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7 ) ▁ ▁Bav arian ▁Military ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁ 4 th ▁class ▁with ▁S words ▁( 1 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 8 ) ▁& ▁Command ers ▁Cross ▁( 1 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁ ▁Hon our ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁War ▁ 1 9 1 4 / 1 9 1 8 ▁( 1 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁We hr macht ▁Long ▁Service ▁Award , ▁ 4 th ▁class ▁with ▁ 1 st ▁class ▁( 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁Dec oration , ▁ 1 st ▁class ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Cl asp ▁to ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁ 2 nd ▁class ▁( 2 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁& ▁ 1 st ▁class ▁( 1 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Dest roy er ▁War ▁Bad ge ▁( 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Nar vik ▁Sh ield ▁( 2 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁Knight ' s ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross ▁with ▁Oak ▁Le aves ▁and ▁S words ▁Knight ' s ▁Cross ▁as ▁Gener alle ut nant ▁and ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 . ▁Geb ir gs - Div ision ▁( 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ 1 st ▁Oak ▁Le aves ▁as ▁Gener alle ut nant ▁and ▁command ing ▁general ▁of ▁the ▁Geb ir gs - K or |
ps ▁Nor w egen ▁( 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁S words ▁as ▁General ober st ▁and ▁commander ▁in ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 . ▁Geb ir gs - Ar mee ▁( 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁post hum ously ) ▁ ▁Pil ot / Observer ▁Bad ge ▁in ▁Gold ▁with ▁Diam onds ( 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it , ▁Commander ' s ▁Cross ▁with ▁carry ▁permit ▁( Ch ile ; ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁Rose , ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁with ▁Bre ast ▁Star ▁and ▁S words ▁( Fin land ; ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁of ▁Liber ty ▁ 1 st ▁class ▁with ▁Star , ▁Oak ▁leaves ▁and ▁S words ▁( 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁& ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁( Fin land ; ▁ 2 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁References ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁L unde , ▁Hen rik ▁O . ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁Finland ' s ▁War ▁of ▁Cho ice . ▁Cas em ate ▁Publish ers , ▁. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bad ▁A ib ling ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁personnel ▁of ▁Bav aria ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁the |
▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Bav aria ▁Category : Col onel ▁gener als ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Army ▁( We hr macht ) ▁Category : G erman ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : G erman ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁pil ots ▁Category : G eb ir gs j äger ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : G erman ▁military ▁personnel ▁killed ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : N az is ▁who ▁served ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Knight ' s ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross ▁with ▁Oak ▁Le aves ▁and ▁S words ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁of ▁Liber ty , ▁ 1 st ▁Class ▁with ▁a ▁Star ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁cl asp ▁to ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross , ▁ 1 st ▁class ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Blood ▁Order ▁Category : Gr and ▁Cross es ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁of ▁Liber ty ▁Category : V ict ims ▁of ▁av iation ▁acc idents ▁or ▁inc idents ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Fre ikor ps ▁personnel ▁Category : Re ich s wehr ▁personnel <0x0A> </s> ▁Win field ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁Put nam ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 , 3 0 1 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁county ▁seat ▁of ▁Put nam ▁County . ▁ ▁Win field ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Hun ting ton - A sh land , |
▁W V - K Y - OH , ▁Metropolitan ▁Statist ical ▁Area ▁( MS A ). ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁M SA ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 8 7 , 7 0 2 . ▁New ▁definitions ▁from ▁February ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁placed ▁the ▁population ▁at ▁ 3 6 3 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁Win field ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁a ▁ ▁tract ▁of ▁land ▁owned ▁by ▁Charles ▁Brown . ▁He ▁established ▁a ▁fer ry ▁across ▁the ▁river ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 . ▁The ▁first ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁court ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Tal ley rand ▁P . ▁Brown , ▁in ▁Win field , ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 4 8 . ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁and ▁named ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁Win field ▁Scott , ▁the ▁command ing ▁general ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁Mexican – American ▁War . ▁ ▁The ▁James ▁W . ▁H oge ▁House , ▁Put nam ▁County ▁Cour th ouse , ▁and ▁Win field ▁T oll ▁Bridge ▁are ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Win field ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ ▁( 3 8 . 5 3 4 4 5 5 , ▁- 8 1 . 8 9 2 2 0 6 ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United |
▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which , ▁ ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 , 3 0 1 ▁people , ▁ 9 2 0 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 6 6 0 ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁. ▁There ▁were ▁ 9 6 7 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁ 9 5 . 2 % ▁White , ▁ 1 . 2 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 7 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 7 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 1 . 8 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 1 . 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 9 2 0 ▁households ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 5 . 8 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 6 . 0 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 0 . 9 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁ 4 . 9 % ▁had ▁a ▁male ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁wife ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 8 . 3 % ▁were ▁non - |
famil ies . ▁ 2 4 . 1 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 8 . 8 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 5 0 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 9 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁ 4 0 . 2 ▁years . ▁ 2 6 % ▁of ▁residents ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ; ▁ 6 . 5 % ▁were ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ; ▁ 2 5 . 2 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 ; ▁ 3 1 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 ; ▁and ▁ 1 1 . 3 % ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁gender ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁ 4 8 . 2 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 5 1 . 8 % ▁female . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 , 8 5 8 ▁people , ▁ 7 3 6 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 5 6 3 ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 6 9 4 . 6 ▁inhabitants ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 2 6 8 . 7 / km ²). ▁There ▁were ▁ 7 7 7 ▁housing |
▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 2 9 0 . 5 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 1 2 . 4 / km ²). ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁ 9 9 . 1 9 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 2 2 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 2 7 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 2 2 % ▁Asian , ▁and ▁ 0 . 1 1 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 0 . 4 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 7 3 6 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 9 . 0 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 6 5 . 1 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 9 . 5 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 3 . 5 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 0 . 8 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 7 . 3 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 5 2 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 9 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁town , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 5 . 8 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 |
, ▁ 6 . 0 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 3 2 . 2 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 5 . 9 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 0 . 1 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 8 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 0 . 2 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 6 . 7 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁$ 5 1 , 0 2 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 5 9 , 1 9 6 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 4 3 , 8 8 5 ▁versus ▁$ 2 9 , 6 6 7 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁$ 2 3 , 5 6 4 . ▁About ▁ 4 . 5 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 4 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 1 . 9 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 5 . 2 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Notable ▁residents ▁ ▁Jim ▁L ett ▁- ▁Form er ▁Major ▁League |
▁Baseball ▁Player ▁ ▁Michael ▁Bar ber ▁- ▁Form er ▁NFL ▁Player . ▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁F amer ▁ ▁Education ▁Put nam ▁County ▁School s ▁serves ▁the ▁city . ▁Win field ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁Win field ▁Middle ▁School ▁are ▁both ▁located ▁along ▁Win field ▁Road ▁and ▁feature ▁a ▁General ▁as ▁their ▁mas cot . ▁Win field ▁Element ary ▁School ▁is ▁located ▁just ▁off ▁of ▁Win field ▁Road , ▁on ▁Wall ▁Street . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Town ▁website ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Put nam ▁County , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁on ▁the ▁K ana wh a ▁River ▁Category : Count y ▁seats ▁in ▁West ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁Vol od ym yr ▁P lish ka ▁( born ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁footballer ▁playing ▁with ▁FC ▁V ork uta ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁ ▁P lish ka ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁with ▁Ny va ▁T ern op il ▁in ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁Second ▁League . ▁He ▁briefly ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁amateur ▁le agues ▁with ▁FC ▁Ag rib us iness ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁following ▁the ▁season ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Second ▁League ▁to ▁T ern op il , ▁and ▁had ▁st ints ▁with ▁FC ▁Dynam o ▁K hm el ny t sky i , ▁and ▁FC ▁Ener hi ya ▁Nova ▁K akh ov ka . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , |
▁he ▁played ▁abroad ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Soccer ▁League ▁with ▁Toronto ▁At omic ▁FC . In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Division ▁with ▁FC ▁V ork uta ▁B . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁football ers ▁Category : FC ▁Ny va ▁T ern op il ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Dynam o ▁K hm el ny t sky i ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ener hi ya ▁Nova ▁K akh ov ka ▁players ▁Category : T or onto ▁At omic ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 2 0 0 6 – present ) ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : FC ▁V ork uta ▁players ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁s occer ▁players ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁Second ▁League ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Out N eb r aska ▁is ▁a ▁Neb r aska ▁state wide ▁L GB T Q ▁advoc acy , ▁lo bb ying , ▁and ▁community ▁organization . ▁ ▁History ▁A ▁Lincoln ▁L GB T Q ▁community ▁organization ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁as ▁Out lin c ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁It ▁expanded ▁to ▁a ▁state wide ▁organization ▁and ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Out N eb r aska ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . |
▁ ▁Community ▁events ▁ ▁Pra irie ▁P ride ▁Film ▁Festival ▁ ▁Out N eb r aska ▁spons ors ▁the ▁Pra irie ▁P ride ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁which ▁has ▁brought ▁independent ▁films ▁on ▁L GB T Q ▁them es ▁to ▁Neb r aska ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Let ' s ▁Go ▁Bird ing ▁T ogether ▁Out N eb r aska ▁hosts ▁bird watch ing ▁events ▁in ▁warm ▁weather ▁months . ▁Let ' s ▁Go ▁Bird ing ▁T ogether ▁(" L GB T ") ▁events ▁are ▁a ▁partners hip ▁with ▁Spring ▁Creek ▁Pra irie ▁Aud ub on ▁Center . ▁ ▁Adv oc acy ▁and ▁organ izing ▁ ▁Out N eb r aska ▁opposed ▁Neb r aska ' s ▁prohib ition ▁on ▁same - sex ▁marriage . ▁ ▁Out N eb r aska ▁has ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁a ▁state ▁law ▁protect ing ▁L GB T ▁people ▁from ▁employ ment ▁and ▁housing ▁disc rim ination , ▁express ing ▁ske ptic ism ▁that ▁city - level ▁laws ▁are ▁compreh ensive ▁enough . ▁ ▁Out N eb r aska ▁joined ▁the ▁A CL U ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁providing ▁training ▁to ▁help ▁poll ▁workers ▁identify ▁trans gender ▁and ▁gender ▁non con form ing ▁Neb r aska ▁vot ers . ▁ ▁Part ners hips ▁ ▁Out N eb r aska ▁is ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Equ ality ▁Federation ▁and ▁the ▁Community ▁Services ▁Fund ▁of ▁Neb r aska . ▁ ▁In ▁expand ing ▁from ▁Lincoln ▁into ▁a ▁state wide ▁organization , ▁Out N eb |
r aska ▁partner ed ▁with ▁Pan handle ▁Equ ality , ▁an ▁advoc acy ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁Neb r aska ▁Pan handle . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁L GB T ▁rights ▁in ▁Neb r aska ▁ ▁P ROM O ▁ ▁One ▁Iowa ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Out N eb r aska ▁website ▁ ▁Out N eb r aska ▁Twitter ▁ ▁Category : Equ ality ▁Federation ▁Category : Organ izations ▁that ▁support ▁same - sex ▁marriage <0x0A> </s> ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁of ▁Lu ▁( , ▁died ▁ 6 9 4 ▁BC ) ▁was ▁from ▁ 7 1 1 ▁to ▁ 6 9 4 ▁BC ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁r uler ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Lu ▁during ▁the ▁Spring ▁and ▁Aut umn ▁period ▁of ▁ancient ▁China . ▁ ▁His ▁ancest ral ▁name ▁was ▁Ji ▁( <0xE5> <0xA7> <0xAC> ), ▁given ▁name ▁Y un ▁( <0xE5> <0x85> <0x81> ) ▁or ▁G ui ▁( <0xE8> <0xBB> <0x8C> ), ▁and ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁was ▁his ▁post hum ous ▁title . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Duke ▁H ui ▁of ▁Lu ▁and ▁his ▁main ▁wife ▁Zh ong ▁Z i ▁( <0xE4> <0xBB> <0xB2> 子 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁Duke ▁Wu ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Song . ▁ ▁Duke ▁H ui ▁also ▁had ▁another ▁son , ▁X igu ▁( l ater ▁Duke ▁Y in ▁of ▁Lu ), ▁whose ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁conc ub ine . ▁ ▁Although ▁X igu ▁was ▁the ▁older ▁son , ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁crown ▁prince ▁ow ing |
▁to ▁the ▁higher ▁status ▁of ▁his ▁mother . ▁ ▁Acc ession ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁In ▁ 7 2 3 ▁BC ▁Duke ▁H ui ▁died ▁after ▁ 4 6 ▁years ▁of ▁reign . ▁ ▁Although ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁was ▁the ▁crown ▁prince , ▁he ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁little ▁boy ▁and ▁his ▁older ▁half - bro ther ▁Duke ▁Y in ▁asc ended ▁the ▁throne ▁with ▁the ▁understanding ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁rule ▁as ▁a ▁reg ent ▁until ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁grew ▁up . ▁ ▁In ▁ 7 1 2 ▁BC , ▁Duke ▁Y in ' s ▁brother ▁Prince ▁H ui ▁suggested ▁that ▁Duke ▁Y in ▁kill ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁and ▁perman ently ▁take ▁the ▁throne , ▁but ▁Duke ▁Y in ▁refused . ▁ ▁Af raid ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁killed ▁if ▁the ▁word ▁le aked ▁out , ▁Prince ▁H ui ▁went ▁to ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁and ▁f als ely ▁accused ▁Duke ▁Y in ▁of ▁planning ▁to ▁kill ▁him , ▁offering ▁to ▁kill ▁Duke ▁Y in ▁first . ▁ ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁agreed . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁month ▁of ▁that ▁year ▁Prince ▁H ui ▁had ▁Duke ▁Y in ▁assass in ated ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁making ▁sacrific ial ▁offer ings , ▁and ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁asc ended ▁the ▁throne ▁as ▁planned . ▁ ▁Re ign ▁In ▁ 7 0 9 ▁BC , ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁married ▁W en ▁Ji ang , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Duke ▁X i ▁of ▁Q i , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁powerful ▁states ▁during ▁the ▁Spring ▁and ▁Aut umn ▁period . ▁ |
▁Three ▁years ▁later , ▁W en ▁Ji ang ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁a ▁boy . ▁ ▁The ▁boy ▁had ▁the ▁same ▁birth day ▁as ▁his ▁father , ▁therefore ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁name ▁T ong , ▁meaning ▁" the ▁same ". ▁ ▁T ong ▁was ▁made ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁of ▁Lu . ▁ ▁In ▁ 6 9 6 ▁BC , ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Zh eng ▁was ▁in ▁tur mo il . ▁ ▁After ▁trying ▁un success fully ▁to ▁kill ▁the ▁powerful ▁minister ▁Z hai ▁Zh ong , ▁Duke ▁Li ▁of ▁Zh eng ▁fled ▁and ▁Z hai ▁installed ▁Duke ▁Li ' s ▁half - bro ther ▁Duke ▁Z ha o ▁of ▁Zh eng ▁on ▁the ▁throne . ▁ ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁of ▁Lu ▁and ▁Duke ▁Z hu ang ▁of ▁Song ▁attacked ▁Zh eng ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁restore ▁Duke ▁Li , ▁but ▁were ▁defeated . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁succession ▁In ▁ 6 9 8 ▁BC ▁W en ▁Ji ang ' s ▁father ▁Duke ▁X i ▁of ▁Q i ▁died ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁Duke ▁X i ang ▁of ▁Q i . ▁ ▁Before ▁her ▁marriage ▁to ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁of ▁Lu , ▁W en ▁Ji ang ▁and ▁her ▁older ▁half - bro ther ▁Duke ▁X i ang ▁had ▁had ▁an ▁inc est uous ▁relationship . ▁ ▁In ▁ 6 9 4 ▁BC , ▁the ▁eigh teenth ▁year ▁of ▁his ▁reign , ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁visited ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Q i ▁with ▁his ▁wife , ▁and ▁Duke ▁X i ang ▁and ▁W en ▁Ji ang |
