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▁G urg a on ▁every ▁day ▁for ▁work . ▁The ▁nearest ▁met ro ▁station , ▁Joh ri ▁Enc lave ▁is ▁around ▁ 2 . 5 km ▁away . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁roughly ▁ 3 4 km ▁and ▁ 8 km ▁away ▁from ▁Ind ira ▁Gand hi ▁International ▁Airport ▁and ▁H ind on ▁Airport , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Religion ▁ ▁While ▁H indu ▁and ▁Islam ▁are ▁the ▁main ▁relig ions ▁of ▁Be ht a ▁Haz ip ur , ▁S ik hs , ▁J ains , ▁and ▁Christians ▁also ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁H indi ▁and ▁ur du ▁are ▁the ▁major ▁languages , ▁spoken ▁here . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁d otted ▁with ▁many ▁tem ples ▁and ▁mos ques , ▁including ▁Gh os ia ▁Mas j id , ▁D arg ah ▁W ali ▁Mas j id , ▁San atan ▁Mand ir , ▁P urn ag iri ▁Mand ir , ▁S idd h ▁B aba ▁Mand ir , ▁and ▁G uru ▁Gor ak hn ath ▁Mand ir . ▁ ▁In frastr uct ural ▁A men ities ▁▁ ▁Being ▁a ▁census ▁town , ▁Be ht a ▁Haz ip ur ▁has ▁almost ▁all ▁the ▁basic ▁infrastr uct ural ▁facilities , ▁including ▁hosp it als , ▁schools , ▁restaur ants , ▁banks , ▁hot els , ▁event ▁ven ues , ▁mark ets , ▁among ▁other ▁things . ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁post ▁office . ▁Major ▁educational ▁institutions ▁here ▁are ▁Ad ar sh ▁Nav ▁Je e van ▁Inter ▁College , ▁Be ht a ▁Inter ▁College |
, ▁K anya ▁Va id ic ▁Vid ya pe eth , ▁New ▁Green ▁Valley ▁Public ▁School , ▁C CS ▁Vid ya ▁Mand ir ▁Girls ▁Inter ▁College . ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁cinema ▁hall , ▁called ▁K av ita ▁Palace . ▁Fam ous ▁hosp it als ▁in ▁Be ht a ▁Haz ip ur ▁are ▁Sh ri ▁Kr ish na ▁Multi - Special ty ▁Hospital ▁and ▁City ▁Hospital . ▁Besides , ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁am ple ▁accommod ation ▁and ▁d ining ▁facilities ▁as ▁it ▁has ▁many ▁street - side ▁e ater ies , ▁restaur ants , ▁and ▁hot els . ▁Be ht a ▁Haz ip ur ▁has ▁several ▁local ▁mark ets ▁like ▁Jam dag ni ▁Market ▁and ▁P ah al wan ▁Market . ▁Several ▁daily , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁week ly ▁fle a ▁and ▁fresh ▁produce ▁mark ets , ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁found ▁at ▁various ▁locations ▁within ▁the ▁town . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Bag hel ▁Sam aj ▁Rah ul ▁Garden ▁De eg ree ▁Col lage ▁Gh azi abad , ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁ 2 0 1 1 0 2 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁Gh azi abad ▁district , ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁() ▁( 1 5 4 2 – fl . ▁ 1 5 8 1 ), ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁noble w oman ▁and ▁child hood ▁companion ▁and ▁cousin ▁of ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots . ▁She ▁and ▁three ▁other ▁ladies - in - wait ing ▁( M ary ▁Living ston , ▁Mary |
▁Be aton ▁and ▁Mary ▁Set on ) ▁were ▁collect ively ▁known ▁as ▁" The ▁Four ▁Mary s ". ▁A ▁grand d augh ter ▁of ▁James ▁IV ▁of ▁Scotland , ▁she ▁married ▁the ▁queen ' s ▁ren owned ▁secretary , ▁Sir ▁William ▁M ait land ▁of ▁L ething ton . ▁ ▁Life ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁was ▁the ▁young est ▁child ▁of ▁Mal col m ▁F lem ing , ▁ 3 rd ▁Lord ▁F lem ing ▁and ▁Lady ▁Jan et ▁Stewart . ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 2 , ▁the ▁year ▁her ▁father ▁was ▁taken ▁prisoner ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sol way ▁M oss . ▁Her ▁mother ▁was ▁an ▁il leg it imate ▁daughter ▁of ▁James ▁IV ▁of ▁Scotland . ▁Lady ▁F lem ing ▁became ▁a ▁gover ness ▁to ▁the ▁infant ▁queen , ▁also ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁dow ager ▁queen , ▁Mary ▁of ▁Gu ise , ▁chose ▁Lady ▁F lem ing ' s ▁daughter ▁Mary ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁compan ions ▁to ▁the ▁young ▁queen . ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁and ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots , ▁were ▁half - first - c ous ins . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 8 , ▁five - year - old ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁accompanied ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots , ▁to ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁King ▁Henry ▁II ▁of ▁France , ▁where ▁the ▁young ▁queen ▁was ▁raised . ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ' s ▁father ▁having |
▁died ▁the ▁previous ▁year ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁P ink ie , ▁her ▁mother ▁had ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁the ▁French ▁king , ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁son ▁born ▁around ▁ 1 5 5 1 . ▁ ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots ▁and ▁her ▁compan ions ▁returned ▁to ▁Scotland ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 1 ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Francis ▁II ▁of ▁France . ▁The ▁English ▁diplom at ▁Thomas ▁Rand olph ▁recorded ▁that ▁the ▁queen ▁was ▁con so led ▁by ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁dist urbed ▁by ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁poet ▁Ch ast el ard ▁hiding ▁in ▁her ▁bed ch am ber . ▁After ▁having ▁" some ▁gr ief ▁of ▁mind " ▁the ▁Queen ▁took ▁Mary ▁to ▁be ▁her ▁" bed f ellow ". ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁day ▁of ▁Christmas ▁page ant ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 5 6 4 , ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁played ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁Queen ▁of ▁the ▁Be an . ▁Thomas ▁Rand olph ▁was ▁drawn ▁into ▁the ▁dance , ▁and ▁described ▁the ▁cost umes :" The ▁queen ▁of ▁the ▁Be an ▁was ▁that ▁day ▁in ▁a ▁g own ▁of ▁cloth ▁of ▁silver ; ▁her ▁head , ▁her ▁neck , ▁her ▁shoulders , ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁her ▁whole ▁body ▁so ▁be - sett ▁with ▁stones , ▁that ▁more ▁in ▁our ▁whole ▁j ew el ▁house ▁were ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁found . ▁The ▁Queen ▁herself ▁that ▁day ▁appar re led ▁in ▁colours ▁white ▁& ▁black , ▁no ▁neither ▁j ew el |
▁or ▁gold ▁about ▁her ▁that ▁day , ▁but ▁the ▁ring ▁that ▁I ▁brought ▁her ▁from ▁( Que en ▁Elizabeth ) ▁h anging ▁at ▁her ▁breast , ▁with ▁a ▁la ce ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁about ▁her ▁neck ." ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 5 6 4 ▁William ▁Kirk cal dy ▁of ▁G range ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁Royal ▁Secretary , ▁William ▁M ait land ▁was ▁showing ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁Mary ▁F lem ing : ▁" I ▁doubt ▁not ▁but ▁you ▁understand ▁me ▁by ▁now , ▁that ▁our ▁secretary ' s ▁wife ▁is ▁near ▁dead , ▁and ▁he ▁a ▁su itor ▁to ▁Mrs ▁F lem ing , ▁who ▁is ▁as ▁fit ▁for ▁him , ▁as ▁I ▁am ▁to ▁be ▁Pope ! </ blockquote > ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁to ▁M ait land ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁married ▁the ▁queen ' s ▁royal ▁secretary , ▁Sir ▁William ▁M ait land ▁of ▁L ething ton , ▁who ▁was ▁many ▁years ▁her ▁senior . ▁The ▁following ▁evidence ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁marriage ▁was ▁successful , ▁despite ▁rum ors ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁unh appy ▁and ▁that ▁Mary ▁wished ▁to ▁murder ▁her ▁husband : ▁▁ ▁The ▁wed ding ▁occurred ▁after ▁a ▁three - year ▁court ship ▁that ▁weather ed ▁amb ivalent ▁relations ▁between ▁M ait land ▁and ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots , ▁to ▁whom ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁was ▁a ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁since ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁five . ▁ ▁M ait land ▁was ▁so ▁inf atu ated ▁with ▁Mary ▁F |
lem ing ▁that ▁he ▁wrote ▁to ▁William ▁Cec il ▁about ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁court ship ▁was ▁the ▁talk ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁Scottish ▁and ▁English ▁courts . ▁ ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁were ▁in ▁Edinburgh ▁Castle ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 3 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots ▁against ▁an ▁English ▁army ▁supporting ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁James ▁VI ▁of ▁Scotland . ▁She ▁was ▁captured ▁with ▁her ▁husband ▁when ▁the ▁castle ▁surrender ed ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁May ▁ 1 5 7 3 . ▁She ▁was ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁Reg ent ▁Mort on ▁and ▁kept ▁a ▁prisoner ▁in ▁Robert ▁G our lay ' s ▁House . ▁Her ▁husband ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁castle ▁on ▁a ▁l itter , ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁stand ▁or ▁walk . ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁Le ith ▁on ▁ 9 ▁June ▁ 1 5 7 3 ▁before ▁his ▁trial , ▁in ▁the ▁cust ody ▁of ▁William ▁Dr ury . ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁give ▁up ▁her ▁poss essions . ▁Jew ell ery ▁given ▁or ▁loan ed ▁to ▁her ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁commander ▁William ▁Dr ury . ▁▁▁ ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁wrote ▁to ▁William ▁Cec il ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁impl oring ▁that ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁her ▁husband , ▁" which ▁when ▁alive ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁sp ared ▁in ▁her ▁h ien ess ▁service , ▁may ▁now ▁after ▁his ▁death , ▁receive ▁no ▁shame |
▁or ▁ign om iny .” ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁asked ▁Reg ent ▁Mort on ▁to ▁spare ▁the ▁body , ▁which ▁he ▁did . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁did ▁not ▁receive ▁the ▁rest oration ▁of ▁L ething ton ' s ▁estate ▁and ▁properties ▁until ▁ 1 5 8 1 / 2 , ▁by ▁grant ▁of ▁King ▁James ▁VI . ▁While ▁there ▁is ▁some ▁dispute ▁about ▁this , ▁the ▁evidence ▁is ▁that ▁she ▁never ▁rem ar ried . ▁ ▁She ▁had ▁two ▁children , ▁a ▁boy ▁James , ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁a ▁Catholic ▁and ▁lived ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁Belg ium ▁in ▁self - im posed ▁ex ile , ▁and ▁a ▁daughter ▁Margaret , ▁who ▁married ▁Robert ▁Ker , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ro x burg he . ▁In ▁ 1 5 8 1 , ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots ▁asked ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁to ▁grant ▁F lem ing ▁safe ▁conduct ▁so ▁she ▁could ▁visit ▁the ▁imprison ed ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁M ait land ▁actually ▁went . ▁The ▁last ▁documents ▁attributed ▁to ▁her ▁are ▁her ▁letter ▁to ▁William ▁Cec il ▁and ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁her ▁sister ▁discuss ing ▁some ▁bad ▁feelings ▁that ▁existed ▁between ▁F lem ing ▁and ▁her ▁brother - in - law ▁Cold ingham . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁film ▁Elizabeth : ▁The ▁Golden ▁Age , ▁Mary ▁Stuart ' s ▁lady - in - wait ing , ▁An net te |
▁F lem ing , ▁played ▁by ▁Susan ▁Lyn ch , ▁is ▁an ▁all usion ▁to ▁Mary ▁F lem ing . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 - 1 7 ▁C W ▁television ▁series ▁Re ign , ▁the ▁character , ▁Lady ▁L ola ▁F lem ing , ▁played ▁by ▁Anna ▁Po pp le well ▁is ▁lo os ely ▁based ▁on ▁Mary ▁F lem ing . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁film ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots , ▁Mary ▁F lem ing ▁is ▁played ▁by ▁Roman ian ▁actress ▁Maria - V ict oria ▁Drag us . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Scottish ▁people ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Scottish ▁women ▁Category : C ourt ▁of ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁ladies - in - wait ing ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁B are ▁Tre es ▁is ▁the ▁sixth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁British - American ▁rock ▁band ▁Fle et wood ▁Mac , ▁released ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁This ▁is ▁their ▁last ▁album ▁to ▁feature ▁D anny ▁Kir wan , ▁who ▁was ▁fired ▁during ▁the ▁album ' s ▁supporting ▁tour . ▁In ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s , ▁B are ▁Tre es ▁pe aked ▁at ▁No . ▁ 7 0 ▁and ▁achieved ▁Gold ▁status ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 |
▁and ▁cert ified ▁plat in um ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁for ▁s elling ▁over ▁a ▁million ▁copies . ▁ ▁M ick ▁Fle et wood ▁was ▁particularly ▁im pressed ▁with ▁Kir wan ' s ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁album . ▁" It ' s ▁a ▁well - r ounded ▁album . ▁Like ▁Lind sey , ▁D anny ▁had ▁the ▁ch ops ▁with ▁layer ing ▁techniques , ▁and ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁know ▁what ' s ▁right ▁and ▁wrong ▁in ▁the ▁studio ." ▁ ▁Track ▁notes ▁ ▁" Child ▁of ▁Mine " ▁all udes ▁to ▁Kir wan ' s ▁bi ological ▁father ▁not ▁having ▁been ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁( K ir wan ▁was ▁his ▁step father ' s ▁surname ). ▁" The ▁Ghost " ▁was ▁later ▁re - record ed ▁by ▁Bob ▁Wel ch ▁for ▁His ▁Fle et wood ▁Mac ▁Years ▁and ▁Bey ond , ▁Vol . ▁ 2 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁al beit ▁this ▁version ▁was ▁only ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁digital ▁edition . ▁" Home ward ▁B ound " ▁all udes ▁to ▁Christ ine ▁Mc V ie ' s ▁then ▁dis like ▁of ▁flying ▁and ▁tour ing , ▁also ▁all ud ed ▁to ▁in ▁her ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁track ▁Tem por ary ▁One . ▁" S un ny ▁Side ▁of ▁Heaven " ▁was ▁an ▁instrument al , ▁which , ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁was ▁mixed ▁in ▁with ▁some ▁radio ▁station ▁sign - offs . ▁The ▁piece ▁was ▁also ▁performed ▁with ▁Lind sey ▁Buck ingham ▁on ▁guitar ▁for |
▁some ▁shows ▁in ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁" B are ▁Tre es " ▁shares ▁a ▁theme ▁both ▁with ▁the ▁album ' s ▁cover ▁phot ography ▁by ▁John ▁Mc V ie ▁and ▁the ▁closing ▁poem ▁" Th ought s ▁On ▁a ▁Grey ▁Day " ▁" S ent iment al ▁Lady " ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁single . ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁re - record ed ▁by ▁its ▁composer ▁Bob ▁Wel ch ▁( with ▁M ick ▁Fle et wood , ▁Christ ine ▁Mc V ie , ▁and ▁Lind sey ▁Buck ingham ▁backing ▁him ) ▁for ▁his ▁solo ▁album ▁French ▁K iss . ▁Wel ch ▁would ▁record ▁the ▁song ▁again ▁for ▁His ▁Fle et wood ▁Mac ▁Years ▁& ▁Bey ond ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁" D anny ' s ▁Ch ant " ▁features ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁w ah - w ah ▁gu it ars . ▁The ▁title ▁is ▁somewhat ▁ir onic ▁in ▁that ▁the ▁track ▁is ▁largely ▁an ▁instrument al , ▁although ▁it ▁does ▁have ▁rh yth mic , ▁non - ver bal ▁backing ▁vocals ▁in ▁the ▁mix . ▁▁ ▁" Sp are ▁Me ▁a ▁Little ▁of ▁Your ▁Love " ▁became ▁a ▁st ap le ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁live ▁act ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 2 – 1 9 7 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁covered ▁by ▁Johnny ▁R ivers ▁on ▁his ▁studio ▁album ▁New ▁Lo vers ▁and ▁Old ▁Fri ends ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Jack ie ▁De Sh annon ▁recorded ▁a ▁version |
▁for ▁her ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁album ▁Jack ie ▁although ▁this ▁did ▁not ▁make ▁the ▁final ▁cut ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁released ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁The ▁lyr ics ▁for ▁" D ust " ▁were ▁taken ▁from ▁a ▁poem ▁about ▁death ▁written ▁by ▁Ru pert ▁Bro oke ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁Un like ▁W ▁H ▁Dav ies ▁who ▁received ▁a ▁credit ▁for ▁the ▁words ▁to ▁Dragon fly , ▁Bro oke ▁was ▁not ▁cred ited ▁here ▁as ▁his ▁copy right ▁had ▁exp ired . ▁ ▁The ▁final ▁track ▁on ▁the ▁album , ▁" Th ought s ▁on ▁a ▁Grey ▁Day ", ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁Fle et wood ▁Mac ▁song , ▁but ▁a ▁mon a ural ▁recorded ▁poem ▁written ▁and ▁supposed ly ▁read ▁by ▁an ▁elder ly ▁woman , ▁Mrs . ▁Sc ar rott , ▁who ▁lived ▁near ▁the ▁band ' s ▁commun al ▁home , ▁' Ben if old ', ▁in ▁southern ▁England . ▁Bob ▁Wel ch , ▁however , ▁said ▁in ▁a ▁P engu in ▁Q & A ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁" The ▁spoken ▁thing ▁M ick ▁does ▁about ▁' T rees ▁so ▁bare ' ▁was ▁written , ▁I ▁think , ▁by ▁this ▁sweet ▁old ▁lady ▁that ▁lived ▁near ▁Ben if old ▁... ▁M ick ▁did ▁an ▁affection ate ▁' sch tick ' ▁on ▁her ▁to ▁close ▁the ▁album ." ▁▁▁▁ ▁Five ▁of ▁the ▁ten ▁tracks ▁were ▁p enn ed ▁by ▁Kir wan . ▁" Tr inity ", ▁another ▁Kir wan ▁song ▁recorded |
▁at ▁the ▁sessions , ▁was ▁subsequently ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 5 ▁Years ▁– ▁The ▁Ch ain ▁box ▁set . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Fle et wood ▁Mac ▁D anny ▁Kir wan ▁– ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Bob ▁Wel ch ▁– ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Christ ine ▁Mc V ie ▁– ▁key boards , ▁vocals ▁John ▁Mc V ie ▁– ▁bass ▁guitar ▁M ick ▁Fle et wood ▁– ▁drums , ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Add itional ▁personnel ▁" Special ▁thanks ▁to ▁Mrs ▁Sc ar rott ▁for ▁her ▁read ings , ▁recorded ▁at ▁her ▁home ▁in ▁Ham pshire ." ▁ ▁Production ▁Produ cer : ▁Fle et wood ▁Mac ▁Engine er : ▁Martin ▁Bir ch ▁Rem ix ▁engineer : ▁Bob ▁Hugh es ▁Rem aster ing : ▁Lee ▁H ersch berg ▁Cover ▁photo ▁by ▁John ▁Mc V ie ▁Record ed ▁at ▁De L ane ▁Le a ▁Music ▁Centre ▁Rem ixed ▁at ▁Record ▁Plant ▁Studios ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Week ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Cert ifications ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : F le et wood ▁Mac ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁albums ▁Category : Re prise ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Christ ine ▁Mc V ie ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Bob ▁Wel ch ▁( mus ician ) ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁D anny ▁Kir wan ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Martin ▁Bir ch ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁M ick ▁Fle et wood ▁Category : Al bum |
