text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
1 9 4 1 , ▁N ut an ▁Bud d hib al ▁Mand al ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁Sang ali , ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁existence . ▁Later ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁the ▁Southern ▁Mar ath a ▁Country ▁Ch ess ▁Association ▁was ▁formed . ▁Looking ▁at ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁in ▁Bomb ay ▁Province , ▁the ▁first ▁Ch ess ▁body , ▁Kn own ▁as ▁Bomb ay ▁Ch ess ▁Association ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁Then ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁All ▁India ▁Ch ess ▁Federation ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁Bomb ay . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁the ▁Bomb ay ▁Ch ess ▁Association ▁and ▁Southern ▁Mar ath a ▁Country ▁Ch ess ▁Association ▁were ▁merged ▁and ▁the ▁un ified ▁state ▁Association ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁Ch ess ▁Association . ▁ ▁Aff ili ates ▁All ▁the ▁districts ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁are ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁Ch ess ▁Association . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁Website ▁of ▁M CA ▁ ▁Category : Ch ess ▁organizations ▁Category : Ch ess ▁in ▁India ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁CF U ▁Club ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁annual ▁international ▁football ▁club ▁competition ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Football ▁Union ▁( CF U ) ▁region . ▁Nin ete en ▁teams ▁were ▁to ▁comp ete |
▁in ▁the ▁tournament , ▁from ▁November ▁ 4 ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 6 ▁in ▁six ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁& ▁Tob ago . ▁The ▁first ▁round ▁consisted ▁of ▁five ▁groups ▁played ▁in ▁a ▁round - ro bin ▁format . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁round ▁group ▁w inners ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁three ▁best ▁second - place ▁teams ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁quarter final s . ▁The ▁Car ib bean ▁Tournament ▁Champion ▁qualified ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁CON C AC AF ▁Champions ▁Cup . ▁ ▁The ▁champion , ▁runner - up ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁place ▁team ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 ▁CON C AC AF ▁Champions ▁League . ▁A ▁play off ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁losing ▁semif inal ▁teams ▁will ▁decide ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁place ▁team . ▁ ▁St . K itt s ▁& ▁Ne vis ▁New town ▁United ▁and ▁Pos itive ▁V ib es ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Virgin ▁Islands ▁with d rew ▁from ▁the ▁competition ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 ▁and ▁the ▁fi xt ures ▁were ▁re arr anged . ▁ ▁Part icip ation ▁The ▁following ▁teams ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁competition . ▁▁ ▁SV ▁Deport ivo ▁Nacional ▁( Ar uba ) ▁▁ ▁R CA ▁( Ar uba ) ▁▁ ▁Bass a ▁FC ▁( Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ) ▁▁ ▁S AP ▁( Ant igua ▁and ▁Barb uda ) ▁▁▁ ▁Pin ar ▁del ▁Río ▁( C uba ) ▁▁ ▁South ▁East ▁FC ▁( D omin ica ) ▁▁ ▁Baltimore |
▁SC ▁( H ait i ) ▁▁ ▁Har bour ▁View ▁( J ama ica ) ▁▁ ▁Port more ▁United ▁( J ama ica ) ▁▁ ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁Island ers ▁( P uerto ▁Rico ) ▁▁ ▁J ong ▁Colombia ▁( N ether lands ▁Ant illes ) ▁▁ ▁Centro ▁Bar ber ▁( N ether lands ▁Ant illes ) ▁▁ ▁Inter ▁Mo eng ot ap oe ▁( Sur in ame ) ▁▁ ▁SV ▁Leo ▁Victor ▁( Sur in ame ) ▁▁ ▁San ▁Juan ▁J abl ote h ▁( Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ) ▁▁ ▁Joe ▁Public ▁( Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ) ▁▁ ▁Helen ites ▁( U . S . ▁Virgin ▁Islands ) ▁ ▁Teams ▁that ▁with d rew ▁Two ▁teams ▁were ▁due ▁to ▁take ▁part , ▁but ▁with d rew ▁before ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁competition . ▁ ▁Pos itive ▁V ib es ▁FC ▁( U . S . ▁Virgin ▁Islands ) ▁ ▁New town ▁United ▁FC ▁( St ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ) ▁ ▁Did ▁not ▁enter ▁The ▁following ▁feder ations ▁were ▁entitled ▁to ▁enter ▁teams ▁in ▁the ▁competition ▁but ▁decl ined ▁to , ▁often ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁compet ing . ▁ ▁Guy ana ▁ ▁An gu illa ▁ ▁Tur ks ▁and ▁Ca icos ▁ ▁British ▁Virgin ▁Islands ▁ ▁B erm uda ▁ ▁Mont ser rat ▁ ▁Bah am as ▁ ▁St . ▁Lu cia ▁ ▁St . ▁Vincent ▁and ▁the ▁Gren ad ines ▁ ▁Gren ada ▁ ▁C ay man ▁Islands ▁ ▁Domin ican ▁Republic |
▁ ▁Barb ados ▁ ▁French ▁Gu iana ▁ ▁Gu adel oupe ▁ ▁Martin ique ▁ ▁Saint ▁Martin ▁ ▁Sint ▁Ma arten ▁ ▁First ▁round ▁ ▁Group ▁A ▁Group ▁A ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Port ▁of ▁Spain , ▁Tr in idad ▁ ▁Group ▁B ▁Group ▁B ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁Mac o ya ▁and ▁Cou va . ▁ ▁Group ▁C ▁Group ▁C ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁Mar abel la ▁ ▁Group ▁D ▁Group ▁D ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁Mal ab ar ▁and ▁Mac o ya ▁ ▁Group ▁E ▁Group ▁E ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁Po inte - à - Pierre ▁ ▁Qu arter - Final s ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁ ▁Final ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Place ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁in ▁Car ib bean ▁football ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁football ▁ 2 0 0 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Jam ie ▁Nash ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Channel ▁ 4 ▁soap ▁opera ▁Hol ly o aks , ▁played ▁by ▁Stefan ▁Bo oth . ▁The ▁character ▁appeared ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Story lines ▁Jam ie ▁arrived ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁students ▁at ▁Hol ly o aks ▁Community ▁College . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁jack - the - lad ▁with ▁a ▁che ek y ▁charm ▁who ▁was ▁determined ▁that ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁college ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁long ▁party ▁with ▁lots ▁of ▁pretty ▁girls ▁on ▁his ▁arm |
. ▁ ▁His ▁good ▁looks ▁worked ▁well ▁and ▁he ▁had ▁many ▁con quest s ▁in ▁the ▁village , ▁so ▁when ▁a ▁sex ually ▁transm itted ▁disease ▁went ▁around ▁at ▁college , ▁Jam ie ▁got ▁the ▁bl ame ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁w itch ▁h unt ▁by ▁his ▁j ilt ed ▁con quest ▁E ve ▁C raw ford . ▁Although ▁the ▁claims ▁turned ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁false , ▁Jam ie ▁real ised ▁the ▁error ▁of ▁his ▁ways ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁sister ▁J od ie , ▁he ▁v owed ▁to ▁change ▁his ▁ways . ▁This ▁included ▁running ▁for ▁student ▁president ▁against ▁Ch lo e ▁Bruce , ▁which ▁he ▁won ▁but ▁did ▁the ▁decent ▁thing ▁and ▁gave ▁it ▁up ▁to ▁Ch lo e , ▁who ▁was ▁more ▁serious ▁about ▁the ▁job . ▁ ▁His ▁new ▁attitude ▁extended ▁to ▁relationships ▁as ▁well . ▁He ▁admitted ▁that ▁despite ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁con quest s , ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁he ▁genu in ely ▁c ared ▁for ▁was ▁se xy ▁Be cca ▁Hay ton . ▁Jam ie ▁v owed ▁to ▁win ▁Be cca ▁back ▁no ▁matter ▁what . ▁She ▁eventually ▁gave ▁in ▁and ▁got ▁back ▁together ▁with ▁him . ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁ever ▁Jam ie ▁fell ▁in ▁love , ▁but ▁Be cca ▁was ▁torn ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁Alex ▁Bell , ▁who ▁had ▁also ▁treated ▁her ▁badly ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁Jam ie ▁was ▁heart bro ken ▁when ▁Be cca ▁dump ed ▁him , ▁but ▁was ▁determined ▁not ▁to ▁give ▁up ▁on ▁the ▁hope ▁of ▁a ▁recon c ili |
ation ▁with ▁the ▁only ▁woman ▁he ▁ever ▁loved . ▁ ▁Jam ie ▁won ▁Be cca ▁back ▁over ▁time , ▁but ▁tra ged y ▁struck ▁on ▁a ▁p oth ol ing ▁trip ▁with ▁his ▁m ates , ▁and ▁Jam ie ▁died ▁in ▁hospital ▁from ▁his ▁inj uries ▁moments ▁after ▁saying ▁how ▁happy ▁he ▁was ▁with ▁Be cca . ▁Be cca ▁was ▁heart bro ken ▁that ▁her ▁boy friend ▁had ▁died ▁and ▁discovered ▁she ▁was ▁pre gn ant . ▁Despite ▁J od ie ▁putting ▁pressure ▁on ▁her ▁to ▁keep ▁Jam ie ' s ▁baby , ▁Be cca ▁made ▁the ▁hard est ▁decision ▁of ▁her ▁life ▁and ▁had ▁an ▁abort ion . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H olly o aks ▁characters ▁Category : T ele vision ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Category : M ale ▁characters ▁in ▁television <0x0A> </s> ▁Cr ud aria ▁l er oma , ▁the ▁silver - sp otted ▁grey , ▁is ▁a ▁but ter fly ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Ly ca en idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁south - western ▁Africa , ▁including ▁Z imb ab we , ▁Moz amb ique , ▁B ots w ana ▁and ▁South ▁Africa . ▁In ▁South ▁Africa , ▁it ▁is ▁found ▁from ▁the ▁Western ▁to ▁the ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Northern ▁Cape , ▁K wa Z ulu - N atal , ▁the ▁Free ▁State , ▁M p um al anga , ▁L imp opo , ▁North ▁West ▁and ▁G aut eng ▁provinces . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 2 0 – 3 2 |
mm ▁for ▁males ▁and ▁ 2 5 – 3 4 mm ▁for ▁females . ▁Ad ult s ▁are ▁on ▁wing ▁year - round ▁in ▁war mer ▁areas ▁and ▁from ▁October ▁to ▁March ▁in ▁cool er ▁areas . ▁ ▁The ▁lar va e ▁feed ▁on ▁Ac acia ▁kar ro o , ▁A . ▁sie ber ana , ▁and ▁Ele ph ant or rh iza ▁bur ke i . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁Category : A ph na e inae ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Hans ▁Daniel ▁Johan ▁W allen gren <0x0A> </s> ▁L akes ide ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁San ▁Pat ric io ▁County , ▁Texas , ▁United ▁States . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁town ▁population ▁was ▁ 3 1 2 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁L akes ide ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ ▁( 2 8 . 1 0 5 2 5 4 , ▁- 9 7 . 8 6 2 7 2 2 ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁ 0 . 4 square ▁mile ▁( 1 . 0 km ² ), ▁all ▁land . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 3 3 ▁people , ▁ 1 3 4 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 1 0 1 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁The ▁population |
▁density ▁was ▁ 8 4 7 . 9 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 3 2 9 . 7 / km ²). ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 8 9 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 4 8 1 . 2 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 8 7 . 1 / km ²). ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁ 9 0 . 9 9 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 6 0 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 3 0 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 3 0 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 3 0 % ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁ 7 . 5 1 % ▁from ▁other ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 3 1 . 8 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 3 4 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 2 6 . 1 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 6 5 . 7 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 6 . 7 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 3 . 9 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 3 . 1 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 4 . 9 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 4 |
9 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 9 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁town , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 2 . 2 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 8 . 1 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 2 . 5 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 1 . 9 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 2 5 . 2 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 4 3 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 0 0 . 6 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 4 . 7 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁$ 3 1 , 8 0 6 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 4 2 , 5 0 0 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 3 1 , 2 5 0 ▁versus ▁$ 2 2 , 9 1 7 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁$ 1 5 , 9 0 8 . ▁About ▁ 1 5 . 6 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 2 8 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , |
▁including ▁ 5 7 . 8 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 4 . 4 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Education ▁The ▁Town ▁of ▁L akes ide ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Math is ▁Independent ▁School ▁District . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁San ▁Pat ric io ▁County , ▁Texas ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : Cor pus ▁Christ i ▁metropol itan ▁area <0x0A> </s> ▁Red ▁S hr imp ▁was ▁the ▁air bor ne ▁high - band width ▁rad ar ▁jam mer ▁fitted ▁to ▁the ▁V ul can ▁and ▁Victor . ▁The ▁name ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Rain bow ▁C odes . ▁ ▁Operation ▁ ▁Red ▁S hr imp ▁( or ▁A RI ▁ 1 8 0 7 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁wide - cover age ▁jam mer ▁for ▁rad ar ▁between ▁ 2 . 5 – 3 G Hz . ▁This ▁is ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁S ▁band ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁( 1 G Hz ▁- ▁ 3 G Hz ), ▁but ▁is ▁now ▁term ed ▁the ▁D ▁and ▁E ▁frequency ▁bands . ▁It ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁car cin ot ron ▁or ▁back ward - wave ▁oscill ator ▁( B W O ) ▁val ve . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁variable ▁frequency ▁voltage - control led ▁wide - range ▁oscill ator . ▁Ch anging ▁the ▁control ▁voltage , ▁without ▁requiring ▁any ▁mechanical ▁adjust ment , ▁could ▁produce ▁a ▁high - power ▁jam |
ming ▁signal ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁adjust ed ▁rapidly ▁to ▁jam ▁any ▁rad ar ▁frequency . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁target ▁for ▁the ▁jam ming ▁was ▁the ▁F an ▁Song ▁rad ar , ▁the ▁target ▁ac quisition ▁rad ar ▁of ▁the ▁S - 7 5 ▁D v ina ▁( N AT O : ▁SA - 2 ▁Gu id eline ) ▁surface - to - air ▁miss ile . ▁The ▁Blue ▁D iver ▁j amm ers ▁target ed ▁its ▁Kn ife ▁Rest ▁target ing ▁rad ar . ▁ ▁The ▁Red ▁S hr imp ▁anten na ▁was ▁quite ▁small ▁and ▁hous ed ▁in ▁a ▁down ward - point ing ▁hem is pher ical ▁d ome , ▁approximately ▁ 6 ▁inches ▁in ▁diameter . ▁These ▁were ▁of ▁die lect ric ▁material ▁col oured ▁black ▁or ▁dark ▁grey ▁and ▁un p aint ed . ▁Their ▁signal ▁was ▁broadcast ▁down wards ▁as ▁a ▁cone ▁of ▁around ▁ 4 5 ° ▁included ▁angle . ▁Later ▁on , ▁as ▁the ▁aircraft ▁switched ▁to ▁operating ▁at ▁extremely ▁low ▁level , ▁this ▁gave ▁a ▁ground ▁coverage ▁patch ▁bare ly ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁aircraft ' s ▁shadow . ▁ ▁F it ment ▁ ▁V ali ant ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Red ▁S hr imp ▁fit ment ▁was ▁to ▁a ▁V ali ant ▁of ▁the ▁Bom ber ▁Command ▁Development ▁Unit . ▁The ▁B CD U ▁was ▁a ▁development ▁unit ▁which ▁operated ▁V ali ant ▁W P 2 1 4 ▁from ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁as ▁a ▁tri als ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁By ▁mid |
- 1 9 5 8 ▁the ▁Electron ic ▁C ounter - Me asures ▁( EC M ) ▁fit ment ▁which ▁would ▁become ▁standard ▁for ▁the ▁V ▁bom bers ▁had ▁been ▁developed . ▁Equ ip ment ▁was ▁mounted ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁se aled ▁cyl ind rical ▁drums , ▁each ▁we igh ing ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 l bs , ▁the ▁limit ▁of ▁what ▁could ▁be ▁man hand led ▁for ▁serv icing . ▁These ▁were ▁installed ▁in ▁the ▁tail ▁of ▁the ▁aircraft ▁and ▁sl id ▁into ▁place ▁on ▁an ▁overhead ▁t rol ley ▁rail . ▁A ▁water - gly col ▁cool ing ▁system , ▁the ▁V ap our ▁Cy cle ▁C ool ing ▁Pack ▁( V CC P ), ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁cool ▁the ▁equipment , ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁external ▁cool ing ▁air ▁int ake . ▁An ▁additional ▁AC ▁power ▁system ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁supply ▁enough ▁elect rical ▁power . ▁R ather ▁than ▁being ▁engine - dri ven , ▁this ▁was ▁an ▁air - power ed ▁tur bo - altern ator . ▁▁ 1 8 ▁Squadron ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁ 1 8 ▁Squadron ▁operated ▁as ▁a ▁dedicated ▁EC M ▁squad ron , ▁having ▁been ▁formed ▁from ▁the ▁V ali ant - equ ipped ▁C ▁flight ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 ▁Squadron , ▁which ▁had ▁developed ▁the ▁role ▁post - war . ▁These ▁seven ▁were ▁the ▁only ▁EC M - equ ipped ▁V ali ants . ▁The ▁initial ▁intention ▁for ▁these ▁aircraft ▁was |
▁that ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁training ▁UK ▁air ▁def ences , ▁sim ulating ▁a ▁Soviet ▁EC M - using ▁threat . ▁Any ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁war ▁role ▁for ▁them , ▁as ▁an ▁EC M ▁esc ort ▁for ▁an ▁attack ▁force ▁of ▁V ali ant ▁bom bers , ▁developed ▁later . ▁This ▁also ▁required ▁ 1 8 ▁Squadron ▁to ▁start ▁training ▁for ▁the ▁same ▁Q RA ▁' sc ram ble ' ▁exer cis es ▁as ▁the ▁Bom ber ▁Command ▁main ▁force . ▁ ▁The ▁S ▁band ▁jam mer ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁Squadron ▁V ali ants ▁was ▁the ▁magnet ron - based ▁US - made ▁AN / AP T - 1 6 A ▁jam mer . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁much ▁simpler ▁and ▁less ▁capable ▁system , ▁without ▁the ▁frequency ▁ag ility ▁of ▁the ▁car cin ot ron ▁devices . ▁The ▁Car pet ▁ 4 ▁( AR I ▁ 1 8 0 3 0 , ▁AN / AP T - 5 ) ▁spot ▁jam mer , ▁had ▁been ▁tri alled ▁in ▁Lin col ns ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁Squadron ▁V ali ants , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁un re li able ▁and ▁in effect ive , ▁so ▁never ▁used . ▁ ▁The ▁elect rical ▁supply ▁of ▁the ▁V ali ant ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁limitation . ▁The ▁V ali ant ▁and ▁first ▁V ul c ans ▁had ▁a ▁ 1 1 2 V ▁DC ▁elect rical ▁system , ▁although ▁the ▁tri als ▁aircraft ▁had ▁a ▁more ▁powerful ▁ 2 4 0 |
