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0 0 7 , ▁J ensen ▁found ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁choice ▁ke eper ▁for ▁the ▁Super liga ▁games , ▁but ▁saw ▁playing ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁Cup ▁tournament ▁instead . ▁In ▁his ▁six ▁months ▁at ▁A a B , ▁J ensen ▁played ▁ 1 2 ▁matches ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions ▁for ▁the ▁club , ▁in ▁a ▁season ▁that ▁would ▁ultimately ▁lead ▁to ▁A a B ▁winning ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁Super liga ▁title ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁By ▁then , ▁J ensen ▁had ▁already ▁moved ▁on . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Sk ive ▁I K ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁ 1 st ▁Division ▁as ▁goal keeper ▁and ▁assistant ▁manager ▁on ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract . ▁He ▁had ▁already ▁agreed ▁an ▁extended ▁contract ▁with ▁A a B , ▁but ▁A a B ▁chose ▁not ▁to ▁stop ▁his ▁dream s ▁of ▁gain ing ▁manager ▁experience . ▁J ensen ▁stated ▁that ▁" I ▁helped ▁them ▁out ▁in ▁a ▁situation , ▁as ▁they ▁help ▁me ▁in ▁this ▁situation ". ▁As ▁his ▁contract ▁with ▁Sk ive ▁exp ired ▁in ▁the ▁winter ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁J ensen ▁was ▁offered ▁an ▁extension , ▁but ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁end ▁his ▁career ▁both ▁as ▁a ▁player ▁and ▁manager . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁Dan ish ▁Cup ▁with ▁Rand ers ▁FC ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁Dan ish ▁Super liga ▁with ▁A a B ▁ ▁References ▁
▁External ▁links ▁Dan ish ▁Super liga ▁statistics ▁A a B ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Dan ish ▁football ers ▁Category : Dan ish ▁Super liga ▁players ▁Category : O den se ▁B old kl ub ▁players ▁Category : Es b jer g ▁f B ▁players ▁Category : R and ers ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : A a B ▁F od bold ▁players ▁Category : Sk ive ▁I K ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers <0x0A> </s> ▁M ids omer ▁Mur ders ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁television ▁detect ive ▁drama ▁that ▁has ▁a ired ▁on ▁I TV ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁The ▁show ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Caroline ▁Graham ' s ▁Chief ▁Ins pect or ▁Bar nab y ▁book ▁series , ▁as ▁originally ▁adapted ▁by ▁Anthony ▁Hor ow itz . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁pilot ▁episode ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁until ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁lead ▁character , ▁D CI ▁Tom ▁Bar nab y , ▁was ▁port rayed ▁by ▁John ▁N ett les , ▁O BE . ▁Bar nab y ' s ▁partner , ▁D S ▁G av in ▁T roy , ▁port rayed ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Case y , ▁also ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁pilot . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁N ett les ▁had ▁decided ▁to ▁leave ▁M ids omer ▁Mur ders ▁after ▁two ▁further ▁series ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁made .
▁By ▁his ▁final ▁appearance ▁in ▁Season ▁ 1 3 ▁on ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁" F it ▁for ▁Mur der ", ▁N ett les ▁had ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 8 1 ▁episodes . ▁▁ ▁The ▁last ▁regular ▁appearance ▁of ▁D S ▁G av in ▁T roy ▁was ▁on ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Series ▁ 7 , ▁episode , ▁" The ▁Green ▁Man ". ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁current ▁lead ▁character ▁is ▁D CI ▁John ▁Bar nab y ▁( Ne il ▁D ud geon ), ▁who ▁perman ently ▁joined ▁the ▁show ▁following ▁John ▁N ett les ' ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁departure . ▁D CI ▁John ▁Bar nab y ▁works ▁for ▁Ca ust on ▁C ID ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁younger ▁cousin ▁of ▁former ▁lead ▁character ▁D CI ▁Tom ▁Bar nab y ▁ ▁( John ▁N ett les ). ▁D ud geon ▁first ▁appeared ▁as ▁the ▁r andy ▁gard ener , ▁Daniel ▁Bol t , ▁in ▁the ▁Series ▁ 4 ▁episode , ▁" G arden ▁of ▁Death ". ▁ ▁After ▁D S ▁T roy ▁moved ▁on ▁in ▁Series ▁ 7 , ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁partners ▁of ▁varying ▁ranks ▁working ▁alongside , ▁or ▁with , ▁D CI ▁Tom ▁Bar nab y ▁followed ▁by ▁D CI ▁John ▁Bar nab y . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 0 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁ 1 2 4 ▁episodes ▁have ▁a ired ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁series . ▁Epis odes ▁
1 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 ▁were ▁originally ▁released ▁on ▁DVD ▁as ▁ 2 5 ▁" sets ," ▁which ▁are ▁now ▁dis cont in ued , ▁and ▁have ▁been ▁re - re leased ▁as ▁" series " ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 1 6 ▁in ▁red es igned ▁packages . ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 1 ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁It ▁started ▁air ing ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Series ▁over view ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁ ▁Pil ot ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 3 ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 4 ▁( 2 0 0 0 – 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 5 ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 6 ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 7 ▁( 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 8 ▁( 2 0 0 4 – 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 9 ▁( 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 0 ▁( 2 0 0 6 – 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 1 ▁( 2 0 0 8 – 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 2 ▁( 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 3 ▁( 2 0
1 0 – 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 4 ▁( 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 5 ▁( 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 6 ▁( 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 7 ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 8 ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 9 ▁( 2 0 1 6 – 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 0 ▁( 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 1 ▁( 2 0 2 0 ) ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Nick ▁Hend rix ▁confirmed ▁that ▁series ▁ 2 1 ▁would ▁begin ▁film ing ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Series ▁ 2 1 ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Full ▁episode ▁guide ▁at ▁IMDb . com ▁ ▁M ids omer ▁Mur ders <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Is ling ton ▁Council ▁election ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁elect ▁members ▁of ▁Is ling ton ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁Council ▁in ▁London , ▁England . ▁The ▁whole ▁council ▁was ▁up ▁for ▁election ▁and ▁the ▁Labour ▁party ▁stayed ▁in ▁overall ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁council . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁E lection ▁result ▁ ▁Ward ▁results ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Category : 1
9 8 6 ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁council ▁elections <0x0A> </s> ▁Er iger on ▁anch ana , ▁the ▁Sierra ▁An cha ▁fle ab ane , ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁Arizona ▁species ▁of ▁flow ering ▁plants ▁in ▁the ▁da isy ▁family . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁only ▁on ▁cl iff ▁faces ▁and ▁in ▁rock y ▁areas ▁in ▁central ▁Arizona . ▁The ▁name ▁" anch ana " ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁mountain ▁range ▁called ▁Sierra ▁An cha ▁in ▁G ila ▁County , ▁Arizona . ▁ ▁Er iger on ▁anch ana ▁is ▁a ▁short ▁per enn ial ▁rarely ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 2 cm ▁( 9 ▁inches ) ▁tall . ▁The ▁infl ores c ence ▁generally ▁consists ▁of ▁ 1 ▁- ▁ 3 ▁flower ▁heads , ▁each ▁head ▁with ▁a ▁ring ▁of ▁ 1 4 – 3 6 ▁white ▁ray ▁flor ets ▁surrounding ▁a ▁disc ▁of ▁yellow ▁disc ▁flor ets . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁anch ana ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Arizona ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁New ▁B irth ▁Br ass ▁Band ▁was ▁formed ▁by ▁tr ump eter ▁and ▁vocal ist ▁James ▁Andrew s . ▁ ▁The ▁intent ▁was ▁a ▁renew al ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁br ass ▁band ▁tradition . ▁ ▁As ▁Andrew s ▁stated ▁“ The ▁old ▁c ats ▁used ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁sacred ▁dir ges ▁and ▁church ▁h ym ns ▁and ▁traditional ▁standards , ▁and ▁we ▁just ▁got ▁a ▁new ▁spin ▁with ▁our ▁own ▁music ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁beat ” ▁▁ ▁The ▁band
' s ▁debut ▁album ▁D - Bo y , ▁produced ▁by ▁Allen ▁T ouss aint , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : American ▁br ass ▁bands <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ent omb ment ▁of ▁Christ ▁is ▁a ▁c . ▁ 1 5 2 0 ▁painting ▁by ▁Tit ian , ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁Musée ▁du ▁Lou vre . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Lou vre ▁page ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 5 2 0 ▁paint ings ▁Category : Paint ings ▁by ▁Tit ian ▁Category : Paint ings ▁of ▁the ▁Lou vre ▁by ▁Italian ▁artists ▁Tit ian <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁company ▁that ▁designs ▁and ▁manufact ures ▁professional ▁micro ph ones , ▁head ph ones , ▁ph on ographic ▁magnetic ▁cart rid ges , ▁and ▁other ▁audio ▁equipment . ▁ ▁Company ▁history ▁▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁in ▁Shin ju ku , ▁Tokyo , ▁Japan , ▁by ▁H ideo ▁M ats ush ita ▁as ▁a ▁ph on ograph ▁cart ridge ▁manufact urer . ▁Its ▁first ▁products ▁were ▁the ▁AT - 1 ▁and ▁the ▁AT - 3 ▁MM ▁s tere o ▁ph ono ▁cart rid ges . ▁Business ▁rapidly ▁developed ▁and ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁expanded ▁into ▁other ▁fields . ▁The ▁headquarters ▁and ▁factory ▁moved ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁address ▁in ▁Nar use , ▁Mach ida , ▁Tokyo . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁the ▁company
▁began ▁export ing ▁ph ono ▁cart rid ges ▁world wide ▁and ▁launched ▁the ▁first ▁micro c ass ette ▁record ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁established ▁its ▁US ▁arm ▁in ▁Fair la wn , ▁Ohio , ▁and ▁started ▁sh ipping ▁VM ▁ph ono ▁cart rid ges ▁to ▁European ▁manufact ur ers . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁the ▁company ▁developed ▁its ▁first ▁head ph ones , ▁the ▁AT - 7 0 0 ▁series , ▁launched ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁The ▁AT - 8 0 0 ▁series ▁of ▁micro ph ones ▁were ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁the ▁UK ▁establishment ▁in ▁Le eds ▁began ▁operation . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁company ▁developed ▁R CA ▁c ables ▁with ▁" p ure ▁co pper " ▁produced ▁with ▁the ▁continuous ▁metal ▁casting ▁process ▁( P CO CC ), ▁invent ed ▁and ▁developed ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁by ▁A ts umi ▁Oh no . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁company ▁launched ▁the ▁AT 3 3 ML / O CC ▁ph ono ▁cart ridge , ▁the ▁first ▁made ▁with ▁P CO CC ▁materials . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁another ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁subs idi ary ▁is ▁founded ▁in ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁introduced ▁several ▁large - dia ph rag m
▁cond enser ▁micro ph ones ▁for ▁studio ▁use : ▁the ▁AT 4 0 3 3 ▁card io id ▁micro phone ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁the ▁AT 4 0 5 0 ▁multi - pattern ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁AT 4 0 6 0 ▁vac u um ▁t ube ▁card io id ▁micro phone ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ; ▁the ▁AT 8 9 5 , ▁a ▁D SP - control led ▁five - element ▁micro phone ▁array ▁providing ▁adapt ive ▁direction al ▁audio ▁ac quisition , ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁S out heast ▁Asian ▁establishment ▁began ▁operation ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁company ▁celebrated ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁supp lying ▁micro ph ones ▁for ▁US ▁President ial ▁Deb ates . ▁For ▁their ▁ 5 0 th ▁anni versary , ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁celebrated ▁at ▁Cons umer ▁Electron ics ▁Show ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁debut ing ▁their ▁AT - LP 1 2 4 0 - U SB ▁USB ▁DJ ▁Tur nt able ▁and ▁A TH - CK S 5 5 i . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁P ure ▁Digital ▁Drive ▁W ire less ▁Head phone ▁A TH - DS R 9 B T ▁received ▁C ES ▁In nov ation ▁Hon ore e ▁Awards ▁by ▁using ▁Tr ig ence ▁D
note ▁Technology . ▁ ▁Audio ▁equipment ▁supp lier ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁supplied ▁micro ph ones ▁and ▁head ph ones ▁for ▁US ▁television ▁shows ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Big ▁Bro ther , ▁De al ▁or ▁No ▁De al , ▁the ▁Rock ▁and ▁Roll ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁indu ctions ▁and ▁several ▁international ▁events : ▁ ▁Technology ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁their ▁most ▁famous ▁products ▁was ▁a ▁battery - oper ated , ▁port able ▁record ▁player ▁called ▁M ister ▁Disc ▁that ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁developed ▁" Un igu ard ", ▁a ▁method ▁for ▁making ▁micro ph ones ▁resist ant ▁to ▁radio ▁frequency ▁inter ference ▁from ▁cell ▁ph ones , ▁Bl uetooth ▁devices , ▁wireless ▁computer ▁networks ▁and ▁walk ie - t alk ies . ▁ 1 3 ▁pat ents ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁bringing ▁the ▁feature ▁to ▁f ru ition , ▁as ▁company ▁engine ers ▁modified ▁many ▁different ▁elements ▁of ▁micro phone ▁construction ▁and ▁operation . ▁Over ▁ 5 0 ▁existing ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁micro phone ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁upgrad ed ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁R FI - res istant ▁technology . ▁ ▁Notable ▁products ▁▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁AT 7 7 0 ▁( M ister ▁Disc ) ▁- ▁a ▁port able ▁vin yl ▁record ▁player ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁AT 2 0
2 0 ▁- ▁a ▁medium - dia ph rag m ▁card io id ▁cond enser ▁micro phone ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - WS 5 5 ▁- ▁over - ear ▁consumer ▁Sol id ▁Bass ▁head ph ones ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - WS 9 9 B T ▁- ▁over - ear ▁consumer ▁Sol id ▁Bass ▁head ph ones ▁( 5 3 ▁mm ▁drivers , ▁Bl uetooth ▁ 3 , ▁Class ▁ 2 ) ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - M 5 0 ▁- ▁over - ear ▁professional ▁studio ▁monitor ▁head ph ones ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - M 5 0 x ▁- ▁over - ear ▁professional ▁studio ▁monitor ▁head ph ones ▁( Success or ▁to ▁the ▁A TH - M 5 0 ) ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - MS R 7 ▁- ▁over - ear ▁head ph ones ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - SR 5 B T ▁- ▁On - E ar ▁W ire less ▁High - Resol ution ▁Audio ▁Head ph ones ▁ ▁Air ▁Dynamic ▁Series ▁- ▁circum a ural ▁audi oph ile ▁open ▁air ▁head ph ones ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - AD 5 0 0 ▁- ▁ 4 0 ▁mm ▁drivers ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - AD 7 0 0 ▁- ▁ 5 3 ▁mm ▁drivers , ▁ang led ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - AD 9
0 0 ▁- ▁ 5 3 ▁mm ▁drivers , ▁reduced ▁bass ▁roll ▁off ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - R 7 0 x ▁- ▁ 4 5 ▁mm ▁drivers ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - CK S 5 5 ▁- ▁Cons umer ▁Sol id ▁Bass ▁in - ear ▁bud s ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁AT - LP 1 2 0 - U SB ▁- ▁mid - range ▁tur nt able ▁▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁AT - LP 1 2 4 0 - U SB ▁- ▁USB ▁DJ ▁Tur nt able ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁AT - 9 5 e ▁- ▁Tur nt able ▁cart ridge ▁for ▁Hi - Fi ▁set ups ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁AT 1 1 E ▁- ▁Tur nt able ▁cart ridge ▁for ▁Hi - Fi ▁set ups ▁ ▁Audio - Te chn ica ▁A TH - DS R 9 B T ▁ ▁- ▁P ure ▁Digital ▁Drive ▁W ire less ▁Head ph ones ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁micro phone ▁manufact ur ers ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ph on ograph ▁manufact ur ers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Audio ▁equipment ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : Head ph ones ▁manufact ur ers ▁Category : M icro phone ▁manufact ur ers ▁Category : Ph on ograph ▁manufact ur ers ▁Category : J apan ese ▁br ands ▁Category : E lect ron ics ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁Category : 1 9 6
2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Tokyo <0x0A> </s> ▁From ▁the ▁Dark ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁Moon ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁album ▁released ▁by ▁singer / song writer ▁Mary ▁F ahl . ▁The ▁album ▁is ▁a ▁song - by - song ▁" re - im ag ining " ▁of ▁P ink ▁F loyd ' s ▁classic ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁album ▁The ▁Dark ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁Moon . ▁ ▁Production ▁As ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁F ahl ▁completed ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁Mary ▁F ahl : ▁From ▁the ▁Dark ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁Moon , ▁produced ▁by ▁Mark ▁Do yle ▁and ▁David ▁Werner ▁and ▁mixed ▁by ▁Bob ▁Clear mount ain . ▁Do yle ▁also ▁provided ▁nearly ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁instrument ation . ▁The ▁album ▁remained ▁un re leased ▁for ▁several ▁years , ▁and ▁F ahl ▁released ▁it ▁independently ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Public ation ▁N ipp ert own ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁album ▁as ▁" mind b low ing ," ▁while ▁The ▁Mort on ▁Report ▁called ▁it ▁" br illiant " ▁and ▁" a ▁worthy ▁re - inter pret ation ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁missed ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Mary ▁F ahl ▁- ▁vocals , ▁arrang ements ▁Mark ▁Do yle ▁- ▁producer , ▁instrument ation ▁David ▁Werner ▁- ▁producer ▁Bob ▁Clear mount ain ▁- ▁mixing ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁The ▁Dark ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁Moon ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁From
▁the ▁Dark ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁Moon ▁at ▁Amazon . com ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁albums ▁Category : T ributes ▁to ▁The ▁Dark ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁Moon ▁Category : M ary ▁F ahl ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Cal and ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁H ug u ette ▁Cal and ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 1 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Leb an ese ▁president ▁after ▁the ▁independence ▁ ▁Pi eter ▁Cal and ▁( 1 8 2 6 – 1 9 0 2 ), ▁Dutch ▁civil ▁engineer ▁ ▁the ▁East – West ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁Rot ter dam ▁Metro , ▁formerly ▁named ▁Cal and ▁Line ▁for ▁Pi eter ▁Cal and ▁ ▁Wille m ▁Cal and ▁( 1 8 5 9 – 1 9 5 2 ), ▁Dutch ▁Ind ologist ▁ ▁the ▁Cal and ▁system ▁of ▁Ind o - Europe an ▁ad ject ives ▁ ▁S B M ▁Off sh ore , ▁formerly ▁I HC ▁Cal and , ▁Dutch - based ▁group ▁of ▁companies ▁s elling ▁systems ▁to ▁the ▁off sh ore ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁industry ▁ ▁Elisabeth ▁Cal and ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 6 2 ), ▁German ▁pian ist , ▁piano ▁ped agog ue ▁and ▁the or ist ▁of ▁keyboard ▁technique ▁( article ▁in ▁German ) <0x0A> </s> ▁O str ów ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Tar łów , ▁within ▁O pat ów ▁County , ▁Ś wię to kr zy skie ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁south - central ▁Poland .
▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁Tar łów , ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁O pat ów , ▁and ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁K iel ce . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 2 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁O pat ów ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁N ok ia ▁ 7 ▁is ▁a ▁mid - range ▁N ok ia - brand ed ▁smart phone ▁running ▁Android , ▁by ▁H MD ▁Global . ▁It ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁exclus ively ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁The ▁N ok ia ▁ 7 . 1 , ▁which ▁the ▁successor ▁of ▁the ▁N ok ia ▁ 7 , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁ ▁Hard ware ▁The ▁N ok ia ▁ 7 ▁uses ▁the ▁mid - range ▁S nap drag on ▁ 6 3 0 , ▁back ed ▁by ▁either ▁ 4 ▁or ▁ 6 ▁GB ▁of ▁LP DD R 4 ▁RAM . ▁It ▁comes ▁only ▁a ▁ 6 4 ▁GB ▁variant , ▁although ▁storage ▁is ▁expand able ▁by ▁micro SD . ▁ ▁The ▁phone ▁has ▁a ▁ 1 6 ▁MP ▁rear ▁camera ▁with ▁a ▁f / 1 . 8 ▁a pert ure ▁and ▁Z E I SS ▁opt ics . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁N ok ia ▁phone ▁to ▁feature ▁the ▁" B oth ie "
▁camera ▁mode , ▁where ▁both ▁front ▁and ▁rear ▁cam eras ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁simultaneously ▁by ▁div iding ▁the ▁screen ▁into ▁a ▁split - image ▁setup , ▁a ▁technology ▁N ok ia ▁calls ▁as ▁" D ual - S ight " ▁mode . ▁The ▁front ▁camera ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 ▁MP ▁l ens ▁with ▁f / 2 . 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁" 3 D ▁glass ▁curv ature ▁back ", ▁while ▁the ▁frame ▁is ▁ 7 0 0 0 ▁series ▁al umin um ▁with ▁diam ond ▁cut ▁be ve led ▁edges . ▁The ▁N ok ia ▁ 7 ▁comes ▁in ▁two ▁colour ▁options : ▁G loss ▁Black ▁and ▁Mat te ▁White . ▁ ▁Like ▁other ▁H MD ▁Global ▁smart ph ones , ▁it ▁retain s ▁the ▁ 3 . 5 mm ▁head phone ▁jack , ▁while ▁also ▁having ▁ 1 8 W ▁fast ▁charg ing ▁for ▁its ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁m Ah ▁battery , ▁through ▁its ▁USB - C ▁port . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁rear - mount ed ▁finger print ▁sc anner ▁and ▁is ▁IP 5 4 ▁dust ▁and ▁water ▁resist ant . ▁ ▁Software ▁The ▁N ok ia ▁ 7 ▁initially ▁came ▁with ▁near - stock ▁Android ▁ 7 . 1 . 1 ▁N oug at . ▁H MD ▁released ▁the ▁upgrade ▁to ▁Android ▁ 8 . 1 ▁O re o ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and ▁Android ▁ 9 ▁Pie ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁
▁N ok ia ▁X 7 - 0 0 ▁ ▁N ok ia ▁ 3 ▁ ▁N ok ia ▁ 5 ▁ ▁N ok ia ▁ 7 ▁plus ▁ ▁N ok ia ▁ 8 ▁ ▁N ok ia ▁ 3 3 1 0 ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁N ok ia ▁L um ia ▁ 7 3 0 ▁ ▁N ok ia ▁L um ia ▁ 7 3 5 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : N ok ia ▁mobile ▁ph ones ▁Category : N ok ia ▁ph ones ▁by ▁series ▁Category : Mobile ▁ph ones ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : Android ▁( oper ating ▁system ) ▁devices <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pitts burgh ▁Light ▁Rail ▁( comm only ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁T ) ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁light ▁rail ▁system ▁in ▁Pitts burgh , ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁surrounding ▁sub ur bs . ▁It ▁oper ates ▁as ▁a ▁deep - level ▁sub way ▁in ▁Dow nt own ▁Pitts burgh , ▁but ▁runs ▁mostly ▁at - grade ▁in ▁the ▁sub ur bs ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁system ▁is ▁largely ▁linear ▁in ▁a ▁north - s outh ▁direction , ▁with ▁one ▁termin us ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ' s ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁and ▁two ▁term ini ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Hills . ▁The ▁system ▁is ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁of ▁Al leg hen y ▁County . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁successor ▁system ▁to ▁the ▁street car ▁network ▁formerly ▁operated ▁by ▁Pitts burgh ▁Rail ways , ▁the ▁oldest ▁port ions ▁of
▁which ▁date ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁The ▁Pitts burgh ▁light ▁rail ▁lines ▁are ▁v estig ial ▁from ▁the ▁city ' s ▁street car ▁days , ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁three ▁light ▁rail ▁systems ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁that ▁continues ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁T rol ley ▁( bro ad ) ▁gauge ▁rail ▁on ▁its ▁lines ▁instead ▁of ▁. ▁Pitts burgh ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁North ▁American ▁cities ▁that ▁have ▁continued ▁to ▁operate ▁light ▁rail ▁systems ▁in ▁an ▁un inter rupted ▁evolution ▁from ▁the ▁first - gener ation ▁street car ▁era , ▁along ▁with ▁Boston , ▁Cleveland , ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁New ark , ▁Philadelphia , ▁San ▁Francisco ▁and ▁Toronto . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Over view ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁Pitts burgh ▁had ▁the ▁largest ▁surv iving ▁street car ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁with ▁the ▁priv ately ▁owned ▁Pitts burgh ▁Rail ways ▁Company ▁operating ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 0 0 ▁P CC ▁cars ▁on ▁ 4 1 ▁routes . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁of ▁Al leg hen y ▁County ▁( P AT ), ▁which ▁rapidly ▁converted ▁most ▁routes ▁to ▁bus es . ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁only ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁street car ▁routes ▁remained , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁used ▁the ▁M t . ▁Washington ▁Trans it ▁T unnel ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Mon ong ah ela ▁River ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁South ▁Hills ▁area
. ▁ ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁pl ann ers ▁were ▁determined ▁to ▁sc rap ▁the ▁rail ▁system ▁entirely ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁bus ways ▁( now ▁called ▁" B RT " ▁for ▁" Bus ▁Rap id ▁Trans it ") ▁and ▁an ▁autom ated ▁guide way ▁trans it ▁system ▁developed ▁by ▁West ing house ▁Electric ▁called ▁Sky bus . ▁Community ▁opposition ▁r al lied ▁against ▁the ▁plan ▁and ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁retain ing ▁the ▁electric ▁rail ▁t rol ley ▁system ▁and ▁upgrad ing ▁it ▁into ▁modern ▁L RT . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁the ▁L RT ▁option ▁was ▁adopted ▁for ▁the ▁South ▁Hills ▁sub ur bs , ▁along ▁with ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁bus way ▁(" B RT ") ▁system ▁for ▁the ▁eastern ▁and ▁western ▁sub ur bs . ▁ ▁Sub way ▁t unn els ▁The ▁modern ▁sub way ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Pitts burgh ▁between ▁Ste el ▁Pla za ▁and ▁First ▁Avenue ▁stations ▁uses ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁& ▁Ste uben ville ▁Ext ension ▁Rail road ▁T unnel , ▁which ▁began ▁construction ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁Rail ▁lines ▁( t rolle ys ) ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁st ap le ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁region ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁dow nt own ▁to ▁Oak land ▁or ▁East ▁Liber ty ▁sub way ▁had ▁been ▁considered ▁since ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 s . ▁A ▁public ▁refer endum ▁was ▁passed ▁to ▁fund ▁such ▁a ▁sub way ▁with ▁an ▁initial ▁invest ment
▁of ▁$ 6 ▁million ▁on ▁July ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁another ▁$ 5 . 5 ▁million ▁sub way ▁plan ▁was ▁final ized ▁at ▁City ▁Hall ▁in ▁meet ings ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁public / private ▁Al leg hen y ▁Conference ▁presented ▁detailed ▁plans ▁and ▁fund ing ▁for ▁a ▁sub way ▁system ▁on ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁ ▁Pitts burgh ▁Rail ways ▁Pitts burgh ▁Rail ways ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁prede cess ors ▁to ▁the ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁of ▁Al leg hen y ▁County ▁( P AT ). ▁It ▁had ▁ 6 6 6 ▁P CC ▁cars , ▁the ▁third ▁largest ▁fleet ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁It ▁had ▁ 6 8 ▁street ▁car ▁routes , ▁of ▁which ▁only ▁three ▁( until ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁ 4 2 ▁series , ▁the ▁ 4 7 ▁series , ▁and ▁ 5 2 ) ▁are ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁as ▁light ▁rail ▁routes . ▁The ▁oldest ▁port ions ▁of ▁these ▁old ▁Pitts burgh ▁Rail ways ▁routes ▁now ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁Light ▁Rail ▁system ▁date ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 3 - 1 9 0 9 . ▁With ▁the ▁Port ▁Author ity ' s ▁Trans it ▁Development ▁Plan , ▁many ▁route ▁names ▁will ▁be ▁changed ▁to ▁its ▁original , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ 4 1 D ▁Brook line ▁becoming ▁the ▁ 3 9 ▁Brook line . ▁Many
▁of ▁the ▁street car ▁routes ▁have ▁been ▁remembered ▁in ▁the ▁route ▁names ▁of ▁many ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁bus es ▁( e . g . ▁ 7 1 ▁series ). ▁▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁was ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁cons olid ation ▁for ▁the ▁numerous ▁street ▁rail ways ▁serving ▁Pitts burgh . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁the ▁Cons olid ated ▁Tra ction ▁Company ▁was ▁char tered ▁and ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁acquired ▁the ▁Central ▁Tra ction ▁Company , ▁Cit iz ens ▁Tra ction ▁Company , ▁Du ques ne ▁Tra ction ▁Company ▁and ▁Pitts burgh ▁Tra ction ▁Company ▁and ▁converted ▁them ▁to ▁electric ▁operation . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁the ▁United ▁Tra ction ▁Company ▁was ▁char tered ▁and ▁absor bed ▁the ▁Second ▁Avenue ▁Tra ction ▁Company , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁running ▁electric ▁cars ▁since ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Southern ▁Tra ction ▁Company ▁acquired ▁the ▁le ase ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁End ▁Tra ction ▁Company ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁Pitts burgh ▁Rail ways ▁was ▁formed ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁when ▁the ▁Southern ▁Tra ction ▁Company ▁acquired ▁operating ▁rights ▁over ▁the ▁Cons olid ated ▁Tra ction ▁Company ▁and ▁United ▁Tra ction ▁Company . ▁The ▁new ▁company ▁operated ▁ 1 , 1 0 0 ▁t rolle ys ▁on ▁ ▁of ▁track , ▁with ▁ 1 7 8 . 7 ▁million ▁passengers ▁and
▁reven ues ▁of ▁$ 6 . 7 ▁million ▁on ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁Unfortunately ▁the ▁le ase ▁and ▁operate ▁business ▁model ▁proved ▁hard ▁to ▁support ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁declared ▁bank rupt cy ▁twice , ▁first ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁last ing ▁for ▁ 6 ▁years ▁and ▁then ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁this ▁time ▁last ing ▁until ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Pitts burgh ▁Rail ways ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁P CC ▁street car ▁No . ▁ 1 0 0 ▁from ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Car ▁Company . ▁It ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁re venue ▁service ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁the ▁first ▁re venue ▁ear ning ▁P CC ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Lar ge ▁scale ▁abandon ments ▁of ▁lines ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁usually ▁associated ▁with ▁highway ▁or ▁bridge ▁work . ▁▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁Sky bus ▁' 7 0 s ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁a ▁ ▁autom ated ▁guide way ▁trans it ▁system ▁was ▁planned ▁f anning ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁south , ▁east , ▁sout heast ▁and ▁west ▁including ▁connections ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁International ▁Airport ▁the ▁Al leg hen y ▁County ▁Airport , ▁Mon roe ville ▁Mall ▁and ▁adjacent ▁to ▁Ken ny wood ▁Am usement ▁Park . ▁The ▁modern ▁sub way / light ▁rail ▁system ▁can ▁be ▁trac
ed ▁to ▁the ▁abandon ment ▁of ▁the ▁proposed ▁" S ky bus " ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s , ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁$ 2 6 5 ▁million ▁federal ▁grant ▁on ▁May ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁for ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁dow nt own ▁sub way ▁and ▁modern ization ▁of ▁sub urban ▁light ▁rail . ▁ ▁Modern ▁system ▁ ▁Dow nt own ▁sub way ▁and ▁Be ech view ▁Line ▁( Stage ▁I ) ▁P AT , ▁working ▁with ▁community ▁represent atives ▁and ▁government ▁officials , ▁under to ok ▁a ▁detailed ▁study ▁on ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁Hills ▁t rol ley ▁lines , ▁resol ving ▁to ▁transform ▁these ▁valuable , ▁high - dens ity ▁trans it ▁cor rid ors ▁into ▁a ▁modern ▁L RT ▁system . ▁The ▁resulting ▁Stage ▁I ▁L RT ▁plan ▁achieved ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁reconst ruction ▁and ▁upgrad ing ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁" main ▁line " ▁between ▁dow nt own ▁and ▁the ▁sub ur bs ▁of ▁Beth el ▁Park ▁and ▁Upper ▁St . ▁Cla ir ▁via ▁Mount ▁Leb anon ▁and ▁Be ech view — bas ically ▁following ▁the ▁Sky bus ▁alignment . ▁The ▁crow ning ▁achiev ement ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁▁ ▁dow nt own ▁sub way , ▁elimin ating ▁the ▁t rolle ys ' ▁slow , ▁street - running ▁loop ▁through ▁Pitts burgh ' s ▁Golden ▁Tri angle . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁after ▁receiving ▁federal ▁fund ing , ▁the ▁Port ▁Author
ity ▁began ▁construction ▁on ▁Stage ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁first ▁" mod ern " ▁light ▁rail / sub way ▁service , ▁the ▁" T ", ▁which ▁used ▁a ▁former ▁Pitts burgh ▁Rail ways ▁t rol ley ▁route ▁to ▁connect ▁Dow nt own ▁Pitts burgh ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁Hills . ▁Stage ▁One ▁began ▁with ▁two ▁construction ▁projects ▁– ▁the ▁dow nt own ▁sub way , ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁t rol ley ▁route ▁from ▁the ▁newly ▁constructed ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁Station ▁and ▁Light ▁Rail ▁Main ten ance ▁Center ▁to ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁– ▁both ▁ends ▁working ▁toward ▁the ▁middle ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁route . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁modern ▁light ▁rail ▁cars ▁began ▁operation ▁from ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁to ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁with ▁the ▁dow nt own ▁sub way ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁system ▁on ▁July ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁The ▁last ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁sub urban ▁" Be ech view " ▁line ▁( from ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁to ▁South ▁Hills ▁J unction ▁via ▁M t . ▁Leb anon ▁and ▁Be ech view ) ▁was ▁approved ▁for ▁fund ing ▁May ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁with ▁$ 2 0 ▁million ▁in ▁federal ▁gr ants ▁and ▁completed ▁the ▁modern ▁system ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁at ▁a ▁total ▁cost ▁of ▁$ 5 2 2 ▁million . ▁The ▁sub urban ▁line ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁hills ▁were ▁former ▁street car ▁lines ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁re
h abil itated ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁light ▁rail ▁vehicles . ▁The ▁Be ech view ▁line ▁was ▁re construct ed ▁( be ing ▁completely ▁double ▁track ed ) ▁and ▁rout ed ▁from ▁the ▁South ▁Hills ▁J unction ▁through ▁the ▁Mount ▁Washington ▁Trans it ▁T unnel , ▁emer ging ▁at ▁a ▁newly ▁constructed ▁station ▁at ▁Station ▁Square ▁before ▁crossing ▁the ▁Mon ong ah ela ▁river ▁on ▁the ▁Pan handle ▁Bridge ▁( a ▁former ▁railway ▁bridge ), ▁which ▁then ▁led ▁into ▁a ▁newly ▁built ▁dow nt own ▁( cut ▁and ▁cover ▁tunnel ) ▁sub way ▁with ▁four ▁stations , ▁which ▁incorpor ated ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁Pitts burgh ▁& ▁Ste uben ville ▁Ext ension ▁Rail road ▁T unnel . ▁The ▁dow nt own ▁sub way ▁had ▁four ▁stations , ▁Ste el ▁Pla za , ▁Wood ▁Street , ▁Gate way ▁Center , ▁and ▁P enn ▁Station . ▁The ▁original ▁sub way ▁branch ed ▁north ▁of ▁Ste el ▁Pla za , ▁with ▁one ▁branch ▁heading ▁west ▁to ▁Wood ▁Street ▁and ▁one ▁branch ▁heading ▁east ▁to ▁P enn ▁Station . ▁ ▁A ▁sub urban ▁t rol ley ▁line ▁with ▁conventional ▁joint ed ▁rail , ▁ag ing ▁elect rical ▁overhead ▁and ▁single ▁track ▁segments ▁was ▁re born ▁as ▁a ▁wh olly ▁double ▁track ▁light ▁rail ▁line ▁with ▁continuous ▁w eld ed ▁rail ▁and ▁modern ▁c aten ary . ▁ ▁Upon ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁sub way , ▁all ▁former ▁street car ▁lines ▁were ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁surface ▁streets ▁of ▁Dow nt own ▁Pitts burgh . ▁ ▁Over bro ok ▁Line
▁reconst ruction ▁( Stage ▁II ) ▁The ▁line ▁from ▁South ▁Hills ▁J unction ▁to ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁via ▁Over bro ok ▁( now ▁called ▁the ▁Over bro ok ▁Line ) ▁was ▁first ▁constructed ▁by ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁and ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁Rail road ▁( P & CS R R ) ▁between ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁Pitts burgh ▁Rail ways ▁le ased ▁the ▁route , ▁and ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁converted ▁it ▁to ▁dual ▁gauge , ▁retain ing ▁the ▁existing ▁narrow ▁gauge ▁for ▁the ▁coal ▁ha uling ▁trains ▁and ▁adding ▁the ▁broad ▁ ▁for ▁passenger ▁service ▁using ▁street c ars . ▁While ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁elect r ified ▁with ▁overhead ▁power , ▁the ▁coal ▁trains ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁existing ▁steam ▁locomot ives . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁Be ech view ▁line ▁was ▁re built ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁the ▁Over bro ok ▁line ▁remained ▁largely ▁un changed ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁operated ▁using ▁P CC ▁cars . ▁The ▁reconst ruction ▁of ▁this ▁line ▁would ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Stage ▁II ▁project , ▁to ▁be ▁performed ▁at ▁a ▁future ▁date ▁pending ▁additional ▁fund ing . ▁However , ▁the ▁condition ▁of ▁the ▁track ▁and ▁infrastr ucture ▁of ▁the ▁Over bro ok ▁line ▁continued ▁to ▁d eter ior ate ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁determined ▁the ▁line ▁to ▁be ▁un su itable ▁for