s ▁produced ▁by ▁John ▁Mc V ie <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁All an ▁( 1 8 ▁February ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁– ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁played ▁seven ▁first - class ▁matches ▁for ▁Tas mania ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Tas man ian ▁representative ▁cr ick eters ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁death s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : T as mania ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Al bury , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁Un l ucky ▁Pla za ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Singapore an ▁black ▁comedy ▁thr iller ▁film ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Ken ▁K we k . ▁It ▁stars ▁E py ▁Qu izon ▁as ▁a ▁Filip ino ▁imm igr ant ▁to ▁Singapore ▁who ▁takes ▁host ages ▁after ▁falling ▁for ▁a ▁sc am . ▁ ▁It ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Singapore ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁is ▁told ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁flash back s ▁from ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁of ▁a ▁talk ▁show ▁that ▁has ▁reun ited ▁the ▁capt or ▁and ▁his ▁former ▁host ages . ▁ ▁Prem ise ▁ ▁Filip ino ▁imm igr ant ▁On ass is ▁Hern ande |
z ▁mist re ats ▁his ▁restaurant ▁workers , ▁causing ▁a ▁dis gr unt led ▁cook ▁to ▁sab ot age ▁an ▁ins pection ▁by ▁the ▁Singapore an ▁health ▁department . ▁ ▁After ▁Hern ande z ▁subsequently ▁falls ▁for ▁a ▁popular ▁r ental ▁sc am ▁that ▁targets ▁imm igr ants , ▁he ▁takes ▁several ▁Singapore ans ▁host age ▁and ▁broadcast s ▁his ▁dem ands ▁for ▁social ▁change ▁on ▁YouTube . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁E py ▁Qu izon ▁as ▁On ass is ▁Hern ande z ▁ ▁Ad rian ▁P ang ▁as ▁Sky ▁ ▁J ude e ▁Tan ▁as ▁ ▁Mich elle ▁Chan ▁ ▁Sh ane ▁M ard ju ki ▁as ▁Past or ▁T ong ▁W en ▁ ▁Gu o ▁Li ang ▁as ▁Baby ▁Bear ▁ ▁Christian ▁W ong ▁as ▁Pop oy ▁ ▁Andrew ▁Lu a ▁as ▁P ing ▁ ▁Os man ▁S ula iman ▁as ▁Ins pect or ▁As man ▁ ▁Jan ice ▁Koh ▁as ▁C ind y ▁ ▁Pam ▁O ei ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁H eng ▁ ▁An ita ▁Kap oor ▁as ▁herself ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁reports ▁of ▁r ental ▁sc ams ▁that ▁were ▁popular ▁on ▁imm igr ants . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁Un l ucky ▁Pla za ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁September ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Its ▁Singapore an ▁premi ere ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁Singapore ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁December ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Shaw ▁Organisation ▁released |
▁it ▁in ▁Singapore ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁and ▁it ▁gross ed ▁US $ 4 6 , 3 3 1 . ▁ ▁Cin em af li x ▁Entertainment ▁released ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁& ▁finally ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁co - produ ced ▁by ▁VI VA ▁Films ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Collect ing ▁four ▁American ▁reviews , ▁Met ac rit ic , ▁a ▁review ▁aggreg ator , ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 3 8 / 1 0 0 . ▁ ▁Steph anie ▁Lu o ▁of ▁Asia One ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 3 . 5 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁wrote ▁that ▁it ▁" highlight s ▁real ▁issues ▁in ▁Singapore ▁society ▁well ", ▁though ▁it ▁has ▁several ▁un real istic ▁scenes . ▁ ▁I li y as ▁O ng ▁of ▁Time ▁Out ▁Singapore ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 2 / 5 ▁stars ▁and ▁wrote ▁the ▁film ' s ▁social ▁sat ire , ▁" As ▁bel ab oured ▁and ▁on - the - n ose ▁as ▁K we k ' s ▁point ▁is , ▁it ' s ▁also ▁ter r ifying ly ▁real ." ▁ ▁Clar ence ▁Ts ui ▁of ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Re porter ▁wrote , ▁" S ent iment ality ▁and ▁small - screen ▁a est het ics ▁turn ▁social ▁critique ▁into ▁soap ▁opera ." ▁ ▁Nicolas ▁Rap old ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁talk ▁show ▁fr aming ▁device ▁" dest |
ro ys ▁the ▁susp ense ▁and ▁se als ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁movie ▁as ▁both ▁s lick ▁and ▁amateur ish ". ▁ ▁Martin ▁Ts ai ▁of ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times ▁wrote , ▁" Writer - direct or ▁Ken ▁K we k ▁means ▁for ▁the ▁proceed ings ▁to ▁be ▁far c ical , ▁but ▁s eld om ▁are ▁they ▁actually ▁fun ny ." ▁ ▁Simon ▁Abr ams ▁of ▁The ▁Village ▁Vo ice ▁wrote , ▁" K we k ' s ▁ref res hing ▁focus ▁on ▁his ▁terror ized ▁protagon ists ' ▁pre - ab du ction ▁lives ▁keeps ▁Un l ucky ▁Pla za ▁af loat ▁once ▁it ▁inv ests ▁in ▁generic ▁tick ing - clock ▁thr ills ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁crime ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁crime ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Sing ap ore an ▁films ▁Category : Sing ap ore an ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁black ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁kid n apping ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁host age ▁tak ings <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ DIS P LAY T IT LE : C 1 2 H 6 Cl 4 O 2 S }} ▁The ▁mole cular ▁formula ▁C 1 2 H 6 Cl 4 O 2 S ▁( m olar ▁mass : ▁ 3 5 6 . 0 5 |
2 ▁g / m ol ) ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁B ith ion ol ▁ ▁T et rad if on ▁ ▁Category : M ole cular ▁formulas <0x0A> </s> ▁W az ir ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Kh ogy ani ▁District , ▁N ang ar har ▁Province , ▁Afghan istan . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁biggest ▁village ▁of ▁the ▁district . ▁The ▁population ▁is ▁Pas ht un . ▁Among ▁the ▁Kh ogy an is , ▁the ▁L al ai ▁off sh oot ▁of ▁the ▁W az irs ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁village . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁N ang ar har ▁Province ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁N ang ar har ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁R isto ▁Kü bar ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Est onian ▁stage , ▁voice ▁and ▁film ▁actor . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁studies ▁Born ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁bor ough ▁of ▁K ose , ▁he ▁attended ▁school ▁at ▁K ose ▁Second ary ▁School ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁followed ▁by ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁T all inn ▁Old ▁Town ▁Edu c ational ▁College ▁( V H K ), ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁After ▁gradu ation ▁from ▁V H K ▁he ▁was ▁accepted ▁to ▁the ▁Est onian ▁Music ▁and ▁Theatre ▁Academy ▁of ▁D ram atic ▁Art ▁( now , ▁the ▁Est onian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁Theatre ) ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁in ▁courses ▁under ▁the ▁tut el age |
▁of ▁actor ▁and ▁teacher ▁Pri it ▁Ped aj as , ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Among ▁his ▁gradu ating ▁class m ates ▁were ▁Inga ▁Sal ur and , ▁La uri ▁Lag le , ▁Mari - Li is ▁L ill , ▁Laura ▁Pet erson , ▁Urs ula ▁Rat ase pp , ▁Brit ta ▁V ah ur , ▁and ▁Ser go ▁V ares . ▁ ▁Theatre ▁While ▁still ▁a ▁student , ▁R isto ▁Kü bar ▁made ▁his ▁stage ▁debut ▁at ▁Est onian ▁D rama ▁Theatre ▁in ▁Fin is ▁n ih ili , ▁a ▁play ▁written ▁by ▁Mad is ▁K õ iv . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁William ▁Shakespeare ' s ▁A ▁Mid sum mer ▁Night ' s ▁Dream . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁just ▁after ▁gradu ation , ▁he ▁began ▁working ▁at ▁Theatre ▁NO 9 9 ▁in ▁T all inn , ▁where ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁Anton ▁Che kh ov ' s ▁The ▁Cher ry ▁Or ch ard . ▁Kü bar ▁has ▁also ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁T all inn ▁City ▁Theatre ▁in ▁a ▁production ▁of ▁George ▁Or well ' s ▁Animal ▁Farm , ▁and ▁the ▁Van emu ine ▁theatre ▁in ▁T art u , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁guitar ist ▁Ja anus ▁N õ g isto ▁in ▁the ▁rock ▁opera ▁Ru ja ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁a ▁production ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Est onian ▁rock ▁band ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁engaged ▁at ▁Theatre ▁NO 9 9 |
▁until ▁ 2 0 1 4 ; ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁international ▁co - production ▁Three ▁Kingdom s ▁by ▁Simon ▁Steph ens ▁( direct ed ▁by ▁Sebastian ▁N üb ling ). ▁For ▁his ▁performance ▁in ▁Or phe us ▁Des c ends ▁by ▁Tennessee ▁Williams ▁( direct ed ▁by ▁Sebastian ▁N üb ling ), ▁Kü bar ▁was ▁voted ▁Young ▁A ctor ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁by ▁the ▁professional ▁journal ▁Theater ▁He ute . ▁Both ▁produ ctions ▁took ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁M unch ner ▁K amm ers p iele , ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ensemble ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁int endant ▁Johan ▁Sim ons . ▁▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Kü bar ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ensemble ▁of ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁theatre ▁N T G ent . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁received ▁an ▁Ar le c ch ino ▁award ▁as ▁Best ▁A ctor ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁Tommy ▁W ier ing a - p enn ed ▁and ▁Philipp ▁Be cker - direct ed ▁Dit ▁zijn ▁de ▁n amen . ▁ ▁Kü bar ▁played ▁also ▁in ▁Die ▁F rem den , ▁a ▁production ▁of ▁N T G ent ▁& ▁Ru hr tri enn ale , ▁directed ▁by ▁Johan ▁Sim ons . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Die ▁F rem den ▁premier ed ▁in ▁the ▁Koh len |
m isch h alle ▁of ▁the ▁Ze che ▁August e ▁Victoria ▁in ▁Mar l ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ru hr tri enn ale ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁The ▁premi ere ▁in ▁Gh ent ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁the ▁Flor al ies ▁Hall . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Kü bar ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Theatre ▁NO 9 9 ▁in ▁a ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁Spect ac ular ▁Light sh ows ▁of ▁Which ▁U ▁Don ' t ▁See ▁The ▁Effect . ▁The ▁two - man ▁show , ▁with ▁Belg ian ▁actor ▁Ben ny ▁Cla ess ens , ▁caused ▁some ▁controvers y ▁for ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁n ud ity ▁and ▁hom osex ual ▁theme , ▁but ▁gar ner ed ▁positive ▁reviews . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Kü bar ▁made ▁with ▁N T G ent , ▁director ▁Flor ian ▁Fischer ▁and ▁actress ▁L ien ▁Wil de me ersch ▁To ▁name ▁her story . ▁An ▁adaptation ▁of ▁' Don ▁Qu ix ote : ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁dream ' ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁by ▁Kath y ▁A cker . ▁The ▁press ▁called ▁Kü bar ' s ▁id ios ync r atic ▁style ▁perfect ▁in ▁its ▁content , ▁invent or ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁language ▁that , ▁despite ▁its ▁b izar re ▁character , ▁communic ates ▁immediately ▁with ▁the ▁audience . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 - 2 0 1 9 |
▁season ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Schaus piel haus ▁Bo ch um ▁ensemble , ▁where ▁he ▁will ▁appear ▁in ▁Die ▁J üd in ▁von ▁To led o ▁by ▁Johan ▁Sim ons ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁co - production ▁with ▁N T G ent ▁Or est es ▁in ▁Mos ul ▁by ▁Mil o ▁R au . ▁ ▁Film ▁R isto ▁Kü bar ▁made ▁his ▁film ▁debut ▁as ▁a ▁voice ▁actor ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁animated ▁short ▁film ▁Mar aton ▁for ▁E esti ▁Jo on is film . ▁He ▁followed ▁this ▁as ▁a ▁voice ▁extra ▁in ▁the ▁feature - length ▁He iki ▁Ern its ▁and ▁J anno ▁P õ ld ma - direct ed ▁Est onian ▁animated ▁children ' s ▁film ▁Le i ut aj ate k ü la ▁L otte ▁( English : ▁L otte ▁from ▁G ad get ville ). ▁His ▁most ▁prominent ▁film ▁role ▁to ▁date ▁was ▁a ▁st arring ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁R ainer ▁Sar net - direct ed ▁Id io ot ; ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁F y odor ▁D osto ye v sky ' s ▁The ▁Id iot . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁On ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁R isto ▁Kü bar ▁p enn ed ▁an ▁open ▁letter ▁addressed ▁to ▁Est onian ▁lawyer ▁Var ro ▁Vo og la id , ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁foundation ▁chairman ▁of ▁SA ▁Family ▁and ▁Def ense ▁of ▁Trad ition ▁( S AP T K ) ▁( E ston ian : ▁Pere kon |
na ▁ja ▁Trad its io oni ▁K ait se ks ). ▁The ▁letter , ▁printed ▁in ▁the ▁daily ▁Est onian ▁newspaper ▁Post ime es , ▁was ▁a ▁personal ▁and ▁public ▁appeal ▁that ▁took ▁aim ▁at ▁Vo og la id ' s ▁anti - g ay ▁sent iments ▁and ▁opposition ▁towards ▁the ▁gender - neut ral ▁civil ▁partners hip ▁law ▁passed ▁by ▁the ▁Est onian ▁Parliament ; ▁a ▁coh ab itation ▁agreement ▁that ▁gives ▁the ▁same ▁legal ▁prote ctions ▁to ▁same - sex ▁cou ples ▁that ▁are ▁available ▁to ▁opposite - sex ▁cou ples . ▁In ▁the ▁letter , ▁Kü bar ▁public ly ▁came ▁out ▁as ▁gay , ▁making ▁him ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁well - known ▁Est onian ▁cele brit ies ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁ ▁His ▁older ▁brother ▁is ▁side car ▁motor cross ▁rac er ▁Silver ▁Kü bar ▁( et ). ▁ ▁A cknow led g ements ▁ ▁Vol dem ar ▁P ans o ▁award ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Krist all king ake ▁award ▁( Ad olf ▁R üh ka , ▁Adolf ▁R üh ka ▁l üh ik ene ▁el u ) ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Theatre ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Support ing ▁A ctor ▁( The ▁Tr ick ster , ▁Three ▁Kingdom s ) ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Est onian ▁Cultural ▁End ow ment ▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Theatre ▁He ute ▁Young ▁A ctor ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Ar |
le c ch ino ▁for ▁Best ▁Male ▁A ctor ▁( D it ▁zijn ▁de ▁n amen ) ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁K ose ▁Par ish ▁Category : E ston ian ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : E ston ian ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : E ston ian ▁male ▁voice ▁actors ▁Category : L GB T ▁people ▁from ▁Est onia ▁Category : G ay ▁actors ▁Category : E ston ian ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Est onian ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : E ston ian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁Theatre ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁El iza ▁Les lie ▁( 1 7 8 7 – 1 8 5 8 ), ▁frequently ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Miss ▁Les lie , ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁author ▁of ▁popular ▁cook books ▁during ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century . ▁She ▁also ▁wrote ▁household ▁management ▁books , ▁et iqu ette ▁books , ▁nov els , ▁short ▁stories ▁and ▁articles ▁for ▁mag az ines ▁and ▁newsp apers . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Les lie ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 7 8 7 ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania ▁to ▁L yd ia ▁Baker ▁and ▁Robert ▁Les lie , ▁both ▁originally ▁from ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁Her ▁father , ▁a ▁clock ▁and ▁watch maker , ▁was ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Benjamin ▁Franklin ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Jefferson , ▁according ▁to ▁El iza . ▁The ▁family ▁moved ▁to |
▁England ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁when ▁Les lie ▁was ▁five ▁years ▁old ▁for ▁about ▁six ▁years . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁of ▁five ▁children . ▁Two ▁of ▁her ▁sib lings , ▁Charles ▁Robert ▁Les lie , ▁who ▁lived ▁in ▁London , ▁and ▁Anna ▁Les lie , ▁were ▁artists . ▁Her ▁brother ▁Thomas ▁Jefferson ▁Les lie ▁graduated ▁from ▁West ▁Point ▁and ▁her ▁other ▁sister , ▁Mar tha ▁“ Pat ty ,” ▁married ▁the ▁book ▁publish er ▁Henry ▁Charles ▁Care y . ▁ ▁Following ▁her ▁father ’ s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 , ▁her ▁mother ▁operated ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁board ing ▁houses . ▁They ▁moved ▁from ▁their ▁home ▁on ▁High ▁Street ▁to ▁a ▁board ing ▁house ▁on ▁South ▁Six th ▁Street , ▁then ▁Spr uce ▁Street , ▁and , ▁finally , ▁to ▁ 1 ▁Minor ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁her ▁mother ’ s ▁life ▁before ▁she ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 4 . ▁Les lie ▁attended ▁the ▁cook ing ▁school ▁of ▁the ▁f amed ▁Mrs . ▁Good f ellow ▁for ▁two ▁terms , ▁and ▁her ▁first ▁book ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁notes ▁she ▁had ▁taken ▁of ▁Good f ellow ’ s ▁class ▁reci pes , ▁although ▁in ▁the ▁introduction ▁she ▁ins isted ▁the ▁reci pes ▁were ▁" original , ▁and ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁author ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁her ▁friends ▁with ▁uniform ▁success ." ▁ ▁Se vent y - F ive ▁Rece i pts ▁for ▁Pas try , ▁C akes , ▁and ▁S weet me |
ats ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 8 , ▁became ▁a ▁success ▁and ▁went ▁through ▁eleven ▁ed itions ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 9 . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Les lie ’ s ▁Dire ctions ▁for ▁Cook ery , ▁in ▁its ▁Vari ous ▁Branch es ▁( 1 8 3 7 ), ▁sold ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁and ▁stayed ▁in ▁print ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁cook book ▁of ▁the ▁century . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁generalized ▁work , ▁written ▁to ▁appeal ▁to ▁all ▁classes ▁and ▁to ▁city ▁or ▁rural ▁dwell ers ▁from ▁all ▁regions . ▁Some ▁of ▁her ▁nine ▁cook books ▁were ▁more ▁special ized . ▁Using ▁the ▁French ▁she ▁learned ▁as ▁a ▁child , ▁Les lie ▁translated ▁French ▁reci pes ▁for ▁Dom estic ▁French ▁Cook ery ▁( 1 8 3 2 ) ▁and ▁wrote ▁an ▁entire ▁book ▁on ▁corn me al ▁reci pes , ▁The ▁Indian ▁Me al ▁Book ▁( 1 8 4 7 ). ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁pro l ific ▁writer ▁of ▁fiction ▁and ▁non f iction ▁works ▁for ▁ju ven iles ▁and ▁adult s . ▁Al most ▁year ly , ▁between ▁ 1 8 3 6 - 1 8 4 5 , ▁Les lie ▁edited ▁an ▁annual ▁gift ▁book ▁called ▁The ▁G ift : ▁A ▁Christmas ▁and ▁New ▁Year ’ s ▁Pres ent , ▁with ▁contributions ▁from ▁Ed gar ▁All an ▁Po e ▁( which ▁included ▁the ▁first ▁appearances ▁of ▁five ▁short ▁stories ▁including |