▁renew ed ▁their ▁sexual ▁l ia ison . ▁ ▁When ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁found ▁out ▁about ▁their ▁relationship , ▁Duke ▁X i ang ▁ordered ▁his ▁half ▁brother ▁Prince ▁P eng sh eng ▁to ▁murder ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁dr unk . ▁ ▁The ▁people ▁of ▁Lu ▁were ▁inc ensed ▁at ▁Duke ▁X i ang ' s ▁crime , ▁but ▁could ▁not ▁do ▁anything ▁because ▁Q i ▁was ▁a ▁stronger ▁state . ▁ ▁To ▁appe ase ▁Lu , ▁Duke ▁X i ang ▁had ▁P eng sh eng ▁executed ▁as ▁a ▁sc ap ego at . ▁ ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁T ong , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁and ▁W en ▁Ji ang , ▁subsequently ▁succeeded ▁his ▁father ▁as ▁r uler ▁of ▁Lu , ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁Duke ▁Z hu ang ▁of ▁Lu . ▁ ▁Other ▁children ▁Besides ▁Duke ▁Z hu ang , ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁and ▁W en ▁Ji ang ▁had ▁two ▁other ▁sons ▁named ▁Sh u ▁Ya ▁and ▁Ji ▁You . ▁ ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁also ▁had ▁an ▁older ▁son ▁named ▁Q ing fu ▁with ▁a ▁conc ub ine . ▁ ▁Q ing fu , ▁Sh u ▁Ya , ▁and ▁Ji ▁You ▁were ▁found ers ▁of ▁three ▁powerful ▁cl ans ▁that ▁later ▁controlled ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁Lu . ▁ ▁T ogether ▁they ▁were ▁called ▁the ▁Three ▁H uan ▁for ▁all ▁being ▁descend ants ▁of ▁Duke ▁H uan . ▁ ▁Ji ▁You ' s ▁line age , ▁called ▁J is un ▁or ▁Ji , ▁eventually ▁formed ▁the ▁spl inter ▁state ▁of |
▁Fe i . ▁ ▁Duke ▁H uan ▁of ▁Lu ' s ▁son ▁through ▁Q ing fu ▁( <0xE6> <0x85> <0xB6> <0xE7> <0x88> <0xB6> ) ▁was ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁Men cius . ▁He ▁was ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Duke ▁Yang ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Lu ▁ <0xE9> <0xAD> <0xAF> <0xE7> <0x85> <0xAC> 公 ▁Duke ▁Yang ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Bo ▁Q in , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Z hou ▁of ▁the ▁Z hou ▁dynast y ▁royal ▁family . ▁The ▁gene al ogy ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Men cius ▁family ▁tree ▁( <0xE5> <0xAD> <0x9F> 子 世 家 大 宗 世 系 ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : Mon arch s ▁of ▁Lu ▁( state ) ▁Category : 8 th - century ▁BC ▁Chinese ▁monarch s ▁Category : 7 th - century ▁BC ▁Chinese ▁monarch s ▁Category : 6 9 4 ▁BC ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Pet al os ▁de ▁Fu ego ▁is ▁Br enda ▁K . ▁St arr ' s ▁sixth ▁studio ▁album . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁on ▁Plat ano ▁records . ▁Fe atures ▁the ▁Top ▁ 2 0 ▁hit ▁title ▁track . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁albums ▁Category : Br enda ▁K . ▁St arr ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Tre vor ▁John ▁Per rett ▁( born ▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁in ▁King aro y , ▁Queensland ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Australian |
▁politician . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Queensland ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁representing ▁the ▁elect or ate ▁of ▁Bar amb ah . ▁Per rett ▁was ▁elected ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Bar amb ah ▁state ▁by - e lection ▁as ▁the ▁Cit iz ens ▁Elect oral ▁Council ▁candidate . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁he ▁switched ▁to ▁the ▁National s . ▁He ▁represented ▁the ▁seat ▁until ▁his ▁defeat ▁by ▁One ▁Nation ▁candidate ▁Dor othy ▁Pr att ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁state ▁election . ▁ ▁Per rett ▁was ▁Minister ▁for ▁Primary ▁Indust ries , ▁Fish eries ▁and ▁Forest ry ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Rob ▁Bor b idge ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁but ▁was ▁caught ▁out ▁having ▁a ▁sexual ▁relationship ▁last ing ▁several ▁years ▁with ▁a ▁prost itute , ▁Col le en ▁J ef fer ies , ▁who ▁was ▁found ▁dead ▁in ▁her ▁Br is b ane ▁home ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁in ▁susp icious ▁circumstances . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁Category : National ▁Party ▁of ▁Australia ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Queensland ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁King aro y ▁Category : C it iz ens ▁Elect oral ▁Council ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Carol ▁K aye ▁( ne e ▁Smith |
, ▁born ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁music ian . ▁She ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁pro l ific ▁recorded ▁bass ▁guitar ists ▁in ▁rock ▁and ▁pop ▁music , ▁playing ▁on ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁record ings ▁in ▁a ▁career ▁sp anning ▁over ▁ 5 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁K aye ▁began ▁playing ▁guitar ▁in ▁her ▁early ▁te ens ▁and ▁after ▁some ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁guitar ▁teacher , ▁began ▁to ▁perform ▁regularly ▁on ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁jazz ▁and ▁big ▁band ▁circuit . ▁She ▁started ▁session ▁work ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁and ▁through ▁a ▁connection ▁at ▁Gold ▁Star ▁Studios ▁began ▁working ▁for ▁produ cers ▁Phil ▁Spect or ▁and ▁Brian ▁Wilson . ▁After ▁a ▁bass ist ▁failed ▁to ▁turn ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁session ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁she ▁switched ▁to ▁that ▁instrument , ▁quickly ▁making ▁a ▁name ▁for ▁herself ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁in - dem and ▁session ▁players ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁playing ▁on ▁numerous ▁hits . ▁She ▁moved ▁into ▁playing ▁on ▁film ▁sound tra cks ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁particularly ▁for ▁Qu in cy ▁Jones ▁and ▁L alo ▁Sch if rin , ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁release ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁t utor ing ▁books ▁such ▁as ▁How ▁To ▁Play ▁The ▁Electric ▁Bass . ▁K aye ▁became ▁less ▁active ▁towards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁but ▁has |
▁continued ▁her ▁career ▁and ▁attract ed ▁pra ise ▁from ▁other ▁mus icians . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁peak ▁of ▁her ▁years ▁of ▁session ▁work , ▁she ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁stable ▁of ▁Los ▁Angeles - based ▁mus icians ▁which ▁went ▁by ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁inform al ▁names , ▁but ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁known ▁as ▁" The ▁W reck ing ▁C rew ". ▁ ▁Her ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁group ▁led ▁to ▁her ▁prominent ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁document ary ▁film . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁K aye ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ever ett , ▁Washington , ▁to ▁professional ▁mus icians ▁C ly de ▁and ▁D ot ▁Smith . ▁Her ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁jazz ▁trom bon ist ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁big ▁bands . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁he ▁sold ▁a ▁piano ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁fin ance ▁a ▁move ▁to ▁Wil ming ton , ▁California . ▁She ▁later ▁said ▁her ▁father ▁was ▁violent ▁towards ▁her , ▁and ▁she ▁persu aded ▁her ▁mother ▁to ▁separate ▁from ▁him , ▁but ▁music ▁was ▁the ▁one ▁thing ▁that ▁could ▁un ite ▁the ▁family . ▁ ▁At ▁age ▁ 1 3 , ▁K aye ▁received ▁a ▁steel ▁string ▁guitar ▁from ▁her ▁mother , ▁and ▁began ▁teaching ▁profession ally ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁She ▁began ▁playing ▁sessions ▁in ▁jazz ▁clubs ▁around ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁K aye ▁played ▁be b op ▁jazz ▁guitar ▁with ▁several ▁groups ▁on ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁club ▁circuit , ▁including ▁Bob ▁Ne |
al ' s ▁group , ▁Jack ▁Sh eld on ▁backing ▁Len ny ▁Bruce , ▁Ted dy ▁Edwards ▁and ▁Billy ▁H igg ins . ▁She ▁played ▁with ▁the ▁Henry ▁Bus se ▁Orchestra ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 5 0 s , ▁and ▁tou red ▁the ▁US ▁with ▁them . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Pop ▁sessions ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁K aye ▁was ▁playing ▁a ▁gig ▁at ▁the ▁B ever ly ▁Ca vern , ▁Hollywood , ▁when ▁producer ▁Robert ▁" B umps " ▁Black well ▁invited ▁her ▁to ▁a ▁recording ▁session ▁for ▁Sam ▁Co oke ' s ▁arrangement ▁of ▁" Sum m ert ime ". ▁She ▁real ised ▁she ▁could ▁make ▁significantly ▁more ▁money ▁with ▁session ▁work ▁than ▁playing ▁in ▁jazz ▁clubs , ▁so ▁took ▁it ▁up ▁as ▁a ▁full - time ▁career . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁she ▁played ▁ac oust ic ▁rh ythm ▁guitar ▁on ▁R itch ie ▁Val ens ' ▁" La ▁B amba ", ▁recorded ▁at ▁Gold ▁Star ▁Studios , ▁Hollywood . ▁Through ▁Gold ▁Star , ▁she ▁began ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁producer ▁Phil ▁Spect or , ▁playing ▁electric ▁guitar ▁on ▁Bob ▁B . ▁So xx ▁& ▁the ▁Blue ▁Je ans ' ▁" Zip - a - De e - D oo - D ah " ▁and ▁The ▁Cry st als ' ▁" Then ▁He ▁K iss ed ▁Me ", ▁and ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar ▁on ▁The ▁R igh te ous ▁Brothers ' ▁" You ' ve ▁Lost ▁That ▁Lov in ' ▁Fe elin ' ". |
▁Al ong ▁with ▁several ▁other ▁mus icians ▁including ▁drum mer ▁Hal ▁Bla ine ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁Glen ▁Campbell , ▁her ▁work ▁with ▁Spect or ▁attract ed ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁other ▁record ▁produ cers ▁and ▁she ▁found ▁herself ▁in ▁demand ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁session ▁player . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁when ▁a ▁bass ▁player ▁failed ▁to ▁show ▁for ▁a ▁session ▁at ▁Capit ol ▁Records ▁in ▁Hollywood , ▁she ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁fill ▁in ▁on ▁the ▁instrument . ▁She ▁quickly ▁discovered ▁she ▁preferred ▁playing ▁bass , ▁and ▁found ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁key ▁component ▁of ▁a ▁backing ▁track ▁and ▁allowed ▁her ▁to ▁play ▁more ▁invent ively ▁than ▁the ▁relatively ▁simpler ▁guitar ▁parts ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁playing ▁until ▁then . ▁From ▁a ▁p rag m atic ▁view point , ▁it ▁was ▁easier ▁to ▁carry ▁a ▁single ▁bass ▁to ▁sessions ▁instead ▁of ▁sw apping ▁between ▁three ▁or ▁four ▁gu it ars ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁song . ▁After ▁bass ist ▁Ray ▁P ohl man ▁left ▁studio ▁work ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁musical ▁director , ▁K aye ▁became ▁the ▁most ▁in - dem and ▁session ▁bass ist ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁K aye ▁continued ▁to ▁play ▁guitar ▁on ▁numerous ▁other ▁hit ▁songs ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁including ▁the ▁twelve - string ▁electric ▁guitar ▁on ▁several ▁Son ny ▁& ▁Cher ▁songs . ▁She ▁also ▁played ▁twelve - string ▁on ▁Frank ▁Z appa ' s ▁album ▁Fre ak ▁Out !. ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁it ▁was |
▁unusual ▁for ▁women ▁to ▁be ▁experienced ▁session ▁players ; ▁never theless ▁K aye ▁remembered ▁sessions ▁being ▁generally ▁good - hum oured ▁and ▁un ited ▁by ▁the ▁music . ▁ ▁K aye ▁was ▁the ▁sole ▁regular ▁female ▁member ▁of ▁The ▁W reck ing ▁C rew ▁( though ▁she ▁has ▁said ▁the ▁group ▁were ▁never ▁known ▁by ▁this ▁name , ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁invent ed ▁by ▁Bla ine ), ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁studio ▁mus icians ▁who ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁hit ▁records ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Through out ▁the ▁de cade , ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁unknown ▁to ▁the ▁public , ▁K aye ▁played ▁bass ▁on ▁a ▁substantial ▁number ▁of ▁records ▁that ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁she ▁played ▁on ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁recording ▁sessions . ▁She ▁appeared ▁on ▁sessions ▁by ▁Frank ▁Sin atra , ▁Simon ▁and ▁Gar f unk el , ▁Ste vie ▁Wonder , ▁Bar bra ▁Stre is and , ▁The ▁Sup rem es , ▁The ▁T empt ations , ▁the ▁Four ▁T ops ▁and ▁The ▁Mon ke es . ▁She ▁played ▁electric ▁bass ▁on ▁Nancy ▁Sin atra ' s ▁" Th ese ▁Bo ots ▁Are ▁Made ▁For ▁Walk in ' ", ▁while ▁Ch uck ▁Berg ho fer ▁played ▁double ▁bass . ▁She ▁also ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁introduction ▁on ▁fellow ▁session ▁player ▁Glen ▁Campbell ' s ▁hit ▁" W ich ita ▁Lin eman ". ▁K aye |
▁later ▁said ▁that ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁she ▁would ▁sometimes ▁play ▁three ▁or ▁four ▁sessions ▁per ▁day , ▁and ▁was ▁pleased ▁that ▁so ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁created ▁hit ▁records . ▁ ▁Through ▁her ▁work ▁with ▁Spect or , ▁K aye ▁caught ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁The ▁Beach ▁Boys ' ▁Brian ▁Wilson , ▁who ▁used ▁her ▁on ▁several ▁sessions , ▁including ▁the ▁albums ▁Beach ▁Boys ▁Today , ▁Summer ▁Days ▁( and ▁Summer ▁N ights !! ), ▁Pet ▁S ounds ▁and ▁Sm ile . ▁Un like ▁other ▁sessions , ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁free ▁to ▁work ▁out ▁her ▁own ▁bass ▁lines , ▁Wilson ▁always ▁came ▁in ▁with ▁a ▁very ▁specific ▁idea ▁of ▁what ▁she ▁should ▁play . ▁By ▁Pet ▁S ounds , ▁Wilson ▁was ▁asking ▁mus icians ▁such ▁as ▁K aye ▁to ▁play ▁far ▁more ▁takes ▁than ▁typical ▁sessions , ▁often ▁running ▁over ▁ten ▁passes ▁of ▁a ▁song , ▁with ▁sessions ▁stretch ing ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁night . ▁K aye ▁is ▁often ▁cred ited ▁for ▁playing ▁on ▁the ▁Beach ▁Boys ' ▁" Good ▁V ibr ations " ▁single , ▁but ▁a ▁session ▁list ▁compiled ▁by ▁Craig ▁S low in ski ▁for ▁The ▁Sm ile ▁S essions ▁box - set ▁l iner ▁notes ▁states ▁that , ▁although ▁she ▁played ▁on ▁several ▁sessions ▁for ▁the ▁song , ▁none ▁of ▁those ▁record ings ▁made ▁the ▁final ▁edit ▁as ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁single . ▁Brian ▁Wilson ▁rem embers ▁K aye ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁session ▁players ▁h ired ▁for ▁the ▁many ▁sessions ▁devoted ▁to ▁the ▁song : |
▁" The ▁bass ▁part ▁was ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁overall ▁sound . ▁I ▁wanted ▁Carol ▁K aye ▁to ▁play ▁not ▁so ▁much ▁a ▁Mot own ▁thing , ▁but ▁a ▁Beach ▁Boys - Ph il ▁Spect or ▁r iff ". ▁ ▁Sound tra cks , ▁t utor ing ▁and ▁later ▁work ▁By ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁K aye ▁had ▁become ▁exha usted ▁and ▁dis ill usion ed ▁from ▁session ▁work , ▁saying ▁that ▁music ▁had ▁" start ed ▁to ▁sound ▁like ▁card board ". ▁Additionally , ▁newer ▁rock ▁bands ▁disapp ro ved ▁of ▁using ▁session ▁players , ▁prefer ring ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁instruments ▁themselves . ▁She ▁decided ▁to ▁change ▁career ▁from ▁pop ▁to ▁sound track ▁work , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁writing ▁and ▁teaching . ▁She ▁wrote ▁How ▁To ▁Play ▁The ▁Electric ▁Bass , ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁t utor ing ▁books ▁and ▁instruction al ▁video ▁courses . ▁Her ▁sound track ▁sessions ▁from ▁this ▁time ▁included ▁playing ▁on ▁the ▁them es ▁to ▁M . A . S . H . ▁and ▁Sh aft . ▁K aye ▁worked ▁closely ▁with ▁L alo ▁Sch if rin , ▁playing ▁on ▁the ▁theme ▁to ▁Mission : ▁Im possible ▁and ▁the ▁sound track ▁for ▁Bull itt . ▁She ▁regularly ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Qu in cy ▁Jones ▁and ▁later ▁said ▁he ▁" w rote ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁beautiful ▁them es ▁I ' ve ▁ever ▁heard ▁in ▁my ▁life ". ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁she ▁tou red ▁with ▁Joe ▁Pass ▁and |
▁Ham pton ▁Haw es , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁do ▁sessions . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁she ▁played ▁on ▁Bar bra ▁Stre is and ' s ▁single ▁" The ▁Way ▁We ▁W ere ", ▁which ▁was ▁cut ▁live , ▁and ▁was ▁told ▁off ▁by ▁producer ▁Mar vin ▁Ham l isch ▁for ▁impro vis ing ▁bass ▁lines . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁she ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁car ▁accident , ▁and ▁semi - ret ired ▁from ▁music . ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁play ▁sp or ad ically , ▁appearing ▁on ▁J . J . ▁C ale ' s ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁album ▁Sh ades . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁K aye ▁under w ent ▁correct ive ▁surg ery ▁to ▁fix ▁inj uries ▁stem ming ▁from ▁the ▁accident , ▁and ▁res umed ▁playing ▁and ▁recording . ▁She ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁F ender ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁l ighter ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁P rec ision ▁Bass ▁that ▁reduced ▁stra in ▁on ▁her ▁back ▁and ▁made ▁it ▁more ▁comfortable ▁to ▁play . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁she ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Brian ▁Wilson ▁again , ▁playing ▁on ▁his ▁daughters ' ▁album , ▁The ▁W ils ons , ▁while ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Frank ▁Black ▁asked ▁her ▁to ▁play ▁on ▁his ▁album ▁Fast ▁Man ▁Ra ider ▁Man ▁alongside ▁fellow ▁session ▁stal wart , ▁drum mer ▁Jim ▁K elt ner . ▁She ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁film ▁The ▁W reck |
ing ▁C rew ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁cast ▁of ▁other ▁studio ▁mus icians . ▁In ▁one ▁interview ▁segment , ▁she ▁said ▁that ▁she ▁believed ▁at ▁the ▁peak ▁of ▁her ▁session ▁activity ▁she ▁was ▁making ▁more ▁money ▁than ▁the ▁US ▁President . ▁ ▁Style ▁and ▁equipment ▁K aye ' s ▁main ▁instrument ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁was ▁the ▁F ender ▁P rec ision ▁Bass , ▁though ▁she ▁also ▁used ▁the ▁D ane lect ro ▁bass ▁on ▁occasion . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁she ▁sometimes ▁used ▁the ▁Gib son ▁Ri pper ▁Bass , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁she ▁has ▁used ▁an ▁Ib ane z ▁SR X 7 0 0 ▁bass . ▁She ▁uses ▁flat w ound ▁strings ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁action ▁and ▁preferred ▁to ▁use ▁guitar ▁ampl ifiers ▁in ▁the ▁studio ▁when ▁playing ▁bass , ▁including ▁the ▁F ender ▁Super ▁Re verb ▁and ▁the ▁Vers at one ▁Pan - O - F lex . ▁K aye ▁primarily ▁uses ▁a ▁pick , ▁or ▁p lect rum , ▁on ▁both ▁guitar ▁and ▁bass , ▁rather ▁than ▁pl uck ing ▁the ▁strings ▁with ▁her ▁fingers . ▁She ▁put ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁felt ▁between ▁the ▁strings ▁behind ▁the ▁bridge ▁on ▁her ▁bass ▁to ▁enh ance ▁the ▁sound ▁and ▁reduce ▁unw anted ▁over ton es ▁and ▁undert ones . ▁Later ▁she ▁said , ▁" for ▁ 2 5 ▁c ents , ▁you ▁could ▁get ▁the ▁best ▁sound ▁in ▁town ". ▁ ▁K aye ▁preferred ▁to ▁play ▁mel od |