V ▁AC ▁system . ▁The ▁DC ▁system ▁was ▁not ▁powerful ▁enough ▁to ▁supply ▁active ▁EC M , ▁such ▁as ▁Red ▁S hr imp , ▁and ▁so ▁those ▁aircraft ▁were ▁limited ▁to ▁the ▁rad ar ▁warning ▁rece ivers ▁and ▁ch aff ▁disp ens ers . ▁This ▁om ission ▁was ▁never ▁upgrad ed , ▁as ▁the ▁V ali ant ' s ▁service ▁life ▁was ▁so ▁short . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁the ▁new ▁ 1 8 ▁Squadron ▁were ▁based ▁at ▁R AF ▁Fin ning ley , ▁South ▁York shire , ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁B CD U . ▁Nick ▁Pra ger , ▁a ▁Czech - born ▁ser ge ant ▁with ▁the ▁B CD U ▁in ▁the ▁EC M ▁serv icing ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁base , ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁J ana , ▁supplied ▁photograph s ▁of ▁the ▁EC M ▁manual ▁set ▁to ▁the ▁Czech ▁Int elligence ▁Service . ▁He ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁this ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁after ▁bet ray al ▁by ▁the ▁def ector ▁Josef ▁F rol ík , ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁for ▁sp ying . ▁ 2 3 0 ▁O C U , ▁the ▁training ▁unit ▁for ▁V ul can ▁cre ws , ▁was ▁also ▁based ▁at ▁Fin ning ley ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁As ▁it ▁became ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁low - level ▁pen etr ation ▁role ▁would ▁involve ▁bom bers ▁trav elling ▁sing ly , ▁each ▁bom ber ▁would ▁need ▁its ▁own ▁EC M ▁fit . |
▁The ▁squad ron ▁retained ▁a ▁development ▁and ▁training ▁role ▁for ▁some ▁time , ▁but ▁this ▁could ▁be ▁performed ▁by ▁simpler ▁aircraft , ▁such ▁as ▁Can ber ras , ▁than ▁the ▁V ali ants ▁and ▁so ▁ 1 8 ▁Squadron ▁was ▁dis band ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁V ul can ▁ ▁V ul can ▁B . 1 ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁V ul can ▁B . 1 ▁had ▁a ▁fairly ▁simple ▁EC M ▁fit , ▁with ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁ch aff ▁disp ens ers ▁and ▁the ▁Orange ▁P utter ▁tail ▁warning ▁receiver ▁from ▁the ▁Can ber ra ▁and ▁V ali ant . ▁ ▁Add itional ▁equipment ▁could ▁be ▁carried ▁along ▁the ▁side ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁bomb ▁bay , ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁nine ▁containers . ▁These ▁included ▁the ▁Green ▁Pal m ▁V H F ▁voice ▁communic ations ▁jam mer , ▁Ind igo ▁Bra cket , ▁an ▁early ▁car cin ot ron - based ▁jam mer , ▁and ▁Red ▁Car pet ▁X - band ▁rad ar ▁jam mer . ▁Each ▁system ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁as ▁self - cont ained ▁as ▁possible , ▁with ▁the ▁minimum ▁of ▁additional ▁installation ▁around ▁the ▁air frame . ▁The ▁Olymp us ▁ 1 0 4 ▁engines ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁had ▁ins u fficient ▁elect rical ▁generating ▁capacity ▁for ▁such ▁an ▁EC M ▁fit ▁and ▁so ▁an ▁internal ▁ram ▁air ▁tur bine ▁was ▁fitted , ▁as ▁for ▁the ▁trial ▁V ali ant ▁W P 2 1 4 . ▁This ▁Tur bo ▁Altern ator ▁T |
GA ▁ 3 0 ▁M k ▁ 1 ▁was ▁mounted ▁internally ▁and ▁driven ▁by ▁an ▁air ▁in let ▁near ▁the ▁port ▁engine ▁air ▁int ake . ▁ ▁V ul can ▁B . 2 ▁▁ ▁The ▁V ul can ▁B . 2 ▁and ▁B . 1 A ▁both ▁used ▁an ▁extended ▁rear ▁fus el age , ▁extended ▁into ▁a ▁more ▁bul b ous ▁tail con e . ▁The ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁was ▁now ▁a ▁hem is pher ical ▁rad ome ▁for ▁the ▁Red ▁Ste er ▁tail - warning ▁receiver , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁pointed ▁cone ▁of ▁the ▁B . 1 . ▁A ▁large ▁rect angular ▁box - like ▁du ct ▁on ▁the ▁star board ▁side ▁was ▁the ▁cool ing ▁air ▁du ct ▁for ▁the ▁cond enser ▁of ▁the ▁V CC P . ▁The ▁bra king ▁par ach ute ▁was ▁inside ▁a ▁h atch ▁on ▁the ▁top , ▁now ▁visible ▁as ▁an ▁external ▁bul ge . ▁The ▁nine ▁se aled ▁and ▁press ur ised ▁drums ▁of ▁the ▁EC M ▁equipment ▁were ▁arranged ▁in ▁two ▁rows ▁within ▁this ▁tail , ▁with ▁access ▁through ▁h atch es ▁in ▁the ▁bottom . ▁ ▁The ▁Red ▁S hr imp ▁anten na e ▁were ▁arranged ▁on ▁pan els ▁added ▁between ▁the ▁engines , ▁usually ▁the ▁ 3 ▁& ▁ 4 ▁engines ▁( star board ). ▁Some ▁aircraft ▁had ▁three ▁on ▁one ▁side , ▁others ▁two ▁and ▁one ▁on ▁each . ▁Blue ▁D iver ▁also ▁used ▁a ▁bla de ▁aer ial ▁in ▁early ▁years , ▁later ▁wing tip ▁aer ial s |
. ▁ ▁V ul can ▁B . 1 A ▁▁ ▁The ▁V ul can ▁B . 1 A ▁was ▁an ▁inter im ▁design , ▁converted ▁from ▁B . 1 ▁aircraft . ▁EC M ▁was ▁a ▁planned ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁B . 2 ▁aircraft ▁with ▁their ▁extended ▁Ph ase ▁ 2 C ▁wing , ▁and ▁although ▁there ▁was ▁great ▁ur gency ▁to ▁the ▁delivery ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁B . 2 ▁aircraft ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁would ▁arrive ▁before ▁the ▁first ▁B . 1 A , ▁the ▁simpler ▁conversion ▁would ▁permit ▁thirty ▁EC M - equ ipped ▁aircraft ▁to ▁enter ▁service ▁more ▁quickly ▁than ▁a ▁similar ▁number ▁of ▁B . 2 s . ▁ ▁Low - level ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁N ass au ▁Ag re ement ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁Britain ' s ▁primary ▁nuclear ▁d eter rent ▁was ▁to ▁switch ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁and ▁the ▁sub marine - launch ed ▁Pol aris ▁miss ile . ▁A ▁combination ▁of ▁this ▁change ▁of ▁role , ▁and ▁the ▁increasing ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁Soviet ▁anti - air craft ▁miss iles ▁at ▁high ▁alt itude , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁V - b om ber ▁force ▁being ▁re - task ed ▁from ▁a ▁high - level ▁attack ▁to ▁a ▁high - low - high ▁profile ▁with ▁a ▁low - level ▁approach . ▁The ▁B . 1 ▁aircraft ▁were ▁re - task ed ▁from ▁Spring ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁the ▁B . 2 s ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁Vis |
ible ▁evidence ▁for ▁this ▁was ▁Mod . 1 8 7 7 , ▁rep ain ting ▁from ▁anti - flash ▁white ▁to ▁a ▁two - col our ▁cam ou fl age ▁scheme . ▁ ▁The ▁Soviet ▁SA - 3 ▁Go a ▁miss ile ▁was ▁now ▁in ▁service , ▁with ▁its ▁Low ▁B low ▁rad ar . ▁This ▁could ▁also ▁be ▁counter ed ▁by ▁Red ▁S hr imp . ▁Despite ▁the ▁change ▁in ▁role , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁V ul can ▁EC M ▁fit . ▁There ▁was ▁little ▁development ▁of ▁this ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁twenty ▁years ▁and ▁it ▁became ▁increasing ly ▁less ▁effective . ▁Situ ational ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁the ▁threat ▁was ▁reasonable , ▁but ▁ability ▁to ▁counter ▁it ▁was ▁reduced . ▁Most ▁obviously , ▁the ▁Red ▁S hr imp ▁j amm ers ▁were ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁unders ide , ▁facing ▁down wards . ▁At ▁low ▁level , ▁they ▁were ▁mask ed ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁terrain ▁which ▁the ▁aircraft ▁was ▁using ▁to ▁shield ▁itself ▁and ▁so ▁the ▁area ▁over ▁which ▁they ▁could ▁radi ate ▁became ▁incon sequ entially ▁small . ▁One ▁important ▁advance ▁which ▁was ▁installed ▁was ▁a ▁terrain - follow ing ▁rad ar ▁( TF R ), ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁th im ble ▁rad ome ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁nose , ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁ ▁F alk lands ▁War ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁F alk lands ▁War ▁and ▁Operation ▁Black ▁Buck , ▁the ▁V ul can ▁and ▁its ▁EC M ▁equipment ▁were ▁considered ▁ob sole te . ▁Green |
▁Pal m ▁and ▁Blue ▁D iver ▁at ▁least , ▁although ▁there ▁was ▁still ▁some ▁respect ▁for ▁Red ▁S hr imp . ▁However ▁Red ▁S hr imp ▁was ▁a ▁bar rage ▁noise ▁jam mer , ▁for ▁which ▁twenty ▁years ▁of ▁counter me asures ▁had ▁developed ▁solutions . ▁The ▁anticip ated ▁Argent in ian ▁threat ▁of ▁Super ▁Fle der ma us , ▁Sky guard ▁AA ▁can non ▁and ▁Roland ▁were ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁capable ▁of ▁defe ating ▁it , ▁at ▁least ▁at ▁close ▁range . ▁ ▁The ▁V ul c ans ▁thus ▁borrow ed ▁US - made ▁AN / AL Q - 1 0 1 D ▁def lection ▁jam mer ▁pod s ▁and ▁trained ▁with ▁them ▁over ▁the ▁Sp ade ad am ▁range . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁Black ▁Buck ▁miss ions ▁left ▁Red ▁S hr imp ▁un used ▁and ▁re lied ▁on ▁the ▁D ash ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁Victor ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁twenty ▁four ▁B . 1 A ▁convers ions , ▁the ▁Victor ▁had ▁the ▁same ▁E W ▁fit ▁as ▁the ▁V ul can , ▁with ▁Red ▁Ste er , ▁Blue ▁S aga , ▁Green ▁Pal m , ▁Blue ▁D iver , ▁Red ▁S hr imp ▁and ▁ch aff ▁disp ens ers . ▁ ▁T SR 2 ▁ ▁Design ▁studies ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁development ▁of ▁T SR 2 ▁recommended ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁an ▁X - band ▁car cin ot ron , ▁such ▁as ▁Red ▁S hr imp , ▁in ▁the ▁aircraft , ▁or ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁space ▁for ▁one |
. ▁However ▁budget ▁constraints ▁led ▁to ▁this ▁prov is ison ▁being ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁formal ▁requirement . ▁Naval ▁/ ▁Air ▁Staff ▁Target ▁ 8 3 0 ▁for ▁future ▁jam ming ▁provision ▁was ▁still ▁under ▁consideration ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁T SR 2 ▁project ▁was ▁cancel led . ▁The ▁lik elihood ▁was ▁that ▁T SR 2 ▁would ▁use ▁p yl on - car ried ▁external ▁equipment , ▁if ▁the ▁mission ▁required ▁it . ▁ ▁Control s ▁ ▁Control s ▁for ▁Red ▁S hr imp , ▁the ▁control ▁unit ▁Type ▁ 9 4 2 2 , ▁were ▁simple ▁and ▁amount ed ▁to ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁switch es ▁to ▁turn ▁it ▁on ▁and ▁off , ▁to ▁switch ▁the ▁two ▁automatic ▁operating ▁modes , ▁and ▁to ▁monitor ▁its ▁performance , ▁current ▁draw ▁and ▁temperature . ▁It ▁was ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁panel ▁on ▁the ▁A E O ' s ▁lower ▁des k , ▁at ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁rear ▁co ck pit ▁( f acing ▁the ▁rear ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Rain bow ▁C odes ▁ ▁R X 1 2 8 7 4 ▁or ▁' W ink le ', ▁a ▁pass ive - d ete ction ▁system ▁intended ▁to ▁counter act ▁car cin ot ron ▁jam ming ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Rain bow ▁C odes ▁Category : Av ro ▁V ul can <0x0A> </s> ▁J . ▁B . ▁Len oir ▁/ l ə ˈ n ɔ ː r / ▁( M arch ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁– ▁April ▁ 2 9 |
, ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁bl ues ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁singer - song writer , ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁Chicago ▁bl ues ▁scene ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁His ▁surname , ▁which ▁is ▁French , ▁is ▁sometimes ▁pron ounced ▁as ▁the ▁French ▁" L ' n ▁W A HR ", ▁but ▁he ▁pron ounced ▁it ▁" La ▁N OR ". ▁His ▁given ▁name ▁simply ▁was ▁J . ▁B .; ▁the ▁letters ▁are ▁not ▁initial s . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Mont ic ello , ▁Mississippi . ▁ ▁Len oir ' s ▁guitar - play ing ▁father ▁introduced ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁music ▁of ▁Bl ind ▁Lem on ▁Jefferson , ▁which ▁became ▁a ▁major ▁influence . ▁During ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁Len oir ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁bl ues ▁artists ▁Son ny ▁Boy ▁William son ▁II ▁and ▁El more ▁James ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁influenced ▁by ▁Arthur ▁Cr ud up ▁and ▁Light n in ' ▁Hop kins . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Chicago , ▁where ▁Big ▁Bill ▁Bro on zy ▁helped ▁introduce ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁bl ues ▁community . ▁He ▁began ▁to ▁perform ▁at ▁local ▁night cl ubs , ▁with ▁mus icians ▁such ▁as ▁M emph is ▁Minn ie , ▁Big ▁M ace o ▁Mer ri we ather , ▁and ▁M ud dy ▁W aters , ▁and ▁became ▁an ▁important ▁part |
▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁bl ues ▁scene . ▁He ▁began ▁recording ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁for ▁J . O . B . ▁Records ▁and ▁Ch ess ▁Records . ▁His ▁recording ▁of ▁" K ore a ▁Blues " ▁was ▁lic ensed ▁to ▁and ▁released ▁by ▁Ch ess , ▁as ▁having ▁been ▁performed ▁by ▁J . ▁B . ▁and ▁his ▁Bay ou ▁Boys . ▁His ▁band ▁included ▁the ▁pian ist ▁Sun ny land ▁S lim , ▁the ▁guitar ist ▁L ero y ▁F oster , ▁and ▁the ▁drum mer ▁Alfred ▁Wal lace . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁Len oir ▁recorded ▁for ▁various ▁record ▁labels ▁in ▁the ▁Chicago ▁area , ▁including ▁J . O . B ., ▁Ch ess , ▁Par rot , ▁and ▁Check er . ▁His ▁more ▁successful ▁songs ▁included ▁" Let ' s ▁Roll ", ▁" The ▁Mo jo " ▁( fe aturing ▁sa x oph on ist ▁J . ▁T . ▁Brown ) ▁and ▁the ▁controvers ial ▁" E isen h ower ▁Blues ", ▁which ▁Par rot ▁Records ▁forced ▁him ▁to ▁re - record ▁as ▁" T ax ▁Pay ing ▁Blues ." ▁ ▁Len oir ▁was ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁for ▁his ▁show mans hip , ▁particularly ▁his ▁z eb ra - pattern ed ▁cost umes , ▁and ▁his ▁high - p itch ed ▁vocals . ▁He ▁became ▁an ▁influ ential ▁electric ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁song writer , ▁and ▁his ▁pen chant ▁for ▁social ▁comment ary ▁distinguished ▁him ▁from |
▁many ▁other ▁bl ues men ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁His ▁most ▁commer cially ▁successful ▁and ▁end uring ▁release ▁was ▁" M amma ▁T alk ▁to ▁Your ▁D augh ter ", ▁recorded ▁for ▁Par rot ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁which ▁reached ▁number ▁ 1 1 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁R & B ▁chart ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁recorded ▁by ▁many ▁other ▁bl ues ▁and ▁rock ▁mus icians . ▁In ▁the ▁later ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁recording ▁for ▁Check er , ▁he ▁wrote ▁several ▁more ▁bl ues ▁standards , ▁including ▁" Don ' t ▁Dog ▁Your ▁Woman " ▁and ▁" Don ' t ▁Touch ▁My ▁Head !! !" ▁( 1 9 5 6 ). ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁he ▁recorded ▁for ▁USA ▁Records ▁as ▁J . ▁B . ▁Len oir ▁and ▁his ▁African ▁H unch ▁Rh ythm , ▁having ▁developed ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁African ▁per cussion . ▁He ▁was ▁redis cover ed ▁by ▁Will ie ▁D ixon , ▁who ▁recorded ▁him ▁playing ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁with ▁the ▁drum mer ▁Fred ▁Below , ▁on ▁the ▁albums ▁Alabama ▁Blues ▁and ▁Down ▁in ▁Mississippi ▁( in sp ired ▁by ▁the ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁Mov ement ▁and ▁Free ▁Spe ech ▁Mov ement ). ▁Len oir ▁tou red ▁Europe ▁and ▁performed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁Fol k ▁Blues ▁Festival ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁Len oir ' s ▁work ▁had ▁over t ly ▁political ▁content ▁rel ating ▁to ▁rac ism ▁and ▁the ▁Korean - ▁and |
▁Vietnam ▁wars . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁Magazine ▁listed ▁J . ▁B . ▁Len oir ▁among ▁hundreds ▁of ▁artists ▁whose ▁material ▁was ▁reported ly ▁destroyed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Universal ▁fire . ▁ ▁Death ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁in ▁U rb ana , ▁Illinois , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁ 3 8 , ▁of ▁internal ▁ble eding ▁related ▁to ▁inj uries ▁he ▁had ▁suffered ▁in ▁a ▁car ▁crash ▁three ▁weeks ▁earlier , ▁which ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁properly ▁treated ▁in ▁a ▁hospital ▁in ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁His ▁death ▁was ▁l ament ed ▁by ▁John ▁May all ▁in ▁the ▁songs ▁" I ' m ▁G onna ▁Fight ▁for ▁You , ▁J . B ." ▁and ▁" De ath ▁of ▁J . ▁B . ▁Len oir ". ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁document ary ▁film ▁The ▁Soul ▁of ▁a ▁Man , ▁directed ▁by ▁W im ▁W enders ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁install ment ▁of ▁Martin ▁Sc ors ese ' s ▁series ▁The ▁Blues , ▁expl ored ▁Len oir ' s ▁career , ▁together ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁Sk ip ▁James ▁and ▁Bl ind ▁Will ie ▁Johnson . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Len oir ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁Blues ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁ ▁Alabama ▁Blues ▁( C BS , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁J . B |
. ▁Len oir ▁( Pol yd or / C rus ade , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁( post hum ous , ▁featuring ▁interview ▁by ▁John ▁May all ▁with ▁El la ▁Louise ▁Len oir ) ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁My ▁Baby ▁T old ▁Me ▁/ ▁Korea ▁Blues ▁( Ch ess ▁ 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁ ▁Deep ▁In ▁Deb t ▁Blues ▁/ ▁Car rie ▁Lee ▁( Ch ess ▁ 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁ ▁Let ' s ▁Roll ▁/ ▁People ▁Are ▁Med d ling ▁( In ▁Our ▁Affairs ) ▁( J . O . B . ▁ 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Mountain ▁/ ▁How ▁Much ▁More ▁( J . O . B ., ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Mo jo ▁/ ▁How ▁Can ▁I ▁Le ave ▁( J . O . B ., ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ ▁I ' ll ▁Die ▁Try in ' ▁/ ▁I ▁W ant ▁My ▁Baby ▁( J . O . B ., ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ ▁Play ▁A ▁Little ▁While ▁/ ▁Louise ▁( J . O . B ., ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁I ' m ▁In ▁Korea ▁/ ▁Eisen h ower ▁Blues ▁( l ater ▁press ings ▁Tax ▁Pay ing ▁Blues ▁as ▁B - Side ) ▁( Par rot , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁M amma ▁T alk ▁To ▁Your ▁D augh ter ▁/ ▁Man |
▁Watch ▁Your ▁Woman ▁( Par rot , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁M ama ▁Your ▁D augh ter ▁Is ▁Go ing ▁To ▁Miss ▁Me ▁/ ▁What ▁Have ▁I ▁Done ▁( Par rot , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁ ▁Fine ▁Girls ▁/ ▁I ▁Lost ▁My ▁Baby ▁( Par rot , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁ ▁Let ▁Me ▁Die ▁With ▁The ▁One ▁I ▁Love ▁/ ▁If ▁I ▁Give ▁My ▁Love ▁To ▁You ? ▁( Check er , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁Touch ▁My ▁Head !!! ▁/ ▁I ' ve ▁Be en ▁Down ▁So ▁Long ▁( Check er , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁ ▁What ▁About ▁Your ▁D augh ter ? ▁/ ▁Five ▁Years ▁( Check er , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁ ▁D addy ▁T alk ▁To ▁Your ▁Son ▁/ ▁She ▁Don ' t ▁Know ▁( Check er , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ) ▁ ▁Back ▁Do or ▁/ ▁Lou ▁El la ▁( Sh ad , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁ ▁Oh ▁Baby ▁/ ▁Do ▁What ▁I ▁Say ▁( V ee - J ay , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁ ▁I ▁Sing ▁Um ▁The ▁Way ▁I ▁Fe el ▁/ ▁I ▁Fe el ▁So ▁Good ▁( USA , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ ▁Mo jo ▁Bo og ie ▁/ ▁I ▁Don ' t ▁Care ▁What ▁Nob ody ▁Say ▁( Blue ▁Hor izon , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁Alabama ▁Blues : |