▁" The ▁Pit ▁and ▁the ▁P end ul um ," ▁" Man us cript ▁in ▁a ▁B ott le ," ▁and ▁" The ▁Pur lo ined ▁Let ter "), ▁Henry ▁W ad sw orth ▁Long f ellow , ▁and ▁Ralph ▁Wal do ▁Em erson . ▁She ▁also ▁contributed ▁to ▁G ode y ’ s ▁Lady ’ s ▁Book , ▁Graham ’ s ▁Magazine , ▁Saturday ▁Gazette , ▁and ▁Saturday ▁Even ing ▁Post . ▁ ▁Publications ▁▁ ▁'' ▁Se vent y - F ive ▁Rece i pts ▁for ▁Pas try , ▁C akes , ▁and ▁S weet me ats ] ▁( 1 8 2 8 ) ▁ 1 8 3 6 . ▁ ▁American ▁Girl ' s ▁Book , ▁ 1 8 3 1 . ▁ ▁Dom estic ▁French ▁Cook ery , ▁ 1 8 3 2 . ▁ ▁P enc il ▁Sk etch es ; ▁or , ▁Out lines ▁of ▁Char acters ▁and ▁Mann ers , ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁ ▁Miss ▁Les lie ' s ▁Be havior ▁Book , ▁ 1 8 3 4 . ▁ ▁[ https :// archive . org / details / dire ctions for co 0 0 les l go og ▁ ▁Dire ctions ▁for ▁Cook ery , ▁in ▁its ▁Vari ous ▁Branch es ] ▁( 1 8 3 7 ) ▁▁ 1 8 4 4 ▁ ▁[ http :// catalog . h ath it rust . org / Record / 0 0 8 5 5 9 8 9 9 ▁The ▁G ift : ▁A ▁Christmas |
▁and ▁New ▁Year ’ s ▁Pres ent ] ▁ 1 8 3 7 , ▁ 1 8 3 9 - 4 0 , ▁ 1 8 4 2 - 4 5 ▁ ▁[ https :// archive . org / details / miss les lies lad ys 0 0 les l ▁ ▁Miss ▁Les lie ' s ▁Lady ' s ▁New ▁Rece ipt - Book ] ▁( 1 8 4 0 ) ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁ ▁The ▁Indian ▁Me al ▁Book , ▁ 1 8 4 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁Lady ' s ▁Rece ipt - Book : ▁A ▁Use ful ▁Comp an ion ▁for ▁Lar ge ▁or ▁Small ▁Famil ies , ▁ 1 8 4 7 . ▁ ▁Am elia ; ▁or , ▁A ▁Young ▁Lady ' s ▁Vic iss itudes , ▁ 1 8 4 8 . ▁ ▁Miss ▁Les lie ' s ▁Lady ' s ▁New ▁Rece ipt - Book , ▁ 1 8 5 0 . ▁ ▁Miss ▁Les lie ' s ▁Dire ctions ▁for ▁Cook ery , ▁ 1 8 5 1 . ▁ ▁More ▁Rece i pts , ▁ 1 8 5 2 . ▁▁ ▁[ https :// books . google . com / books ? id = D 7 S d Y R t R j 1 0 C & print sec = front cover & d q = int itle : New + int itle : Rece i pts + int itle : for + int itle : Cook ing + ina ut hor |
: Les lie & hl = en & sa = X & ei = r Y i Z V b CV J 4 T Z - Q H 9 8 IG 4 D g & ved = 0 C DE Q 6 AE w AA # v = one page & q & f = false ▁New ▁Rece i pts ▁for ▁Cook ing ] ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁ ▁[ https :// books . google . com / books ? id = x g Eq AAAA Y AA J & print sec = front cover & d q = int itle : New + int itle : Cook ery + int itle : Book + ina ut hor : Les lie & hl = en & sa = X & ei = P om Z V Y Ha H Y Hy - AG b _ arg B w & ved = 0 CC c Q 6 AE w AA # v = one page & q & f = false ▁New ▁Cook ery ▁Book '' ▁▁▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Sc ans ▁and ▁Trans cript s ▁of ▁Books ▁by ▁El iza ▁Les lie ▁at ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ▁Digital ▁Col lections ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 8 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁food ▁writers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Gl ouc ester ▁City , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : American ▁cook book |
▁writers ▁Category : American ▁women ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Fe ild ing ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Sir ▁William ▁Fe ild ing ▁( d ied ▁ 1 4 7 1 ), ▁Lan cast rian ▁and ▁kn ight ▁of ▁the ▁sh ire ▁for ▁Le ic esters hire ▁William ▁Fe ild ing , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Den b igh ▁( c . 1 5 8 7 – 1 6 4 3 ), ▁English ▁naval ▁officer ▁and ▁court ier ▁William ▁Fe ild ing , ▁ 3 rd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Den b igh ▁( 1 6 4 0 – 1 6 8 5 ), ▁grand son ▁of ▁ 3 rd ▁Earl ▁ ▁William ▁Fe ild ing ▁( 1 6 6 9 – 1 7 2 3 ), ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Castle ▁R ising ▁ 1 7 0 5 – 2 4 ▁William ▁Robert ▁Fe ild ing , ▁Vis count ▁Fe ild ing ▁( 1 7 6 0 – 1 7 9 9 ), ▁British ▁army ▁colon el ▁and ▁politician ▁William ▁Fe ild ing , ▁ 7 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Den b igh ▁( 1 7 9 6 – 1 8 6 5 ), ▁son ▁of ▁William ▁Robert ▁Fe ild ing , ▁Vis count ▁Fe ild ing ▁William ▁Fe ild ing ▁( s old ier ) ▁( 1 8 3 6 – 1 8 9 5 ), ▁British ▁soldier , ▁son ▁of ▁ 7 th ▁Earl ▁Den b igh ▁William ▁Fe ild |
ing , ▁ 1 0 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Den b igh ▁( 1 9 1 2 – 1 9 6 6 ) ▁William ▁Fe ild ing , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Den b igh ▁( 1 9 4 3 – 1 9 9 5 ), ▁Earl ▁of ▁Den b igh ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁William ▁Field ing ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁as ▁a ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁electric ▁wire ▁and ▁cable ▁for ▁power ▁distribution . ▁The ▁company , ▁based ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁Japan , ▁was ▁formed ▁from ▁Hit achi ▁D ensen ▁Works , ▁the ▁Hit achi ▁Works ▁spin - off ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁D ensen ▁Works . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁half - century ▁following ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁Hit achi ▁C ables ▁have ▁expanded ▁its ▁business ▁operations ▁to ▁include ▁the ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁rub ber , ▁co pper ▁cable , ▁and ▁optical ▁products . ▁Although ▁the ▁company ▁still ▁act ively ▁eng ages ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁raw ▁materials ▁for ▁w ires ▁and ▁c ables , ▁it ▁has ▁incorpor ated ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁tele communic ations ▁equipment ▁into ▁its ▁product ▁line . ▁To ▁that ▁end , ▁the ▁product ▁line ▁now ▁includes ▁anten nas ▁and ▁co ax ial ▁c ables , ▁comp ound ▁sem icon duct ors ▁and ▁various ▁electronic ▁components , ▁including ▁a ▁terminal ▁anten na ▁for ▁wireless ▁communication . ▁The ▁company ▁has ▁also ▁developed ▁the ▁W ire less IP 5 0 0 0 , ▁a ▁wireless ▁IP ▁phone ▁that ▁supports ▁the ▁Session ▁In |
iti ation ▁Pro tocol ▁( SI P ). ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁related ▁push ▁into ▁the ▁IT ▁ar ena , ▁ ▁has ▁developed ▁the ▁A pres ia 1 8 0 2 0 , ▁Japan ' s ▁first ▁Ter ab it ▁network ▁switch , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁switching ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 1 . 8 ▁Ter ab its ▁per ▁second . ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁companies ▁that ▁support ▁the ▁cons ort ium ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁▁ 1 0 ▁G ig ab it ▁E ther net ▁Alliance , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁top ▁wire ▁& ▁cable ▁Man ufact ur ers ▁like ▁Bel den , ▁General ▁C able , ▁and ▁ 1 X ▁Techn ologies . ▁▁ ▁Category : H it achi ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Category : W ire ▁and ▁cable ▁manufact ur ers ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁S par n opol ius ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁be e ▁f lies , ▁insect s ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Bom by li idae . ▁There ▁are ▁about ▁ 1 7 ▁described ▁species ▁in ▁S par n opol ius . ▁ ▁Species ▁These ▁ 1 7 ▁species ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁S par n opol ius : ▁▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁anom alus ▁( P ain ter , ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁co cker elli ▁( H esse , ▁ 1 9 3 8 |
) ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁color ad ensis ▁G rote , ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁conf us us ▁( W ied emann , ▁ 1 8 2 4 ) ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁b ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁distinct us ▁( W alk er , ▁ 1 8 5 2 ) ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁divers us ▁Will ist on , ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁heter opter us ▁( Mac qu art , ▁ 1 8 4 0 ) ▁c ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁h yal inus ▁( F ab r ici us , ▁ 1 8 0 5 ) ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁h yal ip ennis ▁( Mac qu art , ▁ 1 8 4 6 ) ▁c ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁in orn atus ▁( W alk er , ▁ 1 8 4 9 ) ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁kar as anus ▁( H esse , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁c ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁le uc opy g us ▁( W ulp , ▁ 1 8 8 5 ) ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁meg ace phal us ▁( Port sch in sky , ▁ 1 8 8 7 ) ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁n ig rac |
inct us ▁( R ober ts , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ) ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁och ro bas is ▁Hall ▁and ▁Even h uis , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁i ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁per mi xt us ▁( H esse , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁S par n opol ius ▁ten i uro str is ▁( R ober ts , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ) ▁c ▁g ▁ ▁Data ▁sources : ▁i ▁= ▁IT IS , ▁c ▁= ▁Catalogue ▁of ▁Life , ▁g ▁= ▁GB IF , ▁b ▁= ▁Bug guide . net ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : B om by li idae ▁gener a ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁tennis ▁compet itions ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Mediter rane an ▁Games ▁in ▁M ers in ▁took ▁place ▁between ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁and ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁at ▁the ▁M ers in ▁Tennis ▁Complex ▁with ▁capacity ▁for ▁ 3 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Athlet es ▁competed ▁in ▁ 4 ▁events . ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁ ▁Medal ▁table ▁Key : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S ports ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Mediter rane an ▁Games ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁tennis <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁femin ine ▁Japanese ▁given ▁name . ▁ ▁Possible ▁writ ings ▁Ki |
y oko ▁can ▁be ▁written ▁many ▁ways ▁using ▁different ▁kan ji ▁characters . ▁Some ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁are : ▁ ▁, ▁meaning ▁" p ure ▁child " ▁ ▁, ▁meaning ▁" re jo ice - child " ▁ ▁, ▁meaning ▁" re jo ice , ▁gift ▁child " ▁ ▁, ▁meaning ▁" re jo ice , ▁ocean ▁child " ▁▁ ▁, ▁meaning ▁" und ef iled ▁child ", ▁" vir tu ous ▁child ". ▁ ▁People ▁ ▁Hay ley ▁Ki y oko ▁(: ▁born ▁Hay ley ▁Ki y oko ▁Al cro ft ), ▁an ▁American ▁actress , ▁singer - song writer , ▁music ian , ▁and ▁dan cer ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁A rai ▁( ), ▁a ▁m anga ▁artist ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁F uk uda ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 4 4 ), ▁former ▁First ▁Lady ▁of ▁Japan , ▁wife ▁of ▁Y as uo ▁F uk uda ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁F uk uda ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁Japanese ▁former ▁vol ley ball ▁player ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁Mur ata ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 4 5 ), ▁Japanese ▁writer ▁, ▁Japanese ▁spr inter ▁, ▁Japanese ▁judge ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁O no ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 3 6 ), ▁a ▁Japanese ▁politician ▁and ▁former ▁Olympic ▁art istic ▁g ymn ast ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁Say ama ▁( ), ▁a ▁Japanese ▁an ime ▁director ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁Sh im ah ara ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁a |
▁Japanese ▁mar athon ▁runner ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁M ats um oto ▁( ), ▁a ▁person ▁known ▁for ▁having ▁committed ▁suic ide ▁by ▁jump ing ▁into ▁the ▁cr ater ▁of ▁Mount ▁Mih ara ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁which ▁started ▁a ▁tr end ▁all ▁over ▁Japan ▁ ▁F ict ional ▁characters ▁named ▁Ki y oko ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁( , ▁a ka ▁Number ▁ 2 5 ), ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁M anga , ▁A ki ra ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁Yam ag uch i , ▁k ay f abe ▁wife ▁of ▁W WE ▁manager ▁W ally ▁Yam ag uch i ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁( aka ▁Kom ori ▁/ bat /), ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁horror ▁film ▁Su ic ide ▁Club ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁Mad oka , ▁a ▁character ▁from ▁the ▁m anga ▁series ▁Gil g ames h ▁and ▁its ▁an ime ▁ad a ption ▁ ▁Ki y oko , ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁an ime ▁film ▁Tokyo ▁God f athers ▁ ▁Ki y oko ▁Sh im iz u , ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁an ime ▁Ha ik y u u !! ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁femin ine ▁given ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁N Z R ▁R M ▁class ▁W air ar apa ▁rail car ▁was ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁rail c ars ▁on ▁New ▁Zealand ' s ▁national ▁rail ▁network . ▁ ▁They ▁entered ▁service ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁( three ▁weeks ▁after ▁the ▁Mid land ▁rail c ars ) ▁and |
▁were ▁class ified ▁R M ▁like ▁all ▁other ▁classes ▁of ▁rail c ars ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ; ▁they ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" W air ar apa " ▁class ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁operate ▁over ▁the ▁famous ▁R im ut aka ▁In cl ine ▁to ▁the ▁W air ar apa ▁region ▁on ▁the ▁W air ar apa ▁Line . ▁ ▁They ▁also ▁acquired ▁the ▁nick name ▁of ▁" t in ▁har es " ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁rail fan ▁j arg on . ▁The ▁first ▁two ▁to ▁be ▁introduced ▁re - used ▁the ▁numbers ▁R M ▁ 4 ▁and ▁R M ▁ 5 ▁that ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁with dra wn ▁experimental ▁Model ▁T ▁Ford ▁rail c ars . ▁The ▁class ▁consisted ▁of ▁six ▁passenger ▁rail c ars ▁and ▁one ▁passenger - fre ight ▁rail car . ▁It ▁is ▁often ▁described ▁incorrectly ▁as ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁six ▁rail c ars . ▁ ▁Background ▁▁ ▁The ▁R im ut aka ▁In cl ine ▁over ▁the ▁R im ut aka ▁R anges ▁pos ed ▁a ▁severe ▁time ▁delay ▁to ▁any ▁service ▁operating ▁between ▁Well ington ▁and ▁the ▁W air ar apa ▁region . ▁ ▁At ▁one ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁In cl ine , ▁a ▁train ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁its ▁engine ▁replaced ▁by ▁multiple ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁H ▁class , ▁as ▁the ▁H ▁class ▁locomot ives ▁were ▁spe cially ▁designed ▁to ▁work ▁the ▁ste ep ▁and ▁difficult ▁In cl ine . ▁ ▁Once ▁they ▁ha u led ▁the ▁train ▁the ▁length ▁of |
▁the ▁In cl ine , ▁they ▁were ▁then ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁ordinary ▁engine . ▁The ▁procedure ▁to ▁attach ▁and ▁remove ▁the ▁H ▁class ▁locomot ives , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁actual ▁trip ▁along ▁the ▁In cl ine , ▁was ▁very ▁slow . ▁ ▁The ▁W air ar apa ▁rail c ars ▁were ▁designed ▁as ▁an ▁answer ▁to ▁this ▁problem . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁intended ▁to ▁operate ▁along ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁In cl ine ▁and ▁take ▁over ▁W air ar apa ▁passenger ▁services ▁from ▁regular ▁carriage ▁trains . ▁Their ▁body ▁was ▁built ▁higher ▁than ▁an ▁ordinary ▁rail car , ▁with ▁a ▁raised ▁floor , ▁to ▁enable ▁them ▁to ▁pass ▁over ▁the ▁raised ▁F ell ▁centre ▁rail ▁on ▁the ▁R im ut aka ▁In cl ine . ▁In ▁design , ▁they ▁res emble d ▁a ▁bus , ▁and ▁unlike ▁a ▁usual ▁single - unit ▁rail car ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁driving ▁compart ment ▁at ▁each ▁end , ▁the ▁W air ar apa ▁rail c ars ▁only ▁had ▁one ▁driving ▁end , ▁necess it ating ▁that ▁they ▁be ▁turned ▁at ▁the ▁termin us ▁of ▁their ▁journey . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁six ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁( R M ▁ 4 ▁to ▁R M ▁ 9 ) ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁carry ▁ 4 9 ▁passengers ▁with ▁their ▁b agg age . ▁These ▁were ▁named ▁after ▁historic ▁Ma ori ▁can o es : ▁Ma ah un ui , ▁Mah u hu , ▁Mam ari , ▁M ata hour ua , ▁Ma at ua , ▁and ▁A rai - |
te - U ru . ▁ ▁A ▁sevent h ▁rail car , ▁R M ▁ 1 0 , ▁named ▁A raw a , ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁mixed ▁fre ight ▁and ▁passenger ▁vehicle ▁with ▁se ating ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁passengers ▁at ▁the ▁front , ▁a ▁fre ight ▁compart ment ▁with ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 ▁tons ▁in ▁the ▁centre , ▁and ▁a ▁gu ards ▁compart ment ▁at ▁the ▁rear ▁ ▁Operation ▁▁ ▁Upon ▁their ▁introduction ▁to ▁re venue ▁service ▁on ▁ 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁the ▁W air ar apa ▁rail c ars ▁became ▁the ▁second ▁successful ▁class ▁of ▁rail c ars ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁following ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Mid land ▁class ▁three ▁weeks ▁earlier . ▁The ▁W air ar apa ▁rail c ars ▁immediately ▁slash ed ▁running ▁times ▁between ▁Well ington ▁and ▁the ▁W air ar apa , ▁and ▁would ▁operate ▁the ▁full ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁W air ar apa ▁Line ▁from ▁Well ington ▁to ▁Wood ville , ▁and ▁then ▁util ise ▁the ▁Pal mer ston ▁North – G is bor ne ▁Line ▁through ▁the ▁Man aw atu ▁G orge ▁to ▁access ▁Pal mer ston ▁North . ▁ ▁They ▁proved ▁popular ▁with ▁passengers , ▁fully ▁replacing ▁a ▁locomot ive - h au led ▁carriage ▁train ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁W air ar apa ▁Mail ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁though ▁local ▁mixed ▁trains ▁continued ▁to ▁operate . ▁ ▁The ▁composite ▁passenger - good s ▁rail car ▁R M ▁ 1 0 ▁entered ▁service ▁on |
▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁Although ▁able ▁to ▁traverse ▁the ▁R im ut aka ▁In cl ine ▁like ▁the ▁other ▁six ▁W air ar apa ▁class ▁rail c ars , ▁R M ▁ 1 0 ▁worked ▁between ▁Cross ▁Creek ▁and ▁Master ton ▁carrying ▁mainly ▁school ▁children , ▁parc els ▁and ▁light ▁fre ight , ▁and ▁can s ▁of ▁milk ▁and ▁cre am . ▁This ▁rail car ▁was ▁with dra wn ▁from ▁service ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁a ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁having ▁to ▁run ▁between ▁Cross ▁Creek ▁and ▁Master ton ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁rail car , ▁to ▁attend ▁to ▁sh un ting ▁duties . ▁The ▁resulting ▁mixed ▁train ▁( good s ▁with ▁passenger ▁car ▁attached ) ▁was ▁subsequently ▁referred ▁to ▁locally ▁as ▁The ▁A raw a . ▁ ▁With draw al ▁and ▁pres ervation ▁▁ ▁The ▁replacement ▁of ▁the ▁R im ut aka ▁In cl ine ▁by ▁the ▁R im ut aka ▁T unnel ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁main ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁W air ar apa ▁rail c ars ' ▁operation ▁ceased ▁to ▁exist . ▁ ▁Lo comot ive ▁ha u led ▁trains ▁were ▁now ▁compet itive ▁in ▁tim ings ▁with ▁the ▁rail c ars , ▁which ▁were ▁soon ▁with dra wn ▁from ▁service . ▁By ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁the ▁six ▁remaining ▁cars ▁were ▁in ▁storage ▁at ▁H utt ▁Work sh ops ▁await ing ▁an ▁uncertain ▁future . |