ic ▁and ▁sync op ated ▁lines ▁on ▁the ▁bass , ▁rather ▁than ▁simply ▁covering ▁a ▁straightforward ▁part . ▁In ▁the ▁studio , ▁she ▁particularly ▁liked ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁upper ▁register ▁on ▁her ▁bass , ▁while ▁a ▁stand - up ▁double ▁bass ▁would ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁low ▁end . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁K aye ▁has ▁achieved ▁critical ▁acc laim ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁session ▁bass ists ▁of ▁all ▁time . ▁Michael ▁Mol enda , ▁writing ▁in ▁Bass ▁Player ▁magazine , ▁said ▁that ▁K aye ▁could ▁listen ▁to ▁other ▁mus icians ▁and ▁instantly ▁work ▁out ▁a ▁memor able ▁bass ▁line ▁that ▁would ▁fit ▁with ▁the ▁song , ▁such ▁as ▁her ▁add itions ▁to ▁Son ny ▁& ▁Cher ' s ▁" The ▁Beat ▁Go es ▁On ". ▁Paul ▁McC art ney ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁his ▁bass ▁playing ▁on ▁The ▁Beat les ' ▁S gt ▁Pe pper ' s ▁L on ely ▁He arts ▁Club ▁Band ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁her ▁work ▁on ▁Pet ▁S ounds . ▁Al ison ▁R icht or , ▁writing ▁in ▁Bass ▁Gu itar ▁magazine , ▁has ▁called ▁K aye ▁the ▁" First ▁Lady " ▁of ▁bass ▁playing , ▁adding ▁" her ▁style ▁and ▁influence ▁are ▁in ▁your ▁musical ▁DNA ." ▁ ▁K aye ' s ▁solo ▁bass ▁line ▁in ▁Spect or ' s ▁production ▁of ▁" R iver ▁Deep , ▁Mountain ▁High ", ▁was ▁a ▁key ▁part ▁to ▁the ▁song ' s ▁" W all ▁of ▁Sound " ▁production . ▁The ▁recording ▁is ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁Gram my ▁Hall ▁of |
▁Fame . ▁Qu in cy ▁Jones ▁said ▁in ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁aut obi ography ▁Q ▁that ▁"... ▁women ▁like ... ▁F ender ▁bass ▁player ▁Carol ▁K aye ... ▁could ▁do ▁anything ▁and ▁leave ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁dust ." ▁Brian ▁Wilson ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁K aye ' s ▁playing ▁on ▁the ▁" Good ▁V ibr ations " ▁sessions ▁was ▁a ▁key ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁arrangement ▁he ▁wanted . ▁" Car ol ▁played ▁bass ▁with ▁a ▁pick ▁that ▁clicked ▁real ▁good . ▁It ▁worked ▁out ▁really ▁well . ▁It ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁hard ▁sound ." ▁Dr . ▁John ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁K aye ▁" is ▁a ▁sweet heart ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁kick - ass ▁bass ▁player ". ▁ ▁Despite ▁being ▁adm ired ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁studio ▁gre ats , ▁K aye ▁never ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁well - rem ember ed . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁sessions , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁players ▁thought ▁pop ▁music ▁would ▁not ▁last ▁longer ▁than ▁ten ▁years , ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁surprised ▁that ▁people ▁still ▁listen ▁to ▁tracks ▁that ▁she ▁played ▁on . ▁Although ▁the ▁Amazon ▁hit ▁series ▁The ▁Marvel ous ▁Mrs . ▁Mais el ▁paid ▁hom age ▁to ▁K aye ▁and ▁her ▁career ▁with ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Car ole ▁Ke en , ▁introduced ▁in ▁season ▁three ▁and ▁played ▁by ▁L iza ▁We il , ▁K aye ▁described ▁the ▁character ▁as ▁" h aving ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁me ▁or ▁my ▁history . ▁They ▁took ▁a ▁few ▁things ▁out ▁of ▁my ▁book ▁and ▁created ▁a |
▁character ▁that ' s ▁not ▁even ▁me ▁at ▁all ." ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁K aye ▁was ▁raised ▁a ▁Bapt ist , ▁but ▁pract iced ▁J uda ism ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁married ▁three ▁times ▁and ▁has ▁two ▁living ▁children . ▁ ▁Selected ▁disc ography ▁ ▁K aye ▁played ▁on ▁hundreds ▁of ▁commer cially ▁released ▁record ings ▁and ▁sound tra cks . ▁This ▁list ▁represents ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁fraction ▁of ▁her ▁recorded ▁performances . ▁▁ ▁Don na ▁ ▁and ▁La ▁B amba ▁– ▁R itch ie ▁Val ens ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁ ▁De u ces , ▁" T ' s ," ▁Road sters ▁& ▁Dr ums ▁– ▁Hal ▁Bla ine ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ ▁Then ▁He ▁K iss ed ▁Me ▁– ▁The ▁Cry st als ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁You ' ve ▁Lost ▁That ▁Lov in ' ▁Fe elin ' ▁– ▁The ▁R igh te ous ▁Brothers ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁These ▁Bo ots ▁Are ▁Made ▁for ▁Walk in ' ▁– ▁Nancy ▁Sin atra ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Very ▁Special ▁World ▁of ▁Lee ▁Haz le wood ▁– ▁Lee ▁Haz le wood ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁Bat man ▁Th eme ▁– ▁The ▁Market ts ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁River ▁Deep , ▁Mountain ▁High ▁– ▁I ke ▁& ▁T ina ▁Turner ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁Pet ▁S ounds ▁– ▁The ▁Beach ▁Boys |
▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁Fre ak ▁Out ! ▁– ▁The ▁M oth ers ▁of ▁In vention ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Beat ▁Go es ▁On ▁– ▁Son ny ▁& ▁Cher ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁ 5 9 th ▁Street ▁Bridge ▁Song ▁( Fe elin ' ▁Gro ovy ) ▁– ▁Har pers ▁B izar re ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁ ▁W ich ita ▁Lin eman ▁– ▁Gl enn ▁Campbell ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁ ▁Charles ▁K yn ard ▁– ▁Charles ▁K yn ard ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁ ▁Nancy ▁– ▁Nancy ▁Sin atra ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁H ik ky ▁B urr ▁– ▁Qu in cy ▁Jones ▁& ▁Bill ▁Cos by ▁Sm ack water ▁Jack ▁album ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁" B ill ▁Cos by ▁TV ▁Show " ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁I ▁Don ' t ▁Know ▁What ' s ▁On ▁Your ▁Mind ▁– ▁Sp iders ▁Web b ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁ ▁Sh ades ▁– ▁J . ▁J . ▁C ale ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁W ils ons ▁– ▁The ▁W ils ons ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Fast ▁Man ▁Ra ider ▁Man ▁– ▁Frank ▁Black ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Arch ival ▁record ings ▁ ▁California ▁C ream in – ▁Carol ▁K aye ▁Gu it ars ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁CD ▁ ▁Better ▁Days ▁( 1 9 7 |
1 ) ▁CD ▁ ▁Document ary ▁ ▁The ▁W reck ing ▁C rew , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁References ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Carol ▁K aye ▁website , ▁including ▁pictures ▁and ▁online ▁for ums ▁ ▁Carol ▁K aye ▁on ▁Central ▁FM , ▁Spain ▁( s ni ppet ), ▁K aye ▁tal ks ▁about ▁her ▁Mot own ▁experiences ▁with ▁Tony ▁Ke ys ▁on ▁Central ▁FM ▁Radio ▁in ▁Spain ▁ ▁N AM M ▁Or al ▁History ▁Inter view ▁February ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁rock ▁bass ▁guitar ists ▁Category : American ▁session ▁mus icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ever ett , ▁Washington ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : The ▁W reck ing ▁C rew ▁( music ) ▁members ▁Category : F em ale ▁bass ▁guitar ists ▁Category : American ▁female ▁guitar ists ▁Category : C rest ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁mus icians ▁Category : G uit ar ists ▁from ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁mus icians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁guitar ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Wil ming ton , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Con ver ts ▁to ▁J uda ism ▁Category : J ew ish ▁jazz ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Sam i ▁Bey r oun ▁is ▁a ▁Leb an ese ▁al |
pine ▁sk ier . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁three ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : L eb an ese ▁male ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁of ▁Leb anon ▁Category : Al pine ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Ma ñ ana ▁es ▁prima vera ▁( English ▁title : ▁Tom orrow ▁is ▁spring ) ▁is ▁a ▁Mexican ▁t elen ov ela ▁produced ▁by ▁Sil via ▁P inal ▁for ▁Tele vis a ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁It ▁star red ▁by ▁Sil via ▁P inal , ▁Gustav o ▁Ro jo , ▁Vir id iana ▁Al atr iste ▁and ▁Of elia ▁Gu il m á in . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Sil via ▁P inal ▁as ▁Am anda ▁Ser rano ▁Gustav o ▁Ro jo ▁as ▁Alfred o ▁Vir id iana ▁Al atr iste ▁as ▁Laura ▁Of elia ▁Gu il m á in ▁as ▁Doctor ▁Norm a ▁Laz ar eno ▁as ▁Son ia ▁Gonz alo ▁V ega ▁as ▁Bruno ▁Maria ▁Eugen ia ▁Av end añ o ▁as ▁Ma . ▁Julia ▁Wolf ▁Rub in sky ▁as ▁Ra úl ▁Con nie ▁de ▁la ▁M ora ▁as ▁Em ilia ▁Rafael ▁S ánchez ▁Navar ro ▁as ▁Edu ardo ▁Ram iro ▁Oliver os ▁as ▁Rod r igo ▁Oliver os |
▁L izz eta ▁Rom o ▁as ▁A lic ia ▁Ba ena ▁Reb e cca ▁R amb al ▁as ▁Adri ana ▁L ily ▁In cl án ▁as ▁Do ña ▁Eva ▁María ▁Pr ado ▁as ▁Tr ini ▁Edu ardo ▁Pal omo ▁as ▁Fernando ▁Adri ana ▁Par ra ▁as ▁Car men ▁Pol ly ▁as ▁Cec ilia ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : M ex ican ▁t elen ov el as ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁t elen ov el as ▁Category : T ele vis a ▁t elen ov el as ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁t elen ov el as ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁Mexican ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁Mexican ▁television ▁series ▁end ings <0x0A> </s> ▁Barry ▁Wood ▁ ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁- ▁July ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁singer ▁and ▁television ▁producer . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁Frank ▁Sin atra ' s ▁immediate ▁prede cess or ▁as ▁the ▁lead ▁male ▁vocal ist ▁on ▁the ▁long ▁running ▁N BC ▁radio ▁program ▁Your ▁Hit ▁Par ade . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁New ▁H aven , ▁Connecticut , ▁Wood ▁was ▁the ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁band le ader ▁Bar ney ▁R app . ▁ ▁He ▁attended ▁Y ale ▁( where ▁he ▁sw am ▁and ▁played ▁water ▁pol o ). ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁side man ▁for ▁Bud dy ▁Rog ers ' s ▁band . ▁ |
▁He ▁left ▁Rog ers ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁singer , ▁and ▁he ▁eventually ▁signed ▁on ▁at ▁Your ▁Hit ▁Par ade , ▁where ▁he ▁maintained ▁his ▁popular ity ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁as ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁" s we ater ▁boy " ▁( a ▁counter part ▁to ▁the ▁swe ater ▁girl ▁pin - ups ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁era ). ▁ ▁Wood ▁was ▁identified ▁with ▁several ▁popular ▁w art ime ▁songs . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁he ▁introduced ▁and ▁recorded ▁Ir ving ▁Berlin ' s ▁" Any ▁B onds ▁Today ?" ▁and ▁" Ar ms ▁for ▁the ▁Love ▁of ▁America ". ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁recording ▁as ▁Barry ▁Wood ▁and ▁the ▁Wood ▁N ym ph s , ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁hit ▁with ▁" We ▁Did ▁It ▁Before ▁( And ▁We ▁Can ▁Do ▁It ▁Again )", ▁written ▁by ▁Charles ▁Tob ias ▁and ▁Cl iff ▁Friend ; ▁this ▁song ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁w art ime ▁anth em , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁used ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁Lo oney ▁T unes ▁cart o ons . ▁ ▁Another ▁notable ▁song ▁he ▁recorded ▁for ▁a ▁war ▁bond ▁drive ▁was ▁called ▁" E v ' ry body ▁Ev ' ry ▁Pay day ", ▁written ▁by ▁Tom ▁Ada ir ▁and ▁Dick ▁U hl , ▁and ▁heavily ▁promoted ▁by ▁the ▁radio ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Tre as ury ▁to ▁encou rage ▁workers ▁to ▁purchase ▁b onds ▁through ▁pay roll ▁dedu ctions .< ref > B ill board |
, ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁p . 6 2 .</ ref > ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁music ▁critic ▁Will ▁Fried wald , ▁Wood ▁had ▁" an ▁interesting ▁voice , ▁gray ▁and ▁appropri ately ▁wo ody ", ▁and ▁a ▁" sort ▁of ▁robust ▁charm ", ▁but ▁" his ▁super - st iff ▁rh ythm ▁makes ▁him ▁t ough ▁to ▁listen ▁to ▁today ." ▁ ▁Sin atra ▁replaced ▁Wood ▁on ▁Your ▁Hit ▁Par ade ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁Wood ▁had ▁his ▁own ▁show ▁on ▁N BC ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁first ▁called ▁The ▁Mill ion ▁D ollar ▁Band ▁and ▁then ▁( with ▁P ats y ▁Kelly ▁as ▁co - star ) ▁the ▁Pal m ol ive ▁Party . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁his ▁quarter - hour ▁radio ▁program , ▁Barry ▁Wood ▁Show , ▁was ▁synd ic ated ▁by ▁Frederick ▁Z iv ▁via ▁elect rical ▁trans cription . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁became ▁a ▁television ▁producer . ▁His ▁producing ▁cred its ▁included ▁Kate ▁Smith ' s ▁show , ▁W ide ▁W ide ▁World , ▁and ▁The ▁Bell ▁Tele phone ▁H our ' '. ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Miami ▁Beach , ▁Florida ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : American ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : Big ▁band ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁radio ▁personal ities ▁Category : American ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁birth |
s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁New ▁H aven , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : M ale ▁jazz ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁We ight l ifting ▁Compet ition ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia ▁saw ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁women ' s ▁weight l ifting . ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁competition ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁competition ▁Women ' s ▁weight l ifting ▁was ▁included ▁as ▁a ▁medal ▁sport ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁Sydney ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ivan ▁Ivan ov ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁originally ▁won ▁the ▁silver ▁medal , ▁but ▁was ▁dis qual ified ▁after ▁testing ▁positive ▁for ▁fu ros em ide . ▁ ▁Se v dal in ▁Min chev ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁originally ▁won ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal , ▁but ▁was ▁dis qual ified ▁after ▁testing ▁positive ▁for ▁fu ros em ide . ▁ ▁A shot ▁Daniel yan ▁of ▁Armen ia ▁originally ▁won ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal , ▁but ▁was ▁dis qual ified ▁after ▁testing ▁positive ▁for ▁st ano z ol ol . ▁ ▁Iz abel a ▁Drag ne va ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁originally ▁won ▁the ▁gold ▁medal , ▁but ▁was ▁dis qual ified ▁after ▁testing ▁positive ▁for ▁fu ros em ide . ▁ ▁Part icip ating ▁nations ▁A ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁ 2 6 1 ▁weight l if ters ▁from ▁ 7 |
3 ▁nations ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Games : ▁ ▁Medal ▁table ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁Olympic ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁events ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁▁ ▁Category : Weight l ifting ▁in ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁R ED I RECT ▁Don ▁Di ablo ▁disc ography <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁tax ation ▁of ▁trust s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁is ▁govern ed ▁by ▁a ▁different ▁set ▁of ▁principles ▁to ▁those ▁tax ▁laws ▁which ▁apply ▁to ▁individuals ▁or ▁companies . ▁ ▁In herit ance ▁tax ▁ ▁The ▁inheritance ▁tax ▁(" I HT ") ▁treatment ▁of ▁trust s ▁was ▁substantial ly ▁re vised ▁by ▁the ▁Fin ance ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁with ▁effect ▁from ▁ 2 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁possible ▁types ▁of ▁trust ▁which ▁can ▁now ▁exist ▁for ▁inheritance ▁tax ▁purposes ▁are ▁set ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁table ▁below : ▁ ▁Notes : ▁An ▁" inter est - in - pos session " ▁means ▁that ▁a ▁specific ▁benef ici ary ▁has ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁income ▁of ▁the ▁trust . ▁The ▁sp ouse ▁exem ption ▁ex empt s ▁from ▁tax ▁any ▁assets ▁passing ▁between ▁sp ouses ▁and ▁civil ▁partners . ▁ ▁Re levant ▁property ▁trust s ▁are ▁tax ed : ▁On ▁creation : ▁If ▁the ▁trust ▁is ▁created ▁inter ▁viv os ▁( i . e . ▁during ▁the ▁sett lor ' s ▁lifetime ): ▁It ▁is ▁tax ed ▁at ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁death ▁rate ▁for ▁I HT . ▁The ▁death ▁rate |
▁is ▁ 4 0 %, ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 / 1 3 ▁I HT ▁" nil - band " ▁is ▁£ 3 2 5 , 0 0 0 . ▁Therefore , ▁if ▁the ▁sett lor ▁has ▁made ▁no ▁g ifts ▁and ▁settled ▁no ▁trust s ▁in ▁the ▁seven ▁years ▁prior ▁to ▁sett ling ▁a ▁trust ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 / 1 3 , ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁tax ed ▁at ▁nil ▁rate ▁( 0 %) ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁£ 3 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 % ▁on ▁the ▁balance . ▁If ▁the ▁sett lor ▁dies ▁within ▁seven ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁settlement , ▁the ▁initial ▁ 2 0 % ▁charge ▁will ▁be ▁re calcul ated ▁as ▁if ▁it ▁were ▁a ▁P ET , ▁and ▁if ▁that ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁tax ▁already ▁paid , ▁the ▁balance ▁will ▁be ▁due ▁( but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁rep ay ment ▁if ▁the ▁re calcul ation ▁produces ▁a ▁lower ▁result ). ▁If ▁the ▁trust ▁is ▁created ▁on ▁death ▁( i . e . ▁a ▁test ament ary ▁trust ) ▁it ▁will ▁usually ▁suffer ▁I HT ▁at ▁creation ▁under ▁the ▁normal ▁rules , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁death . ▁There ▁is ▁therefore ▁no ▁need ▁for ▁the ▁trust ▁to ▁be ▁tax ed ▁separately ▁on ▁creation . ▁To ▁" ten - year ▁charges ", ▁on ▁each ▁t enth ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁settlement ▁( or ▁of ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁death , ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁test ament ary ▁trust ). ▁The ▁rate |
▁is ▁ 6 % ▁on ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁trust ' s ▁assets ▁exceed ing ▁the ▁nil - band ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁To ▁" exit ▁charges " ▁when ▁money ▁leaves ▁the ▁trust : ▁most ▁usually ▁by ▁appointment ▁to ▁a ▁benef ici ary . ▁Sim pl ifying ▁a ▁little , ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁I HT ▁is ▁that ▁proportion ▁of ▁what ▁the ▁next ▁ten - year ▁charge ▁would ▁have ▁been , ▁that ▁the ▁time ▁which ▁has ▁el apsed ▁since ▁creation ▁or ▁the ▁last ▁ten ▁year ▁charge ▁be ars ▁to ▁ten ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁interest - in - pos session ▁treatment , ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁applies ▁only ▁to ▁some ▁trust s ▁with ▁an ▁interest - in - pos session ▁( as ▁defined ▁above ). ▁Where ▁it ▁applies , ▁such ▁trust s ▁are ▁tax ed ▁by ▁att rib uting ▁the ▁trust ' s ▁value ▁to ▁the ▁benef ici ary ▁who ▁is ▁currently ▁entitled ▁to ▁the ▁income . ▁According ly : ▁On ▁creation : ▁In ▁the ▁rare ▁cases ▁where ▁they ▁can ▁be ▁created ▁in ▁lifetime ▁they ▁are ▁tax ed ▁as ▁P ET s . ▁They ▁are ▁tax ed ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁death ▁estate , ▁when ▁created ▁by ▁will . ▁A ▁sp ouse ▁exem ption ▁is ▁available ▁where ▁the ▁interest - in - pos session ▁benef ici ary ▁is ▁a ▁sp ouse ▁or ▁civil ▁partner ▁of ▁the ▁dece ased . ▁On ▁term ination ▁( i . e . ▁term ination ▁of ▁the ▁interest - in - pos session , ▁which ▁may , |