▁safe ▁operation ▁in ▁its ▁current ▁state ▁and ▁susp ended ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁line . ▁The ▁line ▁remained ▁d orm ant ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁when ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁broke ▁ground ▁on ▁the ▁Over bro ok ▁Line ▁reconst ruction ▁project . ▁ ▁The ▁re built ▁Over bro ok ▁line ▁was ▁essentially ▁an ▁entirely ▁new ▁line ▁built ▁along ▁the ▁original ▁line ' s ▁right ▁of ▁way . ▁As ▁had ▁been ▁done ▁with ▁the ▁Be ech view ▁line ▁prior , ▁the ▁re built ▁line ▁was ▁completely ▁double - track ed ▁with ▁continu ously ▁w eld ed ▁rail , ▁p and rol ▁clip ▁fix ation , ▁upgrad ed ▁c aten ary ▁and ▁signal ing , ▁and ▁other ▁improvements . ▁The ▁line ▁as ▁re built ▁featured ▁eight ▁high - level ▁platform ▁A DA ▁accessible ▁stations ▁and , ▁unlike ▁the ▁Be ech view ▁line , ▁did ▁not ▁retain ▁any ▁street - level ▁stops . ▁The ▁Over bro ok ▁line ▁re open ed ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Co inc iding ▁with ▁the ▁opening , ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁purchased ▁ 2 8 ▁additional ▁light ▁rail ▁cars ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁line ▁and ▁increase ▁overall ▁system ▁capacity . ▁At ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁ 5 5 ▁existing ▁cars ▁were ▁completely ▁re h abil itated ▁as ▁well . ▁Iron ically ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁station ▁in ▁the ▁Over bro ok ▁neighborhood ▁since ▁the ▁rail ▁line ▁is ▁built ▁into ▁a ▁hill side ▁where ▁construction ▁of ▁an ▁A DA ▁accessible ▁station ▁would ▁involve ▁considerable ▁complexity . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ,
▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Stage ▁II ▁project , ▁up gr ades ▁to ▁the ▁tra ction ▁power ▁network , ▁Oper ations ▁Control ▁Center , ▁and ▁signals ▁and ▁communic ations ▁had ▁been ▁implemented . ▁ ▁North ▁Sh ore ▁Con ne ctor ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁of ▁Al leg hen y ▁County ▁began ▁undert aking ▁environmental ▁analysis , ▁planning , ▁and ▁began ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁light ▁rail ▁line ▁to ▁connect ▁Pitts burgh ' s ▁Dow nt own ▁and ▁North ▁Sh ore . ▁Federal ▁fund ing ▁was ▁approved ▁for ▁the ▁extension ▁on ▁February ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁project ▁involved ▁tw in ▁b ored ▁t unn els ▁below ▁the ▁Al leg hen y ▁River ▁to ▁connect ▁a ▁ref urb ished ▁Gate way ▁Station , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁Dow nt own ▁termin us , ▁to ▁North ▁Side ▁station , ▁located ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁P NC ▁Park ▁and ▁Al leg hen y ▁station , ▁located ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁Hein z ▁Field . ▁The ▁completed ▁project ▁opened ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁North ▁Side ▁station ▁serves ▁P NC ▁Park , ▁the ▁Andy ▁War hol ▁Museum , ▁Al leg hen y ▁Center ▁and ▁numerous ▁office ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity . ▁The ▁Al leg hen y ▁station ▁serves ▁Hein z ▁Field , ▁the ▁Car neg ie ▁Science ▁Center , ▁the ▁National ▁A vi ary , ▁the ▁Community ▁College ▁of ▁Al leg hen y
▁County , ▁the ▁R ivers ▁Cas ino , ▁and ▁other ▁nearby ▁business es . ▁ ▁Une x pected ly ▁high ▁b ids ▁from ▁construction ▁companies ▁had ▁st alled ▁construction , ▁originally ▁scheduled ▁to ▁begin ▁in ▁Fall ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁entire ▁project ▁is ▁budget ed ▁at ▁$ 4 3 5 ▁million , ▁with ▁approximately ▁ 8 0 % ▁($ 3 4 8 ▁million ) ▁coming ▁from ▁the ▁Federal ▁Trans it ▁Administration . ▁The ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁began ▁construction ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁bore ▁completed ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁tunnel ▁under ▁the ▁Al leg hen y ▁river ▁completed ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Service ▁began ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁with ▁a ▁final ▁cost ▁of ▁$ 5 2 3 . 4 ▁million . ▁ ▁Fle et ▁and ▁dep ot ▁ ▁Current ▁fleet ▁ ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁oper ates ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁ 8 3 ▁L R V s ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁ ▁Tra ins ▁are ▁generally ▁run ▁in ▁a ▁two ▁car ▁configuration . ▁The ▁routes ▁have ▁sections ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁dedicated ▁right ▁of ▁way ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁mixed ▁sections ▁that ▁run ▁along ▁road ways ▁with ▁autom obile ▁traffic . ▁Gener ally , ▁stations ▁along ▁road ways ▁have ▁low ▁level ▁platforms ▁while ▁stops ▁along ▁the ▁dedicated ▁rights ▁of ▁way ▁have ▁high ▁level ▁platforms . ▁To ▁allow ▁easy ▁board ing ▁in ▁both
▁situations , ▁the ▁trains ▁have ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁doors ▁at ▁the ▁front , ▁with ▁a ▁low ▁set ▁and ▁a ▁st air case ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁high ▁set ▁with ▁level ▁access ▁from ▁the ▁platform ▁to ▁the ▁train . ▁ ▁Ret ired ▁P CC ▁fleet ▁▁ ▁The ▁four ▁remaining ▁P CC ▁cars ▁were ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁These ▁P CC s ▁were ▁from ▁an ▁original ▁fleet ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁" home built " ▁cars ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁sh ops ▁using ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁new ▁under frames , ▁lower ▁body ▁pan els , ▁front ▁and ▁rear ▁ends , ▁inter iors , ▁w iring ▁and ▁controls , ▁together ▁with ▁re condition ed ▁components ▁such ▁as ▁tr uck s , ▁mot ors , ▁and ▁upper ▁body ▁parts ▁and ▁windows ▁re used ▁from ▁original ▁Pitts burgh ▁P CC s ▁number ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁series . ▁They ▁avoided ▁the ▁break ers ▁yard , ▁along ▁with ▁some ▁other ▁t rolle ys ▁from ▁the ▁later ▁years ▁of ▁P AT ▁ownership . ▁ ▁Dep ot ▁▁ ▁The ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁Rail ▁Center ▁( SH V RC ) ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Blue ▁Line ▁- ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village , ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁sho pping ▁m all ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁re venue ▁light ▁rail ▁vehicles ▁( LR V s ) ▁and ▁some ▁Main ten ance ▁of ▁Way ▁vehicles ▁are ▁stored ▁there . ▁All ▁the ▁old
▁P CC ▁cars ▁were ▁stored ▁there ▁as ▁well ▁prior ▁to ▁their ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁L ines ▁ ▁The ▁" T " ▁has ▁three ▁active ▁lines ▁along ▁with ▁several ▁dis cont in ued ▁lines . ▁ ▁Red ▁Line ▁▁ ▁Form er ly ▁ 4 2 S . ▁The ▁Red ▁Line ▁runs ▁between ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁and ▁Dow nt own ▁Pitts burgh ▁via ▁the ▁Be ech view ▁neighborhood . ▁Six ▁stops ▁serve ▁Upper ▁St . ▁Cla ir ▁and ▁Beth el ▁Park ▁before ▁mer ging ▁with ▁the ▁Blue ▁Line ▁at ▁Washington ▁J unction . ▁The ▁Red ▁Line ▁spl its ▁again ▁before ▁Over bro ok ▁J unction ▁and ▁the ▁Red ▁Line ▁heads ▁toward ▁the ▁sub ur bs ▁of ▁Castle ▁Sh annon , ▁M t . ▁Leb anon , ▁and ▁D orm ont . ▁After ▁entering ▁Pitts burgh ▁city ▁limits , ▁the ▁route ▁features ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁closely ▁spac ed ▁stops ▁through ▁Be ech view , ▁where ▁bus ▁service ▁is ▁limited ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁h illy ▁terrain , ▁despite ▁a ▁dense ▁population . ▁Fif teen ▁stops ▁occur ▁between ▁the ▁split ▁in ▁the ▁lines ▁and ▁their ▁re - j unct ure ▁at ▁South ▁Hills ▁J unction . ▁The ▁route ▁then ▁enters ▁the ▁M t . ▁Washington ▁Trans it ▁T unnel . ▁The ▁remaining ▁stations ▁in ▁Dow nt own ▁are ▁at ▁Station ▁Square , ▁First ▁Avenue , ▁Ste el ▁Pla za , ▁and ▁Wood ▁Street . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁Pal m ▁Garden ▁Bridge ▁for
▁ref urb ishment ▁susp ended ▁the ▁ 4 2 S ▁for ▁five ▁months ; ▁it ▁re - open ed ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Silver ▁Line ▁▁ ▁Form er ly ▁ 4 4 L , ▁ 4 7 L , ▁and ▁Blue ▁Line ▁– ▁Library . ▁The ▁Silver ▁Line ▁begins ▁near ▁the ▁Washington ▁County - Al leg hen y ▁County ▁line ▁in ▁the ▁Library ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁South ▁Park . ▁Fif teen ▁stops ▁serve ▁Library , ▁Beth el ▁Park , ▁and ▁South ▁Park ▁before ▁mer ging ▁with ▁the ▁Blue ▁Line ▁- ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁line ▁at ▁Washington ▁J unction . ▁Some ▁week day , ▁and ▁all ▁week end ▁tri ps ▁end ▁at ▁Washington ▁J unction , ▁where ▁a ▁tim ed ▁transfer ▁to ▁the ▁Blue ▁Line ▁- ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁will ▁continue ▁a ▁trip ▁to ▁Over bro ok ▁and ▁Dow nt own . ▁For ▁the ▁tri ps ▁that ▁serve ▁Dow nt own , ▁the ▁line ▁spl its ▁again ▁before ▁Over bro ok ▁J unction ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Red ▁Line , ▁as ▁the ▁Blue ▁Line ▁instead ▁follows ▁the ▁Over bro ok ▁route . ▁The ▁line ▁then ▁makes ▁eight ▁well - sp ac ed ▁stops ▁on ▁its ▁arc ▁through ▁the ▁Over bro ok , ▁Brook line , ▁Car rick , ▁B elt z ho over , ▁and ▁Bon ▁Air ▁neighborhood s ▁of ▁southern ▁Pitts burgh . ▁The ▁line ▁mer ges ▁with ▁the ▁Red ▁Line ▁at ▁South ▁Hills ▁J unction ▁before ▁entering ▁the ▁M t . ▁Washington ▁Trans it ▁T unnel . ▁The ▁remaining
▁stations ▁are ▁at ▁Station ▁Square , ▁First ▁Avenue , ▁Ste el ▁Pla za , ▁Wood ▁Street , ▁Gate way , ▁North ▁Side , ▁and ▁Al leg hen y . ▁To ▁avoid ▁confusion ▁with ▁" Blue ▁Line ▁– ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ", ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁" Sil ver ▁Line ▁– ▁Library " ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Blue ▁Line ▁▁ ▁Form er ly ▁ 4 7 S . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Port ▁Author ity ▁opened ▁a ▁new ▁par king ▁gar age ▁at ▁the ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁station . ▁The ▁ 4 7 S ▁line ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁rel ieve ▁con g estion ▁on ▁the ▁Red ▁Line ▁for ▁the ▁additional ▁traffic ▁that ▁the ▁par king ▁gar age ▁created . ▁The ▁Blue ▁Line ▁- ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁route ▁follows ▁the ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁Line ▁and ▁the ▁common ▁leg ▁from ▁Washington ▁J unction ▁to ▁Will ow ▁Station , ▁which ▁is ▁adjacent ▁to ▁Over bro ok ▁J unction , ▁where ▁it ▁switch es ▁to ▁the ▁Silver ▁Line ▁main line . ▁It ▁follows ▁the ▁Silver ▁Line ▁to ▁South ▁Hills ▁J unction ▁where ▁it ▁reun ites ▁with ▁the ▁Red ▁Line ▁before ▁entering ▁dow nt own . ▁ ▁Dis cont in ued ▁lines ▁▁ 4 7 D ▁Dra ke ▁▁ ▁When ▁light ▁rail ▁service ▁began , ▁P CC ▁t rol ley ▁service ▁continued ▁from ▁Dra ke ▁north ▁through ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁along ▁the ▁Over bro ok ▁line ▁to ▁dow
nt own . ▁All ▁dow nt own ▁platforms ▁incorpor ated ▁both ▁low - ▁and ▁high - level ▁platforms ▁en abling ▁them ▁to ▁handle ▁both ▁types ▁of ▁vehicles . ▁When ▁safety ▁concerns ▁prompt ed ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁Over bro ok ▁line ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁the ▁Dra ke ▁line ▁was ▁cut ▁back ▁to ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ; ▁service ▁would ▁later ▁terminate ▁at ▁Washington ▁J unction . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁P AT ▁with d rew ▁the ▁four ▁remaining ▁active - service ▁P CC s ▁from ▁service ▁and ▁closed ▁the ▁Dra ke ▁line ▁altogether . ▁▁ 4 7 ▁Sh annon ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁P CC ▁t rol ley ▁line ▁that ▁led ▁commut ers ▁either ▁north bound ▁( via ▁Over bro ok ▁line ) ▁or ▁south bound ▁( via ▁South ▁Hills ▁J unction , ▁Dra ke ▁or ▁Library ▁lines ) ▁to ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁station . ▁The ▁line ' s ▁turn around ▁point , ▁the ▁Sh annon ▁Loop , ▁was ▁located ▁just ▁past ▁the ▁station ▁at ▁M t . ▁Leb anon ▁Bl vd . ▁This ▁loop ▁no ▁longer ▁exists . ▁Also ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁Sh annon ▁route ▁were ▁the ▁tracks ▁surrounding ▁the ▁old ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁Municipal ▁Building ▁( which ▁is ▁also ▁gone ) ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁Bl vd . ▁and ▁Will ow ▁A ve . ▁At ▁this ▁Over bro ok ▁line ▁conne ctor , ▁incoming ▁t rolle ys ▁ran ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁out going ▁t rolle ys ▁ran ▁behind ▁the
▁building ▁and ▁through ▁the ▁narrow ▁passage ▁between ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁Castle ▁Sh annon ▁Bl vd . ▁ ▁Brown ▁Line ▁▁ ▁Form er ly ▁ 5 2 . ▁The ▁Brown ▁Line ▁ran ▁from ▁South ▁Hills ▁J unction ▁low ▁platform ▁( except ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁last ▁tri ps ▁of ▁each ▁r ush , ▁which ▁serve ▁the ▁high ▁platform ) ▁over ▁Mount ▁Washington ▁and ▁across ▁the ▁Mon ong ah ela ▁River ▁to ▁dow nt own ▁Pitts burgh , ▁termin ating ▁at ▁Wood ▁Street . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁dow nt own ▁route ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁stop ▁at ▁Station ▁Square ▁nor ▁use ▁the ▁Mount ▁Washington ▁tunnel . ▁The ▁line ▁supp lement s ▁the ▁ 4 6 K ▁bus , ▁running ▁ 4 ▁times ▁each ▁during ▁the ▁morning ▁r ush ▁and ▁ 3 ▁times ▁during ▁the ▁evening ▁r ush . ▁A ▁throw back ▁to ▁the ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁street c ars , ▁the ▁ 5 2 ▁does ▁not ▁feature ▁stations ▁or ▁street - level ▁board ing ▁stops ▁( which ▁are ▁generally ▁designed ▁like ▁bus ▁sh el ters ▁in ▁the ▁sub ur bs , ▁or ▁are ▁concrete ▁island ▁platforms ▁in ▁Be ech view ) ▁but ▁instead ▁allows ▁for ▁board ing ▁and ▁un loading ▁at ▁designated ▁ 4 6 K ▁bus ▁stops . ▁Two ▁in bound ▁and ▁two ▁out bound ▁tri ps ▁( the ▁first ▁one ▁in ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁one ▁out ▁of ▁each ▁r ush ) ▁serve ▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁via ▁the ▁Blue ▁Line . ▁This ▁service ▁exists ▁because ▁the ▁train ▁is ▁coming ▁from ▁the ▁rail ▁center ▁located ▁near
▁South ▁Hills ▁Village ▁Mall , ▁and ▁serves ▁the ▁entire ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁route . ▁The ▁ste ep est ▁grade ▁on ▁the ▁entire ▁light ▁rail ▁system ▁is ▁on ▁this ▁line , ▁about ▁ 1 0 ▁percent . ▁ ▁This ▁service ▁was ▁dis cont in ued ▁in ▁the ▁March ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁system - wide ▁cut s . ▁ ▁The ▁line ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁existence , ▁and ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁by pass ▁to ▁the ▁Mount ▁Washington ▁T unnel ▁during ▁maintenance . ▁The ▁tunnel ▁is ▁closed ▁to ▁all ▁veh icular ▁( bus ) ▁and ▁light ▁rail ▁traffic ▁during ▁maintenance . ▁▁ 4 4 L ▁and ▁ 4 4 S ▁ ▁The ▁ 4 4 ▁Castle ▁Sh annon - Library ▁( 4 4 L ) ▁and ▁the ▁ 4 4 ▁Castle ▁Sh annon - Be ech view ▁( 4 4 S ) ▁were ▁trunc ated ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁Blue ▁Line ▁- ▁Library ▁and ▁Red ▁Line , ▁respectively . ▁The ▁ 4 4 L ▁ran ▁from ▁Library ▁to ▁Washington ▁J unction . ▁The ▁ 4 4 S ▁ran ▁between ▁Over bro ok ▁J unction ▁and ▁T ray more . ▁It ▁was ▁introduced ▁when ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁Pal m ▁Garden ▁Bridge ▁cut ▁off ▁the ▁Be ech view ▁line ▁from ▁the ▁Dow nt own . ▁The ▁ 4 4 S ▁was ▁dis cont in ued ▁when ▁the ▁Pal m ▁Garden ▁Bridge ▁re - open ed , ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 2 C . ▁ ▁Future ▁ ▁Ext ensions ▁and ▁add
itions ▁Since ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁the ▁Author ity ▁has ▁studied ▁the ▁so - called ▁" Sp ine ▁Line " ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁Oak land ▁neighborhood ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁largest ▁center ▁for ▁commut ers ▁in ▁the ▁common wealth ▁and ▁the ▁home ▁to ▁Car low ▁University , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pitts burgh , ▁Car neg ie ▁M ell on ▁University , ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁Technology ▁Center , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ▁Medical ▁Center ▁and ▁Ph ipp s ▁Conserv atory . ▁Thus ▁far ▁the ▁extension ▁to ▁Oak land ▁has ▁not ▁gone ▁beyond ▁the ▁design ▁phase . ▁The ▁First ▁Avenue ▁station ▁was ▁added ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ; ▁service ▁to ▁P enn ▁Station ▁was ▁susp ended ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁" T " ▁is ▁most ▁heavily ▁used ▁in ▁four ▁stations ▁dow nt own ▁( three ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁under ground ), ▁where ▁service ▁is ▁free ▁of ▁charge . ▁ ▁Pro posed ▁extensions ▁ ▁Form er ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁of ▁Al leg hen y ▁County , ▁Dan ▁On or ato , ▁hoped ▁to ▁eventually ▁extend ▁the ▁light - ra il ▁system ▁east ▁to ▁Oak land ▁and ▁west ▁to ▁Pitts burgh ▁International ▁Airport . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁On or ato ▁along ▁with ▁Congress man ▁Mike ▁Do yle ▁requested ▁approximately ▁$ 7 ▁million ▁in ▁fund ing ▁from ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁for ▁pre lim inary ▁planning ▁of ▁the ▁extension . ▁ ▁The ▁Pitts burgh ▁Post - G az ette ▁has ▁taken ▁a
▁strong ▁editor ial ▁st ance ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁a ▁work able ▁extension ▁to ▁the ▁Northern ▁sub ur bs ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁C ran berry . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ▁Light ▁Rail ▁stations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Jon ▁Bell ' s ▁photos ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ▁Light ▁Rail ▁vehicles ▁and ▁stations ▁ ▁Ph otos ▁of ▁her itage ▁and ▁modern ▁Pitts burgh ▁Light ▁Rail ▁vehicles ▁and ▁stations ▁at ▁ny c sub way . org ▁ ▁Map ▁ ▁Sh awn ▁Ben near ' s ▁Ph oto ▁History ▁of ▁Trans it ▁In ▁Pitts burgh ▁ ▁Category : Light ▁rail ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : E lect ric ▁rail ways ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Port ▁Author ity ▁of ▁Al leg hen y ▁County ▁Category : Under ground ▁rapid ▁trans it ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 5 ▁ft ▁ 2 ½ ▁in ▁gauge ▁rail ways ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : St reet c ars ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Pass enger ▁rail ▁transport ation ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Pitts burgh ▁Category : 6 5 0 ▁V ▁DC ▁railway ▁elect r ification <0x0A> </s> ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁( ; ▁); ▁born ▁Sud atta , ▁was ▁a ▁wealth y ▁merchant ▁and ▁bank er , ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁merchant ▁in ▁Sav at th i ▁in ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁G aut ama ▁Bud d ha . ▁He ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁chief ▁male ▁lay ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d
