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▁" property " ▁of ▁Jim , ▁" a ▁s nake - man ▁named ▁Er li - k illi - kur ra ". ▁The ▁ fi r st ▁eth n ographic ▁ fi lm ▁foot age ▁ever ▁taken ▁among ▁Ab original ▁people , ▁on ▁ 3 ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁was ▁of ▁the ▁ceremony ▁associated ▁with ▁this ▁verse . ▁ ▁Arch ae ologist ▁John ▁Mul van ey ▁showed ▁that ▁Er lik ily ika ▁was ▁not ▁acknowled ged ▁for ▁the ▁role ▁he ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁Sp encer ▁and ▁Gill en ' s ▁noted ▁anth rop ological ▁work , ▁The ▁Native ▁Trib es ▁of ▁Central ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁His ▁car v ings ▁were ▁first ▁documented ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁when ▁examples ▁were ▁displayed ▁in ▁Ad ela ide . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁Te legraph ▁Master ▁and ▁enthus i astic ▁supp orter ▁Harry ▁O . ▁K ear nan , ▁Er lik ily ika ▁travel led ▁to ▁Ad ela ide , ▁where ▁his ▁art ▁was ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Sel bor ne ▁Hotel ▁in ▁Pir ie ▁Street . ▁It ▁was ▁well - rece ived ▁in ▁the ▁press , ▁with ▁the ▁artist ▁being ▁pra ised ▁as ▁a ▁" black ▁genius " ▁in ▁one ▁article ▁in ▁The ▁Register . ▁The ▁article ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁describe ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁car v ings ▁in ▁detail ▁– ▁including ▁a ▁mars up ial ▁rat , ▁sn akes , ▁birds ▁– ▁and ▁intr icate ▁paint ings ▁on |
▁bo omer angs . ▁The ▁rep orter ▁includes ▁the ▁l ively ▁explan ations ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁artist ▁when ▁interview ed , ▁op ines ▁that ▁the ▁work ▁surely ▁should ▁be ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁national ▁collection ▁and ▁c ites ▁Er lik ily ika ' s ▁age ▁as ▁ 4 0 ▁( and ▁also ▁mentions ▁that ▁he ▁visited ▁Sydney ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 5 ). ▁This ▁was ▁probably ▁the ▁first ▁solo ▁exhibition ▁of ▁an ▁Ab original ▁artist ▁in ▁Australia . ▁Most ▁likely ▁during ▁this ▁visit , ▁Er lik ily ika ▁made ▁ 2 4 ▁botan ical ▁draw ings , ▁annot ated ▁with ▁both ▁their ▁Arr ern te ▁and ▁scientific ▁names , ▁which ▁were ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁Museum . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Central ▁Australian ▁artist ▁to ▁be ▁nation ally ▁recogn ised ▁for ▁his ▁art istic ▁talent , ▁in ▁particular ▁his ▁car v ings ▁of ▁animals ▁in ▁soft ▁stone , ▁illustr ations ▁and ▁sculpt ures . ▁The ▁ge ologist , ▁anth rop ologist , ▁medical ▁doctor ▁and ▁politician ▁Herbert ▁Based ow ▁bought ▁many ▁of ▁Er lik ily ika ' s ▁works , ▁which ▁are ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Australia , ▁and ▁also ▁be fri ended ▁Er lik ily ika , ▁who ▁helped ▁him ▁with ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁cer emon ies . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁record ▁of ▁his ▁date ▁of ▁death , ▁the ▁te legraph ▁station ▁at ▁Charlotte ▁W aters ▁having ▁fallen ▁into ▁dis use ▁and ▁the ▁Central ▁Australia ▁Railway ▁having ▁by pass ed ▁the ▁location . ▁The ▁last |
▁an ec dot al ▁evidence ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ; ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁mention ▁in ▁the ▁Daily ▁Te legraph ▁says ▁he ▁was ▁" old ". ▁His ▁date ▁of ▁death ▁has ▁been ▁c ited ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁but ▁when ▁his ▁brother , ▁Jack ▁K ite , ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁cer emon ies ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁mention ▁of ▁" J im ". ▁ ▁His ▁wife , ▁U tn ir aren aka ▁Per r ur le , ▁was ▁from ▁the ▁Ar lt ung a ▁area . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁record ▁of ▁any ▁children . ▁ ▁Works ▁in ▁gall eries ▁Er lik ily ika ' s ▁works ▁are ▁now ▁valuable ▁collect ors ' ▁items . ▁The ▁South ▁Australian ▁Museum ▁holds ▁the ▁biggest ▁collection ▁of ▁Er lik ily ika ▁car v ings . ▁Phot ograph s ▁and ▁other ▁items ▁from ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁Gill en ▁and ▁Sp encer ▁are ▁in ▁collections ▁held ▁by ▁Museum s ▁Victoria , ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁is ▁on ▁display ▁at ▁the ▁Old ▁Timer ' s ▁Tra eg er ▁Museum ▁in ▁Alice ▁Spr ings . ▁Of ▁Based ow ' s ▁collection ▁of ▁works , ▁the ▁sketch book ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁Museum ▁Archives ▁and ▁the ▁remainder ▁are ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Australia . ▁Some ▁of ▁Er lik ily ika ' s ▁work ▁is ▁also ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁Museum ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁ ▁Name ▁The ▁artist ▁was |
▁known ▁to ▁Europe ans ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁Jim ▁K ite , ▁Jim ▁Ky te , ▁or ▁Jim ▁K ite ▁Pen ang ke . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Ted ▁St reh low ' s ▁gene alog ical ▁record , ▁his ▁Arr ern te ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁" Al il kil aj aka "; ▁meaning ▁" he ▁sli pped " ▁or ▁" gl ided ▁away "; ▁this ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁a ▁k ite ▁spirit ▁ancest or ▁in ▁a ▁local ▁Dream time ▁story , ▁according ▁to ▁St reh low . ▁The ▁name ▁was ▁translated ▁for ▁St reh low ▁by ▁the ▁Arr ern te ▁and ▁Wang k ang ur ru ▁elder ▁M ick ▁Mc Le an , ▁and ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁sp elt ▁A ly el kel h aye ka . ▁Gill en ' s ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁di ary ▁lists ▁a ▁man ▁called ▁" Ar - lee ’ kill - y ic ca ", ▁and ▁Er k ilia kir ra ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁another ▁sp elling ▁variation . ▁Sp encer ▁wrote ▁it ▁in ▁his ▁di ary ▁as ▁Er li - k illi - kur ra , ▁and ▁Jason ▁Gib son ▁noted ▁that ▁he ▁" was ▁of ▁the ▁Pen ang k ▁[ s ] ub section ". ▁ ▁The ▁Australian ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Biography ▁suggests ▁that ▁as ▁er lia ▁sign ified ▁em u , ▁his ▁to tem ic ▁name ▁may ▁relate ▁to ▁an ▁em u ▁rit ual ▁area ▁near ▁Charlotte ▁W aters ▁at ▁Ad ny ult ul tera ▁water hole . ▁ ▁References ▁ |
▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Online ▁▁ ▁- ▁art ▁by ▁Er lik ily ika ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁N MA ▁ ▁- ▁links ▁to ▁all ▁resources ▁on ▁Tro ve ▁ ▁Hard copy ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Frank ▁Gill en , ▁Bald win ▁Sp encer , ▁Er lik ilia kir ra ▁( J im ▁K ite ), ▁Ch ance , ▁and ▁Pur unda ▁( W ar wick ), ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 0 2 ▁Ex ped ition , ▁Alice ▁Spr ings , ▁Central ▁Australia , ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Bar row ▁Creek ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁Pur unda ▁( Ar unta ) ▁( next ▁to ▁tree ), ▁F . J . G , ▁T ung alla ▁( K ait ish ), ▁Ch ance ▁, ▁W . B . S . ▁Er k ilia kir ra ▁( Ar unta ) ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁Ab original ▁artists ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁the ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁Category : Arr ern te <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Ha ig ▁Lou w ▁( born ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁first - class ▁cr ick eter ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁Oxford ▁University ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁season . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁Board ▁Director ▁of ▁Cr icket ▁Tas mania . ▁ ▁Cr icket ▁career ▁Lou w ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Ke ble ▁College , ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁made ▁seven ▁first - class ▁appearances ▁for ▁Oxford ▁University . ▁His |
▁first ▁recorded ▁match ▁was ▁a ▁non ▁List ▁A ▁match ▁against ▁G lam organ ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁His ▁first - class ▁debut ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 - day ▁match ▁against ▁Wor c esters hire , ▁in ▁which ▁Lou w ▁bag ged ▁a ▁pair ▁( sc ored ▁ 0 ▁in ▁both ▁inn ings ). ▁His ▁highest ▁first - class ▁score ▁of ▁ 8 2 ▁came ▁in ▁a ▁match ▁against ▁Es sex ▁at ▁the ▁County ▁Cr icket ▁Gr ound , ▁Ch el ms ford , ▁although ▁Lou w ▁scored ▁ 1 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 1 9 ▁not ▁out ▁in ▁each ▁inn ings ▁in ▁a ▁non ▁first - class ▁ 3 - day ▁match ▁against ▁the ▁Com b ined ▁services ▁team . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Lou w ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁Board ▁Director ▁of ▁Cr icket ▁Tas mania . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Cr icket ▁Archive ▁ ▁C ric info ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁D ord recht , ▁Eastern ▁Cape ▁Category : O x ford ▁University ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Ke ble ▁College , ▁Oxford <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mer ri am - Web ster ' s ▁Advanced ▁Lear ner ' s ▁English ▁Dictionary ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁dictionary ▁that ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Advanced ▁lear ner ' s ▁dictionary ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Mer |
ri am - Web ster ' s ▁Advanced ▁Lear ner ' s ▁English ▁Dictionary ▁online ▁ ▁Category : English ▁diction aries ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁non - f iction ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁Ya quel in ▁Abd ala ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Cub an ▁mixed ▁media ▁artist , ▁working ▁with ▁traditional ▁and ▁physical ▁media . ▁ ▁Ex hib itions ▁ ▁Abd ala ▁displayed ▁her ▁bright ly ▁colored ▁" f aux " ▁paint ings , ▁at ▁the ▁Fif th ▁Hav ana ▁B ienn ial ▁( 6 ▁May ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 4 ). ▁The ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁paint ings ▁was ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁urban ▁and ▁rural ▁Cuba , ▁their ▁myth ologies , ▁folk ▁tales , ▁and ▁contrast s , ▁featuring ▁Abd ala ' s ▁personal ▁an ec d otes ▁and ▁dream s . ▁Abd ala ▁has ▁been ▁featured ▁in ▁several ▁prominent ▁gallery ▁shows , ▁including ▁the ▁acc laimed ▁exhib it ▁" K uba ▁Ok ", ▁which ▁had ▁several ▁pieces ▁purchased ▁and ▁displayed ▁by ▁a ▁patron ▁in ▁Germany . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Home page ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : C ub an ▁women ▁artists ▁Category : M ixed - media ▁artists ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Natural ▁Dam ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁C raw ford ▁County , ▁Ark ansas , ▁United ▁States . ▁Natural ▁Dam ▁is |
▁located ▁on ▁Ark ansas ▁Highway ▁ 5 9 , ▁ ▁north - n orth west ▁of ▁C ed ar ville . ▁Natural ▁Dam ▁has ▁a ▁post ▁office ▁with ▁Z IP ▁code ▁ 7 2 9 4 8 . ▁Lee ▁Creek ▁Bridge , ▁which ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places , ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁community . ▁ ▁The ▁community ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁a ▁natural ▁dam ▁near ▁the ▁original ▁town ▁site . ▁ ▁Notable ▁person ▁ ▁Sh ay ▁Mo oney , ▁half ▁of ▁country ▁du o ▁Dan ▁+ ▁Sh ay ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁C raw ford ▁County , ▁Ark ansas ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Ark ansas <0x0A> </s> ▁Raj ▁K umar ▁R ai ▁was ▁a ▁Lok ▁Sab ha ▁member ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 4 – 8 9 ▁representing ▁Gh osi . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 8 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁Public ▁Account s ▁Committee ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 3 – 8 4 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁B hum ih ar ▁family ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁in ▁Sur aj pur , ▁a ▁village ▁of ▁Mau ▁district , ▁in ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh . ▁ ▁After ▁comple ting ▁his ▁early ▁education ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁Var ans i ▁where ▁he ▁completed ▁an ▁M . A |
., ▁LL . B ▁from ▁Ban ar as ▁H indu ▁University . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁advoc ate ▁for ▁the ▁Az am gar h ▁civil ▁court . ▁He ▁first ▁joined ▁con gress ▁party ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁and ▁M LA ▁in ▁UP ▁legisl ative ▁assembly . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁( L ok ▁Sab ha ) ▁for ▁Gh osi , ▁under ▁Prime ▁minister ▁Raj iv ▁Gand hi . ▁After ▁some ▁years ▁he ▁res igned ▁from ▁the ▁membership ▁of ▁Lok ▁Sab ha ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Congress ▁party . ▁He ▁then ▁joined ▁V ish wan ath ▁Pr at ap ▁Singh ' s ▁J anta ▁Dal ▁and ▁became ▁its ▁national ▁secretary . ▁He ▁cont ested ▁several ▁Lok ▁Sab ha ▁elections ▁and ▁fought ▁for ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁social ism . ▁After ▁that ▁he ▁came ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁Sam aj v adi ▁party ▁supre mo ▁ ▁Mul ay am ▁Singh ▁Y ad av ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁party . ▁He ▁became ▁the ▁chairman ▁of ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁Be ej ▁Pr aman ik aran ▁N ig am ▁( equ ivalent ▁to ▁cabinet ▁minister ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁L al ita ▁De vi ▁R ai ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁four ▁children ▁( two ▁sons ▁and ▁two ▁daughters ). ▁He ▁was ▁ja iled ▁twice ▁on ▁the ▁occasion ▁of ▁the ▁arrest ▁of ▁Ind ira ▁Gand hi ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁Death ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁aged ▁ 7 3 |
. ▁His ▁last ▁rit uals ▁were ▁performed ▁at ▁Mu kt id ham ▁Do hr igh at . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁death s ▁Category : L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁from ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : 8 th ▁Lok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mau ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁London ▁United ▁is ▁a ▁bus ▁company ▁operating ▁mostly ▁in ▁west ▁and ▁south - west ▁Gre ater ▁London . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁R AT P ▁Group ▁and ▁oper ates ▁services ▁under ▁contract ▁to ▁Transport ▁for ▁London . ▁ ▁Company ▁history ▁ ▁London ▁United ▁comm enced ▁operating ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁operating ▁subs idi aries ▁of ▁London ▁B uses ▁in ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁priv at isation . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁it ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁a ▁management ▁buy out . ▁ ▁The ▁company ' s ▁name ▁was ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁former ▁London ▁United ▁Tr am ways , ▁that ▁operated ▁tr ams ▁and ▁t rol ley b uses ▁in ▁west ▁and ▁south ▁west ▁London ▁until ▁absor bed ▁by ▁the ▁London ▁Pass enger ▁Transport ▁Board ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁London ▁United ▁adopted ▁the ▁former ▁tram ▁company ' s ▁ins ign ia , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁London , ▁as ▁its ▁logo . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁London ▁United ▁purchased |
▁West link ▁with ▁gar ages ▁in ▁H oun slow ▁He ath ▁and ▁King ston ▁upon ▁Th ames . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁London ▁United ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Trans dev . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Trans dev ▁purchased ▁fellow ▁London ▁operator ▁London ▁S over eign ▁from ▁the ▁Bla ze field ▁Group . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁both ▁operations ▁were ▁re brand ed ▁with ▁the ▁Trans dev ▁name ▁and ▁logo , ▁removing ▁the ▁London ▁United ▁and ▁London ▁S over eign ▁br ands , ▁although ▁both ▁companies ▁continued ▁as ▁separate ▁legal ▁entities . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Trans dev ▁purchased ▁N CP ▁Ch allen ger ▁with ▁seven ▁Transport ▁for ▁London ▁contract ed ▁routes , ▁ 8 7 ▁bus es ▁and ▁gar ages ▁at ▁Park ▁Royal ▁and ▁T wick en ham . ▁These ▁were ▁integrated ▁into ▁the ▁London ▁United ▁business . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁a ▁char ter ▁unit ▁was ▁established ▁under ▁the ▁United ▁Trans it ▁brand ▁with ▁a ▁grey ▁and ▁red ▁li very . ▁ ▁Mer gers ▁and ▁de mer gers ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Trans dev ' s ▁majority ▁owner , ▁C ais se ▁des ▁dép ô ts ▁et ▁cons ign ations , ▁comm enced ▁negoti ating ▁with ▁Ve olia ▁En viron nement ▁to ▁merge ▁Trans dev ▁with ▁Ve olia ▁Transport . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁resulting ▁agreement , ▁it ▁was ▁agreed ▁that ▁the ▁R AT P ▁Group , ▁which ▁had ▁a ▁minor ity ▁share |
hold ing ▁in ▁Trans dev , ▁would ▁take ▁over ▁ownership ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁Trans dev ' s ▁operations ▁in ▁lieu ▁of ▁c ash ▁payment . ▁ ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁London ▁United ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁the ▁R AT P ▁Group , ▁while ▁London ▁S over eign ▁remained ▁with ▁Trans dev ▁and ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁merged ▁Ve olia ▁Trans dev ▁group . ▁ ▁This ▁agreement ▁took ▁effect ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁R AT P ▁Group ▁renamed ▁its ▁newly ▁acquired ▁business ▁London ▁United . ▁ ▁Li very ▁London ▁United ▁had ▁an ▁all ▁red ▁li very ▁with ▁a ▁light ▁grey ▁sk irt . ▁This ▁was ▁later ▁changed ▁to ▁all ▁red ▁to ▁comp ly ▁with ▁Transport ▁for ▁London ▁requirements . ▁ ▁Gar ages ▁London ▁United ▁oper ates ▁eight ▁bus ▁gar ages . ▁ ▁Ful well ▁( F W ) ▁ ▁As ▁at ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Ful well ▁gar age ▁oper ates ▁routes ▁ 3 3 , ▁ 6 5 , ▁ 7 1 , ▁ 2 1 6 , ▁ 2 8 1 , ▁ 3 7 1 , ▁ 4 1 1 , ▁ 4 1 9 , ▁K 3 ▁and ▁ 6 8 1 . ▁ ▁History ▁When ▁new , ▁the ▁ ▁site ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fin est ▁plants ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁main ▁dep ot ▁of ▁London ▁United ▁Tr am ways ▁with ▁ 2 0 ▁covered ▁tracks . ▁The ▁gar age ▁is ▁now ad ays ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁sections , |
▁one ▁used ▁by ▁London ▁United , ▁with ▁an ▁entrance ▁off ▁Well ington ▁Road , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁by ▁Ab elli o ▁London ▁with ▁an ▁entrance ▁off ▁Stanley ▁Road . ▁ ▁Ful well ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁gar age ▁in ▁London ▁to ▁receive ▁t rol ley b uses ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁and ▁together ▁with ▁Is le worth ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁to ▁operate ▁them ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁The ▁last ▁tr ams ▁operated ▁from ▁the ▁dep ot ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁although ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁tram ▁tracks ▁were , ▁until ▁recently , ▁still ▁visible ▁in ▁the ▁c ob bled ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁Stanley ▁Road ▁entrance . ▁The ▁gar age ▁has ▁never ▁reached ▁its ▁capacity , ▁even ▁taking ▁in ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁from ▁T wick en ham ▁when ▁it ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ 1 0 7 ▁bus es ▁were ▁allocated . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁the ▁gar age ▁hous ed ▁ 1 3 ▁London ▁Country ▁bus es ▁after ▁Ar riv a ▁Cro yd on ▁& ▁North ▁Sur rey ▁shut ▁its ▁Le ather head ▁gar age . ▁The ▁bus es ▁on ▁route ▁ 8 5 ▁were ▁operated ▁from ▁the ▁forec ourt ▁with ▁Ar riv a ▁drivers . ▁ ▁H oun slow ▁( AV ) ▁As ▁of ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁H oun slow ▁gar age ▁oper ates ▁routes ▁ 1 1 0 , ▁ 1 1 1 , ▁ 1 |
1 6 , ▁ 2 0 3 , ▁ 4 2 3 , ▁H 2 2 , ▁H 9 8 ▁and ▁N 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁H oun slow ▁gar age ▁was ▁opened ▁by ▁the ▁London ▁General ▁Om n ibus ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁on ▁the ▁former ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁District ▁Railway ' s ▁H oun slow ▁Town ▁station . ▁The ▁gar age ▁along ▁with ▁many ▁others ▁was ▁requ is ition ed ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁H oun slow ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁two ▁first s ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁p neum atic ▁ty re ▁bus es ▁and ▁the ▁original ▁Dennis ▁D art ▁allocated ▁respectively . ▁The ▁gar age ▁had ▁one ▁problem ▁though : ▁the ▁roof ▁was ▁too ▁low ▁and ▁only ▁open ▁to ppers ▁and ▁single ▁deck ▁vehicles ▁could ▁use ▁the ▁dep ot ▁until ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 3 0 s ▁when ▁the ▁roof ▁was ▁raised . ▁ ▁A ▁London ▁Transport ▁survey ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁found ▁that ▁ 9 2 ▁vehicles ▁were ▁allocated ▁to ▁H oun slow , ▁a ▁gar age ▁with ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 7 2 . ▁This ▁was ▁mainly ▁achieved ▁by ▁par king ▁bus es ▁on ▁a ▁plot ▁of ▁land ▁behind ▁the ▁gar age ▁that ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁stand ▁vehicles ▁termin ating ▁there ▁on ▁lay over . ▁The ▁gar age ▁was ▁re built ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁included ▁a ▁new ▁bus ▁station ▁in |
▁front ▁of ▁the ▁gar age . ▁The ▁planned ▁allocation ▁was ▁now ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 2 0 ▁vehicles , ▁although ▁the ▁allocation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁was ▁ 1 2 7 . ▁ ▁H oun slow ' s ▁first ▁one - man ▁operated ▁double ▁deck ers ▁were ▁MC W ▁Met rob uses ▁delivered ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁for ▁routes ▁ 1 1 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 2 . ▁With ▁the ▁allocation ▁still ▁high , ▁H oun slow ▁runs ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁night ▁services ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁other ▁London ▁United ▁gar ages ▁to ▁enable ▁it ▁to ▁fit ▁the ▁bus es ▁into ▁the ▁gar age . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁gar age ▁in ▁London ▁to ▁operate ▁a ▁low - floor ▁bus ▁with ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁Wright ▁Path find er ▁bod ied ▁Dennis ▁L ance ▁SL F ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁plans ▁to ▁re loc ate ▁the ▁gar age ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁town ▁centre , ▁and ▁allow ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁the ▁ad jo ining ▁bus ▁station . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁an ▁un success ful ▁planning ▁application ▁for ▁a ▁site ▁in ▁Han worth ▁Road ▁was ▁lod ged . ▁This ▁was ▁largely ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁campaign ▁by ▁residents ▁over looking ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁bus ▁station ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁gar age ▁was ▁closed ▁for ▁re building . ▁The ▁overall ▁roof ▁was ▁removed ▁and ▁the ▁eight ▁bus ▁b ays ▁demol ished . ▁In |
▁their ▁place ▁have ▁been ▁built ▁just ▁two ▁stands ▁for ▁routes ▁ 1 2 0 ▁and ▁route ▁ 2 8 1 . ▁The ▁other ▁seven ▁routes ▁that ▁previously ▁served ▁the ▁bus ▁station ▁now ▁stand ▁on ▁the ▁gar age ▁forec ourt ▁( the ▁old ▁bus ▁station ) ▁but ▁pick ▁up ▁passengers ▁in ▁the ▁road ▁outside . ▁One ▁exception ▁was ▁route ▁ 8 1 , ▁where ▁bus es ▁ran ▁out ▁of ▁service ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁bus ▁stand ▁at ▁Is le worth ▁Fire ▁Station . ▁This ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁dis cont in ued ▁and ▁bus es ▁again ▁lay over ▁on ▁the ▁former ▁bus ▁station . ▁ ▁H oun slow ▁He ath ▁( HA HA ) ▁ ▁As ▁at ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁H oun slow ▁He ath ▁gar age ▁operate ▁routes ▁ 1 0 5 , ▁ 2 1 6 ▁and ▁ 2 8 5 . ▁ ▁History ▁H oun slow ▁He ath ▁was ▁the ▁original ▁operating ▁base ▁of ▁Stan well ▁B uses , ▁a ▁company ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁London ▁B uses ▁just ▁prior ▁to ▁der eg ulation . ▁They ▁trad ed ▁as ▁West link , ▁hence ▁the ▁gar age ▁code ▁W K , ▁and ▁initially ▁operated ▁routes ▁ 1 1 6 , ▁ 1 1 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 3 ▁which ▁were ▁all ▁joint ▁Transport ▁for ▁London / Sur rey ▁County ▁Council ▁contract s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁West link ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁London ▁United ▁and ▁rec oded ▁internally ▁as ▁H H . ▁London ▁B uses ▁still |
▁use ▁the ▁code ▁W K . ▁The ▁dep ot ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁extended ▁over ▁the ▁former ▁Tra v ellers ▁Co aches ▁yard ▁next ▁door . ▁ ▁Park ▁Royal ▁( R P ) ▁As ▁at ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Park ▁Royal ▁gar age ▁operated ▁routes ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 2 0 , ▁ 2 8 3 , ▁ 3 9 8 , ▁ 4 4 0 , ▁E 1 1 , ▁H 1 7 ▁and ▁N 1 8 . ▁ ▁History ▁Park ▁Royal ▁was ▁opened ▁by ▁N CP ▁Ch allen ger ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Metro line ▁gar age ▁( HR ) ▁in ▁Atlas ▁Road , ▁Park ▁Royal , ▁which ▁had ▁closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁gar age ▁is ▁actually ▁located ▁in ▁a ▁three ▁places ▁boundary , ▁which ▁are ▁Park ▁Royal , ▁North ▁Act on ▁and ▁Old ▁Oak ▁Common . ▁ ▁She ph erd ' s ▁Bush ▁( S ) ▁As ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁She ph erd ' s ▁Bush ▁gar age ▁operated ▁routes ▁ 7 0 , ▁ 7 2 , ▁ 9 4 , ▁ 1 4 8 , ▁ 2 2 0 ▁and ▁C 1 . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁route ▁N 9 7 ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁Tower ▁Trans it . ▁ ▁History ▁She ph erd ' s ▁Bush ▁gar age ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
0 6 . ▁ ▁St am ford ▁Brook ▁( V ) ▁ ▁As ▁at ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁St am ford ▁Brook ▁gar age ▁operated ▁routes ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 1 1 , ▁ 2 7 2 , ▁ 3 0 6 , ▁ 3 9 1 , ▁E 3 , ▁H 9 1 ▁and ▁N 9 .. ▁ ▁History ▁St am ford ▁Brook ▁opened ▁as ▁a ▁bus ▁gar age ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁after ▁a ▁two - year ▁construction . ▁Origin ally ▁built ▁as ▁Ch is wick ▁Tr am ▁dep ot , ▁it ▁had ▁latter ly ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁operate ▁the ▁British ▁European ▁Air ways ▁bus ▁service ▁between ▁He ath row ▁Airport ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁London ▁Air ▁Terminal ▁on ▁C rom well ▁Road . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁plan ▁was ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁temporary ▁home ▁for ▁the ▁R ivers ide ▁gar age ▁bus es ▁and ▁staff ▁whilst ▁that ▁gar age ▁was ▁re - built ▁with ▁a ▁view ▁to ▁taking ▁on ▁the ▁work load ▁from ▁Mort la ke ▁and ▁Turn ham ▁Green ▁which ▁were ▁to ▁close . ▁However ▁this ▁idea ▁was ▁changed ▁and ▁the ▁gar age ▁took ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁from ▁Turn ham ▁Green ▁which ▁closed ▁and ▁also ▁inherited ▁the ▁gar age ▁code ▁V . ▁Following ▁service ▁redu ctions , ▁Mort la ke ▁and ▁R ivers ide ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁work ▁moving ▁to ▁St am ford ▁Brook . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁St am ford ▁Brook |
▁took ▁on ▁Air bus ▁routes ▁A 1 ▁and ▁A 2 ▁following ▁the ▁withdraw al ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁British ▁Air ways ▁services ▁between ▁He ath row ▁Airport ▁and ▁central ▁London . ▁These ▁vehicles ▁were ▁transferred ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁West ▁R amp ▁( which ▁became ▁an ▁out station ▁of ▁V ) ▁leaving ▁the ▁gar age ▁with ▁an ▁allocation ▁of ▁MC W ▁Met ror iders , ▁MC W ▁Met rob uses , ▁Ley land ▁Olymp ians ▁and ▁Dennis ▁D arts . ▁ ▁The ▁gar age ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁store ▁for ▁un lic ensed ▁bus es ▁held ▁for ▁possible ▁future ▁use . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁it ▁re open ed ▁to ▁c ater ▁for ▁increased ▁demand ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁the ▁allocation ▁consisted ▁entirely ▁of ▁Dennis ▁D arts . ▁When ▁route ▁ 9 ▁was ▁converted ▁from ▁A EC ▁Rout em aster ▁to ▁one ▁man ▁operation ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁it ▁moved ▁from ▁She ph erd s ▁Bush , ▁and ▁East ▁Lan cs ▁My ll en ni um ▁V y king ▁bod ied ▁Vol vo ▁B 7 TL ▁double ▁deck ers ▁appeared . ▁ ▁Tol worth ▁( TV ) ▁ ▁As ▁at ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Tol worth ▁gar age ▁oper ates ▁routes ▁ 7 1 , ▁ 8 5 , ▁ 2 6 5 , ▁ 4 0 6 , ▁ 4 1 8 , ▁ 4 6 5 , ▁K |
2 , ▁K 5 ▁and ▁K 5 . ▁ ▁History ▁Tol worth ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁new est ▁London ▁bus ▁gar ages ▁and ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁a ▁former ▁coal ▁yard ▁behind ▁Tol worth ▁railway ▁station . ▁ ▁Tol worth ▁was ▁originally ▁planned ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁following ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁King ston ▁Gar age ▁and ▁the ▁announ cement ▁that ▁the ▁site ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁sold ▁off ▁and ▁part ▁converted ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁bus ▁station . ▁A ▁rec ruit ment ▁centre ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁Tol worth ▁Broadway ▁long ▁before ▁building ▁work ▁ever ▁started . ▁ ▁The ▁sale ▁of ▁the ▁King ston ▁site ▁was ▁brought ▁forward ▁somewhat , ▁and ▁this ▁appeared ▁to ▁catch ▁out ▁the ▁operator ▁as ▁Tol worth ▁Gar age ▁was ▁not ▁yet ▁ready . ▁B uses ▁were ▁tempor arily ▁park ed ▁in ▁a ▁car ▁park ▁in ▁King ston ▁until ▁the ▁new ▁ 1 0 0 ▁capacity ▁bus ▁gar age ▁opened ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Route ▁K 5 ▁transferred ▁to ▁Tol worth ▁from ▁Qu ality ▁Line ▁on ▁ 2 5 th ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁Rout es ▁ 4 0 6 , ▁ 4 1 8 ▁and ▁ 4 6 5 ▁transferred ▁to ▁Tol worth ▁from ▁Qu ality ▁Line ▁on ▁ 2 5 th ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁T wick en ham ▁( NC ) ▁ ▁History ▁T wick en ham ▁gar age ▁was ▁opened ▁by ▁N CP ▁Ch allen ger ▁on ▁ |
1 2 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁route ▁ 4 9 3 ▁passed ▁to ▁London ▁General . ▁ ▁T wick en ham ▁closed ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Fle et ▁As ▁at ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁fleet ▁consisted ▁of ▁ 7 9 7 ▁bus es . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁K In g ston ▁University ▁Tim et able : ▁ ▁Category : Lond on ▁bus ▁operators ▁Category : R AT P ▁Group ▁Category : Transport ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : Trans dev ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁Mes o amer ican ▁ne ph rop ath y ▁( Me N ) ▁is ▁a ▁currently ▁un exp la ined ▁ep ide mic ▁of ▁chron ic ▁kid ney ▁disease ▁of ▁unknown ▁origin ▁( CK D u ), ▁pre val ent ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁coast al ▁low ▁lands ▁of ▁the ▁Mes o amer ican ▁region , ▁including ▁southern ▁Mexico , ▁Gu atem ala , ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁Nic ar agua , ▁H ond uras ▁and ▁Costa ▁Rica . ▁In ▁rural ▁areas ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁the ▁disease ▁is ▁col lo qu ial ly ▁called ▁cre atin ina . ▁ ▁This ▁C K D ▁ep ide mic ▁in ▁Central ▁America ▁sp ans ▁along ▁a ▁nearly ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁kilometer ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁coast . ▁In ▁El |
▁Salvador ▁and ▁Nic ar agua ▁alone , ▁the ▁reported ▁number ▁of ▁men ▁dying ▁from ▁this ▁pain ful ▁disease ▁has ▁ris en ▁five - fold ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁ 2 0 ▁years , ▁although ▁some ▁research ers ▁believe ▁hidden ▁cases ▁have ▁always ▁been ▁there ▁and ▁this ▁increment ▁in ▁official ▁data ▁could ▁be ▁partially ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁recent ▁increase ▁in ▁reports ▁and ▁improved ▁case ▁search , ▁pushed ▁by ▁the ▁growing ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁disease . ▁In ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁the ▁disease ▁has ▁become ▁the ▁second ▁leading ▁cause ▁of ▁death ▁among ▁adult ▁men , ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁recent ▁editor ial , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁that ▁this ▁largely ▁unknown ▁ep ide mic ▁has ▁caused ▁the ▁prem ature ▁death ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁Science ▁Magazine ▁reports : ▁" In ▁El ▁Salvador ▁alone , ▁PA HO ' s ▁latest ▁figures ▁say ▁C K D ▁of ▁all ▁causes ▁k ills ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁each ▁year ". ▁ ▁The ▁people ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁ep ide mic ▁are ▁mainly ▁young ▁and ▁middle - aged ▁male ▁labor ers ▁in ▁the ▁agricult ural ▁sector , ▁particularly ▁sugar c ane ▁workers . ▁The ▁disease ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁pre val ent ▁in ▁other ▁occup ations ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁risk ▁of ▁heat ▁stress , ▁imp lying ▁str enu ous ▁work ▁( min ers , ▁construction , ▁port ▁and ▁transport ation ▁workers ) ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁temper atures ▁of ▁the |
▁coast lands . ▁The ▁ep ide mic ▁appears ▁to ▁affect ▁particular ▁Pacific ▁coast al ▁regions ▁of ▁Nic ar agua , ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁Costa ▁Rica , ▁and ▁Gu atem ala . ▁ ▁C aus es ▁The ▁cause ▁of ▁Me N ▁is ▁unclear , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁certainly ▁not ▁explained ▁by ▁conventional ▁causes ▁such ▁as ▁di ab etes ▁m ell it us ▁or ▁hy pert ension . ▁The ▁cause ▁of ▁Me N ▁is ▁uncertain ▁but ▁many ▁risk ▁factors ▁have ▁been ▁proposed , ▁including ▁repeated ▁episodes ▁of ▁heat ▁stress , ▁de h yd r ation , ▁and ▁long ▁hours ▁of ▁work ▁labor . ▁ ▁Mult ifact orial ▁disease ▁ ▁The ▁above - ment ioned ▁declaration ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁International ▁Conference ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁San ▁Salvador ▁said ▁that : ▁▁ ▁“ Wh ile ▁there ▁is ▁cons ensus ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁mult ifact orial ▁disease , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁factors ▁include ▁expos ure ▁to ▁ag ro chem ical s , ▁either ▁through ▁direct ▁prolong ed ▁expos ure ▁over ▁time ▁or ▁through ▁resid ual ▁long - standing ▁cont am ination ▁of ▁the ▁soil , ▁water ▁sources , ▁and ▁cro ps , ▁comp ounded ▁by ▁difficult ▁working ▁conditions ; ▁expos ure ▁to ▁high ▁temper atures ; ▁and ▁ins u fficient ▁water ▁int ake , ▁among ▁others ▁factors .” ▁ ▁The ▁nature ▁of ▁mult ifact orial ▁problems ▁is , ▁that ▁the ▁observed ▁disease ▁can ▁be ▁caused ▁from ▁region ally ▁different ▁sets ▁of ▁risk ▁factors , ▁e . g . ▁ag ro |
chem ical s ▁and ▁heavy ▁met als ▁are ▁u bi quit ous ▁in ▁en demic ▁and ▁non - en demic ▁areas , ▁feature ▁protein uria , ▁or ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁related ▁previously ▁to ▁C K D ▁but ▁only ▁to ▁ac ute ▁kid ney ▁injury . ▁Mes o amer ican ▁vol can ic ▁so ils , ▁for ▁instance , ▁are ▁rich ▁in ▁ar sen ic ▁and ▁cad m ium ▁( e . g . ▁C K D u ▁min ers ). ▁ ▁Al co hol ism ▁and ▁self - med ic ation ▁ ▁Al co hol ism ▁and ▁self - med ic ation ▁are ▁also ▁common ▁features ▁in ▁these ▁populations . ▁NS A ID s ▁self - pres cription ▁is ▁particularly ▁w ides p read , ▁possibly ▁due ▁to ▁frequent ▁agricult ural ▁work ▁post ure - related ▁p ains , ▁and ▁d ys uria ▁is ▁commonly ▁treated ▁with ▁am in og ly cos ides , ▁often ▁not ▁related ▁to ▁ur inary ▁tract ▁in fe ctions ▁but ▁perhaps ▁associated ▁with ▁de h yd r ation ▁itself . ▁ ▁C lin ical ▁manifest ations ▁ ▁C lin ical ▁manifest ations , ▁and ▁bi ops y ▁find ings ▁suggest ▁Me N ▁could ▁be ▁a ▁new ▁form ▁of ▁C K D , ▁a ▁new ▁path olog ic ▁entity ▁related ▁to ▁repeated ▁heat ▁stress , ▁de h yd r ation , ▁salt ▁de ple tion , ▁and ▁possibly ▁other ▁contrib uting ▁factors , ▁like ▁NS A ID s ▁ab use . ▁A ▁recent ▁study ▁with ▁Wild - type ▁m |
ice ▁exposed ▁to ▁rec urrent ▁de h yd r ation ▁induced ▁by ▁heat ▁stress ▁produced ▁a ▁similar ▁pattern ▁of ▁kid ney ▁injury , ▁thus ▁providing ▁a ▁potential ▁mechanism ▁for ▁Me N , ▁by ▁activation ▁of ▁the ▁poly ol ▁path way , ▁via ▁met abol ism ▁by ▁f ruct ok in ase , ▁resulting ▁in ▁generation ▁of ▁end ogen ous ▁f ruct ose ▁and ▁u ric ▁acid ▁in ▁the ▁kid ney ▁that ▁subsequently ▁indu ces ▁ren al ▁injury . ▁ ▁Pre val ence ▁of ▁C K D u ▁outside ▁Mes o amer ica ▁ ▁Adding ▁elements ▁to ▁the ▁debate , ▁another ▁recent ▁study ▁from ▁Sri ▁L anka , ▁where ▁a ▁similar ▁and ▁apparently ▁new ▁form ▁of ▁C K D u ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁serious ▁public ▁health ▁concern ▁too , ▁suggests ▁chron ic ▁syn er gest ic ▁expos ure ▁to ▁multiple ▁p estic ide ▁resid ues ▁and ▁heavy ▁metal ▁could ▁be ▁the ▁main ▁caus al ▁factor . ▁The ▁authors ▁hypoth es ize ▁that ▁“ Ag ro chem ical s ▁are ▁the ▁essential ▁factor ▁for ▁the ▁disease “. ▁Dr . ▁Ch anna ▁Jay as um ana , ▁a ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁research er , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁Raj ar ata ▁University , ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁leading ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁p estic ide ▁hypothesis , ▁always ▁in ▁connection ▁to ▁hard ▁water ▁consumption . ▁He ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁research ▁conducted ▁by ▁his ▁university ▁found ▁that ▁“ p estic ides ▁and ▁chemical ▁fert il izers ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁sp ike ▁in ▁kid |