▁or ▁may ▁not , ▁be ▁the ▁term ination ▁of ▁the ▁trust ): ▁The ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁trust ' s ▁assets ▁is ▁tax ed ▁at ▁death ▁rates ▁upon ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁interest - in - pos session ▁benef ici ary . ▁It ▁aggreg ates ▁with ▁that ▁benef ici ary ' s ▁estate , ▁and ▁the ▁trust ▁and ▁the ▁estate ▁share ▁the ▁nil - band ▁between ▁them , ▁in ▁proportion ▁to ▁their ▁values . ▁The ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁trust ' s ▁assets ▁is ▁tax ed ▁as ▁if ▁it ▁were ▁a ▁" P ET " ▁where ▁the ▁benef ici ary ' s ▁right ▁to ▁receive ▁income ▁ce ases ▁in ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁lifetime . ▁ ▁Source : ▁Sch edule ▁ 2 0 ▁Fin ance ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Category : L aw ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : T ax ation ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : W ills ▁and ▁trust s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁And ▁the ▁Bridge ▁Is ▁Love ▁is ▁a ▁work ▁for ▁c ello ▁and ▁strings ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁composer ▁Howard ▁Good all ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 8 ). ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁title ▁track ▁of ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁by ▁Julian ▁Lloyd ▁Web ber ▁and ▁the ▁English ▁Chamber ▁Orchestra , ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁And ▁the ▁Bridge ▁Is ▁Love ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ipping ▁Camp den ▁Festival ▁and ▁premier ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁It ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁a ▁young |
▁cell ist , ▁Hann ah ▁Ryan , ▁a ▁close ▁family ▁friend ▁of ▁the ▁Good alls ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁sevent een . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" Introduction ▁and ▁Al leg ro ▁for ▁Str ings , ▁Op . ▁ 4 7 " ▁by ▁Edward ▁El gar ▁ ▁" S os pi ri , ▁Op . 7 0 " ▁by ▁Edward ▁El gar ▁ ▁" The ▁Moon " ▁by ▁William ▁Lloyd ▁Web ber ▁ ▁" And ▁the ▁Bridge ▁Is ▁Love " ▁by ▁Howard ▁Good all ▁ ▁" P rel ude ▁from ▁‘ Ch arter house ▁Su ite ’ " ▁by ▁Ralph ▁V aug han ▁Williams ▁ ▁" Ser en ade ▁for ▁Str ings " ▁by ▁Edward ▁El gar ▁ ▁" Two ▁A quare lles " ▁by ▁Frederick ▁Del ius ▁ ▁" Ch anson ▁de ▁N uit " ▁by ▁Edward ▁El gar ▁ ▁" Ch anson ▁de ▁Mat in " ▁by ▁Edward ▁El gar ▁ ▁" Two ▁Pie ces ▁for ▁Str ings ▁from ▁Henry ▁V " ▁by ▁William ▁Wal ton ▁ ▁" A ▁Down land ▁Su ite : ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁Min uet " ' ▁by ▁John ▁Ireland ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁And ▁the ▁Bridge ▁is ▁Love ▁album ▁reviews ▁ ▁Julian ▁Lloyd ▁Web ber ' s ▁website ▁ ▁YouTube ▁ex cer pt ▁of ▁" And ▁the ▁Bridge ▁is ▁Love " ▁ ▁Howard ▁Good all ▁tal ks ▁about ▁the ▁insp iration ▁behind ▁the ▁music ▁ ▁Howard ▁Good all ' s ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Ch am ber |
▁music ▁compos itions ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁compos itions ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁albums ▁Category : Comm ission ed ▁music <0x0A> </s> ▁Dol ich arth ria ▁mod est alis ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Sa alm üller ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Mad agas car . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁Category : Sp il om el inae ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Mad agas car <0x0A> </s> ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁Den ew ulf ▁( d ied ▁ 9 0 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁medieval ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Win chester ▁from ▁ 8 7 8 ▁or ▁ 8 7 9 ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁Little ▁is ▁known ▁of ▁him , ▁though ▁by ▁tradition ▁he ▁began ▁life ▁as ▁a ▁sw ine h erd , ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁bishop ▁at ▁an ▁advanced ▁age ▁after ▁a ▁chance ▁encounter ▁with ▁Alfred ▁the ▁Great . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁tradition ▁Den ew ulf ▁was ▁consec r ated ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Win chester ▁between ▁ 8 7 8 ▁and ▁ 8 7 9 . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 9 0 8 . ▁Chron ic lers ▁beginning ▁with ▁John ▁of ▁Wor c ester ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁recorded ▁a ▁tradition ▁that ▁Den ew ulf ▁was ▁originally ▁an ▁ill iter ate ▁sw ine h erd ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁chance ▁encounter ▁with ▁King ▁Alfred ▁the ▁Great . ▁According |
▁to ▁these ▁versions , ▁Alfred ▁was ▁taking ▁refuge ▁from ▁the ▁Dan es ▁in ▁the ▁forest ▁where ▁Den ew ulf ▁was ▁feed ing ▁his ▁p igs . ▁He ▁was ▁so ▁im pressed ▁with ▁the ▁elder ly ▁sw ine h erd ' s ▁character ▁that ▁he ▁spons ored ▁his ▁education ▁and ▁had ▁elev ated ▁him ▁to ▁bishop . ▁▁▁ ▁Den uw ulf ' s ▁name ▁subsequently ▁became ▁attached ▁to ▁an ▁older ▁story ▁regarding ▁Alfred ' s ▁encounter ▁with ▁a ▁sw ine h erd . ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁story , ▁first ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁t enth - century ▁Life ▁of ▁Ne ot , ▁Alfred ▁stayed ▁with ▁a ▁sw ine h erd ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁for ▁several ▁days ▁while ▁fle eing ▁the ▁Dan es . ▁One ▁day , ▁the ▁wife ▁ber ated ▁him ▁for ▁not ▁turning ▁her ▁c akes ▁on ▁the ▁st ove ▁when ▁they ▁began ▁to ▁burn ; ▁the ▁hum bled ▁king ▁subsequently ▁helped ▁her ▁with ▁the ▁b aking . ▁This ▁sw ine h erd ▁was ▁identified ▁as ▁Den ew ulf ▁in ▁John ▁Hard y ng ' s ▁verse ▁chron icle , ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 3 ; ▁in ▁this ▁version ▁Alfred ▁made ▁Den ew ulf ▁bishop ▁following ▁his ▁wife ' s ▁death . ▁The ▁story ▁of ▁Alfred ▁and ▁the ▁c akes ▁was ▁often ▁repeated ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁suffering ▁the ▁king ▁end ured ▁for ▁his ▁real m ; ▁modern ▁ret ell ings ▁usually ▁play ▁up ▁the ▁hum orous ▁aspect . ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁John ▁of ▁Wor c ester |
▁Chron icle , ▁ed . ▁R . ▁R . ▁Dar ling ton ▁and ▁P . ▁McG urk , ▁trans . ▁Jenn ifer ▁B ray ▁and ▁P . ▁McG urk . ▁Oxford : ▁Clar end on ▁Press ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : B ish ops ▁of ▁Win chester ▁Category : 9 0 8 ▁death s ▁Category : 9 th - century ▁b ish ops ▁Category : 1 0 th - century ▁b ish ops ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁June ▁ 3 – 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁when ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Japanese ▁Navy ▁launched ▁two ▁aircraft ▁car rier ▁ra ids ▁on ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁Naval ▁Oper ating ▁Base ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁Fort ▁M ears ▁at ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁on ▁Am ak nak ▁Island , ▁during ▁the ▁Ale ut ian ▁Islands ▁Camp aign ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁bomb ing ▁marked ▁the ▁first ▁aer ial ▁attack ▁by ▁an ▁enemy ▁on ▁the ▁contin ental ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁in ▁history ▁that ▁the ▁contin ental ▁U . S . ▁was ▁bom bed ▁by ▁someone ▁working ▁for ▁a ▁foreign ▁power , ▁the ▁first ▁being ▁the ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁N aco , ▁Arizona ▁by ▁Patrick ▁Mur phy ▁despite ▁being ▁an ▁accident . ▁ ▁Over view ▁In ▁this ▁battle , ▁a ▁Japanese ▁aircraft ▁car rier ▁strike ▁force ▁under ▁K aku ji ▁K ak uta ▁launched ▁air ▁attacks ▁over ▁two |
▁days ▁against ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁Naval ▁Base ▁and ▁Fort ▁M ears ▁in ▁Dutch ▁Har bor , ▁Al aska . ▁The ▁attacks ▁inf lic ted ▁moder ate ▁damage ▁on ▁the ▁U . S . ▁base . ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁Japanese ▁naval ▁forces ▁under ▁Bos hi ro ▁H os og aya ▁inv aded ▁and ▁occupied ▁Att u ▁and ▁K iska ▁islands ▁in ▁the ▁Ale ut ians . ▁ ▁Background ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁was ▁ring ed ▁with ▁anti ▁aircraft ▁art illery ▁batter ies ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 6 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁( Ant i ▁A ircraft ), ▁Ark ansas ▁National ▁Guard , ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁key ▁targets ▁protected ▁by ▁the ▁Ele vent h ▁Air ▁Force ▁based ▁out ▁of ▁main land ▁Al aska . ▁The ▁ 2 0 6 th ▁CA ▁( AA ) ▁was ▁deployed ▁to ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁in ▁the ▁Ale ut ian ▁Islands , ▁Al aska , ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁on ▁station ▁for ▁approximately ▁four ▁months ▁when ▁the ▁Japanese ▁Navy ▁attacked ▁Pear l ▁Har bor ▁on ▁December ▁ 7 . ▁The ▁ 2 0 6 th ▁CA ▁was ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁the ▁ 3 - inch ▁Gun ▁M 1 9 1 8 ▁( an ▁older ▁model ▁with ▁a ▁vertical ▁range ▁of ▁), ▁. 5 0 in ▁( 1 2 . 7 mm ) ▁M 2 ▁Brow ning ▁machine ▁guns , ▁and ▁ ▁S per ry ▁search light s . ▁The ▁ 2 0 6 th ▁had ▁one ▁rad ar ▁in ▁position |
▁at ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁attack . ▁In ▁the ▁har bor ▁were ▁two ▁old ▁destroy ers , ▁King ▁and ▁Tal bot , ▁destroy er - se ap lane ▁tender ▁Gill is , ▁sub marine ▁S - 2 7 , ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁cut ter ▁On ond aga , ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁trans ports ▁President ▁F ill more ▁and ▁Mor len . ▁ ▁Battle ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁a ▁Japanese ▁car rier ▁strike ▁force , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁R ear ▁Admir al ▁K aku ji ▁K ak uta , ▁compr ising ▁the ▁carri ers ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁plus ▁esc ort ▁ships , ▁sa iled ▁to ▁ ▁south west ▁of ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁to ▁launch ▁air ▁strik es ▁at ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁and ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁facility ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁Japanese ▁off ensive ▁in ▁the ▁Ale ut ians ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁Pacific ▁at ▁Mid way . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁planned ▁to ▁occup y ▁islands ▁in ▁the ▁Ale ut ians ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁extend ▁their ▁def ensive ▁per imeter ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Pacific ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁more ▁difficult ▁for ▁the ▁U . S . ▁to ▁attack ▁Japan ▁from ▁that ▁area . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁before ▁dawn ▁at ▁ 0 2 : 5 8 , ▁given ▁the ▁ge ographic ▁latitude ▁and ▁longitude , ▁Admir al ▁K ak uta ▁ordered ▁his ▁aircraft ▁carri ers ▁to ▁launch ▁their ▁strike ▁which ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁A 6 M ▁Zero ▁f igh |
ters , ▁ 1 0 ▁B 5 N ▁Kate ▁high - level ▁bom bers , ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁D 3 A ▁Val ▁d ive ▁bom bers ▁which ▁took ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁two ▁small ▁carri ers ▁in ▁the ▁free zing ▁weather ▁to ▁strike ▁at ▁Dutch ▁Har bor . ▁One ▁B 5 N ▁was ▁lost ▁on ▁take off ▁from ▁Ry u jo . ▁ ▁The ▁plan es ▁arrived ▁over ▁the ▁har bor ▁at ▁ 0 4 : 0 7 , ▁and ▁attacked ▁the ▁town ' s ▁radio ▁station ▁and ▁oil ▁storage ▁t anks ▁causing ▁some ▁damage . ▁Many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 6 th ▁were ▁aw ak ened ▁on ▁June ▁ 3 ▁by ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁bomb s ▁and ▁gun fire . ▁While ▁the ▁unit ▁had ▁been ▁on ▁alert ▁for ▁an ▁attack ▁for ▁many ▁days , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁specific ▁warning ▁of ▁the ▁attack ▁before ▁the ▁Japanese ▁plan es ▁arrived ▁over ▁Dutch ▁Har bor . ▁With ▁no ▁clear ▁direction ▁from ▁headquarters , ▁gun ▁cre ws ▁from ▁every ▁battery ▁quickly ▁realized ▁the ▁danger , ▁ran ▁to ▁their ▁guns ▁station ed ▁around ▁the ▁har bor ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁return ▁fire . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁their ▁ ▁guns , ▁ ▁guns ▁and ▁ ▁machine ▁guns , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁unit ▁fired ▁their ▁rif les ▁and ▁one ▁even ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁hur led ▁a ▁w rench ▁at ▁a ▁low - f lying ▁enemy ▁plane . ▁Several ▁members ▁reported ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁clearly ▁see ▁the ▁faces ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁av i ators ▁as ▁they ▁made ▁repeated ▁runs |
▁over ▁the ▁island . ▁The ▁highest ▁cas ual ties ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁occurred ▁when ▁bomb s ▁struck ▁bar ra cks ▁ 8 6 4 ▁and ▁ 8 6 6 ▁in ▁Fort ▁M ears , ▁killing ▁ 1 7 ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 7 th ▁Infantry ▁and ▁eight ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 5 1 st ▁Engine ers . ▁ ▁When ▁all ▁the ▁Japanese ▁plan es ▁were ▁recovered , ▁there ▁were ▁err one ous ▁reports ▁of ▁enemy ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity , ▁but ▁search ▁plan es ▁found ▁no ▁ships ▁within ▁the ▁area . ▁During ▁the ▁search , ▁four ▁Nak aj ima ▁E 8 N 2 ▁" D ave " ▁two - se at ▁reconna issance ▁plan es — launch ed ▁from ▁the ▁heavy ▁cru is ers ▁ ▁and ▁— enc ounter ed ▁U . S . ▁f igh ters ▁searching ▁for ▁the ▁depart ing ▁Japanese ▁squad ron . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 6 th ▁CA ▁spent ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁June ▁ 3 / 4 ▁moving ▁guns ▁down ▁off ▁the ▁mountain ▁to ps ▁surrounding ▁the ▁har bor ▁down ▁into ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Un al aska ▁and ▁into ▁har bor ▁facilities ▁themselves . ▁This ▁was ▁partially ▁as ▁a ▁de ception ▁and ▁partially ▁to ▁defend ▁against ▁an ▁expected ▁land ▁invasion . ▁Civil ian ▁contract ors ▁offered ▁to ▁help ▁and ▁were ▁put ▁to ▁work ▁filling ▁sand b ags ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁new ▁gun ▁positions . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁carri ers ▁ste amed ▁to ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁south ▁of |
▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁to ▁launch ▁a ▁second ▁attack . ▁At ▁ 1 6 : 0 0 , ▁a ▁second ▁a irst rike ▁of ▁nine ▁f igh ters , ▁ 1 1 ▁d ive ▁bom bers , ▁and ▁six ▁level ▁bom bers ▁took ▁off ▁and ▁attacked ▁the ▁U . S . ▁facilities ▁at ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁again ▁less ▁than ▁an ▁hour ▁later . ▁More ▁targets ▁were ▁dam aged ▁including ▁some ▁ground ed ▁aircraft , ▁an ▁army ▁bar ra cks , ▁oil ▁storage ▁t anks , ▁aircraft ▁hang ar , ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁merchant ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁port . ▁When ▁the ▁Japanese ▁returned ▁on ▁ 4 ▁June , ▁the ▁Zero ▁f igh ters ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁st raf ing ▁the ▁gun ▁positions ▁while ▁their ▁bom bers ▁destroyed ▁the ▁fuel ▁t anks ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁har bor . ▁One ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁hospital ▁at ▁the ▁base ▁was ▁destroyed . ▁After ▁hitting ▁the ▁fuel ▁t anks , ▁the ▁enemy ▁d ive - b om bers ▁and ▁high - level ▁bom bers ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁the ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁har bor , ▁F ill more ▁and ▁Gill is . ▁D ri ven ▁away ▁from ▁these ▁two ▁targets ▁by ▁inten se ▁anti - air craft ▁fire , ▁they ▁finally ▁succeeded ▁in ▁destroy ing ▁the ▁station ▁ship ▁ ▁which , ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁large ▁size , ▁they ▁mistaken ly ▁believed ▁was ▁a ▁war ship . ▁North western ▁was ▁actually ▁a ▁transport ▁ship ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁be ached ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁bar ra cks ▁for ▁civil ian ▁workers . |
▁Although ▁in ▁fl ames ▁and ▁badly ▁dam aged , ▁fire fig h ters ▁managed ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁h ull . ▁Its ▁power ▁plant ▁was ▁there after ▁used ▁to ▁produce ▁steam ▁and ▁electric ity ▁for ▁the ▁shore ▁install ations . ▁An ▁anti - air craft ▁gun ▁was ▁blow n ▁up ▁by ▁a ▁bomb ▁and ▁four ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁serv ic emen ▁were ▁killed . ▁ ▁Two ▁Japanese ▁d ive ▁bom bers ▁and ▁one ▁f ighter , ▁dam aged ▁by ▁anti - air craft ▁fire , ▁failed ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁carri ers . ▁On ▁the ▁way ▁back , ▁the ▁Japanese ▁plan es ▁encountered ▁an ▁air ▁pat rol ▁of ▁six ▁Curt iss ▁P - 4 0 ▁f igh ters ▁over ▁Ot ter ▁Point . ▁A ▁short ▁aer ial ▁battle ▁en su ed ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁one ▁Japanese ▁f ighter ▁and ▁two ▁more ▁d ive ▁bom bers . ▁Two ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁six ▁U . S . ▁f igh ters ▁were ▁lost ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ▁actions , ▁the ▁Ele vent h ▁Air ▁Force ▁lost ▁four ▁B - 1 7 s , ▁two ▁Martin ▁B - 2 6 ▁Mar aud ers , ▁and ▁two ▁P - 4 0 s , ▁while ▁the ▁Navy ▁suffered ▁the ▁most ▁with ▁six ▁P BY ▁Catal inas ▁destroyed . ▁ 4 3 ▁Americans ▁were ▁killed : ▁ 3 3 ▁soldiers , ▁eight ▁sail ors , ▁a ▁Marine , ▁and ▁a ▁civil ian . ▁Another ▁ 5 0 |
▁were ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁attack . ▁ ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁ships ▁were ▁har med , ▁but ▁one ▁above - ment ioned ▁M its ub ishi ▁A 6 M 2 ▁Zero ▁was ▁dam aged ▁by ▁ground ▁fire ▁and ▁crash - land ed ▁on ▁Ak ut an ▁Island , ▁about ▁ ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Dutch ▁Har bor . ▁Although ▁the ▁pilot ▁was ▁killed , ▁the ▁plane ▁was ▁not ▁seriously ▁dam aged . ▁This ▁Zero — known ▁as ▁the ▁" A k ut an ▁Zero " — was ▁recovered ▁by ▁American ▁forces , ▁ins pected , ▁and ▁rep a ired . ▁The ▁recovery ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁technical ▁intelligence ▁gain ▁for ▁U . S ., ▁as ▁it ▁showed ▁the ▁strength s ▁and ▁weak ness es ▁of ▁the ▁Zero ' s ▁design . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁day , ▁Admir al ▁K ak uta ▁received ▁orders ▁to ▁break ▁off ▁further ▁attacks ▁and ▁head ▁for ▁the ▁central ▁Pacific ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁Com b ined ▁Fle et ▁which ▁was ▁retre ating ▁after ▁being ▁defeated ▁at ▁Mid way . ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁a ▁small ▁Japanese ▁invasion ▁force ▁land ed ▁and ▁occupied ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁Ale ut ian ▁islands , ▁Att u ▁and ▁K iska , ▁without ▁further ▁incident . ▁ ▁The ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁occup ations ▁of ▁K iska ▁and ▁Att u ▁by ▁the ▁Japanese ▁helped ▁trigger ▁an ▁impression ▁among ▁Americans ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁going ▁to ▁launch ▁a ▁full - scale ▁attack ▁along ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁West ▁Coast . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁military |
▁and ▁comm ande ered ▁civil ian ▁aircraft ▁fle w ▁nearly ▁ 2 , 3 0 0 ▁troops ▁to ▁N ome , ▁along ▁with ▁art illery ▁and ▁ant ia ircraft ▁guns ▁and ▁several ▁tons ▁of ▁other ▁equipment ▁and ▁supplies ▁to ▁d eter ▁a ▁possible ▁Japanese ▁landing ▁in ▁main land ▁Al aska . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁Dutch ▁Har bor , ▁all ▁Ale ut ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Ale ut ▁islands ▁were ▁forced ▁into ▁intern ment ▁cam ps ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁abandoned ▁w are h ouses ▁and ▁can ner ies , ▁where ▁they ▁remained ▁for ▁four ▁years ▁and ▁which ▁caused ▁a ▁significant ▁number ▁of ▁death s . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁ ▁Sym onds , ▁Craig ▁L . ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mid way ▁( P iv otal ▁M om ents ▁in ▁American ▁History ) ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁USA ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁pp ▁ 1 9 3 – 2 0 0 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Air ▁Ra id ▁on ▁Dutch ▁Har bor ▁& ▁Fort ▁M ears ▁– ▁photos ▁& ▁documents ▁ ▁Log istics ▁Problem s ▁on ▁Att u ▁by ▁Robert ▁E . ▁Bur ks . ▁ ▁Ale ut ian ▁Islands ▁Chron ology ▁ ▁Ale ut ian ▁Islands ▁War ▁ ▁Red ▁White ▁Black ▁& ▁Blue ▁– ▁feature ▁document ary ▁about ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Att u ▁in ▁the ▁Ale ut ians ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁in ▁Al aska ▁Category : A irst rik es ▁conducted ▁by ▁Japan ▁Category : A le |
ut ian ▁Islands ▁Camp aign ▁Category : American ▁Theater ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Am ak nak ▁Island ▁Category : N aval ▁av iation ▁operations ▁and ▁batt les ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁Japan ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁involving ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : P ac ific ▁theatre ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : J une ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁B ęd zie ch owo ▁is ▁a ▁non - oper ational ▁PK P ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁B ęd zie ch owo ▁( P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ), ▁Poland . ▁ ▁L ines ▁crossing ▁the ▁station ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁B ęd zie ch owo ▁article ▁at ▁Polish ▁St ations ▁Database , ▁URL ▁accessed ▁at ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁Category : Dis used ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁Category : S łu ps k ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁B oss alin ie ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁ ▁American ▁ra pper ▁C - M ur der , ▁released ▁by ▁No ▁Lim it ▁Records , ▁Prior ity ▁Records , ▁and ▁E MI . ▁It ▁entered ▁the ▁Billboard ▁ 2 0 0 ▁at ▁number ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁week ▁ending ▁March ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁after ▁s elling ▁ ▁over ▁ 1 7 5 , 6 1 |
1 ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁week . ▁It ▁stayed ▁on ▁the ▁chart ▁for ▁ 1 1 ▁weeks ▁and ▁was ▁cert ified ▁gold ▁by ▁the ▁R I AA . ▁The ▁album ▁features ▁production ▁by ▁Be ats ▁By ▁the ▁P ound ▁and ▁guest ▁appearances ▁by ▁D az ▁D ill inger , ▁S no op ▁Dog g , ▁N ate ▁Dog g , ▁Kur upt , ▁Good ie ▁M ob ▁and ▁other ▁No ▁Lim it ▁Sold iers . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁C - M ur der ▁was ▁charged ▁by ▁Bridge port ▁Records ▁and / or ▁South field ▁Records ▁with ▁impro per ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁musical ▁composition ▁" Fl ash light " ▁as ▁an ▁interpol ated / sample d ▁portion ▁in ▁" W ▁B alls " ▁ ▁whereas ▁the ▁in fr ing ement ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁rem ed ied ▁as ▁described ▁in ▁In fr ing ing ▁Compos itions ▁and / or ▁Sound ▁Record ings ▁and / or ▁Records . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Chart ▁positions ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁R & B ▁albums ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁( U . S .) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C - M ur der ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁albums ▁Category : P riority ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : No ▁Lim it ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁L . T . ▁H utton ▁Category : New ▁jack ▁swing ▁albums ▁Category : G - f unk ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Norman ▁Hamilton , ▁O BE ▁( born ▁ |
6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁was ▁Mod er ator ▁of ▁the ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church ▁in ▁Ireland ▁from ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁- ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁minister ▁of ▁the ▁B ally s ill an ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church ▁in ▁B elf ast ▁for ▁twenty - four ▁years . ▁ ▁He ▁succeeded ▁Staff ord ▁Car son ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁after ▁an ▁election ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete en ▁Irish ▁Pres by ter ies ▁in ▁March ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pres by ter ian ▁minister s ▁from ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁L urg an ▁Category : Mod er ators ▁of ▁the ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church ▁in ▁Ireland <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁N ah raw an ▁Canal ▁() ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁ir rig ation ▁system ▁of ▁the ▁S ass an id ▁and ▁early ▁Islam ic ▁periods ▁in ▁central ▁Ira q , ▁along ▁the ▁eastern ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Tig ris ▁and ▁the ▁lower ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁Di y ala ▁River . ▁Cre ated ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century , ▁it ▁reached ▁its ▁peak ▁under ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁C ali ph ate , ▁when ▁it ▁served ▁the ▁main ▁water ▁supply ▁for ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁capital ▁of ▁Bag hd ad , ▁while ▁the ▁regions ▁ir rig ated ▁by ▁it ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁city ' s |
▁main ▁bread b asket . ▁Its ▁destruction ▁and ▁progress ive ▁abandon ment ▁from ▁the ▁mid - 1 0 th ▁century ▁on wards ▁mirror ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁C ali ph ate ' s ▁decl ine . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁ir rig ation ▁works ▁along ▁the ▁Di y ala ▁River ▁were ▁undert aken ▁in ▁Par th ian ▁times . ▁Indeed , ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁that ▁the ▁lower ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁N ah raw an ▁Canal ▁was ▁originally ▁the ▁lower ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁Di y ala . ▁The ▁large - scale ▁canal ▁system ▁of ▁early ▁medieval ▁times ▁however ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁S ass an id ▁r uler ▁Kh os ra u ▁I ▁( ), ▁who ▁also ▁established ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁administrative ▁district ▁( B az id jan ▁Kh us raw ). ▁A ▁tre as ury ▁and ▁mint ▁were ▁possibly ▁established ▁there . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁Islam ic ▁times , ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁J is r ▁al - N ah raw an ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁canal ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁N ah raw an ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 6 5 8 ▁between ▁Ali ▁and ▁the ▁K har ij ites ▁under ▁Ab dal lah ▁ibn ▁W ah b . ▁Under ▁the ▁early ▁C ali ph ates , ▁and ▁especially ▁under ▁the ▁Abb as ids ▁who ▁made ▁nearby ▁Bag hd ad ▁their ▁capital , ▁the ▁canal ▁network ▁was ▁rep a ired ▁and ▁expanded , ▁reaching ▁its ▁peak ▁in ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁and ▁early |
▁ 1 0 th ▁centuries . ▁In ▁Abb as id ▁times , ▁the ▁region ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁tax ▁districts , ▁Upper , ▁Middle ▁and ▁Lower ▁N ah raw an . ▁ ▁The ▁canal ▁was ▁bre ached ▁in ▁ 9 3 7 / 8 , ▁during ▁the ▁revol t ▁of ▁B aj k am ▁against ▁I bn ▁Ra ' i q ; ▁the ▁latter ▁tried ▁to ▁imp ede ▁B aj k am ' s ▁advance ▁from ▁Was it ▁to ▁Bag hd ad ▁by ▁flo oding ▁the ▁region ▁in ▁between . ▁The ▁move ▁bare ly ▁ob struct ed ▁B aj k am , ▁but ▁succeeded ▁in ▁destroy ing ▁the ▁agricult ure ▁of ▁the ▁region , ▁h ither to ▁the ▁bread b asket ▁of ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁capital . ▁As ▁Hugh ▁N . ▁Kennedy ▁writes , ▁" the ▁bre ach ▁of ▁the ▁N ah raw an ▁canal ▁was ▁simply ▁the ▁most ▁dram atic ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁w ides p read ▁phenomen on ▁of ▁the ▁time ; ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁symbol ic ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁‘ A bb as id ▁power ▁just ▁as ▁the ▁bre ach ▁of ▁the ▁Mar ib ▁Dam ▁was ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁prosper ity ▁of ▁pre - I sl am ic ▁south ▁Arab ia ". ▁The ▁lower ▁and ▁middle ▁N ah raw an ▁were ▁entirely ▁abandoned ▁for ▁almost ▁ 1 4 ▁years , ▁until ▁the ▁Bu y ids ▁under ▁Mu ' izz ▁al - D aw la ▁restored ▁the ▁canal . ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁canal ▁network ▁continued ▁to ▁decl |
ine ▁there after . ▁As ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 1 4 0 , ▁the ▁Sel ju q ▁governor ▁Bi h ru z ▁tried ▁to ▁restore ▁it , ▁but ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 3 th - century ▁scholar ▁Ya q ut ▁al - H am aw i , ▁inf ight ing ▁among ▁the ▁Sel ju q s ▁once ▁again ▁meant ▁the ▁neglect ▁of ▁the ▁canal , ▁and ▁its ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁road ▁by ▁their ▁troops ▁comp ounded ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁the ▁network . ▁By ▁Ya q ut ' s ▁time , ▁the ▁canal ▁network ▁had ▁largely ▁s ilt ed ▁up ▁and ▁the ▁coun tr ys ide ▁along ▁them ▁was ▁abandoned . ▁ ▁Out line ▁▁ ▁In ▁medieval ▁times , ▁the ▁main ▁canal ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁sections , ▁described ▁in ▁detail ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 3 th - century ▁ge ograph er ▁Ya q ut ▁al - H am aw i , ▁in ▁his ▁Mu ' j am ▁al - B uld an . ▁The ▁initial ▁fe eder ▁canal ▁drawing ▁water ▁from ▁the ▁Tig ris ▁at ▁Dur ▁al - A rab aya ▁near ▁Sam ar ra ▁and ▁carrying ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁Di y ala ▁at ▁Ba ' qu ba ▁was ▁called ▁al - k at ul ▁al - K is raw i ▁(" the ▁C ut ▁of ▁Kh os ra u "). ▁During ▁its ▁course , ▁it ▁was ▁joined ▁by ▁three ▁smaller ▁can als ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁Tig ris , ▁the ▁Y ah udi ▁(" of ▁the ▁Jews "), ▁the ▁al - Ma |
' m uni , ▁named ▁after ▁C ali ph ▁al - Ma ' mun ▁( r . ▁ 8 1 3 – 8 3 3 ), ▁and ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁the ▁three , ▁the ▁Ab u ▁' l - J und ▁(" arch ▁war rior "), ▁built ▁under ▁Har un ▁al - R ash id ▁( r . ▁ 7 8 6 – 8 0 9 ). ▁ ▁Some ▁ 2 0 km ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁in flow ▁of ▁the ▁Ab u ▁' l - J und ▁stood ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Sal wa ▁or ▁Bab ▁Sal wa ▁( Bas al wa ), ▁and ▁a ▁little ▁further ▁on ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ba ' qu ba , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁Upper ▁N ah raw an ▁district , ▁some ▁ 5 0 km ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁Bag hd ad . ▁From ▁there , ▁the ▁main ▁canal , ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁T amar ra , ▁turned ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁B aj is ra ▁( origin ally ▁Bay t ▁al - J is r , ▁" bridge - house ") ▁and ▁finally ▁J is r ▁al - N ah raw an , ▁from ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁N ah raw an ▁proper . ▁From ▁B aj is ra ▁a ▁canal , ▁the ▁N ahr ▁al - K hal is , ▁connected ▁the ▁main ▁canal ▁with ▁the ▁Tig ris ▁at ▁Bar ad an ▁and ▁supplied ▁the ▁eastern ▁sub ur bs ▁of ▁Bag hd ad ▁with ▁water , ▁while ▁another |
, ▁the ▁N ahr ▁Bin , ▁connected ▁J is r ▁al - N ah raw an ▁with ▁Kal wad ha ▁south ▁of ▁Bag hd ad . ▁Just ▁south ▁of ▁J is r ▁al - N ah raw an ▁there ▁was ▁another ▁canal , ▁the ▁Di y ala ▁canal — the ▁present ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁names ake ▁river — which ▁joined ▁the ▁Tig ris ▁some ▁ 5 km ▁south ▁of ▁Bag hd ad . ▁J is r ▁al - N ah raw an ▁itself ▁was ▁a ▁wealth y ▁place , ▁as ▁there ▁the ▁Kh uras an ▁Road ▁connecting ▁Bag hd ad ▁with ▁Central ▁Asia ▁crossed ▁the ▁canal . ▁Sur v iving ▁descri ptions ▁record ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁extended ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁canal , ▁each ▁with ▁its ▁own ▁mos ques , ▁mark ets ▁and ▁host els ▁for ▁trav ellers ▁and ▁pil gr ims . ▁It ▁was ▁abandoned ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century , ▁as ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁Kh uras an ▁was ▁di vert ed ▁north , ▁through ▁Ba ' qu ba . ▁ ▁Below ▁J is r ▁al - N ah raw an ▁came ▁a ▁large ▁S ass an id - era ▁we ir ▁( Sh ad h ur wan ), ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁J is r ▁Bur an / P ur an ▁( named ▁after ▁Ma ' mun ' s ▁wife ), ▁Y arz ati ya , ▁' Ab arta , ▁another ▁we ir , ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁I sk af ▁B ani ▁Jun ay d |
, ▁divided ▁by ▁the ▁canal ▁in ▁upper ▁and ▁lower ▁towns . ▁From ▁I sk af , ▁the ▁canal ▁went ▁on ▁for ▁another ▁ 1 0 0 km ▁amid st ▁a ▁heavily ▁cultiv ated ▁landscape ▁to ▁re join ▁the ▁Tig ris ▁at ▁Mad har aya , ▁near ▁modern ▁K ut . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁Category : I r rig ation ▁can als ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Di y ala ▁Province ▁Category : T ig ris ▁River ▁Category : I ra q ▁under ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁C ali ph ate ▁Category : S as an ian ▁Empire ▁Category : K hos row ▁I <0x0A> </s> ▁As ▁It ▁Occ urs ▁To ▁Me ▁( or ▁A I OT M ▁( ai ot m )) ▁is ▁an ▁internet ▁comedy ▁sketch ▁and ▁stand - up ▁show ▁written ▁and ▁performed ▁by ▁Richard ▁Her ring ▁and ▁co - st arring ▁Dan ▁T ets ell , ▁Emma ▁Kennedy ▁and ▁Christian ▁Re illy . ▁It ▁was ▁performed ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁at ▁the ▁Le ic ester ▁Square ▁Theatre ▁and ▁occasionally ▁at ▁the ▁Blo oms bury ▁Theatre ▁and ▁was ▁made ▁available ▁as ▁a ▁pod cast ▁through ▁the ▁British ▁Com edy ▁Guide ▁website . ▁The ▁show ▁ran ▁for ▁three ▁series , ▁including ▁three ▁spe ci als . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Her ring ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁show ▁could ▁make ▁a ▁return ▁in ▁a |
▁fil med ▁format ▁depending ▁on ▁fans ▁fund ing ▁the ▁film ing ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁extra ▁content ▁from ▁his ▁other ▁shows . ▁After ▁a ▁successful ▁K ick st arter ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁show ▁returned ▁in ▁a ▁month ly ▁format . ▁ ▁Con ception ▁Her ring ▁discussed ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁creating ▁an ▁internet ▁sketch ▁show ▁on ▁The ▁Coll ings ▁and ▁Herr in ▁Pod cast ▁and ▁particularly ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁presentation ▁with ▁Andrew ▁Collins ▁to ▁the ▁Radio ▁Academy ▁at ▁Mill bank , ▁London ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁There ▁he ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁pod cast ing ▁meant ▁it ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁necessary ▁for ▁com ed ians ▁to ▁have ▁to ▁air ▁their ▁material ▁via ▁television ▁or ▁radio ▁stations ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁" do ▁it ▁yourself " ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁internet ▁meant ▁greater ▁cre ative ▁control . ▁Having ▁to ▁answer ▁to ▁broad c aster s ▁had ▁h inder ed ▁many ▁of ▁Her ring ' s ▁earlier ▁projects ▁and ▁the ▁controvers y ▁surrounding ▁Russell ▁Brand ▁and ▁Jonathan ▁Ross ' s ▁" S ach sg ate " ▁sc andal ▁had ▁meant ▁that ▁rules ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁had ▁been ▁tight ened ▁even ▁further . ▁Her ring ▁decided ▁to ▁pione er ▁the ▁idea ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁While ▁the ▁show ▁is ▁free ▁to ▁download , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁ad mission ▁fee ▁to ▁attend ▁the ▁recording ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁cover ▁costs . ▁ ▁Format ▁The ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁is ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁Her ring ' s ▁BBC ▁Radio |
▁ 2 ▁show ▁That ▁Was ▁Then , ▁This ▁Is ▁Now ▁( or ▁T WT T IN ) ▁featuring ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁stars ▁of ▁that ▁show . ▁Where as ▁the ▁format ▁of ▁T WT T IN ▁was ▁based ▁around ▁historical ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁week ▁of ▁broadcast , ▁A I OT M ▁is ▁based ▁around ▁events ▁or ▁ideas ▁which ▁have ▁occurred ▁to ▁Richard ▁Her ring ▁that ▁week ; ▁the ▁show ▁usually ▁being ▁written ▁the ▁week end ▁prior ▁to ▁performance . ▁Her ring ' s ▁habit ▁of ▁turning ▁his ▁show ▁titles ▁into ▁ac ron ym s ▁is ▁continued ▁in ▁As ▁It ▁Occ urs ▁To ▁Me , ▁which ▁has ▁the ▁abbre viation ▁" AI OT M ", ▁which ▁is ▁repeated ▁by ▁the ▁audience ▁every ▁time ▁it ▁is ▁said ▁on ▁stage . ▁ ▁The ▁show ▁is ▁recorded ▁live ▁and ▁put ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁pod cast ▁un ed ited , ▁retain ing ▁any ▁mistakes ▁and ▁ad - libs . ▁The ▁rough ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁is ▁frequently ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁the ▁show ▁itself . ▁ ▁An ▁element ▁which ▁sets ▁A I OT M ▁apart ▁from ▁T WT T IN ▁are ▁sections ▁where ▁Kennedy , ▁T ets ell ▁and ▁Re illy ▁ad - lib , ▁sharing ▁their ▁week ' s ▁stories ▁during ▁the ▁introduction , ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁section ▁towards ▁the ▁end ▁where ▁Her ring ▁asks ▁the ▁audience ▁to ▁share ▁what ▁has ▁happened ▁to ▁them ▁that ▁week , ▁with ▁varying ▁degrees ▁of ▁success ▁depending ▁on ▁which ▁audience ▁member ▁is ▁picked . ▁ ▁Rec urr ing ▁J okes ▁ ▁T |
iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁representation ▁of ▁the ▁broad c aster ▁and ▁writer ▁Andrew ▁Collins , ▁with ▁whom ▁Her ring ▁hosted ▁a ▁pod cast ▁and ▁formerly ▁a ▁Saturday ▁morning ▁BBC ▁ 6 ▁Music ▁show . ▁The ▁character , ▁vo iced ▁by ▁Dan ▁T ets ell ▁in ▁a ▁high ▁pitch ed ▁York shire ▁acc ent , ▁first ▁appeared ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁sketch es ▁based ▁on ▁convers ations ▁Her ring ▁had ▁with ▁the ▁real ▁Andrew ▁Collins ▁but ▁soon ▁the ▁character ▁inv aded ▁the ▁stage ▁and ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁show . ▁The ▁name ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings ▁was ▁first ▁used ▁in ▁E pisode ▁Ten ▁of ▁Series ▁One ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁par ody ▁of ▁A ▁Christmas ▁Carol , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁represented ▁as ▁a ▁T iny ▁Tim ▁character . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁episode , ▁the ▁real ▁Andrew ▁Collins ▁took ▁to ▁the ▁stage ▁after ▁weeks ▁of ▁Richard ▁ref using ▁to ▁let ▁him ▁have ▁anything ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings ▁returned ▁in ▁Series ▁Two , ▁appearing ▁in ▁every ▁episode ▁and ▁becoming ▁less ▁and ▁less ▁( although ▁Her ring ▁would ▁argue ▁more ▁and ▁more ) ▁like ▁the ▁real ▁Andrew ▁Collins . ▁During ▁the ▁series ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings ▁father ed ▁a ▁child , ▁T iny ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings , ▁with ▁his ▁own ▁mother , ▁T iny ▁Mrs ▁Coll ings , ▁played ▁by ▁Emma ▁Kennedy . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁all ▁three ▁characters ▁were ▁killed ▁by ▁Richard |