▁They ▁became ▁increasing ly ▁der el ict , ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁stored ▁outside ▁and ▁enthus iast s ▁often ▁removed ▁small ▁parts ▁as ▁' s ou ven irs ' ▁of ▁the ▁rail c ars . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁the ▁Well ington ▁Branch ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Railway ▁& ▁Lo comot ive ▁Society ▁purchased ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁R M ▁ 4 , ▁ 5 , ▁ 6 , ▁and ▁ 9 ▁for ▁pres ervation ▁at ▁their ▁Grace field ▁site . ▁To ▁move ▁the ▁cars ▁from ▁H utt ▁Sh ops ▁to ▁Grace field , ▁the ▁N Z R & LS ▁members ▁phys ically ▁sh unted ▁the ▁rail c ars ▁from ▁the ▁works ▁to ▁Grace field , ▁as ▁the ▁rail c ars ' ▁dies el ▁engines ▁were ▁not ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁oper able . ▁When ▁the ▁group ▁shift ed ▁to ▁Se av iew , ▁R M ▁ 5 ▁( by ▁then ▁working ▁again ) ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁imp rom pt u ▁sh un ting ▁engine ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁group ' s ▁collection . ▁ ▁After ▁arrival , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁to ▁restore ▁R M ▁ 5 ▁Mah u hu ▁to ▁working ▁order ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁felt ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁the ▁best ▁condition . ▁R M ▁ 4 ▁( which ▁had ▁been ▁dam aged ▁in ▁a ▁level ▁crossing ▁collision ▁before ▁withdraw al ), ▁R M ▁ 6 , ▁and ▁R M ▁ 9 ▁A rai - te - uru ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁being ▁spare ▁parts ▁sources . ▁ ▁R M |
▁ 4 ▁and ▁R M ▁ 6 ▁were ▁scra pped ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁after ▁all ▁re - usable ▁components ▁were ▁stri pped ▁from ▁their ▁h ul ks , ▁while ▁R M ▁ 5 ▁and ▁R M ▁ 9 ▁were ▁placed ▁into ▁storage ▁at ▁the ▁SS R . ▁With ▁no ▁plans ▁for ▁the ▁SS R ▁to ▁restore ▁either , ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁le ase ▁R M ▁ 5 ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁P ah iat ua ▁Rail car ▁Society , ▁who ▁would ▁then ▁restore ▁it ▁to ▁main line ▁operating ▁standards . ▁The ▁car ▁arrived ▁at ▁P ah iat ua ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁and ▁work ▁began ▁to ▁slowly ▁restore ▁the ▁car ▁to ▁oper able ▁condition . ▁ ▁As ▁R M ▁ 5 ▁was ▁missing ▁many ▁parts , ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁ac quire ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁R M ▁ 9 ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁spare ▁parts ▁source ▁to ▁complete ▁the ▁rest oration ▁of ▁R M ▁ 5 . ▁Ar riv ing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁incomplete ▁frames ▁of ▁R M ▁ 9 ▁became ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁spare ▁parts ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁dup licated ▁or ▁restored ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁its ▁sister ▁car . ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁plans ▁to ▁restore ▁R M ▁ 9 ▁in ▁its ▁own ▁right ▁as ▁a ▁rail ▁vehicle , ▁and ▁it ▁will ▁most ▁likely ▁be ▁scra pped ▁once ▁it ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁useful . ▁ |
▁Origin ally , ▁the ▁' W air ar apa ' ▁rail c ars ▁had ▁wooden ▁internal ▁fr aming ▁covered ▁with ▁steel ▁she ath ing ; ▁however , ▁R M ▁ 5 ' s ▁body ▁had ▁decay ed ▁so ▁far ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁original ▁wooden ▁fr aming ▁with ▁steel . ▁This ▁impro ves ▁the ▁rail car ' s ▁' cr ash worth iness ', ▁quite ▁apart ▁from ▁being ▁less ▁maintenance - int ensive . ▁Rest oration ▁of ▁R M ▁ 5 ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁after ▁an ▁effort ▁sp anning ▁ 2 6 ▁years . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁P ah iat ua ▁Rail car ▁Society ▁- ▁R M ▁ 5 ▁ ▁Ph oto ▁of ▁R M ▁ 4 ▁" Ma ah un ui ", ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁and ▁in ▁A uck land ▁ ▁Ph oto ▁of ▁R M ▁ 1 0 ▁" A raw a " ▁c . 1 9 3 7 ▁ ▁Category : R ail c ars ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : P et rol ▁rail c ars <0x0A> </s> ▁Ag ence ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Ag ence ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁( B urk ina ▁F aso ) ▁Ag ence ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁du ▁B én in ▁Ag ence ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁( Rep ublic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo |
) ▁Ag ence ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁du ▁Gab on ▁Ag ence ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁du ▁M ali ▁National ▁Civil ▁A viation ▁Agency ▁( M aur it ania ) ▁Ag ence ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁( N iger ) ▁Ag ence ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁du ▁S én ég al ▁Ag ence ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civile ▁du ▁T ogo ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ag ence ▁N ationale ▁de ▁l ' A viation ▁Civil ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Black ▁Cloud ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁The ▁Black ▁Cloud , ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁a ▁science ▁fiction ▁novel ▁by ▁British ▁ast ro phys ic ist ▁Fred ▁Ho yle ▁ ▁Black ▁Cloud ▁( film ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁film ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Rick ▁Sch ro der ▁ ▁" Black ▁Cloud ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁P ink ▁F loyd ▁keyboard ▁player ▁Richard ▁Wright ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁album ▁Bro ken ▁China ▁ ▁" Black ▁Cloud ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Morris sey ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁album ▁Years ▁of ▁Ref us al ▁ ▁Black ▁Cloud ▁Music , ▁an ▁American ▁independent ▁music ▁label ▁based ▁in ▁San ▁Bernard ino , ▁California ▁ ▁Black ▁Cloud , ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 2 0 1 8 ▁com ic ▁book ▁series ▁published ▁by ▁Image ▁Comics ▁ ▁Black ▁Cloud , ▁the ▁ant agon ist ▁organization ▁in ▁the ▁animated ▁show ▁Meta J ets ▁ |
▁Black ▁Cloud , ▁or ▁Software ▁Def ined ▁Per imeter ▁( SD P ), ▁an ▁approach ▁to ▁computer ▁security <0x0A> </s> ▁W V U V - FM ▁( 1 0 3 . 1 ▁FM , ▁" V 1 0 3 ") ▁is ▁a ▁radio ▁station ▁lic ensed ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁F ag ait ua , ▁American ▁Sam oa . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁A itul agi ▁Building ▁office ▁complex ▁in ▁T af una , ▁along ▁with ▁sister - st ations ▁K K H J - FM ▁and ▁K KB T - FM . ▁ ▁W V U V ▁broadcast s ▁from ▁a ▁tower ▁located ▁at op ▁M t . ▁O lete le . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁lic ensed ▁to ▁South ▁Se as ▁Broadcast ing , ▁Inc ., ▁which ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Larry ▁F uss , ▁Jo ey ▁C umm ings , ▁Kirk ▁H arn ack , ▁and ▁the ▁estate ▁of ▁Sm itt y ▁L ut u ▁( L ut u ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ). ▁ ▁Jo ey ▁C umm ings ▁is ▁General ▁Manager . ▁ ▁W V U V ▁air s ▁a ▁Sam o an ▁and ▁Pol yn esian ▁favor ites ▁music ▁format ▁and ▁oper ates ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁per ▁day . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁assigned ▁the ▁W V U V - FM ▁call ▁letters ▁by ▁the ▁Federal ▁Communic ations ▁Commission ▁on ▁April ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁western most |
▁" W " ▁call - sign ▁in ▁the ▁U . S ., ▁the ▁only ▁" W " ▁call - sign ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific , ▁the ▁only ▁" W " ▁call - sign ▁west ▁of ▁Texas , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁" W " ▁call - sign ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁equ ator . ▁ ▁The ▁" W " ▁call - sign ▁dates ▁from ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁station ▁W V U V ( AM ), ▁which ▁was ▁priv at ized ▁after ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁Air ▁staff ▁ ▁V 1 0 3 ▁emp lo ys ▁all ▁local ▁announ cers ▁and ▁is ▁live ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁and ▁voice - track ed ▁in ▁the ▁evening ▁and ▁over night . ▁ ▁News ▁ ▁W V U V ▁has ▁a ▁ 3 - person ▁local ▁news ▁team , ▁which ▁is ▁shared ▁with ▁sister - station ▁K K H J - FM . ▁He aded ▁by ▁veter an ▁News ▁Director ▁Mon ica ▁Miller , ▁daily ▁new sc asts ▁are ▁a ired ▁in ▁both ▁English ▁and ▁Sam o an . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁W V U V - FM ▁official ▁website ▁▁ µ W V U V - FM ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Juan ▁Val de z ▁was ▁Governor ▁of ▁Texas ▁and ▁Co ahu ila , ▁and ▁lieutenant ▁general ▁and ▁al cal de ▁( may or ) ▁of ▁the ▁pres id io ▁and ▁villa ▁of ▁B ex ar ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 4 ▁and ▁ 1 7 1 |
6 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Juan ▁Val de z ▁was ▁elected ▁governor ▁of ▁Texas ▁and ▁Co ahu ila ▁twice : ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 4 ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁mayor ▁of ▁the ▁pres id io ▁of ▁villa ▁of ▁B ex ar ▁( San ▁Antonio , ▁Texas ) ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 0 . ▁During ▁his ▁mayor alty ▁in ▁B ex ar , ▁he ▁established ▁a ▁mission ▁in ▁a ▁place ▁of ▁San ▁Jose ▁and ▁San ▁Miguel ▁de ▁Agu ay o , ▁under ▁orders ▁of ▁the ▁vic ero y ▁of ▁New ▁Spain , ▁even ▁after ▁that ▁Father ▁Antonio ▁de ▁Oliv ares ▁file d ▁a ▁pet ition ▁asking ▁that ▁the ▁mission ▁not ▁be ▁done ▁in ▁Z ac ate cas ▁( in ▁modern ▁Mexico ) ▁as ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁planned ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁new ▁mission . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁Spanish ▁Texas ▁Category : 1 7 1 0 s ▁in ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁J our ney ▁for ▁Margaret ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁drama ▁film ▁set ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁It ▁stars ▁Robert ▁Young ▁and ▁L ara ine ▁Day ▁as ▁a ▁couple ▁who ▁have ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁their ▁un born ▁child ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁bomb ing ▁ra id . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁in ▁which ▁William ▁L inds ay ▁White ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁described ▁their ▁experiences ▁adopt ing ▁an ▁or phan ▁in ▁London . ▁This ▁is ▁reflected ▁in ▁the |
▁introduction ▁to ▁the ▁film , ▁which ▁begins : ▁“ The ▁Margaret ▁of ▁this ▁story ▁is ▁real ... ▁“ ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁final ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁pro l ific ▁director ▁W . ▁S . ▁Van ▁Dy ke . ▁ ▁Plot ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁American ▁war ▁correspond ent ▁John ▁Davis ▁leaves ▁France ▁for ▁sa fer ▁London ▁with ▁his ▁wife , ▁N ora , ▁who ▁is ▁pre gn ant . ▁John ▁wants ▁her ▁to ▁go ▁back ▁home ▁to ▁Connecticut , ▁but ▁she ▁dec ides ▁to ▁stay ▁on ▁by ▁his ▁side . ▁John ▁is ▁worn ▁down ▁by ▁the ▁war , ▁and ▁N ora ▁has ▁her ▁doub ts ▁about ▁his ▁conv iction ▁as ▁a ▁rep orter . ▁ ▁During ▁The ▁Bl itz , ▁John ▁is ▁walking ▁around ▁London ▁in ▁the ▁rub ble , ▁moved ▁when ▁discover ing ▁a ▁des perate ▁young ▁boy . ▁As ▁he ▁returns ▁home , ▁he ▁lear ns ▁that ▁his ▁wife ▁has ▁been ▁hurt ▁in ▁the ▁bomb ings ▁and ▁taken ▁to ▁hospital . ▁ ▁It ▁turns ▁out ▁N ora ▁has ▁lost ▁the ▁baby ▁and ▁is ▁perman ently ▁injured , ▁meaning ▁that ▁she ▁will ▁never ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁bear ▁another ▁child . ▁N ora ▁is ▁dev ast ated ▁when ▁she ▁he ars ▁the ▁news ▁about ▁her ▁condition . ▁ ▁It ▁takes ▁months ▁for ▁N ora ▁to ▁recover ; ▁and , ▁when ▁she ▁does , ▁John ▁tries ▁to ▁put ▁her ▁on ▁a ▁flight ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁She ▁agre es ; ▁but ▁John ' s ▁colle ague , ▁Herbert ▁V . ▁All ison |
, ▁tries ▁to ▁conv ince ▁her ▁to ▁stay ▁on ▁and ▁fight ▁to ▁get ▁over ▁the ▁ill ▁fate ▁that ▁has ▁bef allen ▁her . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁she ▁goes ▁home . ▁ ▁John ▁continues ▁his ▁work ▁writing ▁about ▁war ▁or ph ans . ▁He ▁meets ▁with ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁or phan age , ▁Tr ud y ▁Stra uss , ▁and ▁starts ▁car ing ▁for ▁the ▁children . ▁He ▁also ▁meets ▁Peter , ▁the ▁boy ▁he ▁saw ▁during ▁The ▁Bl itz , ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁m ute ▁since ▁he ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁or phan age . ▁ ▁John ▁gives ▁Peter ▁a ▁to y ▁he ▁found ▁after ▁The ▁Bl itz , ▁which ▁causes ▁the ▁boy ▁to ▁see ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁father ▁figure . ▁Another ▁child , ▁Margaret , ▁comes ▁to ▁the ▁or phan age ▁after ▁being ▁in ▁fost er ▁care . ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁bomb ▁cas ing ▁in ▁a ▁chain ▁around ▁her ▁neck . ▁She ▁has ▁to ▁learn ▁to ▁cry ▁for ▁her ▁dead ▁parents . ▁ ▁At ▁tea ▁time , ▁Peter ▁comes ▁around ▁and ▁starts ▁communic ating ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁children . ▁Both ▁Peter ▁and ▁Margaret ▁open ▁up ▁to ▁John ▁in ▁the ▁evening ▁and ▁want ▁him ▁to ▁help ▁them . ▁Later , ▁when ▁bom bers ▁fly ▁over ▁the ▁or phan age , ▁John ▁helps ▁calm ▁the ▁children . ▁ ▁London ▁is ▁bom bed ▁again ▁during ▁the ▁night ; ▁and ▁John ▁and ▁All ison ▁go ▁around ▁looking ▁for ▁stories ▁to ▁write , ▁when ▁they ▁encounter ▁a ▁woman ▁carrying ▁a ▁dead ▁baby . ▁John , ▁increasing ly |
▁ups et , ▁is ▁inspired ▁to ▁write ▁stories . ▁Back ▁at ▁the ▁or phan age , ▁Peter ▁and ▁Margaret ▁are ▁to ▁meet ▁their ▁pros pective ▁parents . ▁John ▁agre es ▁to ▁accomp any ▁them ; ▁but ▁they ▁cl ing ▁to ▁him , ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁potential ▁ad op ters ▁are ▁very ▁nice . ▁ ▁Via ▁cable , ▁John ▁asks ▁N ora ▁if ▁he ▁can ▁adopt ▁the ▁two ▁children ▁and ▁bring ▁them ▁back ▁with ▁him . ▁N ora ' s ▁mother ▁answers ▁that ▁N ora ▁is ▁ill ▁but ▁" certain ▁will ▁want ▁children ". ▁N ora ▁had ▁a ▁break down ▁after ▁receiving ▁his ▁tele gram ▁but ▁re co vers ▁and ▁writes ▁to ▁confirm ▁she ▁wants ▁him ▁and ▁a ▁home ▁and ▁children , ▁" two , ▁four , ▁ten , ▁bring ▁them ". ▁ ▁It ▁turns ▁out ▁the ▁flight ▁from ▁London ▁to ▁Portugal ▁is ▁full . ▁John ▁tries ▁to ▁negoti ate ▁with ▁the ▁passengers ▁not ▁to ▁use ▁their ▁full ▁b agg age ▁allow ance , ▁but ▁it ▁doesn ' t ▁work . ▁John ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁bring ▁only ▁one ▁child ▁and ▁is ▁ad vised ▁to ▁let ▁the ▁children ▁perform ▁an ▁I Q ▁test ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁to ▁bring ▁with ▁him . ▁Margaret ▁scores ▁higher , ▁and ▁John ▁must ▁return ▁Peter ▁to ▁fost er ▁care . ▁Heart bro ken , ▁John ▁still ▁goes ▁to ▁the ▁air port ▁with ▁Margaret ; ▁but , ▁when ▁John ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁board ▁the ▁plane , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁passengers ▁has ▁given ▁up ▁her ▁place ▁to ▁Peter . ▁ ▁Later |
, ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁trip , ▁John ▁and ▁the ▁children ▁arrive ▁by ▁ship ▁to ▁the ▁port ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁watching ▁the ▁sh immer ing ▁lights ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁in ▁the ▁distance . ▁N ora ▁comes ▁to ▁meet ▁them ▁on ▁the ▁ship . ▁There ▁is ▁an ▁air ▁ra id ▁alarm , ▁but ▁N ora ▁tells ▁the ▁children ▁that , ▁once ▁the ▁war ▁is ▁over , ▁they ▁will ▁never ▁have ▁to ▁worry ▁that ▁the ▁lights ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁will ▁be ▁turned ▁off . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁a ▁surprise ▁hit ▁- ▁according ▁to ▁M GM ▁records ▁it ▁made ▁$ 7 7 9 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁Canada ▁and ▁$ 7 5 5 , 0 0 0 ▁elsewhere , ▁ear ning ▁a ▁profit ▁of ▁$ 5 6 1 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : B attle ▁of ▁Britain ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Franz ▁W ax man ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁or ph ans ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁W . ▁S . ▁Van ▁Dy ke ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁London ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁on ▁the ▁home ▁front ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category |
: Met ro - G old w yn - M ayer ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen plays ▁by ▁William ▁Ludwig ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁films ▁made ▁in ▁w art ime <0x0A> </s> ▁R oding ▁Valley ▁is ▁a ▁London ▁Under ground ▁station ▁situated ▁in ▁Buck h urst ▁Hill ▁in ▁the ▁E pping ▁Forest ▁district ▁of ▁Es sex ▁immediately ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁boundary ▁with ▁Gre ater ▁London ▁( the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Red bridge ). ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁H ain ault ▁loop ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁line ▁between ▁Ch ig well ▁and ▁Wood ford ▁stations . ▁However ▁ge ograph ically ▁it ▁is ▁mid way ▁between ▁Wood ford ▁and ▁Buck h urst ▁Hill ▁stations . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁between ▁Station ▁Way ▁and ▁Cher ry ▁Tree ▁R ise ▁( off ▁Buck h urst ▁Way ). ▁Since ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁station ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁Tra vel card ▁Zone ▁ 4 . ▁ ▁With ▁around ▁ ▁million ▁passenger ▁jour ne ys ▁recorded ▁in ▁, ▁R oding ▁Valley ▁is ▁the ▁ ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁entire ▁Under ground ▁network . ▁ ▁Location ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁originally ▁named ▁R oding ▁Valley ▁H alt ▁( though ▁while ▁the ▁full ▁name ▁appeared ▁on ▁tick ets ▁and ▁tim et ables , ▁the ▁suffix ▁H alt ▁appeared ▁on ▁only ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁sign age ), ▁and ▁was ▁opened ▁to ▁serve ▁new ▁housing ▁develop ments ▁between ▁Buck h urst ▁Hill ▁and ▁Wood ford . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁River ▁R oding |
▁which ▁is ▁close ▁by , ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁track ▁r ises ▁towards ▁Ch ig well ▁and ▁cross es ▁the ▁R oding ▁over ▁an ▁impress ive ▁vi ad uct . ▁Wood ford ▁J unction , ▁where ▁the ▁H ain ault ▁branch ▁leaves ▁the ▁main ▁Central ▁line ▁to ▁E pping , ▁is ▁very ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁station ▁— ▁R oding ▁Valley ' s ▁platforms ▁are ▁visible ▁from ▁the ▁train ▁in ▁either ▁direction ▁between ▁Wood ford ▁and ▁Buck h urst ▁Hill ▁( on ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁train ▁towards ▁Wood ford ). ▁ ▁R oding ▁Valley ▁station ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁catch ment ▁area , ▁which ▁explains ▁its ▁low ▁usage . ▁To ▁the ▁east ▁is ▁an ▁und e velop ed ▁flo od ▁plain ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁R oding . ▁A ▁short ▁distance ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁is ▁Buck h urst ▁Hill ▁station . ▁To ▁the ▁north - west ▁is ▁open ▁space , ▁while ▁the ▁areas ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁are ▁served ▁by ▁Wood ford ▁station , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁better ▁train ▁service . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁tracks ▁through ▁R oding ▁Valley ▁were ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁by ▁the ▁Great ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁( GER ) ▁on ▁its ▁Wood ford ▁to ▁Il ford ▁line ▁( the ▁Fair lop ▁Loop ). ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁not ▁opened ▁until ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁by ▁the ▁London ▁& ▁North ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁( L NER , ▁successor ▁to ▁the ▁G ER ). ▁ ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 5 – |
1 9 4 0 ▁New ▁Works ▁Program me ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Pass enger ▁Transport ▁Board ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁Wood ford ▁to ▁Il ford ▁loop ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁eastern ▁extensions ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁line . ▁Although ▁work ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁it ▁was ▁susp ended ▁at ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁work ▁was ▁only ▁res umed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁In ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁alter ations ▁required ▁for ▁the ▁elect r ification ▁of ▁the ▁line , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁closed ▁from ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁It ▁re open ed , ▁with ▁its ▁present ▁name , ▁and ▁was ▁first ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Central ▁line ▁from ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁The ▁rather ▁basic ▁station ▁buildings ▁( all - wood en ▁on ▁the ▁Wood ford - bound ▁side ) ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁more ▁substantial ▁structures ▁by ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 6 0 s ▁until ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁the ▁Wood ford - H ain ault ▁section ▁was ▁largely ▁operated ▁separately ▁from ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁line , ▁using ▁four - car ▁( l ater ▁three - car ) ▁trains ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Stock . ▁The ▁three ▁car ▁units ▁had ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁t ube ▁stock ▁middle ▁carriage . ▁These ▁trains ▁were ▁adapted ▁for ▁Autom |
atic ▁Train ▁Operation ▁( AT O ): ▁the ▁Wood ford - H ain ault ▁section ▁became ▁the ▁testing ▁ground ▁for ▁A TO ▁on ▁the ▁Victoria ▁line . ▁Some ▁Victoria ▁line ▁( 1 9 6 7 ▁Stock ) ▁trains ▁were ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁operate ▁this ▁section ▁and ▁named ▁FA CT , ▁" F ul ly ▁Autom atic ▁Control led ▁Train ". ▁The ▁separate ▁operation ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁abol ished , ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Stock ▁with dra wn ▁and ▁through ▁trains ▁to ▁Central ▁London ▁now ▁operate , ▁al beit ▁via ▁H ain ault . ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁it ▁is ▁normally ▁quick er ▁to ▁travel ▁to ▁Wood ford ▁and ▁change ▁there , ▁as ▁trains ▁to ▁central ▁London ▁run ▁frequently ▁from ▁that ▁point . ▁At ▁the ▁bu il dup ▁to ▁the ▁peak ▁periods , ▁some ▁trains ▁starting ▁from ▁H ain ault ▁dep ot ▁operate ▁to ▁central ▁London ▁via ▁G range ▁Hill , ▁Ch ig well , ▁R oding ▁Valley ▁and ▁Wood ford . ▁This ▁is ▁done ▁for ▁operating ▁convenience ▁but ▁passenger ▁demand ▁for ▁these ▁services ▁is ▁particularly ▁high . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁today ▁R oding ▁Valley ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁light ly ▁used ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Under ground . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁twelve ▁t ube ▁stations ▁not ▁to ▁have ▁ticket ▁bar riers . ▁The ▁station ▁under w ent ▁ref urb ishment ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁by ▁Met ron et . ▁ ▁Before ▁this , ▁the ▁ticket ▁office ▁was ▁only ▁staff ed ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁hours ▁every ▁week ▁to ▁allow |
▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁period ▁Tra vel cards ▁and ▁other ▁season ▁tick ets . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁the ▁station ▁had ▁a ▁for eman , ▁a ▁ticket ▁office ▁cl erk , ▁and ▁two ▁rail men , ▁one ▁of ▁whom ▁sold ▁tick ets ▁on ▁the ▁Wood ford ▁bound ▁( inner ▁rail ) ▁platform ▁using ▁a ▁Gib son ▁machine , ▁the ▁other ▁collect ing ▁tick ets ▁on ▁the ▁Ch ig well ▁bound ▁( outer ▁rail ) ▁platform . ▁ ▁Services ▁The ▁train ▁service ▁( which ▁used ▁to ▁end ▁at ▁ 8 pm ▁each ▁night ) ▁has ▁been ▁extended ▁to ▁mid night ▁to ▁take ▁into ▁account ▁the ▁rising ▁passenger ▁numbers . ▁The ▁typical ▁off - pe ak ▁service ▁in ▁trains ▁per ▁hour ▁( t ph ) ▁is : ▁▁ 3 ▁t ph ▁to ▁H ain ault ▁▁ 3 ▁t ph ▁to ▁Wood ford ▁ ▁At ▁morning ▁r ush ▁hour , ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁trains ▁that ▁run ▁to ▁West ▁R uis lip . ▁ ▁Con ne ctions ▁London ▁B uses ▁route ▁ 5 4 9 ▁serves ▁the ▁station . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁London ▁Transport ▁Museum ▁Phot ographic ▁Archive ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Cent ral ▁line ▁stations ▁Category : Tube ▁stations ▁in ▁Es sex ▁Category : Transport ▁in ▁E pping ▁Forest ▁District ▁Category : Form er ▁London ▁and ▁North ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁stations ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Category : 1 9 3 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 2 |
▁Indiana ▁Ho os iers ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁Indiana ▁University ▁Blo om ington ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁NCAA ▁Division ▁I - A ▁football ▁season . ▁They ▁participated ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Conference . ▁The ▁Ho os iers ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Memorial ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Blo om ington , ▁Indiana . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁co ached ▁by ▁Ger ry ▁Di N ardo ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁year ▁as ▁head ▁coach . ▁The ▁Ho os iers ▁finished ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁ 3 - 9 ▁( 1 - 7 ▁Big ▁Ten ) ▁record ▁to ▁finish ▁last ▁in ▁the ▁Big ▁Ten . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁R oster ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁NFL ▁d raf te es ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Indiana ▁Ho os iers ▁in ▁the ▁NFL ▁D raft ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Indiana ▁Category : Ind iana ▁Ho os iers ▁football ▁seasons ▁Ho os <0x0A> </s> ▁Dar ry l ▁Neil son ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁soap ▁opera ▁Short land ▁Street . ▁App ear ing ▁sp or ad ically , ▁Dar ry l ▁made ▁several ▁rec urr ing ▁appearance ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁the ▁characters ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁port rayed ▁by ▁Mark ▁Fer g us on . ▁ ▁A ▁character ▁that ▁fans ▁" lo ved ▁to ▁hate ", ▁Dar ry l ▁was ▁introduced ▁as ▁the ▁ant agon istic ▁son ▁of ▁reception ist ▁Mar j ▁Neil son ▁( El iz |
abeth ▁Mc R ae ) ▁and ▁param edic ▁Tom ▁Neil son ▁( Ad rian ▁Ke eling ). ▁Util ized ▁in ▁the ▁soap ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁develop ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Mar j , ▁Dar ry l ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁numerous ▁high - profile ▁story ▁lines . ▁These ▁included ▁attempting ▁to ▁ra pe ▁K irst y ▁Knight ▁( Ang ela ▁D ot chin ), ▁dru gg ing ▁Chris ▁Warner ▁( Michael ▁Gal vin ) ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁missed ▁his ▁wed ding ▁day , ▁f aking ▁the ▁ab du ction ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁children , ▁distrib uting ▁dod gy ▁dru gs , ▁ste aling ▁Grace ▁K wan ' s ▁( L yn ette ▁Ford ay ) ▁egg ▁cells ▁and ▁eventually ▁d row ning ▁after ▁attempting ▁to ▁murder ▁K irst y . ▁Dar ry l ' s ▁person ality ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁manip ulative , ▁e got ist ical ▁and ▁destruct ive . ▁However ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁noted ▁that ▁his ▁saving ▁grace ▁was ▁his ▁" lo ve ▁for ▁his ▁m um ". ▁ ▁Cre ation ▁and ▁casting ▁Upon ▁the ▁show ▁first ▁air ing , ▁aud ien ces ▁strugg led ▁to ▁relate ▁to ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Mar j ▁Neil son ▁( El iz abeth ▁Mc R ae ), ▁a ▁character ▁played ▁largely ▁for ▁com ic ▁relief . ▁The ▁character ▁was ▁the ▁mat ri arch ▁of ▁the ▁Neil son ▁family ▁unit ▁however ▁upon ▁the ▁re writing ▁of ▁Stuart ▁Neil son ▁( Martin ▁Hend erson ), ▁more ▁members ▁were ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁family . ▁To ▁add ▁more ▁depth ▁to |
▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Mar j ▁and ▁focus ▁her ▁story ▁lines ▁less ▁on ▁comedy , ▁produ cers ▁decided ▁to ▁introduce ▁another ▁of ▁her ▁sons ▁that ▁would ▁appear ▁ant agon istic ▁and ▁help ▁aud ien ces ▁sympath ize ▁with ▁her . ▁The ▁character ▁of ▁Dar ry l ▁was ▁created ▁because ▁of ▁this . ▁Without ▁aud ition ing , ▁Mark ▁Fer g us on ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁role ▁in ▁what ▁he ▁saw ▁as ▁type cast ing ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁wid ows ▁peak . ▁Fer g us on ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁sp or adic ▁role ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁before ▁running ▁into ▁a ▁" cont ract ual ▁dispute " ▁with ▁produ cers . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁dispute , ▁Fer g us on ▁requested ▁Dar ry l ▁be ▁killed ▁off ▁the ▁soap . ▁Dar ry l ▁was ▁killed ▁off ▁on ▁the ▁episode ▁air ing ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁with ▁his ▁body ▁making ▁his ▁final ▁appearance ▁several ▁days ▁later . ▁Fer g us on ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁soap ▁ 3 ▁years ▁later ▁as ▁Dar ry l ' s ▁brother , ▁Dam ien ▁Neil son . ▁ ▁Story lines ▁Dar ry l ▁arrived ▁to ▁Fer nd ale ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁refused ▁to ▁accept ▁responsibility ▁for ▁the ▁pat ern ity ▁of ▁his ▁new born ▁daughter . ▁He ▁began ▁to ▁date ▁K irst y ▁( Ang ela ▁D ot chin ) ▁but ▁shock ed ▁all ▁when ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁ra pe ▁her ▁when ▁she ▁rejected ▁his ▁adv ances ▁for ▁sex |
. ▁He ▁was ▁dis owned ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁Tom ▁( Ad rian ▁Ke eling ) ▁and ▁fled ▁Fer nd ale ▁after ▁being ▁dump ed ▁by ▁his ▁wife . ▁He ▁returned ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁when ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁clin ic ▁distrib uting ▁ph arma ce ut ical s . ▁He ▁grew ▁fix ated ▁with ▁his ▁colle ague ▁Al ison ▁Ray nor ▁( Dan ielle ▁C orm ack ) ▁and ▁used ▁his ▁myster ious ▁ill ness ▁to ▁gain ▁her ▁attention . ▁When ▁she ▁recon ci led ▁with ▁Chris ▁Warner ▁( Michael ▁Gal vin ), ▁Dar ry l ▁dru gg ed ▁Chris ▁and ▁locked ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁bar n ; ▁prevent ing ▁him ▁from ▁att ending ▁his ▁wed ding ▁and ▁causing ▁Al ison ▁to ▁fle e ▁the ▁country . ▁Dar ry l ▁sacrific ed ▁his ▁kid ney ▁for ▁his ▁dying ▁father ▁and ▁des per ately ▁tried ▁to ▁separate ▁his ▁mother ▁Mar j ▁( El iz abeth ▁Mc R ae ) ▁from ▁her ▁lo ver ▁Laur ie ▁( Ch ic ▁Little wood ) ▁through ▁black mail . ▁He ▁later ▁covered ▁up ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Jean - L uc ▁M af art ▁( Pierre ▁For et ). ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Fer nd ale ▁again ▁several ▁months ▁later ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁fl irt ▁with ▁W aver ley ▁Wilson ▁( Cla ire ▁Ch ith am ). ▁After ▁an ▁argument ▁with ▁his ▁ex - w ife ▁D iane ▁( S us ann ah ▁De vere ux ), ▁Dar ry l ▁f aked ▁the ▁ab du ction ▁of |
▁his ▁children ▁and ▁let ▁W aver ley ▁take ▁the ▁bl ame , ▁much ▁to ▁the ▁dis g ust ▁of ▁Mar j . ▁Mar j ▁dis owned ▁her ▁son ▁when ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁use ▁her ▁house ▁for ▁storage ▁of ▁illegal ▁ph arma ce ut ical s . ▁Dar ry l ' s ▁dod gy ▁dru gs ▁caused ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁a ▁patient ▁and ▁the ▁near ▁death ▁of ▁Lion el ▁Sk eg g ins ▁( John ▁Le igh ). ▁K irst y ▁took ▁out ▁another ▁personal ▁vend etta ▁against ▁Dar ry l ▁for ▁nearly ▁killing ▁her ▁f ian cé ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁Dar ry l ▁manip ulated ▁Stuart ▁( Martin ▁Hend erson ) ▁into ▁dis rupt ing ▁the ▁wed ding . ▁Dar ry l ▁began ▁to ▁date ▁Grace ▁K wan ▁( L yn ette ▁Ford ay ) ▁but ▁caused ▁controvers y ▁when ▁it ▁turned ▁out ▁he ▁was ▁ste aling ▁her ▁egg ▁cells . ▁Non eth eless ▁the ▁two ▁planned ▁to ▁fle e ▁Fer nd ale ▁but ▁when ▁K irst y ▁confront ed ▁Dar ry l ▁on ▁a ▁house bo at ▁about ▁his ▁illegal ▁drug ▁tra ff ick ing , ▁he ▁attacked ▁her ▁and ▁fell ▁over board . ▁His ▁body ▁was ▁found ▁several ▁days ▁later ▁floating ▁in ▁A uck land ▁Har bour . ▁ ▁Character ▁development ▁ ▁Character isation ▁Through out ▁Dar ry l ' s ▁run ▁on ▁Short land ▁Street , ▁he ▁was ▁identified ▁as ▁c unning , ▁evil ▁and ▁nast y . ▁Fer g us on ▁described ▁the ▁character ▁as ▁dynamic , |
▁saying ; ▁" I ▁really ▁like ▁playing ▁the ▁part , ▁because ▁whenever ▁he ' s ▁there , ▁he ▁makes ▁things ▁happen . ▁He ' s ▁a ▁very ▁dynamic ▁character . ▁He ▁really ▁gets ▁people ▁involved ▁with ▁the ▁show ." ▁He ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁Dar ry l ▁was ▁c unning , ▁but ▁not ▁smart ; ▁" I ▁try ▁and ▁put ▁some ▁of ▁my ▁own ▁sense ▁of ▁hum our ▁in ▁Dar ry l . ▁I ▁like ▁to ▁give ▁him ▁lots ▁of ▁different ▁sides . ▁He ' s ▁very ▁am bit ious , ▁like ▁he ▁can ▁control ▁situations ▁around ▁him . ▁But ▁he ' s ▁not ▁that ▁bright , ▁really . ▁If ▁he ▁was ▁just ▁a ▁bit ▁sm arter ▁he ' d ▁be ▁worth ▁an ▁absolute ▁fortune . ▁... ▁If ▁Dar ry l ▁was ▁just ▁a ▁bit ▁sm arter , ▁if ▁he ▁height ened ▁his ▁s ights , ▁then ▁he ▁could ▁come ▁back ▁and ▁try ▁for ▁Prime ▁Minister ". ▁Dar ry l ' s ▁one ▁re de em ing ▁factor ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁his ▁love ▁for ▁his ▁mother . ▁ ▁An tagon ism ▁The ▁character ▁of ▁Dar ry l ▁was ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁" villa in " ▁arch et ype . ▁The ▁character ▁is ▁remembered ▁heavily ▁for ▁his ▁ant agon istic ▁characteristics . ▁His ▁most ▁prominent ▁story line ▁was ▁when ▁he ▁locked ▁major ▁character ▁Chris ▁Warner ▁in ▁a ▁bar n , ▁so ▁as ▁he ▁would ▁miss ▁his ▁wed ding ▁day , ▁a ▁story line ▁often ▁re collect ed ▁on ▁by ▁actors ▁and ▁produ cers . ▁However |
▁the ▁character ▁also ▁went ▁through ▁numerous ▁other ▁story lines , ▁including ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁episode ▁where ▁Dar ry l ▁father ed ▁a ▁child , ▁only ▁to ▁push ▁responsibility ▁onto ▁his ▁te en age ▁brother . ▁The ▁character ▁of ▁Dar ry l ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁introduced ▁to ▁further ▁develop ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Mar j ▁and ▁make ▁her ▁less ▁com ic ▁relief . ▁The ▁character ' s ▁evil ▁nature ▁was ▁so ▁great , ▁producer ▁Steven ▁Z anos ki ▁thought ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁preced ent ▁for ▁villa ins ▁to ▁follow . ▁Dar ry l ' s ▁character ▁also ▁helped ▁the ▁audience ▁sympath ize ▁with ▁Mar j , ▁having ▁her ▁stuck ▁with ▁a ▁" no - good " ▁son . ▁Dar ry l ' s ▁character ▁was ▁truly ▁expl ored ▁within ▁his ▁first ▁year , ▁when ▁Dar ry l ▁cru ely ▁attempted ▁to ▁ra pe ▁K irst y ▁and ▁forced ▁his ▁wife ▁to ▁provide ▁him ▁with ▁an ▁al ib i ▁so ▁no ▁charges ▁would ▁be ▁laid . ▁The ▁ra pe ▁story line ▁pitch ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁so ▁controvers ial , ▁international ▁execut ives ▁wor ried ▁it ▁would ▁" s ul ly " ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁K irst y . ▁The ▁character ▁reached ▁his ▁peak ▁villa iny ▁when ▁he ▁st ole ▁girl friend ▁Grace ' s ▁eggs ▁and ▁started ▁to ▁use ▁Mar j ' s ▁house ▁as ▁storage ▁for ▁illegal ▁dru gs . ▁The ▁character ▁finally ▁reached ▁his ▁end ▁when ▁he ▁fell ▁off ▁a ▁boat ▁and ▁d rown ed , ▁while ▁trying ▁to ▁murder ▁K |
irst y . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁always ▁obvious ▁Dar ry l ▁was ▁to ▁get ▁his ▁come upp ance ▁as ▁this ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁ful fill ing ▁the ▁" villa in " ▁arch et ype . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Dar ry l ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁soap ' s ▁" original ▁bad boy " ▁and ▁Fer g us on ▁described ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁character ▁fans ▁" lo ved ▁to ▁hate ". ▁Dar ry l ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁an ▁icon ic ▁character , ▁being ▁awarded ▁the ▁third ▁best ▁character ▁alongside ▁brother ▁Dam ien , ▁to ▁ever ▁feature ▁on ▁the ▁soap . ▁The ▁story lines ▁that ▁saw ▁Dar ry l ▁lock ▁Chris ▁Warner ▁in ▁a ▁bar n ▁before ▁his ▁wed ding ▁and ▁the ▁characters ▁death , ▁have ▁been ▁voted ▁by ▁fans ▁as ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁shows ▁most ▁icon ic ▁moments . ▁Michael ▁Gal vin ▁( Chr is ▁Warner ) ▁pra ised ▁Fer g us on ▁and ▁the ▁sp ik ing ▁story line , ▁stating ; ▁" D ar ry l ▁was ▁the ▁show ' s ▁first ▁great ▁villa in ▁and ▁Mark ▁Fer g us on ▁did ▁a ▁great ▁job ▁ch ann elling ▁his ▁inner ▁Sat an . ▁I ▁remember ▁shooting ▁the ▁scene ▁where ▁he ▁dru gs ▁Chris ▁pre ▁lock ing ▁him ▁up ▁and ▁Chris ▁col laps es ▁on ▁the ▁table . ▁He ▁was ▁just ▁supposed ▁to ▁g lare ▁down ▁at ▁me ▁villa in ously ▁as ▁I ▁sl ump ed , ▁but ▁when ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁take ▁he ▁looked ▁down ▁at |