ha . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁founded ▁the ▁Jet av ana ▁Mon aster y ▁in ▁Sav at th i , ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁most ▁important ▁tem ples ▁in ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁historic ▁Bud d ha , ▁the ▁other ▁being ▁Mig ā ram ā t up ā s ā da . ▁ ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁wealth y ▁merchant ▁family ▁in ▁Sav at th i ▁with ▁the ▁birth ▁name ▁Sud atta , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁relative ▁of ▁Sub h ū ti , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha ' s ▁principal ▁dis ci ples . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁nick name ▁An ath ap ind ika , ▁literally ▁" one ▁who ▁gives ▁al ms ▁( pi ṇ ḍ a ) ▁to ▁the ▁un protected ▁( an ā tha )", ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁reputation ▁of ▁lov ing ▁to ▁give ▁to ▁those ▁in ▁need . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁met ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁while ▁on ▁a ▁business ▁trip ▁in ▁R ā j ag aha ▁after ▁being ▁told ▁about ▁him ▁by ▁his ▁brother - in - law . ▁He ▁reached ▁s ot ap anna , ▁a ▁stage ▁of ▁en light en ment , ▁after ▁listening ▁to ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁pre ach . ▁Following ▁the ▁encounter , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁became ▁a ▁devoted ▁lay ▁follow er ▁and ▁purchased ▁land ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁Jet av ana ▁Mon aster y ▁from ▁the ▁prince ▁of ▁Kos ala ▁by ▁covering ▁the ▁park ▁grounds ▁with ▁co ins . ▁After ▁building
▁Jet av ana ▁Mon aster y , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁continued ▁to ▁gener ously ▁support ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁and ▁his ▁mon astic ▁community ▁throughout ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Bud d ha ' s ▁greatest ▁patron ▁and ▁benef actor ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁female ▁counter part , ▁Vis ak ha . ▁ ▁As ▁chief ▁lay ▁dis ci ple , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁fed ▁hundreds ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha ' s ▁mon ks ▁daily ▁and ▁regularly ▁maintained ▁and ▁supplied ▁Jet av ana ▁Mon aster y , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁served ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha ' s ▁primary ▁a ides ▁in ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁male ▁lay ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁who ▁was ▁for em ost ▁in ▁gener os ity . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁is ▁frequently ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁An ath ap ind ika - set th i ▁( set th i ▁meaning ▁" wealth y ▁person " ▁or ▁" mill ion aire "), ▁and ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Mah ā ▁An ā th ap ind ika ▁to ▁distinguish ▁him ▁from ▁C ū la ▁An ā th ap ind ika , ▁another ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁In ▁Buddh ist ▁belief , ▁when ▁a ▁fully ▁en light ened ▁Bud d ha ▁arriv es ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁he ▁always ▁has ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁chief ▁dis ci ples ▁that ▁ful fill ▁different ▁roles . ▁On
▁top ▁of ▁the ▁pair ▁of ▁chief ▁A rah ant ▁dis ci ples ▁such ▁as ▁G aut ama ▁Bud d ha ' s ▁chief ▁male ▁dis ci ples ▁S ari put ta ▁and ▁M og g all ana , ▁and ▁his ▁chief ▁female ▁dis ci ples ▁Kh ema ▁and ▁U pp al av anna , ▁all ▁Bud d has ▁have ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁chief ▁lay ▁dis ci ples ▁as ▁well . ▁G aut ama ▁Bud d ha ' s ▁chief ▁male ▁lay ▁dis ci ple ▁and ▁patron ▁was ▁An ath ap ind ika , ▁with ▁his ▁chief ▁female ▁lay ▁dis ci ple ▁and ▁patron ▁being ▁Vis ak ha . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁P ali ▁Can on , ▁in ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Pad um att ara ▁Bud d ha , ▁a ▁house holder ▁was ▁inspired ▁when ▁Pad um att ara ▁Bud d ha ▁spoke ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁chief ▁lay ▁dis ci ple ▁and ▁patron . ▁The ▁house holder ▁then ▁resolved ▁in ▁that ▁lifetime ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁chief ▁lay ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁a ▁future ▁Bud d ha ▁himself , ▁and ▁did ▁several ▁good ▁de eds ▁in ▁hopes ▁of ▁becoming ▁one . ▁His ▁wish ▁was ▁ful filled ▁in ▁this ▁lifetime ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁re born ▁as ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁chief ▁male ▁lay ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁G aut ama ▁Bud d ha . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Early ▁Life ▁and ▁Family ▁ ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁was ▁born ▁with ▁the ▁given ▁name ▁Sud atta ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁a
▁wealth y ▁merchant ▁named ▁Sum ana . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁relative ▁of ▁Sub h ū ti , ▁who ▁would ▁later ▁become ▁the ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁who ▁was ▁for em ost ▁in ▁being ▁worthy ▁of ▁g ifts ▁( d ak k hi ṇ ey y ā na ṃ ). ▁When ▁Sud atta ▁grew ▁up , ▁he ▁married ▁a ▁woman ▁named ▁Pu ñ ñ al ak k han ā , ▁the ▁sister ▁of ▁a ▁wealth y ▁merchant ▁in ▁R ā j ag aha . ▁Sud atta ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁gener os ity ▁even ▁before ▁his ▁conversion ▁to ▁Buddh ism , ▁and ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁by ▁the ▁nick name ▁" An ath ap ind ika ", ▁or ▁" one ▁who ▁gives ▁al ms ▁to ▁the ▁un protected ", ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁love ▁for ▁giving . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁had ▁one ▁son , ▁K ā la , ▁and ▁three ▁daughters , ▁Mah ā - Sub h add ā , ▁C ū la - Sub h add ā ▁and ▁Sum an ā . ▁His ▁daughter - in - law ▁was ▁Su j ā t ā , ▁the ▁young est ▁sister ▁of ▁his ▁female ▁counter part , ▁Vis ak ha . ▁ ▁Me eting ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁ ▁Buddh ist ▁texts ▁describe ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁first ▁encounter ▁with ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁as ▁being ▁in ▁R ā j ag aha . ▁While ▁on ▁business , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁went ▁to ▁visit ▁his
▁brother - in - law , ▁who ▁was ▁already ▁a ▁follow er ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha . ▁When ▁he ▁arrived ▁at ▁this ▁brother - in - law ' s ▁house , ▁he ▁noticed ▁that ▁the ▁household ▁was ▁prepar ing ▁for ▁an ▁elaborate ▁fe ast , ▁and ▁mist ook ▁it ▁as ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁a ▁wed ding ▁or ▁a ▁visit ▁from ▁the ▁king . ▁When ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁asked ▁about ▁the ▁prepar ations , ▁his ▁brother - in - law ▁explained ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁prepar ing ▁for ▁a ▁visit ▁from ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁( the ▁En light ened ▁One ) ▁and ▁his ▁mon ks . ▁Upon ▁hearing ▁this , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁became ▁over jo yed , ▁exc laim ing ▁" You ▁mean ▁that ▁a ▁fully ▁en light ened ▁being ▁had ▁ar isen ▁in ▁the ▁world ? ", ▁and ▁immediately ▁resolved ▁to ▁go ▁meet ▁him . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁day ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁arose ▁early ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁Bud d ha , ▁but ▁realized ▁it ▁was ▁still ▁dark . ▁He ▁still ▁continued ▁however , ▁after ▁a ▁friendly ▁y ak ka ▁whisper ed ▁in ▁his ▁ear ▁and ▁ur ged ▁him ▁to ▁continue . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁eventually ▁reached ▁a ▁figure ▁which ▁called ▁him ▁" S ud atta " ▁and ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁come ▁forward . ▁Sur pr ised ▁to ▁hear ▁his ▁birth ▁name , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁known ▁to ▁the ▁public , ▁he ▁concluded ▁it ▁could ▁only ▁be ▁the ▁Bud d ha , ▁and ▁went
▁forward . ▁The ▁Bud d ha ▁then ▁had ▁a ▁discussion ▁with ▁him ▁and ▁exp ounded ▁the ▁Four ▁No ble ▁Tr uth s , ▁afterwards ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁achieved ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁s ot ap anna , ▁a ▁stage ▁of ▁en light en ment . ▁ ▁Building ▁Jet av ana ▁Mon aster y ▁ ▁Following ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁first ▁encounter ▁with ▁the ▁Bud d ha , ▁he ▁requested ▁to ▁offer ▁him ▁a ▁me al , ▁which ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁accepted , ▁and ▁then ▁asked ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁temple ▁for ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁mon ks ▁in ▁his ▁h omet own ▁of ▁Sav at th i , ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁agreed . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁went ▁back ▁to ▁Sav at th i ▁to ▁search ▁for ▁a ▁place ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁monaster y . ▁Looking ▁for ▁a ▁place ▁that ▁was ▁both ▁accessible ▁to ▁follow ers ▁and ▁peace fully ▁se cluded , ▁he ▁came ▁across ▁a ▁park ▁belonging ▁to ▁Prince ▁J eta , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁King ▁Pas en adi ▁of ▁Kos ala . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁offered ▁to ▁buy ▁the ▁park ▁from ▁the ▁prince ▁but ▁the ▁prince ▁refused , ▁after ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁pers isted , ▁the ▁prince ▁said ▁he ▁will ▁sell ▁him ▁the ▁park ▁if ▁he ▁covers ▁it ▁with ▁co ins , ▁thinking ▁nobody ▁would ▁accept ▁such ▁a ▁price . ▁To ▁the ▁prince ' s ▁surprise , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁agreed . ▁
▁When ▁Prince ▁J eta ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁being ▁serious ▁and ▁still ▁would ▁not ▁sell ▁the ▁park , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁and ▁the ▁prince ▁went ▁to ▁ar bit rat ors ▁who ▁concluded ▁that ▁Prince ▁J eta ▁had ▁to ▁sell ▁the ▁park ▁at ▁the ▁agreed ▁price . ▁The ▁co ins ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁brought ▁covered ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁park ▁except ▁for ▁one ▁spot ▁at ▁the ▁entrance . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁sent ▁the ▁order ▁for ▁more ▁pieces ▁to ▁be ▁brought , ▁but ▁having ▁been ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁merchant ' s ▁resolve ▁and ▁wanting ▁to ▁share ▁in ▁the ▁mer it ▁of ▁the ▁offering , ▁Prince ▁J eta ▁don ated ▁the ▁remaining ▁land ▁and ▁offered ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁wall ▁and ▁gate ▁for ▁the ▁monaster y ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁provide ▁trees ▁for ▁tim ber . ▁After wards , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁spent ▁several ▁million ▁more ▁pieces ▁building ▁the ▁temple ▁and ▁its ▁furn ish ings . ▁According ▁to ▁German ▁P ali ▁scholar ▁Hell m uth ▁He ck ler , ▁the ▁merchant ▁ended ▁up ▁sp ending ▁about ▁three - fif th s ▁of ▁his ▁total ▁fortune ▁purch asing ▁the ▁land ▁and ▁building ▁the ▁temple ▁that ▁would ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁Jet av ana ▁( liter ally ▁" J eta ' s ▁Wood " ▁or ▁" J eta ' s ▁Gro ve "). ▁The ▁temple ▁is ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁Buddh ist ▁script ures ▁as ▁" An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁Mon aster y ▁in ▁J eta ' s
▁Wood " ▁to ▁give ▁recognition ▁to ▁both ▁benef act ors . ▁ ▁Chief ▁L ay ▁Dis ci ple ▁ ▁The ▁Bud d ha ▁designated ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁as ▁his ▁chief ▁lay ▁dis ci ple , ▁along ▁with ▁Vis ak ha . ▁He ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁male ▁Buddh ist ▁lay ▁dis ci ple ▁who ▁was ▁for em ost ▁in ▁both ▁gener os ity ▁and ▁character . ▁Through out ▁his ▁life , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁received ▁hundreds ▁of ▁mon ks ▁at ▁his ▁house ▁for ▁al ms ▁daily ▁and ▁regularly ▁sent ▁food , ▁medicine ▁and ▁supplies ▁to ▁the ▁monaster y . ▁The ▁temple ▁was ▁also ▁regularly ▁maintained ▁by ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁servants . ▁When ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁was ▁away ▁from ▁home , ▁he ▁would ▁assign ▁his ▁oldest ▁daughter ▁to ▁give ▁al ms ▁in ▁his ▁place . ▁ ▁When ever ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁was ▁in ▁Sav at th i , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁would ▁visit ▁him ▁twice ▁a ▁day . ▁After ▁first ▁meeting ▁the ▁Bud d ha , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁committed ▁to ▁following ▁the ▁teach ings ▁and ▁strictly ▁obser ving ▁the ▁five ▁pre cept s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁encourag ed ▁his ▁family , ▁friends , ▁employees , ▁and ▁everybody ▁around ▁him ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁same . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁was ▁also ▁well ▁vers ed ▁in ▁the ▁D h amma , ▁and ▁an ▁excellent ▁deb ater . ▁Buddh ist ▁script ures ▁describe ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁he ▁visited
▁a ▁temple ▁of ▁another ▁religious ▁tradition ▁and ▁a ▁debate ▁ens ues , ▁with ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁skill fully ▁defe ating ▁the ▁follow ers ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁religious ▁tradition . ▁ ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁and ▁Vis ak ha ▁were ▁not ▁only ▁the ▁greatest ▁don ors ▁to ▁G aut ama ▁Bud d ha ▁but ▁also ▁his ▁primary ▁a ides ▁when ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁The ▁Bud d ha ▁frequently ▁turned ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁chief ▁lay ▁dis ci ples ▁whenever ▁there ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁something ▁arranged ▁with ▁the ▁lay ▁community . ▁ ▁Enc ounter ▁with ▁the ▁Earth ▁Spirit ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁texts , ▁at ▁one ▁time ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁lost ▁a ▁significant ▁amount ▁of ▁his ▁fortune ▁in ▁a ▁flash ▁flo od ▁which ▁was hed ▁away ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁his ▁gold , ▁and ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁pover ty ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁love ▁of ▁giving ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁due ▁to ▁l ending ▁out ▁large ▁amounts ▁to ▁his ▁friends . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁continued ▁his ▁patron age ▁and ▁support ▁of ▁Buddh ism , ▁although ▁more ▁mod est ly . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁he ▁later ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁wealth y ▁status , ▁however , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁a ▁re dem pt ive ▁de va , ▁or ▁spirit . ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁accounts ▁from ▁the ▁Buddh ist ▁script ures , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁de va ▁living ▁in ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁house ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁laws ▁of
▁his ▁real m , ▁the ▁de va ▁had ▁to ▁leave ▁his ▁ab ode ▁whenever ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁or ▁a ▁mon k ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁house , ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁respect . ▁An no yed ▁by ▁this , ▁the ▁de va ▁appeared ▁before ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁and ▁suggested ▁he ▁preserve ▁his ▁remaining ▁tre asure ▁and ▁stop ▁his ▁patron age ▁of ▁Buddh ism ▁since ▁he ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁wealth y . ▁App alled ▁by ▁this ▁suggestion , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁explained ▁that ▁the ▁only ▁tre asures ▁he ▁knew ▁of ▁were ▁the ▁Three ▁Jew els ; ▁the ▁Bud d ha , ▁the ▁D h amma , ▁and ▁the ▁Sang ha , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁continue ▁to ▁support ▁Buddh ism ▁so ▁long ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁something ▁to ▁give . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁then ▁ordered ▁the ▁de va ▁to ▁leave ▁his ▁house , ▁stating ▁that ▁enemies ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁were ▁not ▁welcome , ▁forcing ▁the ▁de va ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁new ▁place ▁to ▁live . ▁The ▁hom eless ▁de va ▁went ▁to ▁several ▁authorities , ▁eventually ▁reaching ▁Sak ka , ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁dev as ▁in ▁Tr ā y ast ri ṃ ś a , ▁who ▁suggested ▁he ▁must ▁at one ▁by ▁retr ieving ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁lost ▁gold , ▁convin cing ▁his ▁deb t ors ▁to ▁rep ay ▁their ▁deb ts , ▁and ▁by ▁giving ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁a ▁buried ▁tre asure , ▁which ▁had ▁no ▁owner . ▁This
▁resulted ▁in ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁returning ▁to ▁wealth , ▁even ▁rich er ▁than ▁he ▁was ▁before . ▁ ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁Kal ak anni ▁ ▁One ▁famous ▁story ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁Buddh ist ▁script ures ▁is ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Kal ak anni . ▁Kal ak anni ▁( wh ose ▁name ▁means ▁" un l ucky ▁bird ") ▁was ▁a ▁child hood ▁friend ▁of ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁who ▁was ▁imp over ished . ▁When ▁Kal ak anni ▁asked ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁for ▁aid , ▁the ▁set th i ▁offered ▁him ▁a ▁job ▁at ▁his ▁house . ▁This ▁decision ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁back l ash ▁from ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁household , ▁due ▁to ▁Kal ak anni ' s ▁low ▁status ▁and ▁the ▁super st ition ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Kal ak anni ' s ▁name ▁being ▁a ▁bad ▁o men . ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁ignored ▁this ▁super st ition ▁and ▁his ▁status ▁however , ▁and ▁granted ▁his ▁friend ▁a ▁job . ▁This ▁eventually ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁household ▁however , ▁when ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁th ieves ▁attempted ▁to ▁rob ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁away ▁on ▁a ▁business ▁trip . ▁When ▁the ▁vig il ant ▁Kal ak anni ▁noticed ▁the ▁th ieves , ▁he ▁started ▁making ▁loud ▁no ises , ▁convin cing ▁the ▁th ieves ▁that ▁the ▁household ▁was ▁full ▁and ▁causing ▁them ▁to ▁leave . ▁ ▁Death ▁ ▁When ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁grew ▁ill ▁later