▁Her ring . ▁Series ▁Two ▁saw ▁the ▁début ▁of ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings ' ▁catch phr ase ▁"( as ide )", ▁used ▁to ▁highlight ▁his ▁two - fac ed ▁b itch y ▁comments , ▁especially ▁regarding ▁Her ring ▁himself . ▁The ▁term ▁"( as ide )" ▁is ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Shakespeare an ▁stage ▁directions , ▁and ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁heard ▁using ▁the ▁term ▁"( s otto ▁voce )" ▁before ▁whisper ing ▁something ▁and ▁at ▁one ▁point ▁ex its ▁purs ued ▁by ▁a ▁bear ; ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁a ▁stage ▁direction ▁in ▁A ▁Winter ' s ▁T ale . ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings ▁is ▁also ▁famous ▁for ▁exc laim ing ▁his ▁own ▁compl iments ▁and ▁pret ending ▁they ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁audience , ▁with ▁the ▁f aux ▁self - eff acing ▁phrase ▁" Be ▁quiet , ▁you ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁crowd ▁saying ▁those ▁things ". ▁ ▁Despite ▁having ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Series ▁Two ▁( rec iting ▁the ▁poem ▁Do ▁Not ▁Stand ▁At ▁My ▁Gra ve ▁and ▁We ep ), ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁returned ▁on ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁special , ▁claim ing ▁responsibility ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁bad ▁things ▁that ▁had ▁occurred ▁to ▁Richard ▁over ▁the ▁previous ▁month ▁( with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁bad ▁review ▁for ▁Her ring ' s ▁Christ ▁on ▁a ▁Bi ke ▁show ). ▁The ▁real ▁Andrew ▁Collins ▁was ▁soon ▁placed ▁in ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁( due ▁to ▁Richard ▁bre aching ▁a ▁court ▁order ▁which ▁stated ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁to ▁par ody ▁Andrew |
▁any ▁more ) ▁and ▁so ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁agreed ▁to ▁combine ▁with ▁Andrew ▁to ▁form ▁one ▁single ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings , ▁ending ▁the ▁horror ▁of ▁the ▁short - l ived ▁As ▁It ▁Occ urs ▁To ▁The ▁Film ▁Editor ▁Of ▁The ▁Radio ▁Times . ▁T iny ▁Andrew ▁Coll ings ▁returned ▁again ▁in ▁Series ▁Three , ▁in ▁a ▁smaller , ▁Series ▁One ▁style ▁capacity . ▁ ▁C ump kin ▁C ump kin , ▁which ▁became ▁a ▁regular ▁catch phr ase , ▁started ▁life ▁as ▁an ▁accident al ▁mis pr on unci ation ▁of ▁" p ump kin " ▁by ▁Her ring ▁as ▁" c ump kin " ▁and ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁subsequent ▁shows ▁after ▁the ▁revel ation ▁that ▁" c ump kin " ▁is ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁Urban ▁Dictionary ▁referring ▁to ▁a ▁sexual ▁fet ish ▁involving ▁at ▁least ▁five ▁men . ▁Her ring ▁has ▁since ▁encourag ed ▁listen ers ▁to ▁purchase ▁" c ump kin " ▁mer ch and ise ▁from ▁the ▁Urban ▁Dictionary ▁website . ▁In ▁Series ▁Two , ▁Her ring ▁v owed ▁to ▁create ▁all ▁new ▁catch phr ases ▁and ▁so , ▁D ump kin ▁was ▁created ▁as ▁a ▁replacement . ▁For ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁special ▁the ▁term ▁was ▁dropped ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁Sh agg is . ▁For ▁Series ▁Three , ▁this ▁changed ▁again ▁to ▁a ▁M int ed ▁C ump kin ▁- ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁" c ump kin ", ▁but ▁with ▁a ▁packet ▁of ▁Pol o ▁M ints ▁thrown ▁in . ▁ ▁Rou lette ▁W heel ▁During ▁Series ▁One , |
▁only ▁one ▁pre - record ed ▁sound ▁effect ▁was ▁used , ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁rou lette ▁wheel . ▁It ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁other ▁sound ▁effects ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁cup ▁of ▁tea ▁being ▁stir red , ▁Michael ▁Jackson ' s ▁rolling ▁e y eb all ▁and ▁even ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁theme ▁t unes ▁for ▁Count down ▁and ▁Quant um ▁Le ap . ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁sound ▁effect ▁is ▁un con vin cing ▁and ▁over long ▁adds ▁to ▁the ▁hum our . ▁In ▁E pisode ▁Ten , ▁the ▁sound ▁effect ▁is ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁loop ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁ten ▁minutes ▁of ▁the ▁pod cast . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁episode ▁of ▁Series ▁Two , ▁Her ring ▁destroyed ▁the ▁CD ▁which ▁contained ▁the ▁sound ▁and ▁explained ▁that ▁prof its ▁from ▁Series ▁One ▁had ▁created ▁a ▁sound ▁effects ▁budget . ▁The ▁sound ▁effect ▁has ▁since ▁returned ▁for ▁came o ▁appearances ▁in ▁Series ▁Two ▁and ▁Three . ▁ ▁One ▁Star ▁i T unes ▁Re views ▁As ▁with ▁Her ring ' s ▁other ▁pod cast , ▁The ▁Coll ings ▁and ▁Herr in ▁Pod cast s , ▁frequent ▁references ▁are ▁made ▁about ▁bad ▁reviews ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁submitted ▁to ▁i T unes , ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁musical ▁st ings , ▁frequently ▁to ▁the ▁t une ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁New ▁York , ▁performed ▁by ▁Christian ▁Re illy . ▁For ▁the ▁Aut umn ▁spe ci als ▁these ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁Richard ▁goog ling ▁his ▁own ▁name ▁and ▁reading ▁out ▁am using ▁stories ▁he ▁discovered , ▁usually |
▁coming ▁from ▁message ▁for ums . ▁ ▁High - Back ed ▁Arm ch air ▁Her ring ▁refers ▁frequently ▁to ▁his ▁enjoy ment ▁of ▁sitting ▁in ▁a ▁high - back ed ▁arm ch air ▁with ▁a ▁sem ic irc ular ▁to ile t ▁mat ▁in ▁his ▁lap , ▁m ast urb ating ▁while ▁women ▁dance ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁him ▁beneath ▁a ▁mirror ball . ▁ ▁If ▁I ▁Could ▁Turn ▁Back ▁Time ▁A ▁segment ▁in ▁which ▁Her ring ▁returns ▁in ▁sketch ▁form ▁to ▁an ▁event ▁from ▁the ▁preceding ▁week , ▁this ▁time ▁with ▁Her ring ▁doing ▁what ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁do ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁The ▁highlight ▁of ▁this ▁segment ▁was ▁the ▁now ▁classic ▁" M ot or cycle ▁Cl othing ▁Sh op ▁Sk etch " ▁( which ▁did ▁not ▁gain ▁the ▁correct ▁amount ▁of ▁laugh ter ▁so ▁Rich ▁carried ▁on ▁doing ▁it ▁in ▁S 2 ▁EP 7 ▁after ▁it ▁had ▁originally ▁appeared ▁in ▁EP 6 ). ▁The ▁musical ▁st ing ▁for ▁this ▁segment ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Cher ▁song ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁ ▁The ▁Mor al ▁Maz e ▁This ▁segment ▁first ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁Series ▁Three , ▁and ▁de als ▁with ▁moral ▁d ile mm as ▁Richard ▁has ▁faced ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁week . ▁After ▁Richard ▁has ▁related ▁the ▁incident , ▁it ▁is ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁audience ▁to ▁decide ▁whether ▁his ▁actions ▁were ▁moral , ▁imm oral ▁or ▁am oral . ▁Sub ject s ▁for ▁moral ▁discussion ▁include ▁ste aling ▁a ▁packet ▁of ▁Qu a vers ▁from ▁a ▁train ▁and |
▁not ▁removing ▁an ▁open ▁por n ographic ▁magazine ▁from ▁a ▁public ▁bin . ▁ ▁Pi ppa ▁Middle ton ' s ▁Dis emb od ied ▁An us ▁When ▁Richard ▁secured ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Pi ppa ▁Middle ton ' s ▁b um , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁hot ▁topic ▁of ▁media ▁coverage ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Royal ▁Wed ding , ▁he ▁was ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁little ▁disappoint ed ▁to ▁have ▁accident ally ▁book ed ▁her ▁an us , ▁rather ▁than ▁her ▁but to cks . ▁The ▁an us , ▁vo iced ▁by ▁Kennedy , ▁rec ount s ▁her ▁trag ic ▁life , ▁over shadow ed ▁by ▁Pi ppa ▁Middle ton ' s ▁but to cks , ▁when ▁she ▁feels ▁she ▁does ▁all ▁the ▁hard ▁work . ▁Her ring ▁tells ▁her ▁he ▁knows ▁how ▁she ▁feels , ▁having ▁worked ▁with ▁Stewart ▁Lee . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁her ▁triumph ant ▁speech es , ▁she ▁ut ters ▁the ▁phrase ▁" I ▁am ▁an us , ▁hear ▁me ▁ro ar ! ", ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁long ▁flat ul ent ▁noise . ▁She ▁has ▁appeared ▁regularly ▁throughout ▁Series ▁Three . ▁ ▁P oo ▁St ories ▁Emma ▁reads ▁out ▁sc at ological ▁an ec d otes ▁contributed ▁by ▁listen ers ▁and ▁the ▁live ▁audience : ▁hospital ▁lab ▁techn icians ▁receiving ▁st ool ▁samples ▁in ▁" uno fficial " ▁containers ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁L id l ▁car rier ▁bag ), ▁an ▁elder ly ▁relative ▁retr ieving ▁an ▁apparently ▁und ig ested ▁pe a ▁from ▁their |
▁own ▁ex crement ▁and ▁e ating ▁it , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁ ▁Christian ▁Re illy ' s ▁Song ▁From ▁Series ▁Two ▁on wards , ▁A I OT M ▁has ▁featured ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Christian ▁Re illy , ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁ve in ▁to ▁the ▁songs ▁featured ▁by ▁Re illy ▁and ▁his ▁band ▁in ▁T WT T IN . ▁By ▁Series ▁Three , ▁this ▁song ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁feature ▁and ▁either ▁addressed ▁a ▁topic ▁in ▁the ▁news ▁that ▁week , ▁or ▁something ▁which ▁has ▁happened ▁in ▁A I OT M . ▁Most ▁songs ▁are ▁a ▁par ody ▁of ▁a ▁popular ▁song . ▁ ▁The ▁songs ▁featured , ▁and ▁the ▁episodes ▁they ▁featured ▁in , ▁are ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 ▁ ▁E pisode ▁ 1 : ▁IM F ▁( Im possible ▁Mission ▁Force ) ▁E pisode ▁ 2 : ▁White y ' s ▁Not ▁On ▁The ▁Moon ▁E pisode ▁ 3 : ▁Brown ▁R ice ▁E pisode ▁ 4 : ▁T error ist ▁State ▁of ▁Mind ▁E pisode ▁ 5 : ▁Sp ill ▁Your ▁Mess ▁E pisode ▁ 6 : ▁Let ' s ▁Take ▁B ono ' s ▁M oney ▁E pisode ▁ 7 : ▁C um ▁On ▁England ▁E pisode ▁ 8 : ▁Russian ▁Sp y ▁ ▁Edinburgh ▁Special ▁▁ ▁C aled onian ▁Girls ▁ ▁Aut umn ▁Spe ci als ▁▁▁ 1 : ▁Let ▁Me ▁Take ▁You ▁By ▁The ▁Hand ▁▁ 2 : ▁Cra zy ▁Mon keys ▁▁ 3 : ▁E ight - F ive ▁P ounds ▁and ▁Ele ven |
▁P ence ▁ ▁Series ▁ 3 ▁ ▁E pisode ▁ 1 : ▁W on ky ▁Face ▁E pisode ▁ 2 : ▁Little ▁An us ▁E pisode ▁ 3 : ▁All ▁That ▁He ▁W ants ▁( Is ▁To ▁Be ▁On ▁T elly ) ▁E pisode ▁ 4 : ▁Judge ▁Me ▁On ▁My ▁Dan cing ▁E pisode ▁ 5 : ▁G row ing ▁Ext ra ▁Lim bs ▁E pisode ▁ 6 : ▁C ump kin ▁in ▁the ▁Wind ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁overall ▁response ▁to ▁A I OT M ▁has ▁been ▁positive . ▁The ▁pod cast ▁entered ▁the ▁i T unes ▁pod cast ▁chart ▁at ▁number ▁ 2 , ▁remaining ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁six ▁weeks ▁of ▁broadcast ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁t enth ▁place ▁in ▁Dave ' s ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁Com edy ▁Pod cast s ▁within ▁two ▁weeks ▁of ▁its ▁debut . ▁The ▁show ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Lo aded ▁La ft a ▁for ▁Best ▁Pod cast . ▁Show ▁Ten , ▁performed ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁was ▁sold ▁out , ▁however ▁Richard ▁Her ring ▁and ▁Emma ▁Kennedy ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁sexual ▁inter course , ▁as ▁promised ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁episode . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Sony ▁Radio ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁" Best ▁Internet ▁Program me ". ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁As ▁It ▁Occ urs ▁to ▁Me ▁won ▁comedy ▁website ▁Ch ort |
le ' s ▁first ▁award ▁for ▁internet ▁comedy . ▁ ▁Release ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁pod cast s ▁plus ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁ex tras ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁As ▁It ▁Occ urs ▁To ▁Me : ▁The ▁Complete ▁C ump kin ▁CD ▁from ▁the ▁ind ie ▁comedy ▁company ▁Go ▁F aster ▁St ri pe . ▁ ▁Performance ▁D ates ▁ ▁Series ▁One : ▁▁ 1 2 ▁October ▁- ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Series ▁Two : ▁▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁- ▁ 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Spe ci als : ▁▁ 1 7 ▁August , ▁ 1 1 ▁October , ▁ 1 8 ▁October , ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Series ▁Three : ▁▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁- ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Web ▁Series ▁Rev ival ▁ ▁As ▁It ▁Occ urs ▁to ▁Me ▁returned ▁for ▁a ▁six - part ▁video ▁web ▁series ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁after ▁a ▁successful ▁K ick st arter ▁crow df und ▁of ▁£ 1 0 7 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁The ▁first ▁episode ▁appeared ▁on ▁YouTube ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Richard ▁Her ring ▁Inter view ▁with ▁The ▁Stage ▁ ▁Short ▁video ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁cast ▁ ▁Den ▁of ▁Ge ek ▁review ▁of ▁Show ▁ 1 ▁ |
▁Category : Audio ▁pod cast s <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁A . ▁F anning ▁( a . k . a . ▁Tom ▁F anning ) ▁is ▁the ▁Chair man , ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁and ▁President ▁of ▁Southern ▁Company , ▁the ▁second ▁largest ▁utility ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁customer ▁base , ▁with ▁ 9 ▁million ▁gas ▁and ▁electric ▁utility ▁customers ▁served ▁by ▁subs idi aries ▁in ▁nine ▁states . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Thomas ▁A . ▁F anning ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Mor rist own , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁metropol itan ▁Atlanta ▁area ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁elementary ▁school , ▁and ▁attended ▁Sand y ▁Spr ings ▁High ▁School . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Georgia ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology , ▁where ▁he ▁also ▁received ▁a ▁Master ' s ▁degree . ▁ ▁Career ▁F anning ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁Fin an cial ▁Anal yst ▁at ▁Southern ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Southern ▁Company ' s ▁then ▁international ▁subs idi ary ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁serving ▁first ▁as ▁tre as urer ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁other ▁positions . ▁During ▁this ▁period , ▁F anning ▁led ▁a ▁team ▁that ▁acquired ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁Lo y ▁Yang ▁B ▁Power ▁Station ▁in ▁Victoria , ▁Australia . ▁After ▁serving ▁as ▁Chief ▁Information ▁Officer ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁Senior ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Str ategy ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁for ▁Southern ▁Company |
, ▁he ▁became ▁Chief ▁Fin an cial ▁Officer ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁subs idi aries , ▁Mississippi ▁Power , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁and ▁Executive ▁Vice ▁President , ▁Tre as urer ▁and ▁Chief ▁Fin an cial ▁Officer ▁of ▁another ▁subs idi ary ▁Georgia ▁Power ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁He ▁then ▁served ▁as ▁President ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁another ▁subs idi ary , ▁G ulf ▁Power ▁Company ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁Executive ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Southern ▁Company ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁its ▁Tre as urer ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁as ▁its ▁Chief ▁Fin an cial ▁Officer ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁its ▁Chief ▁Oper ating ▁Officer ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁F anning ▁became ▁President ▁of ▁Southern ▁Company ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁Chair man ▁and ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁has ▁purs ued ▁a ▁strategy ▁based ▁on ▁developing ▁a ▁diverse ▁port folio ▁of ▁energy ▁resources ▁that ▁includes ▁nuclear , ▁coal , ▁natural ▁gas , ▁renew ables ▁and ▁energy ▁efficiency , ▁and ▁lever aging ▁energy ▁innov ation ▁to ▁serve ▁customers . ▁Since ▁becoming ▁CE O ▁of ▁Southern ▁Company , ▁F anning ▁has ▁called ▁for ▁a ▁national ▁energy |
▁policy ▁to ▁support ▁clean , ▁safe , ▁reliable ▁and ▁afford able ▁energy . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Energy W ire ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁F anning ▁said , ▁" The ▁greatest ▁advantage ▁America ▁has ▁right ▁now , ▁beyond ▁technology ▁innov ation ▁as ▁a ▁core ▁principle , ▁is ▁energy ▁policy . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁more ▁important ▁energy ▁policy ▁right ▁now ▁than ▁the ▁elect r ification ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁doing ▁it ▁right . ▁If ▁we ▁do ▁energy ▁policy ▁right , ▁we ▁really ▁can ▁provide ▁to ▁the ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁hope ." ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁F anning ▁announced ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁Southern ▁Company ▁and ▁A GL ▁Resources ▁Inc ., ▁which ▁upon ▁completion ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁created ▁a ▁combined ▁company ▁with ▁operations ▁in ▁ 1 8 ▁states , ▁including ▁electric ▁and ▁gas ▁util ities ▁in ▁nine ▁states ▁serving ▁ 9 ▁million ▁customers , ▁and ▁ 3 2 , 5 0 0 ▁employees . ▁ ▁Under ▁F anning , ▁Southern ▁Company ▁has ▁opened ▁the ▁Energy ▁In nov ation ▁Center ▁in ▁Atlanta , ▁where ▁the ▁company ▁and ▁partners ▁are ▁working ▁on ▁products ▁and ▁services ▁such ▁as ▁electric ▁transport ation , ▁home ▁autom ation , ▁energy ▁efficiency ▁and ▁renew ables . ▁ ▁F anning ▁is ▁helping ▁lead ▁efforts ▁within ▁the ▁electric ▁utility ▁industry ▁to ▁coordinate ▁plans ▁to ▁protect ▁critical ▁infrastr ucture ▁from ▁physical ▁and ▁cy ber ▁thre ats . ▁Writing ▁in ▁Electric ▁Pers pect ives ▁magazine ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 |
, ▁F anning ▁said ▁the ▁electric ▁utility ▁industry ▁is ▁working ▁closely ▁with ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁U . S . ▁electric ▁grid ▁safe ▁from ▁attacks . ▁Indust ry - g overn ment ▁co operation , ▁he ▁said , ▁is ▁" ex ceed ingly ▁important ▁to ▁ens uring ▁the ▁security ▁of ▁the ▁electric ▁system ▁that ▁is ▁so ▁essential ▁to ▁the ▁life , ▁health ▁and ▁safety ▁of ▁all ▁Americans ." ▁▁ ▁F anning ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁the ▁St . ▁Joe ▁Company , ▁a ▁land ▁development ▁company ▁and ▁Florida ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁private ▁land owner , ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁He ▁has ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Reserve ▁Bank ▁of ▁Atlanta ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁and ▁as ▁chairman ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁He ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁the ▁V ul can ▁Material s ▁Company , ▁a ▁construction ▁company ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁B irmingham , ▁Alabama . ▁He ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁Georgia ▁Te ch ▁Sch eller ▁College ▁of ▁Business ▁Ad vis ory ▁Board ▁and ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Trust ees ▁for ▁the ▁Georgia ▁Te ch ▁Foundation . ▁F anning ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Business ▁Round table . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁F anning ▁was ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 4 ▁by ▁Power Engine ering ▁among ▁the ▁industry ' s ▁ 2 5 ▁most ▁influ ential ▁people ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁ 2 |