ney ▁dise ases ”, ▁Further ▁he ▁points ▁out ▁heat ▁stress ▁and ▁de h yd r ation ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁ag gra v ating ▁factor ▁of ▁the ▁disease . ▁ ▁He at str ess ▁and ▁de h yd r ation ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁position ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁one ▁study ▁developed ▁in ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁but ▁the ▁El ▁Salvador an ▁study ▁did ▁not ▁find ▁an ▁increased ▁odd s ▁ratio ▁for ▁C K D ▁in ▁people ▁exposed ▁to ▁ag ro chem ical ▁products , ▁or ▁direct ▁evidence ▁linking ▁it ▁to ▁p estic ides . ▁Other ▁studies ▁from ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁have ▁showed ▁that ▁chron ic ▁expos ure ▁of ▁people ▁in ▁ag ro chem ically ▁l aden ▁fields ▁to ▁low ▁levels ▁of ▁cad m ium ▁through ▁the ▁food ▁chain ▁and ▁also ▁to ▁p estic ides ▁could ▁be ▁responsible ▁for ▁significantly ▁higher ▁ur inary ▁ex cret ion ▁of ▁cad m ium ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁C K D u , ▁but ▁ur inary ▁cad m ium ▁ex cret ion ▁is ▁increased ▁in ▁all ▁forms ▁of ▁C K D , ▁and ▁cad m ium ▁ne ph rop ath y ▁is ▁highly ▁protein ur ic ▁while ▁Me N ▁is ▁not . ▁Based ▁on ▁that ▁hypoth et ical ▁possibility , ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁has ▁b anned ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁chemical s , ▁and ▁El ▁Salvador ▁has ▁similar ▁legisl ation ▁pending , ▁waiting ▁for ▁direct ▁evidence ▁linking ▁the ▁disease ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁ag ro chem ical s ▁in ▁the ▁Mes o amer ican ▁region . ▁A ▁large ▁( near ly |
▁ 3 8 , 0 0 0 ▁workers , ▁ 5 ▁year ▁follow ▁up ) ▁pros pective ▁study ▁from ▁Th ailand ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁found ▁a ▁ 5 - fold ▁increased ▁risk ▁( ad just ed ▁odd s ▁ratio ) ▁for ▁C K D ▁in ▁heat ▁stress ▁exposed ▁workers ▁with ▁physical ▁jobs , ▁so ▁the ▁disease ▁could ▁be ▁more ▁pre val ent ▁around ▁the ▁glo be ▁than ▁first ▁thought , ▁and ▁needs ▁a ▁closer ▁look . ▁The ▁heat ▁stress ▁hypothesis ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁deeply ▁considered ▁and ▁exam ined . ▁ ▁Pub lished ▁evidence ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁suggest ▁heat ▁stress ▁and ▁str enu ous ▁activity - indu ced ▁cy clic ▁u ric os uria ▁and ▁cry st all uria ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁mechanism ▁for ▁the ▁tub ular ▁les ion . ▁ ▁Ag ro chem ical s ▁ ▁A ▁relationship ▁between ▁C K D u ▁and ▁people ▁working ▁in ▁agricult ure ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁El ▁Salvador ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁high ▁p estic ide ▁use . ▁The ▁study ▁did ▁not ▁find ▁a ▁direct ▁cause ▁for ▁the ▁et i ology , ▁but ▁ne ph ro to xic ▁environmental ▁factors ▁cannot ▁be ▁ruled ▁out . ▁In ▁a ▁rural ▁area ▁in ▁Sri ▁Lan ca ▁a ▁possible ▁association ▁between ▁C K D ▁and ▁a ▁long ▁term ▁low - ▁level ▁expos ure ▁to ▁OP ▁p estic ides ▁was ▁detected . ▁In ▁a ▁Latin ▁American ▁country ▁high ▁cre atin ine ▁levels ▁of ▁workers ▁can ▁likely ▁be ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁nem atic |
ide ▁D BC P . ▁Also ▁a ▁relationship ▁between ▁increased ▁blood ▁levels ▁of ▁certain ▁org ano ch lor ine ▁p estic ides ▁and ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁chron ic ▁kid ney ▁disease ▁was ▁observed ▁in ▁India . ▁In ▁Nic ar agua ▁a ▁non ▁significant ▁relation ▁between ▁p estic ide ▁use ▁and ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁C K D u ▁was ▁observed . ▁The ▁occurrence ▁of ▁C K D u ▁was ▁higher ▁in ▁person ▁groups ▁exposed ▁to ▁p estic ides ▁than ▁in ▁the ▁control ▁group . ▁ ▁The ▁import ▁and ▁production ▁of ▁ag ro chem ical s ▁can ▁be ▁quant ified . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁ag ro chem ical s ▁the ▁workflow ▁in ▁which ▁ag ro chem ical s ▁are ▁applied ▁are ▁relevant ▁for ▁the ▁expos ure ▁of ▁workers ▁to ▁ag ro chem ical ▁( application ▁with ▁tra ctor ▁or ▁manual ▁work ▁or ▁application ▁of ▁self - prote ction ▁measures ). ▁C K D u ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁reported ▁among ▁workers ▁labor ing ▁under ▁supposed ly ▁similar ▁heat ▁stress ▁in ▁other ▁tropical ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁such ▁as ▁Brazil , ▁Cuba ▁or ▁J ama ica , ▁where ▁the ▁same ▁p estic ides ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁fashion ▁or ▁quantities ▁as ▁in ▁Mes o amer ica . ▁However , ▁heat ▁stress ▁measurements ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁ass essed ▁in ▁these ▁countries ▁and ▁cannot ▁be ▁compared , ▁and ▁C K D ▁cases ▁could ▁be ▁under report ed , ▁just ▁like ▁in ▁the ▁Mes o amer ican ▁region ▁before ▁the ▁first ▁description |
▁of ▁the ▁disease ▁back ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁In ▁any ▁case , ▁there ▁are ▁important ▁differences ▁between ▁these ▁Car ib bean ▁and ▁Atlantic ▁countries ▁and ▁the ▁Mes o amer ican ▁Pacific ▁coast lands , ▁differences ▁including ▁▁ ▁level ▁of ▁ag ro indust rial ▁mechan ization , ▁▁ ▁working ▁conditions ▁( access ▁to ▁drink ing ▁water ▁and ▁rest ▁in ▁sh ady ▁sp ots ), ▁▁ ▁easy ▁access ▁to ▁NS A ID s ▁without ▁pres cription , ▁▁ ▁and ▁health care ▁access ibility , ▁and ▁▁ ▁marked ▁eth nic ▁differences ▁- ▁because ▁the ▁Mes o amer ican ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁coast land ▁has ▁little ▁or ▁no ▁black ▁eth nic ity ▁influence , ▁being ▁mainly ▁Native ▁American ▁" m est iz os ". ▁ ▁A ▁large ▁( near ly ▁ 3 8 , 0 0 0 ▁workers , ▁ 5 ▁year ▁follow ▁up ) ▁pros pective ▁study ▁of ▁occup ational ▁heat ▁stress ▁and ▁Kid ney ▁D ise ase ▁from ▁Th ailand ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁found ▁a ▁ 5 - fold ▁increased ▁risk ▁( ad just ed ▁odd s ▁ratio ) ▁for ▁C K D ▁in ▁heat ▁stress ▁exposed ▁workers ▁with ▁physical ▁jobs , ▁so ▁the ▁disease ▁could ▁be ▁more ▁pre val ent ▁around ▁the ▁glo be ▁than ▁first ▁thought , ▁and ▁needs ▁a ▁closer ▁look . ▁The ▁heat ▁stress ▁hypothesis ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁deeply ▁considered ▁and ▁exam ined ▁as ▁contrib uting ▁risk ▁factor . ▁ ▁Di agn osis ▁ ▁A ▁compreh ensive ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁disease ▁and ▁its ▁characteristics ▁was |
▁published ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Journal ▁of ▁Kid ney ▁D ise ases ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁describing ▁it ▁as ▁" a ▁medical ▁en igma ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁solved ". ▁ ▁Me N ▁is ▁silent ▁during ▁initial ▁stages ▁but ▁appears ▁to ▁progress ▁quite ▁fast ▁to ▁end - stage ▁ren al ▁disease ; ▁it ▁is ▁mainly ▁pre val ent ▁in ▁young ▁and ▁middle ▁aged ▁men , ▁with ▁rates ▁varying ▁from ▁ 1 : 3 ▁to ▁ 1 : 1 0 ▁when ▁compared ▁to ▁women , ▁and ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁described ▁in ▁children . ▁Only ▁d ys uria ▁has ▁been ▁reported ▁as ▁an ▁occas ional ▁early ▁sympt om ▁of ▁the ▁disease . ▁ ▁The ▁disease ▁is ▁only ▁pre val ent ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ' s ▁coast al ▁low lands , ▁absent ▁from ▁coffee ▁plant ations ▁at ▁higher ▁grounds . ▁Also , ▁agricult ural ▁communities ▁located ▁at ▁sea ▁level ▁in ▁the ▁coast lands ▁have ▁an ▁ 8 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁times ▁greater ▁risk ▁( od ds ▁ratio ) ▁for ▁present ing ▁the ▁disease , ▁when ▁compared ▁to ▁other ▁agricult ural ▁communities ▁working ▁the ▁same ▁type ▁of ▁cro ps , ▁but ▁located ▁at ▁higher ▁alt itudes , ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁coast al ▁low ▁lands . ▁ ▁C lin ically , ▁Me N ▁presents ▁as ▁a ▁tub ular - inter st it ial ▁disease : ▁patients ▁have ▁low - range ▁or ▁no ▁protein uria , ▁electro ly te ▁ab normal ities ▁- main ly ▁low ▁ser um ▁pot ass ium ▁and ▁sod ium -, |
▁and ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁u ric ▁acid , ▁but ▁no ▁hy pert ension . ▁Also , ▁many ▁patients ▁show ▁u ric os uria , ▁and ▁ur ate ▁cry st als ▁are ▁seen ▁on ▁fresh ▁ur ine ▁samples . ▁ ▁Hist op ath ological ▁find ings ▁of ▁the ▁disease ▁include ▁tub ular ▁at ro phy , ▁inter st it ial ▁fib ros is , ▁and ▁global ▁gl omer ulos cl eros is , ▁a ▁curious ▁finding ▁considering ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁important ▁protein uria . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁of ▁current ▁scientific ▁evidence ▁ ▁To ▁date , ▁C K D u ▁( Me N ) ▁causes ▁remain ▁und et erm ined ▁and ▁deb atable ; ▁never theless ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁cases ▁could ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁a ▁pre ca ution ary ▁principles ▁from ▁a ▁human itar ian ▁perspective . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁Mes o amer ican ▁ne ph rop ath y ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁mult ifact orial ▁disease ▁the ▁experimental ▁design ▁of ▁compar ative ▁study ▁should ▁take ▁following ▁logical ▁setting ▁into ▁account . ▁ ▁Mult ifact orial ▁problem . ▁Assume ▁that ▁a ▁disease ▁is ▁definitely ▁caused ▁by ▁A , ▁B , ▁C ▁and ▁this ▁example ▁has ▁no ▁irrelevant ▁risk ▁factor ▁for ▁the ▁disease . ▁The ▁disease ▁will ▁develop ▁if ▁at ▁least ▁ 2 ▁risk ▁factors ▁are ▁present ▁in ▁a ▁certain ▁region . ▁▁ ▁no ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁disease ▁in ▁region ▁ 1 ▁ ▁A ▁no ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁disease ▁in ▁region ▁ 2 ▁ ▁B ▁no ▁pre val ence |
▁of ▁disease ▁in ▁region ▁ 3 ▁ ▁C ▁no ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁disease ▁in ▁region ▁ 4 ▁ ▁A , ▁B ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁disease ▁in ▁region ▁ 5 ▁ ▁B , ▁C ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁disease ▁in ▁region ▁ 6 ▁ ▁C , ▁A ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁disease ▁in ▁region ▁ 7 ▁ ▁A , ▁B , ▁C ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁disease ▁in ▁region ▁ 8 ▁Rem oving ▁the ▁risk ▁factor ▁A ▁in ▁the ▁experimental ▁group ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁control ▁group ▁will ▁lead ▁to ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁disease ▁in ▁only ▁ 2 ▁of ▁ 8 ▁combin ator ically ▁possible ▁regions , ▁even ▁if ▁we ▁define ▁A ▁as ▁a ▁relevant ▁risk ▁factor ▁in ▁this ▁theoretical ▁setting . ▁The ▁same ▁is ▁true ▁if ▁the ▁experimental ▁design ▁adds ▁in ▁a ▁compar ative ▁study ▁the ▁risk ▁factor ▁A ▁to ▁the ▁regions ▁in ▁the ▁experimental ▁group ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁the ▁control ▁group . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁a ▁mult ifact orial ▁disease , ▁a ▁single ▁factor ▁experimental ▁design ▁( e . g . ▁" C ") ▁for ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁mentioned ▁risk ▁factors ▁A , ▁B ▁and ▁C ▁will ▁create ▁a ▁system atic ▁under est imation ▁of ▁the ▁risk ▁for ▁a ▁single ▁risk ▁factor ▁( e . g . ▁" C ") ▁in ▁this ▁determin istic ▁setting ▁with ▁relevant ▁risk ▁factors ▁A , ▁B ▁and ▁C ▁only . ▁Therefore ▁the ▁ex clusion ▁of ▁a ▁risk ▁factor ▁( e . g . ▁" C ") ▁by ▁not ▁finding |
▁the ▁evidence ▁in ▁the ▁single ▁factor ▁experimental ▁design ▁cannot ▁be ▁performed ▁even ▁in ▁a ▁non - det erm in istic ▁setting ▁with ▁un cert aint ies ▁and ▁irrelevant ▁risk ▁factors ▁for ▁the ▁considered ▁disease . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁difference ▁in ▁experimental ▁and ▁control ▁are ▁ 2 ▁risk ▁factors ▁( adding ▁or ▁removing ▁two ▁risk ▁factor ▁e . g . ▁A , ▁B ▁in ▁the ▁control ▁group ), ▁then ▁ 4 ▁regions ▁will ▁show ▁a ▁differences ▁in ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁the ▁disease , ▁with ▁the ▁dis adv antage ▁that ▁the ▁experimental ▁design ▁cannot ▁clarify ▁if ▁one ▁or ▁both ▁risk ▁factors ▁A ▁and ▁B ▁are ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁the ▁pro gression ▁and ▁pre val ence ▁of ▁the ▁disease . ▁The ▁pre ca ution ary ▁principles ▁could ▁lead ▁to ▁risk ▁mit ig ation ▁strateg ies ▁for ▁risk ▁factor ▁A ▁and ▁B ▁until ▁the ▁et i ology ▁is ▁clar ified . ▁ ▁Bes ide ▁this ▁logical ▁analysis ▁of ▁a ▁mult ifact orial ▁setting ▁there ▁is ▁space ▁for ▁further ▁investigation , ▁e . g .: ▁Le pt os pi ros is ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁contrib uting ▁factor ▁and ▁ocean ic ▁ne ph ro to xic ▁alg ae . ▁ ▁R isk ▁factors ▁associated ▁with ▁agents ▁need ▁evidence ▁for ▁the ▁ne ph ro to x icity ▁of ▁the ▁agent ▁and ▁evidence ▁for ▁the ▁expos ure ▁assess ment ▁of ▁a ▁coh ort ▁to ▁the ▁risk ▁factor . ▁Ass ess ment ▁of ▁the ▁mentioned ▁risk ▁factors ▁and ▁their ▁possible ▁syn erg ism ▁will ▁depend ▁on ▁more ▁and |
▁better ▁research . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁real ▁tim eline ▁of ▁the ▁disease ▁is ▁unknown ▁since ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁countries ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁or ▁still ▁lack ▁ren al ▁disease ▁reg ist ries , ▁and ▁the ▁affected ▁regions ▁are ▁mainly ▁poor ▁farm ▁lands . ▁Nic ar agu an ▁health ▁authorities ▁have ▁commented ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁not ing ▁an ▁increase ▁of ▁C K D ▁cases ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁coast al ▁regions ▁since ▁the ▁ 8 0 s , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁that ▁a ▁scientific ▁paper ▁from ▁an ▁El ▁Salvador an ▁reference ▁hospital ▁first ▁communic ated ▁and ▁described ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁an ▁important ▁group ▁of ▁C K D u ▁patients ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁ep ide mi ological ▁pattern . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁a ▁second ▁scientific ▁paper , ▁also ▁from ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁reported ▁some ▁field ▁efforts ▁on ▁trying ▁to ▁identify ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁disease , ▁and ▁confirmed ▁its ▁curious ▁ep ide mi ological ▁pattern . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁a ▁high - level ▁meeting ▁with ▁regional ▁health ▁minist ries , ▁n ong overn ment al ▁organizations , ▁aid ▁ag encies , ▁clin ical ▁special ists ▁and ▁research ers ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁San ▁Salvador ▁city , ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁leading ▁the ▁Pan amer ican ▁Health ▁Organ ization ▁( PA HO ) ▁to ▁finally ▁declare ▁C K D u ▁" a ▁pressing ▁and ▁extremely ▁serious ▁health ▁problem ▁in ▁the ▁region ". ▁The ▁Dec laration ▁described |
▁C K D ▁as ▁having ▁“ cat ast roph ic ▁effects ▁associated ▁with ▁to xic - environment al ▁and ▁occup ational ▁factors , ▁de h yd r ation ▁and ▁behav iors ▁harm ful ▁to ▁ren al ▁health ". ▁In ▁it , ▁the ▁Minister s ▁of ▁Health ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁American ▁Integr ation ▁System ▁[ S IC A , ▁the ▁Spanish ▁ac ron ym ] ▁declared ▁their ▁commit ment ▁to ▁address ▁C K D u ▁compreh ens ively ▁and ▁to ▁“ str ength ening ▁scientific ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁the ▁prevent ion ▁and ▁control ▁of ▁chron ic ▁non - communic able ▁dise ases .” ▁This ▁Dec laration ▁was ▁subsequently ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁PA HO ▁through ▁the ▁Resol ution ▁CD 5 2 . R 1 , ▁adopted ▁during ▁the ▁ 5 2 nd ▁Direct ing ▁Council , ▁ 6 5 th ▁Session ▁of ▁the ▁Regional ▁Committee ▁of ▁W HO ▁for ▁the ▁Amer icas , ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁a ▁second ▁C EN C AM ▁work shop ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁San ▁Jose , ▁ ▁Costa ▁Rica . ▁A ▁statement ▁and ▁a ▁report ▁are ▁under ▁the ▁works . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Pre ca ution ary ▁Princi ple ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : K id ney ▁dise ases ▁Category : He alth ▁in ▁Central ▁America ▁Category : A il ments ▁of ▁unknown ▁cause <0x0A> </s> ▁N ol é ▁Mar in ▁( born ▁October ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 |
) ▁was ▁the ▁owner / direct or ▁at ▁A IM ▁Model ▁Management ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁until ▁the ▁ag ency ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁after ▁declaring ▁bank rupt cy ▁from ▁being ▁accused ▁of ▁w age ▁the ft ▁by ▁his ▁book ing ▁agent ▁and ▁several ▁of ▁his ▁models . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁judge ▁on ▁the ▁reality ▁show ▁True ▁Beaut y . ▁ ▁True ▁Beaut y ▁was ▁named ▁' The ▁Wor st ▁Show ▁in ▁TV ▁Broadcast ▁history ''' ▁by ▁Je z eb el ▁( website ) ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁cancel led ▁after ▁two ▁seasons . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Leg al ▁issues ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Mar in ▁was ▁su ed ▁by ▁Nicholas ▁Ham man - H owe ▁for ▁alleg edly ▁attempting ▁to ▁exchange ▁career ▁help ▁for ▁sex . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Mar in ' s ▁book ing ▁agent ▁D arr in ▁Jud kins '' ▁su ed ▁him ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁pay ▁him ▁w ages ▁ow ed ▁over ▁several ▁months . ▁Later ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁several ▁of ▁his ▁models ▁including ▁Louis a ▁War wick ▁, ▁Dev on ▁White , ▁Laura ▁O ' Ne all , ▁L ana ▁Khan as he v ich , ▁John ▁Paul ▁P fe iffer ▁and ▁Patrick ▁K inn ane ▁su ed ▁him ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁pay ▁them ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁$ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ow ed ▁from ▁jobs . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Mar in ▁declared ▁bank rupt |