▁me ▁as ▁per ▁re he ars al ▁then ▁dis d ain fully ▁pushed ▁me ▁off ▁the ▁table ▁with ▁his ▁boot . ▁I ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁shot ▁and ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁floor ▁and ▁managed ▁not ▁to ▁start ▁la ughing ▁until ▁they ▁called ▁cut ." ▁Fer g us on ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Dar ry l ▁and ▁his ▁sp or adic ▁nature , ▁stating , ▁" D ar ry l ▁wasn ' t ▁the ▁sort ▁of ▁character ▁you ▁would ▁sit ▁down ▁for ▁tea ▁with ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁soap ▁opera ▁villa ins ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Short land ▁Street ▁characters ▁Category : T ele vision ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Category : M ale ▁characters ▁in ▁television <0x0A> </s> ▁D ud ding ston ▁Kirk ▁is ▁a ▁Par ish ▁Church ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Scotland , ▁located ▁adjacent ▁to ▁Holy ro od ▁Park ▁in ▁D ud ding ston ▁Village , ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Edinburgh . ▁Reg ular ▁services ▁are ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁k irk , ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁minister , ▁Rev ▁Dr ▁James ▁A . ▁P . ▁Jack ▁( from ▁ 2 0 0 1 ). ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁or ▁around ▁ 1 1 2 4 ▁by ▁D od in , ▁a ▁Norman ▁kn ight , ▁on ▁land ▁granted ▁to ▁Kel so ▁Ab bey ▁by ▁King ▁David ▁I ▁of ▁Scotland . ▁As ▁originally ▁built , ▁the ▁k irk ▁consisted ▁of ▁the ▁ch an cel , ▁nave ▁and ▁square ▁tower . ▁The |
▁traditional ▁pattern ▁of ▁an ▁east – west ▁axis ▁was ▁adopted . ▁The ▁original ▁entrance ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁wall ▁includes ▁a ▁particularly ▁fine ▁example ▁of ▁Sc oto - N orm an ▁stone ▁car ving , ▁with ▁a ▁round - to pped ▁door way . ▁Following ▁the ▁en larg ement ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁boundaries , ▁the ▁Pr eston field ▁A is le ▁was ▁added ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 1 . ▁This ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁gallery , ▁down st airs ▁area ▁and ▁bur ial ▁v ault s ▁were ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁the ▁k irk ’ s ▁interior ▁was ▁re condition ed , ▁with ▁the ▁former ▁pipe ▁organ ▁removed . ▁ ▁The ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁kir ky ard ▁from ▁D ud ding ston ▁village ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁gate house , ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁look out ▁point ▁to ▁d eter ▁" b od ys n atch ers " ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁Edinburgh ▁bod ys n atch ers , ▁known ▁as ▁" res urre ction ists ," ▁st ole ▁recently ▁buried ▁corps es ▁to ▁sell ▁to ▁an atom ists , ▁and , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁not orious ▁case ▁of ▁Bur ke ▁and ▁H are , ▁sometimes ▁also ▁res orted ▁to ▁murder . ▁ ▁Given ▁its ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁central ▁Edinburgh , ▁D ud ding ston ▁has ▁long ▁been ▁a ▁favour ite ▁location ▁for ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁city ’ s ▁artists ▁and ▁profession als . ▁The ▁novel ist ▁Walter ▁Scott ▁was ▁ord ained |
▁an ▁elder ▁at ▁D ud ding ston ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁k irk ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁ven ue ▁during ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁Festival ▁Fr inge . ▁ ▁Minister s ▁The ▁minister ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 8 0 s ▁was ▁Rev ▁Ben net . ▁ ▁A ▁famous ▁and ▁widely ▁adm ired ▁minister ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 8 4 0 ) ▁was ▁the ▁Re ver end ▁John ▁Thom son , ▁a ▁notable ▁painter ▁and ▁friend ▁of ▁Ra eb urn ▁and ▁Turner . ▁He ▁referred ▁to ▁his ▁parish ion ers ▁( and ▁large ▁family ) ▁as ▁" ma ▁b air ns " ▁ ▁and ▁hence ▁one ▁possible ▁explanation ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁Scottish ▁expression ▁" We ’ re ▁a ' ▁J ock ▁Tam son ’ s ▁b air ns ". ▁[ Note ▁the ▁pla que ▁opposite ▁the ▁church .) ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁replaced ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁by ▁James ▁Mac far lane ▁FR SE ▁D D ▁( 1 8 0 8 - 1 8 6 6 ), ▁who ▁was ▁Mod er ator ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Assembly ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁St ained ▁G lass ▁The ▁north ▁triple ▁window ▁in ▁the ▁gallery ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Joan ▁Car fra e , ▁wife ▁of ▁the ▁famous ▁detect ive , ▁All an ▁P ink erton , ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁D ud ding ston ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 2 ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁Chicago ▁in |
▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁The ▁window ▁is ▁designed ▁by ▁Douglas ▁Stra chan . ▁ ▁The ▁st ained ▁glass ▁immediately ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁pul pit ▁comm emor ates ▁Dr ▁Stevens on ▁Mac ad am , ▁an ▁elder ▁in ▁the ▁church . ▁ ▁D ud ding ston ▁Kir ky ard ▁Notable ▁bur ial s ▁and ▁mem orial s ▁include : ▁ ▁William ▁Henry ▁Dick - C un y ng ham ▁V C ▁( mem orial ▁only ) ▁Rev ▁David ▁Thomas ▁Ker ▁Dr um mond ▁Benjamin ▁D uff ▁Dun bar ▁( 1 8 0 8 - 1 8 9 7 ) ▁Very ▁Rev ▁James ▁Mac far lane ▁Very ▁Rev ▁Mack int osh ▁Mac K ay ▁( 1 7 9 2 - 1 8 7 3 ) ▁Mod er ator ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁Free ▁Church ▁of ▁Scotland ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁Thomas ▁Me ik ▁engineer ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁D ud ding ston ▁ ▁Edinburgh ▁ ▁Church ▁of ▁Scotland ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Church ▁of ▁Scotland ▁par ishes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁D ud ding ston ▁Kirk ▁ ▁Church ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Pres by tery ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁ ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 1 2 4 ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁churches ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Category ▁A ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Edinburgh ▁Category : Ch urch ▁of ▁Scotland ▁churches ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Edinburgh ▁Category : List ed ▁churches ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : Ed inburgh |
▁Festival ▁Fr inge ▁ven ues <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁G w ang ju ▁Open ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁hard ▁courts . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁which ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ATP ▁Ch allen ger ▁Tour . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁G w ang ju , ▁South ▁Korea ▁between ▁ 1 1 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Singles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁as ▁of ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Other ▁En tr ants ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁K won ▁So on - wo o ▁▁ ▁Ch ung ▁Y un - se ong ▁▁ ▁Lim ▁Y ong - ky u ▁▁ ▁Ch ung ▁Hong ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Li am ▁Bro ady ▁▁ ▁Greg ▁Jones ▁▁ ▁G av in ▁van ▁Pe per ze el ▁▁ ▁W ish aya ▁Tr ong char o en cha ik ul ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁player ▁received ▁entry ▁as ▁a ▁luck y ▁los er : ▁▁ ▁Daniel ▁Y oo ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁▁ ▁R ič ard as ▁Ber ank is ▁def . ▁ ▁Greg a ▁Ž em l ja , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁▁▁ ▁San ch ai ▁R ati w at ana ▁/ ▁ ▁Son |
chat ▁R ati w at ana ▁def . ▁ ▁Freder ik ▁N iel sen ▁/ ▁ ▁David ▁O ' H are , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Com b ined ▁Draw ▁ ▁G w ang ju ▁Open ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁South ▁Korean ▁sport <0x0A> </s> ▁French ▁Mountain ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁mountain ▁sum mit ▁in ▁the ▁S aw atch ▁Range ▁of ▁the ▁Rock y ▁Mountains ▁of ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁th ir te ener ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁El bert ▁Mass if ▁in ▁San ▁Isabel ▁National ▁Forest , ▁ ▁south west ▁by ▁west ▁( b ear ing ▁ 2 3 1 ° ) ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Le ad ville ▁in ▁Lake ▁County , ▁Colorado , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Mountain ▁ ▁Historical ▁names ▁French ▁Mountain ▁ ▁French ▁Pe ak ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Colorado ▁mountain ▁ranges ▁List ▁of ▁Colorado ▁mountain ▁summ its ▁List ▁of ▁Colorado ▁four teen ers ▁List ▁of ▁Colorado ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁meter ▁prominent ▁summ its ▁List ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁summ its ▁of ▁Colorado ▁List ▁of ▁Colorado ▁county ▁high ▁points ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Colorado ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Lake ▁County , ▁Colorado ▁Category : San ▁Isabel ▁National ▁Forest ▁Category : N orth ▁American ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁m ▁summ its <0x0A> </s> ▁Min - spe aking ▁pe op les ▁() ▁are ▁a ▁major ▁subgroup ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁the |
▁eth nic ▁Chinese )( 1 1 5 ▁Mill ion )( Min ▁Chinese ). ▁They ▁are ▁a ▁Min ▁Chinese - spe aking ▁people ▁that ▁mainly ▁live ▁in ▁F uj ian , ▁H ain an , ▁Southern ▁Z he ji ang ▁and ▁Gu ang d ong ▁province ' s ▁Le iz hou ▁and ▁Cha os han ▁regions . ▁In ▁the ▁Chinese ▁di as por a , ▁they ▁form ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁people ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁and ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁including ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁Th ailand , ▁Camb odia , ▁My an mar , ▁Malays ia , ▁Br une i , ▁Singapore , ▁Indones ia ▁and ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁The ▁latter ▁two ▁countries ▁are ▁Te och ew - spe aking . ▁ ▁Sub groups ▁ ▁F uj ian ▁▁ ▁Min ▁Bei ▁people ▁ <0xE9> <0x97> <0xBD> 北 人 ▁( Min ▁Bei ) ▁ ▁F uz hou ▁people ▁ 福 州 人 ▁( Min ▁D ong ) ▁ ▁Put ian ▁people ▁ <0xE8> <0x8E> <0x86> 田 人 ▁( P ux ian ▁Min ) ▁ ▁Hol oh ▁people ▁ 河 <0xE6> <0xB4> <0x9B> 人 ▁( Min ▁Nan ) ▁ ▁Gu ang d ong ▁▁ ▁Te och ew ▁people ▁ <0xE6> <0xBD> <0xAE> <0xE6> <0xB1> <0x95> 人 ▁( Min ▁Nan ) ▁ ▁Le iz hou ▁people ▁ <0xE9> <0x9B> <0xB7> 州 人 ▁( Q ion g – Le i ) ▁ ▁Z he ji ang ▁▁ ▁Z hen an ▁Min ▁people ▁( Min ▁Nan ) ▁ ▁H ain an ▁ ▁Q ion g |
wen ▁people ▁ <0xE7> <0x90> <0xBC> 文 人 ▁( Q ion g – Le i ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Chinese ▁people ▁ ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁ ▁Min ▁Chinese ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Sub groups ▁of ▁the ▁Han ▁Chinese ▁Category : E th nic ▁groups ▁in ▁Malays ia ▁Category : E th nic ▁groups ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : E th nic ▁groups ▁in ▁Indones ia ▁Category : E th nic ▁groups ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : E th nic ▁groups ▁in ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁Nak hl - e ▁Y use f ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Nak hl - e ▁Y ū sef ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Nak hl - e ▁Mo ḩ amm ad ▁Y ū sef ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M og hu ye h ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Band ar ▁Len geh ▁County , ▁H orm oz gan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 9 5 , ▁in ▁ 1 7 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Band ar ▁Len geh ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Dar win ian ▁literary ▁studies ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁literary ▁Dar win ism ) ▁is ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁literary ▁criticism ▁that ▁studies ▁literature ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁evolution ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁natural ▁selection , ▁including ▁gene - c ulture ▁co e volution . ▁ ▁It ▁represents ▁an ▁emer ging ▁tr end ▁of ▁ne o - D ar win ian ▁thought ▁in ▁intellectual |
▁discipl ines ▁beyond ▁those ▁tradition ally ▁considered ▁as ▁evolution ary ▁bi ology : ▁evolution ary ▁psych ology , ▁evolution ary ▁anth rop ology , ▁behavior al ▁e col ogy , ▁evolution ary ▁development al ▁psych ology , ▁cogn itive ▁psych ology , ▁affect ive ▁neu ros cience , ▁behaviour al ▁gen et ics , ▁evolution ary ▁ep ist em ology , ▁and ▁other ▁such ▁discipl ines . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁scope ▁ ▁Interest ▁in ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁Dar win ism ▁and ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁literature ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century , ▁for ▁example , ▁among ▁Italian ▁literary ▁critics . ▁For ▁example , ▁U go ▁Ang elo ▁Can ello ▁argued ▁that ▁literature ▁was ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁ps y che , ▁and ▁as ▁such , ▁played ▁a ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁struggle ▁for ▁natural ▁selection , ▁while ▁Francesco ▁de ▁San ct is ▁argued ▁that ▁Em ile ▁Z ola ▁" br ought ▁the ▁concepts ▁of ▁natural ▁selection , ▁struggle ▁for ▁existence , ▁adaptation ▁and ▁environment ▁to ▁bear ▁in ▁his ▁nov els ". ▁ ▁Modern ▁Dar win ian ▁literary ▁studies ▁arose ▁in ▁part ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁its ▁pro ponents ' ▁diss atisf action ▁with ▁the ▁post struct ural ist ▁and ▁post mod ern ist ▁philosoph ies ▁that ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁domin ate ▁literary ▁study ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁In ▁particular , ▁the ▁Dar win ists ▁took ▁issue ▁with ▁the ▁argument ▁that ▁disc ourse ▁construct s ▁reality . ▁The ▁Dar win ists |
▁argue ▁that ▁bi olog ically ▁ground ed ▁dispos itions ▁const rain ▁and ▁inform ▁disc ourse . ▁This ▁argument ▁runs ▁counter ▁to ▁what ▁evolution ary ▁psych olog ists ▁assert ▁is ▁the ▁central ▁idea ▁in ▁the ▁" Standard ▁Social ▁Science ▁Model ": ▁that ▁culture ▁wh olly ▁constit utes ▁human ▁values ▁and ▁behav iors . ▁ ▁Liter ary ▁Dar win ists ▁use ▁concepts ▁from ▁evolution ary ▁bi ology ▁and ▁the ▁evolution ary ▁human ▁sciences ▁to ▁form ulate ▁principles ▁of ▁literary ▁theory ▁and ▁interpret ▁literary ▁texts . ▁They ▁investigate ▁interactions ▁between ▁human ▁nature ▁and ▁the ▁forms ▁of ▁cultural ▁imagination , ▁including ▁literature ▁and ▁its ▁or al ▁ante ced ents . ▁By ▁" human ▁nature ", ▁they ▁mean ▁a ▁pan - human , ▁gen et ically ▁transm itted ▁set ▁of ▁dispos itions : ▁mot ives , ▁emot ions , ▁features ▁of ▁person ality , ▁and ▁forms ▁of ▁cogn ition . ▁Because ▁the ▁Dar win ists ▁concent rate ▁on ▁relations ▁between ▁gen et ically ▁transm itted ▁dispos itions ▁and ▁specific ▁cultural ▁configurations , ▁they ▁often ▁describe ▁their ▁work ▁as ▁" bi oc ult ural ▁critique ". ▁ ▁Many ▁literary ▁Dar win ists ▁aim ▁not ▁just ▁at ▁creating ▁another ▁" appro ach " ▁or ▁" mov ement " ▁in ▁literary ▁theory ; ▁they ▁aim ▁at ▁fund ament ally ▁alter ing ▁the ▁parad ig m ▁within ▁which ▁literary ▁study ▁is ▁now ▁conducted . ▁They ▁want ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁new ▁alignment ▁among ▁the ▁discipl ines ▁and ▁ultimately ▁to ▁en comp ass ▁all ▁other ▁possible ▁approaches ▁to ▁literary ▁study . ▁They ▁r ally |
▁to ▁Edward ▁O . ▁Wilson ' s ▁cry ▁for ▁" cons ili ence " ▁among ▁all ▁the ▁branches ▁of ▁learning . ▁Like ▁Wilson , ▁they ▁en vision ▁nature ▁as ▁an ▁integrated ▁set ▁of ▁elements ▁and ▁forces ▁extending ▁in ▁an ▁un bro ken ▁chain ▁of ▁material ▁caus ation ▁from ▁the ▁lowest ▁level ▁of ▁sub atomic ▁particles ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁levels ▁of ▁cultural ▁imagination . ▁And ▁like ▁Wilson , ▁they ▁regard ▁evolution ary ▁bi ology ▁as ▁the ▁p iv otal ▁discipline ▁unit ing ▁the ▁hard ▁sciences ▁with ▁the ▁social ▁sciences ▁and ▁the ▁human ities . ▁They ▁believe ▁that ▁humans ▁have ▁evol ved ▁in ▁an ▁adapt ive ▁relation ▁to ▁their ▁environment . ▁They ▁argue ▁that ▁for ▁humans , ▁as ▁for ▁all ▁other ▁species , ▁evolution ▁has ▁sh aped ▁the ▁an atom ical , ▁phys i ological , ▁and ▁ne uro log ical ▁characteristics ▁of ▁the ▁species , ▁and ▁they ▁think ▁that ▁human ▁behavior , ▁feeling , ▁and ▁thought ▁are ▁fund ament ally ▁sh aped ▁by ▁those ▁characteristics . ▁They ▁make ▁it ▁their ▁business ▁to ▁consult ▁evolution ary ▁bi ology ▁and ▁evolution ary ▁social ▁science ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁determine ▁what ▁those ▁characteristics ▁are , ▁and ▁they ▁bring ▁that ▁information ▁to ▁bear ▁on ▁their ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁products ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁imagination . ▁ ▁E volution ary ▁literary ▁criticism ▁of ▁a ▁minimal ist ▁kind ▁consists ▁in ▁ident ifying ▁basic , ▁common ▁human ▁needs — sur v ival , ▁sex , ▁and ▁status , ▁for ▁instance — and ▁using ▁those ▁categories ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁characters ▁dep icted |
