▁cre am ▁parl our ▁ 8 . ▁City ▁Centre ▁Mall ▁ 9 . ▁C ine pol is ▁Multi plex ▁ ▁Geographic ▁Location ▁▁ ▁Category : Local ities ▁in ▁Mang al ore ▁Category : Cent ral ▁business ▁districts ▁in ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁Helen ▁Joy ▁David man ▁( 1 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 5 – ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁poet ▁and ▁writer . ▁O ften ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁child ▁pro dig y , ▁she ▁earned ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁from ▁Columbia ▁University ▁in ▁English ▁literature ▁at ▁age ▁twenty ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁For ▁her ▁book ▁of ▁po ems , ▁Let ter ▁to ▁a ▁Com rade , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁Y ale ▁Series ▁of ▁Young er ▁Po ets ▁Compet ition ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁and ▁the ▁Russell ▁Lo ines ▁Award ▁for ▁Po etry ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁books , ▁including ▁two ▁nov els . ▁ ▁While ▁an ▁at he ist ▁and ▁after ▁becoming ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Commun ist ▁Party , ▁she ▁met ▁and ▁married ▁her ▁first ▁husband ▁and ▁father ▁of ▁her ▁two ▁sons , ▁William ▁L inds ay ▁G res ham , ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁trouble d ▁marriage , ▁and ▁following ▁her ▁conversion ▁to ▁Christian ity , ▁they ▁divor ced ▁and ▁she ▁left ▁America ▁to ▁travel ▁to ▁England ▁with ▁her ▁sons . ▁ ▁David man ▁published ▁her |
▁best ▁known ▁work , ▁Sm oke ▁on ▁the ▁Mountain : ▁An ▁Inter pret ation ▁of ▁the ▁Ten ▁Command ments , ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁with ▁a ▁pre face ▁by ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis . ▁Lewis ▁influenced ▁her ▁work ▁and ▁conversion , ▁and ▁became ▁her ▁second ▁husband ▁after ▁her ▁permanent ▁re location ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁She ▁died ▁from ▁met ast atic ▁car cin oma ▁involving ▁the ▁b ones ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁relationship ▁that ▁developed ▁between ▁David man ▁and ▁Lewis ▁has ▁been ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁television ▁BBC ▁film , ▁a ▁stage ▁play , ▁and ▁a ▁the atr ical ▁film ▁named ▁Sh adow lands . ▁Lewis ▁published ▁A ▁Gr ief ▁Ob ser ved ▁under ▁a ▁pseud onym ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁from ▁not ebook s ▁he ▁kept ▁after ▁his ▁wife ' s ▁death ▁reve aling ▁his ▁immense ▁gr ief ▁and ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁question ing ▁God . ▁Lewis ▁ultimately ▁comes ▁to ▁a ▁place ▁of ▁peace ▁and ▁grat itude ▁for ▁having ▁received ▁and ▁experienced ▁the ▁gift ▁of ▁a ▁true ▁love . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Helen ▁Joy ▁David man ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁into ▁a ▁sec ular ▁middle - class ▁Jewish ▁family ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁of ▁Polish - J ew ish ▁and ▁Ukrain ian - J ew ish ▁descent . ▁Her ▁parents , ▁Joseph ▁David man ▁and ▁Jean ette ▁Sp iv ack ▁( mar ried ▁ 1 9 0 9 |
), ▁arrived ▁in ▁America ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁David man ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁Bron x ▁with ▁her ▁younger ▁brother , ▁Howard , ▁and ▁with ▁both ▁parents ▁employed , ▁even ▁during ▁the ▁Great ▁De pression . ▁She ▁was ▁provided ▁with ▁a ▁good ▁education , ▁piano ▁less ons ▁and ▁family ▁vac ation ▁tri ps . ▁David man ▁wrote ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 : ▁" I ▁was ▁a ▁well - br ought - up , ▁right - th inking ▁child ▁of ▁material ism ... ▁I ▁was ▁an ▁at he ist ▁and ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁an ▁at he ist ". ▁ ▁David man ▁was ▁a ▁child ▁pro dig y , ▁who ▁scored ▁above ▁ 1 5 0 ▁on ▁I Q ▁testing , ▁with ▁exception al ▁critical , ▁analyt ical ▁and ▁musical ▁skills . ▁She ▁read ▁H . ▁G . ▁Well s ' s ▁The ▁Out line ▁of ▁History ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eight ▁and ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁Ch op in ▁on ▁the ▁piano , ▁after ▁having ▁read ▁it ▁once ▁and ▁not ▁looking ▁at ▁it ▁again . ▁At ▁an ▁early ▁age , ▁she ▁read ▁George ▁Mac Donald ' s ▁children ' s ▁books ▁and ▁his ▁adult ▁fant asy ▁book , ▁Ph ant ast es . ▁ ▁She ▁wrote ▁about ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁these ▁stories : ▁" They ▁developed ▁in ▁me ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁taste ▁for ▁fant asy , ▁which ▁led ▁me ▁years ▁later ▁to ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis , ▁who ▁in ▁turn ▁led ▁me |
▁to ▁religion ." ▁A ▁sick ly ▁child , ▁suffering ▁from ▁a ▁cro oked ▁sp ine , ▁scar let ▁fe ver ▁and ▁an emia ▁throughout ▁her ▁school ▁years , ▁and ▁att ending ▁classes ▁with ▁much ▁older ▁class m ates , ▁she ▁later ▁referred ▁to ▁herself ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁as ▁being ▁" book ish , ▁over - pre co cious ▁and ▁ar rog ant ". ▁ ▁After ▁finishing ▁high ▁school ▁at ▁Ev ander ▁Child s ▁High ▁School ▁at ▁four teen ▁years ▁old , ▁she ▁read ▁books ▁at ▁home ▁until ▁she ▁entered ▁Hunter ▁College ▁in ▁the ▁Bron x ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁fifteen , ▁ear ning ▁a ▁B A ▁degree ▁at ▁nin ete en . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁she ▁received ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁English ▁literature ▁from ▁Columbia ▁University ▁in ▁three ▁sem esters , ▁while ▁also ▁teaching ▁at ▁Ro ose vel t ▁High ▁School . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁after ▁several ▁of ▁David man ' s ▁po ems ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁Po etry , ▁editor ▁Har ri et ▁Mon roe ▁asked ▁her ▁to ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁magazine ▁as ▁reader ▁and ▁editor . ▁ ▁David man ▁res igned ▁her ▁teaching ▁position ▁to ▁work ▁full - time ▁in ▁writing ▁and ▁editing . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Great ▁De pression , ▁several ▁inc idents , ▁including ▁witness ing ▁the ▁suic ide ▁of ▁a ▁hun gry ▁or phan ▁jump ing ▁off ▁a ▁roof ▁at ▁Hunter ▁College , ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁caused ▁her ▁to ▁question ▁the ▁fair ness ▁of ▁capital ism ▁and |
▁the ▁American ▁economic ▁system . ▁She ▁joined ▁the ▁American ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁For ▁her ▁collection ▁of ▁po ems , ▁Let ter ▁to ▁a ▁Com rade , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁Y ale ▁Series ▁of ▁Young er ▁Po ets ▁Compet ition ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁She ▁was ▁chosen ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Vincent ▁Ben ét , ▁who ▁comm ended ▁David man ▁for ▁her ▁" var ied ▁command ▁of ▁forms ▁and ▁a ▁bold ▁power ." ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁Russell ▁Lo ines ▁Award ▁for ▁Po etry ▁for ▁this ▁same ▁book ▁of ▁po ems . ▁Although ▁much ▁of ▁her ▁work ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁reflected ▁her ▁politics ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Commun ist ▁Party , ▁this ▁volume ▁of ▁poetry ▁was ▁much ▁more ▁than ▁imp lied ▁by ▁the ▁title , ▁and ▁contained ▁forty - five ▁po ems ▁written ▁in ▁traditional ▁and ▁free ▁verse ▁that ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁serious ▁topics ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War , ▁the ▁in equal ities ▁of ▁class ▁structure ▁and ▁male - f em ale ▁relationship ▁issues . ▁David man ' s ▁style ▁in ▁these ▁po ems ▁showed ▁an ▁influence ▁by ▁W alt ▁Whit man ' s ▁Le aves ▁of ▁Gr ass . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁employed ▁by ▁Metro - G old w yn - M ayer ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁for ▁a ▁six - month ▁stay ▁in ▁Hollywood ▁writing ▁movie ▁scripts . ▁ ▁She ▁wrote ▁at ▁least ▁four , ▁but ▁they ▁were |
▁not ▁used ▁and ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁to ▁work ▁for ▁The ▁New ▁Mass es ▁where ▁she ▁wrote ▁a ▁controvers ial ▁movie ▁column , ▁review ing ▁Hollywood ▁mov ies ▁in ▁a ▁manner ▁described ▁as ▁" mer cil ess ▁in ▁her ▁critic isms ." ▁ ▁Her ▁acc laimed ▁first ▁novel , ▁Any a ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁she ▁was ▁employed ▁as ▁a ▁book ▁rev iewer ▁and ▁poetry ▁editor ▁for ▁The ▁New ▁Mass es ▁with ▁publications ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁issues . ▁ ▁Life ▁with ▁William ▁L inds ay ▁G res ham ▁She ▁married ▁her ▁first ▁husband , ▁author ▁William ▁L inds ay ▁G res ham , ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁after ▁becoming ▁acquaint ed ▁with ▁him ▁through ▁their ▁mut ual ▁interest ▁in ▁commun ism . ▁They ▁had ▁two ▁sons , ▁David ▁L inds ay ▁G res ham ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁and ▁Douglas ▁Howard ▁G res ham ▁( born ▁ 1 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 5 ). ▁Bill ▁G res ham ▁had ▁become ▁dis ill usion ed ▁with ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁while ▁volunte ering ▁in ▁Spain ▁during ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War ▁to ▁fight ▁fasc ism ▁and ▁influenced ▁David man ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁party ▁after ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁their ▁sons . ▁During ▁the ▁marriage , ▁G res ham ▁wrote ▁his ▁most ▁famous ▁work ▁Night m are ▁Al ley ▁in |
▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁while ▁David man ▁did ▁fre el ance ▁work ▁and ▁c ared ▁for ▁the ▁house ▁and ▁children . ▁ ▁The ▁marriage ▁was ▁mar red ▁by ▁difficulties ▁that ▁included ▁financial ▁problems , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁alco hol ism ▁and ▁inf idel ities . ▁G res ham ▁sometimes ▁had ▁d run ken ▁out bur st s , ▁once ▁sm ash ing ▁his ▁guitar ▁on ▁a ▁chair . ▁David man ▁wrote ▁that ▁her ▁husband ▁had ▁tele phon ed ▁her , ▁one ▁day ▁in ▁spring ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁telling ▁her ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁having ▁a ▁nerv ous ▁break down , ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁know ▁when ▁he ▁would ▁return ▁home . ▁After wards , ▁she ▁suffered ▁from ▁a ▁defeated ▁emot ional ▁state . ▁She ▁had ▁an ▁experience ▁that ▁she ▁described ▁as : ▁" for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁my ▁pride ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁admit ▁that ▁I ▁was ▁not , ▁after ▁all , ▁' the ▁master ▁of ▁my ▁fate ' ... ▁All ▁my ▁def enses ▁– ▁all ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁ar rog ance ▁and ▁co cks uren ess ▁and ▁self - lo ve ▁behind ▁which ▁I ▁had ▁hid ▁from ▁God ▁– ▁went ▁down ▁moment arily ▁– ▁and ▁God ▁came ▁in ." ▁When ▁G res ham ▁did ▁return ▁home , ▁the ▁couple ▁began ▁to ▁look ▁to ▁religion ▁for ▁answers . ▁David man ▁at ▁first ▁studied ▁J uda ism , ▁but ▁decided ▁to ▁study ▁all ▁relig ions ▁and ▁concluded ▁that ▁" the ▁R ede emer ▁who ▁had ▁made ▁himself ▁known |
, ▁whose ▁person ality ▁I ▁would ▁have ▁recognized ▁among ▁ten ▁thousand — He ▁was ▁Jesus ." ▁Through ▁their ▁religious ▁studies , ▁the ▁couple , ▁in ▁particular , ▁began ▁to ▁read ▁and ▁be ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁books ▁of ▁C . S . ▁Lewis . ▁ ▁When ▁G res ham ▁received ▁a ▁large ▁sum ▁for ▁the ▁movie ▁rights ▁to ▁Night m are ▁Al ley , ▁the ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁an ▁old ▁m ansion ▁with ▁a cre age ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁coun tr ys ide , ▁where ▁David man ▁began ▁to ▁write ▁her ▁second ▁novel , ▁We eping ▁Bay ▁and ▁G res ham ▁also ▁started ▁his ▁second ▁novel , ▁Lim bo ▁Tower . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁they ▁became ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Ple asant ▁Pla ins ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church . ▁G res ham ▁had ▁at ▁first ▁similar ▁Christian ▁conv ict ions ▁as ▁Joy , ▁but ▁soon ▁rejected ▁them ; ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁have ▁extr amar ital ▁affairs ▁and ▁developed ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁tar ot ▁cards ▁and ▁the ▁I ▁Ch ing . ▁Both ▁experiment ed ▁with ▁L . ▁Ron ▁Hub b ard ' s ▁theories ▁of ▁D ian et ics ▁and ▁" aud ited " ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁friends . ▁The ▁couple ▁became ▁est r anged , ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁continued ▁to ▁live ▁together . ▁After ▁an ▁introduction ▁by ▁a ▁fellow ▁American ▁writer , ▁Ch ad ▁Wal sh , ▁David man ▁began ▁a ▁correspond ence ▁with ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁ ▁Life ▁with |
▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ▁David man ▁had ▁become ▁interested ▁in ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ▁while ▁still ▁in ▁America . ▁She ▁first ▁met ▁him ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁when ▁she ▁made ▁a ▁trip ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁after ▁a ▁two - year ▁correspond ence ▁with ▁him . ▁She ▁planned ▁to ▁finish ▁her ▁book ▁on ▁the ▁Ten ▁Command ments ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁working ▁on , ▁and ▁which ▁showed ▁influ ences ▁of ▁Lewis ' s ▁style ▁of ▁apolog et ics . ▁After ▁several ▁l unch ▁meet ings ▁and ▁wal ks ▁accomp any ing ▁David man ▁and ▁his ▁brother , ▁Warren ▁Lewis ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁di ary ▁that ▁" a ▁rapid ▁friendship " ▁had ▁developed ▁between ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁and ▁David man , ▁whom ▁he ▁described ▁as ▁" a ▁Christian ▁convert ▁of ▁Jewish ▁race , ▁medium ▁height , ▁good ▁figure , ▁horn ▁rim med ▁spec s , ▁quite ▁extra ordin arily ▁un in hib ited ." ▁She ▁spent ▁Christmas ▁and ▁a ▁fort night ▁at ▁The ▁Kil ns ▁with ▁the ▁brothers . ▁Though ▁David man ▁was ▁deeply ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁Lewis , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁reci pro cation ▁on ▁his ▁side . ▁ ▁She ▁returned ▁home ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁having ▁received ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁G res ham ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁her ▁cousin ▁were ▁having ▁an ▁affair ▁and ▁he ▁wanted ▁a ▁divor ce . ▁ ▁Her ▁cousin ▁Ren ée ▁Rod rig uez ▁had ▁moved ▁into ▁the ▁G res ham ▁home ▁and ▁was ▁keeping ▁house ▁for ▁the |
▁family ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁away . ▁David man ▁intended ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁marriage , ▁but ▁she ▁agreed ▁to ▁a ▁divor ce ▁after ▁a ▁violent ▁encounter ▁with ▁G res ham , ▁who ▁had ▁res umed ▁drink ing . ▁He ▁married ▁Rod rig uez ▁when ▁the ▁divor ce ▁became ▁final ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁Conf ess ing ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁" complete ▁Ang l oman iac ", ▁David man ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁with ▁her ▁sons ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁C yn th ia ▁H aven ▁spec ul ates ▁that ▁the ▁activities ▁of ▁H U AC ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁factor ▁in ▁her ▁decision ▁to ▁em igr ate ▁and ▁not ▁return , ▁given ▁her ▁political ▁affili ations ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁David man ▁found ▁a ▁flat ▁in ▁London ▁and ▁en rolled ▁David ▁and ▁Douglas ▁at ▁D ane ▁Court ▁Pre par atory ▁School , ▁but ▁she ▁soon ▁ran ▁into ▁financial ▁difficulties ▁when ▁G res ham ▁quit ▁sending ▁money ▁for ▁support . ▁Lewis ▁paid ▁the ▁school ▁fe es ▁and ▁found ▁David man ▁and ▁her ▁sons ▁a ▁house ▁in ▁Oxford ▁close ▁to ▁The ▁Kil ns . ▁Lewis ▁originally ▁regarded ▁her ▁only ▁as ▁an ▁agree able ▁intellectual ▁companion ▁and ▁personal ▁friend . ▁Warren ▁Lewis ▁wrote : ▁" For ▁Jack ▁the ▁att raction ▁was ▁at ▁first ▁und ou bt edly ▁intellectual . ▁Joy ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁woman ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁met ... ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁brain ▁which ▁matched ▁his ▁own ▁in ▁supp len ess , ▁in ▁width ▁of ▁interest , |