▁R are ▁and ▁Int imate ▁Record ings ▁ ▁" Ch ess ▁Masters " ▁( Ch ess ▁double ▁LP , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁ ▁" The ▁Par rot ▁S essions , ▁ 1 9 5 4 - 5 5 " ▁( Rel ic ▁LP , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Illustr ated ▁J . ▁B . ▁Len oir ▁disc ography ▁J . ▁B . ▁Len oir ▁fil med ▁performances ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Ch icago ▁bl ues ▁mus icians ▁Category : E lect ric ▁bl ues ▁mus icians ▁Category : American ▁bl ues ▁guitar ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁guitar ists ▁Category : American ▁bl ues ▁harm onica ▁players ▁Category : American ▁bl ues ▁sing ers ▁Category : Bl ues ▁mus icians ▁from ▁Mississippi ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mont ic ello , ▁Mississippi ▁Category : Check er ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁music ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁guitar ists ▁Category : G uit ar ists ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : G uit ar ists ▁from ▁Mississippi ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁mus icians ▁Category : USA ▁Records ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁He ads ▁and ▁T ales ▁is ▁a ▁book ▁by ▁Mal v ina ▁Hoff man ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁chron icles ▁Hoff man |
' s ▁travel s ▁and ▁efforts ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁sculpt ures ▁for ▁the ▁Field ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ’ s ▁R aces ▁of ▁M ank ind ▁following ▁being ▁picked ▁to ▁do ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁parameters ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁were ▁sp elled ▁out ▁by ▁Henry ▁Field , ▁who ▁stated ▁that ▁Hoff man , ▁“ was ▁commission ed ▁to ▁proceed ▁to ▁those ▁lands ▁where ▁native ▁races ▁are ▁at ▁their ▁pur est ▁and ▁there ▁register ▁in ▁cl ay ▁and ▁finish ▁in ▁bronze ▁the ▁living ▁line aments ▁of ▁selected ▁types . ▁ ▁The ▁book , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Ign ace ▁Jan ▁Pad ere w ski , ▁begins ▁with ▁a ▁discussion ▁of ▁Hoff man ’ s ▁early ▁years ▁and ▁her ▁time ▁studying ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁sculpt or , ▁with ▁some ▁importance ▁placed ▁on ▁her ▁relationships ▁with ▁August e ▁Rod in ▁and ▁Ivan ▁M est rov ic . ▁ ▁Some ▁attention ▁is ▁paid ▁to ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁making ▁sculpt ure , ▁about ▁her ▁relationships ▁with ▁the ▁V als u ani ▁Found ry ▁and ▁the ▁Roman ▁Bron ze ▁Works , ▁both ▁of ▁whom ▁special ized ▁in ▁the ▁lost ▁w ax ▁process . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁details ▁with ▁Hoff man ’ s ▁travel s ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans , ▁Africa ▁and ▁other ▁places ▁prior ▁to ▁being ▁picked ▁for ▁the ▁Field ▁Museum ▁project . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁third ▁section ▁begins ▁with ▁“ When ▁we ▁started ▁on ▁our ▁‘ R ound ▁the ▁World ” ▁trip ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 |
9 3 1 ,” ▁and ▁from ▁there ▁on ▁the ▁book ▁concerns ▁itself ▁with ▁her ▁producing ▁the ▁life ▁s ized ▁sculpt ures ▁for ▁the ▁R aces ▁of ▁M ank ind ▁exhib it . ▁Her ▁story ▁wind s ▁up ▁in ▁Ta os , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁to ▁create ▁her ▁‘ abor iginal ▁American ” ▁sculpt ures . ▁ ▁The ▁sculpt ures ▁that ▁Hoff man ▁made ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁illustr ations ▁in ▁the ▁book , ▁The ▁March ▁of ▁Civil ization ▁in ▁maps ▁and ▁pictures . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 6 ▁books ▁Category : Aut obi ograph ies ▁Category : Char les ▁S cri b ner ' s ▁S ons ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁elect oral ▁divisions ▁and ▁w ards ▁in ▁the ▁cer emon ial ▁county ▁of ▁Wor c esters hire ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Mid lands . ▁All ▁changes ▁since ▁the ▁re - organisation ▁of ▁local ▁government ▁following ▁the ▁passing ▁of ▁the ▁Local ▁Government ▁Act ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁are ▁shown . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁coun c ill ors ▁elected ▁for ▁each ▁elect oral ▁division ▁or ▁w ard ▁is ▁shown ▁in ▁brackets . ▁ ▁County ▁council ▁ ▁Wor c esters hire ▁Elect oral ▁Div isions ▁from ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁( first ▁election ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁to ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁ ▁Elect oral ▁Div isions ▁from ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁present : ▁ ▁District ▁coun c ils ▁ |
▁B rom sg ro ve ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁( first ▁election ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁to ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁to ▁present : ▁ ▁Mal vern ▁Hills ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁( first ▁election ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁to ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁present : ▁ ▁Red d itch ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁( first ▁election ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁to ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 3 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 : |
▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁present : ▁ ▁Wor c ester ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁( first ▁election ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁to ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁present : ▁ ▁W ych av on ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁( first ▁election ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁to ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁present : ▁ ▁Wy re ▁Forest ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁( first ▁election ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁to ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁ ▁W ards ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁ ▁W ards |
▁from ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁to ▁present : ▁ ▁Form er ▁county ▁council ▁ ▁Here ford ▁and ▁Wor c ester ▁Elect oral ▁Div isions ▁from ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁( first ▁election ▁ 1 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁to ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 5 : ▁ ▁Elect oral ▁Div isions ▁from ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁to ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁( count y ▁abol ished ): ▁ ▁Form er ▁district ▁council ▁ ▁Le omin ster ▁See : ▁List ▁of ▁elect oral ▁w ards ▁in ▁Here ford shire # Le omin ster ▁ ▁Elect oral ▁w ards ▁by ▁constitu ency ▁ ▁B rom sg ro ve ▁Al ve ch urch , ▁Be acon , ▁Cat sh ill , ▁Char ford , ▁D rak es ▁Cross ▁and ▁Walk ers ▁He ath , ▁F url ongs , ▁H ag ley , ▁Hill side , ▁Hollywood ▁and ▁Maj ors ▁Green , ▁Lin thur st , ▁Mar l bro ok , ▁N orton , ▁St ▁Joh ns , ▁Side mo or , ▁Sl ides low , ▁Sto ke ▁He ath , ▁Sto ke ▁Prior , ▁Tar de big ge , ▁U ff down , ▁W ase ley , ▁Whit ford , ▁Wood v ale , ▁W yth all ▁South . ▁ ▁Mid ▁Wor c esters hire ▁Bad sey , ▁Ben gew orth , ▁Bow bro ok , ▁Bret fort on ▁and ▁Off en ham , |
▁Broadway ▁and ▁W ick ham ford , ▁D od der hill , ▁D rak es ▁Br ought on , ▁D roit wich ▁Central , ▁D roit wich ▁East , ▁D roit wich ▁South ▁East , ▁D roit wich ▁South ▁West , ▁D roit wich ▁West , ▁E ves ham ▁North , ▁E ves ham ▁South , ▁Fl ad bury , ▁Great ▁Ham pton , ▁Hart le bury , ▁Har ving ton ▁and ▁N orton , ▁H oney bourne ▁and ▁P eb worth , ▁Little ▁Ham pton , ▁Lov ett ▁and ▁North ▁Cla ines , ▁N orton ▁and ▁Wh itt ington , ▁Om bers ley , ▁Pin vin , ▁The ▁L itt let ons , ▁U pton ▁Sn ods bury . ▁ ▁Red d itch ▁Ab bey , ▁Ast wood ▁Bank ▁and ▁Fe cken ham , ▁B atch ley , ▁Central , ▁Church ▁Hill , ▁Cra bb s ▁Cross , ▁Green lands , ▁Head less ▁Cross ▁and ▁Oak ens h aw , ▁In k ber row , ▁L odge ▁Park , ▁Match borough , ▁West , ▁W iny ates . ▁ ▁West ▁Wor c esters hire ▁Al fr ick ▁and ▁Le igh , ▁Bald win , ▁B red on , ▁Broad he ath , ▁Ch ase , ▁D ys on ▁Per r ins , ▁E ck ington , ▁El m ley ▁Castle ▁and ▁Som er ville , ▁Hall ow , ▁K emp sey , ▁Lind ridge , ▁Link , ▁Long don , ▁Mart ley , ▁Mort on , ▁Pers h ore , ▁Pick ers |
le igh , ▁Pow ick , ▁Pri ory , ▁R ipp le , ▁South ▁B red on ▁Hill , ▁T eme ▁Valley , ▁Ten bury , ▁U pton ▁and ▁Han ley , ▁Well s , ▁West , ▁Wood bury . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁in ▁Wor c esters hire ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Wor c esters hire ▁Wor c esters hire <0x0A> </s> ▁Very ▁Good ▁Bad ▁Th ing ▁is ▁the ▁fifth ▁album ▁by ▁V ancouver - based ▁ind ie ▁rock ▁band ▁Mother ▁Mother . ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁G av in ▁Brown . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁All ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁Ryan ▁Gul dem ond . ▁ ▁Master ed ▁by ▁Ted ▁J ensen ▁at ▁Ster ling ▁Sound , ▁NY C ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Mol ly ▁Gul dem ond ▁– ▁vocals ▁and ▁keyboard ▁Ryan ▁Gul dem ond ▁– ▁guitar ▁and ▁vocals ▁Jas min ▁Park in ▁– ▁keyboard ▁and ▁vocals ▁Ali ▁Si ad at ▁– ▁drums ▁Jer emy ▁Page ▁– ▁bass ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : M other ▁Mother ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁G av in ▁Brown ▁( mus ician ) ▁Category : Al bum s ▁recorded ▁at ▁No ble ▁Street ▁Studios <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Donald ▁Hamilton ▁Ir v ine ▁ ▁( 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁– ▁ 1 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁general ▁pract ition er ▁( GP ) ▁who ▁was ▁president |
▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Medical ▁Council ▁( G MC ) ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁during ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁high - profile ▁medical ▁failure ▁cases ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁including ▁the ▁Ald er ▁Hey ▁org ans ▁sc andal , ▁the ▁Br istol ▁heart ▁sc andal ▁and ▁The ▁Sh ip man ▁In qu iry . ▁He ▁transformed ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁G MC ▁by ▁setting ▁out ▁what ▁patients ▁could ▁expect ▁of ▁do ctors ▁and ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁leading ▁significant ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁professional ▁medicine ▁and ▁introdu cing ▁the ▁policy ▁of ▁professional ▁re validation ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁Ir v ine ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New castle ▁upon ▁Ty ne , ▁where ▁his ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁sole ▁pract ition er ▁GP . ▁After ▁qual ifying ▁in ▁medicine ▁and ▁sp ending ▁some ▁time ▁working ▁with ▁his ▁father , ▁he ▁joined ▁colle agues ▁from ▁two ▁practices ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁mult id is cipl inary ▁teaching ▁practice ▁and ▁there after ▁followed ▁a ▁career ▁with ▁various ▁comm itte es ▁including ▁as ▁regional ▁advis er ▁in ▁general ▁practice , ▁the ▁J oint ▁Committee ▁on ▁Post grad uate ▁General ▁Pract ice ▁Training , ▁chair ▁of ▁council ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁General ▁Pract ition ers ▁( RC GP ) ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁G MC ▁committee ▁on ▁professional ▁standards ▁and ▁eth ics . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁he ▁received ▁an ▁O BE , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁a ▁C BE ▁and |
▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁he ▁was ▁Knight ed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Ir v ine ' s ▁G MC ▁presiden cy ▁was ▁un success fully ▁challeng ed ▁by ▁obst et ric ian ▁Wend y ▁Sav age , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁anyone ▁had ▁stood ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁an ▁inc umb ent ▁president . ▁Ir v ine ▁won ▁by ▁ 3 0 ▁votes , ▁the ▁G MC ▁agreed ▁to ▁request ▁re validation ▁and ▁Ir v ine ▁decided ▁to ▁step ▁down ▁ten ▁months ▁early . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁intern ation ally ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁P icker ▁Institute ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁American ▁Board ▁of ▁Medical ▁Special ties ▁( AB MS ) ▁health care ▁quality ▁and ▁safety ▁award . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁the ▁books , ▁The ▁Do ctors ' ▁T ale : ▁Professional ism ▁and ▁Public ▁Trust ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁and ▁the ▁mem oir ▁ ▁Medical ▁Professional ism ▁and ▁the ▁Public ▁Interest : ▁Ref lections ▁on ▁a ▁Life ▁in ▁Medicine ▁( 2 0 1 7 ). ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Donald ▁Ir v ine ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁in ▁New castle ▁upon ▁Ty ne , ▁to ▁Andrew ▁Bell ▁Hamilton ▁Ir v ine ▁and ▁Dor othy ▁Mary ▁Ir v ine ▁n ée ▁Buck ley . ▁He ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁Ash ington , ▁North umber land , ▁a ▁coal ▁min ing ▁community , ▁where ▁he ▁travel led ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁school |
▁with ▁so ot ▁covered ▁min ers . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁sole ▁pract ition er ▁general ▁pract ition er ▁( GP ) ▁and ▁his ▁home ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁surg ery , ▁so ▁his ▁home ▁life ▁revol ved ▁around ▁his ▁father ' s ▁patients . ▁He ▁had ▁one ▁sister ▁who ▁also ▁became ▁a ▁doctor , ▁and ▁they ▁would ▁both ▁go ▁on ▁home ▁vis its ▁with ▁their ▁father ▁and ▁help ▁stock ▁the ▁medic ines . ▁He ▁later ▁rec ount ed ▁in ▁his ▁mem oir s ▁that ... ▁" in ▁those ▁days ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁assumption ▁in ▁medical ▁families ▁that ▁son ▁would ▁follow ▁father ". ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ten , ▁during ▁a ▁hol iday ▁in ▁Edinburgh , ▁he ▁developed ▁r he um atic ▁fe ver , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁spent ▁one ▁year ▁of ▁his ▁child hood ▁in ▁hospital , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁c ared ▁for ▁by ▁pa ed iat ric ian ▁Charles ▁Mc Ne il . ▁He ▁attended ▁The ▁King ▁Edward ▁VI ▁School , ▁Mor p eth , ▁and ▁later ▁graduated ▁in ▁medicine ▁from ▁Dur ham ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁Having ▁contract ed ▁r he um atic ▁fe ver ▁ex empt ed ▁him ▁from ▁National ▁Service . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁After ▁leaving ▁Dur ham , ▁he ▁completed ▁his ▁house ▁jobs ▁and ▁voc ational ▁training , ▁following ▁which ▁he ▁joined ▁his ▁father ' s ▁practice . ▁Sub sequently , ▁he ▁joined ▁colle agues ▁from ▁two ▁other ▁practices ▁to ▁establish ▁the ▁L inton ville ▁Medical ▁Group , ▁the ▁first ▁mult id is |
cipl inary ▁teaching ▁practice ▁in ▁the ▁U . K . ▁ ▁His ▁father ▁had ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁R CG P ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁Ir v ine ▁would ▁soon ▁follow ▁in ▁its ▁philosophy , ▁recogn ising ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁improve ▁standards ▁in ▁general ▁practice . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁a ▁doctor ▁could ▁enter ▁general ▁practice ▁with ▁no ▁requirement ▁for ▁further ▁training ▁and ▁after ▁comple ting ▁just ▁one ▁year ▁of ▁hospital ▁posts . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁poor ▁public ▁per ception ▁of ▁general ▁practice ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁reflected ▁in ▁W inst on ▁Church ill ' s ▁phys ician , ▁Lord ▁Mor an ' s ▁words ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ... ▁" that ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁place ▁do ctors ▁land ed ▁when ▁they ▁fell ▁off ▁the ▁hospital ▁lad der ". ▁ ▁Ir v ine ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁up ▁committee ▁posts , ▁first ▁as ▁regional ▁advis er ▁in ▁general ▁practice ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁M err ison ▁Committee ▁of ▁In qu iry ▁into ▁the ▁Reg ulation ▁of ▁the ▁Medical ▁Prof ession . ▁ ▁R CG P ▁In ▁his ▁mid - th irt ies , ▁and ▁having ▁also ▁academ ically ▁achieved ▁a ▁D Ob st ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁a ▁MD ▁from ▁New castle ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁and ▁a ▁F RC GP ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁the |
▁third ▁person ▁to ▁be ▁appointed ▁honor ary ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁of ▁the ▁College , ▁serving ▁for ▁seven ▁years ▁before ▁ste pping ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁It ▁gave ▁him ▁the ▁foundation ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁could ▁plan ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁profile ▁of ▁general ▁practice . ▁▁ ▁During ▁his ▁term ▁he ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁College ' s ▁evidence ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Commission ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁central ▁organisation ▁of ▁the ▁three - year ▁GP ▁voc ational ▁training , ▁organ ised ▁on ▁a ▁regional ▁basis , ▁which ▁provided ▁training ▁practices ▁and ▁a ▁curr icul um . ▁He ▁continued ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁secretary s ▁for ▁the ▁R CG P ▁led ▁J oint ▁Committee ▁on ▁Post grad uate ▁General ▁Pract ice ▁Training , ▁with ▁Ir v ine ▁as ▁its ▁lead . ▁Rec ogn ising ▁the ▁poor ▁standards ▁in ▁general ▁practice , ▁he ▁led ▁a ▁study ▁that ▁included ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁region ▁GP s ▁and ▁hospital ▁pa ed iat r icians . ▁He ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁setting ▁standards ▁for ▁children ▁was ▁feas ible . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁R CG P ▁council , ▁where ▁he ▁introduced ▁the ▁" quality ▁initi ative " ▁which ▁encourag ed ▁GP s ▁to ▁assess ▁their ▁day - to - day ▁care ▁in ▁their ▁own ▁practices . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁R CG P ▁nom ine e ▁to ▁the ▁G MC . ▁ ▁G MC ▁and ▁medical ▁reg |