▁in ▁life ▁he ▁was ▁visited ▁by ▁S ari put ta ▁and ▁An anda , ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha ' s ▁principal ▁dis ci ples . ▁S ari put ta ▁delivered ▁a ▁ser mon , ▁recomm ending ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁focus ▁on ▁free ing ▁his ▁mind ▁from ▁cl ing ing ▁and ▁to ▁reflect ▁on ▁the ▁imper man ence ▁of ▁existence . ▁The ▁set th i ▁later ▁proc laimed ▁this ▁ser mon ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁most ▁prof ound ▁ser mon ▁he ▁has ▁ever ▁heard , ▁which ▁S ari put ta ▁explained ▁was ▁because ▁this ▁teaching ▁was ▁not ▁normally ▁given ▁to ▁lay people . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁S ari put ta ▁and ▁An anda ▁left , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁died . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Buddh ist ▁script ures , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁was ▁re born ▁as ▁a ▁de va ▁in ▁T us ita ▁heaven ▁after ▁his ▁death , ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁live ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁his ▁female ▁counter part ▁Vis ak ha , ▁and ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁T av at im sa ▁heaven , ▁Sak ka . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁▁ ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁exempl ary ▁ad her ents ▁of ▁the ▁Buddh ist ▁virtue ▁of ▁gener os ity . ▁Not ▁only ▁did ▁he ▁regularly ▁provide ▁al ms ▁and ▁necess ities ▁to ▁the ▁mon ks ▁at ▁Jet av ana , ▁he ▁hosted ▁hundreds ▁of ▁mon ks ▁at ▁his ▁residence ▁for ▁me als ▁daily . ▁Refer ring ▁to ▁An
ath ap ind ika , ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁stated ▁that ▁for ▁one ▁who ▁was ▁dedicated ▁to ▁perfect ing ▁the ▁virtue ▁of ▁gener os ity , ▁nothing ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁stopping ▁him ▁from ▁giving . ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁love ▁of ▁giving , ▁combined ▁with ▁some ▁mis fort une , ▁at ▁one ▁point ▁reduced ▁the ▁set th i ▁to ▁pover ty . ▁But ▁even ▁in ▁times ▁of ▁hard ship , ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁continu ing ▁his ▁patron age ▁of ▁Buddh ism , ▁although ▁with ▁much ▁more ▁mod est ▁g ifts . ▁His ▁wealth ▁was ▁eventually ▁restored ▁to ▁him ▁however , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁mer it ▁of ▁his ▁gener os ity . ▁ ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁patron age ▁had ▁a ▁significant ▁impact ▁on ▁Buddh ism . ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁h omet own ▁of ▁Sav at th i ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁Buddh ism ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁being ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁a ▁significant ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha ' s ▁ser m ons . ▁On ▁top ▁of ▁that , ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁spent ▁nin ete en ▁ra iny ▁seasons ▁at ▁Jet av ana ▁monaster y , ▁more ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁temple ▁during ▁his ▁lifetime . ▁After ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁Mig ā ram ā t up ā s ā da ▁monaster y ▁in ▁Sav at th i ▁by ▁Vis ak ha , ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁would ▁alternate
▁between ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁monaster y ▁and ▁Vis ak ha ' s ▁monaster y ▁whenever ▁he ▁was ▁stay ing ▁in ▁Sav at th i . ▁An ath ap ind ika ' s ▁gener os ity ▁even ▁inspired ▁King ▁Pas en adi , ▁another ▁follow er ▁of ▁the ▁Bud d ha , ▁to ▁himself ▁start ▁gener ous ▁patron age ▁of ▁Buddh ism . ▁ ▁Buddh ist ▁sch ol ars ▁George ▁D . ▁Bond ▁and ▁An anda ▁W . P ▁G ur uge , ▁point ▁to ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁as ▁evidence ▁that ▁the ▁Buddh ist ▁path ▁for ▁lay ▁people ▁and ▁the ▁re wards ▁of ▁gener os ity ▁in ▁Buddh ism ▁are ▁not ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁path ▁to ▁N ir v ana ▁that ▁is ▁the ▁focus ▁of ▁Buddh ist ▁mon ast ics . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Vis ak ha ▁ ▁Al msg iving ▁ ▁D ā na ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Access ▁to ▁Ins ight : ▁An ath ap ind ika - ▁The ▁Great ▁Ben ef actor ▁ ▁What ▁the ▁Bud d ha ▁Sa id : ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁Biography ▁of ▁An ath ap ind ika ▁Series ▁- ▁Th ai ▁with ▁Eng ▁Sub ▁ ▁Category : For em ost ▁dis ci ples ▁of ▁G aut ama ▁Bud d ha ▁Category : 5 th - century ▁BC ▁people ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Buddh ism ▁Category : J ata ka ▁tales <0x0A> </s> ▁Char l ton a ▁a ri ad na ▁is
▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Stanisław ▁B ł es zy ński ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Ant an an ar ivo , ▁Mad agas car . ▁ ▁The ▁for ew ings ▁of ▁this ▁species ▁are ▁ 1 6 – 2 0 mm . ▁Its ▁ground ▁colour ▁is ▁brown ish ▁with ▁a ▁light ▁bas al ▁strip ed ▁diff using ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁wing . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁moth s ▁of ▁Mad agas car ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Cr amb inae ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Edward ▁John ▁Hugh es ▁C M ▁O BC ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁January ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁artist . ▁ ▁Hugh es ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁North ▁V ancouver , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada , ▁and ▁spent ▁a ▁significant ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁child hood ▁in ▁N ana imo , ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁R ais ed ▁during ▁the ▁De pression , ▁he ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁V ancouver ▁School ▁of ▁App lied ▁Art ▁and ▁Design ▁where ▁he ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁His ▁talent ▁was ▁recognized ▁early , ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁teachers ▁was ▁Frederick ▁Var ley ▁of ▁the ▁Group ▁of ▁Seven ▁( art ists ), ▁and ▁another ▁member , ▁Law ren ▁Harris , ▁recommended ▁him ▁for ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁Em ily ▁Car
r ▁Sch olar ship . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁he ▁formed ▁a ▁partners hip ▁with ▁the ▁m ural ist ▁Paul ▁Gor anson ▁and ▁Or ville ▁Fish er ▁in ▁a ▁commercial ▁art ▁firm . ▁ ▁Hugh es ▁died ▁of ▁card iac ▁arrest ▁in ▁Dun can , ▁BC ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 3 . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁When ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁he ▁en list ed ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Art illery ▁as ▁a ▁gun ner ▁and ▁was ▁posted ▁to ▁England . ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁Canada ' s ▁official ▁war ▁artists . ▁Hugh es ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁England ▁and ▁Al aska ▁where ▁he ▁dep icted ▁concern ▁for ▁ordinary ▁men ▁caught ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁world wide ▁event . ▁ ▁Post - W ar ▁period ▁After ▁being ▁dis charg ed ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁Canada ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁Fern ▁and ▁settled ▁in ▁Sh awn igan ▁Lake ▁on ▁V ancouver ▁Island . ▁Hugh es ▁spent ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁living ▁on ▁V ancouver ▁Island ▁ ▁where ▁he ▁purs ued ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁and ▁its ▁landscape ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁artist . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁Hugh es ' ▁reputation ▁grew , ▁especially ▁after ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁represented ▁by ▁Max ▁Stern ,
▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁Domin ion ▁Gallery ▁in ▁Montreal . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁eigh teen ▁Canadian ▁artists ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Pacific ▁Railway ▁to ▁paint ▁a ▁m ural ▁for ▁the ▁interior ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Park ▁cars ▁entering ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁Canadian ▁trans cont inental ▁train . ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁mur als ▁dep icted ▁a ▁different ▁national ▁or ▁provincial ▁park ; ▁Hugh es ' ▁was ▁Twe eds mu ir ▁Provin cial ▁Park . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Canada ▁Post ▁used ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁images ▁(" Christ ie ▁Pass , ▁Hur st ▁Island , ▁B , C .") ▁on ▁a ▁stamp ▁comm emor ating ▁ 1 2 5 ▁years ▁of ▁Confeder ation . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁Hugh es ' ▁paint ings ▁are ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁strong ▁and ▁appe aling ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁landscape ▁and ▁se as cape ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁Jack ▁Sh ad bol t ▁described ▁Hugh es ▁as ▁" the ▁most ▁eng aging ▁intuit ive ▁painter ▁of ▁the ▁BC ▁landscape ▁since ▁Em ily ▁Car r ." ▁His ▁distinct ive ▁style ▁of ▁painting ▁is ▁marked ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁fl atten ed ▁space , ▁ske wed ▁perspective , ▁and ▁simplified ▁shapes . ▁ ▁The ▁paint ings ▁combine ▁comp elling ▁clar ity ▁with ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁unknown ▁and ▁an ▁appreci ation ▁for ▁natural ▁surr ound ings . ▁ ▁Hugh es ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁Hugh es
▁was ▁awarded ▁with ▁Honor ary ▁Doctor ates ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Victoria ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁the ▁Em ily ▁Car r ▁Institute ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁and , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁Both ▁of ▁these ▁awards ▁c ited ▁his ▁dedic ation ▁to ▁representing ▁Canada ▁with ▁passion ▁and ▁original ity . ▁ ▁The ▁V ancouver ▁Art ▁Gallery ▁has ▁the ▁most ▁extensive ▁holding ▁of ▁Hugh es ' ▁work ▁in ▁public ▁hands ▁and ▁mounted ▁a ▁major ▁ret ros pective ▁exhibition ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁His ▁painting ▁Lake ▁Ok an agan ▁was ▁purchased ▁at ▁a ▁rural ▁Ontario ▁yard ▁sale ▁for ▁C $ 2 0 0 . ▁Six ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁purch aser ▁sold ▁it ▁at ▁au ction ▁for ▁$ 4 0 2 , 5 0 0 . ▁ ▁Books ▁▁ ▁" E . ▁J . ▁Hugh es ", ▁by ▁Ian ▁Thom ▁( S en ior ▁cur ator , ▁V ancouver ▁Art ▁Gallery ). ▁A ▁ 2 2 6 - page ▁hard cover ▁book ▁published ▁by ▁Douglas ▁& ▁Mc Int y re ▁and ▁the ▁V ancouver ▁Art ▁Gallery ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁. ▁This ▁book ▁was ▁the ▁cat olog ue ▁for ▁the ▁E . ▁J . ▁Hugh es ▁exhibition ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁at ▁the ▁V ancouver
▁Art ▁Gallery ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁Mc Michael ▁Canadian ▁Art ▁Collection ▁in ▁Klein burg , ▁Ontario , ▁and ▁also ▁at ▁the ▁Art ▁Gallery ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁Victoria . ▁ ▁A ▁J our ney ▁with ▁E . J . ▁Hugh es , ▁By ▁Jacques ▁Bar be au , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ 1 8 0 - page ▁hard cover , ▁Douglas ▁& ▁Mc Int y re . ▁ ▁E . J . ▁Hugh es : ▁The ▁Man ▁and ▁His ▁Art , ▁by ▁Jane ▁G . ▁Cole ▁( Art ▁Professor , ▁V ancouver ▁Island ▁University ), ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁N ana imo ▁Art ▁Gallery . ▁ 3 2 - page ▁paper back . ▁This ▁bi ography ▁was ▁published ▁to ▁co inci de ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁G ic l ée ▁prints ▁from ▁the ▁Est ate ▁of ▁E . J . ▁Hugh es . ▁ ▁Film ▁'' E J ▁Hugh es ▁Rest oration : ▁Tri umph ▁over ▁hard ▁times ," ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁HD ▁document ary ▁on ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁E J ▁Hugh es ▁and ▁the ▁rest oration ▁of ▁his ▁Mal asp ina ▁m ural , ▁a ▁large ▁ 9 x 1 2 ▁foot ▁work ▁of ▁art ▁now ▁worth ▁over ▁ 4 ▁million ▁dollars . ▁The ▁document ary ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Leo ▁Award , ▁and ▁won ▁a ▁Gold ▁Rem i ▁from ▁the ▁H ust on ▁International ▁Film ▁festival . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁site , ▁retrieved ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May
▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁pain ters ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁pain ters ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : L ands cape ▁artists ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁N ana imo ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁North ▁V ancouver ▁Category : Em ily ▁Car r ▁University ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design ▁al umn i ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts <0x0A> </s> ▁S obre ▁la ▁ind ol encia ▁de ▁los ▁fil ip inos ▁(" On ▁the ▁Ind ol ence ▁of ▁the ▁Filip inos " ▁in ▁Spanish ) ▁is ▁a ▁so cio - polit ical ▁ess ay ▁published ▁in ▁La ▁solid ar idad ▁in ▁Madrid ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁José ▁R iz al ▁as ▁a ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁accus ation ▁of ▁Ind io ▁or ▁Mal ay ▁ind ol ence . ▁He ▁adm its ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁ind ol ence ▁among ▁the ▁Filip inos , ▁but ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁attributed ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁reasons . ▁He ▁traces ▁its ▁causes ▁to ▁factors ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁climate ▁and ▁social ▁dis orders . ▁He ▁def ends ▁the ▁Filip inos ▁by ▁saying ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁by ▁nature
▁not ▁ind ol ent , ▁because ▁in ▁fact , ▁even ▁before ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁Sp ani ards , ▁Filip inos ▁have ▁been ▁engaged ▁in ▁economic ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁agricult ure ▁and ▁trade . ▁Ind ol ence ▁therefore ▁has ▁more ▁deeply ▁root ed ▁causes ▁such ▁as ▁ab use ▁and ▁disc rim ination . ▁ ▁A ▁similar ▁work ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Sy ed ▁Hus sein ▁Al at as , ▁entitled ▁The ▁M yth ▁of ▁the ▁Laz y ▁Native . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 1 ▁▁ ▁R iz al ▁acknowled ges ▁the ▁prior ▁work ▁of ▁[[ G reg orio ▁Del ▁P ilar ] ▁and ▁adm its ▁that ▁ind ol ence ▁does ▁exist ▁among ▁the ▁Filip inos , ▁but ▁it ▁cannot ▁be ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁troubles ▁and ▁back ward ness ▁of ▁the ▁country ; ▁rather ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁back ward ness ▁and ▁troubles ▁experienced ▁by ▁the ▁country . ▁Past ▁writ ings ▁on ▁ind ol ence ▁revol ve ▁only ▁on ▁either ▁den ying ▁or ▁aff irm ing , ▁and ▁never ▁studying ▁its ▁causes ▁in ▁depth . ▁One ▁must ▁study ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁ind ol ence , ▁R iz al ▁says , ▁before ▁cur ing ▁it . ▁He ▁therefore ▁enumer ates ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁ind ol ence ▁and ▁elabor ates ▁on ▁the ▁circumstances ▁that ▁have ▁led ▁to ▁it . ▁The ▁hot ▁climate , ▁he ▁points ▁out , ▁is ▁a ▁reasonable ▁pre dis position ▁for ▁ind ol ence . ▁Filip inos ▁cannot ▁be ▁compared ▁to ▁Europe ans , ▁who ▁live ▁in ▁cold ▁countries ▁and ▁who
▁must ▁ex ert ▁much ▁more ▁effort ▁at ▁work . ▁An ▁hour ' s ▁work ▁under ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁sun , ▁he ▁says , ▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁a ▁day ' s ▁work ▁in ▁temper ate ▁regions . ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 2 ▁▁ ▁R iz al ▁says ▁that ▁an ▁ill ness ▁will ▁w ors en ▁if ▁the ▁wrong ▁treatment ▁is ▁given . ▁The ▁same ▁applies ▁to ▁ind ol ence . ▁People , ▁however , ▁should ▁not ▁lose ▁hope ▁in ▁fighting ▁ind ol ence . ▁Even ▁before ▁the ▁Sp ani ards ▁arrived , ▁R iz al ▁arg ues , ▁the ▁early ▁Filip inos ▁were ▁already ▁carrying ▁out ▁trade ▁within ▁provinces ▁and ▁with ▁other ▁neighbor ing ▁countries ; ▁they ▁were ▁also ▁engaged ▁in ▁agricult ure ▁and ▁min ing ; ▁some ▁n atives ▁even ▁spoke ▁Spanish . ▁All ▁this ▁dis pro ves ▁the ▁notion ▁that ▁Filip inos ▁are ▁by ▁nature ▁ind ol ent . ▁R iz al ▁ends ▁by ▁asking ▁what ▁then ▁would ▁have ▁caused ▁Filip inos ▁to ▁forget ▁their ▁past . ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 3 ▁ ▁R iz al ▁enumer ates ▁several ▁reasons ▁that ▁may ▁have ▁caused ▁the ▁Filip inos ' ▁cultural ▁and ▁economic ▁dec ad ence . ▁The ▁frequent ▁wars , ▁ins urre ctions , ▁and ▁invas ions ▁have ▁brought ▁dis order ▁to ▁the ▁communities . ▁Cha os ▁has ▁been ▁w ides p read , ▁and ▁destruction ▁r amp ant . ▁Many ▁Filip inos ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁sent ▁abroad ▁to ▁fight ▁wars ▁for ▁Spain ▁or ▁for ▁exped itions . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁population ▁has ▁decre ased
▁in ▁number . ▁Due ▁to ▁forced ▁labor , ▁many ▁men ▁have ▁been ▁sent ▁to ▁ship y ards ▁to ▁construct ▁vessels . ▁Meanwhile , ▁n atives ▁who ▁have ▁had ▁enough ▁of ▁ab use ▁have ▁gone ▁to ▁the ▁mountains . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁far ms ▁have ▁been ▁neglect ed . ▁The ▁so - called ▁ind ol ence ▁of ▁Filip inos ▁definitely ▁has ▁deeply ▁root ed ▁causes . ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 4 ▁ ▁Filip inos , ▁according ▁to ▁R iz al , ▁are ▁not ▁responsible ▁for ▁their ▁mis fortun es , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁their ▁own ▁master s . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁government ▁has ▁not ▁encourag ed ▁labor ▁and ▁trade , ▁which ▁ceased ▁after ▁the ▁government ▁treated ▁the ▁country ' s ▁neighbor ing ▁trade ▁partners ▁with ▁great ▁susp icion . ▁Trade ▁has ▁decl ined , ▁further more , ▁because ▁of ▁pir ate ▁attacks ▁and ▁the ▁many ▁restrictions ▁im posed ▁by ▁the ▁government , ▁which ▁gives ▁no ▁aid ▁for ▁cro ps ▁and ▁far mers . ▁This ▁and ▁the ▁ab use ▁suffered ▁under ▁en com ender os ▁have ▁caused ▁many ▁to ▁abandon ▁the ▁fields . ▁Business es ▁are ▁mon opol ized ▁by ▁many ▁government ▁officials , ▁red ▁t ape ▁and ▁b ri ber y ▁operate ▁on ▁a ▁wide ▁scale , ▁r amp ant ▁g amb ling ▁is ▁toler ated ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁This ▁situation ▁is ▁comp ounded ▁by ▁the ▁Church ' s ▁wrong ▁doctrine ▁which ▁holds ▁that ▁the ▁rich ▁will ▁not ▁go ▁to ▁heaven , ▁thus ▁eng ender ing ▁a ▁wrong ▁attitude ▁toward ▁work .