cy ▁after ▁failing ▁to ▁pay ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁money ▁ow ed ▁to ▁his ▁employee ▁and ▁models ▁at ▁his ▁ag ency . ▁He ▁declared ▁bank rupt cy ▁claim ing ▁$ 1 0 5 , 9 0 3 ▁in ▁li abilities ▁and ▁only ▁$ 6 2 1 ▁in ▁assets . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F ashion ▁sty lists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁L amar ▁Te ch ▁Card inals ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁L amar ▁State ▁College ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁NCAA ▁College ▁Division ▁football ▁season ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁South land ▁Conference . ▁ ▁The ▁Card inals ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Card inal ▁Stadium ▁now ▁named ▁Prov ost ▁Um ph rey ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Be aum ont , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁ 7 – 3 ▁overall ▁record ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁conference ▁record . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁L amar ▁Card inals ▁Category : L amar ▁Card inals ▁football ▁seasons ▁L amar ▁Card inals ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Th ir teenth ▁Chair ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁American ▁silent ▁mystery ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Lé once ▁Per ret ▁and ▁st arring ▁ ▁Y v onne ▁Del va , ▁Cre ight on ▁H ale ▁and ▁Marie ▁Sh ot well . ▁It ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁play ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁by ▁Bay ard ▁Ve iller . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁film |
▁adapt ations ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁as ▁The ▁Th ir teenth ▁Chair ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁again ▁under ▁the ▁same ▁title . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Y v onne ▁Del va ▁as ▁Helen ▁O ' Ne il ▁▁ ▁Cre ight on ▁H ale ▁as ▁Wil ly ▁Gros by ▁▁ ▁Marie ▁Sh ot well ▁as ▁Madame ▁La G range ▁▁ ▁Christ ine ▁May ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Philip ▁Mason ▁▁ ▁Su z anne ▁Col bert ▁as ▁Helen ▁Tr ent ▁▁ ▁Georges ▁D ene ub ourg ▁as ▁Edward ▁Wales ▁▁ ▁Marc ▁Mc D erm ott ▁as ▁Stephen ▁Lee ▁▁ ▁Walter ▁Law ▁as ▁Ins pect or ▁Don oh ue ▁▁ ▁Fra un ie ▁Fra un hol z ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁John ▁T . ▁So ister , ▁Henry ▁N icole lla , ▁Steve ▁Joy ce . ▁American ▁Sil ent ▁Hor ror , ▁Science ▁F iction ▁and ▁Fant asy ▁Fe ature ▁Films , ▁ 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 2 9 . ▁Mc F ar land , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 s ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁silent ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : American ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Lé once ▁Per ret ▁Category : Path é ▁Exchange ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁J aval ▁family ▁origin ated |
▁in ▁Als ace . ▁They ▁benef ited ▁from ▁Napoleon ▁I ' s ▁policy ▁of ▁open ness ▁toward ▁Jews , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁experienced ▁a ▁remarkable ▁as cent , ▁with ▁family ▁members ▁becoming ▁prominent ▁bank ers , ▁industrial ists , ▁phys icians , ▁public ▁officials ▁and ▁artists . ▁ ▁Dr ▁D ov ▁We is b rot ▁says ▁" In ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century , ▁the ▁name ▁J aval ▁was ▁equal ▁in ▁prest ige ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁Pere ire , ▁F ould , ▁and ▁Roth sch ild ." ▁ ▁The ▁J aval ▁were ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁important ▁capt ains ▁of ▁industry , ▁business men ▁and ▁bank ers , ▁well ▁root ed ▁for ▁many ▁generation ▁[ in ▁ 1 8 8 9 ] ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁Europe ▁( ...) ▁The ▁J aval ▁[...] ▁managed ▁for ▁well ▁over ▁a ▁century ▁that ▁jump ▁in ▁the ▁industrial ▁revolution . ▁Among st ▁the ▁minor ity ▁of ▁business men ▁and ▁industri als ▁that ▁evol ved ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁French ▁society ▁and ▁integrated ▁with ▁its ▁el ite , ▁were ▁the ▁J aval . ▁This ▁family ▁produced ▁all ▁across ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁bank ers , ▁capt ains ▁of ▁industry , ▁profess ors ▁of ▁medicine , ▁high ▁civil ▁servants , ▁members ▁of ▁parliament ▁and ▁artists . ▁ ▁The ▁J aval , ▁writes ▁Pierre ▁Bir n baum ▁have ▁known ▁an ▁exception al ▁financial ▁success . ▁Since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁they ▁participated ▁to ▁numerous ▁economic ▁advent ures , ▁from ▁rail ways |
▁to ▁text iles ▁and ▁we aved ▁very ▁close ▁links ▁with ▁the ▁business ▁world ▁[...] ▁At ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁an ▁international ▁industrial ▁network , ▁they ▁start ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁financial ▁operations ▁on ▁a ▁vast ▁scale , ▁gather ing ▁a ▁considerable ▁fortune ▁that ▁places ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁rank ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁el ite . ▁ ▁Early ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁fortune ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁but ▁really ▁took ▁off ▁with ▁the ▁industrial ▁revolution . ▁Starting ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁J aval ▁brothers ▁( both ▁named ▁Jacques , ▁and ▁called ▁respectively ▁Jacques ▁J aval ▁the ▁E lder ▁and ▁Jac que ▁J aval ▁the ▁Young er ) ▁that ▁operated ▁a ▁spin ning ▁mill ▁in ▁Mul house . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 6 , ▁Jacques ▁J aval ▁the ▁Young ▁entered ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Man ufact ur ers ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁Knight ▁of ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Honor , ▁under ▁its ▁industrial ▁activity ▁on ▁the ▁proposal ▁of ▁Count ▁Ch ab rol ▁de ▁Vol vic , ▁pre fect ▁of ▁the ▁Seine . ▁He ▁built ▁a ▁m ansion ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁rue ▁T ait b out ▁while ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁partner , ▁Joseph , ▁settled ▁rue ▁Ch au chat . ▁When ▁Jacques ▁the ▁Young er ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁France ' s ▁rich est ▁men . ▁ ▁Leopold ▁J aval ▁ ▁Jacques ▁the ▁Young er ▁spons ored ▁Leopold , |
▁then ▁ 3 1 ▁years ▁old , ▁to ▁invest ▁in ▁new ▁business es . ▁Leopold ▁inv ested ▁in ▁mines ▁in ▁Prov ence , ▁in ▁pipeline ▁companies , ▁a ▁department ▁store , ▁a ▁public ▁bath house ▁on ▁the ▁Seine ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁the ▁Sam ar itaine , ▁a ▁housing ▁neighbourhood ▁for ▁workers ▁in ▁Montr ou ge . ▁In ▁ten ▁years , ▁he ▁multip lied ▁by ▁three ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁companies ▁and ▁created ▁his ▁own ▁personal ▁fortune . ▁He ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁bank ing ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁emp ire ▁and ▁renamed ▁it ▁" Le op old ▁J aval ▁and ▁C ▁i . e . ▁ ▁" and ▁took ▁the ▁lead . ▁Through ▁this ▁bank , ▁it ▁inv ests ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁railway ▁lines , ▁in ▁combination ▁with ▁the ▁house ▁Ko ech lin . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁took ▁up ▁a ▁political ▁career ▁as ▁general ▁coun sel ▁of ▁the ▁Gir onde ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 1 , ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁regime , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁Y onne ▁to ▁the ▁Legisl ature ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁where ▁he ▁appeared ▁first ▁as ▁a ▁Republican ▁against ▁the ▁Bon ap art ist ▁candidate , ▁and ▁was ▁consist ently ▁re - elect ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁an ▁Offic ier ▁de ▁la ▁Leg ion ▁d ' honneur . |
▁He ▁lived ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁life , ▁an ▁hotel ▁particulier ▁of ▁rue ▁d ' An jou , ▁and ▁started ▁the ▁very ▁important ▁J aval ▁art ▁collection ▁with ▁paint ings ▁of ▁François ▁B ouch er , ▁Claude ▁Joseph ▁Vern et , ▁Can alet to , ▁Andrea ▁del ▁S arto , ▁Bru eg el ▁and ▁Rub ens . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁J aval ▁married ▁August a ▁de ▁La em el , ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁financi er ▁Lé op old ▁von ▁La em el ▁and ▁the ▁baron ess ▁Soph ia ▁von ▁E ich th al , ▁sister ▁of ▁the ▁baron ▁Simon ▁von ▁E ich th al , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁, ▁the ▁two ▁hundred ▁families ▁that ▁were ▁the ▁biggest ▁share hold ers ▁in ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁France , ▁a ▁family ▁which ▁gave ▁several ▁govern ors ▁to ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁France . ▁ ▁Being ▁heavily ▁influenced ▁by ▁Saint - Sim on ism , ▁J aval ▁began ▁by ▁plant ing ▁p ine ▁for ests ▁and ▁dr illing ▁well s ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁passion ate ▁about ▁agricult ure : ▁he ▁was ▁innov ative ▁and ▁took ▁great ▁care ▁in ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁his ▁land ed ▁properties . ▁The ▁J aval ▁family ▁owned ▁some ▁ 3 0 0 ▁hect ares ▁around ▁the ▁c ister cian ▁ab bey ▁of ▁Va ul uis ant , ▁while ▁in ▁And ern os ▁J aval ▁en larg ed ▁an ▁estate ▁at ▁Aud en ge ▁to ▁A res ▁and ▁to ▁Lac an au , ▁thus ▁forming ▁a |
▁big ▁property ▁of ▁over ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁hect ares . ▁ ▁Hou big ant ▁▁ ▁The ▁J aval ▁owned ▁the ▁perf ume ▁house ▁Hou big ant , ▁the ▁second ▁oldest ▁perf ume ▁house ▁in ▁Europe . ▁Oper ating ▁since ▁ 1 7 7 5 , ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Hou big ant ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁fra gr ance ▁house ▁that ▁has ▁existed ▁through ▁four ▁centuries ▁of ▁history . ▁Through ▁these ▁centuries , ▁the ▁perf um ers ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Hou big ant ▁have ▁made ▁ground bre aking ▁discover ies ▁in ▁the ▁form ulation ▁of ▁perf umes ▁that ▁have ▁revolution ized ▁forever ▁the ▁way ▁perf umes ▁are ▁constructed . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁centuries , ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Hou big ant ▁became ▁perf umer ▁to ▁the ▁royal ▁courts ▁of ▁Europe . ▁When ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁Marie - An to in ette ▁was ▁gu ill ot ined , ▁she ▁carried ▁three ▁v ial s ▁of ▁Hou big ant ▁perf ume ▁in ▁her ▁cors age ▁to ▁give ▁her ▁strength . ▁Joseph ine , ▁the ▁future ▁Em press ▁of ▁France , ▁belonged ▁to ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁sty lish ▁young ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁called ▁" The ▁Mus c ad ins " ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁cra ze ▁for ▁mus k ▁which ▁was ▁Joseph ine ' s ▁favour ite ▁ess ence . ▁Hou big ant ▁fra gr ances ▁travel led ▁in ▁Napoleon ' s ▁campaign ▁ch est ▁during ▁the ▁years ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁conqu ering ▁Europe . ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 |
5 ▁Napoleon ▁was ▁only ▁in ▁Paris ▁for ▁three ▁months , ▁a ▁period ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" H undred ▁Days ". ▁In ▁those ▁brief ▁months ▁he ▁raised ▁an ▁army ▁and ▁yet ▁found ▁time ▁to ▁shop ▁at ▁Hou big ant . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁Hou big ant ▁was ▁appointed ▁perf umer ▁to ▁Her ▁Royal ▁High ness , ▁the ▁Princess ▁Ad ela ide ▁d ' Or leans , ▁mother ▁of ▁King ▁Louis - Ph ili ppe . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁the ▁French ▁house ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁license ▁of ▁" Per f umer ▁to ▁Her ▁Majesty , ▁Queen ▁Victoria ▁of ▁England ". ▁Cz ar ▁Alexander ▁III ▁named ▁Hou big ant ▁perf umer ▁to ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Court ▁of ▁Russia ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁Hou big ant ▁created ▁a ▁perf ume , ▁" The ▁Cz arina ' s ▁Bou quet ", ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁the ▁Em press , ▁Maria ▁F y odor ov na . ▁When ▁her ▁son ▁asc ended ▁the ▁throne ▁as ▁Cz ar ▁Nicolas ▁II ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁Hou big ant ▁continued ▁as ▁royal ▁perf umer . ▁Hand - written ▁led gers ▁record ▁the ▁purch ases ▁of ▁the ▁Dow ager ▁Em press ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁until ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁Her ▁sister , ▁Queen ▁Alex andra , ▁wife ▁of ▁King ▁Edward ▁VII , ▁began ▁her ▁purch ases ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁The ▁account ▁books ▁reve |
al ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁que ens ▁did ▁their ▁Christmas ▁sho pping ▁together ▁at ▁Hou big ant . ▁Other ▁royal ty ▁l umin aries ▁include ▁La ▁Com tes se ▁de ▁Sax e , ▁first ▁cousin ▁of ▁Louis ▁XVI ▁the ▁King ▁and ▁Queen ▁of ▁Holland ; ▁the ▁Queen ▁of ▁Italy ; ▁Princess ▁Math ilde , ▁sister ▁of ▁Napoleon , ▁Prince ▁of ▁B atten berg ; ▁Le ▁Duc ▁de ▁M ouch y ; ▁Tol sto y ; ▁the ▁Russian ▁Amb assador ; ▁Guy ▁de ▁Mau pass ant ; ▁the ▁Roth sch ild s ▁and ▁more . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁the ▁famous ▁F oug ère ▁Roy ale ▁came ▁out , ▁a ▁fra gr ance ▁that ▁would ▁define ▁a ▁new ▁category ▁of ▁perf umes ▁– ▁the ▁" f oug ère " ▁( or ▁f ern - like ) ▁fra gr ance ▁family , ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁today ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁family ▁in ▁men ▁fra gr ances . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁Hou big ant ▁perf umer ▁Bien a im é ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁ball ▁from ▁Paul ▁Par quet ▁and ▁introduced ▁Qu el que ▁Fle urs , ▁one ▁of ▁Hou big ant ' s ▁all - time ▁great ▁fra gr ances ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁multi - fl oral ▁bou quet ▁ever ▁created . ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁period , ▁Hou big ant ▁stretch ed ▁out ▁its ▁commercial ▁arms ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁Under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁Paris ▁office , ▁offices ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁England , ▁Belg ium |
, ▁Holland , ▁Switzerland , ▁Italy , ▁Spain , ▁Poland , ▁Roman ia . ▁Con ne ctions ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁Hav ana , ▁Buenos - A ires , ▁Rio - de - J ane iro , ▁Australia , ▁Japan , ▁and ▁China . ▁ ▁The ▁We iller ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁We iller ▁branch ▁( Paul - Louis ▁We iller , ▁son ▁of ▁industrial ist ▁and ▁politician ▁Laz are ▁We iller ▁( 1 8 5 8 – 1 9 2 8 ) ▁and ▁Alice ▁J aval , ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁ever ▁pilot ▁an ▁air plane ), ▁they ▁conducted ▁an ▁inten se ▁social ▁life ▁between ▁the ▁royal ▁families ▁of ▁Europe , ▁the ▁great ▁men ▁of ▁and ▁political ▁affairs ▁( ▁Arist ot le ▁On ass is , ▁Henry ▁Ford , ▁Jean ▁Paul ▁Get ty , ▁Richard ▁N ixon , ▁Georges ▁Pom pid ou ▁... ▁with ▁whom ▁Paul - Louis ▁We iller ▁sometimes ▁worked ▁or ▁whom ▁sometimes ▁worked ▁for ▁him ), ▁the ▁personal ities ▁of ▁the ▁arts ▁and ▁letters ▁show ▁that ▁it ▁brings ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁the ▁Paris ian ▁sal ons ▁in ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁those ▁described ▁by ▁Marcel ▁Pr oust . ▁ ▁Paul - Louis ▁We iller ▁also ▁fund ed ▁many ▁char ities . ▁ ▁Captain ▁of ▁industry ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁twenty - n ine ▁years , ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Paul - Louis ▁We iller ▁developed ▁the ▁largest ▁construction ▁company ▁of ▁aircraft ▁in ▁Europe , ▁the ▁G nome ▁et ▁Rh ône ▁con gl |
omer ate , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁S ne c ma ▁after ▁national ization ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁. ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁he ▁gradually ▁bu ys ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁air line ▁C ID NA . ▁He ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁other ▁air lines ▁to ▁Africa . ▁They ▁will ▁all ▁be ▁national ized ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁to ▁become ▁Air ▁France , ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁direct ors ▁( he ▁was ▁offered ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Cot , ▁the ▁Min istre ▁de ▁l ' A ir , ▁to ▁be ▁President ▁of ▁Air ▁France , ▁but ▁he ▁refused ). ▁ ▁Paul - Louis ▁We iller ▁was ▁married ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁in ▁Paris , ▁with ▁Princess ▁Alex andra ▁Gh ica ▁( of ▁the ▁r uling ▁princes ▁of ▁Wal la chia ▁and ▁Mold avia ) ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Mary ▁Elizabeth ▁and ▁whom ▁he ▁divor ced ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁▁ ▁He ▁married ▁second ▁wife ▁Ali ki ▁Di pl ar ak ou , ▁Miss ▁Europe ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁Ali ki ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁diplom at ▁Georg ios ▁Di pl ar ak os . ▁She ▁had ▁three ▁sister s , ▁N ada ▁Di pl ar ak os ▁who ▁married ▁French ▁Amb assador ▁André ▁Rod oc an achi , ▁Crist ina ▁Di pl ar ak os , ▁who ▁married ▁Henri ▁Claud el , |
▁a ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁poet ▁Paul ▁Claud el . ▁Ali ki ▁second ▁marriage ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁with ▁Sir ▁John ▁( Jack ) ▁W ri oth es ley ▁Russell ▁( 2 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁an ▁English ▁arist ocrat ▁who ▁was ▁desc ended ▁from ▁John ▁Russell , ▁ 6 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Bed ford ▁and ▁cousin ▁of ▁the ▁phil os opher ▁Ber tr and ▁Russell . ▁ ▁They ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁Paul - An nik ▁We iller ▁( 1 9 3 3 – 1 9 9 8 ) ▁who ▁married ▁in ▁Rome , ▁in ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁in ▁Tr aste vere ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁Em man uela ▁Don na ▁Olimp ia ▁a ▁Tor l onia ▁di ▁C iv it ella - C esi . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁▁ ▁Don ▁Aless andro ▁Tor l onia , ▁ 5 th ▁Prince ▁of ▁C iv it ella - C esi ▁ ▁( Don ▁Aless andro ' s ▁young est ▁sister ▁was ▁Don na ▁Marina ▁Tor l onia ▁di ▁C iv it ella - C esi , ▁grand m other ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁actress ▁Bro oke ▁Sh ield s . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁first ▁cousin ▁of ▁B ett ine ▁Moore , ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁the ▁actress ▁Gl enn ▁Close ) ▁▁▁▁ ▁the ▁Inf ante ▁Beat riz ▁of ▁Spain ( grand d augh ter ▁of ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Spain ▁Alfonso ▁XIII ▁and ▁his ▁wife |