ulation ▁Ir v ine ▁cha ired ▁the ▁G MC ▁committee ▁on ▁professional ▁standards ▁and ▁eth ics ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁cred ited ▁for ▁his ▁drive ▁" to ▁make ▁medical ▁reg ulation ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁more ▁patient ▁cent red ". ▁His ▁actions ▁also ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁publication ▁titled ▁Good ▁Medical ▁Pract ice ▁and ▁D ut ies ▁of ▁a ▁Doctor ▁and ▁a ▁shift ▁from ▁" t elling ▁do ctors ▁what ▁they ▁should ▁not ▁do , ▁to ▁one ▁which ▁told ▁them ▁what ▁they ▁should ▁do ". ▁It ▁transformed ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁G MC ▁by ▁setting ▁out ▁what ▁patients ▁could ▁expect ▁from ▁do ctors . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁shortly ▁after ▁being ▁kn ight ed , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁concern ▁over ▁the ▁G MC ' s ▁discipl inary ▁procedures ▁and ▁having ▁the ▁job ▁of ▁implementing ▁performance ▁procedures , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁G MC , ▁the ▁first ▁ever ▁GP ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁office . ▁It ▁was ▁an ▁appointment ▁that ▁he ▁kept ▁until ▁ste pping ▁down ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁high - profile ▁cases ▁of ▁medical ▁fail ures ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁public ▁attention ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure ▁and ▁had ▁un sett ling ▁relations ▁between ▁do ctors ▁and ▁their ▁patients . ▁His ▁first ▁role ▁as ▁president ▁was ▁to ▁chair ▁the ▁conduct ▁committee ▁that ▁handled ▁the ▁Br istol ▁heart ▁sc andal , ▁where ▁a ▁wh ist leb lower ▁dis closed ▁poor ▁heart ▁surg ery ▁out comes ▁in ▁children |
. ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁two ▁months ▁into ▁the ▁Br istol ▁inqu iry , ▁as ▁its ▁chairman , ▁he ▁commented ... ▁" we ▁are ▁not ▁dealing ▁with ▁statistics ▁here , ▁we ▁are ▁talking ▁about ▁children ". ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁at ▁a ▁discipl inary ▁hearing , ▁Ir v ine ▁told ▁two ▁pa ed iat ric ▁heart ▁sur ge ons ▁and ▁the ▁chief ▁executive ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Br istol ▁National ▁Health ▁Service ▁( N HS ) ▁Trust , ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁guilty ▁of ▁serious ▁professional ▁mis con duct . ▁Sub sequently , ▁rest oring ▁public ▁trust ▁became ▁an ▁issue . ▁Fe eling ▁that ▁Br istol ▁had ▁exposed ▁a ▁medical ▁" club ▁culture ", ▁he ▁lo bb ied ▁for ▁the ▁reform ▁of ▁professional ▁medical ▁reg ulation . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁difficult ▁time ▁for ▁the ▁medical ▁profession ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁Br istol ▁case ▁and ▁its ▁subsequent ▁public ▁inqu iry ▁led ▁by ▁Sir ▁Ian ▁Kennedy , ▁he ▁faced ▁further ▁medical ▁sc and als , ▁including ▁the ▁Ald er ▁Hey ▁org ans ▁sc andal ▁and ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Harold ▁Sh ip man . ▁He ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁define ▁what ▁good ▁practice ▁should ▁be , ▁foc uss ing ▁on ▁protect ing ▁patients , ▁and ▁clar ified ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁just ifiable ▁to ▁bl ame ▁these ▁sc and als ▁on ▁individuals , ▁but ▁there ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁acknowled g ement ▁of ▁" in her ent ▁cultural ▁fla ws ▁in ▁the ▁medical ▁profession " ..." ex cess ive ▁pat ernal |
ism " ... and ▁a ▁" lack ▁of ▁respect ▁for ▁patients " ▁resulting ▁in ▁" se cre cy ▁and ▁comp lac ency ▁about ▁poor ▁practice ". ▁ ▁He ▁pushed ▁for ▁" re validation ", ▁a ▁five - year ly ▁assess ment ▁of ▁do ctors ' ▁fit ness ▁to ▁pract ise , ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁This ▁chief ▁achiev ement ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁G MC ▁of ▁introdu cing ▁the ▁policy ▁of ▁professional ▁re validation ▁was ▁a ▁term ▁he ▁co ined ▁to ▁show ▁how ▁do ctors ▁would ▁keep ▁up ▁to ▁date ▁with ▁medical ▁knowledge ▁and ▁skills , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁turning ▁the ▁G MC ' s ▁philosophy ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁protect ing ▁do ctors ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁protect ing ▁patients . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Ir v ine ' s ▁presiden cy ▁was ▁un success fully ▁challeng ed ▁by ▁obst et ric ian ▁Wend y ▁Sav age , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁anyone ▁had ▁stood ▁in ▁opposition ▁of ▁an ▁inc umb ent ▁president . ▁Sav age ▁gained ▁ 2 6 ▁votes , ▁whereas ▁Ir v ine ▁gained ▁ 5 6 . ▁The ▁G MC ▁finally ▁agreed ▁to ▁ask ▁the ▁government ▁for ▁legisl ation ▁to ▁introduce ▁re validation , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁Ir v ine ▁stepped ▁down ▁ 1 0 ▁months ▁early ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁The ▁legacy ▁of ▁his ▁presiden cy ▁became ▁the ▁ref oc using ▁of ▁the ▁G MC ' s ▁purpose ▁on ▁protect ing ▁patients ▁and ▁the ▁public |
. ▁Ir v ine , ▁however , ▁later ▁described ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁as ▁" ann us ▁hor rib ilis " ▁for ▁the ▁G MC . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁pres idents ▁had ▁been ▁elev ated ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁and ▁as ▁he ▁recorded ▁in ▁his ▁mem oir s ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁his ▁presiden cy ▁years ▁were ▁not ▁happy ▁ones . ▁ ▁Den is ▁Pere ira ▁Gray ▁later ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁" was ▁a ▁remarkable ▁achiev ement ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁G MC ▁to ▁vote ▁for ▁re validation ". ▁ ▁Later ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Ir v ine ▁described ▁" part ners hips ▁with ▁patients , ▁and ▁account ability ▁rather ▁than ▁professional ▁aut onomy ... ▁team work ▁rather ▁than ▁individual ism , ▁collect ive ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁personal ▁responsibility , ▁trans par ency ▁rather ▁than ▁secre cy , ▁em path etic ▁communication ▁and ▁above ▁all ▁respect ▁for ▁others ". ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁communication ▁to ▁the ▁G MC ▁Committee ▁( 2 0 1 0 – 2 0 1 1 ▁committee ), ▁he ..." re comm ended ▁that ▁the ▁committee ▁view ▁the ▁processes ▁of ▁re validation ▁and ▁fit ness ▁to ▁practice ▁as ▁one ▁system ▁that ▁a ims ▁to ▁ensure ▁public ▁protection ". ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁intern ation ally ▁known ▁following ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁P icker ▁Institute . ▁He ▁was ▁their ▁patron ▁and ▁chair ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁trust ees ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 3 . |
▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ours ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁American ▁Board ▁of ▁Medical ▁Special ties ▁( AB MS ) ▁health care ▁quality ▁and ▁safety ▁award . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁he ▁received ▁an ▁O BE , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁a ▁C BE ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁he ▁was ▁Knight ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁New ▁Year ▁Hon ours ▁List s . ▁Seven ▁univers ities ▁have ▁awarded ▁him ▁honor ary ▁doctor ates . ▁ ▁Personal ▁and ▁family ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁interest ▁in ▁av iation , ▁he ▁maintained ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁orn ith ology ▁and ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁recogn ise ▁a ▁bird ▁from ▁listening ▁to ▁its ▁song . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁interested ▁in ▁garden ing . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁he ▁married ▁Margaret ▁McG uck in , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁two ▁sons ▁and ▁one ▁daughter . ▁They ▁divor ced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁He ▁then ▁married ▁S ally ▁F ount ain ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁divor ced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁married ▁nur se ▁C yn th ia ▁Rick itt , ▁who ▁c ared ▁for ▁him ▁during ▁his ▁final ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁ill ness ▁with ▁heart ▁and ▁kid ney ▁failure . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Publications ▁ ▁In |
▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁one ▁year ▁after ▁ste pping ▁down ▁from ▁the ▁G MC , ▁he ▁published ▁The ▁Do ctors ' ▁T ale : ▁Professional ism ▁and ▁Public ▁Trust . ▁In ▁this ▁account , ▁he ▁highlight ed ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁role ▁models , ▁his ▁concern ▁over ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁hospital ▁consult ants ▁and ▁the ▁standing ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Medical ▁Association . ▁ ▁He ▁published ▁his ▁mem oir s ▁in ▁Medical ▁Professional ism ▁and ▁the ▁Public ▁Interest : ▁Ref lections ▁on ▁a ▁Life ▁in ▁Medicine , ▁which ▁was ▁review ed ▁and ▁recommended ▁by ▁Den is ▁Pere ira ▁Gray ▁to ▁all ▁phys icians ▁who ▁look ▁to ▁leadership ▁roles , ▁to ▁patients , ▁medical ▁histor ians ▁and ▁to ▁health ▁polic ym akers . ▁ ▁Selected ▁publications ▁ ▁Articles ▁ ▁" Will iam ▁Pick les ▁L ect ure ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ 1 9 8 4 : ▁the ▁quiet ▁revolution ? ", ▁The ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁General ▁Pract ition ers ▁( 1 9 7 5 ), ▁Vol . ▁ 2 5 , ▁No . ▁ 1 5 5 , ▁pp . 3 9 9 – 4 0 7 ▁" Stand ards ▁in ▁general ▁practice : ▁the ▁quality ▁initi ative ▁revis ited ", ▁British ▁Journal ▁of ▁General ▁Pract ice , ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Vol . ▁ 4 0 , ▁Issue ▁ 3 3 1 , ▁pp . ▁ 7 5 – 7 7 , ▁▁ ▁" General ▁practice ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 |
s : ▁a ▁personal ▁view ▁on ▁future ▁develop ments ", ▁British ▁Journal ▁of ▁General ▁Pract ice ▁( 1 9 9 3 ), ▁Vol . ▁ 4 3 , ▁No . ▁ 3 6 8 ), ▁pp . ▁ 1 2 1 - 1 2 5 ▁" The ▁performance ▁of ▁do ctors : ▁the ▁new ▁professional ism ", ▁The ▁Lanc et ▁ 3 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Vol . ▁ 3 5 3 , ▁Issue ▁ 9 1 5 9 , ▁pp . ▁ 1 1 7 4 – 1 1 7 7 , ▁ ▁“ Good ▁do ctors : ▁sa fer ▁patients ▁– ▁the ▁Chief ▁Medical ▁Officer ' s ▁pres cription ▁for ▁reg ulating ▁do ctors ”, ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Medicine ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁Vol . ▁ 9 9 , ▁No . ▁ 9 , ▁ ▁pp . ▁ 4 3 0 – 4 3 2 , ▁ ▁" A ▁Short ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁G MC , ▁Medical ▁Education , ▁ 1 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Vol . ▁ 4 0 , ▁Issue ▁ 3 , ▁pp . ▁ 2 0 2 – 2 1 1 , ▁ ▁Books ▁The ▁Do ctors ' ▁T ale : ▁Professional ism ▁and ▁Public ▁Trust , ▁Rad cl iffe ▁Medical ▁Press ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁ ▁Medical ▁Professional ism ▁and ▁the ▁Public ▁Interest : ▁Ref lections ▁on ▁a ▁Life ▁in ▁Medicine , ▁R CG P ▁Heritage ▁Committee ▁( 2 0 1 7 |
), ▁. ▁ ▁Book ▁chap ters ▁" App ro aches ▁to ▁Qu ality ▁Im prov ement in ▁the ▁British ▁National ▁Health ▁Service ", ▁co - author ed ▁with ▁Li am ▁Donald son , ▁in ▁The ▁Ep ide mi ology ▁of ▁Qu ality ▁by ▁V ah é ▁A . ▁Kaz and j ian ▁and ▁Elizabeth ▁Stern berg , ▁An ▁Asp en ▁Public ation ▁( 1 9 9 5 ), ▁ ▁" Problem ▁Do ctors ▁in ▁the ▁UK : ▁Ro le ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Medical ▁Council ", ▁in ▁Problem ▁Do ctors : ▁A ▁Cons pi racy ▁of ▁Sil ence ▁edited ▁by ▁Peter ▁L ens ▁and ▁G . ▁A . ▁van ▁der ▁Wal , ▁I OS ▁Press ▁( 1 9 9 7 ), ▁ ▁" Pro f essional ism ▁and ▁Professional ▁Reg ulation ", ▁in ▁Medical ▁Education ▁and ▁Training : ▁From ▁Theory ▁to ▁D elivery ▁edited ▁by ▁Y v onne ▁Carter ▁and ▁Neil ▁Jackson , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press '' ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Writ ten ▁submission ▁to ▁R CG P ▁Working ▁Party , ▁Ir v ine ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁" A ▁t ribute ▁to ▁Sir ▁Donald ▁Ir v ine ▁from ▁his ▁son , ▁Al ast air ▁( 2 0 1 8 )" ▁" The ▁future ▁of ▁the ▁G MC : ▁An ▁interview ▁with ▁Donald ▁Ir v ine , ▁the ▁new ▁president ", ▁B M J ▁C lin ical ▁Research ▁ 3 1 0 ( 6 9 9 3 ): 1 5 1 5 ▁- |
▁ 1 5 1 8 ▁· ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁ ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁English ▁medical ▁do ctors ▁Category : B rit ish ▁general ▁pract ition ers ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁General ▁Pract ition ers ▁Category : ▁Al umn i ▁of ▁Dur ham ▁University ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bud get ▁Res p ons ibility ▁and ▁National ▁Aud it ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁( c . ▁ 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Act ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁It ▁provides ▁a ▁stat ut ory ▁foot ing ▁for ▁the ▁already - est ab lished ▁Office ▁for ▁Bud get ▁Res p ons ibility , ▁and ▁requires ▁the ▁tre as ury ▁to ▁set ▁out ▁its ▁approach ▁to ▁fis cal ▁policy ▁in ▁a ▁Char ter ▁for ▁Bud get ▁Res p ons ibility . ▁ ▁It ▁also ▁sets ▁out ▁a ▁new ▁structure ▁for ▁the ▁National ▁Aud it ▁Office ▁and ▁repe als ▁the ▁F is cal ▁Res p ons ibility ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁by ▁the ▁Com mer cial ▁Secretary ▁to ▁the ▁Tre as ury ▁Lord ▁S ass oon , ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁the ▁Government , ▁and ▁it ▁received ▁Royal ▁Ass ent ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Office ▁for ▁Bud get ▁Res p ons ibility ▁▁ ▁The |
▁Office ▁for ▁Bud get ▁Res p ons ibility ▁was ▁initially ▁constit uted ▁in ▁shadow ▁form ▁by ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁party ▁opposition ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁then ▁formally ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁government ▁after ▁the ▁general ▁election ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁before ▁being ▁put ▁on ▁a ▁stat ut ory ▁foot ing ▁by ▁this ▁Act . ▁ ▁The ▁O BR ▁provides ▁independent ▁economic ▁forec asts ▁as ▁background ▁to ▁the ▁prepar ation ▁of ▁the ▁UK ▁budget . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁copy right ▁law ▁Category : Copy right ▁legisl ation ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Act s ▁of ▁Parliament ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁bud gets <0x0A> </s> ▁Luc in ida ▁( former ly ▁Luc ino ida ) ▁is ▁a ▁tax onom ic ▁order ▁of ▁salt water ▁cl ams , ▁marine ▁b ival ve ▁m oll us cs . ▁ ▁Famil ies ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁new ▁proposed ▁classification ▁system ▁for ▁the ▁B ival via ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁by ▁B iel er , ▁Carter ▁& ▁Co an , ▁revis ing ▁the ▁classification ▁of ▁the ▁B ival via . ▁Luc ino ida ▁( now ▁Luc in ida ) ▁thus ▁became ▁an ▁order ▁of ▁its ▁own . ▁It ▁includes ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁super famil ies : ▁Super family : ▁Luc ino idea ▁Family : ▁Luc in idae ▁ ▁Family : ▁† M act rom y idae ▁ ▁Family : ▁† Par acy cl |
idae ▁Super family : ▁Th y as iro idea ▁Family : ▁Th y as ir idae ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : B ival ve ▁orders <0x0A> </s> ▁Ang lo - Ch inese ▁Convention ▁can ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Che foo ▁Convention ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁ ▁Convention ▁of ▁Cal cut ta ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁ ▁Convention ▁for ▁the ▁Ext ension ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Territ ory ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁ ▁Convention ▁Between ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁China ▁Res pect ing ▁Tib et ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁End ▁of ▁Term ▁is ▁a ▁book ▁by ▁British ▁children ' s ▁author ▁Anton ia ▁Forest , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁End ▁of ▁Term ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁Mar low ▁book , ▁between ▁Fal con er ' s ▁L ure ▁and ▁Peter ' s ▁Room . ▁ ▁Plot ▁introduction ▁The ▁Mar low ▁sister s , ▁less ▁Kar en ▁and ▁Row an , ▁return ▁for ▁another ▁term ▁at ▁Kings c ote ▁School ▁for ▁Girls . ▁As ▁the ▁title ▁suggests , ▁the ▁focus ▁of ▁this ▁book ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁" End ▁of ▁Term " ▁activities , ▁particularly ▁the ▁Christmas ▁Play ▁performed ▁in ▁W ade ▁Min ster . ▁Sk ul ld ugg ery ▁over ▁the ▁net ball ▁team ▁and ▁a ▁visit ▁from ▁their ▁fright ening ▁Grand m other ▁make ▁this ▁a ▁less ▁than ▁enjoy able ▁term ▁for ▁Nicola ▁Mar low . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁ ▁Nicola ' s ▁mer lin , ▁the ▁S prog , ▁makes ▁off ▁from |
▁the ▁train ▁when ▁she ▁is ▁on ▁her ▁way ▁back ▁to ▁school , ▁taking ▁a ▁sp arrow ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁his ▁life . ▁ ▁Return ing ▁to ▁the ▁station , ▁she ▁finds ▁a ▁new ▁girl , ▁Est her ▁Fre wen . ▁ ▁Est her ' s ▁parents ▁are ▁divor ced ▁and ▁have ▁sent ▁her ▁to ▁board ing ▁school ▁because ▁she ▁doesn ' t ▁quite ▁fit ▁in ▁their ▁new ▁lives . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁not ▁too ▁wor ried ▁about ▁this , ▁but ▁mainly ▁about ▁leaving ▁her ▁pu ppy , ▁D aks , ▁behind . ▁ ▁A ▁few ▁weeks ▁into ▁term , ▁Nicola , ▁along ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁school , ▁is ▁shock ed ▁to ▁find ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁been ▁left ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Junior ▁Net ball ▁team . ▁ ▁In ▁fact , ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Lo is ▁S anger , ▁Nicola ' s ▁old ▁enemy ▁and ▁now ▁school ▁Games ▁Captain . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁solo ist ▁in ▁the ▁Christmas ▁Play , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁find ▁this ▁much ▁cons olation . ▁ ▁Half - term ▁is ▁less ▁fun ▁than ▁expected , ▁mainly ▁because ▁Mrs ▁Mar low ' s ▁mother ▁is ▁visit ing . ▁ ▁Nicola ▁and ▁Patrick ▁manage ▁to ▁s ne ak ▁off ▁for ▁a ▁day ▁to ▁visit ▁W ade ▁Min ster ▁and ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁car ved ▁fal con ▁and ▁then ▁enjoy ▁a ▁cold , ▁dark ▁ride ▁back ▁over ▁the ▁down s , ▁while ▁Patrick ▁rec ites ▁the ▁Ly ke - W ake ▁Dir ge . ▁ ▁Back ▁at ▁school |