5 ▁years . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁John ▁D . ▁D ing ell ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Labor ▁and ▁Management ▁Public ▁Affairs ▁Committee . ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Most ▁In flu ential ▁Georg ians ▁presented ▁by ▁Georgia ▁Tr end ▁magazine . ▁F anning ▁received ▁the ▁Dean ' s ▁App reci ation ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁from ▁the ▁Georgia ▁Te ch ▁College ▁of ▁Engineering . ▁ ▁Phil anth ropy ▁F anning ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Way ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁Atlanta ▁T oc que ville ▁Society . ▁He ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁Mer cy ▁Care , ▁which ▁provides ▁health ▁care ▁to ▁the ▁poor ▁and ▁marg inal ized ▁in ▁Atlanta . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mor rist own , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Atlanta ▁Category : Ge org ia ▁Te ch ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : American ▁corpor ate ▁direct ors ▁Category : S ou thern ▁Company ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁H rist o ▁R ist os kov ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Bulgar ian ▁international ▁football ▁ref eree ▁and ▁player . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 0 3 . 2 3 . 1 9 7 1 ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Sand ans ki . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁s occer ▁ref eree , |
▁he ▁has ▁over seen ▁ 1 5 9 ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁el ite ▁group ▁" A " ▁and ▁ 4 8 ▁matches ▁in ▁the ▁Cup ▁of ▁Bulg aria , ▁which ▁puts ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁rank ings ▁in ▁number ▁of ▁matches ▁of ▁all ▁time . ▁He ▁has ▁ref ere ed ▁one ▁final ▁in ▁the ▁Cup ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁( CS K A ▁Sof ia ▁- ▁L ite x ) ▁and ▁a ▁Super ▁Cup ▁match ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁R ist os kov ▁ref ere ed ▁some ▁matches ▁of ▁the ▁champion ships ▁of ▁Roman ia ▁and ▁Cy pr us . ▁An ▁International ▁FIFA ▁ref eree ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁offici ated ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 2 ▁international ▁matches , ▁including ▁qual ifiers ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁and ▁World ▁Cup . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁footballer ▁he ▁played ▁ 6 8 ▁matches ▁and ▁scored ▁ 1 2 ▁goals ▁for ▁Vi hren ▁( S and ans ki ) ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁level ▁of ▁Bulgar ian ▁championship ▁" B " ▁group ▁( 1 9 8 8 - 1 9 9 3 ▁year ). ▁As ▁a ▁player ▁of ▁Pir in ▁B lag o ev grad , ▁he ▁was ▁champion ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁for ▁Under ▁ 1 5 ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁and ▁Under ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁( 1 9 8 8 ). ▁From ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁lives ▁with |
▁his ▁family ▁in ▁Austria . ▁His ▁mot to ▁as ▁a ▁ref eree : ▁" The ▁judge ▁must ▁defend ▁the ▁image ▁and ▁roots ▁of ▁the ▁game ." ▁He ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁Bulgar ian ▁football ▁ref ere es ▁from ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : B ul gar ian ▁football ▁ref ere es ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sand ans ki <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁( ): ▁" R ock ▁of ▁Cer qu ín ") ▁was ▁a ▁mount aint op ▁Len ca ▁for tr ess ▁in ▁southern ▁H ond uras ▁during ▁the ▁Contact ▁Period ▁( 1 5 2 0 – 1 5 4 0 ). ▁The ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁was ▁a ▁key ▁Len ca ▁strong hold ▁during ▁the ▁Great ▁Revol t ▁of ▁ 1 5 3 7 ▁against ▁the ▁Spanish ▁con quest . ▁The ▁def ences ▁were ▁form id able , ▁and ▁the ▁Len ca ▁war le ader ▁Lem pi ra ▁strength ened ▁the ▁fort ifications ▁consider ably , ▁and ▁used ▁it ▁as ▁his ▁base ▁of ▁operations . ▁The ▁hard ened ▁veter an ▁Spanish ▁conquist adores ▁considered ▁the ▁for tr ess ▁to ▁be ▁as ▁strong ▁as ▁anything ▁they ▁had ▁seen ▁in ▁Europe . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Spanish ▁expedition ▁to ▁pass ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Al var ado ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 5 3 6 , ▁but ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁attempt ▁an ▁assault . ▁A ▁few ▁months |
▁later ▁Al var ado ▁sent ▁his ▁lieutenant ▁Juan ▁de ▁Ch á vez ▁against ▁the ▁for tr ess ; ▁his ▁initial ▁assault ▁was ▁defeated , ▁and ▁the ▁sie ge ▁that ▁followed ▁it ▁fal tered ▁due ▁to ▁supply ▁problems . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁year , ▁Spanish ▁exped itions ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁region ▁were ▁moder ately ▁successful , ▁and ▁the ▁Spanish ▁considered ▁the ▁area ▁pac ified . ▁Un known ▁to ▁the ▁Spanish , ▁Lem pi ra ▁had ▁been ▁fort ifying ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol ▁in ▁secret , ▁and ▁he ▁am ass ed ▁a ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁war riors ▁and ▁a ▁great ▁quantity ▁of ▁supplies ▁there ▁before ▁open ly ▁declaring ▁war ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 5 3 7 . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁captain ▁Al onso ▁de ▁C á cer es ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁the ▁for tr ess ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁November . ▁In ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 5 3 8 , ▁Lem pi ra ▁agreed ▁to ▁a ▁par ley ▁with ▁the ▁Spanish , ▁and ▁was ▁shot ▁dead ▁during ▁the ▁negoti ations . ▁The ▁surprise ▁Spanish ▁assault ▁that ▁followed ▁quickly ▁over ran ▁the ▁dem oral ised ▁def enders , ▁and ▁the ▁for tr ess ▁fell ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁inv aders . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁Cer qu ín ▁was ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁an ▁ancient ▁Len ca ▁province , ▁while ▁pe ñ ol ▁is ▁Spanish , ▁meaning ▁a ▁rock y ▁c rag , ▁or ▁but te . ▁ ▁Location ▁The ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁Lem pi ra |
▁Department ▁of ▁H ond uras , ▁in ▁Central ▁America . ▁The ▁site ▁lies ▁within ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Er and ique . ▁The ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁is ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁on ▁the ▁far ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Sierra ▁de ▁las ▁Neb lin as , ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁ham let ▁of ▁San ▁Antonio ▁La ▁M ina . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁sum mit ▁of ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁presents ▁a ▁r idge ▁line ▁with ▁a ▁surface ▁area ▁of ▁approximately ▁. ▁The ▁available ▁surface ▁area ▁was ▁increased ▁by ▁narrow ▁terra ces ▁supported ▁by ▁retain ing ▁walls ▁on ▁both ▁sides . ▁Investig ators ▁Dor is ▁Stone ▁and ▁Feder ico ▁L un ardi ▁both ▁described ▁the ▁site , ▁and ▁reported ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁fort ifications , ▁retain ing ▁walls , ▁and ▁eng ra ved ▁rocks , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁arte fact s ▁that ▁included ▁cer am ic ▁remains , ▁met ates , ▁and ▁worked ▁obs id ian . ▁Investig ators ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁clim bed ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol ▁and ▁described ▁finding ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁buildings , ▁and ▁the ▁possible ▁remains ▁of ▁a ▁res er voir . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁quantity ▁of ▁rock ▁art ▁at ▁the ▁site , ▁either ▁eng ra ved ▁or ▁pick et ed ▁depending ▁upon ▁the ▁form . ▁Small ▁o val ▁and ▁sub - circ ular ▁pet rog lyph s ▁were ▁made ▁using ▁the ▁pick eting ▁technique , ▁while ▁quadr angular ▁forms ▁and ▁a |
▁spir al ▁were ▁cut ▁into ▁the ▁rock ▁with ▁un bro ken ▁lines . ▁A ▁pol ych rome ▁cer am ic ▁fragment ▁is ▁similar ▁in ▁style ▁to ▁Late ▁Classic ▁( c . ▁ 6 0 0 – 9 0 0 ▁AD ) ▁May a ▁cer am ics ▁of ▁the ▁Cop án ▁valley , ▁and ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁pet rog lyph s ▁suggest ▁that ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁had ▁an ▁early ▁history ▁as ▁a ▁sacred ▁site , ▁later ▁pressed ▁into ▁service ▁as ▁a ▁for tr ess ▁by ▁Lem pi ra . ▁ ▁Spanish ▁con quest ▁ ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Al var ado ▁passed ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 6 , ▁with ▁eight y ▁mixed ▁Spanish ▁inf antry ▁and ▁caval ry , ▁and ▁some ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁native ▁Gu atem al an ▁auxili aries . ▁Al var ado ▁was ▁anxious ▁to ▁rel ieve ▁a ▁be le ag uer ed ▁Spanish ▁g arrison ▁elsewhere , ▁so ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁attempt ▁an ▁attack ▁against ▁the ▁gathered ▁war riors ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁obviously ▁a ▁strong ▁fort ification , ▁and ▁passed ▁on wards ▁without ▁eng aging ▁the ▁def enders . ▁When ▁Al var ado ▁had ▁established ▁himself ▁in ▁the ▁N aco ▁valley ▁of ▁H ond uras , ▁he ▁sent ▁his ▁lieutenant ▁Juan ▁de ▁Ch á vez ▁south wards ▁with ▁ 4 0 – 5 0 ▁Spanish ▁soldiers , ▁and ▁ 1 5 0 0 – 2 0 0 0 ▁native ▁auxili aries . ▁Ch á |
vez ▁approached ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁towards ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁ 1 5 3 6 , ▁to ▁find ▁it ▁def ended ▁by ▁a ▁great ▁many ▁ind igen ous ▁war riors ▁who ▁had ▁gathered ▁there ▁to ▁resist ▁the ▁Spanish . ▁Ch á vez ▁launched ▁an ▁assault ▁against ▁the ▁for tr ess , ▁but ▁was ▁be aten ▁back ▁before ▁he ▁could ▁reach ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol , ▁so ▁he ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁it . ▁Ch á vez ' ▁force ▁was ▁short ▁of ▁supplies , ▁and ▁the ▁n atives ▁had ▁stri pped ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁any ▁food ▁that ▁the ▁inv aders ▁could ▁make ▁use ▁of . ▁Given ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁for tr ess , ▁his ▁men ▁became ▁reb elli ous , ▁and ▁wished ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁homes ▁in ▁Gu atem ala , ▁and ▁Ch á vez ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁call ▁off ▁the ▁sie ge . ▁ ▁Further ▁Spanish ▁exped itions ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁area ▁were ▁moder ately ▁successful , ▁and ▁they ▁believed ▁the ▁region ▁largely ▁pac ified . ▁However , ▁the ▁Len ca ▁war l ord ▁Lem pi ra ▁was ▁secret ly ▁gather ing ▁a ▁strong ▁force ▁of ▁war riors ▁at ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol , ▁together ▁with ▁weapons ▁and ▁prov isions . ▁Lem pi ra ▁fort ified ▁the ▁already ▁form id able ▁natural ▁def ences ▁and , ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 5 3 7 , ▁he ▁open ly ▁declared ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁Spanish . ▁The ▁n atives , ▁including ▁women ▁and ▁children , ▁abandoned ▁their |
▁villages ▁and ▁lands ▁and ▁gathered ▁at ▁the ▁for tr ess . ▁The ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁was ▁cru cial ▁to ▁Lem pi ra ' s ▁re bell ion ▁against ▁the ▁Spanish , ▁and ▁successful ▁resistance ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁powerful ▁symbol ▁to ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁throughout ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁H ond uras ▁and ▁beyond . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁open ▁challenge ▁to ▁Spanish ▁authority , ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Monte jo , ▁who ▁had ▁replaced ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Al var ado ▁as ▁governor ▁of ▁H ond uras , ▁des patch ed ▁his ▁lieutenant ▁Al onso ▁de ▁C á cer es ▁ ▁with ▁eight y ▁Spanish ▁soldiers ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁native ▁auxili aries ▁from ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Gu atem ala . ▁C á cer es ▁arrived ▁below ▁the ▁for tr ess ▁around ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 5 3 7 . ▁C á cer es ▁immediately ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol , ▁hoping ▁to ▁star ve ▁the ▁def enders ▁into ▁submission . ▁There ▁followed ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁attacks ▁and ▁counter att acks , ▁and ▁the ▁Spanish ▁closed ▁the ▁eight ▁approaches ▁to ▁the ▁mountain , ▁although ▁they ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁make ▁any ▁advance . ▁Five ▁Sp ani ards ▁died ▁during ▁the ▁initial ▁fighting , ▁and ▁many ▁more ▁were ▁wounded , ▁including ▁C á cer es . ▁Constant ▁fighting ▁drag ged ▁on ▁for ▁months , ▁and ▁the ▁Spanish ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁maintain ▁supply ▁lines ▁through ▁host ile ▁territory ▁and ▁were ▁often ▁short ▁of ▁prov isions . ▁In ▁spring ▁of ▁ |
1 5 3 8 ▁the ▁rain ▁season ▁began , ▁which ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁attack ers ' ▁difficulties . ▁Des perate ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁sie ge ▁to ▁a ▁conclusion , ▁C á cer es ▁called ▁a ▁par ley ▁with ▁Lem pi ra . ▁The ▁Len ca ▁general ▁approached ▁in ▁full ▁battle ▁reg alia , ▁including ▁fe ather ed ▁he address ▁and ▁cot ton ▁arm our . ▁He ▁refused ▁C á cer es ' ▁demand ▁that ▁he ▁submit , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁a ▁hidden ▁Spanish ▁arqu eb us ier ▁shot ▁Lem pi ra ▁through ▁the ▁head . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁signal ▁for ▁a ▁surprise ▁Spanish ▁assault , ▁which ▁quickly ▁over ran ▁the ▁shock ed ▁and ▁dem oral ised ▁def enders . ▁The ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁rapidly ▁fell ▁to ▁the ▁inv aders . ▁Many ▁war riors ▁surrender ed ▁without ▁further ▁resistance , ▁while ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁them ▁fled ▁into ▁the ▁surrounding ▁mountains . ▁Many ▁elder ly , ▁women , ▁and ▁children ▁were ▁also ▁captured ▁by ▁the ▁Spanish . ▁ ▁Historical ▁documents ▁The ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁conquist ador ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Monte jo ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁Spain , ▁dated ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 5 3 9 . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 9 , ▁Spanish ▁bishop ▁Crist ó bal ▁de ▁Ped ra za ▁wrote ▁a ▁report ▁that ▁included ▁the ▁test imon ies ▁of ▁various ▁Spanish ▁soldiers ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de |
▁Cer qu ín . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁Antonio ▁de ▁Herr era ▁y ▁T ord es illas ▁produced ▁his ▁monument al ▁Historia ▁General ▁de ▁los ▁He chos ▁de ▁los ▁Cast ell anos ▁en ▁las ▁Is las ▁y ▁T ierra ▁Fir me ▁del ▁Mar ▁O ce á no , ▁which ▁included ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Cer qu ín . ▁ ▁Investig ations ▁The ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁Pe ñ ol ▁de ▁Cer qu ín ▁was ▁investig ated ▁by ▁Italian ▁arch ae ologist ▁Feder ico ▁L un ardi ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁arch ae ologist ▁Dor is ▁Stone ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁A ▁French ▁team ▁led ▁by ▁Eric ▁G elli ot ▁carried ▁out ▁further ▁investig ations ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Chamber lain , ▁Robert ▁St on er ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁[ 1 9 5 3 ] ▁The ▁Con quest ▁and ▁Col on ization ▁of ▁H ond uras : ▁ 1 5 0 2 – 1 5 5 0 . ▁New ▁York , ▁US : ▁Oct agon ▁Books . ▁. ▁G elli ot , ▁Eric ▁( und ated , ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 7 ). ▁Arch ae ological ▁sites ▁and ▁cultural ▁dynamics ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Lem pi ra , ▁H ond uras . ▁Academia . edu . ▁Access ed ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 |
7 - 0 3 - 1 1 . ▁G elli ot , ▁Eric ; ▁Philippe ▁Costa ; ▁Simon ▁Mer cier ; ▁S éb ast ien ▁Per rot - Min not ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁Inform e ▁final ▁del ▁proyecto ▁ar que ológ ico ▁Lem pi ra ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Cha illon , ▁Me use , ▁France : ▁Report ▁submitted ▁to ▁the ▁Instituto ▁H ond ure ño ▁de ▁Ant rop ología ▁e ▁Historia ▁( I HA H ). ▁ ▁Ol son , ▁James ▁S .; ▁and ▁Robert ▁Sh ad le ▁( 1 9 9 1 ). ▁Historical ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁European ▁Imperial ism . ▁West port , ▁Connecticut , ▁US : ▁Green wood ▁Press . ▁pp . ▁ 2 8 4 – 2 8 5 . ▁. ▁Real ▁Academia ▁Españ ola ▁( 2 0 1 7 ). ▁Dic cion ario ▁de ▁la ▁leng ua ▁españ ola . ▁Ent ries ▁for ▁pe ñ ol ▁and ▁pe ñ ón . ▁Access ed ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 7 - 0 3 - 1 1 . ▁▁ ▁Category : Len ca ▁Category : Arch ae ological ▁sites ▁in ▁H ond uras ▁Category : F ort ifications ▁in ▁H ond uras ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁H ond uras ▁Category : M eso amer ican ▁sites ▁Category : S ie ges ▁involving ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁S inc la ir ▁Building ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁S inc la ir ▁Building ▁( F ort ▁W orth , ▁Texas ), ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of |
▁Historic ▁Places ▁( NR HP ) ▁in ▁T arr ant ▁County ▁S inc la ir , ▁Ro oney ▁& ▁Co . ▁Building , ▁Buff alo , ▁New ▁York ▁Rock ef eller ▁Center , ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁S inc la ir ▁O il ▁Building ▁ ▁S inc la ir ▁Building – Sm ule k offs ▁F urn iture ▁Store ▁S inc la ir ▁Centre , ▁V ancouver , ▁British ▁Columbia ▁S inc la ir ▁House ▁( Man h attan ▁hotel ) ▁S inc la ir ▁Building ▁( T ul sa , ▁Oklahoma ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁S inc la ir ▁O il ▁Corporation ▁S inc la ir ▁Service ▁Station ▁( disambiguation ) ▁S inc la ir ▁House ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁V f R ▁Mann heim ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁association ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Mann heim , ▁Baden - W ür ttemberg ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁fusion ▁of ▁Mann heimer ▁F G ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁Mann heimer ▁F G ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁Union , ▁and ▁FC ▁V ikt oria ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁Mann heim . ▁The ▁club ▁captured ▁the ▁national ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁with ▁a ▁victory ▁over ▁Bor uss ia ▁Dort mund . ▁They ▁have ▁played ▁through ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁recent ▁history ▁as ▁an ▁un her ald ed ▁local ▁amateur ▁side ▁and ▁were , ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ober liga ▁Baden - W ür ttemberg ▁( V ). ▁ |