▁and ▁in ▁analyt ical ▁grasp , ▁and ▁above ▁all ▁in ▁hum our ▁and ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁fun ." ▁She ▁was ▁my ▁daughter ▁and ▁my ▁mother , ▁my ▁pup il ▁and ▁my ▁teacher , ▁my ▁subject ▁and ▁my ▁so ver eign ; ▁and ▁always , ▁holding ▁all ▁these ▁in ▁solution , ▁my ▁trust y ▁com rade , ▁friend , ▁ship mate , ▁fellow - s old ier . ▁ ▁My ▁mist ress ; ▁but ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁all ▁that ▁any ▁man ▁friend ▁( and ▁I ▁have ▁good ▁ones ) ▁has ▁ever ▁been ▁to ▁me . ▁Perhaps ▁more . ▁– ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ▁Lewis ▁began ▁to ▁ask ▁for ▁David man ' s ▁opinion ▁and ▁criticism ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁writing ▁and ▁she ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁insp iration ▁for ▁O ru al , ▁the ▁central ▁character ▁in ▁Till ▁We ▁Have ▁F aces ▁( 1 9 5 6 ). ▁Other ▁works ▁that ▁she ▁influenced ▁or ▁helped ▁with ▁include ▁Ref lections ▁on ▁the ▁Ps al ms ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁and ▁The ▁Four ▁Lov es ▁( 1 9 6 0 ). ▁David man ' s ▁book ▁Sm oke ▁on ▁the ▁Mountain : ▁An ▁Inter pret ation ▁of ▁the ▁Ten ▁Command ments ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁in ▁England ▁with ▁a ▁pre face ▁by ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis . ▁ ▁It ▁sold ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁copies , ▁double ▁that ▁of ▁US ▁sales . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁David man ' s ▁visitor ' s |
▁vis a ▁was ▁not ▁renew ed ▁by ▁the ▁Home ▁Office , ▁requiring ▁that ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁sons ▁return ▁to ▁America . ▁Lewis ▁agreed ▁to ▁enter ▁into ▁a ▁civil ▁marriage ▁contract ▁with ▁her ▁so ▁that ▁she ▁could ▁continue ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁telling ▁a ▁friend ▁that ▁" the ▁marriage ▁was ▁a ▁pure ▁matter ▁of ▁friendship ▁and ▁exped iency ". ▁The ▁civil ▁marriage ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁register ▁office , ▁ 4 2 ▁St ▁G iles ', ▁Oxford , ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁couple ▁continued ▁to ▁live ▁separately ▁after ▁the ▁civil ▁marriage . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁David man ▁was ▁walking ▁across ▁her ▁kitchen ▁when ▁she ▁tri pped ▁over ▁the ▁tele phone ▁wire ▁and ▁fell ▁to ▁the ▁floor , ▁thereby ▁breaking ▁her ▁left ▁upper ▁leg . ▁At ▁the ▁Church ill ▁Hospital , ▁Oxford , ▁she ▁was ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁in cur able ▁cancer , ▁with ▁b one ▁met ast ases ▁from ▁breast ▁car cin oma . ▁It ▁was ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁that ▁Lewis ▁recognized ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁fallen ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁her , ▁real izing ▁how ▁des pond ent ▁he ▁would ▁feel ▁to ▁lose ▁her . ▁He ▁wrote ▁to ▁a ▁friend : ▁" new ▁beauty ▁and ▁new ▁tra ged y ▁have ▁entered ▁my ▁life . ▁You ▁would ▁be ▁surprised ▁( or ▁perhaps ▁you ▁would ▁not ?) ▁to ▁know ▁how ▁much ▁of ▁a ▁strange ▁sort ▁of ▁happiness ▁and ▁even ▁g ai ety ▁there ▁is ▁between ▁us ." ▁David man ▁under w |
ent ▁several ▁operations ▁and ▁radiation ▁treatment ▁for ▁the ▁cancer . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁Warren ▁Lewis ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁di ary : ▁" One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁pain ful ▁days ▁of ▁my ▁life . ▁Sent ence ▁of ▁death ▁has ▁been ▁passed ▁on ▁Joy , ▁and ▁the ▁end ▁is ▁only ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁time ." ▁ ▁The ▁relationship ▁between ▁David man ▁and ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ▁had ▁developed ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁they ▁sought ▁a ▁Christian ▁marriage . ▁This ▁was ▁not ▁straightforward ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁because ▁she ▁was ▁divor ced , ▁but ▁a ▁friend ▁and ▁Ang lic an ▁priest , ▁Re ver end ▁Peter ▁B ide , ▁performed ▁the ▁ceremony ▁at ▁David man ' s ▁hospital ▁bed ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁marriage ▁did ▁not ▁win ▁wide ▁appro val ▁among ▁Lewis ' s ▁social ▁circle , ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁and ▁colle agues ▁avoided ▁the ▁new ▁couple . ▁ ▁Upon ▁leaving ▁the ▁hospital ▁a ▁week ▁later , ▁she ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁The ▁Kil ns ▁and ▁soon ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁rem ission ▁from ▁the ▁cancer . ▁She ▁helped ▁Lewis ▁with ▁his ▁writing , ▁organized ▁his ▁financial ▁records ▁and ▁w ard ro be , ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁house ▁renov ated ▁and ▁re decor ated . ▁The ▁couple ▁went ▁on ▁a ▁bel ated ▁h one ym oon ▁to ▁Wales ▁and ▁then ▁by ▁air ▁to ▁Ireland . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁a ▁check - up |
▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁cancer ▁had ▁returned , ▁and ▁as ▁of ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁was ▁not ▁respond ing ▁to ▁radiation ▁ther apy , ▁as ▁before . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁Lewis ▁took ▁David man ▁on ▁a ▁hol iday ▁to ▁Greece ▁to ▁ful fill ▁her ▁lif el ong ▁wish ▁to ▁visit ▁there , ▁but ▁her ▁condition ▁w ors ened ▁quickly ▁upon ▁return ▁from ▁the ▁trip , ▁and ▁she ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁wid ower , ▁Lewis ▁wrote ▁A ▁Gr ief ▁Ob ser ved ▁which ▁he ▁published ▁under ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁of ▁N . ▁W . ▁C ler k , ▁describing ▁his ▁feelings ▁and ▁pay ing ▁t ribute ▁to ▁his ▁wife . ▁In ▁the ▁book , ▁he ▁rec ount s ▁his ▁wa ver ing ▁faith ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁over wh el ming ▁gr ief ▁which ▁he ▁suffered ▁after ▁David man ' s ▁death , ▁and ▁his ▁struggle ▁to ▁reg ain ▁that ▁faith . ▁Lewis ▁developed ▁a ▁heart ▁condition ▁two ▁years ▁later ▁and ▁went ▁into ▁a ▁com a , ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁recovered , ▁but ▁he ▁died ▁a ▁year ▁later — three ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁wife . ▁ ▁Sh adow lands ▁Sh adow lands ▁is ▁a ▁dram at ized ▁version ▁of ▁David man ' s ▁life ▁with ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ▁by ▁William ▁Nich ol son ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁fil med ▁twice . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁a ▁television ▁version ▁was ▁made ▁by |
▁the ▁BBC ▁One , ▁st arring ▁J oss ▁A ck land ▁as ▁Lewis ▁and ▁Cla ire ▁Blo om ▁as ▁David man . ▁ ▁The ▁BBC ▁production ▁won ▁B AF TA ▁awards ▁for ▁best ▁play ▁and ▁best ▁actress ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Nich ol son ' s ▁work ▁drew ▁in ▁part ▁from ▁Douglas ▁G res ham ' s ▁book ▁L enten ▁Land s : ▁My ▁Child hood ▁with ▁Joy ▁David man ▁and ▁CS ▁Lewis . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁performed ▁in ▁London ▁as ▁an ▁award - win ning ▁stage ▁play ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 – 9 0 . ▁The ▁play ▁was ▁transferred ▁successfully ▁to ▁Broadway ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 9 1 ▁with ▁N ig el ▁Haw th or ne ▁and ▁Jane ▁Alexander ▁st arring , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁rev ived ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁A ▁cinema ▁film ▁version ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁with ▁Anthony ▁Hop kins ▁as ▁Jack ▁( C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ) ▁and ▁Deb ra ▁W inger ▁( in ▁an ▁Academy ▁Award - n omin ated ▁performance ) ▁as ▁Joy ▁David man . ▁ ▁Ep it aph ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ▁wrote ▁an ▁ep it aph ▁originally ▁on ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Charles ▁Williams ; ▁he ▁adapted ▁it ▁to ▁place ▁on ▁his ▁wife ' s ▁grave . ▁Here ▁the ▁whole ▁world ▁( st ars , ▁water , ▁air , ▁And ▁field , ▁and ▁forest , ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁Ref lect ed ▁in ▁a |
▁single ▁mind ) ▁Like ▁cast ▁off ▁clothes ▁was ▁left ▁behind ▁In ▁as hes , ▁yet ▁with ▁hopes ▁that ▁she , ▁Re - born ▁from ▁holy ▁pover ty , ▁In ▁l enten ▁lands , ▁here after ▁may ▁Res ume ▁them ▁on ▁her ▁E aster ▁Day . ▁ ▁Works ▁▁ ▁Let ter ▁to ▁a ▁Com rade . ▁Y ale ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁Fore word ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Vincent ▁Ben et . ▁▁ ▁Any a . ▁The ▁Mac mill an ▁Company , ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁AS IN ▁B 0 0 0 6 A O X F W ▁ ▁War ▁Po ems ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations : ▁The ▁Songs ▁and ▁Battle ▁C ries ▁of ▁a ▁World ▁at ▁War : ▁Three ▁H undred ▁Po ems . ▁One ▁H undred ▁and ▁Fif ty ▁Po ets ▁from ▁Tw enty ▁Count ries . ▁D ial ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁AS IN ▁B 0 0 0 B WF Y L 2 ▁ ▁We eping ▁Bay . ▁The ▁Mac mill an ▁Company , ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁AS IN ▁B 0 0 0 6 AS A IS ▁ ▁Sm oke ▁on ▁the ▁Mountain : ▁An ▁Inter pret ation ▁of ▁the ▁Ten ▁Command ments ▁in ▁Term s ▁of ▁Today . ▁Fore word ▁by ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis . ▁Philadelphia : ▁West min ster ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁▁ ▁. ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁B ide , ▁Peter ▁( 2 0 |
1 5 ). ▁" Mar ry ing ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ", ▁in ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ▁and ▁His ▁Circle : ▁Ess ays ▁and ▁Mem oir s ▁from ▁the ▁Oxford ▁C . ▁S . ▁Lewis ▁Society , ▁edited ▁by ▁Roger ▁White , ▁Jud ith ▁Wol fe ▁& ▁Br end an ▁N . ▁Wol fe , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁pp . 1 8 7 – 1 9 1 , ▁. ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁King , ▁Don ▁W . ▁( 2 0 1 5 .) ▁Yet ▁one ▁more ▁spring . ▁Grand ▁Rap ids : ▁E erd mans . ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁po ets ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁Ang lic ans ▁Category : American ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : American ▁film ▁critics ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Polish - J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Ukrain ian - J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁po ets ▁Category : American ▁women ▁journal ists ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : Con ver ts ▁to ▁Ang lic an ism ▁from ▁at he ism ▁or ▁ag nost ic ism ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁b one ▁cancer ▁Category : De ath s ▁from |
▁cancer ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Form er ▁Pres by ter ians ▁Category : H unter ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁USA ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : W omen ▁film ▁critics ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Y ale ▁Young er ▁Po ets ▁w inners ▁Category : Nov el ists ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Christ ians ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Ang lic ans ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Pres by ter ians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ji ul ▁de ▁Est ▁(" E astern ▁J iu ", ▁previously ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁head water ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁J iu ▁in ▁Roman ia . ▁Its ▁source ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁ Ș ure anu ▁Mountains . ▁At ▁its ▁confl u ence ▁with ▁the ▁Ji ul ▁de ▁V est ▁in ▁Is c ron i , ▁the ▁J iu ▁is ▁formed . ▁Its ▁length ▁is ▁ ▁and ▁its ▁bas in ▁size ▁is ▁. ▁▁ ▁means ▁" the ▁J iu " ▁( with ▁the ▁definite ▁article ▁). ▁ ▁Trib ut aries ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁rivers ▁are ▁trib ut aries ▁to ▁the ▁river ▁Ji ul ▁de ▁Est : ▁ ▁Left : ▁S termin os , ▁L ole a , ▁C â mp a , ▁J ie ț , ▁Male ia , ▁Sta ic u , ▁S ă l ă tr uc ▁Right : ▁B ile le , ▁R ă |
s co ala , ▁Ta ia , ▁B ă ni ța ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Tr ase e ▁tur ist ice ▁- ▁j ude ț ul ▁Hun edo ara ▁▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Roman ia ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Hun edo ara ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁Res ort ▁L ā na i ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Toronto - based ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁chain ▁of ▁lux ury ▁hot els ▁and ▁resort s , ▁located ▁in ▁L ana i , ▁Hawai i ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁L ā na i , ▁which ▁was ▁once ▁Hawai i ' s ▁largest ▁p ine apple ▁plant ation . ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁Res ort ▁L ā na i , ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁Hawai ian ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁resort s , ▁includes ▁a ▁golf ▁course ▁designed ▁by ▁Jack ▁Nick laus . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Open ing ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁Res ort ▁L ā na i ▁reflect s ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁Pol yn esian ▁and ▁Hawai ian ▁designs . ▁ ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁rooms ▁have ▁large ▁l ana is ▁and ▁views ▁of ▁H ul op oe ▁Beach , ▁which ▁offers ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁best ▁sn ork eling . ▁ ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁Res ort ▁L ā na i ▁ranks ▁with ▁A AA ▁as ▁a ▁Five ▁Diam ond ▁Res ort ▁with ▁the ▁ON E ▁Fort y ▁R estaur ant ▁ranked ▁as ▁a ▁A AA ▁Four ▁Diam ond ▁R estaur ant . ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁Res ort |
▁L ā na I ▁was ▁also ▁listed ▁on ▁rob bre port . com / ▁for ▁Best ▁of ▁the ▁Best ▁ 2 0 1 6 - J our ne ys . ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁Res ort ▁L ā na i ▁currently ▁houses ▁ 2 1 3 ▁guest ▁rooms , ▁including ▁ 4 5 ▁private ▁su ites . ▁ ▁A men ities ▁ ▁The ▁resort ▁was ▁constructed ▁with ▁a ▁ 7 , 0 3 9 - yard , ▁par - 7 2 ▁championship ▁premier ▁golf ▁course , ▁which ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Jack ▁Nick laus . ▁Rank ed ▁by ▁Tra vel ▁+ ▁Le is ure ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁best ▁courses ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁Res ort ▁L ana ' i ▁was ▁also ▁ranked ▁the ▁third - best ▁golf ▁resort ▁in ▁Hawai i . ▁Some ▁other ▁amen ities ▁include ▁sp a ▁services , ▁po ols , ▁and ▁fit ness ▁facilities . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Four ▁Se asons ▁Res ort ▁L ā na i ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Hot els ▁in ▁Hawai i ▁Category : Res ort s ▁in ▁Hawai i ▁Category : G olf ▁clubs ▁and ▁courses ▁in ▁Hawai i ▁Category : Se as ide ▁resort s ▁in ▁Hawai i ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Mau i ▁County , ▁Hawai i ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Mau i ▁County , ▁Hawai i ▁Category : F our ▁Se asons ▁hot els ▁and ▁resort s ▁Category : Hot els ▁established ▁in ▁ |
2 0 0 5 ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Hawai i <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁men ' s ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁met re ▁fre est yle ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁( he ats ) ▁and ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁ 1 ▁April ▁( final ) ▁at ▁Rod ▁La ver ▁Arena ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Australia . ▁ 5 0 ▁sw imm ers ▁were ▁entered ▁in ▁the ▁event , ▁of ▁which ▁ 4 7 ▁sw am . ▁ ▁The ▁existing ▁records ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁event ▁were : ▁World ▁record ▁( WR ): ▁ 1 4 : 3 4 . 5 6 , ▁Grant ▁H ack ett ▁( Austral ia ), ▁ 2 9 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Fu ku oka , ▁Japan ▁Championship ▁record ▁( CR ): ▁same ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁He ats ▁" Q " ▁marks ▁those ▁sw imm ers ▁who ▁qualified ▁for ▁final s . ▁ ▁DNS = ▁Did ▁not ▁sw im ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Sw imming ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁– ▁Men ' s ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁met re ▁fre est yle ▁Sw imming ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁– ▁Men ' s ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁met re ▁fre est yle ▁Sw imming ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁– ▁Men |
' s ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁met re ▁fre est yle ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁ 1 5 0 0 m ▁Fre est yle ▁Pre lim inary ▁results ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁World ▁Championships . ▁Pub lished ▁by ▁Om ega Tim ing . com ▁( o fficial ▁timer ▁of ▁the ▁' 0 7 ▁World s ); ▁retrieved ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 0 6 - 2 9 . ▁Men ' s ▁ 1 5 0 0 m ▁Fre est yle ▁Final ▁results ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁World ▁Championships . ▁Pub lished ▁by ▁Om ega Tim ing . com ▁( o fficial ▁timer ▁of ▁the ▁' 0 7 ▁World s ); ▁retrieved ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 0 6 - 2 9 . ▁ ▁Category : Sw imming ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁computer ▁fan ▁is ▁any ▁fan ▁inside , ▁or ▁attached ▁to , ▁a ▁computer ▁case ▁used ▁for ▁active ▁cool ing . ▁F ans ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁draw ▁cool er ▁air ▁into ▁the ▁case ▁from ▁the ▁outside , ▁exp el ▁warm ▁air ▁from ▁inside ▁and ▁move ▁air ▁across ▁a ▁heat ▁sink ▁to ▁cool ▁a ▁particular ▁component . ▁Both ▁ax ial ▁and ▁sometimes ▁cent rif ug al ▁( b lower / squ ir rel - c age ) ▁fans ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁computers . ▁Computer ▁fans ▁commonly ▁come ▁in ▁standard ▁sizes , ▁and ▁are ▁power ed ▁and ▁controlled ▁using ▁ 3 - pin |
▁or ▁ 4 - pin ▁fan ▁connect ors . ▁ ▁Us age ▁of ▁a ▁cool ing ▁fan ▁ ▁While ▁in ▁earlier ▁personal ▁computers ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁to ▁cool ▁most ▁components ▁using ▁natural ▁con ve ction ▁( pass ive ▁cool ing ), ▁many ▁modern ▁components ▁require ▁more ▁effective ▁active ▁cool ing . ▁To ▁cool ▁these ▁components , ▁fans ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁he ated ▁air ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁components ▁and ▁draw ▁cool er ▁air ▁over ▁them . ▁F ans ▁attached ▁to ▁components ▁are ▁usually ▁used ▁in ▁combination ▁with ▁a ▁heat ▁sink ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁he ated ▁surface ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁air , ▁thereby ▁impro ving ▁the ▁efficiency ▁of ▁cool ing . ▁F an ▁control ▁is ▁not ▁always ▁an ▁automatic ▁process . ▁A ▁computer ' s ▁B IOS ▁( basic ▁input / output ▁system ) ▁can ▁control ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁built - in ▁fan ▁system ▁for ▁the ▁computer . ▁A ▁user ▁can ▁even ▁supp lement ▁this ▁function ▁with ▁additional ▁cool ing ▁components ▁or ▁connect ▁a ▁manual ▁fan ▁controller ▁with ▁kn obs ▁that ▁set ▁fans ▁to ▁different ▁spe eds . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁IBM ▁PC ▁compatible ▁market , ▁the ▁computer ' s ▁power ▁supply ▁unit ▁( PS U ) ▁almost ▁always ▁uses ▁an ▁exhaust ▁fan ▁to ▁exp el ▁warm ▁air ▁from ▁the ▁PS U . ▁Active ▁cool ing ▁on ▁CPU s ▁started ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁Intel ▁ 8 0 4 8 6 , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁was ▁standard ▁on ▁all ▁desktop ▁process ors . ▁Ch ass is |
▁or ▁case ▁fans , ▁usually ▁one ▁exhaust ▁fan ▁to ▁exp el ▁he ated ▁air ▁from ▁the ▁rear ▁and ▁option ally ▁an ▁int ake ▁fan ▁to ▁draw ▁cool er ▁air ▁in ▁through ▁the ▁front , ▁became ▁common ▁with ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁Pent ium ▁ 4 ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁App lications ▁ ▁Case ▁fan ▁▁ ▁F ans ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁air ▁through ▁the ▁computer ▁case . ▁The ▁components ▁inside ▁the ▁case ▁cannot ▁diss ip ate ▁heat ▁efficiently ▁if ▁the ▁surrounding ▁air ▁is ▁too ▁hot . ▁Case ▁fans ▁may ▁be ▁placed ▁as ▁int ake ▁fans , ▁drawing ▁cool er ▁outside ▁air ▁in ▁through ▁the ▁front ▁or ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁ch ass is ▁( where ▁it ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁drawn ▁over ▁the ▁internal ▁hard ▁drive ▁ra cks ), ▁or ▁exhaust ▁fans , ▁exp elling ▁warm ▁air ▁through ▁the ▁top ▁or ▁rear . ▁Some ▁AT X ▁tower ▁cases ▁have ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁additional ▁v ents ▁and ▁mount ing ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁panel ▁where ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁fans ▁may ▁be ▁installed ▁to ▁blow ▁cool ▁air ▁directly ▁onto ▁the ▁mother board ▁components ▁and ▁expansion ▁cards , ▁which ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁largest ▁heat ▁sources . ▁ ▁Standard ▁ax ial ▁case ▁fans ▁are ▁ 4 0 , ▁ 6 0 , ▁ 8 0 , ▁ 9 2 , ▁ 1 2 0 , ▁ 1 4 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 2 0 mm ▁in ▁width ▁and ▁length . ▁As ▁case ▁fans ▁are ▁often ▁the ▁most |
▁readily ▁visible ▁form ▁of ▁cool ing ▁on ▁a ▁PC , ▁decor ative ▁fans ▁are ▁widely ▁available ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁lit ▁with ▁LED s , ▁made ▁of ▁U V - re active ▁pl astic , ▁and / or ▁covered ▁with ▁decor ative ▁gr illes . ▁Dec or ative ▁fans ▁and ▁access ories ▁are ▁popular ▁with ▁case ▁mod ders . ▁Air ▁filters ▁are ▁often ▁used ▁over ▁int ake ▁fans , ▁to ▁prevent ▁dust ▁from ▁entering ▁the ▁case ▁and ▁c logging ▁up ▁the ▁internal ▁components . ▁He ats inks ▁are ▁especially ▁vulner able ▁to ▁being ▁c log ged ▁up , ▁as ▁the ▁ins ulating ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁dust ▁will ▁rapidly ▁deg rade ▁the ▁he ats ink ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁diss ip ate ▁heat . ▁ ▁PS U ▁fan ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁power ▁supply ▁( PS U ) ▁contains ▁a ▁fan ▁with ▁few ▁exceptions , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁case ▁vent ilation . ▁The ▁hot ter ▁the ▁PS U ' s ▁int ake ▁air ▁is , ▁the ▁hot ter ▁the ▁PS U ▁gets . ▁As ▁the ▁PS U ▁temperature ▁r ises , ▁the ▁conduct ivity ▁of ▁its ▁internal ▁components ▁decrease . ▁Dec re ased ▁conduct ivity ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁PS U ▁will ▁convert ▁more ▁of ▁the ▁input ▁electric ▁energy ▁into ▁thermal ▁energy ▁( he at ). ▁This ▁cycle ▁of ▁increasing ▁temperature ▁and ▁decre ased ▁efficiency ▁continues ▁until ▁the ▁PS U ▁either ▁over he ats , ▁or ▁its ▁cool ing ▁fan ▁is ▁spin ning ▁fast ▁enough ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁PS U ▁ade qu ately |
▁supplied ▁with ▁compar atively ▁cool ▁air . ▁ ▁The ▁PS U ▁is ▁mainly ▁bottom - mount ed ▁in ▁modern ▁PC s , ▁having ▁its ▁own ▁dedicated ▁int ake ▁and ▁exhaust ▁v ents , ▁prefer ably ▁with ▁a ▁dust ▁filter ▁in ▁its ▁int ake ▁vent . ▁ ▁CPU ▁fan ▁ ▁U sed ▁to ▁cool ▁the ▁CPU ▁( central ▁processing ▁unit ) ▁he ats ink . ▁Effect ive ▁cool ing ▁of ▁a ▁concentr ated ▁heat ▁source ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁large - scale ▁integrated ▁circuit ▁requires ▁a ▁he ats ink , ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁co o led ▁by ▁a ▁fan ; ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁fan ▁alone ▁will ▁not ▁prevent ▁over he ating ▁of ▁the ▁small ▁chip . ▁ ▁Graphics ▁card ▁fan ▁▁ ▁U sed ▁to ▁cool ▁the ▁he ats ink ▁of ▁the ▁graphics ▁processing ▁unit ▁or ▁the ▁memory ▁on ▁graphics ▁cards . ▁These ▁fans ▁were ▁not ▁necessary ▁on ▁older ▁cards ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁low ▁power ▁diss ip ation , ▁but ▁most ▁modern ▁graphics ▁cards ▁designed ▁for ▁ 3 D ▁graphics ▁and ▁g aming ▁need ▁their ▁own ▁dedicated ▁cool ing ▁fans . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁higher ▁power ed ▁cards ▁can ▁produce ▁more ▁heat ▁than ▁the ▁CPU ▁( d iss ip ating ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 8 9 w att s ), ▁so ▁effective ▁cool ing ▁is ▁especially ▁important . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁graphics ▁cards ▁have ▁been ▁released ▁with ▁either ▁ax ial ▁fans , ▁or ▁a ▁cent rif ug al ▁fan ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁blow er , ▁tur bo ▁or ▁squ ir |
rel ▁c age ▁fan . ▁ ▁Ch ips et ▁fan ▁ ▁U sed ▁to ▁cool ▁the ▁he ats ink ▁of ▁the ▁north bridge ▁of ▁a ▁mother board ' s ▁ch ips et ; ▁this ▁may ▁be ▁needed ▁where ▁the ▁system ▁bus ▁is ▁significantly ▁over clock ed ▁and ▁diss ip ates ▁more ▁power ▁than ▁as ▁usual , ▁but ▁may ▁otherwise ▁be ▁unnecessary . ▁As ▁more ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁ch ips et ▁are ▁integrated ▁into ▁the ▁central ▁processing ▁unit , ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁ch ips et ▁has ▁been ▁reduced ▁and ▁the ▁heat ▁generation ▁reduced ▁also . ▁ ▁Hard ▁drive ▁cool ing ▁F ans ▁may ▁be ▁mounted ▁next ▁to ▁or ▁onto ▁a ▁hard ▁disk ▁drive ▁for ▁cool ing ▁purposes . ▁Hard ▁drives ▁can ▁produce ▁considerable ▁heat ▁over ▁time , ▁and ▁are ▁heat - sens itive ▁components ▁that ▁should ▁not ▁operate ▁at ▁excess ive ▁temper atures . ▁In ▁many ▁situations , ▁natural ▁con ve ct ive ▁cool ing ▁suff ices , ▁but ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁fans ▁may ▁be ▁required . ▁These ▁may ▁include ▁- ▁▁ ▁F aster - sp in ning ▁hard ▁dis ks ▁with ▁greater ▁heat ▁production . ▁( ▁less ▁expensive ▁drives ▁rot ated ▁at ▁spe eds ▁up ▁to ▁ 7 , 2 0 0 R PM ; ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 R PM ▁drives ▁were ▁available ▁but ▁generated ▁more ▁heat .) ▁ ▁Lar ge ▁or ▁dense ▁arrays ▁of ▁dis ks ▁( including ▁server ▁systems ▁where ▁dis ks ▁are ▁typically ▁mounted ▁dens |
ely ) ▁ ▁Any ▁dis ks ▁which , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁en closure ▁or ▁other ▁location ▁they ▁are ▁mounted ▁in , ▁cannot ▁easily ▁cool ▁without ▁f anned ▁air . ▁ ▁Multiple ▁purposes ▁▁ ▁A ▁case ▁fan ▁may ▁be ▁mounted ▁on ▁a ▁radi ator ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁case , ▁simultaneously ▁operating ▁to ▁cool ▁a ▁liquid ▁cool ing ▁device ' s ▁working ▁fluid ▁and ▁to ▁vent il ate ▁the ▁case . ▁In ▁la pt ops , ▁a ▁single ▁blow er ▁fan ▁often ▁co ols ▁a ▁heat ▁sink ▁connected ▁to ▁both ▁CPU ▁and ▁GPU ▁using ▁heat ▁pip es . ▁In ▁ra ck - mount ed ▁servers , ▁a ▁single ▁row ▁of ▁fans ▁may ▁operate ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁air flow ▁through ▁the ▁ch ass is ▁from ▁front ▁to ▁rear , ▁which ▁is ▁directed ▁by ▁pass ive ▁du ct s ▁or ▁shr oud s ▁across ▁individual ▁components ' ▁heat ▁s inks . ▁ ▁Other ▁purposes ▁ ▁F ans ▁are , ▁less ▁commonly , ▁used ▁for ▁other ▁purposes ▁such ▁as : ▁▁ ▁Water - co ol ing ▁radi ator ▁trans fers ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁heat , ▁and ▁radi ator ▁fans ▁have ▁large ▁static ▁pressure ▁( opp osed ▁to ▁case ▁fans ▁that ▁have ▁high ▁air flow ) ▁for ▁diss ip ating ▁heat . ▁▁ ▁La ptop ▁computers ▁lack ▁large ▁open ings ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁warm ▁air ▁to ▁escape . ▁The ▁laptop ▁may ▁be ▁placed ▁on ▁a ▁cool er ▁- ▁somewhat ▁like ▁a ▁t ray ▁with ▁fans ▁built ▁in ▁- ▁to ▁ensure ▁ade qu ate ▁cool ing . ▁ ▁Some |
▁high - end ▁machines ▁( including ▁many ▁servers ) ▁or ▁when ▁additional ▁reli ability ▁is ▁required , ▁other ▁ch ips ▁like ▁S ATA / S AS ▁controller , ▁high ▁speed ▁networking ▁controllers ▁( 4 0 G b ps ▁E ther net , ▁In fin ib and ), ▁P CI e ▁switch es , ▁cop ro cess or ▁cards ▁( for ▁example ▁some ▁X e on ▁Ph i ), ▁some ▁F P GA ▁ch ips , ▁south ▁brid ges ▁are ▁also ▁act ively ▁co o led ▁with ▁a ▁he ats ink ▁and ▁a ▁dedicated ▁fan . ▁ ▁These ▁can ▁be ▁on ▁a ▁main ▁mother board ▁itself ▁or ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁add - on ▁board , ▁often ▁via ▁P CI e ▁card . ▁ ▁Exp ansion ▁slot ▁fan ▁a ▁fan ▁mounted ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁P CI ▁or ▁P CI ▁Express ▁sl ots , ▁usually ▁to ▁supply ▁additional ▁cool ing ▁to ▁the ▁graphics ▁cards , ▁or ▁to ▁expansion ▁cards ▁in ▁general . ▁ ▁Opt ical ▁drive ▁fan ▁some ▁internal ▁CD ▁and / or ▁DVD ▁burn ers ▁included ▁cool ing ▁fans . ▁ ▁Memory ▁fan ▁modern ▁computer ▁memory ▁can ▁generate ▁enough ▁heat ▁that ▁active ▁cool ing ▁may ▁be ▁necessary , ▁usually ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁small ▁fans ▁position ed ▁above ▁the ▁memory ▁ch ips . ▁ ▁This ▁applies ▁especially ▁when ▁the ▁memory ▁is ▁over clock ed ▁or ▁over vol ted , ▁or ▁when ▁the ▁memory ▁modules ▁include ▁active ▁logic , ▁such ▁as ▁when ▁a ▁system ▁uses ▁Ful ly ▁Buffered ▁DI MM s ▁( FB - DI |
MM s ). ▁However , ▁with ▁newer ▁lower ▁volt ages ▁in ▁use , ▁such ▁as ▁ 1 . 2 v ▁DDR 4 , ▁this ▁is ▁less ▁commonly ▁needed ▁than ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁case .. ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁memory ▁modules , ▁located ▁close ▁to ▁CPU ▁will ▁receive ▁enough ▁of ▁the ▁air ▁flow ▁from ▁the ▁case ▁or ▁CPU ▁fan , ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁air ▁from ▁CPU ▁fan ▁and ▁radi ator ▁is ▁warm . ▁If ▁the ▁main ▁CPU ▁is ▁water ▁co o led , ▁this ▁small ▁amount ▁of ▁air flow ▁might ▁be ▁missing , ▁and ▁additional ▁care ▁about ▁some ▁air flow ▁in ▁a ▁case ▁or ▁a ▁dedicated ▁memory ▁cool ing ▁is ▁required . ▁Unfortunately ▁most ▁memory ▁modules ▁do ▁not ▁provide ▁temperature ▁monitoring ▁to ▁easily ▁measure ▁it . ▁ ▁High ▁power ▁voltage ▁regul ators ▁( V R M ) ▁often ▁using ▁switch ▁mode ▁power ▁supplies ▁do ▁generate ▁some ▁heat ▁due ▁to ▁power ▁losses , ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁power ▁M OS F ET ▁and ▁in ▁an ▁induct or ▁( cho ke ). ▁These , ▁especially ▁in ▁over clock ing ▁situations ▁require ▁active ▁cool ing ▁fan ▁together ▁with ▁he ats ink . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁M OS F ET s ▁will ▁operate ▁correctly ▁at ▁very ▁high ▁temperature , ▁but ▁their ▁efficiency ▁will ▁be ▁lower ed ▁and ▁potentially ▁lif es pan ▁limited . ▁Pro xim ity ▁of ▁electro ly t ic ▁capac itors ▁to ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁heat , ▁will ▁decrease ▁their ▁lif es pan ▁consider ably ▁and ▁end ▁in ▁a ▁progress ively ▁higher ▁power ▁losses ▁and ▁event |
ual ▁( cat ast roph ic ) ▁failure . ▁ ▁Phys ical ▁characteristics ▁▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁low ▁pressure , ▁high ▁volume ▁air ▁flows ▁they ▁create , ▁most ▁fans ▁used ▁in ▁computers ▁are ▁of ▁the ▁ax ial ▁flow ▁type ; ▁cent rif ug al ▁and ▁cross flow ▁fans ▁type . ▁ ▁Two ▁important ▁functional ▁specific ations ▁are ▁the ▁air flow ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁moved , ▁typically ▁stated ▁in ▁cub ic ▁feet ▁per ▁minute ▁( CF M ), ▁and ▁static ▁pressure . ▁ ▁Given ▁in ▁de ci b els , ▁the ▁sound ▁volume ▁figure ▁can ▁be ▁also ▁very ▁important ▁for ▁home ▁and ▁office ▁computers ; ▁larger ▁fans ▁are ▁generally ▁qui eter ▁for ▁the ▁same ▁CF M . ▁ ▁Many ▁gam ers , ▁case ▁mod ders , ▁and ▁enthus iast s ▁util ize ▁fans ▁ill umin ated ▁with ▁colored ▁LED ▁lights . ▁Multi - color ed ▁fans ▁are ▁also ▁available . ▁ ▁Dim ensions ▁ ▁The ▁dimensions ▁and ▁mount ing ▁holes ▁must ▁suit ▁the ▁equipment ▁that ▁uses ▁the ▁fan . ▁Square - fr amed ▁fans ▁are ▁usually ▁used , ▁but ▁round ▁frames ▁are ▁also ▁used , ▁often ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁larger ▁fan ▁than ▁the ▁mount ing ▁holes ▁would ▁otherwise ▁allow ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁( e . g ., ▁a ▁ 1 4 0 mm ▁fan ▁with ▁holes ▁for ▁the ▁corners ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 2 0 mm ▁square ▁fan ). ▁The ▁width ▁of ▁square ▁fans ▁and ▁the ▁diameter ▁of ▁round ▁ones ▁are ▁usually ▁stated ▁in ▁mill im eters . ▁The ▁dimension ▁given ▁is |
▁the ▁outside ▁width ▁of ▁the ▁fan , ▁not ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁mount ing ▁holes . ▁Common ▁sizes ▁include ▁ 4 0 mm , ▁ 6 0 mm , ▁ 8 0 mm , ▁ 9 2 mm , ▁ 1 2 0 mm ▁and ▁ 1 4 0 mm , ▁although ▁ 8 mm , ▁ 1 7 mm , ▁ 2 0 mm , ▁ 2 5 mm , ▁ 3 0 mm , ▁ 3 5 mm , ▁ 3 8 mm , ▁ 4 5 mm , ▁ 5 0 mm , ▁ 7 0 mm , ▁ 2 0 0 mm , ▁ 2 2 0 mm , ▁ 2 5 0 mm ▁and ▁ 3 6 0 mm ▁sizes ▁are ▁also ▁available . ▁He ights , ▁or ▁thick ness , ▁are ▁typically ▁ 1 0 mm , ▁ 1 5 mm , ▁ 2 5 mm ▁or ▁ 3 8 mm . ▁ ▁Typ ically , ▁square ▁ 1 2 0 mm ▁and ▁ 1 4 0 mm ▁fans ▁are ▁used ▁where ▁cool ing ▁requirements ▁are ▁demand ing , ▁as ▁for ▁computers ▁used ▁to ▁play ▁games , ▁and ▁for ▁qui eter ▁operation ▁at ▁lower ▁spe eds . ▁Lar ger ▁fans ▁are ▁usually ▁used ▁for ▁cool ing ▁case , ▁CPU s ▁with ▁large ▁he ats ink ▁and ▁AT X ▁power ▁supply . ▁Square |