, ▁Nicola ▁finds ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁been ▁given ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁She ph erd ▁Boy ▁in ▁the ▁Christmas ▁Play , ▁the ▁part ▁Law rie ▁des per ately ▁wanted . ▁ ▁Law rie ▁thinks ▁this ▁is ▁tre ach ery ▁on ▁a ▁grand ▁scale . ▁ ▁However , ▁when ▁she ▁falls ▁and ▁hur ts ▁her ▁leg ▁so ▁that ▁she ▁cannot ▁play ▁in ▁a ▁net ball ▁match , ▁she ▁finds ▁a ▁possible ▁solution . ▁ ▁Nicola ▁agre es ▁to ▁pret end ▁to ▁be ▁Law rie ▁so ▁that ▁she ▁can ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁match ▁- ▁which ▁they ▁win ▁comfort ably . ▁ ▁Law rie ▁is ▁now ▁convinced ▁that ▁somehow ▁she ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁She ph erd ▁Boy . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁Play , ▁Est her ▁( who ▁is ▁now ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁singing ▁Nicola ' s ▁sol os ) ▁disapp ears , ▁leaving ▁a ▁note ▁for ▁Nicola . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁gone ▁home ▁to ▁prevent ▁her ▁mother ▁getting ▁rid ▁of ▁D aks . ▁ ▁Nicola , ▁Law rie , ▁and ▁their ▁friends ▁Tim ▁and ▁Mir anda ▁agree ▁that ▁Nicola ▁should ▁go ▁back ▁to ▁singing ▁and ▁Law rie ▁will ▁act . ▁ ▁Mir anda , ▁despite ▁being ▁Jewish , ▁agre es ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁spare ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁process ion . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁huge ▁f uss ▁at ▁the ▁Min ster ▁when ▁the ▁staff ▁real ise ▁what ▁has ▁happened ▁and ▁there ▁will ▁clearly ▁be ▁" blo od ▁for ▁breakfast " ▁before ▁too ▁long . ▁ ▁However , ▁no - one ▁can ▁think ▁of ▁a |
▁better ▁plan . ▁ ▁Every one , ▁including ▁Grand m other ▁and ▁Patrick , ▁is ▁amaz ed ▁by ▁Nicola ' s ▁singing ▁and ▁Law rie ' s ▁acting . ▁ ▁G int y ▁and ▁Ann ▁play ▁Gabriel ▁and ▁Mary ▁respectively , ▁causing ▁Mrs ▁Mar low ▁a ▁certain ▁embar rass ment ▁when ▁she ▁real ises ▁how ▁much ▁her ▁family ▁have ▁domin ated ▁the ▁production . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁British ▁nov els ▁Category : Nov els ▁set ▁in ▁England ▁Category : B rit ish ▁children ' s ▁nov els ▁Category : F ab er ▁and ▁Fab er ▁books ▁Category : Nov els ▁set ▁in ▁schools ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁children ' s ▁books ▁Category : Nov els ▁by ▁Anton ia ▁Forest ▁Category : The ▁Mar low ▁Family ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁Pir ate ▁metal ▁is ▁a ▁sub gen re ▁of ▁heavy ▁metal ▁music , ▁character ized ▁by ▁its ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁pir ate ▁myth ology ▁within ▁the ▁music ▁and ▁sometimes ▁in ▁stage ▁performances . ▁L yr ics ▁often ▁use ▁p irat ical ▁j arg on ▁and ▁various ▁musical ▁gen res , ▁such ▁as ▁thr ash ▁metal , ▁speed ▁metal , ▁and ▁folk ▁metal , ▁may ▁be ▁combined ▁with ▁traditional - s ounding ▁songs ▁like ▁sea ▁sh ant ies . ▁Fol k ▁instruments , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁concert ina , ▁can ▁be ▁incorpor ated ▁or ▁em ulated ▁with ▁synth es izers . ▁Band ▁members ▁often ▁dress ▁up ▁in ▁period ▁cost ume ▁during ▁performances , ▁and ▁concert ▁at ten de es ▁may |
▁do ▁so ▁as ▁well . ▁Pir ate ▁metal ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁by ▁the ▁media ▁as ▁a ▁music ▁scene . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁notable ▁bands ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁example ▁of ▁pir ate ▁metal ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁when ▁German ▁heavy ▁metal ▁band ▁Running ▁Wild ▁released ▁their ▁third ▁album , ▁Under ▁J olly ▁Roger . ▁According ▁to ▁R olf ▁K asp are k , ▁lead ▁singer ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁for ▁Running ▁Wild , ▁the ▁album ' s ▁pir ate ▁theme ▁was ▁not ▁planned . ▁Instead , ▁it ▁grew ▁from ▁the ▁album ' s ▁title ▁song . ▁Event ually , ▁the ▁album ' s ▁art work ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁title , ▁and ▁set ▁decor ations ▁and ▁cost umes ▁for ▁future ▁concert s ▁were ▁designed . ▁The ▁p irat ical ▁lyr ics ▁also ▁became ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁convey ▁the ▁band ' s ▁political ▁message , ▁since ▁their ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁devil ▁as ▁a ▁symbol ic ▁figure ▁was ▁being ▁misunder stood ▁on ▁their ▁first ▁album ▁G ates ▁to ▁P urg atory . ▁K asp are k ▁began ▁reading ▁about ▁pir ates ▁and , ▁after ▁finding ▁" every thing ▁very ▁interesting ", ▁he ▁incorpor ated ▁the ▁mot ifs ▁into ▁their ▁music . ▁The ▁subject ▁matter ▁was ▁expanded ▁during ▁re he ars als ▁for ▁the ▁fourth ▁release , ▁Port ▁Royal , ▁and ▁their ▁tra dem ark ▁style ▁was ▁solid ified . ▁ ▁Although ▁K asp are k ▁was ▁more ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁true ▁histor ies ▁of ▁the ▁Golden ▁Age ▁of ▁Pi racy , |
▁pir ate ▁metal ▁would ▁eventually ▁be ▁inspired , ▁to ▁a ▁greater ▁extent , ▁by ▁the ▁in acc ura cies ▁as ▁invent ed ▁or ▁port rayed ▁in ▁nov els ▁and ▁Hollywood ▁films . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁after ▁a ▁two - year ▁hi atus , ▁Christopher ▁Bow es ▁and ▁G av in ▁Har per ▁reform ed ▁their ▁band , ▁Battle heart . ▁Nap alm ▁Records ▁signed ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁label , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁told ▁to ▁change ▁their ▁name ; ▁Bow es ▁and ▁Har per ▁easily ▁agreed ▁and ▁settled ▁on ▁Al est orm . ▁ ▁Sw ash bu ck le ▁is ▁another ▁band ▁label led ▁pir ate ▁metal , ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁pir ate ▁image ▁and ▁hum orous ▁stage ▁performances . ▁ ▁The ▁D read ▁C rew ▁of ▁O dd wood ▁is ▁a ▁San ▁Diego - based ▁band ▁that ▁does ▁ac oust ic ▁folk ▁metal ▁with ▁a ▁pir ate ▁theme . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : He avy ▁metal ▁gen res ▁Category : P ir ates <0x0A> </s> ▁Mik ko ▁Hu ht ala ▁( born ▁March ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁in ▁Lap ua ) ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁retired ▁Gre co - R oman ▁style ▁wrest ler . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Finland ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁wrest lers ▁of ▁Finland ▁Category : W rest lers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 |
▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : W rest lers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : F inn ish ▁male ▁sport ▁wrest lers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁medal ists ▁in ▁wrest ling ▁Category : World ▁Wrestling ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Cond yl or rh iza ▁o cul atal is ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁M ö sch ler ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁and ▁Cuba . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁Category : Sp il om el inae <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁( ; ▁, ▁T ú r ki ▁Ke ń esi ; ▁; ▁; ▁), ▁officially ▁the ▁Co operation ▁Council ▁of ▁Turk ic - Spe aking ▁States ▁( C CT S ; ▁Turkish : ▁Tür k ▁D ili ▁Kon u ş an ▁Ü l k eler ▁ İ ş bir li ğ i ▁Kon sey i ), ▁is ▁an ▁international ▁organization ▁compr ising ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁countries . ▁It ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁inter g overn ment al ▁organization ▁whose ▁over arch ing ▁aim ▁is ▁prom oting ▁compreh ensive ▁co operation ▁among ▁Turk ic ▁states . ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁on ▁ 3 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁in ▁N akh ch ivan . ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁setting ▁up ▁this ▁co oper ative ▁council |
▁was ▁first ▁put ▁forward ▁by ▁Kaz akh ▁President ▁N urs ultan ▁Naz ar bay ev ▁back ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁General ▁Secret ariat ▁is ▁in ▁ İ stan bul , ▁Turkey . ▁The ▁member ▁countries ▁are ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁K yr gy z stan , ▁Turkey ▁and ▁U z bek istan . ▁Turk men istan ▁is ▁currently ▁not ▁an ▁official ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁neutral ▁st ance . ▁However , ▁they ▁are ▁possible ▁future ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁council . ▁U z bek istan ▁announced ▁its ▁intention ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁council ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁and ▁formally ▁applied ▁for ▁membership ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Since ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Hung ary ▁is ▁an ▁observer ▁and ▁may ▁soon ▁request ▁full ▁membership ▁in ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁organization ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁the ▁N akh ch ivan ▁Ag re ement ▁signed ▁among ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁K yr gy z stan , ▁and ▁Turkey . ▁According ▁to ▁Hal il ▁Ak ı nc ı , ▁the ▁found ing ▁Secretary - General ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁the ▁" T urk ic ▁Council ▁has ▁become ▁the ▁first ▁volunt ary ▁al liance ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁states ▁in ▁history ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁flag |
▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁was ▁adopted . ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁U z bek istan ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁and ▁attend ▁the ▁up coming ▁sum mit ▁of ▁the ▁organisation ▁in ▁B ish ke k . ▁ ▁Mission ▁and ▁object ives ▁The ▁P ream ble ▁of ▁the ▁N akh ch ivan ▁Ag re ement ▁re aff ir ms ▁the ▁will ▁of ▁Member ▁States ▁to ▁ad here ▁to ▁the ▁purposes ▁and ▁principles ▁en sh r ined ▁in ▁the ▁Char ter ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁and ▁defines ▁the ▁main ▁objective ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁as ▁further ▁deep ening ▁compreh ensive ▁co operation ▁among ▁Turk ic ▁Spe aking ▁States , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁making ▁joint ▁contributions ▁to ▁peace ▁and ▁stability ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Member ▁States ▁have ▁confirmed ▁their ▁commit ment ▁to ▁dem ocr atic ▁values , ▁human ▁rights , ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁law , ▁and ▁principles ▁of ▁good ▁govern ance . ▁ ▁The ▁N akh ch ivan ▁Ag re ement ▁sets ▁out ▁the ▁main ▁purposes ▁and ▁tasks ▁of ▁the ▁Organ ization ▁as ▁follows : ▁Str ength ening ▁mut ual ▁confidence ▁and ▁friendship ▁among ▁the ▁Part ies ; ▁Develop ing ▁common ▁positions ▁on ▁foreign ▁policy ▁issues ; ▁Co ordin ating ▁actions ▁to ▁combat ▁international ▁terror ism , ▁separ at ism , ▁extrem ism ▁and ▁cross - border ▁cr imes ; ▁Prom oting ▁effective ▁regional ▁and ▁bil ater al ▁co operation ▁in ▁all ▁areas ▁of ▁common ▁interest |
; ▁Creating ▁favor able ▁conditions ▁for ▁trade ▁and ▁invest ment ; ▁A im ing ▁for ▁compreh ensive ▁and ▁bal anced ▁economic ▁growth , ▁social ▁and ▁cultural ▁development ; ▁Exp and ing ▁interaction ▁in ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁science , ▁technology , ▁education , ▁health , ▁culture , ▁sports ▁and ▁tour ism ; ▁Enc ou rag ing ▁interaction ▁of ▁mass ▁media ▁and ▁other ▁means ▁of ▁communication ; ▁Prom oting ▁exchange ▁of ▁relevant ▁legal ▁information ▁and ▁en han cing ▁legal ▁co operation . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁and ▁operation ▁Main ▁org ans ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁include : ▁Council ▁of ▁He ads ▁of ▁State ▁Council ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Minister s ▁Senior ▁Official s ▁Committee ▁Council ▁of ▁E ld ers ▁( A ks ak als ) ▁The ▁Secret ariat ▁The ▁main ▁decision - making ▁and ▁gover ning ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁is ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁He ads ▁of ▁State , ▁which ▁is ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁President ▁whose ▁country ▁holds ▁the ▁chair mans hip . ▁The ▁chair mans hip ▁rot ates ▁on ▁an ▁annual ▁basis . ▁All ▁activities ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁are ▁coordin ated ▁and ▁monitor ed ▁by ▁its ▁Secret ariat , ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ist an bul ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁Nak ch ivan ▁Ag re ement . ▁Pres idents ▁meet ▁once ▁a ▁year ▁in ▁a ▁previously ▁determined ▁Turk ic ▁city . ▁Senior ▁officials , ▁A ks ak als , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁Minister s ▁and ▁government ▁officials , ▁all ▁meet ▁on ▁a ▁regular ▁basis . ▁ ▁Project s |
▁Since ▁its ▁found ing ▁agreement ▁defines ▁compreh ensive ▁co operation ▁among ▁Turk ic ▁states ▁as ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁main ▁objective ▁and ▁raison ▁d ' être , ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁is ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁whole ▁variety ▁of ▁projects . ▁The ▁projects ▁are ▁grouped ▁under ▁six ▁co operation ▁processes , ▁which ▁are : ▁economy , ▁culture , ▁education , ▁transport , ▁custom s , ▁and ▁di as por a . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁the ▁projects ▁include ▁establish ing ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁University ▁Union ▁and ▁writing ▁a ▁common ▁history ▁text book . ▁The ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁also ▁works ▁on ▁ways ▁to ▁boost ▁economic ▁development ▁in ▁under develop ed ▁regions ▁of ▁Member ▁States . ▁The ▁Secret ariat ▁brings ▁together ▁Econom y ▁Minister s , ▁Education ▁Minister s , ▁Transport ▁Minister s , ▁He ads ▁of ▁Custom s ▁Administr ations , ▁and ▁other ▁senior ▁officials ▁from ▁different ▁minist ries ▁and ▁ag encies ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁ways ▁to ▁promote ▁co operation ▁in ▁relevant ▁spher es . ▁Prior ▁to ▁being ▁brought ▁before ▁minister s ▁and ▁heads ▁of ▁administr ations , ▁projects ▁and ▁issues ▁of ▁co operation ▁are ▁elabor ated ▁by ▁working ▁groups . ▁One ▁recently ▁launched ▁project ▁is ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁mechanism ▁for ▁closer ▁co operation ▁among ▁Turk ic ▁di as por as ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Aff ili ated ▁bodies ▁and ▁organizations ▁ ▁The ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁functions ▁as ▁an ▁um bre lla ▁organization ▁for ▁all ▁other ▁co operation ▁mechan isms ▁like : ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Spe |
aking ▁Count ries ▁( T UR K PA ) ▁( admin istr ative ▁capital , ▁B aku ) ▁the ▁International ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁Culture ▁( T UR K SO Y ) ▁( admin istr ative ▁capital , ▁An k ara ) ▁International ▁Turk ic ▁Academy ▁( admin istr ative ▁capital , ▁Ast ana ) ▁Turk ic ▁Cultural ▁Heritage ▁Fund ▁Center ▁of ▁Nom adic ▁Civil izations ▁( admin istr ative ▁capital , ▁B ish ke k ) ▁Turk ic ▁Business ▁Council ▁( admin istr ative ▁capital , ▁ İ stan bul ) ▁ ▁Flag ▁▁ ▁The ▁current ▁flag ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁was ▁adopted ▁at ▁its ▁ 2 nd ▁Sum mit , ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁B ish ke k ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁officially ▁raised ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁flag ▁comb ines ▁the ▁symbols ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁members ▁countries : ▁the ▁light ▁blue ▁color ▁of ▁the ▁flag ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁the ▁sun ▁of ▁the ▁flag ▁of ▁K yr gy z stan , ▁the ▁star ▁of ▁the ▁flag ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an ▁and ▁the ▁cres cent ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁flag . ▁ ▁Sum m its ▁Following ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁the ▁newly ▁independent ▁Turk ic ▁States ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁K yr gy z stan , ▁Turk men istan ▁and ▁U z bek istan ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Turkey ▁organized ▁Sum m |
its ▁of ▁the ▁He ads ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁Spe aking ▁States , ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁in ▁An k ara . ▁With ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁Council , ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Sum mit ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁to ▁rename ▁the ▁top - level ▁meet ings ▁to ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁Sum m its . ▁ ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁Sum mit ▁is ▁the ▁highlight ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁where by ▁He ads ▁of ▁State ▁evaluate ▁out comes ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁period ▁and ▁set ▁goals ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁year . ▁The ▁First ▁Sum mit ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Al mat y , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁on ▁ 2 0 – 2 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁focused ▁primarily ▁on ▁economic ▁co operation . ▁The ▁Second ▁Sum mit ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁B ish ke k , ▁K yr gy z stan , ▁on ▁ 2 2 – 2 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁educational , ▁scientific , ▁and ▁cultural ▁co operation . ▁The ▁Third ▁Sum mit ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 5 – 1 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁Q ab ala , ▁A zer ba ij an ▁with ▁a ▁theme ▁of ▁transport ▁and ▁connect ivity . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Se vent h ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁Sum mit ▁was ▁organized ▁in ▁B aku ▁with ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁member ▁states ▁Il ham |
▁Ali ye v , ▁So or on b ai ▁Je en be kov , ▁Re cep ▁T ay y ip ▁Er do ğ an , ▁Sh av k at ▁Mir zi yo ye v , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Pur li ▁Ag amy rad ov ▁as ▁a ▁guest , ▁Vik tor ▁Or ban ▁as ▁an ▁observer ▁and ▁heads ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁co operation ▁institutions . ▁The ▁participants ▁celebrated ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁N akh ch ivan ▁Ag re ement ▁on ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁U z bek istan ’ s ▁joining ▁the ▁organization ▁as ▁a ▁full - f led ged ▁member . ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁Honor ary ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁Kaz akh stan ▁N urs ultan ▁Naz ar bay ev . ▁In ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁Sum mit , ▁the ▁He ads ▁of ▁States ▁signed ▁B aku ▁Dec laration . ▁Besides , ▁the ▁presiden cy ▁in ▁the ▁Council ▁officially ▁passed ▁to ▁A zer ba ij an . ▁ ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Sum mit ▁ ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Sum mit ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁fight ▁against ▁the ▁coron av irus ▁pan demic ▁was ▁conducted ▁through ▁video con fer encing ▁by ▁the ▁initi ative ▁of ▁the ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁Il ham ▁Ali ye v ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁The ▁conference ▁titled ▁“ Co operation ▁and ▁solid ar ity ▁in ▁the ▁fight ▁against |