▁Princess ▁Victoria ▁Eugen ie ▁of ▁B atten berg , ▁grand m other ▁of ▁Juan ▁Carlos ▁I ▁of ▁Spain ▁and ▁grand ▁daughter ▁of ▁Queen ▁Victoria , ▁the ▁first ▁cousin ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁V ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Queen ▁Ma ud ▁of ▁Norway , ▁Em press ▁Alex andra ▁Fe odor ov na ▁of ▁Russia , ▁Queen ▁Marie ▁of ▁Roman ia , ▁Emperor ▁Wilhelm ▁II ▁of ▁Germany , ▁Queen ▁Louise ▁of ▁Sweden , ▁and ▁Queen ▁Soph ia ▁of ▁the ▁H ellen es ▁) ▁ ▁The ▁daughter ▁of ▁Paul - An nik , ▁Sib illa ▁We iller ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Prince ▁Guillaume ▁of ▁Luxemb ourg , ▁Prince ▁of ▁N ass au ▁and ▁Par ma , ▁young est ▁son ▁of ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁Jean ▁of ▁Luxemb ourg ▁( desc end ants ▁and ▁he irs ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁N ass au - We il burg , ▁ag nat ically , ▁now ▁a ▁cad et ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Bour bon - Par ma , ▁itself ▁a ▁cad et ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Cap et ) ▁ ▁Louise ▁We iss ▁▁ ▁Louise ▁We iss ▁( 1 8 9 3 , ▁Ar ras , ▁Pas - de - Cal ais ▁- ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Paris ) ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Jean ne ▁J aval ▁( a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Louis ▁É mile ▁J aval ) ▁and ▁Paul ▁We iss . ▁ ▁She ▁became ▁an ▁author , ▁journalist , ▁femin ist ▁and ▁European ▁politician . ▁She ▁was ▁awarded ▁a |
▁degree ▁from ▁Oxford ▁University . ▁From ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁war ▁nur se ▁and ▁founded ▁a ▁hospital ▁in ▁the ▁C ô tes - du - N ord . ▁From ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁publish er ▁of ▁the ▁magazine , ▁. ▁From ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁she ▁committed ▁herself ▁to ▁women ' s ▁suff rage . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁she ▁stood ▁for ▁French ▁parliament ary ▁elections , ▁running ▁in ▁the ▁Fif th ▁arr ondissement ▁of ▁Paris . ▁During ▁the ▁War , ▁she ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Res istance . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Patri am ▁Rec uper are ▁network , ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁chief ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁secret ▁magazine , ▁" N ouvelle ▁République " ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁she ▁founded ▁the ▁Institute ▁for ▁P ole m ology ▁( res earch ▁on ▁war ▁and ▁conflict ) ▁together ▁with ▁ ▁in ▁London . ▁She ▁travel led ▁around ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁Japan , ▁China , ▁Vietnam , ▁Africa , ▁Ken ya , ▁Mad agas car , ▁Al aska , ▁India , ▁etc ., ▁made ▁document ary ▁films ▁and ▁wrote ▁accounts ▁of ▁her ▁travel s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁she ▁un success fully ▁tried ▁twice ▁to ▁be |
▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁Ac adémie ▁Fran çaise . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁she ▁became ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament ▁for ▁the ▁Ga ull ist ▁Party ▁( now ▁Union ▁for ▁a ▁Popular ▁Mov ement ). ▁ ▁The ▁European ▁Woman : ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁she ▁published ▁her ▁first ▁press ▁reports ▁under ▁a ▁pseud onym . ▁In ▁Paris , ▁she ▁came ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁her ▁first ▁great ▁lov es , ▁represent atives ▁of ▁countries ▁st riv ing ▁for ▁independence , ▁such ▁as ▁Edu ard ▁B ene š , ▁Tom áš ▁Mas ary k ▁and ▁Milan ▁Š te f án ik . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁she ▁often ▁travel led ▁to ▁Czech oslov ak ia . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁she ▁founded ▁the ▁week ly ▁newspaper , ▁ ▁( New ▁Europe ), ▁which ▁she ▁published ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁Thomas ▁Mann , ▁Gustav ▁Str es emann , ▁Rudolf ▁Bre it scheid ▁and ▁Arist ide ▁B ri and ▁were ▁among ▁her ▁co - auth ors ▁on ▁the ▁paper . ▁Louise ▁We iss ▁described ▁those ▁who ▁p aved ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁clos ening ▁of ▁the ▁German - F rench ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁World ▁Wars ▁as ▁" pe ace ▁pil gr ims ", ▁and ▁they ▁called ▁their ▁important ▁co - worker ▁" my ▁good ▁Louise ". ▁Europe ▁dream ed ▁of ▁un ification ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁she ▁founded ▁the ▁" E cole ▁de ▁la |
▁Pa ix " ▁( Sch ool ▁of ▁Peace ), ▁a ▁private ▁inst itute ▁for ▁international ▁relations . ▁With ▁the ▁take over ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Social ists ▁in ▁Germany , ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁a ▁un ification ▁was ▁over . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Louise ▁We iss ▁stood ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁of ▁the ▁Ga ull ist ▁Party ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁European ▁election ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁she ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁French ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament ▁( ME P ), ▁sitting ▁with ▁the ▁European ▁People ' s ▁Party . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁election , ▁aged ▁ 8 6 , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁oldest ▁member ▁in ▁Parliament ▁and ▁thus ▁the ▁EP ' s ▁first ▁' old est ▁member '. ▁She ▁remained ▁M EP ▁and ▁oldest ▁member ▁until ▁her ▁death ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁aged ▁ 9 0 . ▁The ▁main ▁parliament ▁building ▁in ▁Str as bourg ▁be ars ▁her ▁name . ▁ ▁The ▁Women ' s ▁Rights ▁Activ ist : ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁she ▁founded ▁the ▁association , ▁La ▁femme ▁nouvelle ▁( The ▁New ▁Woman ) ▁with ▁C é cile ▁Brun sv ic g , ▁and ▁she ▁stro ve ▁for ▁a ▁stronger ▁role ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁public ▁life . ▁She ▁participated ▁in ▁campaign s ▁for ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁women ▁to ▁vote ▁in ▁France , ▁organ ised ▁suff ra get te ▁commands , ▁demonstrated ▁and ▁had |
▁herself ▁ch ained ▁to ▁a ▁street ▁light ▁in ▁Paris ▁with ▁other ▁women . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁she ▁un success fully ▁su ed ▁against ▁the ▁" in ability ▁of ▁women ▁to ▁vote " ▁before ▁the ▁French ▁Conseil ▁d ' État . ▁ ▁André ▁Mau ro is ▁▁ ▁André ▁Mau ro is ▁was ▁a ▁famous ▁French ▁writer ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Ac adémie ▁française . ▁He ▁was ▁encourag ed ▁and ▁assist ed ▁in ▁seeking ▁this ▁post ▁by ▁Marsh al ▁Philippe ▁P ét ain , ▁and ▁he ▁made ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁acknowled ging ▁with ▁thanks ▁his ▁deb t ▁to ▁P ét ain ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁aut obi ography , ▁" Call ▁no ▁man ▁happy " – ▁though ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁writing ▁their ▁paths ▁had ▁sharp ly ▁diver ged , ▁P ét ain ▁having ▁become ▁Head ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁V ich y ▁France . ▁ ▁A ▁student ▁of ▁the ▁phil os opher ▁A lain , ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁French ▁army ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁interpreter ▁and ▁later ▁a ▁l ia ison ▁officer ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁army . ▁His ▁first ▁novel , ▁Les ▁sil ences ▁du ▁colon el ▁Br am ble , ▁was ▁a ▁w itt y ▁and ▁soci ally ▁real istic ▁account ▁of ▁that ▁experience . ▁It ▁was ▁an ▁immediate ▁success ▁in ▁France . ▁It ▁was ▁translated ▁and ▁became ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁other ▁English - spe aking ▁countries ▁as ▁The |
▁Sil ence ▁of ▁Colonel ▁Br am ble . ▁Many ▁of ▁his ▁other ▁works ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁English , ▁as ▁they ▁often ▁de alt ▁with ▁British ▁people ▁or ▁topics , ▁such ▁as ▁his ▁bi ograph ies ▁of ▁Dis ra eli , ▁By ron , ▁and ▁Sh elle y . ▁ ▁When ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁began , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁the ▁French ▁Official ▁Ob server ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁General ▁Head quarters . ▁In ▁this ▁capacity ▁he ▁accompanied ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁to ▁Belg ium . ▁He ▁knew ▁personally ▁the ▁main ▁polit icians ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Government , ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁on ▁a ▁mission ▁to ▁London . ▁The ▁Arm ist ice ▁ended ▁that ▁mission . ▁Mau ro is ▁was ▁dem obil ised ▁and ▁travel led ▁from ▁England ▁to ▁Canada . ▁He ▁wrote ▁of ▁these ▁experiences ▁in ▁his ▁book , ▁T rag edy ▁in ▁France . ▁ ▁Mau ro is ' s ▁first ▁wife ▁was ▁Jean ne - Marie ▁W anda ▁de ▁Sz ym k iew icz , ▁a ▁young ▁Polish - Russ ian ▁arist ocrat ▁who ▁had ▁studied ▁at ▁Oxford ▁University . ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁nerv ous ▁break down ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁she ▁died ▁of ▁se ps is . ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father , ▁Mau ro is ▁gave ▁up ▁the ▁family ▁business ▁of ▁text ile ▁manufact uring . ▁Mau ro is ' s ▁second ▁wife ▁was ▁Sim one ▁de ▁C ail |
lav et , ▁the ▁grand d augh ter ▁of ▁An ato le ▁France ' s ▁mist ress ▁Lé ont ine ▁Ar man ▁de ▁C ail lav et . ▁After ▁Germany ▁occupied ▁France ▁the ▁couple ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁to ▁help ▁with ▁propag anda ▁work ▁against ▁the ▁Naz is . ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁he ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁army ▁and ▁the ▁Free ▁French ▁Forces . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁in ▁Neu illy - sur - Se ine ▁after ▁a ▁long ▁career ▁as ▁an ▁author ▁of ▁nov els , ▁bi ograph ies , ▁histor ies , ▁children ' s ▁books ▁and ▁science ▁fiction ▁stories . ▁He ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁Neu illy - sur - Se ine ▁community ▁c emetery ▁near ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Family ▁Tree ▁▁ ▁< div ▁style =" line - height : ▁ 1 . 2 em "> ▁ ▁Cer f ▁H ersch el ▁Jacob ▁( bec ame ▁J aval ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 8 ) ▁( 1 7 5 1 – 1 8 1 9 ), ▁merchant ▁at ▁Se ppo is - le - Bas ▁ ▁x ▁( 1 ) ▁: ▁H ind el ▁J uda ▁Bl um ▁ ▁│ ▁▁ ├── > ▁Jacques ▁J aval ▁the ▁E lder ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Cla ire ▁Schön gr un ▁( d ied ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 2 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Joseph ▁J aval ▁( ▁- 1 8 4 4 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Jul |
ie ▁J aval ▁ ▁│ ▁▁ ├── > ▁Jacques ▁J aval ▁the ▁Young er ▁( ▁- 1 8 5 8 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Luc ie ▁Bl ument hal ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Jul ie ▁J aval ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Joseph ▁J aval ▁( ▁- 1 8 4 4 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Lé op old ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 0 4 – 1 8 7 2 ), ▁bank er , ▁agr onom ist , ▁republic an ▁deput y ▁of ▁Y onne ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁( 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 8 3 8 ) ▁August a ▁de ▁La em el ▁( 1 8 1 7 – 1 8 9 3 ) ▁( d augh ter ▁of ▁Leopold ▁von ▁La em el ▁and ▁Soph ia ▁d ' E icht al ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Louis ▁É mile ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 3 9 – 1 9 0 7 ), ▁o ph th alm ologist , ▁deput y ▁of ▁Y onne ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁x ▁( 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 8 6 7 ) ▁: ▁Maria - An na ▁Ell issen ▁( 1 8 4 7 – 1 9 3 3 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Alice ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 6 9 – 1 9 4 3 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ |
▁x ▁( 2 3 ▁May ▁ 1 8 8 2 ) ▁Laz are ▁We iller ▁( 1 8 5 8 – 1 9 2 8 ), ▁industrial ist , ▁sen ator ▁of ▁Bas - R hin ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Jean - Pierre ▁We iller ▁( 1 8 9 0 – ▁? ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Marie - Th ér èse ▁We iller ▁( 1 8 9 0 – ▁? ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Georges - And ré ▁We iller ▁( 1 8 9 2 – ▁? ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Paul - Louis ▁We iller ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 9 3 ), ▁industrial ist ▁and ▁financi er ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁x ▁Princess ▁Alex andra ▁Gh ica ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Marie - El is abeth ▁Is ar ri ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Count ess ▁P ilar ▁de ▁La ▁B éra udi ère ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ |
▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Jacques - Louis ▁de ▁La ▁B éra udi ère ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁x ▁Ali ki ▁Di pl ar ak ou ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Paul ▁Ann ick ▁We iller ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁ ▁Don na ▁Olimp ia ▁Tor l onia ▁di ▁C iv it ella - C esi ▁( d augh ter ▁of ▁Don ▁Aless andro ▁Tor l onia , ▁ 5 th ▁Prince ▁di ▁C iv it ella - C esi ▁and ▁the ▁infant ▁Beat riz ▁of ▁Spain ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Sy b illa ▁We iller ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁ ▁S . ▁A . ▁Prince ▁Guillaume ▁of ▁Luxemb ourg ▁( son ▁of ▁Jean , ▁Grand ▁Duc ▁de ▁Luxemb ourg ▁and ▁the ▁Princess ▁José ph ine ▁of ▁Belg ium ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Cos ima ▁We iller ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Jean ne ▁F é lic ie ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 7 1 – ▁? ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ |
▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Paul ▁Louis ▁We iss ▁( 1 8 6 7 – 1 9 4 5 ), ▁engineer ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Louise ▁We iss ▁( 1 8 9 3 – 1 9 8 3 ), ▁journalist ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Em ile ▁Jean ▁Jacques ▁We iss ▁( 1 8 9 4 – 1 9 8 7 ), ▁inspect or ▁of ▁fin ances ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁André ▁Eug ène ▁Paul ▁We iss ▁( 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 5 0 ), ▁pre fect ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Francis ▁We iss ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Marie ▁Jen ny ▁Emil ie ▁We iss ▁( 1 9 0 3 – 1 9 8 7 ), ▁ped iat ric ian ▁and ▁ps y cho anal yst ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Alexandre ▁R oud ines co ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁É lis abeth ▁R oud ines co ▁( 1 9 4 4 – ), ▁historian ▁and ▁ps y cho anal yst ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ |
▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Jean ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 7 1 – 1 9 1 5 ), ▁engineer , ▁deput y ▁of ▁Y onne ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁x ▁L ily ▁L év y ▁( 1 8 8 2 – 1 9 5 8 ), ▁writer ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Louis ▁Ad ol phe ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 7 3 – 1 9 4 4 ), ▁professor ▁of ▁medicine ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁} ▁ 2 ▁daughters ▁died ▁in ▁a ▁concentration ▁camp ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Lé op old ▁J aval ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Math ilde ▁Jul ie ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 7 6 – 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Paul ine ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 4 2 – ▁? ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Jean ▁Thé odore ▁de ▁S alem feld s , ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Ernest ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 4 3 – 1 8 9 7 |
), ▁pre fect ▁of ▁La ▁Cre use ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Marie ▁Sel ig mann ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Eug ène ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 4 6 – 1 8 4 7 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ├── > ▁Alfred ▁J aval ' ▁( 1 8 4 8 – 1 9 2 1 ), ▁engineer ▁and ▁industrial ist ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Cla ire ▁Math ilde ▁D rey f ous ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Fern and ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 8 4 - 1 9 7 7 ), ▁engineer ▁and ▁industrial ist ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁L ia ▁Al ine ▁Sch iller ▁( d augh ter ▁of ▁A . ▁Sch iller ▁and ▁E . ▁de ▁Ric ql ès ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Antoine ▁J aval ▁( 1 9 2 1 - 2 0 0 8 ), ▁entrepr ene ur ▁and ▁collect or ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Im ogen ▁Bayer th al ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ └ ── > La ur ence ▁Neb out - J aval ▁( 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁x ▁Em manuel ▁Neb out ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁Lé one ▁L ero y ▁( 1 9 3 2 - 2 0 0 |
9 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Catherine ▁J aval ▁Van ▁de ▁Ker ck h ove ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁x ▁Jan ▁Van ▁de ▁Ker ck h ove ▁( 1 9 6 2 - 2 0 0 3 ) ▁( family ▁of ▁imm em orial ▁nob ility ▁from ▁the ▁country ▁of ▁Lim bourg , ▁counts ▁since ▁Char lemagne , ▁▁ ▁descend ants ▁of ▁Ma ing ut , ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Con rad , ▁ 5 th ▁du ke ▁of ▁Fran con ia ▁) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Hugo ▁Van ▁de ▁Ker ck h ove ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Math ias ▁Van ▁de ▁Ker ck h ove ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Emma ▁Van ▁de ▁Ker ck h ove ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ └ ── > ▁Soph ie ▁J aval ▁( 1 8 5 3 – 1 9 4 7 ) ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁x ▁( 1 8 7 8 ) ▁: ▁Paul ▁W aller stein ▁( d ied ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ), ▁engineer ▁ ▁│ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁│ ▁▁ ├── |
> ▁ 2 ▁other ▁sons ▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁│ ▁ ▁x ▁( 2 ) ▁: ▁Key le ▁Felix ▁ ▁</ div > ▁▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁▁▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Fr éd éric ▁Vie y , ▁" ▁La ▁famille ▁J aval ▁", ▁in ▁: ▁Lé o ▁Ham on ▁( dir .), ▁Les ▁Ré public ains ▁sous ▁le ▁Second ▁Empire ' ', ▁Entre ti ens ▁d ' A ux er re , ▁Paris , ▁Éditions ▁de ▁la ▁M aison ▁des ▁Sciences ▁de ▁l ' Hom me , ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁p . 9 1 ▁ ▁Dr ▁D ov ▁We is b rot , ▁" France ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Domain : ▁Identity , ▁L anguages ▁and ▁Revolution s " ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁La ▁Famil le ▁J aval ▁ ▁Category : F rench ▁families <0x0A> </s> ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁Belg ium , ▁located ▁in ▁Ant werp , ▁is ▁A xa ▁Group ’ s ▁bank ing ▁arm ▁that ▁provides ▁ret ail ▁bank ing ▁to ▁individuals ▁and ▁small ▁companies ▁in ▁Belg ium . ▁The ▁bank ▁works ▁in ▁close ▁co operation ▁with ▁A xa ’ s ▁local ▁ins urance ▁company ▁to ▁complement ▁their ▁financial ▁product ▁offering ▁with ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁ret ail ▁bank ing ▁products ▁and ▁services . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁A xa ▁Group ’ s ▁management ▁board ▁decided ▁to ▁adopt ▁a ▁common ▁European ▁bank ing ▁strategy . ▁The ▁deployment ▁of ▁this ▁strategy ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁in ▁Br uss els ▁of ▁a ▁European ▁bank |