▁ 8 0 mm ▁and ▁ 9 2 mm ▁fans ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁less ▁demand ing ▁applications , ▁or ▁where ▁larger ▁fans ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁compatible . ▁Sm aller ▁fans ▁are ▁usually ▁used ▁for ▁cool ing ▁CPU s ▁with ▁small ▁he ats ink , ▁S FX ▁power ▁supply , ▁graphics ▁cards , ▁north brid ges , ▁etc . ▁ ▁F an ▁sizes ▁and ▁corresponding ▁sc rew ▁hole ▁spacing : ▁▁▁▁ 4 0 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 3 2 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁▁ 5 0 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 4 0 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁▁ 6 0 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 5 0 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁▁ 7 0 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 6 0 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁▁ 8 0 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 7 1 . 5 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁▁ 9 2 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 8 2 . 5 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁▁ 1 2 0 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 1 0 5 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁▁ 1 4 0 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 1 2 4 . 5 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁▁ 2 0 0 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 1 5 4 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁▁ 2 2 0 mm ▁fan ▁size ▁- ▁ 1 7 0 mm ▁between ▁sc rew ▁holes ▁ ▁Rot ational ▁speed ▁ ▁The ▁speed ▁of ▁rotation ▁( spec ified ▁in ▁revolution s ▁per ▁minute , |
▁R PM ) ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁static ▁pressure ▁determine ▁the ▁air flow ▁for ▁a ▁given ▁fan . ▁Where ▁noise ▁is ▁an ▁issue , ▁larger , ▁slower - turn ing ▁fans ▁are ▁qui eter ▁than ▁smaller , ▁faster ▁fans ▁that ▁can ▁move ▁the ▁same ▁air flow . ▁F an ▁noise ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁roughly ▁proportional ▁to ▁the ▁fifth ▁power ▁of ▁fan ▁speed ; ▁hal ving ▁the ▁speed ▁reduces ▁the ▁noise ▁by ▁about ▁ 1 5 d B . ▁Ax ial ▁fans ▁may ▁rotate ▁at ▁spe eds ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁around ▁ 2 3 , 0 0 0 ▁r pm ▁for ▁smaller ▁sizes . ▁ ▁F ans ▁may ▁be ▁controlled ▁by ▁sens ors ▁and ▁circ uits ▁that ▁reduce ▁their ▁speed ▁when ▁temperature ▁is ▁not ▁high , ▁leading ▁to ▁qui eter ▁operation , ▁longer ▁life , ▁and ▁lower ▁power ▁consumption ▁than ▁fixed - speed ▁fans . ▁F an ▁lif et imes ▁are ▁usually ▁quoted ▁under ▁the ▁assumption ▁of ▁running ▁at ▁maximum ▁speed ▁and ▁at ▁a ▁fixed ▁ambient ▁temperature . ▁ ▁Air ▁pressure ▁and ▁flow ▁ ▁A ▁fan ▁with ▁high ▁static ▁pressure ▁is ▁more ▁effective ▁at ▁forcing ▁air ▁through ▁restricted ▁spaces , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁g aps ▁between ▁a ▁radi ator ▁or ▁he ats ink ; ▁static ▁pressure ▁is ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁air flow ▁in ▁CF M ▁when ▁choosing ▁a ▁fan ▁for ▁use ▁with ▁a ▁he ats ink . ▁The ▁relative ▁importance ▁of ▁static ▁pressure ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁degree ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁air flow ▁is ▁restricted ▁by ▁geometry ; ▁static ▁pressure ▁becomes ▁more ▁important |
▁as ▁the ▁spacing ▁between ▁he ats ink ▁fins ▁decre ases . ▁St atic ▁pressure ▁is ▁usually ▁stated ▁in ▁either ▁mm ▁H g ▁or ▁mm ▁H 2 O . ▁ ▁Bear ing ▁types ▁ ▁The ▁type ▁of ▁bearing ▁used ▁in ▁a ▁fan ▁can ▁affect ▁its ▁performance ▁and ▁noise . ▁Most ▁computer ▁fans ▁use ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁bearing ▁types : ▁▁ ▁S lee ve ▁bear ings ▁use ▁two ▁surfaces ▁lub ric ated ▁with ▁oil ▁or ▁gre ase ▁as ▁a ▁fr iction ▁contact . ▁They ▁often ▁use ▁por ous ▁s inter ed ▁sle e ves ▁to ▁be ▁self - lub ric ating , ▁requiring ▁only ▁inf re quent ▁maintenance ▁or ▁replacement . ▁S lee ve ▁bear ings ▁are ▁less ▁dur able ▁at ▁higher ▁temper atures ▁as ▁the ▁contact ▁surfaces ▁wear ▁and ▁the ▁lub ric ant ▁d ries ▁up , ▁eventually ▁leading ▁to ▁failure ; ▁however , ▁lifetime ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁ball - b ear ing ▁types ▁( gener ally ▁a ▁little ▁less ) ▁at ▁relatively ▁low ▁ambient ▁temper atures . ▁S lee ve ▁bear ings ▁may ▁be ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁fail ▁at ▁higher ▁temper atures , ▁and ▁may ▁perform ▁poor ly ▁when ▁mounted ▁in ▁any ▁orientation ▁other ▁than ▁vertical . ▁The ▁typical ▁lif es pan ▁of ▁a ▁sle e ve - b ear ing ▁fan ▁may ▁be ▁around ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁hours ▁at ▁ 5 0 ° C . ▁F ans ▁that ▁use ▁sle e ve ▁bear ings ▁are ▁generally ▁che aper ▁than ▁fans ▁that ▁use ▁ball ▁bear |
ings , ▁and ▁are ▁qui eter ▁at ▁lower ▁spe eds ▁early ▁in ▁their ▁life , ▁but ▁can ▁become ▁no isy ▁as ▁they ▁age . ▁ ▁R if le ▁bear ings ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁sle e ve ▁bear ings , ▁but ▁are ▁qui eter ▁and ▁have ▁almost ▁as ▁much ▁lif es pan ▁as ▁ball ▁bear ings . ▁The ▁bearing ▁has ▁a ▁spir al ▁gro ove ▁in ▁it ▁that ▁p umps ▁fluid ▁from ▁a ▁res er voir . ▁This ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁be ▁safely ▁mounted ▁with ▁the ▁sh aft ▁horizontal ▁( un like ▁sle e ve ▁bear ings ), ▁since ▁the ▁fluid ▁being ▁p ump ed ▁lub ric ates ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁sh aft . ▁The ▁p ump ing ▁also ▁ens ures ▁sufficient ▁lub ric ant ▁on ▁the ▁sh aft , ▁reducing ▁noise , ▁and ▁increasing ▁lif es pan . ▁ ▁Fl uid ▁bear ings ▁( or ▁" Fl uid ▁Dynamic ▁Bear ing ", ▁F DB ) ▁have ▁the ▁advantages ▁of ▁near - sil ent ▁operation ▁and ▁high ▁life ▁expect ancy ▁( though ▁not ▁longer ▁than ▁ball ▁bear ings ), ▁but ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁expensive . ▁ ▁Ball ▁bear ings : ▁Though ▁generally ▁more ▁expensive ▁than ▁fluid ▁bear ings , ▁ball ▁bearing ▁fans ▁do ▁not ▁suffer ▁the ▁same ▁orientation ▁limitations ▁as ▁sle e ve ▁bearing ▁fans , ▁are ▁more ▁dur able ▁at ▁higher ▁temper atures , ▁and ▁are ▁qui eter ▁than ▁sle e ve - b ear ing ▁fans ▁at ▁higher ▁rotation ▁spe eds . ▁The ▁typical ▁lif es pan ▁of ▁a ▁ball |
▁bearing ▁fan ▁may ▁be ▁over ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁hours ▁at ▁ 5 0 ° C . ▁ ▁Mag net ic ▁bear ings ▁or ▁mag lev ▁bear ings , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁fan ▁is ▁rep elled ▁from ▁the ▁bearing ▁by ▁magnet ism . ▁ ▁Connect ors ▁▁ ▁Connect ors ▁usually ▁used ▁for ▁computer ▁fans ▁are ▁the ▁following : ▁▁ ▁Three - pin ▁M ole x ▁conne ctor ▁K K ▁family ▁ ▁This ▁M ole x ▁conne ctor ▁is ▁used ▁when ▁connecting ▁a ▁fan ▁to ▁the ▁mother board ▁or ▁other ▁circuit ▁board . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁small , ▁thick , ▁rect angular ▁in - line ▁female ▁conne ctor ▁with ▁two ▁polar izing ▁tabs ▁on ▁the ▁outer - most ▁edge ▁of ▁one ▁long ▁side . ▁ ▁P ins ▁are ▁square ▁and ▁on ▁a ▁ 0 . 1 inch ▁( 2 . 5 4 mm ) ▁pitch . ▁The ▁three ▁p ins ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁ground , ▁+ 1 2 V ▁power , ▁and ▁a ▁t ach ometer ▁signal . ▁The ▁M ole x ▁part ▁number ▁of ▁re cept acle ▁is ▁ 2 2 - 0 1 - 3 0 3 7 . ▁The ▁M ole x ▁part ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁individual ▁cr imp ▁contacts ▁is ▁ 0 8 - 5 0 - 0 1 1 4 ▁( t in ▁pl ated ) ▁or ▁ 0 8 - 5 5 - 0 1 0 2 ▁( sem i ▁gold ▁pl ated ). ▁The ▁matching ▁PC B ▁header ▁M |
ole x ▁part ▁number ▁is ▁ 2 2 - 2 3 - 2 0 3 1 ▁( t in ▁pl ated ) ▁or ▁ 2 2 - 1 1 - 2 0 3 2 ▁( g old ▁pl ated ). ▁A ▁corresponding ▁wire ▁stri pper ▁and ▁cr imp ing ▁tools ▁are ▁also ▁required . ▁▁▁ ▁Four - pin ▁M ole x ▁conne ctor ▁K K ▁family ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁M ole x ▁K K ▁conne ctor ▁with ▁four ▁p ins ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁lock ing / pol ar isation ▁features ▁of ▁a ▁three - pin ▁conne ctor . ▁The ▁additional ▁pin ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁pul se - width ▁mod ulation ▁( P WM ) ▁signal ▁to ▁provide ▁variable ▁speed ▁control . ▁These ▁can ▁be ▁plug ged ▁into ▁ 3 - pin ▁headers , ▁but ▁will ▁lose ▁their ▁fan ▁speed ▁control . ▁The ▁M ole x ▁part ▁number ▁of ▁re cept acle ▁is ▁ 4 7 0 5 4 - 1 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁M ole x ▁part ▁number ▁of ▁individual ▁cr imp ▁contacts ▁is ▁ 0 8 - 5 0 - 0 1 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁M ole x ▁part ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁header ▁is ▁ 4 7 0 5 3 - 1 0 0 0 . ▁▁ ▁Four - pin ▁M ole x ▁conne ctor ▁ ▁This ▁conne ctor ▁is ▁used ▁when ▁connecting ▁the ▁fan ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁power ▁supply . ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁two ▁w ires ▁( yellow / 1 |
2 V ▁and ▁black / ground ) ▁leading ▁to ▁and ▁sp lic ing ▁into ▁a ▁large ▁in - line ▁four - pin ▁male - to - f em ale ▁M ole x ▁conne ctor . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁conne ctor ▁as ▁used ▁on ▁hard ▁drives ▁before ▁the ▁S ATA ▁became ▁standard . ▁▁ ▁Three - pin ▁M ole x ▁conne ctor ▁P ico B lade ▁family ▁ ▁This ▁conne ctor ▁is ▁used ▁with ▁not ebook ▁fans ▁or ▁when ▁connecting ▁the ▁fan ▁to ▁the ▁video ▁card . ▁▁ ▁D ell ▁propriet ary ▁ ▁This ▁propriet ary ▁D ell ▁conne ctor ▁is ▁an ▁expansion ▁of ▁a ▁simple ▁three - pin ▁female ▁IC ▁conne ctor ▁by ▁adding ▁two ▁tabs ▁to ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁conne ctor ▁on ▁one ▁side ▁and ▁a ▁lock - tab ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side . ▁ ▁The ▁size ▁and ▁spacing ▁of ▁the ▁pin ▁so ckets ▁is ▁identical ▁to ▁a ▁standard ▁three - pin ▁female ▁IC ▁conne ctor ▁and ▁three - pin ▁M ole x ▁conne ctor . ▁ ▁Some ▁models ▁have ▁the ▁w iring ▁of ▁the ▁white ▁wire ▁( speed ▁sensor ) ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁whereas ▁the ▁standard ▁ 3 - pin ▁M ole x ▁conne ctor ▁requires ▁the ▁white ▁wire ▁as ▁pin ▁# 3 , ▁thus ▁compatibility ▁issues ▁may ▁exist . ▁ ▁Altern atives ▁▁ ▁If ▁a ▁fan ▁is ▁not ▁des irable , ▁because ▁of ▁noise , ▁reli ability , ▁or ▁environmental ▁concerns , ▁there ▁are ▁some ▁alternatives . ▁Some ▁improvement ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁by ▁elimin ating |
▁all ▁fans ▁except ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁power ▁supply ▁which ▁also ▁draw s ▁hot ▁air ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁case . ▁ ▁Systems ▁can ▁be ▁designed ▁to ▁use ▁pass ive ▁cool ing ▁alone , ▁reducing ▁noise ▁and ▁elimin ating ▁moving ▁parts ▁that ▁may ▁fail . ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁by : ▁ ▁Natural ▁con ve ction ▁cool ing : ▁carefully ▁designed , ▁correctly ▁orient ed , ▁and ▁sufficiently ▁large ▁he ats inks ▁can ▁diss ip ate ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 W ▁by ▁natural ▁con ve ction ▁alone ▁ ▁He at pip es ▁to ▁transfer ▁heat ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁case ▁ ▁Under vol ting ▁or ▁under clock ing ▁to ▁reduce ▁power ▁diss ip ation ▁ ▁Sub mers ive ▁liquid ▁cool ing , ▁placing ▁the ▁mother board ▁in ▁a ▁non - elect r ically ▁conduct ive ▁fluid , ▁provides ▁excellent ▁con ve ction ▁cool ing ▁and ▁protect s ▁from ▁hum id ity ▁and ▁water ▁without ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁he ats inks ▁or ▁fans . ▁Special ▁care ▁must ▁be ▁taken ▁to ▁ensure ▁compatibility ▁with ▁ad hes ives ▁and ▁se al ants ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁mother board ▁and ▁IC s . ▁This ▁solution ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁some ▁external ▁environments ▁such ▁as ▁wireless ▁equipment ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁wild . ▁Other ▁methods ▁of ▁cool ing ▁include : ▁ ▁Water ▁cool ing ▁ ▁Min eral ▁O il ▁ ▁Li qu id ▁N it ro gen ▁ ▁Re fr iger ation , ▁e . g . ▁by ▁P elt ier ▁effect ▁devices ▁ ▁I onic ▁wind ▁cool ing ▁is ▁being |
▁research ed , ▁where by ▁air ▁is ▁moved ▁by ▁ion izing ▁air ▁between ▁two ▁electro des . ▁This ▁rep laces ▁the ▁fan ▁and ▁has ▁the ▁advantage ▁of ▁no ▁moving ▁parts ▁and ▁less ▁noise . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁G loss ary ▁of ▁computer ▁hardware ▁terms ▁ ▁F an ▁( machine ) ▁ ▁Cent rif ug al ▁fan ▁ ▁Computer ▁cool ing ▁ ▁Computer ▁fan ▁control ▁ ▁Small ▁form ▁factor ▁( S FF ) ▁ ▁Software ▁programs ▁for ▁cont rolling ▁PC ▁fans : ▁Arg us ▁Mon itor ▁and ▁Speed F an ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ 4 - W ire ▁P WM ▁Control led ▁F ans ▁Spec ification ▁v 1 . 3 ▁- ▁Intel ▁▁ 3 - W ire ▁and ▁ 4 - W ire ▁F an ▁Connect ors ▁- ▁Intel ▁▁ 3 - W ire ▁and ▁ 4 - W ire ▁F an ▁Pin outs ▁- ▁All P in outs ▁ ▁How ▁PC ▁F ans ▁Work ▁( 2 / 3 / 4 - wire ) ▁- ▁PC B ▁Heaven ▁ ▁Why ▁and ▁How ▁to ▁Control ▁( 2 / 3 / 4 - wire ) ▁F an ▁Speed ▁for ▁C ool ing ▁Electron ic ▁Equ ip ment ▁- ▁Anal og ▁Dev ices ▁ ▁P WM ▁F an ▁Controller ▁project ▁- ▁Alan ' s ▁Electron ic ▁Project s ▁ ▁Category : Comput er ▁hardware ▁cool ing ▁Category : F ans <0x0A> </s> ▁Samuel ▁" Sam " ▁Ferr is ▁( 2 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 1 |
9 8 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁long - distance ▁running ▁ath lete ▁who ▁competed ▁mainly ▁in ▁the ▁mar athon . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Mag her ab eg , ▁near ▁D rom ore , ▁County ▁Down ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁for ▁Great ▁Britain ▁in ▁the ▁mar athon ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁recently ▁formed ▁UK ▁Road ▁R unn ers ▁Club ▁during ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁death s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁long - distance ▁run ners ▁Category : M ale ▁long - distance ▁run ners ▁from ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : English ▁male ▁long - distance ▁run ners ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁mar athon ▁run ners ▁Category : English ▁male ▁mar athon ▁run ners ▁Category : M ale ▁athlet es ▁from ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁silver ▁med all ists ▁for ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁County ▁Down ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 |
▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁silver ▁med all ists ▁for ▁England ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁med all ists ▁in ▁athlet ics ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁British ▁Empire ▁Games ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁in ▁athlet ics ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁II FA ▁L if etime ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁cinema ▁prize , ▁one ▁of ▁International ▁Indian ▁Film ▁Academy ▁Awards . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Hon ou rees ▁The ▁recip ients ▁of ▁this ▁award ▁are ▁listed ▁below . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Intern ational ▁Indian ▁Film ▁Academy ▁Awards ▁Category : L if etime ▁achiev ement ▁awards <0x0A> </s> ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁( d ied ▁ 1 6 5 6 ), ▁cour tes y ▁name ▁F uy u , ▁was ▁a ▁Chinese ▁military ▁general ▁who ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁dynast y ▁during ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁con quest ▁of ▁China . ▁He ▁fought ▁against ▁the ▁Man ch u - led ▁Q ing ▁dynast y ▁in ▁several ▁major ▁engag ements ▁before ▁ultimately ▁surrender ing ▁to ▁them ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 2 . ▁An ▁alleg ed ▁desc endant ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Jin ▁dynast y ▁general ▁Zu ▁Ti ▁( <0xE7> <0xA5> <0x96> <0xE9> <0x80> <0x96> ), ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁mat ernal ▁uncle ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁general ▁Wu ▁Sang ui |