▁There ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁education ▁against ▁n atives . ▁These ▁are ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁reasons ▁that ▁R iz al ▁c ites ▁as ▁causing ▁the ▁d eter ior ation ▁of ▁values ▁among ▁the ▁Filip inos . ▁ ▁Chapter ▁ 5 ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁R iz al , ▁all ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁ind ol ence ▁can ▁be ▁reduced ▁to ▁two ▁factors . ▁The ▁first ▁factor ▁is ▁the ▁limited ▁training ▁and ▁education ▁Filip ino ▁n atives ▁receive . ▁Seg reg ated ▁from ▁Sp ani ards , ▁Filip inos ▁do ▁not ▁receive ▁the ▁same ▁opportun ities ▁that ▁are ▁available ▁to ▁the ▁foreign ers . ▁They ▁are ▁taught ▁to ▁be ▁inferior . ▁The ▁second ▁factor ▁is ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁sentiment ▁of ▁unity ▁among ▁them . ▁Because ▁Filip inos ▁think ▁they ▁are ▁inferior , ▁they ▁submit ▁to ▁the ▁foreign ▁culture ▁and ▁do ▁everything ▁to ▁im itate ▁it . ▁The ▁solution , ▁according ▁to ▁R iz al , ▁would ▁be ▁education ▁and ▁liberty . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Sy ed ▁Hus sein ▁Al at as ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 ▁ess ays ▁Category : Work s ▁by ▁José ▁R iz al <0x0A> </s> ▁Lincoln ▁County ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Wy oming . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁United ▁States ▁Census , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 8 , 1 0 6 . ▁Its ▁county ▁seat ▁is ▁K em mer er . ▁Its ▁western ▁border ▁ab uts ▁the ▁east ▁border ▁of
▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Ut ah . ▁ ▁History ▁Lincoln ▁County ▁was ▁created ▁February ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁with ▁land ▁det ached ▁from ▁U inta ▁County . ▁Its ▁government ▁was ▁organized ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁county ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln , ▁six teenth ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁port ions ▁of ▁Lincoln ▁County ▁were ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁create ▁Sub lette ▁County ▁and ▁T eton ▁County , ▁leaving ▁Lincoln ▁County ▁with ▁its ▁present ▁borders . ▁ ▁Geography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁county ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁is ▁land ▁and ▁ ▁( 0 . 5 %) ▁is ▁water . ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁count ies ▁ ▁T eton ▁County ▁– ▁north ▁Sub lette ▁County ▁– ▁n ortheast ▁S weet water ▁County ▁– ▁east ▁U inta ▁County ▁– ▁south ▁Rich ▁County , ▁Ut ah ▁– ▁south west ▁Bear ▁Lake ▁County , ▁Id aho ▁– ▁west ▁Car ib ou ▁County , ▁Id aho ▁– ▁north west ▁B onne ville ▁County , ▁Id aho ▁– ▁north west ▁ ▁National ▁protected ▁areas ▁▁ ▁Br id ger - T eton ▁National ▁Forest ▁( part ) ▁ ▁Car ib ou - T arg he e ▁National ▁Forest ▁( part ) ▁ ▁Co ke ville ▁M ead ows ▁National ▁Wild life ▁Ref uge ▁ ▁F oss il ▁But te ▁National ▁Monument ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census ▁As
▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁United ▁States ▁Census , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 4 , 5 7 3 ▁people , ▁ 5 , 2 6 6 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 3 , 9 4 9 ▁families ▁in ▁the ▁county . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 4 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 / km ²). ▁There ▁were ▁ 6 , 8 3 1 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 2 ▁per ▁square mile ▁( 1 / km ²). ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁was ▁ 9 7 . 1 5 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 1 0 % ▁Black ▁or ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 5 7 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 2 3 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 0 5 % ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁ 0 . 7 1 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 1 . 1 9 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁ 2 . 1 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race . ▁ 2 9 . 0 % ▁were ▁of ▁English , ▁ 1 4 . 6 % ▁German , ▁ 9 . 5 % ▁American ▁and ▁ 6 . 1 % ▁Irish ▁ancest ry . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 5 , 2 6 6 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 6 . 5 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 6 6 . 7
% ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 5 . 1 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 5 . 0 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 1 . 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 7 . 9 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 7 5 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 2 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁county ▁population ▁contained ▁ 3 0 . 9 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 7 . 2 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 5 . 4 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 4 . 2 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 2 . 4 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 7 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 0 2 . 0 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 0 1 . 3 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁was ▁$ 4 0 , 7 9 4 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 4
4 , 9 1 9 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 3 7 , 3 5 3 ▁versus ▁$ 2 0 , 9 2 8 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁county ▁was ▁$ 1 7 , 5 3 3 . ▁About ▁ 6 . 4 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 9 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 1 1 . 6 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 6 . 4 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁United ▁States ▁Census , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 8 , 1 0 6 people , ▁ 6 , 8 6 1 house holds , ▁and ▁ 4 , 9 5 7 famil ies ▁in ▁the ▁county . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁. ▁There ▁were ▁ 8 , 9 4 6 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁was ▁ 9 5 . 4 % ▁white , ▁ 0 . 8 % ▁American ▁Indian , ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 2 % ▁black ▁or ▁African ▁American , ▁ 2 . 0 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 1 . 2 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁Those ▁of ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁origin ▁made ▁up ▁ 4 .
3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁In ▁terms ▁of ▁ancest ry , ▁ 2 5 . 7 % ▁were ▁English , ▁ 2 0 . 1 % ▁were ▁American , ▁ 1 9 . 2 % ▁were ▁German , ▁ 7 . 5 % ▁were ▁Irish , ▁and ▁ 5 . 0 % ▁were ▁Italian . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁ 6 , 8 6 1 house holds , ▁ 3 4 . 4 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 6 3 . 2 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 5 . 3 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁ 2 7 . 8 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies , ▁and ▁ 2 2 . 8 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 6 3 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 1 1 . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 7 . 4 ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁was ▁$ 5 7 , 7 9 4 ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 6 5 , 3 4 7 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 4 9 , 0 8 7 ▁versus ▁$ 3 0 , 5 3 9 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁county ▁was ▁$ 2 4 , 4 2 1 .
▁About ▁ 4 . 6 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 8 . 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 1 4 . 2 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 6 . 2 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁American ▁Community ▁Survey ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁American ▁Community ▁Survey , ▁the ▁largest ▁ancest ries / eth nic ities ▁in ▁Lincoln ▁County , ▁Wy oming ▁were : ▁ 2 7 . 3 % ▁were ▁of ▁English ▁ancest ry ▁ 1 7 . 9 % ▁were ▁of ▁German ▁ancest ry ▁ 1 0 . 6 % ▁were ▁of ▁" American " ▁ancest ry ▁ 7 . 5 % ▁were ▁of ▁Irish ▁ancest ry ▁ 4 . 2 % ▁were ▁of ▁Italian ▁ancest ry . ▁ ▁Education ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁school ▁districts ▁in ▁the ▁county , ▁Lincoln ▁County ▁School ▁District ▁Number ▁ 1 , ▁which ▁includes ▁K em mer er ▁High ▁School , ▁and ▁Lincoln ▁County ▁School ▁District ▁Number ▁ 2 , ▁which ▁includes ▁Star ▁Valley ▁High ▁School . ▁ ▁Commun ities ▁ ▁City ▁ ▁K em mer er ▁( count y ▁seat ) ▁ ▁Town s ▁▁ ▁A ft on ▁ ▁Al pine ▁ ▁Co ke ville ▁ ▁Diam ond ville ▁ ▁La ▁Bar ge ▁ ▁Op al ▁ ▁Star ▁Valley ▁R anch ▁ ▁Th ay ne ▁ ▁Census - design ated ▁places ▁▁ ▁Al pine ▁N ortheast ▁ ▁Al pine ▁North
west ▁ ▁A ub urn ▁ ▁Bed ford ▁ ▁Et na ▁ ▁Fair view ▁ ▁Font en elle ▁ ▁Fre edom ▁ ▁Gro ver ▁ ▁Nord ic ▁ ▁Oak ley ▁ ▁O sm ond ▁ ▁Sm oot ▁ ▁Taylor ▁ ▁Turner ville ▁ ▁Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁▁ ▁Al pine ▁J unction ▁ ▁Border ▁J unction ▁ ▁Front ier ▁ ▁H ams f ork ▁ ▁S age ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁Lincoln ▁County ▁vot ers ▁are ▁reli ably ▁Republican . ▁In ▁only ▁one ▁national ▁election ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁has ▁the ▁county ▁selected ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁nom ine e . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Lincoln ▁County , ▁Wy oming ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Star ▁Valley ▁Wy oming ▁in ▁Lincoln ▁County ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Wy oming ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁K uw ait ▁Super ▁Cup ▁was ▁between ▁league ▁and ▁Em ir ▁Cup ▁champions ▁K uw ait ▁SC ▁and ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Cup ▁w inners ▁Q ads ia ▁SC . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁K uw ait ▁League ▁F i xt ures ▁and ▁Results ▁at ▁FIFA ▁K uw ait i ▁Super ▁Cup ▁( A rab ic ) ▁goal zz . com ▁- ▁Super ▁Cup ▁ ▁Category : K uw ait ▁Premier ▁League ▁seasons ▁Super ▁Cup <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁A ubre y ▁Ada ir ▁( J anu ary ▁ 2 5
, ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁December ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁baseball ▁inf iel der , ▁manager ▁and ▁coach . ▁Although ▁he ▁played ▁only ▁briefly ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball , ▁as ▁a ▁short stop ▁for ▁the ▁ ▁Chicago ▁C ubs , ▁Ada ir ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁minor ▁league ▁player ▁and ▁manager , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁Major ▁League ▁coach ▁and ▁sc out . ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁W ax ah ach ie , ▁Texas , ▁he ▁was ▁associated ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁with ▁a ▁fellow ▁towns man , ▁Paul ▁Rich ards , ▁who ▁as ▁a ▁manager ▁or ▁general ▁manager ▁employed ▁Ada ir ▁as ▁a ▁coach ▁for ▁three ▁ML B ▁teams . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁ ▁Ada ir ▁attended ▁East ▁Texas ▁Bapt ist ▁University ▁and ▁Marshall ▁University . ▁He ▁batt ed ▁and ▁threw ▁right - hand ed , ▁and ▁stood ▁ 5 ' 1 0 ½ " ▁( 1 7 9 cm ) ▁tall ▁and ▁we ighed ▁ 1 5 5 ▁pounds ▁( 7 0 kg ). ▁His ▁professional ▁playing ▁career ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁with ▁the ▁Mex ia , ▁Texas , ▁G ush ers ▁of ▁the ▁Class ▁D ▁L one ▁Star ▁League , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁was ▁playing ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁minor ▁le agues ▁with ▁the ▁Reading ▁Ke yst ones ▁of ▁the ▁AA ▁International ▁League . ▁After ▁batt ing ▁. 2 8 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁called ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁C
ubs ▁in ▁August . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁month ▁he ▁appeared ▁in ▁eigh teen ▁games ▁at ▁short stop , ▁gar ner ing ▁ 2 1 ▁hits ▁in ▁ 7 6 ▁at ▁b ats — a ▁batt ing ▁average ▁of ▁. 2 7 6 — including ▁three ▁doubles ▁and ▁one ▁triple , ▁no ▁home ▁runs ▁and ▁three ▁runs ▁batt ed ▁in . ▁He ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁min ors ▁to ▁for ge ▁a ▁successful ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁second ▁bas eman ▁for ▁the ▁Louis ville ▁Col on els ▁of ▁the ▁Class ▁AA ▁American ▁Association ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁batt ing ▁over ▁. 3 0 0 ▁three ▁times . ▁ ▁Manager ial ▁career ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Ada ir ▁became ▁a ▁manager ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁playing ▁ski pper ▁of ▁the ▁Long view ▁Tex ans ▁of ▁the ▁Class ▁C ▁East ▁Texas ▁League . ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Ada ir ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁farm ▁systems ▁of ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Brow ns ▁and ▁Philadelphia ▁Athletics ; ▁he ▁managed ▁in ▁the ▁Double - A ▁Texas ▁League ▁with ▁the ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Miss ions ▁and ▁Dallas ▁E ag les ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁Rich ards ▁became ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Chicago ▁White ▁So x ▁and ▁Ada ir ▁served ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁coach es ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 1 – 5 2 ▁seasons ▁before ▁res uming ▁his ▁minor ▁league ▁man
aging ▁career . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁Rich ards ▁brought ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁maj ors ▁as ▁a ▁coach ▁with ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁Ori oles . ▁Ada ir ▁spent ▁five ▁seasons ▁under ▁Rich ards ▁in ▁Baltimore ▁( 1 9 5 7 – 6 1 ), ▁and ▁then ▁followed ▁Rich ards ▁to ▁the ▁Houston ▁Col t ▁. 4 5 s / A st ros ▁for ▁four ▁more ▁years ▁( 1 9 6 2 – 6 5 ) ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Houston ▁co aching ▁staff . ▁After ▁ret iring ▁from ▁the ▁field , ▁Ada ir ▁became ▁a ▁sc out ▁for ▁the ▁Kansas ▁City ▁and ▁Oak land ▁Athletics ▁and ▁the ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Roy als . ▁He ▁died ▁from ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁at ▁age ▁ 7 5 ▁in ▁Dallas , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Sp ink , ▁C . C . ▁Johnson , ▁ed ., ▁The ▁Baseball ▁Register . ▁St . ▁Louis : ▁The ▁Sport ing ▁News , ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁Johnson , ▁Lloyd , ▁and ▁Wol ff , ▁Mil es , ▁ed ., ▁The ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Minor ▁League ▁Baseball . ▁Dur ham , ▁North ▁Carolina : ▁Baseball ▁America , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁death s ▁Category : August a ▁T yg ers ▁players ▁Category : B alt imore ▁Ori oles ▁coach es ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : B irmingham ▁Bar ons ▁players ▁Category
: Ch icago ▁C ubs ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁White ▁So x ▁coach es ▁Category : D allas ▁Reb els ▁players ▁Category : D allas ▁Ste ers ▁players ▁Category : Den ver ▁B ears ▁players ▁Category : E ast ▁Texas ▁Bapt ist ▁Tig ers ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : Hel ena ▁Se apor ters ▁players ▁Category : Hol lywood ▁Stars ▁players ▁Category : H ou ston ▁Ast ros ▁coach es ▁Category : H ou ston ▁Col t ▁. 4 5 s ▁coach es ▁Category : Ind ian apolis ▁Indians ▁players ▁Category : K ansas ▁City ▁Athletics ▁sc outs ▁Category : K ansas ▁City ▁Roy als ▁sc outs ▁Category : Long view ▁Tex ans ▁players ▁Category : Louis ville ▁Col on els ▁( min or ▁league ) ▁players ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁first ▁base ▁coach es ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁short st ops ▁Category : Mar sh all ▁Th und ering ▁H erd ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : Min or ▁league ▁baseball ▁man agers ▁Category : O ak land ▁Athletics ▁sc outs ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁W ax ah ach ie , ▁Texas ▁Category : Read ing ▁Ke yst ones ▁players ▁Category : St . ▁Paul ▁Sain ts ▁( AA ) ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Antonio ▁Miss ions ▁man agers ▁Category : San ▁Francisco ▁Se als ▁( base ball ) ▁players ▁Category : Spring field ▁Brow ns ▁players ▁Category : S y rac use ▁Chief s ▁players ▁Category : To led o ▁M ud ▁H ens ▁players ▁Category
: W aco ▁C ubs ▁players ▁Category : Wil kes - Bar re ▁Bar ons ▁( base ball ) ▁players ▁Category : Base ball ▁coach es ▁from ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Lu cide us ▁is ▁an ▁international ▁enter prise ▁cy ber security ▁company . ▁The ▁name ▁Lu cide us ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁Luc ifer ▁( S atan ) ▁and ▁De us ▁( G od ), ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁business ▁of ▁hack ing ▁for ▁good . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Sak et ▁Mod i , ▁along ▁with ▁co - found ers ▁Vid it ▁B axi ▁and ▁Rah ul ▁Ty agi , ▁started ▁Lu cide us ▁as ▁a ▁cy ber security ▁training ▁vent ure . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Lu cide us ▁launched ▁its ▁enter prise ▁cy ber - security ▁services . ▁The ▁company ' s ▁clients ▁range ▁across ▁B F SI , ▁manufact uring , ▁consumer ▁goods , ▁consumer ▁internet ▁and ▁other ▁areas . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Lu cide us ▁launched ▁a ▁cy ber ▁risk ▁quant ification ▁( CR Q ) ▁tool ▁called ▁S AF E ▁( Security ▁Ass ess ment ▁Framework ▁for ▁Enter pr ises ), ▁which ▁helps ▁business es ▁and ▁govern ments ▁measure ▁and ▁reduce ▁their ▁cy ber ▁ris ks ▁in ▁real ▁time .. ▁The ▁product ▁earned ▁two ▁awards ▁for ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁The ▁S AF E ▁platform ▁has ▁been ▁integrated ▁with ▁various ▁technology ▁vend ors , ▁including ▁Sym ante c , ▁Mc A fe e