▁in ▁literary ▁texts . ▁O thers ▁pose ▁for ▁themselves ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁criticism ▁involving ▁an ▁over arch ing ▁interpret ive ▁challenge : ▁to ▁construct ▁continuous ▁explan atory ▁sequences ▁linking ▁the ▁highest ▁level ▁of ▁caus al ▁evolution ary ▁explanation ▁to ▁the ▁most ▁particular ▁effects ▁in ▁individual ▁works ▁of ▁literature . ▁Within ▁evolution ary ▁bi ology , ▁the ▁highest ▁level ▁of ▁caus al ▁explanation ▁involves ▁adaptation ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁natural ▁selection . ▁Starting ▁from ▁the ▁prem ise ▁that ▁the ▁human ▁mind ▁has ▁evol ved ▁in ▁an ▁adapt ive ▁relation ▁to ▁its ▁environment , ▁literary ▁Dar win ists ▁undert ake ▁to ▁character ize ▁the ▁phenomen al ▁qual ities ▁of ▁a ▁literary ▁work ▁( t one , ▁style , ▁theme , ▁and ▁formal ▁organization ), ▁locate ▁the ▁work ▁in ▁a ▁cultural ▁context , ▁explain ▁that ▁cultural ▁context ▁as ▁a ▁particular ▁organization ▁of ▁the ▁elements ▁of ▁human ▁nature ▁within ▁a ▁specific ▁set ▁of ▁environmental ▁conditions ▁( including ▁cultural ▁trad itions ), ▁identify ▁an ▁imp lied ▁author ▁and ▁an ▁imp lied ▁reader , ▁examine ▁the ▁responses ▁of ▁actual ▁readers ▁( for ▁instance , ▁other ▁literary ▁critics ), ▁describe ▁the ▁so cio - c ult ural , ▁political , ▁and ▁psych ological ▁functions ▁the ▁work ▁ful fill s , ▁locate ▁those ▁functions ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁evol ved ▁needs ▁of ▁human ▁nature , ▁and ▁link ▁the ▁work ▁compar atively ▁with ▁other ▁art istic ▁works , ▁using ▁a ▁tax onomy ▁of ▁them es , ▁formal ▁elements , ▁affect ive ▁elements , ▁and ▁functions ▁derived ▁from ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁model ▁of ▁human |
▁nature . ▁ ▁Cont rib utors ▁to ▁evolution ary ▁studies ▁in ▁literature ▁have ▁included ▁human ists , ▁bi olog ists , ▁and ▁social ▁scient ists . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁bi olog ists ▁and ▁social ▁scient ists ▁have ▁adopted ▁primarily ▁disc ursive ▁methods ▁for ▁discuss ing ▁literary ▁subjects , ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁human ists ▁have ▁adopted ▁the ▁empir ical , ▁quant itative ▁methods ▁typical ▁of ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁sciences . ▁ ▁Liter ary ▁sch ol ars ▁and ▁scient ists ▁have ▁also ▁collabor ated ▁in ▁research ▁that ▁comb ines ▁the ▁methods ▁typical ▁of ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁human ities ▁with ▁methods ▁typical ▁of ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁sciences . ▁ ▁Ada pt ive ▁function ▁of ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁arts ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁hot ly ▁deb ated ▁issue ▁in ▁evolution ary ▁literary ▁study ▁concerns ▁the ▁adapt ive ▁functions ▁of ▁literature ▁and ▁other ▁arts — wh ether ▁there ▁are ▁any ▁adapt ive ▁functions , ▁and ▁if ▁so , ▁what ▁they ▁might ▁be . ▁▁ ▁Pro posed ▁functions ▁include ▁transm itting ▁information , ▁including ▁about ▁kin ▁relations , ▁and ▁by ▁providing ▁the ▁audience ▁with ▁a ▁model ▁and ▁re he ars al ▁for ▁how ▁to ▁behave ▁in ▁similar ▁situations ▁that ▁may ▁arise ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁Steven ▁P ink er ▁( How ▁the ▁Mind ▁Works , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁suggests ▁that ▁a est h etic ▁respons iveness ▁is ▁merely ▁a ▁side ▁effect ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁powers ▁that ▁evol ved ▁to ▁ful fill ▁more ▁practical ▁functions , ▁ ▁but ▁P ink er ▁also ▁suggests ▁that ▁narr atives ▁can |
▁provide ▁information ▁for ▁adapt ively ▁relevant ▁problems . ▁Geoff rey ▁Miller ▁( The ▁M ating ▁Mind , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁arg ues ▁that ▁art istic ▁produ ctions ▁in ▁the ▁ancest ral ▁environment ▁served ▁as ▁forms ▁of ▁sexual ▁display ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁fit ness ▁and ▁attract ▁m ates , ▁similarly ▁to ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁pe ac ock ' s ▁tail . ▁Brian ▁Bo yd ▁( On ▁the ▁Origin ▁of ▁St ories , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁arg ues ▁that ▁the ▁arts ▁are ▁forms ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁" play " ▁that ▁enh ance ▁pattern ▁recognition . ▁In ▁company ▁with ▁Ellen ▁D iss an ay ake ▁( Art ▁and ▁Int im acy , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ), ▁Bo yd ▁also ▁arg ues ▁that ▁the ▁arts ▁provide ▁means ▁of ▁creating ▁shared ▁social ▁identity ▁and ▁help ▁create ▁and ▁maintain ▁human ▁bond ing . ▁D iss an ay ake , ▁Joseph ▁Car roll ▁( Liter ary ▁Dar win ism ▁ 2 0 0 4 ), ▁and ▁Den is ▁D utton ▁( The ▁Art ▁Inst inct , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁all ▁argue ▁that ▁the ▁arts ▁help ▁organ ize ▁the ▁human ▁mind ▁by ▁giving ▁em otion ally ▁and ▁a est het ically ▁mod ulated ▁models ▁of ▁reality . ▁By ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁sim ulated ▁life ▁of ▁other ▁people ▁one ▁g ains ▁a ▁greater ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁motiv ations ▁of ▁ones elf ▁and ▁other ▁people . ▁The ▁idea ▁that ▁the ▁arts ▁function ▁as ▁means ▁of ▁psych ological ▁organization ▁sub |
sum es ▁the ▁ideas ▁that ▁the ▁arts ▁provide ▁adapt ively ▁relevant ▁information , ▁enable ▁us ▁to ▁consider ▁alternative ▁behavior al ▁scenarios , ▁enh ance ▁pattern ▁recognition , ▁and ▁serve ▁as ▁means ▁for ▁creating ▁shared ▁social ▁identity . ▁And ▁of ▁course , ▁the ▁arts ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁sexual ▁display . ▁In ▁that ▁respect , ▁the ▁arts ▁are ▁like ▁most ▁other ▁human ▁products — cl othing , ▁j ew el ry , ▁shelter , ▁means ▁of ▁transport ation , ▁etc . ▁The ▁hypothesis ▁that ▁the ▁arts ▁help ▁organ ize ▁the ▁mind ▁is ▁not ▁in compatible ▁with ▁the ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁sexual ▁display , ▁but ▁it ▁sub ordinates ▁sexual ▁display ▁to ▁a ▁more ▁primary ▁adapt ive ▁function . ▁ ▁Hyp oth eses ▁about ▁formal ▁literary ▁features ▁ ▁Some ▁Dar win ists ▁have ▁proposed ▁explan ations ▁for ▁formal ▁literary ▁features , ▁including ▁gen res . ▁Po etic ▁meter ▁has ▁been ▁attributed ▁to ▁a ▁bi olog ically ▁based ▁three - second ▁metric . ▁G ender ▁prefer ences ▁for ▁por n ography ▁and ▁rom ance ▁nov els ▁have ▁been ▁explained ▁by ▁sexual ▁selection . ▁D ifferent ▁gen res ▁have ▁been ▁conject ured ▁to ▁correspond ▁to ▁different ▁basic ▁emot ions : ▁tra ged y ▁corresponding ▁to ▁sad ness , ▁fear , ▁and ▁anger ; ▁comedy ▁to ▁joy ▁and ▁surprise ; ▁and ▁sat ire ▁to ▁anger , ▁dis g ust , ▁and ▁cont empt . ▁T rag edy ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁status ▁conflict ▁and ▁comedy ▁with ▁mate ▁selection . ▁The ▁sat ir ic ▁d yst op ian ▁novel ▁has |
▁been ▁explained ▁by ▁contrast ing ▁universal ▁human ▁needs ▁and ▁opp ress ive ▁state ▁organization . ▁ ▁Dist ingu ishing ▁literary ▁Dar win ism ▁ ▁Cos mic ▁evolution ism ▁and ▁evolution ary ▁analog ism : ▁Liter ary ▁The or ists ▁who ▁would ▁call ▁themselves ▁" liter ary ▁Dar win ists " ▁or ▁claim ▁some ▁close ▁alignment ▁with ▁the ▁literary ▁Dar win ists ▁share ▁one ▁central ▁idea : ▁that ▁the ▁adapted ▁mind ▁produces ▁literature ▁and ▁that ▁literature ▁reflect s ▁the ▁structure ▁and ▁character ▁of ▁the ▁adapted ▁mind . ▁There ▁are ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁other ▁ways ▁of ▁integr ating ▁evolution ▁into ▁literary ▁theory : ▁cos mic ▁evolution ism ▁and ▁evolution ary ▁analog ism . ▁Cos mic ▁evolution ists ▁identify ▁some ▁universal ▁process ▁of ▁development ▁or ▁progress ▁and ▁identify ▁literary ▁structures ▁as ▁micro cos mic ▁versions ▁of ▁that ▁process . ▁Pro ponents ▁of ▁cos mic ▁evolution ▁include ▁Frederick ▁Turner , ▁Alex ▁Ar gy ros , ▁and ▁Richard ▁C ure ton . ▁E volution ary ▁analog ists ▁take ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁Dar win ian ▁evolution — bl ind ▁variation ▁and ▁select ive ▁ret ention — as ▁a ▁widely ▁applicable ▁model ▁for ▁all ▁development . ▁The ▁psych ologist ▁Donald ▁Campbell ▁adv ances ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁all ▁intellectual ▁cre ativity ▁can ▁be ▁conce ived ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁random ▁variation ▁and ▁select ive ▁ret ention . ▁Rab kin ▁and ▁Simon ▁offer ▁an ▁instance ▁in ▁literary ▁study . ▁They ▁argue ▁that ▁cultural ▁cre ations ▁" e vol ve ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁as ▁do ▁bi ological ▁organ isms , ▁that ▁is |
, ▁as ▁complex ▁adapt ive ▁systems ▁that ▁succeed ▁or ▁fail ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁fit ness ▁to ▁their ▁environment ." ▁Other ▁critics ▁or ▁the or ists ▁who ▁have ▁some ▁affili ation ▁with ▁evolution ary ▁bi ology ▁but ▁who ▁would ▁not ▁identify ▁themselves ▁as ▁literary ▁Dar win ists ▁include ▁William ▁Ben zon ▁( Be eth oven ' s ▁An vil ) ▁and ▁William ▁F les ch ▁( Come upp ance ). ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁r het or ic : ▁Pract ition ers ▁of ▁" c ogn itive ▁r het or ic " ▁or ▁cogn itive ▁poet ics ▁affili ate ▁themselves ▁with ▁certain ▁language - center ed ▁areas ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁psych ology . ▁The ▁chief ▁the or ists ▁in ▁this ▁school ▁argue ▁that ▁language ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁met aph ors , ▁and ▁they ▁claim ▁that ▁met aph ors ▁are ▁themselves ▁root ed ▁in ▁bi ology ▁or ▁the ▁body , ▁but ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁argue ▁that ▁human ▁nature ▁consists ▁in ▁a ▁highly ▁struct ured ▁set ▁of ▁motiv ational ▁and ▁cogn itive ▁dispos itions ▁that ▁have ▁evol ved ▁through ▁an ▁adapt ive ▁process ▁reg ulated ▁by ▁natural ▁selection . ▁C ogn itive ▁r het or icians ▁are ▁generally ▁more ▁anxious ▁than ▁literary ▁Dar win ists ▁to ▁associate ▁themselves ▁with ▁post mod ern ▁theories ▁of ▁" dis course ," ▁but ▁some ▁cogn itive ▁r het or icians ▁make ▁gest ures ▁toward ▁evolution ary ▁psych ology , ▁and ▁some ▁critics ▁closely ▁affili ated ▁with ▁evolution ary ▁psych ology ▁have ▁found ▁common ▁ground ▁with ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁r het |
or icians . ▁The ▁sem inal ▁authorities ▁in ▁cogn itive ▁r het or ic ▁are ▁the ▁language ▁philosoph ers ▁Mark ▁Johnson ▁and ▁George ▁Lak off . ▁The ▁most ▁prominent ▁literary ▁the or ist ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁is ▁Mark ▁Turner . ▁Other ▁literary ▁sch ol ars ▁associated ▁with ▁cogn itive ▁r het or ic ▁include ▁Mary ▁Thomas ▁C rane , ▁F . ▁Elizabeth ▁Hart , ▁Tony ▁Jackson , ▁Alan ▁Richard son , ▁Ellen ▁Sp ol sky , ▁Francis ▁Ste en , ▁and ▁Lisa ▁Z un sh ine . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁comment aries ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁comment aries ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁special ▁double ▁issue ▁of ▁Style ▁are ▁critical ▁of ▁literary ▁Dar win ism . ▁Other ▁critical ▁comment aries ▁include ▁those ▁of ▁William ▁Ben zon , ▁" Sign posts ▁for ▁a ▁Natural ist ▁Crit ic ism ," ▁( En tele chy : ▁Mind ▁& ▁Culture , ▁Fall ▁ 2 0 0 5 / W inter ▁ 2 0 0 6 ); ▁William ▁Der es iew icz , ▁" A da pt ation : ▁On ▁Liter ary ▁Dar win ism ," ▁The ▁Nation ▁June ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁ 2 6 - 3 1 ; ▁William ▁F les ch , ▁Com eu pp ance : ▁Cost ly ▁Sign aling , ▁Al tr u istic ▁P un ishment , ▁and ▁Other ▁Bi ological ▁Com ponents ▁of ▁F iction , ▁( C amb ridge : ▁Harvard ▁UP , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ); ▁Eug ene ▁Good heart , ▁Dar win ian ▁Mis |
ad vent ures ▁in ▁the ▁Human ities , ▁( New ▁Brun sw ick : ▁N J : ▁Trans action , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ); ▁Jonathan ▁K ram nick , ▁" Ag ain st ▁Liter ary ▁Dar win ism ," ▁in ▁Crit ical ▁In qu iry , ▁Winter ▁ 2 0 1 1 ; ▁" Deb ating ▁Liter ary ▁Dar win ism ," ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁responses ▁to ▁Jonathan ▁K ram nick ' s ▁ess ay , ▁along ▁with ▁K ram nick ' s ▁rejo inder , ▁in ▁Crit ical ▁In qu iry , ▁Winter ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁Alan ▁Richard son , ▁" St ud ies ▁in ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁C ogn ition : ▁A ▁Field ▁Map ," ▁in ▁The ▁Work ▁of ▁F iction : ▁C ogn ition , ▁Culture , ▁and ▁Complex ity , ▁ed . ▁Alan ▁Richard son ▁and ▁Ellen ▁Sp ol sky ▁( B ur ling ton , ▁V T : ▁Ash gate , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ 1 - 2 9 ); ▁and ▁Lisa ▁Z un sh ine , ▁" What ▁is ▁C ogn itive ▁Cultural ▁Studies ? ," ▁in ▁Introduction ▁to ▁C ogn itive ▁Cultural ▁Studies ▁( J oh ns ▁Hop kins ▁UP , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ 1 - 3 3 ). ▁Good heart ▁and ▁Der es iew icz , ▁adopt ing ▁a ▁traditional ▁human ist ▁perspective , ▁reject ▁efforts ▁to ▁ground ▁literary ▁study ▁in ▁bi ology . ▁Richard son ▁dis av ows ▁the ▁Dar win ists ' ▁t |
endency ▁to ▁attack ▁post struct ural ism . ▁Richard son ▁and ▁Ben zon ▁both ▁align ▁themselves ▁with ▁cogn itive ▁science ▁and ▁distinguish ▁that ▁alignment ▁from ▁one ▁with ▁evolution ary ▁psych ology . ▁F les ch ▁makes ▁use ▁of ▁evolution ary ▁research ▁on ▁game ▁theory , ▁cost ly ▁signal ing , ▁and ▁al tr u istic ▁pun ishment ▁but , ▁like ▁Stephen ▁Jay ▁G ould , ▁prof esses ▁himself ▁host ile ▁to ▁evolution ary ▁psych ology . ▁For ▁a ▁comment ary ▁that ▁is ▁sympath etic ▁to ▁evolution ary ▁psych ology ▁but ▁ske pt ical ▁about ▁the ▁possibilities ▁of ▁using ▁it ▁for ▁literary ▁study , ▁see ▁Steven ▁P ink er , ▁" T ow ard ▁a ▁Cons il ient ▁Study ▁of ▁Liter ature ," ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁The ▁Liter ary ▁Animal , ▁Philosoph y ▁and ▁Liter ature ▁ 3 1 ▁( 2 0 0 7 ): ▁ 1 6 2 - 1 7 8 . David ▁Fish el ov ▁has ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁attempt ▁to ▁link ▁Dar win ism ▁to ▁literary ▁studies ▁has ▁failed ▁" to ▁produce ▁comp elling ▁evidence ▁to ▁support ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁basic ▁assumptions ▁( not ably ▁that ▁literature ▁is ▁an ▁adaptation )" ▁and ▁has ▁called ▁on ▁literary ▁sch ol ars ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁concept ually ▁rig orous ▁when ▁they ▁purs ue ▁" emp ir ical ▁research ▁into ▁different ▁aspects ▁of ▁literary ▁evolution ." ▁< ref > ▁David ▁Fish el ov , ▁" E volution ▁and ▁Liter ary ▁Studies : ▁Time ▁to ▁E vol ve ," ▁Philosoph y ▁and ▁Liter ature , |
▁Vol . ▁ 4 1 , ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 0 1 7 ): ▁ 2 8 6 .</ ref > ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Brian ▁Bo yd ▁Joseph ▁Car roll ▁Ellen ▁D iss an ay ake ▁Den is ▁D utton ▁Jonathan ▁Gott sch all ▁Math ias ▁Cl as en ▁E volution ary ▁psych ology ▁Universal ▁Dar win ism ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁books ▁orient ed ▁specifically ▁to ▁literature , ▁this ▁list ▁includes ▁books ▁on ▁cinema ▁and ▁books ▁by ▁authors ▁who ▁prop ound ▁theories ▁like ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁literary ▁Dar win ists ▁but ▁discuss ▁the ▁arts ▁in ▁general . ▁▁ ▁Anderson , ▁Joseph . ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁The ▁Re ality ▁of ▁Ill usion : ▁An ▁E colog ical ▁Appro ach ▁to ▁C ogn itive ▁Film ▁Theory . ▁Southern ▁Illinois ▁Press . ▁ ▁Austin , ▁Michael . ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Use ful ▁F ict ions : ▁E volution , ▁An x iety , ▁and ▁the ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁Liter ature . ▁University ▁of ▁Neb r aska ▁Press . ▁ ▁Bar ash , ▁David ▁P ., ▁and ▁Nan elle ▁Bar ash . ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Madame ▁B ov ary ' s ▁O var ies : ▁A ▁Dar win ian ▁Look ▁at ▁Liter ature . ▁Del ac orte ▁Press . ▁ ▁B ord well , ▁David . ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Po et ics ▁of ▁Cinema . ▁Rout ledge . ▁ ▁Bo yd , ▁Brian . ▁ |
2 0 0 9 . ▁On ▁the ▁Origin ▁of ▁St ories : ▁E volution , ▁C ogn ition . ▁and ▁F iction . ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Bo yd , ▁Brian , ▁Joseph ▁Car roll , ▁and ▁Jonathan ▁Gott sch all , ▁ed s . ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁E volution , ▁Liter ature , ▁and ▁Film : ▁A ▁Re ader . ▁Columbia ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Can ello , ▁U go ▁Ang elo . ▁ 1 8 8 2 . ▁Let ter atura ▁e ▁dar win ismo : ▁le zioni ▁due . ▁Pad ova , ▁T ip ografia ▁A . ▁Drag hi . ▁ ▁Car roll , ▁Joseph . ▁▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁E volution ▁and ▁Liter ary ▁Theory . ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri . ▁ ▁Car roll , ▁Joseph . ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Liter ary ▁Dar win ism : ▁E volution , ▁Human ▁Nature , ▁and ▁Liter ature . ▁ ▁Rout ledge . ▁ ▁Car roll , ▁Joseph . ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Reading ▁Human ▁Nature : ▁Liter ary ▁Dar win ism ▁in ▁Theory ▁and ▁Pract ice . ▁S UN Y ▁Press . ▁ ▁Car roll , ▁Joseph , ▁Jonathan ▁Gott sch all , ▁John ▁Johnson , ▁and ▁Daniel ▁Kru ger . ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Graph ing ▁Jane ▁Aust en : ▁The ▁E volution ary ▁Bas is ▁of ▁Liter ary ▁Mean ing . ▁Pal gra ve . ▁ ▁Cl as en , ▁Math ias . ▁ 2 0 |
1 7 . ▁Why ▁Hor ror ▁S edu ces . ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Co e , ▁Kath ry n . ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁The ▁An c est ress ▁Hyp oth esis : ▁Visual ▁Art ▁as ▁Ada pt ation . ▁R ut gers ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Co oke , ▁Bre tt . ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Human ▁Nature ▁in ▁U top ia : ▁Z amy atin ' s ▁We . ▁ ▁North western ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Co oke , ▁Bre tt , ▁and ▁Frederick ▁Turner , ▁ed s . ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Bi opo et ics : ▁E volution ary ▁Ex pl or ations ▁in ▁the ▁Arts . ▁IC US . ▁ ▁D iss an ay ake , ▁Ellen . ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Art ▁and ▁Int im acy : ▁How ▁the ▁Arts ▁Beg an . ▁University ▁of ▁Washington ▁Press . ▁ ▁D iss an ay ake , ▁Ellen . ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁H omo ▁A est h etic us . ▁University ▁of ▁Washington ▁Press . ▁ ▁D iss an ay ake , ▁Ellen . ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁What ▁Is ▁Art ▁For ? ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Washington ▁Press . ▁ ▁D utton , ▁Den is . ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁Art ▁Inst inct : ▁Beaut y , ▁Ple asure , ▁and ▁Human ▁E volution . ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁E aster lin , ▁Nancy . ▁ 2 0 1 |