, ▁who ▁surrender ed ▁Sh an hai ▁Pass ▁to ▁Q ing ▁forces ▁and ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Q ing ▁side . ▁Zu ' s ▁tomb ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ontario ▁Museum ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁Canada , ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" icon ic ▁objects " ▁of ▁the ▁museum . ▁ ▁Background ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁N ing y uan , ▁present - day ▁X ing ch eng , ▁L ia oning ▁province , ▁during ▁the ▁M ing ▁dynast y . ▁His ▁year ▁of ▁birth ▁is ▁unknown . ▁His ▁cour tes y ▁name ▁was ▁F uy u ▁( <0xE5> <0xBE> <0xA9> 宇 ). ▁ ▁Def ense ▁of ▁Be ij ing ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 6 2 9 , ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁army ▁under ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ▁inv aded ▁China , ▁by pass ing ▁the ▁heavily ▁def ended ▁M ing ▁for tr ess ▁at ▁N ing y uan ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Wall , ▁where ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ' s ▁father ▁Nur ha ci ▁had ▁been ▁defeated ▁three ▁years ▁earlier ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁N ing y uan . ▁S li pping ▁through ▁friendly ▁Mong ol ▁territory , ▁the ▁Man chus ▁attacked ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁through ▁X if eng kou ▁Pass ▁in ▁Heb ei ▁province , ▁aim ing ▁towards ▁the ▁capital ▁at ▁Be ij ing . ▁Y uan ▁Ch ong hu an , ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁N ing y uan ▁g arrison , ▁sent ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁troops ▁under ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁to |
▁rel ieve ▁Be ij ing . ▁Zu ▁crossed ▁the ▁Great ▁Wall ▁through ▁Sh an hai ▁Pass ▁and ▁march ed ▁to ▁Be ij ing , ▁defe ating ▁the ▁Man chus ▁outside ▁the ▁city ▁walls . ▁ ▁Rec apt uring ▁Lu anz hou ▁Although ▁forced ▁to ▁retre at , ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ' s ▁forces ▁had ▁never theless ▁captured ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Lu anz hou , ▁Q ian ' an , ▁Z un h ua , ▁and ▁Y ong ping ▁( present - day ▁L ul ong ▁County ) ▁during ▁his ▁ 1 6 2 9 ▁expedition . ▁In ▁ 1 6 3 0 , ▁he ▁left ▁his ▁cousin ▁A min ▁in ▁Y ong ping ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁newly ▁conquer ed ▁territory . ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁a ▁counter att ack ▁and ▁recovered ▁Lu anz hou . ▁In ▁response , ▁A min ▁ordered ▁a ▁mass acre ▁of ▁the ▁civil ian ▁populations ▁of ▁Q ian ' an ▁and ▁Y ong ping , ▁pl und ering ▁the ▁cities ▁and ▁abandon ing ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁M ing . ▁News ▁of ▁the ▁sla ugh ter ▁en rag ed ▁Hong ▁Ta iji , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁cultiv ating ▁relations ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁population ▁to ▁pac ify ▁captured ▁cities ▁and ▁encou rage ▁defe ction ▁by ▁M ing ▁officers . ▁He ▁had ▁A min ▁arrested ▁and ▁imprison ed , ▁using ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁appropriate ▁A min ' s ▁Border ed ▁Blue ▁B anner ▁army ▁by ▁giving ▁it ▁to ▁A min ' s ▁younger ▁brother ▁J ir gal ang |
, ▁who ▁was ▁close ▁to ▁Hong ▁Ta iji . ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Dal ing he ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 3 1 , ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁was ▁serving ▁as ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Jin z hou ▁g arrison . ▁He ▁was ▁leading ▁his ▁troops ▁on ▁an ▁ins pection ▁of ▁Dal ing he ▁( present - day ▁L ing hai ▁city ) ▁when ▁Hong ▁Ta iji , ▁command ing ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Man ch u , ▁Mong ol , ▁and ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁troops , ▁arrived ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁city ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 . ▁At ▁Dal ing he , ▁Zu ▁commanded ▁an ▁army ▁of ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁men , ▁half ▁inf antry ▁and ▁half ▁caval ry , ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁veter ans ▁of ▁his ▁previous ▁batt les ▁with ▁Man ch u ▁forces . ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁Zu ' s ▁men ▁was ▁made ▁known ▁to ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ▁when ▁his ▁pat rol s ▁captured ▁a ▁Chinese ▁resident ▁outside ▁the ▁city . ▁Instead ▁of ▁attack ing ▁the ▁city ▁directly , ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁forces ▁prepared ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁sie ge , ▁building ▁a ▁mo at ▁around ▁the ▁city , ▁and ▁guard ing ▁the ▁roads ▁with ▁newly ▁formed ▁art illery ▁units ▁armed ▁with ▁Portuguese ▁can n ons ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁general ▁T ong ▁Yang x ing . ▁ ▁The ▁Man ch u ▁forces ▁focused ▁their ▁efforts ▁on ▁capt uring ▁the ▁cast les ▁surrounding ▁Dal ing he , ▁sending ▁mess engers |
▁to ▁each ▁inv iting ▁their ▁surrender . ▁They ▁also ▁sent ▁repeated ▁appe als ▁to ▁Zu ▁himself ▁request ing ▁his ▁submission . ▁Meanwhile , ▁several ▁M ing ▁relief ▁forces ▁were ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁Man chus ▁outside ▁the ▁city . ▁In ▁October , ▁a ▁larger ▁M ing ▁army ▁of ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁arrived ▁near ▁Jin z hou ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Zu ' s ▁brother - in - law , ▁Wu ▁X i ang . ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ▁mobil ized ▁his ▁troops ▁and ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁field ▁battle ▁with ▁the ▁M ing ▁forces , ▁emer ging ▁vict orious . ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 3 , ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ▁wrote ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁again ▁to ▁solic it ▁his ▁surrender , ▁but ▁received ▁no ▁response . ▁On ▁the ▁ 1 4 th , ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ▁l ured ▁Zu ' s ▁men ▁to ▁s ally ▁forth ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁re capt ure ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁for ts ▁outside ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁failure ▁of ▁Zu ' s ▁attack ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁withdraw ▁behind ▁the ▁walls , ▁never ▁attack ing ▁again ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁sie ge . ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 9 , ▁another ▁M ing ▁army ▁arrived ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Z hang ▁Ch un . ▁M aking ▁use ▁of ▁T ong ▁Yang x ing ' s ▁g unn ers , ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ▁broke ▁the ▁M ing ▁lines . ▁The ▁Man chus ▁defeated ▁Z hang ' s ▁army , ▁taking ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties ▁in ▁the ▁process |
. ▁Z hang ▁Ch un ▁was ▁captured ▁and ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁side . ▁ ▁First ▁surrender ▁On ▁November ▁ 5 , ▁Y uz iz hang , ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁the ▁for ts ▁surrounding ▁Dal ing he , ▁surrender ed ▁after ▁being ▁p ounded ▁for ▁several ▁days ▁by ▁the ▁" red ▁bar bar ian " ▁Portuguese ▁can n ons ▁of ▁T ong ▁Yang x ing . ▁The ▁remaining ▁for ts ▁soon ▁surrender ed ▁one ▁by ▁one . ▁By ▁mid - Nov ember , ▁supplies ▁were ▁low ▁in ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁camp , ▁but ▁the ▁situation ▁was ▁far ▁worse ▁inside ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁Dal ing he , ▁where ▁the ▁population ▁had ▁res orted ▁to ▁can n ib al ism . ▁Mess ages ▁were ▁ex changed ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁arm ies ▁regarding ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁surrender . ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ' s ▁adopted ▁son ▁Zu ▁K ef a ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁camp . ▁When ▁asked ▁why ▁the ▁Chinese ▁continued ▁to ▁point lessly ▁defend ▁a ▁now - empty ▁city , ▁Zu ▁K ef a ▁respond ed ▁that ▁the ▁officers ▁all ▁remembered ▁what ▁had ▁happened ▁at ▁Y ong ping , ▁where ▁A min ▁had ▁sla ugh tered ▁the ▁population ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁ ▁After ▁more ▁messages ▁were ▁ex changed , ▁Zu ▁stated ▁his ▁willing ness ▁to ▁surrender ▁on ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁the ▁k han ▁immediately ▁send ▁a ▁force ▁to ▁attack ▁Jin z hou , ▁where ▁Zu ' s ▁family ▁and ▁those ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁officers ▁lived |
. ▁This ▁would ▁enable ▁the ▁soldiers ▁to ▁be ▁reun ited ▁with ▁their ▁kin . ▁Know ing ▁that ▁his ▁army ▁was ▁in ▁no ▁condition ▁to ▁mount ▁another ▁major ▁attack , ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ▁agreed ▁to ▁a ▁plan ▁in ▁which ▁Zu ▁himself ▁would ▁return ▁to ▁Jin z hou , ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁the ▁command ing ▁officer , ▁under ▁the ▁pre ten se ▁of ▁having ▁escaped ▁from ▁Dal ing he . ▁After ▁entering ▁the ▁city , ▁he ▁would ▁turn ▁it ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁k han . ▁With ▁the ▁plan ▁decided , ▁Zu ' s ▁forces ▁finally ▁surrender ed ▁Dal ing he ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 1 . ▁ ▁Es cape ▁to ▁Jin z hou ▁Short ly ▁after ▁surrender ing ▁to ▁Hong ▁Ta iji , ▁Zu ▁was ▁dispatch ed ▁to ▁Jin z hou ▁along ▁with ▁ 2 6 ▁retain ers ▁to ▁execute ▁his ▁plan ▁to ▁capture ▁the ▁city . ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁he ▁sent ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁Jin z hou ▁explaining ▁that ▁he ▁needed ▁more ▁time ▁to ▁plan ▁the ▁coup . ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ' s ▁reply ▁to ▁this ▁letter ▁went ▁un answer ed . ▁Despite ▁leaving ▁his ▁sons ▁and ▁nep he ws ▁in ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁k han , ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁M ing ▁to ▁once ▁again ▁command ▁the ▁Jin z hou ▁g arrison . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁his ▁sons ▁would ▁become ▁important ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁Q ing ▁military . ▁Zu ▁Z er un ▁joined ▁the ▁P lain ▁Y ellow |
▁B anner ▁as ▁a ▁general , ▁while ▁Zu ▁K ef a ▁become ▁a ▁leading ▁architect ▁of ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁M ing . ▁ ▁Second ▁surrender ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 3 6 , ▁Hong ▁Ta iji ▁declared ▁himself ▁Emperor ▁Ta iz ong ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dynast y . ▁After ▁sub j ug ating ▁Korea ▁and ▁Inner ▁Mong olia , ▁he ▁turned ▁his ▁s ights ▁upon ▁Jin z hou ▁once ▁again . ▁The ▁Q ing ▁attacked ▁Jin z hou ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 9 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 0 . ▁Both ▁times ▁they ▁were ▁defeated ▁by ▁Zu ▁D ash ou . ▁In ▁ 1 6 4 1 , ▁Ta iz ong ▁sent ▁an ▁army ▁to ▁bes ie ge ▁Jin z hou ▁and ▁Song sh an . ▁The ▁commander ▁of ▁Song sh an ▁was ▁Hong ▁Ch eng ch ou , ▁commander - in - ch ief ▁of ▁front ier ▁def enses . ▁Song sh an ▁was ▁captured ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 6 4 2 ▁along ▁with ▁several ▁brothers ▁of ▁Zu ▁D ash ou : ▁Zu ▁D ale , ▁Zu ▁Dam ing , ▁and ▁Zu ▁D ach eng . ▁Zu ▁D ale ▁was ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ' s ▁younger ▁brother , ▁and , ▁along ▁with ▁D ash ou ' s ▁sons , ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁speak ▁with ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁during ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Jin z hou ▁to ▁conv ince ▁him ▁to ▁surrender , ▁which ▁he ▁did ▁on ▁April ▁ 8 , |
▁ 1 6 4 2 , ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁sie ge ▁in ▁which , ▁just ▁as ▁at ▁Dal ing he ▁previously , ▁his ▁troops ▁had ▁res orted ▁to ▁can n ib al ism . ▁Hong ▁Ta iji , ▁now ▁Emperor ▁Ta iz ong , ▁ch ided ▁Zu ▁for ▁his ▁tre ach ery ▁after ▁his ▁first ▁surrender ▁at ▁Dal ing he . ▁Nevertheless , ▁Zu ▁was ▁forg iven ▁and ▁permitted ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁Q ing ▁alongside ▁the ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁cl an , ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁had ▁already ▁served ▁with ▁distinction . ▁ ▁Service ▁under ▁the ▁Q ing ▁After ▁surrender ing ▁to ▁the ▁Q ing , ▁Zu ▁wrote ▁several ▁letters ▁to ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁N ing y uan , ▁his ▁nep hew ▁Wu ▁Sang ui , ▁to ▁solic it ▁his ▁defe ction ▁to ▁the ▁Q ing . ▁When ▁the ▁reb els ▁of ▁Li ▁Z ich eng ▁captured ▁Be ij ing ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 4 , ▁prompt ing ▁the ▁suic ide ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ong z hen ▁Emperor , ▁Wu ▁cast ▁his ▁lot ▁with ▁the ▁Man chus . ▁He ▁opened ▁the ▁gates ▁of ▁Sh an hai ▁Pass ▁to ▁the ▁Q ing ▁army ▁under ▁D org on ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁mount ▁a ▁joint ▁campaign ▁to ▁ou st ▁the ▁reb els ▁from ▁the ▁capital . ▁With ▁this ▁act , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁captured ▁Be ij ing . ▁Although ▁the ▁war ▁between ▁M ing ▁and ▁Q ing ▁would ▁last ▁several ▁dec ades ▁longer , ▁the ▁M ing ▁would ▁never ▁recover ▁from ▁this ▁loss . ▁ |
▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁died ▁in ▁Be ij ing ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁with ▁full ▁hon ors ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁P lain ▁Y ellow ▁B anner . ▁ ▁T omb ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁Charles ▁Tr ick ▁Cur rel ly , ▁the ▁arch ae ological ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ontario ▁Museum ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁Canada , ▁purchased ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁Chinese ▁artifact s ▁from ▁the ▁fur ▁tr ader ▁George ▁Cro ft s . ▁Among ▁the ▁artifact s , ▁the ▁most ▁spect ac ular ▁was ▁the ▁so - called ▁" M ing ▁T omb ", ▁which ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁village ▁north ▁of ▁Be ij ing . ▁It ▁was ▁rum oured ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁tomb ▁of ▁Zu ▁D ash ou , ▁but ▁the ▁rum our ▁was ▁not ▁confirmed ▁until ▁ 9 0 ▁years ▁later , ▁when ▁research ers ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁tomb ▁belonged ▁to ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ▁and ▁his ▁three ▁w ives . ▁The ▁tomb ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁museum ' s ▁list ▁of ▁" icon ic ▁objects ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 5 ▁fragments ▁of ▁Zu ▁D ash ou ' s ▁tomb stone ▁were ▁found ▁in ▁his ▁h omet own ▁X ing ch eng . ▁The ▁largest ▁fragment ▁we igh s ▁more ▁than ▁. ▁Alt ogether ▁the ▁fragments ▁compr ise ▁the ▁upper ▁half ▁of ▁his ▁tomb stone , ▁ins cribed ▁with ▁ 8 1 ▁Chinese ▁characters . ▁The ▁tomb stone ▁was ▁originally ▁at ▁least ▁ ▁tall |
. ▁His ▁descend ants ▁still ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 6 5 6 ▁death s ▁Category : M ing ▁dynast y ▁gener als ▁Category : Q ing ▁dynast y ▁gener als ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : Gener als ▁from ▁L ia oning ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁H ul uda o ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁in ▁Be ij ing ▁Category : B ann erm en <0x0A> </s> ▁D ock ton ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁King ▁County , ▁Washington . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁Ma ury ▁Island , ▁along ▁Qu arter master ▁Har bor . ▁Although ▁once ▁an ▁industrial ▁center , ▁D ock ton ▁today ▁is ▁a ▁primarily ▁resident ial ▁area , ▁with ▁many ▁commut ers ▁taking ▁the ▁fer ry ▁to ▁nearby ▁Ta com a . ▁ ▁History ▁D ock ton , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁settlement s ▁on ▁the ▁now - con jo ined ▁V ash on ▁and ▁Ma ury ▁Islands , ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁ship building ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries . ▁The ▁Pu get ▁Sound ▁D ry ▁D ock ▁Company ▁ship ▁yard ▁and ▁dry d ock ▁there ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁on ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁dry d ock ▁was ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide |
. ▁ ▁After ▁its ▁closure , ▁the ▁St ucky ▁and ▁Martin ol ich ▁yards ▁continued ▁ship building ▁and ▁repair ▁at ▁D ock ton . ▁Over ▁the ▁years ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁vessels ▁were ▁also ▁built ▁at ▁the ▁ship yard ▁of ▁John ▁Martin ol ich , ▁at ▁D ock ton ▁on ▁Ma ury ▁Island . ▁ ▁These ▁included ▁the ▁prop eller ▁steam ers ▁V ash on ▁( 1 9 0 5 ), ▁Ver ona ▁( 1 9 1 0 ), ▁N is qu ally ▁( l ater ▁renamed ▁Ast or ian ) ▁and ▁Cal ista , ▁both ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁Florence ▁J . ▁( 1 9 1 4 ), ▁F . G . ▁Re e ves , ▁( 1 9 1 6 ), ▁V ash ona ▁( l ater ▁renamed ▁S ight se er ) ▁( 1 9 2 1 ), ▁and ▁the ▁fer ry ▁Wh id by ▁( 1 9 2 3 ). ▁ ▁La unch ings ▁did ▁not ▁always ▁go ▁well . ▁ ▁Florence ▁J . ▁rolled ▁over ▁and ▁s ank ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁launch ing ▁attempt . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁commercial ▁boat ▁built ▁at ▁D ock ton ▁was ▁the ▁Jan et ▁G ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 1 0 s ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁sal mon ▁can n ery ▁at ▁D ock ton , ▁Pu get ▁Sound ▁fish eries ▁pe aked ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁but ▁after ▁that ▁catch es ▁began ▁to ▁decl ine , ▁and |