ing ▁head - office , ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁Europe , ▁using ▁the ▁former ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁Belg ium ’ s ▁legal ▁structure . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁A xa ▁Life ▁Europe ▁Hed ging ▁Services ▁joined ▁A X A ▁Bank ▁Europe ▁to ▁provide ▁financial ▁engineering ▁compet encies ▁to ▁ins urance ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁and ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁Europe . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁El la ▁Bank ▁becomes ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁A X A ▁Bank ▁Europe . ▁The ▁same ▁year , ▁a ▁branch ▁is ▁launched ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁and ▁one ▁year ▁later , ▁in ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁a ▁branch ▁is ▁launched ▁in ▁Slov ak ia . ▁As ▁of ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁activities ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁have ▁been ▁transferred ▁to ▁Zwe i Plus ▁Bank . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁a ▁transformation ▁plan ▁was ▁launched ▁to ▁re - focus ▁on ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁ret ail ▁market . ▁Since ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁all ▁teams ▁of ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁Europe ▁are ▁working ▁from ▁the ▁former ▁An h yp ▁building ▁in ▁Ber chem , ▁Ant werp ▁( G ro test een weg ▁ 2 1 4 ). ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁Europe ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁back ▁to ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁Belg ium . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁ ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁Belg ium ' s ▁strateg ic ▁dec isions ▁are ▁taken ▁by ▁its |
▁board ▁of ▁direct ors , ▁head ed ▁by ▁J ef ▁Van ▁In ▁and ▁managed ▁through ▁its ▁management ▁board , ▁head ed ▁by ▁Peter ▁Dev lies . ▁ ▁A xa ’ s ▁bank ing ▁presence ▁across ▁Europe ▁ ▁Belg ium ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁offers ▁bank ing ▁products ▁and ▁services ▁to ▁ret ail ▁and ▁small ▁business ▁customers , ▁serv iced ▁through ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁independent ▁bank ▁agents . ▁ ▁Hung ary ▁( p ast ) ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁focused ▁on ▁mort g age ▁l ending ▁since ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Product s ▁were ▁market ed ▁through ▁nation wide ▁mort g age ▁cent ers , ▁ 3 0 0 ▁tied ▁ins urance ▁agents ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁Internet . ▁Since ▁January ▁ 1 st ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Hung arian ▁commercial ▁activities ▁had ▁been ▁put ▁in ▁run - off . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁A xa ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁entered ▁into ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁O TP ▁Bank ▁to ▁sell ▁its ▁Hung arian ▁bank ing ▁operations . ▁ ▁France ▁and ▁Germany ▁A xa ▁Group ▁also ▁own s ▁bank ing ▁activities ▁in ▁France ▁( A xa ▁Ban que ▁France ) ▁and ▁in ▁Germany ▁( A xa ▁Bank ▁AG ). ▁Those ▁two ▁entities ▁are ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁A xa ▁Bank ▁Belg ium ' s ▁legal ▁structure , ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁have ▁developed ▁some ▁oper ational ▁links ▁and ▁syn erg ies , ▁not ably ▁in ▁sharing ▁bank ing ▁know - how . ▁ ▁See |
▁also ▁▁ ▁A xa ▁Group ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁banks ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : AX A ▁Category : B anks ▁of ▁Belg ium ▁Category : B anks ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁Category : B anks ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁Category : B anks ▁of ▁France ▁Category : B anks ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : B anks ▁with ▁year ▁of ▁establishment ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁FC ▁Sw ar ov ski ▁Ti rol ▁was ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁association ▁football ▁club ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 – 1 9 9 2 , ▁based ▁in ▁In ns b ruck , ▁Ty rol , ▁Austria . ▁ ▁History ▁It ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁cry stal ▁manufact urer ▁Sw ar ov ski ▁as ▁a ▁split - off ▁of ▁FC ▁W acker ▁In ns b ruck , ▁whose ▁Bundes liga ▁license ▁it ▁adopted ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 6 ▁season . ▁With ▁manager ▁Ernst ▁H app el ▁it ▁won ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁football ▁championship ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Cup ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁It ▁never theless ▁was ▁dissol ved ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁the ▁license ▁fell ▁back ▁to ▁FC ▁W acker , ▁only ▁to ▁change ▁over ▁again ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁FC ▁Ti rol ▁In ns b ruck ▁one ▁year ▁later . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Aust rian ▁Championship ▁( 2 ): ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 |
9 – 9 0 ▁ ▁Aust rian ▁Championship ▁R unn ers - up ▁( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 9 1 ▁ ▁Aust rian ▁Cup ▁( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 8 9 ▁ ▁Aust rian ▁Cup ▁R unn ers - up ▁( 2 ): ▁ 1 9 8 6 – 8 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 8 8 ▁ ▁Aust rian ▁Super cup ▁R unn ers - up ▁( 3 ): ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁European ▁Cup ▁History ▁Q ▁= ▁Qual ifying ▁Q F ▁= ▁Qu arter final ▁SF ▁= ▁Sem if inal ▁ ▁Manager ▁history ▁▁ ▁Felix ▁L atz ke ▁( 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 5 – ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁▁ ▁Ernst ▁H app el ▁( 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 7 – ▁ 1 ▁Dec ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Hor st ▁Hr ub esch ▁( 1 ▁Jan ▁ 1 9 9 2 – ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Category : Def unct ▁football ▁clubs ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁In ns b ruck ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category |
: 1 9 9 2 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Austria <0x0A> </s> ▁D way ne ▁Francis ▁Lamb ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁West ▁Coast ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ) ▁( Austral ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( AF L ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 0 ) ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Australian ▁Football ▁League ▁( W AF L ). ▁A ▁utility ▁player , ▁he ▁was ▁often ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁r uck ▁ro ver ▁or ▁in ▁defence . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁Lamb ▁began ▁his ▁junior ▁playing ▁career ▁for ▁North ▁In nal oo ▁before ▁joining ▁. ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁league ▁debut ▁in ▁round ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁W AF L ▁season , ▁becoming ▁a ▁regular ▁league ▁player ▁the ▁following ▁season . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁Sub ia co ▁were ▁the ▁league ' s ▁cho pping ▁block , ▁but ▁Lamb ▁quickly ▁established ▁himself ▁in ▁the ▁team ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁– ▁a ▁season ▁when ▁the ▁L ions ▁were ▁on ▁track ▁for ▁a ▁win ▁less ▁season ▁before ▁be ating ▁East ▁F rem ant le ▁in ▁their ▁sevent e enth ▁match ▁– ▁Lamb ' s ▁t ough ▁but ▁uns pect ac ular ▁style ▁won ▁Sub ia co ' s ▁best ▁and ▁fair est ▁award , ▁an ▁achiev ement ▁repeated ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁when ▁under ▁legend ary ▁coach ▁Hay dn ▁Bun ton , ▁Jr ., ▁Sub |
ia co ▁finally ▁took ▁steps ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁W AF L ▁cell ar . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁Lamb ▁played ▁in ▁Sub ia co ' s ▁premi ership - win ning ▁team , ▁kick ing ▁two ▁early ▁goals ▁and ▁being ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁on - ball ▁brig ade ▁that ▁defeated ▁the ▁Sh arks ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Final . ▁Con sequently , ▁Lamb ▁made ▁his ▁V FL ▁debut ▁in ▁West ▁Coast ' s ▁inaug ural ▁side ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁player ▁to ▁reach ▁ 5 0 , ▁ 1 0 0 ▁and ▁ 1 5 0 ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁E ag les . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁against ▁Ge el ong ▁Football ▁Club , ▁Lamb ▁was ▁knock ed ▁out ▁in ▁a ▁s ling ▁tack le , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁him ▁sw allow ing ▁his ▁tongue ▁and ▁his ▁air way ▁being ▁blocked . ▁His ▁air way ▁was ▁opened ▁up ▁by ▁a ▁Ge el ong ▁tra iner ▁with ▁an ▁or oph ary n ge al ▁air way ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁taken ▁off ▁on ▁a ▁st ret cher . ▁Lamb ▁played ▁in ▁West ▁Coast ' s ▁premi ership ▁team ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁However , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Lamb ' s ▁form ▁decl ined ▁so ▁much ▁that ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁he ▁played ▁only ▁five ▁A FL ▁games ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁W AF L , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁his ▁ 3 0 0 th ▁match |
▁of ▁senior ▁football ▁and ▁his ▁ 1 5 0 th ▁with ▁Sub ia co ▁in ▁consecutive ▁weeks ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁home - and - away ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Lamb ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁the ▁E ag les ' ▁official ▁" Team ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade ". ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : West ▁Coast ▁E ag les ▁players ▁Category : West ern ▁Australian ▁State ▁of ▁Origin ▁players ▁Category : Sub ia co ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : West ▁Australian ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁induct ees ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Per th , ▁Western ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁Arm and ▁Pe uge ot ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁– ▁died ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁industrial ist ▁in ▁France , ▁pione er ▁of ▁the ▁autom obile ▁industry ▁and ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁transformed ▁Pe uge ot ▁into ▁a ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁b icy cles ▁and , ▁later , ▁of ▁autom ob iles . ▁He ▁was ▁accepted ▁into ▁the ▁Autom ot ive ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Family ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁into ▁a ▁Protest ant ▁family ▁at ▁Her imon court , ▁in ▁eastern |
▁France , ▁Arm and ▁Pe uge ot ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁ ▁Em ile ▁Pe uge ot ▁and ▁grand son ▁of ▁Jean - Pierre ▁Pe uge ot . ▁The ▁family ▁had ▁a ▁metal ▁working ▁business , ▁producing ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁practical ▁goods ▁such ▁as ▁spr ings , ▁saw s , ▁spect acle ▁frames ▁and ▁coffee ▁gr ind ers . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁he ▁married ▁Soph ie ▁Le onie ▁Fall ot ▁( 1 8 5 2 - 1 9 3 0 ) ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁five ▁children , ▁but ▁their ▁only ▁son , ▁Raymond , ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁Arm and ▁Pe uge ot ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁in ▁Neu illy - sur - Se ine , ▁near ▁Paris . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁great ▁grand son ▁of ▁Jean - Pierre ▁Pe uge ot . ▁ ▁Education ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁the ▁É cole ▁Cent rale ▁Paris , ▁a ▁pr estig ious ▁engineering ▁school ▁in ▁France . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁Arm and ▁travel led ▁to ▁England ▁where ▁he ▁saw ▁the ▁potential ▁of ▁b icy cles ▁and ▁their ▁manufact ure . ▁ ▁Business ▁From ▁ 1 8 6 5 , ▁Arm and ▁and ▁his ▁second ▁cousin ▁Eug ène ▁became ▁involved ▁with ▁the ▁running ▁of ▁the ▁company , ▁then ▁called ▁Pe uge ot ▁Fr ères ▁A în és . ▁They ▁took ▁it ▁into ▁cycle ▁manufact ure ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁and ▁exhib ited ▁a |
▁steam - power ed ▁tr icy cle ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁World ▁Fair ▁in ▁Paris . ▁They ▁created ▁their ▁first ▁car ▁in ▁their ▁work house ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁eastern ▁France . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁the ▁company ▁name ▁was ▁Les ▁Fil s ▁de ▁Pe uge ot ▁Fr ères , ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁cars ▁with ▁Da im ler ▁engines . ▁Arm and ▁wanted ▁to ▁increase ▁production , ▁but ▁Eug ène ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁commit ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁the ▁necessary ▁invest ment . ▁So , ▁on ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁Arm and ▁set ▁up ▁his ▁own ▁company , ▁Société ▁An onyme ▁des ▁Autom ob iles ▁Pe uge ot . ▁He ▁built ▁a ▁factory ▁at ▁Aud inc ourt , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁cars ▁with ▁an ▁internal ▁comb ust ion ▁engine . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁without ▁a ▁male ▁he ir , ▁he ▁agreed ▁to ▁merge ▁his ▁company ▁with ▁Eug ène ’ s . ▁When ▁he ▁stepped ▁down ▁from ▁man aging ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁Pe uge ot ▁were ▁the ▁largest ▁car ▁manufact urer ▁in ▁France , ▁producing ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁cars ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Virtual ▁Museum ▁of ▁Protest ant ism : ▁The ▁Pe uge ot ▁family ▁Fran che - Com té ▁region ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 |
1 5 ▁death s ▁ ▁Category : Autom ot ive ▁pione ers ▁Category : É cole ▁Cent rale ▁Paris ▁al umn i ▁Category : F rench ▁found ers ▁of ▁autom obile ▁manufact ur ers ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁P ère ▁L ach a ise ▁C emetery <0x0A> </s> ▁Kir il , ▁ ▁birth ▁name ▁Nik ola ▁Pop ov ski ▁( Mac ed onian ▁C yr ill ic : ▁Никола ▁По пов ски ), ▁was ▁Metropolitan ▁bishop ▁of ▁the ▁no ▁longer ▁existing ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁P olog ▁and ▁K uman ovo ▁of ▁Mac ed onian ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁– ▁O hr id ▁Arch bishop ric . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Kir il ▁completed ▁primary ▁education ▁in ▁his ▁native ▁village ▁and ▁The ological ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁P riz ren , ▁in ▁present ▁Kos ovo . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁he ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Spirit ual ▁Academy , ▁but ▁after ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁study ▁he ▁came ▁back ▁to ▁Mac ed onia ▁and ▁completed ▁his ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁The ological ▁fac ulty ▁" St . ▁Clement ▁of ▁O hr id " ▁in ▁Sk op je . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁P olog ▁and ▁K uman ovo ▁ ▁Joseph ▁of ▁K uman ovo ▁and ▁Os og ovo ▁ ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁K uman ovo ▁and ▁Os og ovo ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Metropol it ans ▁of ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁K uman ovo ▁and ▁Os og ovo ▁ ▁Mac ed onian ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁– ▁O hr id ▁Arch bishop ric |
▁ ▁K uman ovo ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Biography ▁of ▁Kir il ▁on ▁Mac ed onian ▁ ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁P olog ▁and ▁K uman ovo ▁on ▁MO C - O A ▁Site ▁ ▁Official ▁Page ▁of ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁P olog ▁and ▁K uman ovo ▁ ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Mac ed onian ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Res en ▁Municip ality ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 3 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁K uman ovo <0x0A> </s> ▁Soul sh ock ▁& ▁Kar lin ▁is ▁a ▁du o ▁of ▁Dan ish ▁record ▁produ cers ▁and ▁song writ ers , ▁Car sten ▁Sch ack ▁and ▁Kenneth ▁Kar lin . ▁They ▁have ▁produced ▁many ▁successful ▁songs , ▁including ▁Mon ica ' s ▁" Before ▁You ▁Walk ▁out ▁of ▁My ▁Life ", ▁Whit ney ▁Houston ' s ▁" He art break ▁Hotel ", ▁Jo Jo ' s ▁" Le ave ▁( Get ▁Out )", ▁and ▁T oni ▁Bra xt on ' s ▁" I ▁Love ▁Me ▁Some ▁Him ". ▁In ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁a ▁famous ▁commercial , ▁Arena ▁Magazine ▁called ▁the ▁team , ▁" Pro bably ▁the ▁best ▁R & B ▁produ cers ▁in ▁the ▁world " ▁( M arch ▁ 2 0 0 1 ). ▁ ▁Soul sh ock ▁& ▁Kar lin ▁have ▁written ▁and ▁produced ▁hits ▁for ▁many ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Br andy , ▁U sh er , ▁Mon ica , ▁Whit ney ▁Houston , ▁Luther |
▁V and ross , ▁Craig ▁David ▁and ▁St ing ▁in ▁" R ise ▁& ▁Fall ", ▁and ▁ 2 P ac ▁in ▁" Do ▁For ▁Love ", ▁" Me ▁Again st ▁The ▁World ", ▁" I ▁Wonder ▁If ▁Heaven ▁Got ▁A ▁Gh etto ", ▁" Old ▁School ", ▁and ▁" B aby ▁Don ' t ▁Cry ." ▁Their ▁rem ix ▁cred its ▁include ▁U sh er ' s ▁" U ▁Got ▁It ▁Bad ," ▁and ▁" Bro ken heart ed " ▁by ▁Br andy ▁and ▁W anya ▁Morris ▁of ▁Bo yz ▁II ▁Men . ▁ ▁The ▁du o ▁took ▁a ▁break ▁from ▁working ▁together ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁when ▁Soul sh ock ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁judge ▁on ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁version ▁of ▁The ▁X ▁F actor ▁before ▁becoming ▁the ▁in - house ▁producer ▁for ▁the ▁U . S . ▁inc arn ation ▁of ▁the ▁show . ▁ ▁Since ▁re unit ing ▁early ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁the ▁du o ▁have ▁new ▁songs ▁and ▁produ ctions ▁l ining ▁up ▁for ▁release ▁with ▁several ▁major ▁label ▁artists ▁including ▁K ▁Mich elle , ▁Mark o ▁P enn ▁fe at ▁G ucci ▁M ane , ▁Carter ▁Park ▁fe at ▁G - E azy , ▁H . I . M , ▁Luke ▁Christopher , ▁Solo ▁Luc ci ▁and ▁several ▁others . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Soul sh ock ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁hip - h op ▁club ▁DJ , ▁spin ning ▁records ▁in ▁his ▁bed room . ▁His ▁big ▁break ▁came ▁in ▁ |