▁History ▁Pre de cess or ▁sides ▁F G ▁Mann heim , ▁Mann heimer ▁F G ▁Union ▁and ▁V ikt oria ▁Mann heim ▁were ▁each ▁found ing ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Football ▁Association ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁These ▁various ▁Mann heim ▁teams ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁VS F V ▁( Ver band ▁Süd deutsch er ▁F uss ball ▁Vere ine ▁or ▁Federation ▁of ▁South ▁German ▁Football ▁Club s ) ▁and ▁after ▁their ▁mer ger ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁played ▁as ▁V f R ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁West kreis - L iga . ▁The ▁club ▁emer ged ▁as ▁the ▁league ▁champions ▁of ▁the ▁Kreis liga ▁O den wald ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁and ▁the ▁Bez irks liga ▁Rhein ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁They ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁play offs ▁after ▁their ▁Bez irks liga ▁title ▁and ▁subsequent ▁regional ▁Süd deutsch land ▁win , ▁but ▁went ▁out ▁in ▁an ▁e ighth ▁final ▁to ▁Tu R u ▁Düsseldorf . ▁The ▁club ▁finished ▁in ▁mid - table ▁throughout ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Bez irks liga ▁Rhein - S aar . ▁ ▁Success ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁After ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁re - organ ization ▁of ▁German ▁football ▁under ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich ▁into ▁six teen ▁top |
▁flight ▁regional ▁le agues , ▁Mann heim ▁began ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁Ga ul iga ▁Baden . ▁The ▁club ▁performed ▁well ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁the ▁throughout ▁the ▁conflict , ▁taking ▁division ▁titles ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁However ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁translate ▁this ▁success ▁in ▁league ▁play ▁into ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁play offs ▁with ▁their ▁best ▁result ▁being ▁an ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁quarter final s ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁put ▁out ▁ 2 – 3 ▁by ▁event ual ▁vice - ch amp ions ▁F V ▁S aar br ücken . ▁ ▁Mann heim ▁repeated ▁as ▁division ▁champions ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁W art ime ▁conditions ▁made ▁playing ▁football ▁increasing ly ▁difficult ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁so ▁much ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁national ▁play offs ▁were ▁initially ▁abandoned ▁and ▁V f R ▁declared ▁champions ▁by ▁the ▁sport ' s ▁gover ning ▁authority . ▁However , ▁this ▁decision ▁was ▁rev oked ▁after ▁protest s ▁from ▁other ▁clubs ▁and ▁the ▁play off ▁competition ▁re inst ated . ▁Mann heim ▁advanced ▁only ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁the ▁e ighth ▁final ▁before ▁being ▁elimin ated ▁by ▁ 1 . ▁FC ▁N ür n berg . ▁ ▁Post war ▁national ▁championship ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁V f R ▁Mann heim ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁division ▁Ober liga ▁Süd ▁where ▁they ▁earned |
▁un remark able ▁results ▁until ▁a ▁surprising ▁break through ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁that ▁saw ▁the ▁team ▁transform ▁a ▁distant ▁second - place ▁finish ▁in ▁their ▁division ▁into ▁a ▁national ▁championship . ▁After ▁thr ash ing ▁Hamb urger ▁SV ▁ 5 – 0 ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁round , ▁they ▁ups et ▁K ick ers ▁Off en bach , ▁who ▁had ▁finished ▁eleven ▁points ▁ahead ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁their ▁Ober liga ▁division ▁that ▁season , ▁by ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 2 – 1 . ▁V f R ▁then ▁earned ▁a ▁come ▁from ▁behind ▁ 3 – 2 ▁over time ▁victory ▁over ▁Bor uss ia ▁Dort mund ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁ 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁fans ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁German ▁national ▁champions ▁were ▁awarded ▁the ▁V ikt oria ▁tro phy . ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁final ▁between ▁Dres d ner ▁SC ▁and ▁Luft wa ffen - SV ▁Hamburg ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁V ikt oria ▁match ▁ever ▁played ▁as ▁the ▁tro phy ▁disappeared ▁at ▁war ' s ▁end . ▁The ▁missing ▁prize ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Meister sch ale ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁was ▁first ▁awarded ▁to ▁Mann heim ▁despite ▁ 1 . ▁FC ▁N ür n berg ▁being ▁Germany ' s ▁first ▁post war ▁champions ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁Today ▁the ▁Meister sch ale ▁recogn izes ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Bundes liga ▁champions ▁and ▁is ▁ins cribed ▁with ▁the ▁names |
▁of ▁each ▁national ▁championship ▁team ▁since ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁The ▁V ikt oria ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁recovered ▁and ▁is ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁Football ▁Association . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁year ▁they ▁again ▁met ▁Dort mund ▁in ▁the ▁play offs , ▁this ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁round , ▁and ▁once ▁again ▁elimin ated ▁them . ▁However , ▁they ▁would ▁themselves ▁be ▁put ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁round ▁by ▁Pre uß en ▁D ell br ück ▁and ▁begin ▁a ▁slide ▁into ▁an onym ity . ▁ ▁Des cent ▁from ▁the ▁top ▁flight ▁Mann heim ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁tier ▁Region all iga ▁Süd ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁Germany ' s ▁new ▁professional ▁league , ▁the ▁Bundes liga . ▁After ▁ten ▁years ▁near ▁or ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁league ▁table ▁they ▁fell ▁to ▁tier ▁III ▁football , ▁the ▁Am ate url iga ▁Nord b aden . ▁Despite ▁on going ▁financial ▁problems ▁they ▁re buff ed ▁offers ▁of ▁a ▁mer ger ▁from ▁SV ▁Wald hof ▁Mann heim ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁They ▁were ▁denied ▁a ▁license ▁that ▁year ▁and ▁driven ▁to ▁the ▁Ver band sl iga ▁Nord b aden ▁( V ). ▁However , ▁the ▁side ▁performed ▁well ▁enough ▁to ▁win ▁their ▁division ▁the ▁next ▁season ▁and ▁promotion ▁to ▁Ober liga ▁Baden - W ür ttemberg ▁( IV ), ▁where ▁they ▁play ▁today . ▁With ▁a ▁six teenth ▁place ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 |
7 – 0 8 , ▁they ▁narrow ly ▁avoided ▁re leg ation , ▁being ▁on ▁equal ▁points ▁with ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁team . ▁ ▁After ▁suffering ▁re leg ation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁club ▁took ▁two ▁seasons ▁to ▁recover ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁Ober liga ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁In ▁its ▁first ▁season ▁back ▁the ▁club ▁finished ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁league ▁behind ▁SS V ▁Ul m ▁ 1 8 4 6 . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁season ▁the ▁club ▁came ▁second - last ▁in ▁the ▁league ▁and ▁was ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁the ▁Ver band sl iga . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁The ▁club ' s ▁hon ours : ▁ ▁League ▁ ▁German ▁football ▁championship ▁ ▁Champions : ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁ ▁Southern ▁German ▁championship ▁ ▁Champions : ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁ ▁Regional ▁ ▁West kreis - L iga ▁( I ) ▁ ▁Champions : ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁ ▁Kreis liga ▁O den wald ▁( I ) ▁ ▁Champions : ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁ ▁R unn ers - up : ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁ ▁Bez irks liga ▁Rhein ▁( I ) ▁ ▁Champions : ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁ ▁R unn ers - up : ▁ 1 9 2 |
4 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁ ▁Ga ul iga ▁Baden ▁( I ) ▁ ▁Champions : ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁ ▁R unn ers - up : ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁Am ate url iga ▁Nord b aden ▁( III ) ▁ ▁Champions : ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁ ▁Ver band sl iga ▁Nord b aden ▁( V ) ▁ ▁Champions : ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁R unn ers - up : ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Southern ▁German ▁Cup ▁ ▁W inners : ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁ ▁North ▁Baden ▁Cup ▁( T iers ▁III - V II ) ▁ ▁W inners : ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁R unn ers - up : ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Other ▁sports ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁has ▁won ▁the ▁German ▁championship ▁in ▁baseball ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁man agers ▁Rec ent ▁man agers ▁of ▁the ▁club : ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁seasons ▁The ▁recent ▁season - by - season ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁club : ▁▁ ▁With ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Region |
all ig as ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁the ▁ 3 . ▁Liga ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁third ▁tier , ▁below ▁the ▁ 2 . ▁Bundes liga , ▁all ▁le agues ▁below ▁dropped ▁one ▁tier . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁ ▁Das ▁deutsche ▁Fußball - Arch iv ▁historical ▁German ▁domestic ▁league ▁tables ▁▁ ▁V f R ▁Mann heim ▁at ▁Welt f uss ball . de ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Baden - W ür ttemberg ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Category : 1 8 9 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Martin ▁En n als ▁( 2 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 2 7 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ist . ▁ ▁En n als ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Secretary - General ▁of ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁help ▁found ▁the ▁British ▁human ▁rights ▁organisation ▁AR T IC LE ▁ 1 9 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁International ▁Alert ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁During ▁En n als ' s ▁ten ure ▁as ▁Secretary ▁General , ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Nobel ▁Peace ▁Prize , ▁the ▁Er as mus ▁Prize , ▁and ▁the ▁UN ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Award . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career |
▁▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁in ▁W als all , ▁Staff ord shire ▁to ▁Arthur ▁Ford ▁En n als ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Jess ie ▁Ed ith ▁Taylor . ▁En n als ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Queen ▁Mary ' s ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁and ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics , ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁international ▁relations . ▁En n als ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Edu c ational , ▁Scient ific ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Organisation ▁( UN ES CO ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁En n als ▁became ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Anti - A part heid ▁Mov ement , ▁and ▁also ▁become ▁Secretary ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Council ▁for ▁Civil ▁Libert ies , ▁a ▁position ▁that ▁he ▁held ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁when ▁he ▁became ▁Information ▁and ▁Publications ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Commission ▁for ▁Ra cial ▁Equ ality . ▁ ▁En n als ▁became ▁Secretary ▁General ▁of ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁organization ▁had ▁ 7 ▁staff ▁and ▁an ▁annual ▁budget ▁of ▁£ 1 7 ' 0 0 0 . ▁Tw elve ▁years ▁later , ▁the ▁staff ▁had ▁grown ▁to ▁ 1 5 0 ▁with ▁an ▁annual ▁budget ▁of ▁£ 2 ▁million . ▁En n als ▁represented ▁an ▁era ▁where ▁Am n esty ▁became ▁a ▁human ▁rights ▁organization ▁of ▁global ▁concern . ▁Am n esty ▁was ▁awarded ▁the |
▁Er as mus ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁the ▁Nobel ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁and ▁the ▁UN ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Award ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁En n als ▁had ▁other ▁people ▁accept ▁the ▁pri zes ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁Am n esty . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁En n als ▁lead ▁the ▁found ing ▁assembly ▁of ▁H UR ID O CS ▁and ▁was ▁its ▁found ing ▁President . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁En n als ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Secretary ▁General ▁of ▁International ▁Alert . ▁▁ ▁En n als ▁had ▁two ▁elder ▁brothers ; ▁John ▁and ▁David . ▁ ▁David ▁En n als ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁politician ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Social ▁Services . ▁ ▁Award ▁The ▁Martin ▁En n als ▁Award ▁for ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Def enders , ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁is ▁granted ▁ann ually ▁to ▁someone ▁who ▁has ▁demonstrated ▁an ▁exception al ▁record ▁of ▁comb ating ▁human ▁rights ▁viol ations ▁by ▁courage ous ▁means ▁and ▁is ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁protection . ▁The ▁award ▁gives ▁international ▁" prote ct ive ▁public ity " ▁to ▁human ▁rights ▁def enders ▁around ▁the ▁world , ▁mainly ▁in ▁their ▁country ▁of ▁origin ▁( a ▁unique ▁characteristic ▁of ▁this ▁award , ▁and ▁very ▁important ▁from ▁a ▁protection ▁point ▁of ▁view ), ▁through ▁too ▁much ▁mass ▁media ▁( tele vision , ▁radio ▁and ▁internet ). ▁The ▁winner ▁is ▁selected ▁in ▁Gene va , ▁the ▁world ▁center |
▁for ▁human ▁rights , ▁by ▁a ▁j ury ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁leading ▁international ▁human ▁rights ▁organis ations , ▁such ▁as ▁Am n esty ▁International , ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Watch , ▁Front line , ▁International ▁Commission ▁of ▁Jur ists , ▁H UR ID O CS , ▁etc . ▁ ▁The ▁Martin ▁En n als ▁Award ▁is ▁considered ▁the ▁award ▁of ▁the ▁whole ▁human ▁rights ▁movement . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁" the ▁Nobel ▁prize ▁for ▁human ▁rights ". ▁The ▁Ann ual ▁Cer em ony ▁organ ised ▁with ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Gene va ▁is ▁an ▁event ▁with ▁world ▁Internet ▁and ▁TV ▁coverage . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Human ▁rights ▁def ender ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Martin ▁En n als ▁Award ▁for ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Def enders ▁ ▁Human ▁rights ▁def enders ▁from ▁Iran ▁and ▁Z imb ab we ▁receive ▁Martin ▁En n als ▁Award ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁presented ▁by ▁Louise ▁Ar bour , ▁UN ▁High ▁Commission er ▁for ▁Human ▁Rights ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Am n esty ▁International ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁Johannes ▁( Jan ) ▁Joseph us ▁Mar inus ▁Vel ter op ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁science ▁publish er . ▁ ▁Education ▁Born ▁in ▁The ▁H ague , ▁Netherlands , ▁he ▁was ▁originally ▁a |
▁marine ▁ge oph ys ic ist ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁science ▁publish er ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁Career ▁Vel ter op ▁started ▁his ▁publishing ▁career ▁at ▁Else vier ▁in ▁Amsterdam . ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁scientific ▁field ▁as ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁regional ▁newspaper ▁De ▁Tw ent sche ▁Cour ant , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁international ▁science ▁publishing ▁at ▁Academ ic ▁Press ▁in ▁London . ▁He ▁next ▁joined ▁Nature ▁as ▁director ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁while , ▁but ▁moved ▁quickly ▁on ▁to ▁help ▁get ▁Bio Med ▁Central , ▁the ▁first ▁commercial ▁open ▁access ▁science ▁publish er , ▁off ▁the ▁ground . ▁ ▁Vel ter op ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁who ▁first ▁defined ▁" open ▁access " ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁in ▁Budapest , ▁a ▁meeting ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁Budapest ▁Open ▁Access ▁In iti ative ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁he ▁joined ▁Springer ▁Science + Bus iness ▁Media ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁as ▁Director ▁of ▁Open ▁Access . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁he ▁left ▁Springer ▁ ▁to ▁help ▁further ▁develop ▁semantic ▁approaches ▁to ▁acceler ate ▁scientific ▁discovery . ▁Since ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁he ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Con cept ▁Web ▁Alliance ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁initi ators . ▁He ▁lives ▁in ▁Gu ild ford , ▁UK . ▁He ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁advoc ate ▁of ▁open ▁access ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁micro att ribution ▁( the ▁hall mark |
▁of ▁so - called ▁" nan op ublic ations "). ▁ ▁Vel ter op ▁also ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁Ad vis ory ▁Bo ards ▁of ▁several ▁initi atives ▁and ▁companies , ▁such ▁as ▁Know ledge ▁Un l atch ed ▁and ▁Science Open . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : D utch ▁publish ers ▁( people ) ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁The ▁H ague <0x0A> </s> ▁T ums is iro ▁is ▁located ▁near ▁Sar at am ata ▁on ▁east ▁Am ba e , ▁Van u atu ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Region ▁of ▁the ▁Mel anes ian ▁Bro ther hood , ▁an ▁Ang lic an ▁religious ▁community . ▁ ▁As ▁regional ▁headquarters , ▁T ums is iro ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁offices ▁of ▁the ▁Regional ▁Head ▁Bro ther , ▁the ▁Section ▁E lder ▁Bro ther , ▁and ▁the ▁E lder ▁Bro ther . ▁ ▁T ums is ro ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁Nov iti ate ▁for ▁the ▁Mel anes ian ▁Bro ther hood , ▁with ▁nov ices ▁from ▁both ▁B anks ▁and ▁Tor res ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Van u atu ▁coming ▁here ▁for ▁training . ▁▁ ▁T ums is iro ▁is ▁located ▁near ▁a ▁cor al ▁beach , ▁and ▁facilities ▁include ▁nov ice ▁class rooms , ▁a ▁small ▁shop , ▁and ▁a ▁b ak ery . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁limited ▁supply ▁of ▁running ▁water , ▁a ▁tele phone , ▁and ▁electric ity ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the |
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