▁the ▁can n ery ▁was ▁closed ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁de cade . ▁D ock ton ▁gradually ▁transformed ▁into ▁the ▁resident ial ▁community ▁it ▁is ▁today . ▁ ▁As ▁D ock ton ▁f aded ▁as ▁an ▁industrial ▁center , ▁its ▁situation ▁as ▁a ▁resident ial ▁center ▁was ▁improved ▁when ▁King ▁County ▁brid ged ▁the ▁port age ▁between ▁Ma ury ▁Island ▁and ▁larger ▁V ash on ▁Island ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁The ▁two ▁islands ▁were ▁later ▁connected ▁by ▁an ▁artificial ▁is th mus . ▁ ▁The ▁D ock ton ▁Store , ▁including ▁a ▁post ▁office , ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁until ▁it ▁closed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁The ▁building ▁remains , ▁and ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁a ▁King ▁County ▁land mark . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁well ▁preserved ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁commercial ▁building ▁on ▁Ma ury ▁Island . ▁ ▁Other ▁surv iving ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁D ock ton ' s ▁past ▁are ▁ship yard ▁pil ings , ▁old ▁pi ers ▁and ▁net ▁houses , ▁and ▁the ▁homes ▁of ▁the ▁man agers ▁and ▁for emen ▁from ▁the ▁industrial ▁days , ▁known ▁collect ively ▁as ▁" P iano ▁Row ". ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁King ▁County , ▁Washington ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Washington ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Del aware ▁Mountain ▁Form ation ▁is ▁a ▁ge olog ic ▁formation |
▁in ▁the ▁Del aware ▁Mountains ▁of ▁Texas . ▁It ▁pres erves ▁foss ils ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Perm ian ▁period . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁foss il ifer ous ▁strat ig raph ic ▁units ▁in ▁Texas ▁ ▁Pale ont ology ▁in ▁Texas ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Perm ian ▁ge ology ▁of ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Lee ▁Fre eman ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁chief ▁const able ▁of ▁Hum bers ide ▁Police . ▁He ▁was ▁Tem por ary ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁Const able ▁immediately ▁after ▁the ▁previous ▁Chief ▁Const able , ▁Just ine ▁Cur ran , ▁stepped ▁down . ▁Fre eman ▁was ▁promoted ▁into ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Chief ▁Const able ▁for ▁Hum bers ide ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Fre eman ▁joined ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁London ▁Police ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁Lincoln shire ▁Police ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁Having ▁applied ▁for ▁the ▁Acc eler ated ▁Prom otion ▁Cour se ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁whilst ▁still ▁a ▁const able , ▁Fre eman ▁was ▁successful ▁and ▁promoted ▁to ▁S gt ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Rem aining ▁in ▁Lincoln shire , ▁he ▁gained ▁promotion ▁to ▁Ins pect or , ▁Chief ▁Ins pect or ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁Super int endent ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁A ▁spell ▁as ▁an ▁Ass istant ▁Director ▁at ▁Lincoln shire ▁County ▁Council ▁preced ed ▁his ▁promotion ▁to ▁Chief ▁Su pt ▁as ▁Div is ional ▁Commander ▁for ▁South ▁Division ▁in ▁ |
2 0 1 0 , ▁with ▁further ▁sp ells ▁as ▁the ▁Div is ional ▁Commander ▁for ▁West ▁Division ▁am d ▁also ▁Head ▁of ▁Local ▁Pol icing ▁following ▁a ▁major ▁force ▁rest ruct ure . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁stepped ▁up ▁to ▁Ass istant ▁Chief ▁Const able ▁for ▁Local ▁Pol icing ▁in ▁Lincoln shire ▁for ▁ 1 8 ▁months . ▁Fre eman ▁successfully ▁applied ▁for ▁the ▁vac ant ▁assistant ▁chief ▁const able ▁post ▁in ▁Hum bers ide ▁Police ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁moved ▁from ▁Lincoln shire , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁working ▁previously . ▁He ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁temporary ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁Const ables ▁post ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁after ▁the ▁previous ▁chief ▁const able , ▁Just ine ▁Cur ran , ▁retired ▁early ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ad vised ▁to ▁consider ▁her ▁position ▁by ▁the ▁Police ▁and ▁crime ▁commission er ▁for ▁the ▁Hum bers ide ▁area , ▁Keith ▁Hunter . ▁Fre eman ▁applied ▁for ▁the ▁subsequent ▁vac ant ▁Chief ' s ▁job ▁and ▁was ▁d uly ▁promoted ▁into ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁chief ▁const able ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Fre eman ▁and ▁the ▁Police ▁and ▁Crime ▁Commission er ▁for ▁Hum bers ide , ▁agreed ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁serve ▁a ▁temporary ▁second ment ▁to ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Police . ▁The ▁three - month ▁second ment ▁arose ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁sudden ▁res ignation ▁of ▁Chief ▁Const able ▁Mike ▁Ve ale . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Fre |
eman ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Gr ims by , ▁Lincoln shire . ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁with ▁one ▁son . ▁Before ▁joining ▁the ▁police ▁service , ▁he ▁attended ▁King ston ▁Poly techn ic ▁where ▁he ▁gained ▁a ▁B Sc ▁( H ons ) ▁in ▁Soci ology . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Gr ims by ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁King ston ▁University ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Chief ▁Const ables ▁Category : H um bers ide ▁Police ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mor r ison ▁Form ation ▁is ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁sequence ▁of ▁Upper ▁Jur ass ic ▁sed iment ary ▁rock ▁that ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁United ▁States , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁most ▁fert ile ▁source ▁of ▁din osa ur ▁foss ils ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁It ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁mud stone , ▁sand stone , ▁s ilt stone ▁and ▁lim estone ▁and ▁is ▁light ▁grey , ▁green ish ▁gray , ▁or ▁red . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁foss ils ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁green ▁s ilt stone ▁b eds ▁and ▁lower ▁sand st ones , ▁re lic s ▁of ▁the ▁rivers ▁and ▁flo od pla ins ▁of ▁the ▁Jur ass ic ▁period . ▁ ▁Fa una ▁compar isons ▁The ▁fa una ▁of ▁Mor r ison ▁Form ation ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁co eval ▁rocks ▁of ▁T end ag uru ▁B eds ▁( in ▁T anz ania ) ▁and ▁L our in h ã ▁Form ation ▁in |
▁Portugal , ▁mostly ▁with ▁the ▁second . ▁Some ▁gener a ▁are ▁shared ▁in ▁Mor r ison ▁and ▁L our in h ã , ▁such ▁as ▁Tor v osa urus , ▁Cer at osa urus , ▁Ste g osa urus , ▁D ry osa urus , ▁and ▁All osa urus . ▁In ▁sum , ▁Mor r ison ▁F m ▁has ▁ 3 7 ▁valid ▁gener a ▁of ▁din osa urs . ▁ ▁Or n ith isch ians ▁The ▁her b iv orous ▁orn ith isch ian ▁din osa urs ▁were ▁diverse ▁but ▁not ▁as ▁common ▁as ▁sau rop ods ▁in ▁the ▁Mor r ison . ▁F ruit ad ens , ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" F ru ita ▁E chin odon ", ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁heter od ont osa ur id . ▁Pl ate - back ed ▁ste g osa ur ids ▁included ▁H esper osa urus ▁m j osi , ▁Ste g osa urus ▁arm atus , ▁S . ▁ung ul atus , ▁S . ▁st en ops , ▁and ▁Al cov as aur us ▁long isp inus . ▁ ▁Arm ored ▁din osa urs ▁that ▁wer en ' t ▁ste g osa urs ▁were ▁unknown ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁Two ▁have ▁been ▁named : ▁G argo yle osa urus ▁park pin orum ▁and ▁M ym oor ap elta ▁m ays i . ▁ ▁Or n ith op ods , ▁b ip ed al ▁her b iv ores , ▁came ▁in ▁several |
▁types . ▁Small ▁" hy ps il oph od ont s " ▁included ▁Dr ink er ▁n isti , ▁La osa urus ▁cel er , ▁" L ." ▁g rac ilis , ▁Nan osa urus ▁ag ilis , ▁O th n iel ia ▁re x , ▁and ▁O th n iel osa urus ▁cons ors . ▁ ▁Lar ger ▁but ▁similar - looking ▁dry osa ur ids ▁were ▁represented ▁by ▁D ry osa urus ▁alt us ▁and ▁the ▁cam pt osa ur id ▁U te odon ▁a ph ano ec etes , ▁which ▁is ▁currently ▁known ▁only ▁from ▁Din osa ur ▁National ▁Monument . ▁Still ▁larger ▁was ▁the ▁more ▁common ▁Cam pt osa urus ▁dispar . ▁ ▁D ry osa ur ids ▁and ▁cam pt osa ur ids ▁were ▁early ▁ igu an od ont s , ▁a ▁group ▁that ▁would ▁later ▁spawn ▁the ▁du ck - bil led ▁din osa urs . ▁ ▁Ne orn ith isch ians ▁ ▁Th y re op hor ans ▁ ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁align =" center " ▁width =" 1 0 0 %" ▁| - ▁ ▁! ▁Gen us ▁! ▁Species ▁! ▁State ▁! ▁Member ▁! ▁width =" 2 5 %" | ▁Material ▁! ▁width =" 2 5 %" | ▁Notes ▁! ▁Im ages ▁| - ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁ ▁An omo ep us ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁ ▁| style =" background :# FE |
F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁ ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁ ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁ ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁ ▁| ▁row span =" 3 4 " ▁| ▁▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁G argo yle osa urus ▁| ▁ ▁G . ▁park pin orum ▁| ▁ ▁W Y ▁| ▁| ▁" Sk ull ▁[ and ] ▁partial ▁post c ran ium ." ▁| ▁A ▁pol ac anth ine ▁nod osa ur ▁known ▁from ▁reason ably ▁complete ▁foss il ▁remains . ▁Its ▁sk ull ▁measures ▁ 2 9 ▁cent im eters ▁( 1 1 in ) ▁in ▁length , ▁and ▁its ▁total ▁body ▁length ▁is ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 4 ▁meters ▁( 9 . 8 ▁to ▁ 1 3 . 1 ft .). ▁It ▁may ▁have ▁we ighed ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ 1 ▁t onne ▁( 2 , 2 0 0 lb .). ▁| - ▁| ▁ ▁H esper osa urus ▁| ▁ ▁H . ▁m j osi ▁| ▁ ▁W Y ▁| ▁| ▁" Complete ▁ske leton ▁with ▁sk ull , ▁sub ad ult ." ▁Kn own ▁only ▁from ▁a ▁single ▁spec imen . ▁| ▁A ▁ste g osa ur ine ▁ste g osa ur id ▁that ▁was ▁slightly ▁smaller ▁and ▁more ▁primitive ▁than ▁Ste g osa urus ▁itself . ▁H . ▁m j osi ▁had ▁a ▁bro ader ▁sk ull ▁and |
▁longer , ▁lower ▁pl ates . ▁Consider ed ▁by ▁some ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁Ste g osa urus ▁| - ▁| ▁ ▁Mi rag a ia ▁| M . ▁long isp inus | ▁ ▁W Y ▁| ▁| ▁" Fragment ary ▁post c ran ial ▁ske leton , ▁adult ." ▁| ▁A ▁d ac entr ur inae ▁ste g osa ur id ▁phys ically ▁similar ▁to ▁Ste g osa urus ▁st en ops ▁but ▁with ▁much ▁larger ▁tail ▁sp ines . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁similar ▁to ▁Kent ros aur us ▁in ▁having ▁long ▁der mal ▁sp ikes ▁on ▁the ▁ca ud al ▁region . ▁The ▁th igh bone ▁length ▁was ▁determined ▁at ▁ 1 0 8 2 ▁mill im eters . ▁The ▁longest ▁sp ike ▁was ▁ 8 6 ▁cent im eters ▁long . ▁Its ▁point ▁was ▁broken ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁the ▁original ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁b one ▁core ▁at ▁ 9 8 5 ▁mill im eters . ▁On ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁genus ▁Al cov as aur us ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁junior ▁syn onym ▁of ▁Mi rag a ia | - ▁| ▁M ym oor ap elta | ▁M . ▁m ays i | ▁ ▁CO ▁| ▁ ▁Br ush y ▁Bas in ▁| ▁" Sk ull ▁fragments , ▁port ions ▁of ▁[ three ] ▁ske let ons , ▁[ and ] ▁other ▁post c ran ia ." ▁| ▁Both ▁the ▁first ▁an k yl osa ur ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁known ▁North ▁American ▁Jur |
ass ic ▁an k yl osa ur . ▁It ▁probably ▁we ighed ▁ 5 0 0 kg ▁( 1 , 1 0 2 l bs ) ▁in ▁life . ▁| - ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁Ste g op od us | style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁▁ ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁▁ ▁U T ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁ ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁Ste g op od us ▁represent ▁only ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁Mor r ison ' s ▁ste g osa ur ▁tracks , ▁which ▁are ▁already ▁rare ▁and ▁generally ▁only ▁preserve ▁the ▁animal ' s ▁h ind ▁feet . ▁| style =" background :# FE F 6 E 4 ;" | ▁ ▁Ste g osa ur ▁tracks ▁which ▁record ▁front ▁feet ▁with ▁five ▁digits ▁and ▁h ind ▁feet ▁with ▁three ▁weight - b ear ing ▁digits . ▁The ▁general ▁morph ology ▁of ▁the ▁tracks ▁fit ▁scientific ▁predictions ▁made ▁eight ▁years ▁in ▁advance ▁of ▁the ▁ere ction ▁of ▁Ste g op od us . ▁| - ▁| ▁row span = 8 ▁| ▁Ste g osa urus | ▁S . ▁arm atus | ▁ ▁CO ▁ ▁U T ▁ ▁W Y ▁| ▁| ▁"[ Two ] ▁partial ▁ske let ons , ▁[ two ] ▁bra inc ases , ▁at ▁least ▁[ th irty |
] ▁fragment ary ▁post c ran ia , ▁adult ." ▁| S . ▁arm atus ▁is ▁both ▁the ▁first ▁Ste g osa urus ▁to ▁be ▁discovered ▁and ▁the ▁type ▁species . ▁Its ▁type ▁spec imen ▁is ▁poor ly ▁preserved , ▁incomplete , ▁and ▁has ▁never ▁been ▁fully ▁prepared . ▁Con sequently ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁tell ▁which , ▁if ▁any , ▁of ▁the ▁subsequently ▁ere cted ▁Ste g osa urus ▁species ▁are ▁syn onymous ▁with ▁it , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁of ▁them ▁are . ▁Sometimes ▁considered ▁dub ious . ▁| - ▁| ▁S . ▁st en ops | ▁ ▁CO ▁ ▁U T ▁ ▁W Y ▁| ▁| ▁"[ Two ] ▁complete ▁ske let ons ▁with ▁sk ull s , ▁[ four ] ▁bra inc ases , ▁at ▁least ▁[ fif ty ] ▁partial ▁post c ran ia , ▁ju ven ile ▁to ▁adult ." ▁| ▁The ▁best ▁known ▁Ste g osa urus ▁species , ▁it ▁has ▁shorter ▁lim bs ▁and ▁larger ▁pl ates ▁than ▁S . ▁ung ul atus . ▁| - ▁| ▁S . ▁sul c atus | ▁ ▁W Y ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁O ften ▁considered ▁syn onymous ▁with ▁S . ▁arm atus , ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁distinct . ▁Pot entially ▁has ▁a ▁shoulder ▁sp ike , ▁otherwise ▁unknown ▁in ▁Ste g osa urus , ▁despite ▁presence ▁in ▁relatives . ▁| - ▁| ▁S . ▁ung ul atus | ▁ ▁U T ▁ ▁W Y ▁| ▁| ▁| S . ▁ung ul atus ▁had ▁longer |
▁lim bs ▁and ▁compar atively ▁smaller ▁pl ates ▁than ▁the ▁better ▁known ▁S . ▁st en ops . ▁Although ▁formerly ▁port rayed ▁with ▁eight ▁tail ▁sp ikes , ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁the ▁typical ▁four . ▁Poss ibly ▁syn onymous ▁with ▁S . ▁arm atus . ▁Sometimes ▁considered ▁dub ious . ▁| - ▁| ▁▁▁ ▁Ind et erm inate . ▁| ▁ ▁N M ▁ ▁OK ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| - ▁| } ▁ ▁M isc ▁ ▁Sau rop ods ▁Sau rop ods , ▁the ▁giant ▁long - ne ck ed ▁long - ta iled ▁four - leg ged ▁her b iv orous ▁din osa urs , ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁and ▁famous ▁Mor r ison ▁foss ils . ▁A ▁few ▁have ▁uncertain ▁relationships , ▁like ▁" A pat osa urus " ▁minim us ▁( poss ibly ▁a ▁bas al ▁tit an osa ur iform ) ▁and ▁H ap loc anth osa urus . ▁Sau rop ods ▁including ▁H ap loc anth osa urus ▁pris cus , ▁H . ▁del f si , ▁and ▁the ▁di pl od oc id ▁E ob ront osa urus ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁Mor r ison . ▁The ▁middle ▁stages ▁were ▁domin ated ▁by ▁familiar ▁forms ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁G ira ffe - like ▁Bra ch ios aur us ▁alt ith or ax , ▁which ▁were ▁un common , ▁but ▁related ▁cam ar as aur ids , ▁like ▁Cam ar as aur us ▁supre mus , ▁C . ▁grand is |
, ▁C . ▁l ent us , ▁and ▁C ath et osa urus , ▁were ▁very ▁common . ▁Also ▁common ▁were ▁long , ▁low ▁di pl od oc ids , ▁like ▁A pat osa urus ▁ajax , ▁A . ▁l ou is ae , ▁Br ont osa urus ▁exc els us , ▁B . ▁par v us , ▁Bar osa urus ▁l ent us , ▁Di pl od ocus ▁long us , ▁D . ▁car neg ii , ▁G ale am opus ▁and ▁D ys loc osa urus ▁poly ony ch ius . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁Mor r ison , ▁gig antic ▁di pl od oc ids ▁( or ▁likely ▁di pl od oc ids ) ▁had ▁appeared , ▁including ▁Di pl od ocus ▁hall orum ▁( former ly ▁Se ism osa urus ), ▁Sup ers aur us ▁viv ian ae , ▁Am ph ico el ias ▁alt us , ▁and ▁M . ▁frag il im us . ▁Sm aller ▁sau rop ods , ▁such ▁as ▁Su uw asse a ▁em ilia e ▁from ▁Mont ana , ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁reaches ▁of ▁the ▁Mor r ison , ▁near ▁the ▁sh ores ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Sund ance ▁Sea , ▁suggesting ▁e colog ical ▁nich es ▁favor ing ▁smaller ▁body ▁size ▁there ▁compared ▁with ▁the ▁gi ants ▁found ▁further ▁south . ▁ ▁H ap loc anth osa ur ids ▁ ▁Reb bach is aur ids ▁ ▁Dic ra e osa ur ids ▁ ▁Di pl od oc ids ▁ ▁Mac |