1 9 8 9 ▁when ▁he ▁took ▁third ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁D MC ▁Mix ing ▁Championships ▁in ▁London . ▁The ▁contest ▁victory ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁DJ ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁European ▁Tour ▁for ▁Queen ▁Lat if ah , ▁Jung le ▁Brothers ▁and ▁Ch ill ▁Rob ▁G . ▁That ▁gig , ▁in ▁turn , ▁gave ▁Soul sh ock ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁rem ix ▁songs ▁for ▁Mc ▁Ly te , ▁Queen ▁Lat if ah ▁among ▁others . ▁With ▁his ▁rem ix es ▁playing ▁on ▁K II S - FM , ▁Soul sh ock ▁came ▁out ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁to ▁study ▁under ▁DJ ▁Red ▁Alert . ▁But ▁as ▁Soul sh ock ▁rec alls , ▁' I ▁went ▁back ▁to ▁Den mark , ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁so ▁t ough ▁being ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁I ▁was ▁making ▁no ▁money ▁at ▁all ." ▁E MI / Med ley ▁had ▁offered ▁Soul sh ock ▁and ▁his ▁former ▁partner , ▁C utf ather , ▁a ▁label ▁deal ▁in ▁Den mark . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁he ▁opened ▁Soul power ▁Produ ctions ▁and ▁Records . ▁Mov ing ▁toward ▁more ▁of ▁an ▁R & B ▁v ibe , ▁Soul sh ock ▁needed ▁a ▁great ▁keyboard ▁player , ▁and ▁found ▁one ▁in ▁Kar lin . ▁ ▁A ▁fan ▁of ▁jazz ▁gre ats ▁such ▁as ▁Bob ▁James ▁and ▁Stanley ▁Clar ke , ▁Kar lin ▁was ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁Den mark ' s ▁jazz ▁scene ▁before ▁joining ▁with ▁Soul sh ock ▁producing ▁P atti ▁La B elle ' s ▁" All |
▁Right ▁Now ." ▁A ▁music ian ▁in ▁the ▁traditional ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁word , ▁Kar lin ▁says , ▁" I ▁think ▁our ▁different ▁background s ▁are ▁what ▁make ▁our ▁tracks ▁interesting ." ▁While ▁the ▁future ▁over se as ▁looked ▁bright , ▁Soul sh ock ▁& ▁Kar lin ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁brand ▁of ▁R & B / hip - h op ▁they ▁special ized ▁in ▁was ▁being ▁over shadow ed ▁in ▁Europe ▁by ▁dance ▁and ▁house ▁music . ▁The ▁du o ▁made ▁the ▁move ▁to ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁and , ▁after ▁months ▁of ▁struggling , ▁finally ▁had ▁a ▁break ▁through ▁with ▁Ce C e ▁Pen ist on . ▁Their ▁single ▁" I ' m ▁In ▁The ▁M ood " ▁came ▁out ▁and ▁made ▁some ▁noise . ▁With ▁the ▁ball ▁rolling , ▁Soul sh ock ▁& ▁Kar lin ▁scored ▁their ▁first ▁big ▁hit ▁with ▁Mon ica ' s ▁# 1 ▁R & B ▁single ▁" Before ▁You ▁Walk ▁Out ▁of ▁My ▁Life ," ▁which ▁they ▁wrote ▁and ▁produced . ▁H its ▁with ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁T oni ▁Bra xt on , ▁Br andy , ▁Brown stone , ▁Sil k , ▁and ▁ 2 P ac ▁followed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Soul sh ock ▁& ▁Kar lin ▁enjoyed ▁another ▁# 1 ▁single ▁with ▁Whit ney ▁Houston ' s ▁" He art break ▁Hotel " ▁which ▁received ▁two ▁Gram my ▁nomin ations : ▁Best ▁R & B ▁Song , ▁and ▁Best ▁R & B ▁Performance ▁by ▁a ▁Du o ▁or ▁V ocal ist |
. ▁Soul sh ock ▁& ▁Kar lin ▁recently ▁produced ▁new ▁tracks ▁for ▁Craig ▁David ▁& ▁St ing ▁" R ise ▁and ▁Fall ," ▁Bl u ▁Cant rell ▁" Don ' t ▁W anna ▁Say ▁Good bye ," ▁Mon ica ▁" Bre aks ▁My ▁Heart ," ▁" I ▁W rote ▁This ▁Song ," ▁" H urt ▁the ▁Most " ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁single ▁from ▁American ▁Pop ▁Id ol ▁Justin ▁Gu ar ini ▁" S orry ." ▁ ▁Soul sh ock ▁& ▁Kar lin ▁produced ▁and ▁wrote ▁their ▁first ▁# 1 ▁top ▁ 4 0 ▁hit ▁“ Le ave ▁( Get ▁Out )" ▁performed ▁by ▁Jo Jo , ▁and ▁the ▁# 1 ▁R & B ▁song ▁“ Tr uth ▁Is ” ▁performed ▁by ▁American ▁Id ol ▁winner ▁Fant asia ▁( which ▁also ▁received ▁a ▁Gram my ▁nom ination ▁for ▁best ▁R & B ▁album ) ▁and ▁tracks ▁for ▁rap ▁star ▁Nel ly . ▁ ▁Soul sh ock ▁and ▁Kar lin ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁collabor ate ▁with ▁Key sh ia ▁Cole , ▁Kelly ▁Row land , ▁and ▁Sam anth a ▁J ade ▁and ▁to ▁produce ▁songs ▁for ▁the ▁debut ▁solo ▁albums ▁of ▁Ch ery l ▁Cole ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁X ▁F actor ▁winner ▁Alex andra ▁Bur ke , ▁ 3 ▁W ords ▁and ▁Over come ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Singles ▁disc ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Dan ish ▁record ▁produ cers ▁Category : Dan ish ▁song writ ers ▁Category : Record ▁production ▁du os ▁Category : S ong |
writing ▁du os ▁Category : Dan ish ▁musical ▁du os <0x0A> </s> ▁Out ▁of ▁the ▁Blue ▁is ▁the ▁sevent h ▁studio ▁album ▁released ▁by ▁Australian ▁country ▁music ▁singer ▁Anne ▁Kirk pat rick . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁The ▁album ▁has ▁been ▁her ald ed ▁as ▁" a ▁waters hed ▁album ▁in ▁Australian ▁country ▁music " ▁and ▁Kirk pat rick ' s ▁" break through ▁album ". ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁A RI A ▁Music ▁Awards ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Kirk pat rick ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁A RI A ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Country ▁Album ; ▁this ▁was ▁Kirk pat rick ' s ▁first ▁A RI A ▁Award . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁Country ▁Music ▁Awards ▁of ▁Australia ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Kirk pat rick ▁won ▁two ▁golden ▁guitar ' s ; ▁" Al bum ▁of ▁the ▁Year " ▁and ▁" F em ale ▁V ocal ist ▁of ▁the ▁Year " ▁for ▁the ▁track ▁" I ▁Gu ess ▁We ' ve ▁Be en ▁T ogether ▁To o ▁Long ". ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁Kirk pat rick ▁has ▁won ▁this ▁award ; ▁her ▁last ▁coming ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Release ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁albums ▁Category : AR IA ▁Award - win ning ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁C umm ins ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁James ▁C umm ins ▁( po et ), ▁American ▁poet ▁ ▁James ▁Turner ▁C umm ins |
▁( 1 8 4 2 – 1 9 1 2 ), ▁British ▁military ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁Army ▁ ▁James ▁Robert ▁C umm ins ▁( 1 8 4 7 – 1 9 2 9 ), ▁American ▁criminal ▁ ▁James ▁( Jack ) ▁C umm ins ▁( 1 7 7 3 – 1 8 4 9 ), ▁Texas ▁far mer , ▁public ▁official ▁and ▁colon ist ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Jim ▁C umm ins ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁James ▁C umm ings ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁C umm ins ▁( s urname ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Am phi pr ion ▁m cc ul lo chi , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁whites n out ▁an em one fish ▁or ▁McC ul lo ch ' s ▁an em one fish , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁an em one fish ▁found ▁in ▁subt rop ical ▁waters ▁at ▁Lord ▁How e ▁Island ▁and ▁Nor folk ▁Island .. ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁All an ▁McC ul lo ch , ▁a ▁former ▁Cur ator ▁of ▁Fish es ▁at ▁the ▁Australian ▁Museum , ▁Sydney . ▁Like ▁all ▁an em one fish es ▁it ▁forms ▁a ▁sym bi otic ▁mut ual ism ▁with ▁sea ▁an em ones ▁and ▁is ▁una ffect ed ▁by ▁the ▁st ing ing ▁tent acles ▁of ▁the ▁host ▁an em one . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁sequ ential ▁herm aph rod ite ▁with ▁a ▁strict ▁s ized ▁based ▁domin ance ▁hierarchy : ▁the ▁female ▁is ▁largest , ▁the ▁bre eding ▁male ▁is ▁second ▁largest , ▁and ▁the ▁male ▁non - bre |
ed ers ▁get ▁progress ively ▁smaller ▁as ▁the ▁hierarchy ▁desc ends . ▁They ▁exhib it ▁prot and ry , ▁meaning ▁the ▁bre eding ▁male ▁will ▁change ▁to ▁female ▁if ▁the ▁sole ▁bre eding ▁female ▁dies , ▁with ▁the ▁largest ▁non - bre eder ▁becomes ▁the ▁bre eding ▁male . ▁ ▁Description ▁A . m cc ul lo chi ▁is ▁dark ▁brown ▁with ▁a ▁pale ▁sn out , ▁a ▁white ▁bar ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁head ▁( but ▁not ▁connected ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁head ) ▁and ▁a ▁pale ▁tail . ▁Ju ven iles ▁have ▁two ▁white ▁bars ▁and ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁p ector al ▁fins ▁is ▁yellow . ▁They ▁have ▁ 1 0 ▁d ors al ▁sp ines , ▁ 2 ▁anal ▁sp ines , ▁ 1 5 - 1 7 ▁d ors al ▁soft ▁ray s ▁and ▁ 1 3 - 1 4 ▁anal ▁soft ▁ray s . ▁They ▁reach ▁a ▁maximum ▁length ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Color ▁variations ▁Some ▁an em one fish ▁species ▁have ▁color ▁variations ▁based ▁on ▁ge ographic ▁location , ▁sex ▁and ▁host ▁an em one . ▁A . m cc ul lo chi ▁does ▁not ▁show ▁any ▁of ▁these ▁variations . ▁ ▁Similar ▁species ▁A . m cc ul lo chi ▁is ▁similar ▁in ▁appearance ▁to ▁A . mel an opus ▁which ▁is ▁distinguished ▁by ▁its ▁re dd ish ▁ch est , ▁bel ly ▁and ▁d ors al ▁fin , ▁with ▁a ▁yellow ish ▁to ▁slightly ▁red ▁tail . ▁The ▁white ▁bars |
▁are ▁also ▁connected ▁over ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁head . ▁Gen etic ▁analysis ▁suggested ▁evolution ary ▁connect ivity ▁among ▁samples ▁of ▁A . m cc ul lo chi ▁and ▁A . ak ind yn os . ▁Historical ▁hy brid ization ▁and ▁intro gression ▁in ▁the ▁evolution ary ▁past ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁complex ▁mit och ond rial ▁DNA ▁structure . ▁There ▁were ▁two ▁evolution ary ▁groups ▁with ▁individuals ▁of ▁both ▁species ▁detected ▁in ▁both , ▁thus ▁the ▁species ▁lack ed ▁reci pro cal ▁mon oph y ly . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁shared ▁ha plot ypes ▁between ▁species . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁Hab itat ▁A . m cc ul lo chi ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁western ▁Pacific ▁ocean ▁at ▁Lord ▁How e ▁Island , ▁Middle ton ▁Re ef , ▁Elizabeth ▁Re ef ▁and ▁Nor folk ▁Island . ▁ ▁Host ▁an em ones ▁The ▁relationship ▁between ▁an em one fish ▁and ▁their ▁host ▁sea ▁an em ones ▁is ▁not ▁random ▁and ▁instead ▁is ▁highly ▁nested ▁in ▁structure . ▁A . m cc ul lo chi ▁is ▁highly ▁special ised , ▁being ▁hosted ▁with ▁only ▁ 1 ▁species ▁of ▁an em one : ▁▁ ▁Ent ac ma ea ▁quad ric ol or ▁B ubble - tip ▁an em one ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁status ▁An em one fish ▁and ▁their ▁host ▁an em ones ▁are ▁found ▁on ▁cor al ▁re ef s ▁and ▁face ▁similar ▁environmental ▁issues . ▁Like ▁cor als , ▁an em one ' s ▁contain ▁int rac ell |
ular ▁end os ym b ion ts , ▁zo ox anth ella e , ▁and ▁can ▁suffer ▁from ▁ble aching ▁due ▁to ▁triggers ▁such ▁as ▁increased ▁water ▁temperature ▁or ▁acid ification . ▁ ▁Character istics ▁known ▁to ▁elev ate ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁ext inction ▁are ▁small ▁ge ographic ▁range , ▁small ▁local ▁population ▁and ▁extreme ▁habitat ▁special isation . ▁The ▁small ▁ge ographic ▁range , ▁small ▁local ▁population ▁and ▁extreme ▁habitat ▁special isation ▁( it ▁only ▁associ ates ▁with ▁Ent ac ma ea ▁quad ric ol or ) ▁are ▁all ▁characteristics ▁known ▁to ▁elev ate ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁ext inction ▁making ▁A . m cc ul lo chi ▁of ▁particular ▁conservation ▁concern . ▁This ▁species ▁was ▁not ▁evaluated ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁IU CN ▁Red ▁List ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁specific ▁name ▁hon ours ▁Wh itle y ' s ▁colle ague , ▁the ▁Australian ▁ich thy ologist ▁All an ▁River stone ▁McC ul lo ch ▁( 1 8 8 5 - 1 9 2 5 ) ▁who ▁collected ▁the ▁type ▁spec imen . ▁ ▁In ▁aqu aria ▁This ▁species ▁has ▁b red ▁in ▁capt ivity . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : P om ac entr idae ▁m cc ul lo chi ▁Category : F ish ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph ol cus ▁man uel i , ▁known ▁generally ▁as ▁the ▁cell ar ▁sp ider ▁or ▁d addy ▁long leg s , |
▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁cell ar ▁sp ider ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ph ol c idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Russia , ▁Turk men istan , ▁China , ▁Korea , ▁Japan , ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ph ol c idae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Sp iders ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 4 4 th ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad , ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁F édération ▁Intern ationale ▁des ▁É ch ec s ▁( F IDE ) ▁and ▁compr ising ▁open ▁and ▁women ' s ▁tournament s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁several ▁events ▁designed ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁game ▁of ▁ch ess , ▁will ▁be ▁held ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁Russia , ▁during ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 2 1 . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁event ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁Kh ant y - M ans iy sk , ▁which ▁hosted ▁the ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Ch ess ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁but ▁later ▁F IDE ▁decided ▁to ▁move ▁it ▁to ▁Moscow . ▁Thus , ▁Moscow ▁is ▁set ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁first ▁city ▁to ▁host ▁the ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁three ▁times ▁after ▁the ▁city ▁previously ▁hosted ▁the ▁event ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁Kn ath y - M ans iy sk ▁will , ▁however , ▁host ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremony ▁and |
▁the ▁inaug ural ▁Ch ess ▁Par al ym p ics ▁specifically ▁designed ▁for ▁people ▁with ▁dis abilities , ▁who ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁particip ate ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁teams ▁representing ▁blind , ▁de af ▁and ▁phys ically ▁disabled ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁The ▁event ▁was ▁originally ▁scheduled ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁from ▁ 5 - 1 7 ▁August ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁post pon ed ▁and ▁res ch eduled ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁growing ▁concerns ▁around ▁the ▁COVID - 1 9 ▁pan demic . ▁ ▁B idd ing ▁process ▁ ▁The ▁b idd ing ▁procedure ▁for ▁the ▁ 4 3 rd ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁and ▁the ▁F IDE ▁Congress ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁a ▁possible ▁bid ▁for ▁the ▁Ch ess ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Each ▁city ▁interested ▁to ▁host ▁the ▁event ▁had ▁to ▁submit ▁their ▁bid ▁to ▁F IDE ▁by ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁The ▁b ids ▁were ▁to ▁guarantee ▁that ▁all ▁necessary ▁prov isions ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁Olymp i ad ▁Reg ulations ▁of ▁the ▁F IDE ▁Hand book ▁would ▁be ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁organ iser , ▁including ▁articles ▁ 4 . 1 , ▁ 4 . 2 ▁and ▁ 4 . 3 ▁per tain ing ▁to ▁the ▁organ ising ▁committee , ▁fin ances , ▁and ▁provision ▁of ▁amen ities ▁and ▁st ip ends , ▁respectively . ▁There ▁was ▁only ▁one ▁bid ▁to ▁host |
▁the ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁in ▁Kh ant y - M ans iy sk , ▁although ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁national ▁feder ations ▁of ▁Argentina ▁and ▁Slov ak ia ▁also ▁showed ▁initial ▁interest . ▁ ▁The ▁final ▁decision ▁was ▁made ▁at ▁the ▁ 8 7 th ▁F IDE ▁Congress ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁B aku , ▁where ▁F IDE ' s ▁president ▁Kir san ▁I ly um z hin ov ▁approved ▁the ▁bid . ▁ ▁Conc ern s ▁and ▁controvers ies ▁ ▁W AD A ' s ▁recommend ations ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁World ▁Anti - D op ing ▁Agency ' s ▁Comp liance ▁Review ▁Committee ▁published ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁recommend ations ▁concerning ▁Russian ▁Anti - D op ing ▁Agency ' s ▁non - comp liance , ▁including ▁a ▁ban ▁to ▁host ▁major ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁up coming ▁four - year ▁period . ▁A ▁few ▁days ▁later , ▁Russian ▁Ch ess ▁Federation ' s ▁president ▁And rey ▁Fil at ov ▁announced ▁that ▁W AD A ' s ▁recommend ations ▁have ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁them ▁and ▁Russia ▁will ▁host ▁all ▁scheduled ▁events , ▁including ▁the ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁November , ▁F IDE ▁officially ▁respond ed ▁to ▁the ▁recommend ations ▁made ▁by ▁W AD A ▁that ▁the ▁contract s ▁for ▁the ▁C andid ates ▁Tournament ▁and ▁the ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁have ▁already ▁been ▁signed . ▁They ▁added ▁that ▁there ▁was |
▁only ▁one ▁application ▁to ▁organ ise ▁each ▁event ▁and ▁they ▁therefore ▁believe ▁that ▁both ▁tournament s ▁fall ▁under ▁the ▁exception ▁form ulated ▁by ▁W AD A . ▁ ▁COVID - 1 9 ▁pan demic ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁March ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁F IDE ▁published ▁an ▁official ▁statement ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁will ▁be ▁post pon ed ▁and ▁res ch eduled ▁for ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 2 1 ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁locations ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁growing ▁COVID - 1 9 ▁pan demic ▁and ▁its ▁impact ▁on ▁people ' s ▁lives . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁▁ 1 2 th ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁▁ 3 1 st ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁ ▁Ch ess ▁World ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ch ess ▁Olymp i ads ▁Category : Ch ess ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : 2 0 2 1 ▁in ▁ch ess ▁Category : S ports ▁compet itions ▁in ▁Moscow ▁Category : Intern ational ▁sports ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Russia ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 s ▁in ▁Moscow ▁Category : 2 0 2 1 ▁in ▁Russian ▁sport ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad ▁Ch ess ▁Olymp i ad <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pla xt on ▁Supreme ▁was ▁a ▁design ▁of ▁coach ▁body work ▁built ▁by ▁Pla xt on . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁built , ▁on ▁small ▁ch ass is ▁only , ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