▁the ▁COVID - 1 9 ▁pan demic ” ▁was ▁held ▁with ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁the ▁Director - General ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Health ▁Organ ization , ▁Ted ros ▁Ad han om ▁G he bre yes us ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁member ▁countries . ▁Part icip ants ▁discussed ▁the ▁measures ▁taken ▁at ▁the ▁national ▁level ▁to ▁fight ▁against ▁the ▁coron av irus ▁ep ide mic , ▁improve ▁mult il ater al ▁co operation ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁health care , ▁and ▁undert ake ▁the ▁common ▁challeng es ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁COVID - 1 9 . ▁Ex ch anging ▁views ▁on ▁the ▁ways ▁of ▁over coming ▁negative ▁effects ▁of ▁cor ona ▁virus ▁on ▁the ▁national ▁and ▁global ▁econom ies , ▁they ▁touched ▁upon ▁trade ▁relations ▁and ▁continuous ▁transport ation ▁and ▁entr usted ▁the ▁Min ist ries ▁of ▁Com merce ▁and ▁Transport ▁of ▁the ▁member ▁States ▁to ▁review ▁the ▁process ▁via ▁video con fer encing ▁and ▁present ▁practical ▁solutions ▁for ▁the ▁free ▁flow ▁of ▁goods ▁among ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁states ▁across ▁the ▁Trans - C asp ian ▁Cor rid or . ▁ ▁International ▁co operation ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁is ▁an ▁observer ▁at ▁the ▁Econom ic ▁Co operation ▁Organ ization . ▁The ▁Organ ization ▁has ▁also ▁applied ▁for ▁an ▁observer ▁status ▁at ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁and ▁the ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁Islam ic ▁Co operation . ▁Besides , ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁maintain s ▁close ▁co oper ative ▁relations ▁with ▁the ▁Organ ization ▁for ▁Security ▁and ▁Co - operation ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁the |
▁Conference ▁on ▁Inter action ▁and ▁Conf idence - Build ing ▁Me asures ▁in ▁Asia . ▁ ▁M embers ▁ ▁Current ▁ ▁Ob server ▁states ▁ ▁Land ▁and ▁Water ▁Area ▁( Ex clude ▁C asp ian ▁Sea ) ▁▁ ▁E E Z + T IA ▁is ▁exclusive ▁economic ▁zone ▁( EE Z ) ▁plus ▁total ▁internal ▁area ▁( T IA ) ▁which ▁includes ▁land ▁and ▁internal ▁waters . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Secret aries - General ▁of ▁the ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁A zer ba ij an ▁- ▁Turk ic ▁Council ▁relations ▁List ▁of ▁Turk ic ▁dynast ies ▁and ▁countries ▁List ▁of ▁international ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Ist an bul ▁World ▁Tur ks ▁Q ur ult ai ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁Text ▁of ▁the ▁N akh ch ivan ▁Ag re ement ▁ ▁Category : Intern ational ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Asia ▁Category : A zer ba ij an – T ur key ▁relations ▁Category : K az akh stan – K yr gy z stan ▁relations ▁Category : A zer ba ij an – K az akh stan ▁relations ▁Category : Organ izations ▁based ▁in ▁Ist an bul ▁Category : Inter g overn ment al ▁organizations ▁Category : Post - S ov iet ▁al li ances ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Walter ▁Schne ir ▁( Dec ember ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁Brook lyn ▁– |
▁April ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Ple asant ville , ▁New ▁York ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁author . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Walter ▁Daniel ▁Schne ir ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Brook lyn , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁A ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁Sy rac use ▁University , ▁he ▁wrote ▁extens ively ▁on ▁Julius ▁and ▁Eth el ▁Ros enberg . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Schne ir ▁is ▁surv ived ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Mi ri am ▁( 1 9 2 2 - ▁), ▁and ▁a ▁daughter , ▁two ▁sons , ▁and ▁four ▁grand children . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁Mi ri am ▁and ▁Walter ▁Schne ir ▁Collection ▁at ▁Howard ▁Got lie b ▁Arch ival ▁Research ▁Center ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Brook lyn ▁Category : S y rac use ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ple asant ville , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : American ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Franco ▁da ▁Ro cha ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Region ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁The ▁population ▁is ▁ 1 4 5 , 7 5 5 ▁( 2 0 1 5 ▁est .) ▁in |
▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 3 2 . 7 8 ▁km ². ▁The ▁sub urban ▁city ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁C PT M ▁Line ▁ 7 ▁( R uby ). ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁contains ▁the ▁ ▁Ju quer i ▁State ▁Park , ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁municipality ▁signed ▁a ▁Friend ship ▁Dec laration ▁with ▁Ste pan ak ert , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁partially ▁independent ▁Republic ▁of ▁Arts akh . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁En contra Fran c oda R och a ▁- ▁Por ▁toda ▁la ▁ciudad ▁de ▁Franco ▁da ▁Ro cha ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Oscar ▁Eugen ▁Nicol ai ▁Ped ers en ▁( 6 ▁November ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁industrial ist . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Fred rik sh ald . ▁He ▁attended ▁middle ▁school ▁in ▁Fred rik sh ald ▁and ▁technical ▁school ▁in ▁H orten , ▁and ▁then ▁studied ▁chem istry ▁at ▁the ▁Dresden ▁University ▁of ▁App lied ▁Sciences . ▁He ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁engineer ▁and ▁chem ist ▁at ▁the ▁H af sl und ▁Chem ical ▁Wood ▁P ulp ▁Factory ▁() ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁He ▁came ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁Carl ▁K ell ner , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 |
▁K ell ner ▁and ▁Edward ▁Part ington ▁bought ▁the ▁Bor reg år d ▁farm , ▁acquired ▁rights ▁in ▁S arp ▁F alls , ▁and ▁established ▁the ▁K ell ner - Part ington ▁P aper ▁P ulp ▁Co . ▁Ltd . ▁Ped ers en ▁was ▁h ired ▁as ▁company ▁manager . ▁The ▁company ▁became ▁Bor reg a ard , ▁which ▁Ped ers en ▁developed ▁until ▁his ▁relatively ▁early ▁death . ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁Swedish ▁citiz en ▁Pol ly ▁W enn berg ▁( 1 8 6 6 – 1 9 2 0 ) ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁near ▁Hol men kol len . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁death s ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁chemical ▁engine ers ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁business people ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Hal den ▁Category : Ind ust rial ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Jan ▁Robert ▁Le eg te ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁artist ▁who ▁lives ▁and ▁works ▁in ▁Amsterdam . ▁He ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Dutch ▁artists ▁who ▁makes ▁art ▁on ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁internet ▁since ▁the ▁n inet ies . ▁Now ad ays , ▁he ▁makes ▁art ▁both ▁on ▁the ▁internet , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁websites ▁as ▁in ▁off line ▁media , ▁like ▁prints , ▁sculpt ures ▁and ▁pro jections . ▁A |
▁rec urr ing ▁theme ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁is ▁the ▁sculpt ural ▁material ity ▁of ▁interfaces ▁and ▁computer ▁programs , ▁like ▁the ▁graph ic ▁design ▁of ▁curs ors , ▁menu ▁and ▁scroll ▁bars . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Jan ▁Robert ▁Le eg te ▁first ▁studied ▁architecture ▁at ▁the ▁Techn ical ▁University ▁of ▁Del ft , ▁before ▁he ▁switched ▁to ▁the ▁Wille m ▁de ▁K oon ing ▁Academy ▁in ▁Rot ter dam ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁fine ▁arts ▁and ▁interaction ▁design . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Le eg te ▁makes ▁art ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁websites , ▁that ▁he ▁connect s ▁to ▁ar th istor ical ▁movements ▁like ▁minimal ism , ▁land ▁art ▁and ▁concept ual ism . ▁An ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁recre ation ▁of ▁the ▁icon ic ▁work ▁' Sp iral ▁Jet ty ' ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁artist ▁Robert ▁Smith son , ▁that ▁Le eg te ▁re built ▁in ▁the ▁platform game ▁Mine craft ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁online ▁possibilities ▁of ▁Land ▁Art . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁he ▁transl ates ▁his ▁online ▁work ▁to ▁off line ▁materials . ▁In ▁his ▁sculpt ures ▁and ▁pro jections ▁he ▁gives ▁a ▁material ity ▁to ▁online ▁phen omena , ▁like ▁scroll bars ▁and ▁selection ▁boxes . ▁ ▁Le eg te ▁teach es ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Art ▁in ▁The ▁H ague ▁and ▁Arte z ▁in ▁Arn hem . ▁ ▁Ex hib itions ▁( selection ) ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁exhib itions : ▁ ▁' S cul pt |
ing ▁the ▁Internet ', ▁solo ▁exhibition ▁at ▁Up stream ▁Gallery ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁' On ▁Digital ▁Material ity ', ▁online ▁solo ▁exhibition ▁at ▁Car roll ▁/ ▁F let cher ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁‘ E lect ron ic ▁Super high way ’ , ▁White ch ap el ▁Gallery , ▁London ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁' Sh ifting ▁Opt ics ▁III ', ▁Up stream ▁Gallery , ▁Amsterdam ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁' G ym ▁of ▁Ob sole te ▁Technology ', ▁W 1 3 9 , ▁Amsterdam ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁' Exp edit ie ▁Land ▁Art ', ▁Kunst hal ▁K Ad E , ▁Am ers fo ort ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁' Sub lime ▁Land sc apes ▁in ▁G aming ', ▁R ij ks museum ▁Tw ente , ▁En sch ede ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁' B orn ▁Digital ', ▁Museum ▁of ▁the ▁Image , ▁B red a ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Website ▁Jan ▁Robert ▁Le eg te ▁ ▁Website ▁Up stream ▁Gallery , ▁who ▁represent ▁Jan ▁Robert ▁Le eg te ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Mike ▁Pack er ▁( born ▁L us aka , ▁Z amb ia ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁dram at ist , ▁actor ▁and ▁poet |
. ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁several ▁plays , ▁among ▁them ▁Card bo ys , ▁A ▁Car pet , ▁a ▁P ony ▁and ▁a ▁Mon key , ▁ ▁t He ▁d Y s F Un CK sh On al Z ! ▁and ▁In herit ance . ▁His ▁plays ▁have ▁been ▁performed ▁at ▁London ’ s ▁Bush ▁Theatre , ▁New castle ▁Live , ▁and ▁So ho . ▁Intern ation ally , ▁his ▁work ▁has ▁been ▁performed ▁in ▁Russia , ▁Australia , ▁Hung ary , ▁and ▁Germany . ▁His ▁debut ▁play ▁To ▁Live ▁Like ▁a ▁King ▁was ▁a ▁runner - up ▁for ▁the ▁Al lied ▁D ome c q ▁New ▁Play w right s ▁Award . ▁ ▁t He ▁d Y s F Un CK sh On al Z ! ▁opened ▁at ▁London ' s ▁Bush ▁Theatre ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁actor , ▁Pack er ▁appeared ▁in ▁several ▁TV ▁series , ▁and ▁one ▁off ▁dram as . ▁In ▁theatre ▁he ▁had ▁appeared ▁at ▁The ▁Royal ▁Court , ▁The ▁R ivers ide ▁Studios , ▁and ▁The ▁Old ▁Half ▁Moon . ▁ ▁For ▁a ▁short ▁period ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁performance ▁poet ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Pack man . ▁Win ning ▁the ▁London ▁Po etry ▁sl am , ▁being ▁a ▁runner ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁UK ▁all ▁com ers ▁sl am , ▁and ▁performing ▁at ▁the ▁ ▁G last on bury ▁Festival . ▁ ▁He ▁lives ▁with ▁the ▁actress ▁and ▁director ▁Julia ▁Ford |
▁and ▁their ▁two ▁children ▁in ▁Bright on , ▁East ▁Sus sex .. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁https :// www . the guard ian . com / stage / 2 0 0 7 / nov / 2 5 / the atre ▁ ▁http :// www . thes und ay times . co . uk / sto / c ulture / article 7 5 7 5 8 . e ce ▁Guardian ▁review ▁of ▁t He ▁d Y s F Un CK sh On al Z ! ▁ ▁http :// arts . Te legraph . co ▁uk / the atre / re views / N ever ▁Mind ▁The ▁Hor lick s ▁ ▁https :// www . the guard ian . com / stage / 2 0 1 0 / nov / 0 7 / in herit ance - review ▁ ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 5 0 4 0 3 0 0 3 0 4 3 / http :// www . what son stage . com / west - end - the atre / re views / 0 5 - 2 0 0 2 / car pet - pon y - and - mon key _ 2 7 6 4 8 . html ▁ ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 5 0 4 0 3 0 0 3 0 5 8 / http :// www . what son stage . com / west - end - the atre / re views |
/ 1 1 - 2 0 0 7 / the - d ys fun ck sh onal z _ 2 0 2 4 1 . html ▁ ▁https :// www . standard . co . uk / going out / the atre / play ing - g ames - with - the - bul ld og - bo ys - 7 4 3 4 2 7 ▁ ▁http :// www . kn ighth all ag ency . com / client / mi ke - pack er / ▁ ▁http :// www . th em osc ow times . com / arts _ n _ ide as / article / an archy - sh ock s - and - ind ul ges - at - so vre men nik / 4 5 4 2 5 1 . html ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : English ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s <0x0A> </s> ▁V enk at ram an ▁G anes an ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian - born ▁German ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Germany ' s ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁I CC ▁World ▁Cr icket ▁League ▁Division ▁Five ▁tournament ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁He ▁has ▁represented ▁T amil n adu ▁cr icket ▁team |
▁at ▁age ▁group ▁levels ▁and ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁Cr icket ▁Association ▁( T N CA ) ▁first ▁division . ▁He ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁Germany ▁winning ▁its ▁last ▁two ▁games ▁on ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁I CC ▁World ▁Cr icket ▁League ▁Division ▁Five ▁tournament ▁and ▁got ▁Man ▁of ▁the ▁match ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁games ▁he ▁played . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Germany ' s ▁Tw enty 2 0 ▁International ▁( T 2 0 I ) ▁squad ▁for ▁their ▁three - match ▁series ▁against ▁Belg ium . ▁The ▁matches ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁T 2 0 Is ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁cr icket ▁team . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁T 2 0 I ▁debut ▁for ▁Germany ▁against ▁Belg ium ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Later ▁the ▁same ▁month , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Germany ' s ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁Regional ▁Final s ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁I CC ▁T 2 0 ▁World ▁Cup ▁Europe ▁Qual ifier ▁tournament ▁in ▁Gu ern sey . ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁later ▁ruled ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁after ▁suffering ▁a ▁broken ▁finger ▁in ▁the ▁match ▁against ▁Italy . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : G erman ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : G erm any ▁Tw enty 2 0 ▁International ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Chen na |
i ▁Category : Ind ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Germany ▁Category : N atural ized ▁citizens ▁of ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁St are ▁Drag anie ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁St ara ▁B iała , ▁within ▁P ł ock ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - central ▁Poland . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁St are ▁Drag anie <0x0A> </s> ▁Title ▁X : ▁Mis cell aneous ▁is ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁ten ▁titles ▁which ▁compr ise ▁the ▁USA ▁P AT RI OT ▁Act , ▁a ▁bill ▁passed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁after ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁attacks . ▁It ▁contains ▁ 1 6 ▁sections ▁that ▁do ▁not ▁fall ▁under ▁other ▁titles ▁in ▁the ▁act . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 0 1 . ▁Review ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice . ▁The ▁Ins pect or ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁will ▁appoint ▁a ▁single ▁official ▁who ▁will ▁handle ▁all ▁civil ▁rights ▁and ▁civil ▁libert ies ▁ab use ▁claims . ▁ ▁Contact ▁information ▁for ▁the ▁official ▁will ▁be ▁made ▁public ▁through ▁the ▁internet , ▁television , ▁and ▁radio . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 0 2 . ▁S ense ▁of ▁con gress . ▁Congress ▁finds ▁that ▁all ▁Americans ▁condem n ▁the ▁attacks ▁of ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Also , ▁S ikh - Amer icans ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁disc rimin ated ▁against . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 0 3 |
. ▁Definition ▁of ▁' elect ron ic ▁surve ill ance '. ▁In ▁F IS A , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁definitions ▁of ▁electronic ▁surve ill ance ▁is ▁am ended ▁to ▁read : ▁" E lect ron ic ▁surve ill ance ▁is ▁the ▁ac quisition ▁by ▁an ▁electronic , ▁mechanical , ▁or ▁other ▁surve ill ance ▁device ▁of ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁any ▁wire ▁communication ▁to ▁or ▁from ▁a ▁person ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁without ▁the ▁consent ▁of ▁any ▁party ▁ther eto , ▁if ▁such ▁ac quisition ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁include ▁the ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁those ▁communic ations ▁of ▁computer ▁tres pass ers ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁perm iss ible ▁under ▁section ▁ 2 5 1 1 ▁( 2 )( i ) ▁of ▁title ▁ 1 8 ." ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 ▁other ▁definitions ▁of ▁electronic ▁surve ill ance ▁in ▁F IS A . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 0 4 . ▁Ven ue ▁in ▁money ▁la und ering ▁cases . ▁ ▁The ▁juris diction ▁and ▁ven ue ▁for ▁pro sec ution ▁of ▁money ▁la und ering ▁is ▁expanded ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁arrest ▁and ▁pro sec ution ▁in ▁any ▁area ▁that ▁money ▁la und ering ▁takes ▁place ▁or ▁where ▁transactions ▁are ▁made . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 0 5 . ▁First ▁respond ers ▁assistance ▁act . ▁ ▁Up ▁to ▁$ 2 5 ▁million ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁appropri ated ▁each ▁year ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁for ▁state - |
level ▁terror ism ▁prevent ion ▁and ▁anti - ter ror ism ▁training ▁gr ants . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 0 6 . ▁In ad miss ibility ▁of ▁al iens ▁engaged ▁in ▁money ▁la und ering . ▁Ali ens ▁who ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁participated ▁in ▁money ▁la und ering ▁or ▁are ▁attempting ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁U . S . ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁money ▁la und ering ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁admitted ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 0 7 . ▁Author ization ▁of ▁funds ▁for ▁DE A ▁police ▁training ▁in ▁South ▁and ▁Central ▁Asia ▁President ▁Bush ▁must ▁provide ▁at ▁least ▁$ 5 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Turkey ▁for ▁drug ▁enfor cement ▁and ▁South ▁and ▁East ▁Asia ▁for ▁chemical ▁controls . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 0 8 . ▁Fe as ibility ▁study ▁on ▁use ▁of ▁bi ometric ▁identifier ▁sc anning ▁system ▁with ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁F BI ▁integrated ▁autom ated ▁finger print ▁identification ▁system ▁at ▁over se as ▁cons ular ▁posts ▁and ▁points ▁of ▁entry ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁Att orney ▁General ▁will ▁create ▁a ▁study ▁on ▁the ▁feas ibility ▁of ▁using ▁bi ometric ▁ident ifiers ▁to ▁identify ▁people ▁as ▁they ▁attempt ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁It ▁will ▁be ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁F BI ' s ▁database ▁to ▁flag ▁sus pected ▁crim inals . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 0 9 . ▁Study ▁of ▁access . ▁Up ▁to ▁$ 2 5 0 |
, 0 0 0 ▁will ▁be ▁provided ▁to ▁the ▁F BI ▁so ▁it ▁can ▁provide ▁a ▁computer - based ▁list ▁of ▁sus pected ▁terror ists ' ▁names ▁to ▁the ▁air lines . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 1 0 . ▁Tem por ary ▁authority ▁to ▁contract ▁with ▁local ▁and ▁State ▁govern ments ▁for ▁performance ▁of ▁security ▁functions ▁at ▁United ▁States ▁military ▁install ations . ▁The ▁Department ▁of ▁Def ense ' s ▁fund ing ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁private ▁contract s ▁for ▁security ▁purposes . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 1 1 . ▁Cr imes ▁against ▁char itable ▁Americans . ▁Char ity ▁fra ud ▁is ▁am ended . ▁Sol ic itors ▁must ▁prompt ly ▁tell ▁the ▁person ▁they ▁call ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁calling ▁to ▁solic it ▁money ▁or ▁something ▁else ▁of ▁value . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 1 2 . ▁Lim itation ▁on ▁issu ance ▁of ▁ha z mat ▁lic enses ▁Before ▁getting ▁a ▁license ▁to ▁transport ▁ha z ard ous ▁materials , ▁the ▁driver ▁must ▁have ▁a ▁background ▁check ▁and ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁is ▁fit ▁to ▁handle ▁the ▁materials . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 1 3 . ▁Express ing ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁sen ate ▁concerning ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁fund ing ▁for ▁bi ot error ism ▁prepared ness ▁and ▁response . ▁The ▁Senate ▁feels ▁that ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁is ▁not ▁prepared ▁to ▁defend ▁against ▁terror ist ▁attacks ▁and ▁must ▁put ▁an ▁effort ▁into ▁prepar ing ▁at ▁all ▁levels ▁from ▁city ▁to ▁state ▁to ▁federal . |
▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 1 4 . ▁Grant ▁program ▁for ▁State ▁and ▁local ▁domestic ▁prepared ness ▁support . ▁States ▁will ▁receive ▁money ▁to ▁buy ▁equipment ▁and ▁training ▁for ▁first ▁respond ers ▁( pol ice , ▁fire , ▁amb ul ance .). ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 1 5 . ▁Exp ansion ▁and ▁re author ization ▁of ▁the ▁crime ▁identification ▁technology ▁act ▁for ▁ant iter ror ism ▁gr ants ▁to ▁States ▁and ▁local ities . ▁ ▁Sec . ▁ 1 0 1 6 . ▁Crit ical ▁infrastr uct ures ▁protection . ▁ ▁Title ▁X <0x0A> </s> ▁Erik ▁Rand all ▁Davis ▁( born ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball ▁pitch er ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁free ▁agent . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁( ML B ) ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁Washington ▁National s ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Am ateur ▁Davis ▁attended ▁Mountain ▁View ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Mountain ▁View , ▁California , ▁and ▁Stan ford ▁University . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁played ▁colleg iate ▁summer ▁baseball ▁with ▁the ▁B rew ster ▁White c aps ▁of ▁the ▁Cape ▁C od ▁Baseball ▁League . ▁ ▁San ▁Diego ▁Pad res ▁The ▁San ▁Diego ▁Pad res ▁selected ▁Davis ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁draft . ▁ ▁Washington ▁National s ▁Before ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁season , ▁the ▁Pad |
res ▁trad ed ▁Davis ▁to ▁the ▁Washington ▁National s ▁for ▁Alberto ▁González . ▁Davis ▁started ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁Tri ple - A ▁Sy rac use ▁Chief s . ▁The ▁National s ▁promoted ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁major ▁le agues ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁option ed ▁back ▁to ▁Sy rac use ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 3 , ▁and ▁re called ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 9 . ▁Davis ▁was ▁option ed ▁back ▁to ▁Sy rac use ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 ▁when ▁Bry ce ▁Har per ▁was ▁activ ated ▁from ▁the ▁disabled ▁list . ▁He ▁was ▁re called ▁again ▁when ▁ro sters ▁expanded ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁Davis ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁ 6 0 - day ▁disabled ▁list ▁with ▁an ▁el bow ▁stra in ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁would ▁miss ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Davis ▁split ▁time ▁between ▁Double - A ▁and ▁Tri ple - A . ▁ ▁Arizona ▁Diam ond back s ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Davis ▁signed ▁a ▁minor ▁league ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Arizona ▁Diam ond back s . ▁ ▁Mil w au kee ▁B rew ers ▁He ▁elected ▁free ▁ag ency ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁and ▁signed ▁a ▁minor ▁league ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Mil w au kee ▁B rew |
ers ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 8 . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁season . ▁ ▁Re per toire ▁Davis ' s ▁pitch ▁re per toire ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁four - se am ▁fast ball ▁( 9 4 m ph ), ▁curve ball ▁( 7 8 m ph ), ▁and ▁change up ▁( 8 5 m ph ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁San ▁Jose , ▁California ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁California ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁pitch ers ▁Category : W ashington ▁National s ▁players ▁Category : St an ford ▁Card inal ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : B rew ster ▁White c aps ▁players ▁Category : E ug ene ▁Emer ald s ▁players ▁Category : F ort ▁Wayne ▁T in C aps ▁players ▁Category : L ake ▁El sin ore ▁Storm ▁players ▁Category : Port land ▁Be a vers ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Antonio ▁Miss ions ▁players ▁Category : H arr is burg ▁Sen ators ▁players ▁Category : P ot om ac ▁National s ▁players ▁Category : S y rac use ▁Chief s ▁players ▁Category : Pe oria ▁S agu ar os ▁players ▁Category : G ig antes ▁del ▁C ib ao ▁players ▁Category : R eno ▁A ces ▁players ▁Category : Mount ain ▁View ▁High ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : Color ado ▁Spr ings ▁Sky ▁So x ▁players |
<0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁geometry , ▁the ▁l une ▁of ▁Hi pp ocr ates , ▁named ▁after ▁Hi pp ocr ates ▁of ▁Ch ios , ▁is ▁a ▁l une ▁bounded ▁by ▁ar cs ▁of ▁two ▁circles , ▁the ▁smaller ▁of ▁which ▁has ▁as ▁its ▁diameter ▁a ▁ch ord ▁sp anning ▁a ▁right ▁angle ▁on ▁the ▁larger ▁circle . ▁ ▁Equ ival ently , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁non - con vex ▁plane ▁region ▁bounded ▁by ▁one ▁ 1 8 0 - deg ree ▁circular ▁arc ▁and ▁one ▁ 9 0 - deg ree ▁circular ▁arc . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁cur ved ▁figure ▁to ▁have ▁its ▁exact ▁area ▁calculated ▁mathemat ically . ▁ ▁History ▁Hi pp ocr ates ▁wanted ▁to ▁solve ▁the ▁classic ▁problem ▁of ▁squ aring ▁the ▁circle , ▁i . e . ▁construct ing ▁a ▁square ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁straight edge ▁and ▁comp ass , ▁having ▁the ▁same ▁area ▁as ▁a ▁given ▁circle . ▁ ▁He ▁proved ▁that ▁the ▁l une ▁bounded ▁by ▁the ▁ar cs ▁l abeled ▁E ▁and ▁F ▁in ▁the ▁figure ▁has ▁the ▁same ▁area ▁as ▁triangle AB O . ▁This ▁afford ed ▁some ▁hope ▁of ▁solving ▁the ▁circle - squ aring ▁problem , ▁since ▁the ▁l une ▁is ▁bounded ▁only ▁by ▁ar cs ▁of ▁circles . ▁He ath ▁con cludes ▁that , ▁in ▁prov ing ▁his ▁result , ▁Hi pp ocr ates ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁prove ▁that ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁a ▁circle ▁is ▁proportional ▁to ▁the ▁square ▁of ▁its ▁diameter . ▁ ▁Hi pp ocr ates |
' ▁book ▁on ▁geometry ▁in ▁which ▁this ▁result ▁appears , ▁Element s , ▁has ▁been ▁lost , ▁but ▁may ▁have ▁formed ▁the ▁model ▁for ▁Eu cl id ' s ▁Element s . ▁Hi pp ocr ates ' ▁proof ▁was ▁preserved ▁through ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁Ge ometry ▁compiled ▁by ▁E ude mus ▁of ▁Rh odes , ▁which ▁has ▁also ▁not ▁surv ived , ▁but ▁which ▁was ▁ex cer pt ed ▁by ▁Sim p lic ius ▁of ▁C il icia ▁in ▁his ▁comment ary ▁on ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁Physics . ▁ ▁Not ▁until ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁with ▁Ferdinand ▁von ▁Lin dem ann ' s ▁proof ▁of ▁the ▁trans c end ence ▁of ▁ π , ▁was ▁squ aring ▁the ▁circle ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁impossible . ▁ ▁Proof ▁Hi pp ocr ates ' ▁result ▁can ▁be ▁proved ▁as ▁follows : ▁The ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁circle ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁arc ▁A EB ▁lies ▁is ▁the ▁point ▁D , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁mid point ▁of ▁the ▁hyp oten use ▁of ▁the ▁is os cel es ▁right ▁triangle ▁A BO . ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁diameter ▁AC ▁of ▁the ▁larger ▁circle ▁ABC ▁is ▁ ▁times ▁the ▁diameter ▁of ▁the ▁smaller ▁circle ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁arc ▁A EB ▁lies . ▁ ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁smaller ▁circle ▁has ▁half ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁larger ▁circle , ▁and ▁therefore ▁the ▁quarter ▁circle ▁AF BO A ▁is ▁equal ▁in ▁area ▁to ▁the ▁sem ic irc le ▁A EB DA . ▁Sub t ract ing ▁the ▁cres cent |
- sh aped ▁area ▁A FB DA ▁from ▁the ▁quarter ▁circle ▁gives ▁triangle ▁A BO ▁and ▁subtract ing ▁the ▁same ▁cres cent ▁from ▁the ▁sem ic irc le ▁gives ▁the ▁l une . ▁Since ▁the ▁triangle ▁and ▁l une ▁are ▁both ▁formed ▁by ▁subtract ing ▁equal ▁areas ▁from ▁equal ▁area , ▁they ▁are ▁themselves ▁equal ▁in ▁area . ▁ ▁General izations ▁ ▁Using ▁a ▁similar ▁proof ▁to ▁the ▁one ▁above , ▁the ▁Arab ▁math ematic ian ▁Has an ▁I bn ▁al - H ay th am ▁( Lat in ized ▁name ▁Al h az en , ▁c . 9 6 5 ▁– ▁c . 1 0 4 0 ) ▁showed ▁that ▁two ▁l unes , ▁formed ▁on ▁the ▁two ▁sides ▁of ▁a ▁right ▁triangle , ▁whose ▁outer ▁boundaries ▁are ▁sem ic ir cles ▁and ▁whose ▁inner ▁boundaries ▁are ▁formed ▁by ▁the ▁circum circle ▁of ▁the ▁triangle , ▁then ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁these ▁two ▁l unes ▁added ▁together ▁are ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁triangle . ▁The ▁l unes ▁formed ▁in ▁this ▁way ▁from ▁a ▁right ▁triangle ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁l unes ▁of ▁Al h az en . ▁The ▁quadr ature ▁of ▁the ▁l une ▁of ▁Hi pp ocr ates ▁is ▁the ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁this ▁result ▁for ▁an ▁is os cel es ▁right ▁triangle . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century , ▁two ▁Russian ▁mathemat icians , ▁Nikol ai ▁Che bot ary ov ▁and ▁his ▁student ▁An atol y ▁Dor od nov , ▁completely ▁class ified |
▁the ▁l unes ▁that ▁are ▁construct ible ▁by ▁comp ass ▁and ▁straight edge ▁and ▁that ▁have ▁equal ▁area ▁to ▁a ▁given ▁square . ▁All ▁such ▁l unes ▁can ▁be ▁specified ▁by ▁the ▁two ▁angles ▁formed ▁by ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁ar cs ▁on ▁their ▁respective ▁circles ; ▁in ▁this ▁notation , ▁for ▁instance , ▁the ▁l une ▁of ▁Hi pp ocr ates ▁would ▁have ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁angles ▁( 9 0 ° , ▁ 1 8 0 ° ). ▁Hi pp ocr ates ▁found ▁two ▁other ▁squ ar able ▁con ca ve ▁l unes , ▁with ▁angles ▁approximately ▁( 1 0 7 . 2 ° , ▁ 1 6 0 . 9 ° ) ▁and ▁( 6 8 . 5 ° , ▁ 2 0 5 . 6 ° ). ▁Two ▁more ▁squ ar able ▁con ca ve ▁l unes , ▁with ▁angles ▁approximately ▁( 4 6 . 9 ° , ▁ 2 3 4 . 4 ° ) ▁and ▁( 1 0 0 . 8 ° , ▁ 1 6 8 . 0 ° ) ▁were ▁found ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 6 ▁by ▁ ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Cla us en . ▁ ▁As ▁Che bot ary ov ▁and ▁Dor od nov ▁showed , ▁these ▁five ▁pairs ▁of ▁angles ▁give ▁the ▁only ▁construct ible ▁squ ar able ▁l unes ; ▁in ▁particular , ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁construct ible ▁squ ar able ▁convex ▁l unes . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ir cles ▁Category |
: S qu aring ▁the ▁circle <0x0A> </s> ▁Friedrich ▁Wilhelm ▁B essel ▁( ; ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 7 8 4 ▁– ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 1 8 4 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁astronom er , ▁math ematic ian , ▁phys ic ist ▁and ▁ge odes ist . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁astronom er ▁who ▁determined ▁reliable ▁values ▁for ▁the ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁sun ▁to ▁another ▁star ▁by ▁the ▁method ▁of ▁par alla x . ▁A ▁special ▁type ▁of ▁mathematical ▁functions ▁were ▁named ▁B essel ▁functions ▁after ▁B essel ' s ▁death , ▁though ▁they ▁had ▁originally ▁been ▁discovered ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Bern oul li ▁and ▁then ▁general ised ▁by ▁B essel . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁family ▁▁ ▁B essel ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁M inden , ▁West phal ia , ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁M inden - R av ens berg , ▁as ▁second ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁civil ▁servant . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁large ▁family ▁in ▁Germany . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁B essel ▁was ▁app r entic ed ▁to ▁the ▁import - export ▁concern ▁K ul enk amp ▁at ▁Bre men . ▁The ▁business ' s ▁reli ance ▁on ▁cargo ▁ships ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁turn ▁his ▁mathematical ▁skills ▁to ▁problems ▁in ▁navigation . ▁This ▁in ▁turn ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁astronom y ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁determ ining ▁longitude . ▁ ▁B essel ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁a ▁major ▁figure ▁of ▁German ▁astronom y ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁Heinrich ▁Wilhelm ▁Ol bers , |
▁by ▁producing ▁a ▁ref in ement ▁on ▁the ▁orb ital ▁calculations ▁for ▁Hal ley ' s ▁Com et ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 , ▁using ▁old ▁observation ▁data ▁taken ▁from ▁Thomas ▁Har ri ot ▁and ▁Nathan iel ▁Tor por ley ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 7 . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later ▁B essel ▁left ▁K ul enk amp ▁and ▁became ▁Johann ▁Hier onym us ▁Sch r ö ter ' s ▁assistant ▁at ▁Lil ient hal ▁Observ atory ▁near ▁Bre men . ▁There ▁he ▁worked ▁on ▁James ▁Brad ley ' s ▁stell ar ▁observations ▁to ▁produce ▁precise ▁positions ▁for ▁some ▁ 3 , 2 2 2 ▁stars . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 8 1 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 5 , ▁B essel ▁was ▁appointed ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁founded ▁König s berg ▁Observ atory ▁by ▁King ▁Frederick ▁William ▁III ▁of ▁Pr uss ia . ▁On ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁fellow ▁math ematic ian ▁and ▁phys ic ist ▁Carl ▁Friedrich ▁G auss ▁( with ▁whom ▁he ▁regularly ▁correspond ed ) ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁honor ary ▁doctor ▁degree ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gött ingen ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁ ▁Ar ound ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁two ▁men ▁engaged ▁in ▁an ▁ep istol ary ▁correspond ence . ▁However , ▁when ▁they ▁met ▁in ▁person ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁they ▁quar rel led ; ▁the ▁details ▁are ▁not ▁known . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁B essel ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁annual ▁meeting |
▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Ad van cement ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁Manchester , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁the ▁ge oph ys ic ist ▁Georg ▁Adolf ▁Er man ▁and ▁the ▁math ematic ian ▁Carl ▁Gustav ▁Jacob ▁Jacob i . ▁ ▁B essel ▁married ▁Johann a , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁chem ist ▁and ▁ph arm ac ist ▁Karl ▁Gott fried ▁H agen ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁uncle ▁of ▁the ▁phys ician ▁and ▁bi ologist ▁Hermann ▁August ▁H agen ▁and ▁the ▁hyd ra ul ic ▁engineer ▁Got th il f ▁H agen , ▁the ▁latter ▁also ▁B essel ' s ▁student ▁and ▁assistant ▁from ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁to ▁ 1 8 1 8 . ▁The ▁phys ic ist ▁Franz ▁Ernst ▁Ne umann , ▁B essel ' s ▁close ▁companion ▁and ▁colle ague , ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Johann a ▁H agen ' s ▁sister ▁Flor ent ine . ▁Ne umann ▁introduced ▁B essel ' s ▁exact ing ▁methods ▁of ▁measurement ▁and ▁data ▁reduction ▁into ▁his ▁mathemat ico - phys ical ▁sem inar , ▁which ▁he ▁co - direct ed ▁with ▁Carl ▁Gustav ▁Jacob ▁Jacob i ▁at ▁König s berg . ▁These ▁exact ing ▁methods ▁had ▁a ▁last ing ▁impact ▁upon ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Ne umann ' s ▁students ▁and ▁upon ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁conception ▁of ▁precision ▁in ▁measurement . ▁ ▁B essel ▁had ▁two ▁sons ▁and ▁three ▁daughters . ▁His ▁el dest ▁daughter , ▁Marie , ▁married ▁Georg ▁Adolf ▁Er man , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁scholar ▁family ▁Er man . ▁One ▁of ▁their ▁sons ▁was |