2 . ▁A ▁Bi oc ult ural ▁Appro ach ▁to ▁Liter ary ▁Theory ▁and ▁Inter pret ation . ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁From m , ▁Harold . ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁Nature ▁of ▁Being ▁Human : ▁From ▁Environment al ism ▁to ▁Cons cious ness . ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Gott sch all , ▁Jonathan . ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Liter ature , ▁Science , ▁and ▁a ▁New ▁Human ities . ▁Pal gra ve ▁Mac mill an . ▁ ▁Gott sch all , ▁Jonathan . ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁R ape ▁of ▁T roy : ▁E volution , ▁Vi ol ence , ▁and ▁the ▁World ▁of ▁H omer . ▁ ▁Cambridge . ▁ ▁Gott sch all , ▁Jonathan . ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁Story t elling ▁Animal : ▁How ▁St ories ▁Make ▁Us ▁Human . ▁H ought on ▁M if fl in . ▁ ▁Gott sch all , ▁Jonathan , ▁and ▁David ▁Slo an ▁Wilson , ▁ed s . ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁Liter ary ▁Animal : ▁E volution ▁and ▁the ▁Nature ▁of ▁N arr ative . ▁ ▁North western ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁G rod al , ▁Tor ben . ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Emb od ied ▁Vis ions : ▁E volution , ▁Em otion , ▁Culture , ▁and ▁Film . ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Head lam ▁Well s , ▁Robin . ▁ 2 0 0 5 . |
▁Shakespeare ' s ▁Human ism . ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Head lam ▁Well s , ▁Robin , ▁and ▁Jon J oe ▁Mc F ad den , ▁ed s . ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Human ▁Nature : ▁Fact ▁and ▁F iction . ▁Cont inu um . ▁ ▁Ho eg , ▁Jerry , ▁and ▁Kevin ▁S . ▁Lars en , ▁ed s . ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Inter dis cipl inary ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁Dar win ism ▁in ▁His pan ic ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Film : ▁The ▁Inter section ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁the ▁Human ities . ▁M ellen . ▁ ▁H ood , ▁Rand all . ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁The ▁Gen etic ▁Function ▁and ▁Nature ▁of ▁Liter ature . ▁Cal ▁Poly , ▁San ▁Luis ▁Ob is po . ▁ ▁Love , ▁Glen . ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Pract ical ▁E c oc rit ic ism : ▁Liter ature , ▁Bi ology , ▁and ▁the ▁Environment . ▁University ▁of ▁Virginia ▁Press . ▁ ▁Mach ann , ▁Cl inton . ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Mas cul inity ▁in ▁Four ▁Victor ian ▁Ep ics : ▁A ▁Dar win ist ▁Reading . ▁Ash gate . ▁ ▁Mart ind ale , ▁Col in , ▁and ▁Paul ▁L och er , ▁and ▁Vladimir ▁M . ▁Pet rov , ▁ed s . ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁E volution ary ▁and ▁Ne uro c ogn itive ▁Appro aches ▁to ▁A est het ics , ▁Cre ativity , ▁and ▁the |
▁Arts . ▁Bay wood . ▁ ▁Nord l und , ▁Marcus . ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Shakespeare ▁and ▁the ▁Nature ▁of ▁Love : ▁Liter ature , ▁Culture , ▁E volution . ▁ ▁North western ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Par r ish , ▁Alex ▁C . ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Ada pt ive ▁Rh et or ic : ▁E volution , ▁Culture , ▁and ▁the ▁Art ▁of ▁Pers u asion . ▁Rout ledge . ▁ ▁Sal mon , ▁Catherine , ▁and ▁Donald ▁Sym ons . ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁War rior ▁Lo vers : ▁E rot ic ▁F iction , ▁E volution , ▁and ▁Fem ale ▁Sex ual ity . ▁We iden feld ▁& ▁Nicol son . ▁ ▁Sau nd ers , ▁Jud ith . ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Reading ▁Ed ith ▁Wh art on ▁through ▁A ▁Dar win ian ▁L ens : ▁E volution ary ▁Bi ological ▁Iss ues ▁In ▁Her ▁F iction . ▁Mc F ar land . ▁ ▁Sau nd ers , ▁Jud ith . ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁American ▁Liter ary ▁Class ics : ▁E volution ary ▁Pers pect ives . ▁Academ ic ▁Studies ▁Press . ▁ ▁Store y , ▁Robert . ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁M imes is ▁and ▁the ▁Human ▁Animal : ▁On ▁the ▁Bi ogen etic ▁Found ations ▁of ▁Liter ary ▁Represent ation . ▁ ▁North western ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Sw ir ski , ▁Peter . ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Liter |
ature , ▁Anal yt ically ▁Spe aking : ▁Ex pl or ations ▁in ▁the ▁Theory ▁of ▁Inter pret ation , ▁Anal yt ic ▁A est het ics , ▁and ▁E volution . ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁Press . ▁ ▁Sw ir ski , ▁Peter . ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Of ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Know ledge : ▁Ex pl or ations ▁in ▁N arr ative ▁Th ought ▁Exper iments , ▁E volution , ▁and ▁Game ▁Theory . ▁Rout ledge . ▁ ▁V erme ule , ▁Bla key . ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Why ▁Do ▁We ▁Care ▁about ▁Liter ary ▁Char acters ? ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁Press . Ed ited ▁collections : ▁The ▁volume ▁edited ▁by ▁Bo yd , ▁Car roll , ▁and ▁Gott sch all ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁anth ology , ▁that ▁is , ▁a ▁selection ▁of ▁ess ays ▁and ▁book ▁ex cer pts , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁previously ▁published . ▁Col lections ▁of ▁ess ays ▁that ▁had ▁not , ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁part , ▁been ▁previously ▁published ▁include ▁those ▁edited ▁by ▁Co oke ▁and ▁Turner ▁( 1 9 9 9 ); ▁Gott sch all ▁and ▁Wilson ▁( 2 0 0 5 ); ▁Head lam ▁Well s ▁and ▁Mc F ad den ▁( 2 0 0 6 ); ▁Mart ind ale , ▁L och er , ▁and ▁Pet rov ▁( 2 0 0 7 ); ▁G ans el ▁and ▁V ander be ke ; and ▁Ho eg ▁and ▁Lars en ▁( 2 |
0 0 9 ). J ourn als : ▁Much ▁evolution ary ▁literary ▁criticism ▁has ▁been ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁journal ▁Philosoph y ▁and ▁Liter ature . ▁The ▁journal ▁Style ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁an ▁important ▁ven ue ▁for ▁the ▁Dar win ists . ▁Social ▁science ▁journ als ▁that ▁have ▁published ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁arts ▁include ▁E volution ▁and ▁Human ▁Be havior , ▁E volution ary ▁Psych ology , ▁and ▁Human ▁Nature . ▁The ▁first ▁issue ▁of ▁an ▁annual ▁volume ▁The ▁E volution ary ▁Review : ▁Art , ▁Science , ▁Culture ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ; ▁the ▁journal ▁ceased ▁publication ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁The ▁first ▁issue ▁of ▁a ▁semi - ann ual ▁journal ▁E volution ary ▁Studies ▁in ▁Im agin ative ▁Culture ▁appeared ▁in ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 . Sym pos ia : ▁A ▁special ▁double - issue ▁of ▁the ▁journal ▁Style ▁( vol . ▁ 4 2 , ▁numbers ▁ 2 / 3 , ▁summer / fall ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁was ▁devoted ▁to ▁evolution ary ▁literary ▁theory ▁and ▁criticism , ▁with ▁a ▁target ▁article ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Car roll ▁(" An ▁E volution ary ▁Parad ig m ▁for ▁Liter ary ▁Study "), ▁responses ▁by ▁ 3 5 ▁sch ol ars ▁and ▁scient ists , ▁and ▁a ▁rejo inder ▁by ▁Car roll . ▁ ▁Also , ▁a ▁special ▁evolution ary ▁issue ▁of ▁the ▁journal ▁Polit ics ▁and ▁Culture ▁contains ▁ 3 2 ▁ess ays , ▁including ▁contributions ▁to ▁a ▁sym pos ium ▁on ▁the |
▁question ▁" How ▁is ▁culture ▁bi ological ? ", ▁which ▁includes ▁six ▁primary ▁ess ays ▁along ▁with ▁responses ▁and ▁rejo ind ers . Dis cussion ▁groups : ▁Online ▁for ums ▁for ▁news ▁and ▁discussion ▁include ▁the ▁Bi opo et ics ▁list serv , ▁the ▁Facebook ▁group ▁for ▁E volution ary ▁N arr at ology , ▁and ▁the ▁Facebook ▁home page ▁for ▁The ▁E volution ary ▁Review . ▁Research ers ▁with ▁similar ▁interests ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁located ▁on ▁Academia . edu '' ▁by ▁searching ▁for ▁people ▁who ▁have ▁a ▁research ▁interest ▁in ▁E volution ary ▁Liter ary ▁Crit ic ism ▁and ▁Theory ▁/ ▁Bi opo et ics ▁or ▁in ▁Liter ary ▁Dar win ism ▁or ▁E volution ary ▁Liter ary ▁Theory . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Math ias ▁Cl as en ' s ▁website ▁( in ▁English ▁and ▁Dan ish ) ▁The ▁E volution ary ▁Review : ▁Art , ▁Science , ▁Culture ▁The ▁Liter ature ▁Project : ▁May a ▁Less ov ' s ▁Inter views ▁with ▁Sch ol ars ▁In vol ved ▁in ▁the ▁Deb ate ▁over ▁the ▁Two ▁Cult ures ▁E volution ary ▁Studies ▁in ▁Im agin ative ▁Culture ▁ ▁Category : D ar win ism ▁Category : Liter ary ▁theory ▁Category : E volution ary ▁bi ology ▁Category : E volution ary ▁psych ology <0x0A> </s> ▁L ough borough ▁Light ning ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁women ' s ▁Tw enty 2 0 ▁cr icket ▁team ▁based ▁at ▁ ▁L ough borough ▁University . ▁They ▁were ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁to ▁comp |
ete ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Cr icket ▁Super ▁League . ▁They ▁play ▁their ▁home ▁matches ▁at ▁the ▁Has leg ra ve ▁Gr ound . ▁They ▁are ▁co ached ▁by ▁Rob ▁" C rew " ▁Taylor ▁and ▁his ▁side ▁kick ▁Wes ley ▁and ▁are ▁capt ained ▁by ▁Georgia ▁El w iss . ▁The ▁team ▁is ▁partner ed ▁with ▁L ough borough ▁University . ▁The ▁squad ▁includes ▁England ▁players ▁El w iss , ▁Reb e cca ▁Grund y , ▁Amy ▁Jones ▁and ▁Beth ▁Lang ston . ▁T ogether ▁with ▁the ▁net ball ▁team ▁and ▁the ▁women ' s ▁rugby ▁union ▁team , ▁the ▁cr icket ▁team ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁women ' s ▁sports ▁teams ▁based ▁L ough borough ▁University ▁that ▁use ▁the ▁L ough borough ▁Light ning ▁name . ▁ ▁Play ers ▁ ▁Current ▁squad ▁ ▁No . ▁denotes ▁the ▁player ' s ▁squad ▁number , ▁as ▁worn ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁their ▁sh irt . ▁▁ ▁denotes ▁players ▁with ▁international ▁caps . ▁ ▁Import ed ▁players ▁▁ ▁D ane ▁van ▁Nie ker k ▁– ▁South ▁Africa ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁▁ ▁El ly se ▁Perry ▁– ▁Australia ▁( 2 0 1 6 – 2 0 1 7 ) ▁▁ ▁Soph ie ▁Dev ine ▁– ▁New ▁Zealand ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁▁ ▁Krist en ▁Be ams ▁– ▁Australia ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁▁ ▁E ly se ▁Vill ani ▁– ▁Australia ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁▁ ▁M ignon ▁du ▁P ree |
z ▁- ▁South ▁Africa ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁▁ ▁Cham ari ▁At ap att u ▁- ▁ ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁▁ ▁Kath ry n ▁Bry ce ▁- ▁Scotland ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁▁ ▁Hay ley ▁Matt he ws ▁- ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Se asons ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Over all ▁Result ▁▁▁ ▁Ab andon ed ▁matches ▁are ▁counted ▁as ▁NR ▁( no ▁result ) ▁ ▁Win ▁or ▁loss ▁by ▁super ▁over ▁or ▁boundary ▁count ▁are ▁counted ▁as ▁tied . ▁ ▁Team wise ▁Result ▁summary ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁Cr icket ▁Super ▁League ▁teams ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁cr icket ▁Women ▁Category : Cr icket ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁K anger lu ars up ▁N una a ▁is ▁a ▁pen ins ula ▁of ▁Green land . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁U per nav ik ▁Arch ip el ago . ▁ ▁Category : P en ins ulas ▁of ▁the ▁U per nav ik ▁Arch ip el ago <0x0A> </s> ▁Tamb ur ini ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Antonio ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( bar it one ) ▁( 1 8 0 0 – 1 8 7 6 ), ▁Italian ▁oper atic ▁bar it one ▁ ▁Antonio ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( rac ing ▁driver ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 6 ), ▁Italian ▁racing |
▁driver ▁ ▁Arn al do ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( 1 8 4 3 - 1 9 0 1 ), ▁Italian ▁painter ▁ ▁Arn al do ▁Cas ella ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( 1 8 8 5 - 1 9 3 6 ), ▁Italian ▁artist ▁ ▁Francesco ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( 1 8 4 6 – 1 8 9 1 ), ▁Italian - Ar gent ine ▁architect ▁▁ ▁Giovanni ▁Maria ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( fl our ished ▁ 1 6 0 0 s ), ▁Italian ▁painter ▁ ▁J uri ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁Italian ▁footballer ▁ ▁Luci ana ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( 1 9 5 2 - 2 0 0 6 ), ▁Italian ▁actress ▁and ▁television ▁host ess ▁ ▁Mass imo ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( 1 9 4 3 – 2 0 1 4 ), ▁Italian ▁motor cycle ▁designer ▁ ▁Michel ang elo ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( 1 6 4 8 – 1 7 3 0 ), ▁Italian ▁j es uit ▁ ▁Pietro ▁Paolo ▁Tamb ur ini ▁ ▁( 1 5 9 4 - 1 6 2 1 ), ▁Italian ▁painter ▁ ▁Roberto ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁Italian ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁motor cycle ▁road ▁rac er ▁ ▁Stef ano ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( 1 9 5 5 – 1 9 8 6 ), ▁Italian ▁graph ic ▁artist , ▁author ▁and ▁publish er ▁ ▁T omm aso ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( 1 5 9 1 – 1 6 7 5 ), ▁Italian ▁the |
olog ian ▁ ▁Tul lio ▁Tamb ur ini ▁( 1 8 9 2 – 1 9 5 7 ), ▁Italian ▁soldier , ▁advent urer ▁and ▁fasc ist ▁official ▁ ▁Category : Ital ian - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Zug lio ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁comune ▁( m unicip ality ), ▁former ▁bishop ric ▁and ▁Latin ▁Catholic ▁tit ular ▁see ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁U d ine ▁in ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁Italian ▁autonom ous ▁region ▁Fri uli - V enez ia ▁Giul ia , ▁located ▁about ▁ ▁north west ▁of ▁Tri este ▁and ▁about ▁ ▁north west ▁of ▁U d ine ▁in ▁the ▁Val ▁B ût . ▁ ▁Its ▁territory ▁includes ▁the ▁P ieve ▁of ▁San ▁Pietro ▁in ▁Car nia , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁churches ▁in ▁Fri uli . ▁Zug lio ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁an ▁arch ae ological ▁museum ▁including ▁remains ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁Roman ▁town ▁( I ul ium ▁Car nic um ) ▁and ▁the ▁whole ▁Car nia . ▁ ▁E cc les iast ical ▁history ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Zug lio ▁( Ital ian ) ▁or ▁I ul ium ▁Car nic um ▁( in ▁Latin ) ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 3 8 0 ▁AD ▁( or ▁later ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁source ) ▁on ▁territory ▁- origin ally ▁C ador na ▁and ▁Car nia ▁- ▁split ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁then ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Aqu ile ia ▁and ▁became ▁its ▁suff rag an ▁at ▁its ▁elev ation ▁to ▁( met ropol itan ) ▁Patri arch ate ▁of ▁Aqu |
ile ia ▁in ▁ 5 6 0 . ▁The ▁strateg ic ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁I ul ia ▁August a ▁( connect ing ▁Aqu ile ia , ▁by ▁Monte ▁Cro ce ▁Car nico , ▁to ▁Ag unt um ▁in ▁Nor icum ) ▁brought ▁wealth ▁and ▁extended ▁juris diction ▁ ▁The ▁bar bar ic ▁invas ions ▁made ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁fle e ▁the ▁city , ▁first ▁probably ▁transl ating ▁their ▁bas il ica ▁and ▁epis cop al ▁see ▁up ▁to ▁San ▁Pietro ▁mount ▁but ▁abandon ing ▁Zug lio ▁in ▁ 7 0 5 ▁after ▁a ▁terrible ▁ra id ▁by ▁the ▁Av ars . ▁The ▁Long ob ard ▁historian ▁Paul us ▁Dia con us ▁notes ▁that ▁bishop ▁F ident ius ▁transferred ▁his ▁see ' ▁to ▁C ivid ale ▁but ▁his ▁successor , ▁Am atore , ▁was ▁ch ased ▁there ▁to ▁in ▁ 7 3 7 ▁by ▁Patri arch ▁ ▁Cal li xt us ▁of ▁Aqu ile ia , ▁who ▁made ▁C ivid ale ▁his ▁patri arch al ▁see . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁suppress ed ▁in ▁ 7 4 0 ▁at ▁bishop ▁Am atore ' s ▁death , ▁its ▁territory ▁being ▁merged ▁into ▁the ▁Patri arch ate ▁of ▁Aqu ile ia , ▁but ▁retained ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁a ▁c athedral ▁chapter ▁until ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁era . ▁Its ▁former ▁C athedral , ▁S . ▁Pietro ▁in ▁Car nia , ▁in ▁Zug lio , ▁was ▁not ▁granted ▁co - c athedral ▁status . ▁Car nia ▁ended ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁U d ine , ▁Cad |
ore ▁went ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁to ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Bell uno . ▁▁ ▁Res ident ial ▁Ord in aries ▁Su ff rag an ▁B ish ops ▁of ▁Zug lio ▁ ▁( R oman ▁R ite ) ▁( in complete ) ▁ ▁Am ant ius ▁ ▁= ▁A man z io ( 3 9 3 ▁– ▁death ▁ 4 1 3 ) ▁ ▁... ▁ ▁Janu arius ▁= ▁I anu ario ▁( 4 8 0 ▁– ▁death ▁ 4 9 0 ) ▁ ▁... ▁ ▁Max ent ius ▁= ▁Mass ens io ▁( 5 7 1 ? ▁– ▁ 5 9 1 ?) ▁▁ ▁... ▁ ▁F iden z io ▁= ▁F ident ius ▁( 7 0 5 ? ▁– ▁? ) ▁ ▁Am ator ( e ) ▁( 7 3 7 ? ▁– ▁death ▁? 7 4 0 ). ▁▁ ▁Tit ular ▁see ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁the ▁dioc ese ▁was ▁nomin ally ▁restored ▁as ▁Latin ▁Catholic ▁Tit ular ▁bishop ric ▁of ▁Zug lio ▁( Ital ian ) ▁alias ▁I ul ium ▁Car nic um . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁had ▁the ▁following ▁inc umb ents , ▁of ▁the ▁fitting ▁epis cop al ▁( low est ) ▁rank ▁or ▁the ▁higher ▁arch ie pis cop al ▁( inter medi ary ) ▁rank ▁: ▁ ▁Tit ular ▁Bishop ▁Ald o ▁G ob bi ▁( 1 9 6 7 . 0 4 . 2 2 ▁– ▁death ▁ 1 9 7 3 . 1 1 . 2 9 ) |
▁as ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Im ola ▁( Ital y ) ▁( 1 9 6 7 . 0 4 . 2 2 ▁– ▁ 1 9 7 3 . 1 1 . 2 9 ) ▁ ▁Tit ular ▁Bishop ▁Em ilio ▁P izz oni ▁( 1 9 7 4 . 0 3 . 2 1 ▁– ▁res igned ▁ 1 9 8 5 . 0 8 . 0 1 ) ▁as ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁U d ine ▁( Ital y ) ▁( 1 9 6 6 . 0 9 . 0 6 ▁– ▁retired ▁ 1 9 8 5 . 0 8 . 0 1 ), ▁died ▁ 1 9 9 4 ; ▁previously ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Ter rac ina ▁( Ital y ) ▁( 1 9 5 1 . 0 3 . 2 7 ▁– ▁ 1 9 6 6 . 0 9 . 0 6 ), ▁Bishop ▁of ▁P river no ▁( Ital y ) ▁( 1 9 5 1 . 0 3 . 2 7 ▁– ▁ 1 9 6 6 . 0 9 . 0 6 ), ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Se z ze ▁( Ital y ) ▁( 1 9 5 1 . 0 3 . 2 7 ▁– ▁ 1 9 6 6 . 0 9 . 0 6 ), ▁Tit ular ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Gun ug us ▁( 1 9 6 6 . 0 9 . 0 6 ▁– ▁ 1 9 7 4 . 0 3 |
. 2 1 ) ▁ ▁Tit ular ▁Bishop ▁Pietro ▁B rollo ▁( 1 9 8 5 . 1 0 . 2 1 ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 6 . 0 1 . 0 2 ) ▁as ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁U d ine ▁( Ital y ) ▁( 1 9 8 5 . 1 0 . 2 1 ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 6 . 0 1 . 0 2 ); ▁later ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Bell uno – F elt re ▁( Ital y ) ▁( 1 9 9 6 . 0 1 . 0 2 ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 8 ), ▁Metropolitan ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁above ▁U d ine ▁( Ital y ) ▁( 2 0 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 8 ▁– ▁death ▁ 2 0 0 9 . 0 8 . 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Tit ular ▁Bishop ▁Alfred ▁K ip ko ech ▁A rap ▁Rot ich ▁( 1 9 9 6 . 0 3 . 0 9 ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 7 . 0 8 . 2 9 ) ▁as ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁N airo bi ▁( K en ya ) ▁( 1 9 9 6 . 0 3 . 0 9 ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 7 . 0 8 . 2 9 ); ▁next ▁Military ▁Ord inary ▁of ▁Ken ya ▁( K en ya ) ▁( 1 9 9 7 . 0 8 |
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