, ▁Tan ium , ▁and ▁IBM ▁to ▁provide ▁real - time ▁cy ber ▁risk ▁assess ment . ▁ ▁Work ▁for ▁the ▁Indian ▁Government ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Lu cide us ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁security ▁assess ment ▁of ▁the ▁B har at ▁Interface ▁for ▁M oney ▁( B H IM ) ▁application , ▁an ▁A ad ha ar - based ▁mobile ▁payment ▁platform ▁built ▁by ▁National ▁Pay ments ▁Corporation ▁of ▁India . ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁company ▁won ▁an ▁acc ol ade ▁at ▁the ▁national ▁entrepr ene ur ship ▁awards ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Sk ill ▁Development ▁and ▁Entre pr ene ur ship . ▁ ▁Part ners hip ▁Lu cide us ▁has ▁signed ▁R & D ▁agre ements ▁and ▁conduct s ▁research ▁on ▁cy ber ▁security ▁at ▁Techn ion ▁University ▁and ▁M IT . ▁It ▁has ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Del hi ▁on ▁a ▁year - long ▁post grad uate ▁di pl oma ▁course ▁in ▁cy ber ▁security . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Lu cide us ▁signed ▁a ▁p act ▁with ▁Bomb ay ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁cy ber security ▁operations ▁centre ▁( SO C ). ▁ ▁Fund ▁raising ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Lu cide us ▁raised ▁an ▁und is closed ▁amount ▁of ▁fund ing ▁from ▁ang el ▁invest ors , ▁including ▁Am it ▁Ran jan , ▁An ur ag ▁Go el , ▁Raj an ▁An and an , ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8
, ▁Lu cide us ▁announced ▁its ▁Series ▁A ▁Fund ing ▁of ▁$ 5 ▁million , ▁led ▁by ▁John ▁Ch amb ers . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Lu cide us ▁raised ▁$ 7 M ▁in ▁a ▁fresh ▁round ▁of ▁fund ing ▁led ▁by ▁MS & AD ▁vent ures , ▁the ▁vent ure ▁capital ▁division ▁of ▁ ▁MS & AD ▁In sur ance ▁Group ▁Hold ings . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁Lu cide us ▁Linked In ▁Page ▁ ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁Del hi ▁Category : Comput er ▁security ▁companies ▁▁ ▁Category : Te chn ology ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Category : So ftware ▁companies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁Belg ian ▁television ▁related ▁events ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Events ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁- ▁S inger ▁Sam ▁Go oris ▁wins ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁VI P s . ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁- ▁Ellen ▁D uf our ▁wins ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther . ▁ ▁Deb uts ▁ ▁Television ▁shows ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁Sam son ▁en ▁G ert ▁( 1 9 9 0 – present ) ▁Familie ▁( 1 9 9 1 – present ) ▁W itte ker ke ▁( 1 9 9 3 - 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Th uis ▁( 1 9 9 5 – present ) ▁Wie
▁wordt ▁mult im il jon air ? ▁( 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 2 ) ▁W iz zy ▁& ▁W opp y ▁( 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 7 ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁Big ▁& ▁B ets y ▁( 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 3 ) ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁( 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁End ing ▁this ▁year ▁ ▁B irth s ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁in ▁Belg ium <0x0A> </s> ▁Cal li ost oma ▁micro gem mat um ▁is ▁an ▁ext inct ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk , ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cal li ost om at idae ▁within ▁the ▁super family ▁Tro cho idea , ▁the ▁top ▁sn ails , ▁tur ban ▁sn ails ▁and ▁their ▁al lies . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁species ▁occurs ▁in France . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Cal li ost om at idae ▁Category : F oss il ▁tax a ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁television ▁sit com ▁that ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁I TV ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁It ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Ron ald ▁Ch es ney ▁and ▁Ron ald ▁Wol fe , ▁who ▁wrote ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁episodes . ▁It ▁spawn ed ▁three ▁spin - off ▁feature ▁films ▁and
▁a ▁stage ▁version . ▁Despite ▁the ▁writers ' ▁previous ▁success es ▁with ▁The ▁R ag ▁Trade ▁and ▁Me et ▁the ▁W ife ▁with ▁the ▁BBC , ▁the ▁corpor ation ▁rejected ▁On ▁the ▁B uses , ▁not ▁seeing ▁much ▁comedy ▁potential ▁in ▁a ▁bus ▁dep ot ▁as ▁a ▁setting . ▁The ▁comedy ▁partners hip ▁turned ▁to ▁Frank ▁Mu ir , ▁Head ▁of ▁Entertainment ▁at ▁London ▁Week end ▁Television , ▁who ▁loved ▁the ▁idea ; ▁the ▁show ▁was ▁accepted ▁and ▁despite ▁a ▁poor ▁critical ▁reception ▁became ▁a ▁hit ▁with ▁view ers . ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁is ▁cent red ▁on ▁the ▁Number ▁ 1 1 ▁bus , ▁at ▁the ▁Lu xt on ▁and ▁District ▁Motor ▁Tra ction ▁Company , ▁a ▁green ▁and ▁cre am ▁double - de cker ▁cre wed ▁by ▁driver ▁Stan ▁Butler ▁and ▁his ▁pal ▁conduct or ▁Jack ▁Har per . ▁With ▁its ▁" b aw dy , ▁com ic ▁post card ▁hum our ▁and ▁resol utely ▁working - class ▁out look " ▁the ▁series ▁became ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁British ▁comedy ▁series ▁of ▁its ▁era , ▁if ▁not ▁all ▁time ." ▁At ▁the ▁Butler ▁household , ▁the ▁typical ▁scene ▁would ▁involve ▁a ▁family ▁argument ▁around ▁the ▁breakfast ▁table , ▁whilst ▁at ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot , ▁there ▁was ▁always ▁fun ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁the ▁crew ' s ▁" et ernal ▁nem esis " ▁Ins pect or ▁Bla ke , ▁recogn is able ▁from ▁to oth br ush ▁m oust ache ▁and ▁fa cial ▁cont ort ions . ▁ ▁Cast
▁and ▁characters ▁ ▁Main ▁characters ▁ ▁Reg ▁Var ney ▁as ▁Stanley ▁" St an " ▁Butler ▁– ▁a ▁bus ▁driver ▁who ▁works ▁for ▁the ▁Lu xt on ▁and ▁District ▁Tra ction ▁Company ▁along ▁with ▁Jack ▁and ▁Bla key . ▁He ▁lives ▁with ▁his ▁mother ▁M abel , ▁sister ▁O live ▁and ▁brother - in - law ▁Arthur . ▁Stan ▁frequently ▁ch ats ▁up ▁the ▁cli pp ies ▁at ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot ▁and ▁his ▁ant ics ▁often ▁include ▁con co ct ing ▁schemes ▁to ▁b unk ▁off ▁work , ▁gain ▁favour ▁from ▁girls ▁or ▁solve ▁pred ic aments ▁caused ▁by ▁his ▁family . ▁Though ▁he ▁is ▁rarely ▁serious , ▁has ▁a ▁dis reg ard ▁for ▁authority ▁and ▁is ▁r ude ▁to ▁women ▁he ▁de ems ▁un att ract ive , ▁Stan ▁is ▁ultimately ▁good - n ature d ▁at ▁heart ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁help ▁those ▁he ▁car es ▁for . ▁While ▁he ▁lov es ▁his ▁family , ▁he ▁frequently ▁subjects ▁sister ▁O live ▁and ▁brother - in - law ▁Arthur ▁to ▁j okes ▁at ▁their ▁exp ense , ▁and ▁is ▁frequently ▁ir rit ated ▁by ▁his ▁mother ' s ▁traditional ▁mor als ▁and ▁rules . ▁Due ▁to ▁his ▁play boy ▁attitude ▁towards ▁girls ▁and ▁care free ▁approach ▁to ▁life , ▁he ▁is ▁oft ent imes ▁blind ▁or ▁ignor ant ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁issues ▁such ▁as ▁his ▁health , ▁appearance ▁and ▁success . ▁He ▁mostly ▁triumph s ▁over ▁his ▁rival ▁Ins pect or ▁Bla ke ▁but ▁on ▁occasion , ▁has ▁fallen ▁f oul ▁of
▁the ▁Ins pect or ' s ▁wr ath . ▁ ▁Cic ely ▁Court ne idge ▁( series ▁ 1 ) ▁and ▁Dor is ▁H are ▁( series ▁ 2 – 7 ) ▁as ▁M abel ▁" M um " ▁Butler , ▁Stan ' s ▁mother . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁ma iden ▁in ▁dist ress ▁when ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁money . ▁The ▁Butler ▁household ▁is ▁forever ▁losing ▁money ▁and ▁regularly ▁getting ▁the ▁electric ity ▁cut ▁off . ▁M abel ▁is ▁frequently ▁caught ▁up ▁in ▁arguments ▁between ▁Arthur , ▁O live ▁and ▁Stan ▁but ▁man ages ▁to ▁retain ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁mat ernal ▁order ▁over ▁them . ▁She ▁is ▁rather ▁traditional , ▁bel ieving ▁in ▁the ▁san ct ity ▁of ▁marriage ▁and ▁family , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁critic ising ▁lic ent ious ▁behaviour ▁in ▁women . ▁Despite ▁her ▁strong ▁moral ▁comp ass ▁however , ▁she ▁sometimes ▁turns ▁a ▁blind ▁eye ▁to ▁Stan ' s ▁equally ▁s ult ry ▁ways ▁and ▁near - c riminal ▁high ▁j inks ▁at ▁his ▁job . ▁Anna ▁Kar en ▁as ▁O live ▁Rud ge , ▁Stan ' s ▁sister . ▁O live ▁is ▁always ▁being ▁critic ised ▁by ▁her ▁husband ▁Arthur , ▁even ▁though ▁she ▁helps ▁her ▁m um ▁with ▁household ▁jobs ▁and ▁frequently ▁helps ▁Stan ▁with ▁the ▁decor ating . ▁O live ▁has ▁twice ▁been ▁a ▁cli pp ie ▁at ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot , ▁both ▁times ▁being ▁un success ful . ▁She ▁is ▁always ▁wanting ▁" an ▁early ▁night " ▁with ▁Arthur , ▁much ▁to ▁his ▁dis ple
asure . ▁Michael ▁Rob b ins ▁as ▁Arthur ▁Rud ge , ▁Stan ' s ▁brother - in - law . ▁Some what ▁al o of ▁and ▁stuck ▁up , ▁he ▁frequently ▁res ists ▁O live ' s ▁int imate ▁adv ances . ▁His ▁hospital ▁operation ▁is ▁a ▁frequent ▁source ▁of ▁rid ic ule ▁from ▁Stan ▁and ▁Jack . ▁( Al though ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁procedure ▁is ▁never ▁dis closed , ▁it ▁is ▁imp lied ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁vas ect omy ▁or ▁a ▁h ern ia ). ▁ ▁Arthur ▁is ▁always ▁tam per ing ▁with ▁his ▁motor bi ke , ▁which ▁usually ▁falls ▁apart . ▁Arthur ▁has ▁a ▁mother ▁( play ed ▁by ▁Gill ian ▁Lind ) ▁and ▁a ▁younger ▁sister ▁called ▁L inda ▁( play ed ▁by ▁Helen ▁F ras er ) ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁stay ▁at ▁the ▁Butler ▁household ▁for ▁Christmas ▁then ▁later ▁attend ▁the ▁Box ing ▁Day ▁Social ▁party ▁at ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot . ▁Bob ▁Grant ▁as ▁Jack ▁Har per , ▁Stan ' s ▁conduct or , ▁best ▁friend ▁( although ▁throughout ▁the ▁series ▁he ▁regularly ▁attempts ▁to ▁dis cred it ▁Stan ▁by ▁under hand ed ▁means , ▁such ▁as ▁in nu endo , ▁accus ation ▁or ▁the ▁like ) ▁and ▁next - door ▁neighbour . ▁He ▁and ▁Stan ▁are ▁always ▁getting ▁into ▁trouble ▁and ▁getting ▁repr im and ed ▁by ▁Ins pect or ▁Bla ke . ▁Whether ▁it ▁is ▁tam per ing ▁with ▁radio ▁controls , ▁putting ▁" DI VERSION " ▁road ▁signs ▁in ▁the ▁wrong ▁places
▁or ▁going ▁on ▁dates ▁with ▁the ▁b ux om ▁cli pp ies , ▁they ▁are ▁always ▁getting ▁into ▁sc rap es . ▁Jack ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁shop ▁ste ward ▁of ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot , ▁and ▁frequently ▁ab uses ▁his ▁position ▁to ▁th wart ▁Bla key ' s ▁schemes , ▁usually ▁with ▁the ▁catch phr ase ▁" As ▁shop ▁ste ward ▁I ▁am ▁here ▁to ▁tell ▁you ..... ". ▁Stephen ▁Lewis ▁as ▁Cy ril ▁" B la key " ▁Bla ke ▁– ▁the ▁inspect or ▁at ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot . ▁When ever ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁" br illiant ▁idea " ▁at ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot , ▁it ▁is ▁usually ▁Bla key ' s . ▁These ▁are ▁usually ▁elaborate ▁schemes ▁to ▁temper ▁Stan ' s ▁and ▁Jack ' s ▁frequent ▁in sub ord ination , ▁or ▁to ▁ent rap ▁them ▁in ▁their ▁mis ad vent ures ▁in ▁a ▁bid ▁to ▁get ▁them ▁fired . ▁However ▁Bla key ' s ▁schemes ▁typically ▁back fire ▁with ▁h il ari ous ▁consequences , ▁and ▁land ▁him ▁either ▁in ▁trouble ▁with ▁the ▁General ▁Manager ▁or ▁in ▁hospital . ▁ ▁Rec urr ing ▁characters ▁ ▁Michael ▁She ard ▁as ▁the ▁General ▁Manager ▁of ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot . ▁He ▁often ▁arg ues ▁with ▁Bla key ▁about ▁something ▁that ▁the ▁latter ▁has ▁done . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁judge ▁at ▁the ▁garden ing ▁competition ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁" G arden ing ▁Time ". ▁ ▁Made le ine ▁M ills ▁and ▁Sand ra ▁Miller ▁as ▁the ▁Ins pect or '
s ▁nie ce . ▁She ▁was ▁played ▁twice ▁by ▁M ills ▁and ▁twice ▁by ▁Miller . ▁In ▁her ▁first ▁two ▁appearances , ▁she ▁and ▁Stan ▁are ▁in ▁a ▁relationship ; ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁they ▁are ▁engaged , ▁but ▁split ▁up ▁after ▁a ▁tea ▁party ▁at ▁Stan ' s ▁house . ▁In ▁her ▁third ▁appearance ▁she ▁married ▁Bill , ▁a ▁bus ▁driver ▁at ▁the ▁dep ot . ▁She ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁episode ▁" The ▁New ▁Nur se ". ▁Sand ra ▁Bry ant ▁as ▁Sand ra , ▁a ▁cli pp ie ▁at ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot . ▁Her ▁character ▁is ▁seen ▁frequently ▁throughout ▁the ▁sevent h ▁series . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁sevent h ▁series , ▁she ▁goes ▁on ▁a ▁date ▁with ▁Stan ▁to ▁the ▁cinema , ▁until ▁O live ▁comes ▁along ▁too . ▁▁ ▁Terry ▁D ug gan ▁and ▁Norman ▁Mitchell ▁as ▁Nob by ▁– ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot ' s ▁mechan ics . ▁He ▁often ▁ass ists ▁Stan ▁and ▁Jack ▁in ▁their ▁typical ▁schemes ▁and ▁mis ad vent ures . ▁ ▁Pat ▁N ye ▁as ▁Mrs ▁Bla ke , ▁The ▁Ins pect or ' s ▁mother ▁who ▁is ▁dom ine ering ▁and ▁un ple asant ▁and ▁she ▁tre ats ▁him ▁like ▁a ▁little ▁boy . ▁ ▁Series ▁production ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 7 4 ▁episodes ▁of ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁were ▁broadcast ▁over ▁seven ▁series . ▁Three ▁spin - off ▁films ▁were ▁also ▁released . ▁ ▁All ▁episodes ▁and ▁films ▁of ▁On ▁The ▁B uses ▁were ▁set ▁in
▁the ▁fict ional ▁town ▁of ▁Lu xt on . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁sevent h ▁series ▁Arthur , ▁who ▁is ▁not ▁seen , ▁has ▁left ▁O live ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁divor ced . ▁O live ▁again ▁gets ▁a ▁job ▁as ▁a ▁cli pp ie ▁on ▁the ▁bus es ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁short ▁of ▁money . ▁Stan ▁takes ▁a ▁job ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁England ▁in ▁a ▁car ▁factory ▁in ▁the ▁" Good bye ▁Stan " ▁episode , ▁and ▁the ▁Ins pect or ▁takes ▁Stan ' s ▁old ▁room ▁as ▁a ▁lod ger . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁two ▁five - min ute ▁Christmas ▁spe ci als ▁were ▁made ▁by ▁L WT ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁All ▁Star ▁Com edy ▁Car n ival ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁I TV ' s ▁answer ▁to ▁the ▁BBC ' s ▁Christmas ▁Night ▁with ▁the ▁Stars ▁programme . ▁The ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁edition ▁has ▁been ▁lost , ▁but ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁edition ▁– ▁featuring ▁a ▁go ose ▁that ▁the ▁cast ▁are ▁ch asing ▁for ▁Christmas ▁dinner ▁– ▁exists ▁in ▁the ▁Th ames ▁Television ▁archive , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁owned ▁by ▁F rem ant le Media . ▁A ▁spin - off ▁series , ▁Don ' t ▁Dr ink ▁the ▁Water ▁( 1 9 7 4 – 7 5 ), ▁ran ▁for ▁th ir teen ▁episodes , ▁featuring ▁Bla ke ▁ret iring ▁to ▁Spain ▁with ▁his ▁sister ▁Dor othy ▁( Pat ▁Co omb s
). ▁ ▁Reg ▁Var ney ▁under to ok ▁a ▁PC V ▁driving ▁test ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁fil med ▁driving ▁the ▁bus ▁for ▁the ▁exterior ▁scenes . ▁ ▁The ▁earlier ▁series ▁were ▁recorded ▁at ▁London ▁Week end ▁Television ' s ▁original ▁stud ios ▁in ▁W emble y ▁( now ▁F ount ain ▁Studios ). ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁L WT ▁re located ▁to ▁new ▁stud ios ▁on ▁the ▁South ▁Bank ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁Th ames ; ▁here ▁the ▁outside ▁doors ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁and ▁secondary ▁stud ios ▁were ▁too ▁small ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁the ▁double - de cker ▁bus es ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁series . ▁Therefore , ▁single ▁de cker ▁bus es ▁were ▁used ▁and ▁a ▁p lywood ▁mock - up ▁of ▁an ▁upper ▁deck ▁was ▁lower ed ▁from ▁a ▁light ing ▁rig . ▁ ▁Fil med ▁external ▁sh ots ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁series . ▁L WT ▁arranged ▁with ▁the ▁now ▁def unct ▁Eastern ▁National ▁Om n ibus ▁Company ▁to ▁use ▁its ▁bus es ▁at ▁Wood ▁Green ▁bus ▁gar age ▁in ▁North ▁London . ▁They ▁were ▁shown ▁as ▁belonging ▁to ▁Lu xt on ▁and ▁District . ▁Lu xt on ▁is ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁Es sex , ▁and ▁actual ▁Es sex ▁towns ▁including ▁South end - on - Se a , ▁Bas ild on , ▁Bra int ree ▁and ▁T il bury ▁are ▁all ▁mentioned . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁bus ▁route ▁term ini ▁was ▁" C emetery ▁G ates ", ▁for ▁which ▁L WT ▁used ▁the ▁entrance ▁to
▁Lav ender ▁Hill ▁C emetery . ▁A ▁different ▁Lav ender ▁Hill ▁in ▁B atter se a ▁also ▁features ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁series , ▁featuring ▁the ▁town ▁hall , ▁now ▁the ▁B atter se a ▁Arts ▁Centre . ▁ ▁The ▁fourth ▁series ▁was ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁I TV ▁colour ▁strike , ▁with ▁seven ▁of ▁th ir teen ▁episodes ▁being ▁made ▁in ▁black ▁and ▁white . ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁ ▁Th eme ▁music ▁The ▁theme ▁music ▁for ▁the ▁series , ▁entitled ▁" H appy ▁Harry ", ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Tony ▁Russell . ▁ ▁Films ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁spin - off ▁films ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁Ham mer ▁Film ▁Produ ctions . ▁They ▁are ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁( 1 9 7 1 ), ▁Mut iny ▁on ▁the ▁B uses ▁( 1 9 7 2 ), ▁and ▁Hol iday ▁on ▁the ▁B uses ▁( 1 9 7 3 ), ▁set ▁in ▁a ▁hol iday ▁camp . ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁became ▁Britain ' s ▁top ▁box ▁office ▁film ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁films ▁were ▁set ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁canon ▁to ▁the ▁series ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁films , ▁Arthur ▁and ▁O live ▁manage ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁child ▁despite ▁their ▁apparently ▁sex less ▁marriage ▁and ▁Arthur ' s ▁' operation ' ▁– ▁the ▁exact ▁nature ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁never ▁explicitly ▁revealed . ▁Arthur ' s ▁operation ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁film , ▁but ▁later ▁O live ▁gives ▁birth ▁to ▁their ▁baby ▁son . ▁The ▁three ▁films ▁follow ▁a ▁loose