ron ari ans ▁ ▁Ther op ods ▁Ther op od ▁din osa urs , ▁the ▁car n iv orous ▁din osa urs , ▁came ▁in ▁several ▁different ▁types . ▁The ▁less ▁derived ▁types , ▁the ▁cer at osa urs ▁and ▁meg al osa ur ids , ▁included ▁Cer at osa urus ▁nas ic orn is , ▁C . ▁dent is ul c atus , ▁C . ▁mag nic orn is , ▁Ela ph ros aur us ▁sp ., ▁and ▁the ▁meg al osa ur ▁Tor v osa urus ▁t anner i ▁( including ▁Ed mark a ▁re x ). ▁All osa ur ids ▁included ▁the ▁common ▁All osa urus ▁frag ilis ▁( including ▁E pan ter ias ▁am plex us ), ▁All osa urus ▁new ▁species , ▁A . ▁luc asi , ▁and ▁giant ▁Sau roph agan ax ▁maxim us ▁( pot entially ▁included ▁in ▁All osa urus ? ). ▁Also ▁a ▁recently ▁discovered ▁din osa ur ▁has ▁turned ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁new ▁species , ▁not ▁All osa urus . ▁ ▁Ind et erm inate ▁ther op od ▁remains ▁have ▁been ▁recovered ▁in ▁Ut ah . ▁Ind et erm inate ▁ther op od ▁tracks ▁have ▁been ▁recovered ▁from ▁both ▁Ut ah ▁and ▁Arizona . ▁ ▁Car n osa urs ▁ ▁Cer at osa urs ▁ ▁Co el u ros a urs ▁Co el u ros a urs , ▁more ▁derived ▁types ▁more ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁birds , ▁included ▁Co el urus ▁frag ilis , ▁Or n ith ol est es ▁herm anni |
, ▁T any col ag re us ▁top w il son i , ▁the ▁possible ▁tro od ont id ▁Kop ar ion ▁d oug lass i , ▁the ▁definite ▁tro od ont id ▁H esper orn ith o ides , ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁ty ran nos au roid ▁Sto kes osa urus ▁cle vel and i . ▁ ▁Meg al os au roid s ▁ ▁E gg s ▁Din osa ur ▁eggs ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁Ut ah . ▁ ▁Tra cks ▁ ▁Or n ith op ods ▁Mor r ison ▁orn ith op od ▁trace ▁foss ils ▁are ▁represented ▁by ▁three ▁to ed ▁tracks ▁which ▁are ▁generally ▁small . ▁The ▁to es ▁of ▁Mor r ison ▁orn ith op od ▁tracks ▁are ▁usually ▁more ▁widely ▁s play ed ▁than ▁the ▁ther op od ▁tracks ▁preserved ▁in ▁the ▁formation . ▁ ▁Ste g osa urs ▁Ste g osa ur ▁tracks ▁were ▁first ▁recognized ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁from ▁a ▁h ind print - only ▁track way ▁discovered ▁at ▁the ▁C lev land - L loyd ▁quar ry , ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁near ▁Price , ▁Ut ah . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁a ▁new ▁ich n ogen us ▁called ▁Ste g op od us ▁was ▁ere cted ▁for ▁another ▁set ▁of ▁ste g osa ur ▁tracks ▁which ▁were ▁found ▁near ▁Arch es ▁National ▁Park , ▁also ▁in ▁Ut ah . ▁Un like ▁the ▁first , ▁this ▁track way ▁preserved ▁traces ▁of ▁the ▁for efe et . ▁F oss il ▁remains ▁indicate ▁that |
▁ste g osa urs ▁have ▁five ▁digits ▁on ▁the ▁for efe et ▁and ▁three ▁weight - b ear ing ▁digits ▁on ▁the ▁h ind ▁feet . ▁From ▁this , ▁scient ists ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁successfully ▁predict ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁ste g osa ur ▁tracks ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁six ▁years ▁in ▁advance ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁actual ▁discovery ▁of ▁Mor r ison ▁ste g osa ur ▁tracks . ▁Since ▁the ▁ere ction ▁of ▁Ste g op od us , ▁more ▁track ways ▁have ▁been ▁found , ▁however ▁none ▁have ▁preserved ▁traces ▁of ▁the ▁front ▁feet , ▁and ▁ste g osa ur ▁traces ▁remain ▁rare . ▁ ▁Ther op ods ▁Ind et erm inate ▁ther op od ▁tracks ▁have ▁been ▁recovered ▁from ▁both ▁Ut ah ▁and ▁Arizona . ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Butler , ▁R . J ., ▁P . M . ▁Gal ton , ▁L . B . ▁Por ro , ▁L . M . ▁Ch ia ppe , ▁D . M . ▁Hend erson , ▁and ▁G . M . ▁Er ick son . ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Lower ▁limits ▁of ▁orn ith isch ian ▁din osa ur ▁body ▁size ▁infer red ▁from ▁a ▁new ▁Upper ▁Jur ass ic ▁heter od ont osa ur id ▁from ▁North ▁America . ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁B ▁ 1 0 . 1 0 9 8 / r sp b . 2 0 0 9 . 1 4 9 4 ▁PDF ▁ ▁" C amar as aur |
us ." ▁In : ▁D od son , ▁Peter ▁& ▁Brit t , ▁Bro oks ▁& ▁Car p enter , ▁Kenneth ▁& ▁For ster , ▁Catherine ▁A . ▁& ▁G illet te , ▁David ▁D . ▁& ▁Nor ell , ▁Mark ▁A . ▁& ▁O ls he v sky , ▁George ▁& ▁Par r ish , ▁J . ▁Michael ▁& ▁We ish amp el , ▁David ▁B . ▁The ▁Age ▁of ▁Din osa urs . ▁Publications ▁International , ▁L TD . ▁p . 5 6 . ▁. ▁▁▁ ▁Car p enter , ▁K . ▁and ▁Wilson , ▁Y . ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁A ▁new ▁species ▁of ▁ ▁Cam pt osa urus ▁( Or n ith op oda : ▁Din osa uria ) ▁from ▁the ▁Mor r ison ▁Form ation ▁( Upper ▁Jur ass ic ) ▁of ▁Din osa ur ▁National ▁Monument , ▁Ut ah , ▁and ▁a ▁bi ome chan ical ▁analysis ▁of ▁its ▁for el imb . ▁Ann als ▁of ▁the ▁Car neg ie ▁Museum ▁ 7 6 : 2 2 7 - 2 6 3 . ▁▁▁ ▁F oster , ▁J . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Jur ass ic ▁West : ▁The ▁Din osa urs ▁of ▁the ▁Mor r ison ▁Form ation ▁and ▁Their ▁World . ▁Indiana ▁University ▁Press . ▁ 3 8 9 pp . ▁. ▁ ▁Gal ton , ▁P . M . ▁( 1 9 8 1 ). ▁D ry osa urus ' ', ▁a ▁hy ps il oph od ont id |
▁din osa ur ▁from ▁the ▁Upper ▁Jur ass ic ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Africa . ▁Post c ran ial ▁ske leton . ▁Pala e ont ol . ▁Z . ▁ 5 5 ( 3 / 4 ), ▁ 2 7 1 - 3 1 2 ▁ ▁We ish amp el , ▁David ▁B .; ▁D od son , ▁Peter ; ▁and ▁O sm ól ska , ▁H als z ka ▁( eds .): ▁The ▁Din osa uria , ▁ 2 nd , ▁Ber keley : ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press . ▁ 8 6 1 ▁pp . . ▁▁▁ 0 1 ▁Mor r ison ▁Form ation ▁. ▁Category : J ur ass ic ▁United ▁States ▁Category : P ale ont ology ▁in ▁Colorado ▁Category : P ale ont ology ▁in ▁Ut ah ▁Category : D in osa ur ▁National ▁Monument <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 7 th ▁District ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Senate ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁S out he astern ▁Wisconsin , ▁and ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁parts ▁of ▁Mil w au kee ▁County . ▁ ▁Current ▁elected ▁officials ▁Chris ▁Lar son ▁is ▁the ▁sen ator ▁serving ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁district . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁defe ating ▁fellow ▁Dem ocrat ▁Jeff rey ▁Pla le ▁in ▁a ▁primary ▁election . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Senate ▁District ▁contains ▁three ▁State ▁Assembly ▁District s : ▁▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 th ▁( re present ed ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁Bro stoff ) ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 th ▁( |
re present ed ▁by ▁Christ ine ▁Sin icki ) ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 1 st ▁( re present ed ▁by ▁Jess ie ▁Rod rig uez ) ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁is ▁also ▁located ▁within ▁Wisconsin ' s ▁ 4 th ▁con gression al ▁district , ▁which ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁G wen ▁Moore . ▁ ▁Past ▁sen ators ▁ ▁A ▁list ▁of ▁all ▁previous ▁sen ators ▁from ▁this ▁district : ▁ ▁Note : ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁districts ▁have ▁changed ▁repeatedly ▁over ▁history . ▁Pre vious ▁polit icians ▁of ▁a ▁specific ▁number ed ▁district ▁have ▁represented ▁a ▁completely ▁different ▁ge ographic ▁area , ▁due ▁to ▁red istrict ing . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Political ▁sub div isions ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Chris ▁Lar son ▁official ▁campaign ▁site ▁ ▁Category : W is consin ▁State ▁Senate ▁districts <0x0A> </s> ▁Interest ▁exp ense ▁rel ates ▁to ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁borrow ing ▁money . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁price ▁that ▁a ▁l ender ▁ ▁charges ▁a ▁bor ro wer ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁l ender ' s ▁money . ▁On ▁the ▁income ▁statement , ▁interest ▁exp ense ▁can ▁represent ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁borrow ing ▁money ▁from ▁banks , ▁bond ▁invest ors , ▁and ▁other ▁sources . ▁ ▁Interest ▁exp ense ▁is ▁different ▁from ▁operating ▁exp ense ▁and ▁C AP EX , ▁for ▁it ▁rel ates ▁to ▁the ▁capital ▁structure ▁of ▁a ▁company , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁usually ▁tax - ded uct ible . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁income ▁statement , ▁interest ▁income |
▁and ▁interest ▁exp ense ▁are ▁reported ▁separately , ▁or ▁sometimes ▁together ▁under ▁either ▁" inter est ▁income ▁- ▁net " ▁( if ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁sur plus ▁in ▁interest ▁income ) ▁or ▁" inter est ▁exp ense ▁- ▁net " ▁( if ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁sur plus ▁in ▁interest ▁exp ense ). ▁ ▁Calcul ation ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁shows ▁the ▁calculation ▁of ▁interest ▁rate . ▁ ▁Take ▁the ▁principal ▁out standing ▁amount ▁on ▁loan ▁during ▁the ▁period . ▁▁ ▁Ident ify ▁the ▁annual ized ▁interest ▁rate . ▁▁ ▁Ident ify ▁the ▁time ▁period , ▁which ▁the ▁interest ▁exp ense ▁would ▁be ▁calculated . ▁ ▁Use ▁the ▁following ▁formula ▁to ▁calculate ▁the ▁interest ▁exp ense . ▁ ▁Princi pal ▁x ▁Interest ▁R ate ▁x ▁Time ▁period ▁= ▁Interest ▁exp ense ▁ ▁Once ▁interest ▁exp ense ▁is ▁calculated , ▁it ▁is ▁usually ▁recorded ▁as ▁acc ru ed ▁li abilities ▁by ▁the ▁bor ro wer . ▁The ▁entry ▁would ▁be ▁deb it ▁to ▁interest ▁exp ense ▁and ▁credit ▁to ▁acc ru ed ▁li ability . ▁The ▁credit ▁sh ifts ▁to ▁the ▁accounts ▁pay able ▁account ▁when ▁the ▁l ender ▁sends ▁an ▁in voice ▁for ▁the ▁exp ense . ▁Finally , ▁you ▁deb it ▁to ▁accounts ▁pay able ▁and ▁credit ▁to ▁c ash ▁when ▁the ▁interest ▁exp ense ▁is ▁paid . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Fre ight ▁exp ense ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Exp ense ▁Category : Exp ense <0x0A> </s> ▁F icus ▁s phen oph yl la ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁Fig ▁tree ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Mor aceae |
. ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Boliv ia , ▁Brazil , ▁Colombia , ▁and ▁Peru . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁s phen oph yl la ▁Category : Le ast ▁concern ▁plants ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Bud hy ▁Mun aw ar - R ach man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indones ian ▁progress ive ▁Islam ic ▁scholar . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁lect urer ▁of ▁Islam ic ▁studies ▁at ▁Param ad ina ▁University ▁and ▁an ▁editor ▁of ▁Islam ic ▁journal ▁Ul um mul ▁Q ur ' an . ▁He ▁is ▁influenced ▁highly ▁by ▁the ▁ren owned ▁Indones ian ▁Islam ic ▁scholar ▁N urch ol ish ▁Mad j id ▁and ▁considered ▁as ▁the ▁successor ▁of ▁Mad j id ' s ▁str and ▁of ▁progress ive ▁Islam ic ▁thoughts , ▁namely ▁Islam ic ▁ne o - mod ern ism . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Mun aw ar - R ach man ▁received ▁the ▁higher ▁education ▁at ▁ST F ▁D ri y ark ara , ▁major ing ▁in ▁philosophy . ▁ST F ▁is ▁an ▁ac ron ym ▁for ▁Indones ian ▁High er ▁School ▁for ▁Entre pr ene ur ship , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁unique ▁type ▁of ▁higher ▁educational ▁institution ▁which ▁offers ▁no ▁degrees ▁or ▁qual ifications . ▁It ▁is ▁considered ▁that ▁this ▁un common ▁educational ▁background ▁equ ipped ▁him ▁a ▁distinct ▁perspective ▁in ▁his ▁intellectual ▁out look . ▁ ▁Career ▁Mun aw ar - R ach man ▁served ▁in ▁multiple ▁positions , ▁including ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Center |
▁for ▁Islam ic ▁Studies ▁at ▁Param ad ina ▁University ▁for ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁for ▁Relig ious ▁Studies ▁and ▁Philosoph y ▁( LS AF ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁Project ▁for ▁Pl ural ism ▁and ▁Relig ious ▁Tol er ance , ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁Spirit ual ity ▁and ▁Le ad ership ▁( CS L ) ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Currently , ▁he ▁works ▁at ▁the ▁Program ▁Officer ▁of ▁Islam ▁and ▁Development ▁at ▁The ▁Asia ▁Foundation , ▁aside ▁from ▁his ▁professor ship ▁at ▁Param ad ina ▁University . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁N urch ol ish ▁Mad j id ▁Society ▁( NC MS ). ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁author ed ▁more ▁than ▁fifty ▁publications , ▁including ▁Islam ▁Pl ural is ▁( Pl ural ist ▁Islam , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁F i q ih ▁L int as ▁Ag ama ▁( Inter rel ig ious ▁F i q h , ▁co - author , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁and ▁M emb aca ▁N urch ol ish ▁Mad j id ▁( Read ing ▁N urch ol ish ▁Mad j id , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ). ▁He ▁also ▁has ▁experience ▁on ▁editing ▁multiple ▁en cyc loped ias ▁related ▁to ▁Islam , ▁namely ▁Ens ik lop edi ▁N urch ol ish ▁Mad j id |
▁( En cyc lopedia ▁of ▁N urch ol ish ▁Mad j id , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ). ▁ ▁View s ▁While ▁Mun aw ar - R ach man ▁succeed s ▁Mad j id ' s ▁position ▁on ▁progress ive ▁Islam , ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁ground ed ▁on ▁Islam ic ▁orth odox y ▁and ▁highly ▁regard ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁fi q h ▁study . ▁He ▁is ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Muslim ▁intellect uals ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁see ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁P anc as ila ▁ide ology ▁and ▁Islam , ▁and ▁seeking ▁to ▁elev ate ▁the ▁disc ourse ▁regarding ▁Islam ▁to ▁more ▁substant ive ▁eth ical ▁level . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁inspired ▁by ▁Har un ▁Nas ution ' s ▁ne o - M ut az il ite ▁thought , ▁leading ▁to ▁his ▁view ▁on ▁the ▁rational ization ▁of ▁religion . ▁He ▁co ined ▁the ▁term ▁' progress ive ▁Muslim ▁intellect uals ' ▁within ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁Indones ian ▁Islam ic ▁intellectual ▁landscape , ▁which ▁aim ed ▁at ▁trans c ending ▁the ▁more ▁conventional ▁traditional ist - mod ern ist ▁dich ot omy . ▁' Progress ive ▁Muslim ▁intellect uals ' ▁in ▁his ▁definition ▁is ▁broad ly ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁Muslim ▁intellect uals ▁who ▁opposed ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁fat wa ▁against ▁pl ural ism , ▁liberal ism , ▁and ▁sec ular ism ▁by ▁Indones ian ▁U le ma ▁Council ▁( M UI ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 th - |
century ▁Muslim ▁sch ol ars ▁of ▁Islam ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁Muslim s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Liga ▁Sem i - Pro ▁Div is yen ▁ 1 ▁season ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁of ▁Liga ▁Sem i - Pro ▁Div is yen ▁ 1 . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁teams ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁Neg eri ▁S emb il an ▁and ▁Sar aw ak ▁were ▁promoted ▁from ▁Liga ▁Sem i - Pro ▁Div is yen ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁new ▁format , ▁only ▁the ▁top ▁six ▁teams ▁in ▁Div is yen ▁ 1 ▁and ▁the ▁Div is yen ▁ 2 ▁champions ▁and ▁run ners - up ▁will ▁be ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Malays ia ▁Cup . ▁Malays ia ▁Cup ▁was ▁played ▁from ▁the ▁quarter - final ▁stage , ▁scheduled ▁for ▁November ▁after ▁the ▁league ▁was ▁finished . ▁The ▁Malays ia ▁Cup ▁quarter - final ▁and ▁semi - final ▁matches ▁will ▁be ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁home ▁and ▁away ▁basis . ▁ ▁The ▁season ▁k icked ▁off ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁P ah ang ▁ended ▁up ▁the ▁season ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁title . ▁ ▁Teams ▁ 1 0 ▁teams ▁compet ing ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁of ▁Liga ▁Sem i - Pro ▁Div is yen ▁ 1 . ▁▁ ▁P ah ang ▁( 1 9 9 2 ▁Liga ▁Sem i - Pro ▁Div is yen ▁ 1 ▁champions ) ▁ ▁Ter eng gan u ▁ |