▁the ▁ren owned ▁Egypt ologist ▁Adolf ▁Er man . ▁ ▁After ▁several ▁months ▁of ▁ill ness ▁B essel ▁died ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁at ▁his ▁observ atory ▁from ▁retro per it one al ▁fib ros is . ▁ ▁Work ▁▁ ▁While ▁the ▁observ atory ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁construction ▁B essel ▁elabor ated ▁the ▁Fund ament a ▁Astronom iae ▁based ▁on ▁Brad ley ' s ▁observations . ▁As ▁a ▁pre lim inary ▁result ▁he ▁produced ▁tables ▁of ▁atmos pher ic ▁ref raction ▁that ▁won ▁him ▁the ▁L al ande ▁Prize ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁The ▁König s berg ▁Observ atory ▁began ▁operation ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 . ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 9 , ▁B essel ▁determined ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁over ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁stars ▁using ▁a ▁mer id ian ▁circle ▁from ▁Reich en bach , ▁assist ed ▁by ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁qualified ▁students . ▁The ▁most ▁prominent ▁of ▁them ▁was ▁Friedrich ▁Wilhelm ▁Ar gel ander . ▁ ▁With ▁this ▁work ▁done , ▁B essel ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁fe at ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁is ▁best ▁remembered ▁today : ▁he ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁stell ar ▁par alla x ▁in ▁calculating ▁the ▁distance ▁to ▁a ▁star . ▁Astronom ers ▁had ▁believed ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁that ▁par alla x ▁would ▁provide ▁the ▁first ▁accurate ▁measurement ▁of ▁inter stell ar ▁distances . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 ▁B |
essel ▁announced ▁that ▁ 6 1 ▁C yg ni ▁had ▁a ▁par alla x ▁of ▁ 0 . 3 1 4 ▁arc seconds ; ▁which , ▁given ▁the ▁diameter ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁orbit , ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁star ▁is ▁ 1 0 . 3 ▁ly ▁away . ▁ ▁Given ▁the ▁current ▁measurement ▁of ▁ 1 1 . 4 ▁ly , ▁B essel ' s ▁figure ▁had ▁an ▁error ▁of ▁ 9 . 6 %. ▁Near ly ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁Friedrich ▁Georg ▁Wilhelm ▁Str uve ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Hend erson ▁measured ▁the ▁par alla xes ▁of ▁V ega ▁and ▁Al pha ▁Cent a uri . ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁helping ▁determine ▁the ▁par alla x ▁of ▁ 6 1 ▁C yg ni , ▁B essel ' s ▁precise ▁measurements ▁using ▁a ▁new ▁mer id ian ▁circle ▁from ▁Adolf ▁Re ps old ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁notice ▁devi ations ▁in ▁the ▁mot ions ▁of ▁Si ri us ▁and ▁Pro cy on , ▁which ▁he ▁dedu ced ▁must ▁be ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁gravit ational ▁att raction ▁of ▁un seen ▁compan ions . ▁His ▁announ cement ▁of ▁Si ri us ' s ▁" dark ▁companion " ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 4 ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁correct ▁claim ▁of ▁a ▁previously ▁un ob ser ved ▁companion ▁by ▁position al ▁measurement , ▁and ▁eventually ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁Si ri us ▁B . ▁ ▁B essel ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁scient ist ▁who ▁realized ▁the ▁effect ▁later ▁called ▁personal ▁equation , ▁that ▁several ▁simultaneously ▁obser ving ▁persons ▁determine |
▁slightly ▁different ▁values , ▁especially ▁recording ▁the ▁transition ▁time ▁of ▁stars . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 4 , ▁B essel ▁developed ▁a ▁new ▁method ▁for ▁calculating ▁the ▁circumstances ▁of ▁e cli ps es ▁using ▁the ▁so - called ▁B essel ian ▁elements . ▁ ▁His ▁method ▁simplified ▁the ▁calculation ▁to ▁such ▁an ▁extent , ▁without ▁sacrific ing ▁accuracy , ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁use ▁today . ▁ ▁B essel ' s ▁work ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁Ne pt une ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁at ▁Berlin ▁Observ atory , ▁several ▁months ▁after ▁B essel ' s ▁death . ▁On ▁B essel ' s ▁proposal ▁( 1 8 2 5 ) ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁started ▁the ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Berliner ▁Akadem ische ▁Stern k arten ▁( Ber lin ▁Academ ic ▁Star ▁Ch arts ) ▁as ▁an ▁international ▁project . ▁One ▁un pub lished ▁new ▁chart ▁enabled ▁Johann ▁Gott fried ▁G alle ▁to ▁find ▁Ne pt une ▁near ▁the ▁position ▁calculated ▁by ▁Le Ver rier ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁de cade ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁while ▁studying ▁the ▁dynamics ▁of ▁' many - body ' ▁gravit ational ▁systems , ▁B essel ▁developed ▁what ▁are ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁B essel ▁functions . ▁Crit ical ▁for ▁the ▁solution ▁of ▁certain ▁differential ▁equations , ▁these ▁functions ▁are ▁used ▁throughout ▁both ▁classical ▁and ▁quantum ▁physics . ▁ ▁B essel ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁correction |
▁to ▁the ▁formula ▁for ▁the ▁sample ▁variance ▁estim ator ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honour . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁factor ▁n − 1 ▁in ▁the ▁denomin ator ▁of ▁the ▁formula , ▁rather ▁than ▁just ▁n . ▁This ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁sample ▁mean ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁population ▁mean ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁centre ▁the ▁data ▁and ▁since ▁the ▁sample ▁mean ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁combination ▁of ▁the ▁data ▁the ▁resid ual ▁to ▁the ▁sample ▁mean ▁over count s ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁degrees ▁of ▁freedom ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁constraint ▁equations ▁— ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁one . ▁( Also ▁see ▁B essel ' s ▁correction ). ▁ ▁An ▁additional ▁field ▁of ▁work ▁was ▁ge odes y . ▁B essel ▁published ▁a ▁method ▁for ▁solving ▁the ▁main ▁ ▁ge odes ic ▁problem . ▁He ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁survey ▁of ▁East ▁Pr uss ia ▁which ▁joined ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁and ▁Russian ▁tri ang ulation ▁networks ▁and ▁he ▁obtained ▁an ▁estimate ▁of ▁increased ▁accuracy ▁for ▁the ▁figure ▁of ▁the ▁Earth , ▁now ad ays ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁B essel ▁elli ps oid . ▁ ▁Despite ▁lack ing ▁a ▁university ▁education , ▁B essel ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁figure ▁in ▁astronom y ▁during ▁his ▁lifetime . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁the ▁French ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁ ▁foreign ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Swedish ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 , ▁and |
▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁Foreign ▁Honor ary ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁B essel ▁became ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Institute ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁prede cess or ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Netherlands ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences . ▁ ▁B essel ▁won ▁the ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Astronom ical ▁Society ▁twice ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 ▁and ▁ 1 8 4 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁largest ▁cr ater ▁in ▁the ▁Moon ' s ▁Mare ▁Ser en itat is ▁and ▁the ▁main - b elt ▁astero id ▁ 1 5 5 2 B essel , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁f j ords ▁in ▁Green land , ▁B essel ▁F j ord , ▁NE ▁Green land ▁ ▁and ▁B essel ▁F j ord , ▁N W ▁Green land , ▁were ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honour . ▁ ▁Publications ▁ ▁Latin ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁German ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Vol . ▁ 1 : ▁I . ▁Bew eg ungen ▁der ▁Kör per ▁im ▁S onn ens ystem . ▁II . ▁S ph är ische ▁Astronom ie . ▁Leipzig ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁ ▁Vol . ▁ 2 : ▁III . ▁The orie ▁der ▁Inst ru mente . ▁IV . ▁St ell ar astr onomie . ▁V . ▁Mathemat ik . ▁Leipzig ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁ ▁Vol . ▁ 3 : ▁VI . ▁Ge od äs ie |
. ▁VII . ▁Phys ik . ▁VIII . ▁V ersch ied enes ▁– ▁Literatur . ▁Leipzig ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁met re ▁ ▁Second s ▁p end ul um ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁John ▁Frederick ▁William ▁H ersch el , ▁A ▁brief ▁notice ▁of ▁the ▁life , ▁research es , ▁and ▁discover ies ▁of ▁Friedrich ▁Wilhelm ▁B essel , ▁London : ▁Bar cl ay , ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁( on - line ) ▁▁▁ ▁J ürgen ▁Ham el : ▁Friedrich ▁Wilhelm ▁B essel . ▁Leipzig ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁. ▁ ▁Kas imir ▁Ł aw ry now icz : ▁Friedrich ▁Wilhelm ▁B essel , ▁ 1 7 8 4 – 1 8 4 6 . ▁Bas el , ▁Boston , ▁Berlin ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁. ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Publications ▁of ▁Friedrich ▁Wilhelm ▁B essel ▁Ast ro physics ▁Data ▁System ▁A DS ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 8 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 4 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Pr uss ia ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁German ▁mathemat icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁East ▁Pr uss ia ▁Category : G erman ▁astronom ers ▁Category : G erman ▁ge odes ists ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : H on or ary ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁St ▁Petersburg ▁Academy ▁of |
▁Sciences ▁Category : Foreign ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Netherlands ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Pour ▁le ▁M ér ite ▁( c ivil ▁class ) ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁L al ande ▁Prize <0x0A> </s> ▁X ing ning ▁Bas in , ▁located ▁in ▁X ing ning , ▁China , ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁bas in ▁in ▁east ▁Gu ang d ong ▁province . ▁ ▁It ▁sp ans ▁ 3 0 2 km 2 . ▁O stra code ▁foss ils ▁from ▁at ▁least ▁a ▁dozen ▁species ▁in ▁ten ▁gener a ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁there , ▁from ▁both ▁the ▁Early ▁and ▁Late ▁C ret ace ous . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Federation ▁of ▁American ▁Scient ists ▁- ▁photos ▁and ▁map . ▁ ▁Category : C ret ace ous ▁China ▁Category : Land forms ▁of ▁Gu ang d ong <0x0A> </s> ▁Poly anka : ▁ ▁Bol sh aya ▁Poly anka ▁ ▁Mal aya ▁Poly anka ▁ ▁Poly anka ▁( M osc ow ▁Metro ) ▁ ▁Poly anka ▁( Bel arus ) ▁ ▁Nov aya ▁Poly anka ▁( U dm urt ia ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁G mina ▁Pol anka ▁Wiel ka <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Henry ▁ ▁Young ▁( 2 7 ▁October ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁– ▁ 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁art ▁collect or , ▁art ▁deal er ▁and ▁art ▁gallery ▁director . ▁Young ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Peters |
ham , ▁Sydney , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁North ▁Sydney , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Sir ▁Car leton ▁K emp ▁Allen ▁ ▁Sydney ▁George ▁U re ▁Smith ▁ ▁Roland ▁Shakespeare ▁W ak elin ▁ ▁Per cy ▁Alexander ▁Le ason ▁ ▁Le Ro y ▁Le ves on ▁Laurent ▁Joseph ▁( Ro y ) ▁De ▁Ma istre ▁ ▁Bas il ▁Bur d ett ▁ ▁Sir ▁William ▁Dob ell ▁ ▁Robert ▁Richmond ▁Campbell ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁art ▁collect ors ▁Category : Austral ian ▁art ▁deal ers ▁Category : Austral ian ▁people ▁of ▁English ▁descent ▁Category : 1 8 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Sydney <0x0A> </s> ▁Y osh im ura ▁Ch ō gi ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Y osh im ura ▁Ch ō gi ▁( pr ince ) ▁Y osh im ura ▁Ch ō gi ▁( kar ate ▁master ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Me zi ▁ná mi ▁z l od ě ji ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁Czech oslov ak ▁film . ▁The ▁film ▁star red ▁Josef ▁K em r . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁films ▁Category : C zech oslov ak ▁films ▁Category : C zech - language ▁films ▁Category : C zech ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁Even ing ▁with ▁Fred ▁A sta ire ▁is ▁a ▁one - hour ▁live ▁television ▁special ▁st arring ▁Fred ▁A sta ire , ▁broadcast ▁on ▁N BC ▁on |
▁October ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁It ▁was ▁highly ▁successful , ▁winning ▁nine ▁Em my ▁awards ▁and ▁sp aw ning ▁three ▁further ▁spe ci als , ▁and ▁techn ically ▁innov ative , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁television ▁show ▁to ▁be ▁recorded ▁on ▁color ▁vide ot ape . ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁at ▁N BC ' s ▁Color ▁City ▁stud ios ▁in ▁Bur bank , ▁California . ▁ ▁Consider ed ▁something ▁of ▁a ▁com eb ack ▁for ▁the ▁then ▁ 5 9 - year - old ▁A sta ire , ▁the ▁special ▁was ▁his ▁first ▁st arring ▁role ▁on ▁television . ▁It ▁was ▁directed ▁and ▁co - produ ced ▁by ▁Bud ▁York in ▁and ▁introduced ▁A sta ire ' s ▁new ▁partner ▁Bar rie ▁Ch ase , ▁whom ▁he ▁would ▁later ▁describe ▁in ▁Inter view ▁magazine ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁as ▁perhaps ▁his ▁favorite ▁dance ▁partner . ▁The ▁Jon ah ▁Jones ▁Quart et ▁and ▁David ▁Rose ▁and ▁his ▁Orchestra ▁provided ▁the ▁music , ▁and ▁the ▁Herm es ▁Pan ▁Dan cers ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁ensemble ▁dance ▁numbers . ▁The ▁announ cer ▁was ▁Art ▁Gil more , ▁who ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁was ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁Corporation , ▁the ▁show ' s ▁spons or . ▁Typ ical ▁for ▁advert ising ▁of ▁the ▁era , ▁Ch rys ler ' s ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁model ▁year ▁For ward ▁Look ▁cars ▁featured ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁the ▁show ; ▁A sta ire ' s ▁final ▁words |
▁were ▁" I ▁only ▁hope ▁the ▁show ▁is ▁as ▁good ▁as ▁the ▁cars ." ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁vide ot ape ▁The ▁program ▁was ▁highly ▁innov ative ▁in ▁its ▁use ▁of ▁color ▁vide ot ape , ▁a ▁technology ▁then ▁in ▁its ▁inf ancy . ▁▁ ▁As ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁television ▁program ▁to ▁be ▁recorded ▁on ▁vide ot ape — The ▁Ed sel ▁Show ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 — this ▁was ▁a ▁straight ▁recording ▁of ▁a ▁live ▁performance ▁with ▁no ▁editing . ▁Early ▁vide ot ape ▁use ▁was ▁conf ined ▁largely ▁to ▁re bro ad cast ing ▁programs ▁from ▁the ▁east ▁coast ▁three ▁hours ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁west , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁che aper , ▁better - quality ▁alternative ▁to ▁the ▁film - based ▁k ines cop es . ▁The ▁experimental ▁low - band ▁quad ru plex ▁recording ▁system ▁in ▁use ▁was ▁troubles ome ▁and ▁hard ▁to ▁copy . ▁▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁early ▁video ▁editing ▁was ▁a ▁highly ▁complicated ▁matter ▁that ▁required ▁the ▁engineer ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁two - inch ▁t ape ▁with ▁iron ▁ox ide ▁solution ▁to ▁locate ▁the ▁magnetic ▁tracks ▁and ▁then ▁sp lice ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁raz or ▁bla de . ▁ ▁Although ▁it ▁was ▁recorded ▁live , ▁An ▁Even ing ▁with ▁Fred ▁A sta ire ▁used ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁innov ative ▁production ▁techniques ▁that ▁are ▁now ▁common place , ▁such ▁as ▁chrom a ▁key , ▁and ▁dissol ves ▁between ▁scenes . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁show ▁earned ▁a ▁further ▁technical ▁Em my |
▁Award ▁for ▁Ed ▁Re itan , ▁Don ▁Kent , ▁and ▁Dan ▁Ein stein , ▁who ▁restored ▁the ▁original ▁vide ot ape , ▁transfer ring ▁its ▁contents ▁to ▁a ▁modern ▁format . ▁( The ▁three ▁had ▁also ▁restored ▁the ▁oldest ▁color ▁vide ot ape ▁known ▁to ▁exist , ▁the ▁ ▁dedic ation ▁of ▁W RC - TV ' s ▁new ▁studio ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 .) ▁ ▁The ▁show ▁was ▁re bro ad cast ▁twice , ▁on ▁N BC ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁and ▁on ▁CBS ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁thus ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁shows ▁to ▁be ▁r er un ▁using ▁color ▁vide ot ape . ▁The ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁re bro ad cast ▁used ▁a ▁different ▁beginning ▁and ▁ending ▁that ▁elimin ated ▁the ▁advert ising ▁for ▁Ch rys ler ; ▁instead ▁the ▁opening ▁and ▁closing ▁d ances ▁were ▁shown ▁un inter rupted . ▁ ▁Musical ▁numbers ▁" Mor ning ▁R ide " /" S ven g ali " /" Fr antic ▁Hol iday " ▁— ▁Fred ▁A sta ire ▁and ▁the ▁Herm es ▁Pan ▁Dan cers ▁" Change ▁Part ners " ▁— ▁Fred ▁A sta ire ▁and ▁Bar rie ▁Ch ase ▁" B a ub les , ▁Bang les ▁& ▁B ead s " ▁( W right ▁and ▁For rest ) ▁" Prop ▁Dance " ▁— ▁Fred ▁A sta ire ▁" |
M ack ▁the ▁Kn ife " ▁— ▁The ▁Jon ah ▁Jones ▁Quart et ▁" Man ▁with ▁the ▁Blues " /" You ng ▁Man ' s ▁L ament " ▁( David ▁Rose )/ ▁" Like ▁Young " ▁( And ré ▁Pre vin ) ▁— ▁Fred ▁A sta ire , ▁Bar rie ▁Ch ase ▁and ▁the ▁Herm es ▁Pan ▁Dan cers ▁" Old ▁Mac Donald ▁on ▁a ▁T rip / H olid ay ▁for ▁Str ings " ▁( David ▁Rose ) ▁— ▁The ▁Herm es ▁Pan ▁Dan cers , ▁featuring ▁Jimmy ▁H unt ley , ▁Roy ▁Fitz ell , ▁and ▁Bert ▁May ▁" St . ▁James ▁Inf irm ary " ▁( Prim rose ) ▁— ▁Fred ▁A sta ire , ▁Bar rie ▁Ch ase , ▁Jon ah ▁Jones , ▁and ▁the ▁Herm es ▁Pan ▁Dan cers ▁" Oh , ▁Lady ▁be ▁Good !" ▁( I ra ▁& ▁George ▁G ers h win )/ " Che ek ▁to ▁Che ek " ▁( I r ving ▁Berlin )/ " A ▁Fine ▁Rom ance " ▁( K ern ▁& ▁Field s )/ " They ▁Can ' t ▁Take ▁That ▁A way ▁From ▁Me " /" N ice ▁Work ▁If ▁You ▁Can ▁Get ▁It " /" A ▁F og gy ▁Day " ▁( I ra ▁& ▁George ▁G ers h win )/ " I ▁W on ' t ▁Dance " ▁( K ern - H ammer stein - Har bach )/ " Something ' s ▁G otta ▁Give " ▁( Mer cer )/ " N ight ▁and ▁Day " |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.