7 4 , ▁replacing ▁the ▁Pla xt on ▁Pan or ama . ▁On ▁full - s ized ▁ch ass is , ▁it ▁replaced ▁the ▁Pan or ama ▁El ite ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁su pers eded ▁by ▁the ▁Param ount ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 / 3 . ▁However , ▁the ▁Supreme ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁small ▁Bed ford ▁V AS ▁ch ass is ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁change ▁from ▁the ▁models ▁it ▁replaced ▁was ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁all - ste el ▁construction , ▁replacing ▁the ▁composite ▁wood ▁and ▁steel ▁framework ▁of ▁the ▁El ite ▁and ▁Pan or ama . ▁ ▁Ch ass is ▁Supreme ▁body work ▁was ▁fitted ▁to ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁ch ass is , ▁including : ▁Ley land ▁Leop ard , ▁T iger ▁Bed ford ▁Y ▁series , ▁V AS , ▁S B ▁Vol vo ▁B 6 5 5 ▁( R eb od ied ), ▁B 7 5 5 ▁( R eb od ied ), ▁B 5 8 , ▁B 1 0 M ▁D AF ▁MB 2 0 0 , ▁S B 2 0 0 5 ▁Ford ▁R - Series ▁A EC ▁Rel iance ▁Br istol ▁L H ▁Sed don ▁P enn ine ▁ 7 ▁Mer cedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 3 ▁Mag irus - De utz ▁Ward ▁D ales man ▁ ▁Vers ions ▁ ▁Supreme ▁I , ▁II ▁and ▁III ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁all ▁bad ged ▁as ▁" S up reme |
" ▁only , ▁with ▁no ▁numer als ▁to ▁distinguish ▁the ▁different ▁variants . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁definitions ▁are ▁not ▁clear . ▁Pla xt on ' s ▁cent en ary ▁website ▁states ▁that ▁the ▁Supreme ▁I ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁Bed ford ▁V AS ▁ch ass is , ▁and ▁the ▁Supreme ▁II ▁on ▁the ▁Br istol ▁L HS . ▁However ▁the ▁spare ▁parts ▁manual s ▁state ▁that ▁the ▁Supreme ▁II ▁was ▁built ▁with ▁composite ▁wooden / ste el ▁frames ▁on ▁full - size ▁ch ass is , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Ley land ▁Leop ard , ▁Bed ford ▁Y L Q / Y MT , ▁Ford ▁R 1 0 1 4 / R 1 1 1 4 , ▁A EC ▁and ▁Vol vo ▁B 5 8 . ▁The ▁Supreme ▁III ▁was ▁built ▁with ▁entirely ▁steel ▁fr aming . ▁Wood en ▁and ▁steel ▁fr amed ▁examples ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁parallel ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁seasons , ▁the ▁difference ▁being ▁und et ect able ▁from ▁the ▁outside , ▁but ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁body ▁number ▁suffix ▁AM ▁( All ▁Metal ) ▁or ▁the ▁letter ▁M ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁number . ▁ ▁Its ▁design ▁features ▁clearly ▁echo ed ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁El ite ▁III ▁but ▁with ▁subt ly ▁evol ved ▁shape ▁and ▁trim . ▁The ▁wind screen ▁shape ▁was ▁alter ed ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁more ▁heavily ▁arch ed ▁top , ▁with ▁vertical ▁rid ges ▁above ▁it ▁where ▁the ▁El ite ▁had ▁had ▁horizontal ▁rid ges |
. ▁The ▁gr ille ▁surr ound ▁was ▁integrated ▁with ▁the ▁front ▁b um per , ▁and ▁the ▁panel ▁between ▁the ▁head light s ▁was ▁usually ▁omitted ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁larger ▁gr ille . ▁Side ▁trim ▁generally ▁included ▁two ▁chrome ▁stri ps ▁along ▁the ▁sides , ▁the ▁lower ▁one ▁having ▁either ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁cur ved ▁k inks ▁in ▁it . ▁The ▁rear ▁end ▁is ▁less ▁rounded ▁than ▁the ▁El ite ' s . ▁ ▁Supreme ▁IV ▁ ▁The ▁design ▁received ▁a ▁fac el ift ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Supreme ▁IV ▁entering ▁service ▁towards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁The ▁wind screen ▁shape ▁was ▁alter ed ▁again , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁fl atter ▁top , ▁and ▁the ▁rid ged ▁area ▁above ▁it ▁was ▁done ▁away ▁with . ▁The ▁gr ille ▁and ▁head light ▁area ▁under w ent ▁a ▁complete ▁revision , ▁with ▁tw in ▁rect angular ▁head light s ▁fl ank ing ▁a ▁gr ille ▁of ▁three ▁chunk y ▁sl ats ▁( although ▁some ▁vehicles ▁had ▁an ▁optional ▁rect angular ▁chrome ▁gr ille ). ▁The ▁k ink ▁in ▁the ▁side ▁trim ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁par alle lo gram - sh aped ▁link ▁between ▁straight ▁sections , ▁and ▁the ▁window ▁in ▁the ▁door ▁was ▁deeper . ▁ ▁Supreme ▁V ▁ ▁A ▁completely ▁new ▁rear ▁end , ▁super f icial ly ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁later ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁Param ount , ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁Supreme ▁V . ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁flat |
▁rear ▁window ▁and ▁large ▁rect angular ▁light ▁clusters . ▁The ▁front ▁and ▁sides ▁were ▁un changed ▁from ▁the ▁Supreme ▁IV . ▁ ▁Supreme ▁VI ▁The ▁Supreme ▁VI , ▁built ▁alongside ▁the ▁Supreme ▁V , ▁had ▁the ▁same ▁front ▁and ▁rear ▁ends ▁as ▁the ▁latter ▁but ▁with ▁shall ow , ▁flat ▁side ▁windows . ▁It ▁was ▁aim ed ▁at ▁over night ▁express ▁services . ▁ ▁Supreme ▁Express ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁larger ▁Sup rem es ▁were ▁available ▁to ▁" express " ▁or ▁" gr ant " ▁specification ▁with ▁wide ▁door way ▁and ▁two - pie ce ▁doors . ▁These ▁variants ▁were ▁bad ged ▁Supreme ▁Express , ▁Supreme ▁IV ▁Express , ▁Supreme ▁V ▁Express ▁and ▁Supreme ▁VI ▁Express . ▁( This ▁was ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁El ite ▁series , ▁where ▁the ▁numer al ▁was ▁placed ▁after ▁the ▁word ▁Express .) ▁ ▁View master ▁and ▁View master ▁IV ▁The ▁View master ▁was ▁a ▁t aller ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁III ▁or ▁IV , ▁with ▁the ▁height ▁increased ▁by ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 ▁inches . ▁This ▁did ▁initially ▁cause ▁some ▁problems ▁as ▁the ▁initial ▁models ▁were ▁too ▁top ▁heavy ▁and ▁were ▁li able ▁to ▁fall ▁over , ▁so ▁modifications ▁was ▁needed ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁design ▁to ▁lower ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁gravity . ▁The ▁design ers ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁original ▁design ▁would ▁not ▁fall ▁over , ▁but ▁the ▁engine ers ▁argued ▁otherwise ▁and ▁were ▁eventually ▁proven ▁right . ▁The ▁wind screen ▁on ▁the ▁View master ▁was ▁a ▁t aller ▁version ▁of ▁that ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁Supreme ▁III , |
▁and ▁was ▁retained ▁un alter ed ▁for ▁the ▁View master ▁IV . ▁Both ▁were ▁also ▁available ▁to ▁" express " ▁specification , ▁as ▁the ▁View master ▁Express ▁and ▁View master ▁IV ▁Express ▁respectively . ▁ ▁M ini ▁Supreme ▁This ▁van - der ived ▁min ico ach ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁the ▁Pla xt on ▁Sc ar borough ▁Service ▁Division ▁and ▁their ▁Southern ▁Service ▁Centre ▁in ▁W are , ▁H ert ford shire , ▁the ▁former ▁Th ur good ▁Co ach works , ▁on ▁Bed ford ▁CF ▁and ▁Mer cedes ▁L 6 0 8 D ▁ch ass is . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁providing ▁accident ▁repair ▁and ▁re build ▁or ▁ref urb ishment ▁functions , ▁W are ▁was ▁task ed ▁with ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁non - standard ▁coach - building , ▁including ▁all ▁M ini - S up rem es ▁and ▁the ▁sole ▁mini - Param ount . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Supreme <0x0A> </s> ▁G ur am ▁Zak har ov ich ▁Ad z ho ye v ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁in ▁T bil isi ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁Soviet ▁professional ▁footballer ▁of ▁Y az idi ▁Kur d ish ▁eth nic ity . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁FC ▁Ar sen al ▁T ula . ▁ ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁First ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁for ▁FC ▁Tor ped o ▁K ut ais i . ▁ ▁His ▁son , ▁also ▁called ▁G ur am ▁Ad z ho ye |
v , ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁professional ▁footballer ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Soviet ▁Top ▁League ▁runner - up : ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Soviet ▁Cup ▁winner : ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Ukrain ian ▁Cup ▁final ist : ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁European ▁club ▁compet itions ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 8 2 – 8 3 ▁with ▁FC ▁Dynam o ▁Moscow : ▁ 1 ▁game . ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 8 4 – 8 5 ▁with ▁FC ▁Spart ak ▁Moscow : ▁ 4 ▁games . ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 6 ▁with ▁FC ▁Spart ak ▁Moscow : ▁ 1 ▁game . ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 8 8 ▁with ▁FC ▁Din amo ▁T bil isi : ▁ 2 ▁games . ▁ ▁European ▁Cup ▁W inners ' ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 8 9 ▁with ▁FC ▁Metal ist ▁Kh ark iv : ▁ 4 ▁games , ▁ 1 ▁goal . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Y az id is ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ov iet ▁football ers ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁Category : S ov iet ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : S ov iet ▁Top ▁League |
▁players ▁Category : S ov iet ▁First ▁League ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Din amo ▁T bil isi ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Dynam o ▁Moscow ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Spart ak ▁Moscow ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Metal ist ▁Kh ark iv ▁players ▁Category : Be itar ▁Jerusalem ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : D ió s gy ő ri ▁V T K ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Sat urn ▁Ram ens ko ye ▁players ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁T bil isi ▁Category : S ov iet ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : K urd ish ▁sports people <0x0A> </s> ▁Super ▁ 1 ▁Food s ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁several ▁super market ▁ch ains ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States : ▁ ▁Super ▁ 1 ▁Food s , ▁a ▁chain ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Brook shire ▁Gro c ery ▁Company ▁with ▁stores ▁in ▁Texas , ▁Louisiana ▁and ▁Ark ansas ▁Super ▁ 1 ▁Food s , ▁a ▁chain ▁owned ▁by ▁Ros au ers ▁with ▁stores ▁in ▁the ▁North west ▁United ▁States ▁Super ▁ 1 ▁Food s , ▁a ▁chain ▁acquired ▁and ▁re brand ed ▁Al berts ons ▁Super ▁One ▁Food s , ▁a ▁chain ▁with ▁stores ▁in ▁Minnesota , ▁Wisconsin , ▁Michigan , ▁and ▁North ▁Dak ota <0x0A> |
</s> ▁Album azar ▁is ▁a ▁Jacob e an ▁era ▁play , ▁a ▁comedy ▁written ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Tom k is ▁that ▁was ▁performed ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 6 1 5 . ▁ ▁Produ ctions ▁The ▁play ▁was ▁spe cially ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁to ▁entertain ▁King ▁James ▁I ▁during ▁his ▁ 1 6 1 5 ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁University . ▁College ▁officials ▁sought ▁a ▁play ▁from ▁al umn us ▁Tom k is , ▁then ▁a ▁lawyer ▁in ▁Wol ver ham pton , ▁who ▁had ▁written ▁the ▁successful ▁L ing ua ▁for ▁his ▁college ▁a ▁de cade ▁earlier . ▁Gent le men ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁College ▁acted ▁Album azar ▁before ▁the ▁King ▁and ▁his ▁court ▁on ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 1 6 1 5 ▁( new ▁style ). ▁One ▁report ▁on ▁this ▁production ▁from ▁an ▁audience ▁member ▁surv ives , ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁John ▁Chamber lain ▁to ▁D ud ley ▁Car leton ▁– ▁though ▁Chamber lain ▁thought ▁it ▁a ▁failure . ▁ ▁The ▁play ▁was ▁rev ived ▁on stage ▁during ▁the ▁Rest oration , ▁by ▁the ▁Duke ' s ▁Company ▁at ▁their ▁theatre ▁at ▁Lincoln ' s ▁Inn ▁Field s ; ▁Samuel ▁P ep ys ▁saw ▁it ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 6 6 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 4 ▁play w right ▁James ▁Ralph ▁adapted ▁Tom k is ' s ▁play ▁into ▁his ▁The ▁Ast ro lo ger ; ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁success , ▁and ▁ran ▁for ▁one ▁performance ▁only . ▁In ▁ |
1 7 4 7 ▁David ▁G arr ick ▁rev ived ▁Tom k is ' s ▁original ; ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 3 ▁G arr ick ▁made ▁and ▁st aged ▁his ▁own ▁adaptation . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁Album azar ▁was ▁entered ▁into ▁the ▁Station ers ' ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁ 1 6 1 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁published ▁soon ▁after ▁in ▁a ▁quart o ▁printed ▁by ▁Nicholas ▁Ok es ▁for ▁the ▁books eller ▁Walter ▁Bur re . ▁( The ▁ 1 6 1 5 ▁quart o ▁was ▁issued ▁in ▁two ▁states , ▁which ▁have ▁sometimes ▁been ▁defined ▁as ▁two ▁separate ▁ed itions .) ▁The ▁play ▁is ▁anonymous ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁edition , ▁though ▁college ▁records ▁clearly ▁assign ▁it ▁to ▁Tom k is . ▁A ▁second ▁edition ▁was ▁issued ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 4 ▁by ▁Nicholas ▁Ok es ▁( also ▁in ▁two ▁states ); ▁that ▁edition ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁" New ly ▁re vised ▁and ▁corrected ▁by ▁a ▁special ▁Hand ," ▁though ▁the ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁text ▁amount ▁to ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁normal ▁proof reading ▁and ▁correction ▁of ▁errors . ▁A ▁new ▁edition ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Dr ing ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 8 ▁to ▁co inci de ▁with ▁the ▁Rest oration ▁rev ival . ▁Ralph ' s ▁and ▁G arr ick ' s ▁adapt ations ▁both ▁were ▁published , ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 4 ▁and ▁ 1 7 7 3 ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Though ▁cons ensus ▁scholar ship ▁accepts ▁the ▁att ribution ▁of ▁Album azar |
▁to ▁Tom k is , ▁a ▁few ▁individual ▁comment ators ▁have ▁proposed ▁alternative ▁hypoth eses ▁of ▁author ship ▁– ▁one ▁even ▁assigning ▁the ▁play ▁to ▁Shakespeare . ▁None ▁of ▁these ▁alternatives ▁has ▁won ▁scholar ly ▁appro val . ▁ ▁S ources ▁The ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁historical ▁figure ▁named ▁Ja ' far ▁ibn ▁Muhammad ▁Ab u ▁Ma ' sh ar ▁al - B alk hi , ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁as ▁Album azar ; ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁nin th - century ▁math ematic ian ▁and ▁phil os opher ▁who ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁ast ro lo ger ▁( just ▁as ▁Johannes ▁Ke pler ▁cast ▁hor os cop es ▁while ▁revolution ising ▁astronom y ). ▁Tom k is ▁based ▁his ▁dram atic ▁treatment ▁on ▁the ▁play ▁L ' A st ro logo ▁by ▁Gi amb att ista ▁della ▁Port a , ▁a ▁work ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁Ven ice ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 6 . ▁Tom k is ' s ▁play ▁also ▁shows ▁deb ts ▁to ▁Ben ▁J ons on ' s ▁The ▁Al chem ist ▁and ▁Shakespeare ' s ▁The ▁Temp est ▁( the ▁character ▁name ▁Tr in cal o ▁in ▁Tom k is ' s ▁play ▁der ives ▁from ▁Tr in culo ▁in ▁Shakespeare ' s ). ▁ ▁When ▁John ▁D ry den ▁wrote ▁the ▁Pro log ue ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 6 6 8 ▁rev ival ▁of ▁Album azar , ▁he ▁got ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁Tom k is ▁and ▁J ons on ▁plays ▁backwards , |
▁and ▁accused ▁J ons on ▁of ▁borrow ing ▁from ▁Tom k is . ▁ ▁The ▁" pers pic ill " ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁purely ▁literary ▁sources , ▁Tom k is ▁also ▁explo ited ▁Gal ile o ▁Gal ile i ' s ▁revolution ary ▁book ▁on ▁his ▁astronom ical ▁discover ies , ▁Sid ere us ▁N unci us , ▁" The ▁Star ry ▁M essen ger " ▁( 1 6 1 0 ). ▁Gal ile o ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁teles cope ▁as ▁the ▁" pers pic ill um ," ▁a ▁term ▁that ▁Tom k is ▁Ang lic ized ▁into ▁" pers pic ill ." ▁( The ▁earliest ▁English ▁comment ators ▁on ▁Gal ile o ▁wrote ▁before ▁the ▁teles cope ▁had ▁even ▁acquired ▁its ▁name ; ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 6 2 0 ▁mas que ▁News ▁from ▁the ▁New ▁World ▁Disc over ed ▁in ▁the ▁Moon , ▁J ons on ▁called ▁the ▁instrument ▁a ▁" tr unk ," ▁or ▁t ube .) ▁In ▁keeping ▁with ▁his ▁sat ir ical ▁intent , ▁Tom k is ▁gives ▁a ▁f anc iful ▁rather ▁than ▁real istic ▁port ray al ▁of ▁the ▁teles cope , ▁describing ▁it ▁as ▁" an ▁engine ▁to ▁catch ▁star res " ▁and ▁" arr est " ▁plan ets ▁in ▁their ▁mot ions . ▁Looking ▁through ▁it , ▁a ▁man ▁in ▁London ▁can ▁alleg edly ▁see ▁D over . ▁When ▁a ▁character ▁looks ▁into ▁the ▁pers pic ill , ▁he ▁is ▁amaz ed ▁to ▁view ▁a ▁rich ly - d ress ed ▁crowd ▁– ▁which |
▁is ▁the ▁audience ▁watching ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁play . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁related ▁flight ▁of ▁fancy , ▁Tom k is ' s ▁fra ud ul ent ▁ast ro lo ger ▁produces ▁a ▁compar able ▁instrument ▁for ▁extending ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁human ▁hearing , ▁which ▁he ▁calls ▁the ▁" ot ac oust icon " ▁– ▁and ▁which ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁artificial ▁pair ▁of ▁ass ' s ▁ears . ▁Album azar ▁also ▁claims ▁to ▁possess ▁a ▁" wind ▁instrument " ▁that ▁speak s ▁ten ▁languages . ▁ ▁Syn opsis ▁Two ▁elder ly ▁gentlemen , ▁Antonio ▁and ▁P and ul fo , ▁have ▁formed ▁an ▁agreement ▁to ▁marry ▁each ▁other ' s ▁daughters , ▁F lav ia ▁and ▁Sul pit ia . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁marriage , ▁Antonio ▁s ails ▁to ▁Barb ary ▁to ▁access ▁his ▁ho ard ▁of ▁gold ; ▁but ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁return ▁in ▁time ▁for ▁the ▁ceremony . ▁P and ul fo ▁is ▁mad ▁to ▁have ▁F lav ia , ▁but ▁is ▁fr ustr ated ▁by ▁the ▁resistance ▁of ▁the ▁girl ▁and ▁her ▁brother ▁L el io . ▁( P and ul fo ▁is ▁si xty ; ▁F lav ia ▁is ▁six teen .) ▁Des perate ▁for ▁help , ▁P and ul fo ▁consult s ▁Album azar ▁the ▁ast ro lo ger . ▁ ▁Album azar , ▁however , ▁is ▁a ▁fra ud ▁and ▁confidence ▁man , ▁in ▁league ▁with ▁a ▁band ▁of ▁th ieves . ▁He ▁b am bo oz les ▁his ▁vict ims ▁with ▁verbose ▁g ib |
ber ish ▁(" ex cent rical s , ▁/ ▁Cent ers , ▁concent rics , ▁circles , ▁and ▁ep icy cles ," ▁and ▁" with ▁s cio fer ical ▁instrument , ▁/ ▁By ▁way ▁of ▁az im uth ▁and ▁al mic ant ar ath ," ▁and ▁" N ec ro - p uro - geo - h ydro - che iro - cos cin oman cy ," ▁and ▁much ▁more ) ▁while ▁setting ▁them ▁up ▁to ▁be ▁ro bb ed ▁by ▁his ▁conf eder ates . ▁Album azar ▁convin ces ▁P and ul fo ▁that ▁he ▁can ▁transform ▁the ▁ten ant ▁far mer ▁Tr in cal o ▁into ▁a ▁double ▁of ▁Antonio ▁for ▁twenty - four ▁hours ; ▁while ▁in ▁this ▁form , ▁Tr in cal o ▁can ▁deliver ▁F lav ia . ▁ ▁The ▁fool ish ▁Tr in cal o ▁actually ▁bel ieves ▁in ▁the ▁transformation , ▁which ▁gives ▁the ▁th ieves ▁opportunity ▁to ▁trick ▁and ▁ab use ▁him . ▁Mat ters ▁become ▁more ▁complex ▁when ▁the ▁genu ine ▁Antonio ▁returns ▁from ▁his ▁advent ures ; ▁he ▁is ▁mistaken ▁for ▁Tr in cal o , ▁much ▁to ▁his ▁confusion ▁and ▁dist ress . ▁The ▁old ▁man ▁establish es ▁his ▁identity , ▁though , ▁and ▁express es ▁his ▁regret ▁at ▁the ▁marriage ▁agreement ▁he ' d ▁entered ▁into ▁with ▁P and ul fo . ▁The ▁young ▁people ▁and ▁Antonio ▁trick ▁P and ul fo ▁into ▁agree ing ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁b arg ain : ▁Antonio ' s ▁son ▁L el io ▁and ▁P |
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