▁Neg eri ▁S emb il an ▁ ▁Sar aw ak ▁ ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁ ▁Per ak ▁ ▁Joh or ▁ ▁Sab ah ▁( 1 9 9 2 ▁M SP FL ▁re leg ation ▁play - off ) ▁ ▁Singapore ▁( 1 9 9 2 ▁M SP FL ▁re leg ation ) ▁ ▁Sel ang or ▁( 1 9 9 2 ▁M SP FL ▁re leg ation ) ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iga ▁Sem i - Pro ▁Div is yen ▁ 1 ▁seasons ▁ 1 ▁Malays ia <0x0A> </s> ▁t oms rt bt ▁( pr on ounced : ▁Tom ' s ▁Root ▁Boot ) ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁Linux ▁distribution . ▁It ▁is ▁short ▁for ▁" Tom ' s ▁flo ppy ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁root ▁filesystem ▁and ▁is ▁also ▁boot able ." ▁Its ▁author , ▁Tom ▁O eh ser , ▁tout s ▁it ▁as ▁" The ▁most ▁GNU / Linux ▁on ▁one ▁flo ppy ▁disk ", ▁containing ▁many ▁common ▁Linux ▁command - line ▁tools ▁useful ▁for ▁system ▁recovery ▁( Linux ▁and ▁other ▁operating ▁systems .) ▁It ▁also ▁features ▁drivers ▁for ▁many ▁types ▁of ▁hardware , ▁and ▁network ▁connect ivity . ▁ ▁It ▁could ▁be ▁created ▁from ▁within ▁Linux ▁or ▁earlier ▁versions ▁of ▁Windows ▁running ▁in ▁MS - D OS ▁mode , ▁either ▁by ▁formatting ▁a ▁standard ▁ 1 . 4 4 MB ▁flo ppy ▁disk ▁as ▁a ▁higher ▁density ▁ 1 . 7 2 2 MB ▁disk ▁and ▁writing ▁the ▁t oms rt bt ▁image ▁to |
▁the ▁disk , ▁or ▁by ▁burning ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁boot able ▁CD . ▁It ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁reading ▁and ▁writing ▁the ▁filesystem s ▁of ▁many ▁operating ▁systems ▁of ▁its ▁era , ▁including ▁ext 2 / ext 3 ▁( used ▁in ▁Linux ), ▁F AT ▁( used ▁by ▁D OS ▁and ▁Windows ), ▁N TF S ▁( used ▁in ▁Windows ▁N T , ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁and ▁XP ) ▁and ▁Min ix ▁( used ▁by ▁the ▁Min ix ▁operating ▁system ). ▁ ▁Windows ▁N T ▁and ▁most ▁later ▁versions ▁of ▁Windows , ▁including ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁XP , ▁and ▁V ista , ▁cannot ▁create ▁a ▁t oms rt bt ▁flo ppy ▁as ▁their ▁flo ppy ▁driver ▁does ▁not ▁allow ▁the ▁extended ▁format . ▁ ▁A ▁few ▁of ▁the ▁util ities ▁on ▁t oms rt bt ▁are ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁Lu a ▁programming ▁language , ▁and ▁many ▁more ▁use ▁Bus y Box . ▁ ▁Space ▁saving ▁compiler ▁options ▁were ▁used ▁throughout , ▁the ▁kernel ▁was ▁patch ed ▁to ▁support ▁loading ▁an ▁image ▁com pressed ▁with ▁B zip 2 , ▁and ▁in ▁many ▁cases ▁older ▁or ▁alternate ▁versions ▁of ▁programs ▁were ▁selected ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁smaller ▁size . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Light weight ▁Linux ▁distribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁t oms rt bt ▁home page ▁ ▁t oms rt bt ▁w iki ▁— ▁with ▁How - To - style ▁gu ides ▁of ▁some ▁practical ▁uses ▁of ▁t oms rt bt . ▁ ▁Category : Light - weight |
▁Linux ▁distributions ▁Category : F lo ppy ▁disk - based ▁operating ▁systems ▁Category : L ua - script ed ▁software <0x0A> </s> ▁B elf ast ▁Boys ' ▁Model ▁School ▁( former ly ▁B elf ast ▁Model ▁School ▁or ▁B elf ast ▁District ▁Model ▁School ) ▁is ▁a ▁boys ▁only ▁secondary ▁school ▁in ▁B elf ast , ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁During ▁its ▁long ▁history , ▁the ▁B elf ast ▁Model ▁School ▁has ▁been ▁located ▁on ▁three ▁sites : ▁ ▁Div is ▁Street ▁ 1 8 5 7 – 1 9 2 2 ▁ ▁Cl if ton ville ▁Road ▁ 1 9 2 2 – 1 9 5 4 ▁ ▁B ally s ill an ▁Road ▁( bo ys ) ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁ ▁Building ▁of ▁the ▁B elf ast ▁District ▁Model ▁School ▁began ▁in ▁Div is ▁Street ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 4 , ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 - acre ▁tract ▁of ▁land ▁le ased ▁by ▁the ▁Commission ers ▁of ▁Education ▁in ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁ 1 8 5 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁" model " ▁for ▁all ▁other ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁district , ▁and ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁of ▁its ▁kind . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁Prof . ▁John ▁Perry , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Institution ▁of ▁Elect rical ▁Engine ers , ▁highlight ed ▁the ▁B elf ast ▁Model ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁to ▁be ▁followed ▁in ▁a |
▁proposed ▁reform ▁of ▁technical ▁education ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁During ▁ri ots ▁and ▁ar son ▁attacks ▁surrounding ▁the ▁consideration ▁of ▁the ▁Ang lo - I r ish ▁Tre aty ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁the ▁Div is ▁Street ▁prem ises ▁were ▁burn ed ▁down . ▁Prem ises ▁were ▁purchased ▁in ▁Cl if ton ville ▁Road ▁and ▁classes ▁res umed ▁in ▁Cl if ton ville ▁L odge , ▁until ▁a ▁new ▁building ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁The ▁B elf ast ▁Model ▁remained ▁on ▁Cl if ton ville ▁Road ▁until ▁implementation ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁of ▁the ▁Tri part ite ▁System , ▁under ▁the ▁Education ▁Act ▁( N or thern ▁Ireland ) ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁caused ▁the ▁school ▁to ▁split ▁into ▁separate ▁boys ' ▁and ▁girls ' ▁schools . ▁The ▁B elf ast ▁Boys ' ▁Model ▁School ▁began ▁operations ▁in ▁B ally s ill an ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁while ▁the ▁Cl if ton ville ▁Road ▁prem ises ▁became ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁present - day ▁Cl if ton ville ▁Integr ated ▁Primary ▁School . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁B elf ast ▁Model ▁School ▁for ▁Girls ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁B elf ast ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Second ary ▁schools ▁in ▁B elf ast ▁Category : Bo ys ' ▁schools ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 |
▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ireland <0x0A> </s> ▁S agar ika ▁G om es ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁new sc aster ▁and ▁artist . ▁An ▁asp iring ▁art iest , ▁she ▁worked ▁for ▁R up av ah ini ▁Corporation , ▁the ▁state ▁run ▁television ▁channel . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 1 9 8 9 ▁J VP ▁ins urre ction , ▁employees ▁of ▁the ▁R up av ah ini ▁Corporation ▁and ▁the ▁Independent ▁Television ▁Network ▁were ▁ordered ▁by ▁an ▁off sh oot ▁of ▁the ▁Jan ath a ▁V im uk th i ▁Per am una ▁( J VP ), ▁the ▁Patri otic ▁Liber ation ▁Organ ization ▁( Des h ap rem i ▁Jan ath a ▁Vi y ap ar aya ) ▁led ▁by ▁Sam an ▁Pi y asi ri ▁Fernando ▁to ▁susp end ▁news ▁casting . ▁Under ▁threat , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁new sc aster s ▁refused ▁to ▁present ▁the ▁evening ▁news . ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Information , ▁A . ▁J . ▁Ran asing he ▁approach ▁S agar ika ▁G om es ▁to ▁undert ake ▁present ing ▁the ▁evening ▁news . ▁She ▁accepted ▁and ▁under to ok ▁the ▁evening ▁news . ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁she ▁was ▁kid n apped ▁from ▁her ▁home ▁by ▁an ▁ ▁group ▁of ▁armed ▁men . ▁She ▁was ▁then ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁beach , ▁ra ped ▁and ▁killed . ▁He ▁mur ders ▁were ▁ever ▁identified , ▁and ▁the ▁J VP ▁had ▁been ▁bl amed ▁for ▁it |
. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Ass ass in ated ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁journal ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁murder ed ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : S ri ▁L ank an ▁murder ▁vict ims ▁Category : G ang ▁ra pe ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : De ath s ▁by ▁fire arm ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : S ri ▁L ank an ▁journal ists ▁Category : K id n apped ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁people ▁Category : S in hal ese ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Mal ony l - S - AC P ▁dec ar box yl ase ▁( , ▁mal ony l - S - ac yl - car rier ▁protein ▁dec ar box yl ase , ▁M dc D / M dc E , ▁M dc D , E ) ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁with ▁system atic ▁name ▁mal ony l -( ac yl - car rier - prote in ) ▁car box y - ly ase . ▁This ▁en zym e ▁catal ys es ▁the ▁following ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁▁ ▁a ▁mal ony l - [ ac yl - car rier ▁protein ] ▁+ ▁H + ▁ ▁an ▁ac et yl - [ ac yl - car rier ▁protein ] ▁+ ▁CO 2 ▁ ▁This ▁en zym e ▁compr ises ▁the ▁beta ▁and ▁g amma ▁sub un its ▁of ▁the ▁en zym e ▁EC ▁ 4 . 1 . 1 . 8 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ |
▁Category : EC ▁ 4 . 1 . 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁MP B ▁can ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Mar itime ▁and ▁Port ▁Bureau , ▁a ▁b ureau ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁ ▁Media ▁Prima ▁Ber had , ▁a ▁Malays ian ▁media ▁corpor ation ▁ ▁M ús ica ▁popular ▁brasile ira , ▁Brazil ian ▁popular ▁music ▁ ▁Male ▁pattern ▁bald ness ▁ ▁Month ly ▁Play boy , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁edition ▁of ▁Play boy ▁magazine ▁ ▁Mountain ▁p ine ▁be et le , ▁a ▁b ark be et le ▁in ▁the ▁USA ▁and ▁Canada ▁ ▁Mississippi ▁Public ▁Broadcast ing , ▁the ▁public ▁broadcast ing ▁network ▁of ▁Mississippi , ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Most ▁P reci ous ▁Blood ▁( band ), ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁hard core ▁band ▁ ▁Marg inal ▁private ▁benefit , ▁an ▁economic ▁term ▁in ▁external ity ▁theory ▁ ▁My elin ▁basic ▁protein , ▁an ▁ant ib ody ▁tested ▁for ▁imp licated ▁in ▁Multiple ▁s cl eros is ▁ ▁Mor ph otrop ic ▁Ph ase ▁B ound ary , ▁a ▁zone ▁e . g . ▁found ▁in ▁P Z T ▁cer am ics ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁MP B 4 , ▁a ▁vocal ▁and ▁instrument al ▁Brazil ian ▁group <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁Belg ium ▁the ▁standard ▁time ▁is ▁Central ▁European ▁Time ▁( UTC + 0 1 : 0 0 ). ▁Belg ium ▁obser ves ▁Summer ▁Time ▁( day light ▁saving ▁time ) ▁from ▁the ▁last ▁Sunday ▁in ▁March ▁( 0 2 : 0 0 ▁C ET ) ▁to ▁the ▁last ▁Sunday ▁in ▁October ▁( 0 3 |
: 0 0 ▁CE ST ). ▁The ▁transition ▁dates ▁are ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁for ▁other ▁European ▁countries . ▁ ▁Leg al ▁basis ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁legal ▁basis ▁for ▁standard ▁time ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁is ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁" int rodu cing ▁Co ordin ated ▁Universal ▁Time ▁( UTC ) ▁as ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁legal ▁time ▁in ▁Belg ium " ▁( Bel g ian ▁official ▁journal , ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 ). ▁Article ▁ 2 ▁of ▁this ▁law ▁states ▁that ▁the ▁legal ▁time ▁is ▁UTC ▁+ 6 0 ▁minutes ▁during ▁Winter ▁Time ▁and ▁UTC ▁+ 1 2 0 ▁minutes ▁during ▁Summer ▁Time . ▁The ▁new ▁law ▁abol ishes ▁the ▁previous ▁law ▁of ▁ 2 9 ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁un ifying ▁time ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁and ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁am ending ▁it . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁time ▁zones ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁Trib al ▁Th under ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁by ▁sur f ▁guitar ist ▁Dick ▁D ale , ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁It ▁was ▁his ▁first ▁album ▁of ▁new ▁material ▁in ▁almost ▁three ▁dec ades . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁All ▁tracks ▁composed ▁by ▁Dick ▁D ale ; ▁except ▁where ▁indicated ▁" N it ro " ▁– ▁ 3 : 1 9 ▁" The ▁New ▁Victor " ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 8 ▁" Es per anza " ▁– ▁ 3 : |
5 2 ▁" Sh red ded ▁He at " ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 5 ▁" Tra il ▁of ▁T ears " ▁– ▁ 4 : 5 2 ▁" Car avan " ▁( D u ke ▁Ell ington , ▁Juan ▁T iz ol ) – ▁ 4 : 4 7 ▁" The ▁El imin ator " ▁– ▁ 2 : 2 5 ▁" Spe ard ance " ▁– ▁ 5 : 3 7 ▁" Hot ▁Link s : ▁C ater p ill ar ▁C raw l / R umble " ▁( Jo el ▁Scott ▁Hill , ▁Ron ▁Lyn ch / Link ▁W ray , ▁Mark ▁Grant ) – ▁ 5 : 5 9 ▁" The ▁Long ▁R ide " ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 7 ▁" T rib al ▁Th under " ▁– ▁ 6 : 2 1 ▁" M is irl ou " ▁( ac oust ic ▁version , ▁un l abeled ▁on ▁CD ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 2 9 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Dick ▁D ale ▁- ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁ ▁Ron ▁E gl it ▁- ▁bass ▁guitar ▁on ▁" N it ro ", ▁" Es per anza ", ▁" Tra il ▁of ▁T ears ", ▁" Car avan ", ▁" Spe ard ance ", ▁" Hot ▁Link s " ▁and ▁" The ▁Long ▁R ide " ▁ ▁Row land ▁Sal ley ▁- ▁bass ▁guitar ▁on ▁" The ▁New ▁Victor ", ▁" Sh red ded ▁He at ", ▁" The ▁El imin ator " ▁and ▁" T rib al ▁Th |
under " ▁ ▁Scott ▁Mat he ws ▁- ▁drums , ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Pra irie ▁Prince ▁- ▁drums , ▁per cussion ▁ ▁The ▁Tri be ▁( Sc ott , ▁Pra irie , ▁Kol le en , ▁Dick , ▁J ill ▁and ▁For rest ) ▁- ▁ch ants ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁albums ▁Category : D ick ▁D ale ▁albums ▁Category : High T one ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁is ▁a ▁business ▁method ology ▁that ▁a ims ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁new ▁way ▁to ▁think ▁about ▁how ▁to ▁organ ize ▁human ▁activities ▁to ▁deliver ▁more ▁benefits ▁to ▁society ▁and ▁value ▁to ▁individuals ▁while ▁elimin ating ▁waste . ▁The ▁term ▁“ lean ▁thinking ” ▁was ▁co ined ▁by ▁James ▁P . ▁W om ack ▁and ▁Daniel ▁T . ▁Jones ▁to ▁capture ▁the ▁ess ence ▁of ▁their ▁in - depth ▁study ▁of ▁Toy ota ' s ▁f abled ▁Toy ota ▁Production ▁System . ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁is ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁thinking ▁about ▁an ▁activity ▁and ▁seeing ▁the ▁waste ▁in ad vert ently ▁generated ▁by ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁process ▁is ▁organized . ▁It ▁uses ▁the ▁concepts ▁of : ▁▁ ▁Value ▁ ▁Value ▁streams ▁ ▁Flow ▁ ▁The ▁aim ▁of ▁lean ▁thinking ▁is ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁lean ▁enter prise , ▁one ▁that ▁sust ains ▁growth ▁by ▁align ing ▁customer ▁satisfaction ▁with ▁employee ▁satisfaction , ▁and ▁that ▁offers ▁innov ative ▁products ▁or ▁services ▁profit ably ▁while ▁minim izing ▁unnecessary ▁over - cost s ▁to ▁customers , ▁supp liers ▁and ▁the ▁environment . |
▁The ▁basic ▁insight ▁of ▁lean ▁thinking ▁is ▁that ▁if ▁you ▁train ▁every ▁person ▁to ▁identify ▁was ted ▁time ▁and ▁effort ▁in ▁their ▁own ▁job ▁and ▁to ▁better ▁work ▁together ▁to ▁improve ▁processes ▁by ▁elimin ating ▁such ▁waste , ▁the ▁resulting ▁enter prise ▁will ▁deliver ▁more ▁value ▁at ▁less ▁exp ense ▁while ▁developing ▁every ▁employee ' s ▁confidence , ▁compet ence ▁and ▁ability ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁others . ▁ ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁lean ▁thinking ▁gained ▁popular ity ▁in ▁the ▁business ▁world ▁and ▁has ▁evol ved ▁in ▁two ▁different ▁directions : ▁▁ ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁converts ▁who ▁keep ▁seeking ▁to ▁understand ▁how ▁to ▁seek ▁dynamic ▁g ains ▁rather ▁than ▁static ▁effic ien cies . ▁For ▁this ▁group ▁of ▁think ers , ▁lean ▁thinking ▁continu ously ▁evol ves ▁as ▁they ▁seek ▁to ▁better ▁understand ▁the ▁possibilities ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁opened ▁up ▁by ▁Toy ota ▁and ▁have ▁grasp ed ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁continuous ▁improvement ▁is ▁continuous ▁improvement . ▁Le an ▁thinking ▁as ▁such ▁is ▁a ▁movement ▁of ▁pract ition ers ▁and ▁writers ▁who ▁experiment ▁and ▁learn ▁in ▁different ▁indust ries ▁and ▁conditions , ▁to ▁lean ▁think ▁any ▁new ▁activity . ▁ ▁Le an ▁manufact uring ▁ade pts ▁who ▁have ▁interpreted ▁the ▁term ▁“ lean ” ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁oper ational ▁excell ence ▁and ▁have ▁turned ▁to ▁company ▁programs ▁aim ed ▁at ▁taking ▁costs ▁out ▁of ▁processes . ▁Le an ▁activities ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁improve ▁processes ▁without ▁ever ▁challeng ing ▁the ▁underlying ▁thinking , ▁with ▁powerful ▁low - h anging ▁fruit ▁results ▁but ▁little |
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