▁story ▁arc ▁which ▁shows ▁their ▁son ▁( L ittle ▁Arthur ) ▁growing ▁up . ▁O live ▁is ▁pre gn ant ▁with ▁a ▁second ▁child ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Mut iny , ▁but ▁no ▁mention ▁of ▁this ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁film , ▁Hol iday , ▁set ▁mainly ▁in ▁a ▁Hol iday ▁Camp . ▁The ▁bus ▁dep ot ▁becomes ▁The ▁Town ▁& ▁District ▁Bus ▁Company ▁instead ▁of ▁The ▁Lu xt on ▁& ▁District ▁Tra ction ▁Company . ▁The ▁bus es ▁in ▁the ▁films ▁are ▁mostly ▁red ▁ones , ▁with ▁one ▁green ▁one ▁( not ▁including ▁the ▁W inds or ▁Safari ▁Park ▁tour ▁bus ▁in ▁Mut iny ▁On ▁The ▁B uses ). ▁ ▁American ▁adaptation ▁The ▁format ▁of ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁America , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁re made ▁by ▁N BC ▁as ▁L ots a ▁L uck , ▁st arring ▁Dom ▁De Lu ise ▁as ▁Stanley ▁Bel mont ▁with ▁Kath le en ▁Fre eman ▁as ▁I ris ▁Bel mont , ▁his ▁m um , ▁W yn n ▁Ir win ▁as ▁Arthur ▁Sw ann , ▁B ever ly ▁Sand ers ▁as ▁O live ▁Sw ann ▁and ▁Jack ▁Knight ▁as ▁B ummy ▁Pf itzer , ▁his ▁best ▁friend . ▁Epis odes ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁On ▁The ▁B uses ▁scripts ▁were ▁adapted ▁by ▁such ▁American ▁writers ▁as ▁Carl ▁Re iner , ▁Bill ▁Pers ky ▁and ▁Sam ▁Den off . ▁Ins pect or ▁Bla ke ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁counter part ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁version ; ▁and , ▁in ▁another ▁significant ▁change ▁to
▁the ▁story line , ▁Stan ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁lost ▁property ▁office ▁at ▁the ▁bus ▁dep ot ▁rather ▁than ▁being ▁a ▁driver . ▁After ▁a ▁pilot ▁was ▁made , ▁the ▁sit com ▁ran ▁for ▁one ▁series ▁of ▁ 2 2 ▁episodes ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 – 7 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁success , ▁and ▁has ▁never ▁been ▁screen ed ▁in ▁Britain . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁Despite ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁with ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁public , ▁TV ▁review ers ▁and ▁histor ians ▁have ▁generally ▁held ▁the ▁show ▁in ▁lower ▁regard . ▁In ▁its ▁section ▁on ▁situation ▁com ed ies , ▁The ▁Gu in ness ▁Book ▁of ▁Classic ▁British ▁TV ▁describes ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁as ▁I TV ' s ▁" long est ▁running ▁and ▁most ▁self - cons ci ously ▁un fun ny ▁series ". ▁TV ▁rev iewer ▁Victor ▁Lewis - Smith ▁later ▁critic ised ▁the ▁then ▁head ▁of ▁London ▁Week end ▁Television , ▁Frank ▁Mu ir , ▁for ▁green - light ing ▁the ▁programme , ▁which ▁Lewis - Smith ▁called ▁" the ▁w retch ed ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ". ▁Daily ▁Te legraph ▁journalist ▁Max ▁David son , ▁discuss ing ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁British ▁comedy , ▁listed ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" un fun ny ▁sit com s ▁of ▁the ▁time ", ▁while ▁The ▁Guardian ' s ▁David ▁St ub bs ▁referred ▁to ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁as ▁ ▁" a ▁by word ▁for ▁ 7 0
s ▁sit com ▁medi ocr ity ". ▁On ▁The ▁B uses ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁sort ▁of ▁sex ism ▁that ▁was ▁r ife ▁in ▁society ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁occurr ing ▁after ▁the ▁fre ed oms ▁of ▁sexual ▁liber ation , ▁but ▁before ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁femin ism ; ▁in ▁particular , ▁the ▁der ision ▁towards ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁female ▁characters ▁( O live ▁Rud ge ) ▁for ▁being ▁un att ract ive , ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁younger ▁attract ive ▁bus ▁staff ▁would ▁be ▁regularly ▁looking ▁to ▁have ▁sex ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁main ▁middle - aged ▁male ▁characters ▁( Var ney ▁and ▁Grant , ▁who ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁film ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁were ▁ 5 5 ▁and ▁ 3 9 ▁respectively ). ▁Some ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁also ▁featured ▁a ▁black ▁character ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Ch alk y , ▁which ▁might ▁be ▁constru ed ▁as ▁rac ist ▁by ▁modern ▁standards . ▁ ▁Fe ature d ▁bus es ▁The ▁red ▁Town ▁& ▁District ▁bus es ▁were ▁Br istol ▁K SW s ▁with ▁Eastern ▁Co ach ▁Works ▁bodies . ▁These ▁were ▁former ▁Eastern ▁National . ▁Stan ' s ▁and ▁Jack ' s ▁" regular " ▁bus ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁V NO 8 5 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁green ▁Lu xt on ▁& ▁District ▁bus es ▁were ▁Br istol ▁L ode kk as ▁with ▁body work ▁by
▁Eastern ▁Co ach ▁Works ▁of ▁Low esto ft . ▁In ▁reality ▁these ▁were ▁Eastern ▁National ▁bus es ▁( in ▁some ▁episodes ▁bus es ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁with ▁Eastern ▁National ▁on ▁the ▁side ), ▁although ▁as ▁mentioned ▁earlier , ▁the ▁later ▁interior ▁dep ot ▁sh ots ▁were ▁in ▁fact ▁' d ummy ' ▁bus es . ▁Some ▁' d ummy ' ▁bus es ▁were ▁real ▁single - deck ▁bus es ▁with ▁a ▁wooden ▁frame ▁on ▁top , ▁such ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁Series ▁ 3 ▁episode ▁" Radio ▁Control ", ▁when ▁the ▁bus ▁has ▁crash ed ▁into ▁the ▁bridge . ▁The ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁bus ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁AV W 3 9 9 F . ▁In ▁later ▁episodes ▁the ▁EN B ▁symbol ▁appears ▁next ▁to ▁Lu xt on ▁& ▁District . ▁ ▁Stan ' s ▁usual ▁bus es , ▁AV W 3 9 9 F ▁and ▁A EV 8 1 1 F , ▁are ▁both ▁still ▁ext ant , ▁in ▁L ille , ▁France ▁and ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁episode ▁of ▁series ▁ 6 , ▁former ▁London ▁Transport ▁bus ▁R TL 1 5 5 7 ▁( OL D 6 6 6 ) ▁is ▁featured ▁and ▁bur nt ▁out . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁A ▁stage ▁play ▁called ▁Bus man ' s ▁Hol iday , ▁written ▁by ▁Sam ▁C ree , ▁star red ▁Stephen ▁Lewis , ▁Bob ▁Grant ▁and ▁Anna ▁Kar en . ▁It ▁was ▁performed ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁summer ▁season ▁at
▁the ▁Pav il ion ▁Theatre , ▁Tor qu ay . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁character ▁names ▁were ▁different ▁from ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁television ▁series . ▁ ▁Look - in , ▁a ▁UK ▁children ' s ▁magazine , ▁serial ised ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁in ▁com ic ▁stri ps ▁between ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 1 – May ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁They ▁were ▁drawn ▁by ▁cart oon ist ▁Harry ▁North ▁and ▁the ▁TV ▁series ' ▁often ▁b aw dy , ▁sex ist ▁hum our ▁was ▁suit ably ▁dil uted ▁for ▁a ▁younger ▁audience . ▁ ▁A ▁board ▁game ▁of ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Den ys ▁Fish er ▁games ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁Harry ▁En field ▁and ▁Paul ▁White house ▁did ▁several ▁sketch es ▁using ▁the ▁characters ▁of ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁to ▁l am po on ▁the ▁hum our ▁of ▁the ▁show . ▁ ▁Pl anned ▁sequ el ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁there ▁were ▁plans ▁to ▁rev ive ▁the ▁series ▁as ▁Back ▁on ▁the ▁B uses , ▁and ▁the ▁original ▁cast ▁appeared ▁on ▁W og an ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁new ▁series . ▁However , ▁although ▁a ▁pilot ▁script ▁was ▁written , ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁made . ▁Back ▁On ▁The ▁B uses ▁was ▁to ▁feature ▁Stan ▁Butler , ▁having ▁run ▁his ▁own ▁business ▁for ▁some ▁years ▁and ▁made ▁some ▁money , ▁starting ▁his ▁own ▁bus ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁newly ▁der eg ulated ▁market , ▁and ▁h iring ▁Jack ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁him
. ▁As ▁they ▁attempt ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁company ▁off ▁the ▁ground , ▁they ▁discover ▁a ▁rival ▁company ▁has ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁town , ▁owned ▁by ▁none ▁other ▁than ▁Bla key . ▁The ▁comedy ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁would ▁have ▁come ▁from ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁business es , ▁and ▁how ▁Stan ▁and ▁Jack ▁attempted ▁to ▁battle ▁Bla key ' s ▁bigger ▁and ▁more ▁professional ▁company . ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁ ▁Region ▁ 1 ▁Visual ▁Entertainment ▁released ▁On ▁the ▁B uses : ▁The ▁Ult imate ▁Collection , ▁an ▁eleven - dis c ▁box ▁set ▁featuring ▁the ▁complete ▁series ▁on ▁DVD ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Region ▁ 2 ▁Network ▁DVD ▁released ▁On ▁the ▁B uses : ▁The ▁Complete ▁Series ▁box ▁set ▁on ▁DVD ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁for ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁time . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁box ▁set ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁rep ack aged ▁version . ▁They ▁have ▁also ▁released ▁each ▁series ▁individually . ▁ ▁Region ▁ 4 ▁Bey ond ▁Home ▁Entertainment ▁released ▁the ▁entire ▁series ▁on ▁DVD ▁in ▁seven ▁series ▁sets ▁between ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁– ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Series ▁ 1 ▁to ▁Series ▁ 5 ▁were ▁rep ack ed ▁into ▁standard ▁DVD ▁cases ▁as ▁original ▁releases ▁were ▁in ▁gate fold ▁dig
ip aks ▁with ▁a ▁s lip ▁box . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁they ▁released ▁The ▁Complete ▁Series ▁ 1 1 - D VD ▁box ▁set . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁individual ▁series ▁were ▁re - re leased ▁through ▁I TV ▁Studios . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁and ▁Season ▁ 2 ▁were ▁released ▁separately ▁( pre viously ▁released ▁together ) ▁on ▁ 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁Se asons ▁ 4 ▁and ▁Season ▁ 5 ▁on ▁ 6 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁is ▁unknown ▁if ▁remaining ▁seasons ▁will ▁be ▁issued . ▁The ▁complete ▁Series ▁was ▁rep ack aged ▁and ▁re - re leased ▁on ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Re pe ats ▁The ▁original ▁series ▁was ▁originally ▁repeated ▁on ▁Gran ada ▁Plus ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁until ▁it ▁closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁repeated ▁on ▁UK ▁G OL D ▁and ▁is ▁currently ▁being ▁repeated ▁quite ▁often ▁on ▁I TV 3 ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁still ▁to ▁date ▁as ▁of ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Fox ▁Class ics ▁on ▁the ▁Australian ▁Fox ▁cable ▁network ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ' s ▁' J ones ' ▁channel ▁on ▁Sky ▁regularly ▁show ▁the ▁series . ▁As ▁of ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁series ▁is ▁broadcast ▁by ▁Dutch ▁‘ old ies ’ ▁cable ▁channel ▁O NS . ▁ ▁References ▁
▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁F an club ▁Official ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁Facebook ▁page ▁Official ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁Twitter ▁account ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁British ▁sit com s ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁British ▁work place ▁comedy ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁British ▁sit com s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁British ▁work place ▁comedy ▁television ▁series ▁Category : B uses ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : IT V ▁sit com s ▁Category : Lond on ▁Week end ▁Television ▁program mes ▁▁ ▁Category : T ele vision ▁programs ▁adapted ▁into ▁films ▁Category : T ele vision ▁programs ▁adapted ▁into ▁plays ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁about ▁sib lings ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁by ▁I TV ▁Studios ▁Category : T ele vision ▁shows ▁set ▁in ▁Es sex <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 2 th ▁African ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athletics ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁Al gi ers , ▁Al ger ia ▁between ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁at ▁the ▁St ade ▁ 5 ▁Ju illet ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁results ▁ ▁Field ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁results ▁ ▁Track ▁ ▁Field ▁ ▁Medal ▁table ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁in
▁athlet ics ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Results ▁– ▁G BR ▁Athletics ▁ ▁Category : A fr ican ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athletics ▁A ▁African ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athletics ▁▁ ▁African ▁Championships ▁in ▁Athletics ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁Al gi ers ▁Category : 2 0 th ▁century ▁in ▁Al gi ers ▁Category : Intern ational ▁athlet ics ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Al ger ia <0x0A> </s> ▁An atol y ▁Ivan ov ich ▁R ass kaz ov ▁( ; ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁– ▁ 1 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁staff ▁photograph er ▁and ▁illustr ator ▁at ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Ch ern ob yl ▁power ▁station . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁to ▁photograph ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Ch ern ob yl ▁nuclear ▁dis aster . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁R ass kaz ov ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁in ▁Nov o ek onom ich ne , ▁K ras no ar me y sk ▁Ra ion , ▁Don et sk ▁O blast , ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁Document ation ▁of ▁Ch ern ob yl ▁dis aster ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁after ▁the ▁mel td own , ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁by ▁plant ▁authorities , ▁who ▁gathered ▁in ▁a ▁b unker ▁and ▁wanted ▁to ▁determine ▁what ▁had ▁occurred , ▁to ▁photograph ▁the ▁scene ▁from ▁a ▁hel ic opter . ▁He ▁was ▁accompanied ▁by ▁two ▁soldiers ▁and ▁two
▁civ ili ans ▁from ▁At om ener go ▁Moscow ▁Advanced ▁Training ▁Institute . ▁Back ▁to ▁the ▁b unker , ▁R ass kaz ov ▁was ▁ordered ▁by ▁Vik tor ▁Pet rov ich ▁Bry uk han ov , ▁the ▁plant ▁director , ▁to ▁also ▁take ▁photos ▁from ▁the ▁ground , ▁shooting ▁two ▁roll s ▁of ▁film ▁in ▁total . ▁The ▁first ▁roll ▁of ▁film ▁was ▁bur nt ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁radiation . ▁The ▁second ▁was ▁only ▁slightly ▁dam aged ▁by ▁the ▁radiation . ▁He ▁also ▁documented ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁s arc oph ag us ▁around ▁the ▁re actor . ▁Most ▁of ▁his ▁photos ▁were ▁never ▁published . ▁The ▁ones ▁that ▁were ▁chosen ▁for ▁reprodu ction ▁were ▁carefully ▁chosen ▁and / or ▁edited ▁to ▁down play ▁the ▁damage . ▁Years ▁later , ▁they ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁a ▁book ▁without ▁acc red itation . ▁ ▁He ▁suffered ▁from ▁burn s ▁and ▁vom iting ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁night ▁and ▁has ▁had ▁un he aled ▁radiation ▁burn s ▁on ▁his ▁fore head . ▁His ▁continued ▁work ▁around ▁the ▁re actor ▁during ▁the ▁clean - up ▁contributed ▁further ▁to ▁his ▁radiation ▁poison ing , ▁which ▁he ▁has ▁bl amed ▁for ▁his ▁" ru ined " ▁health , ▁which ▁has ▁included ▁blood ▁dise ases ▁and ▁cancer . ▁ ▁Death ▁R ass kaz ov ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁" after ▁suffering ▁for ▁years ▁from ▁cancer ▁and ▁blood ▁dise ases ▁that ▁he ▁bl amed ▁on ▁the ▁radiation ". ▁ ▁References ▁
▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Picture : ▁An atol y ▁R ass kaz ov ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁Ch ern ob yl ▁nuclear ▁power ▁station , ▁some ▁months ▁before ▁the ▁dis aster . ▁UN I AN ▁( in ▁Ukrain ian ). ▁ ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁photograph ers ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Ch ern ob yl ▁liquid ators ▁Category : S ov iet ▁photograph ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Pok rov sk ▁Ra ion ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁Tim on in sk aya ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁M ish ut in sko ye ▁R ural ▁S ett lement , ▁V oz he god sky ▁District , ▁V olog da ▁O blast , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁The ▁distance ▁to ▁V oz he ga ▁is ▁ 7 3 ▁km , ▁to ▁M ish ut in sk aya ▁is ▁ 7 ▁km . ▁Yes in sk aya , ▁Al fer ye v sk aya , ▁Los h chin sk aya , ▁Gla z un ov sk aya ▁are ▁the ▁nearest ▁rural ▁local ities . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁V olog da ▁O blast ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁V oz he god sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Er lik ily ika ▁( c . 1 8 6 5
▁– ▁c . 1 9 3 0 ), ▁known ▁to ▁Europe ans ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁Jim ▁K ite ▁or ▁Jim ▁Ky te ▁or ▁Jim ▁K ite ▁Pen ang ke , ▁was ▁an ▁Ab original ▁Australian ▁sculpt or , ▁artist ▁and ▁anth rop ological ▁interpreter . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁Arr ern te ▁man , ▁born ▁into ▁the ▁Southern ▁Arr ern te ▁or ▁P ert ame ▁language ▁group ▁in ▁Central ▁Australia . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Central ▁Australian ▁artist ▁to ▁be ▁nation ally ▁recogn ised ▁for ▁his ▁art istic ▁talent , ▁in ▁particular ▁his ▁car v ings ▁of ▁animals ▁in ▁soft ▁stone , ▁illustr ations ▁and ▁sculpt ures , ▁after ▁an ▁exhibition ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Ad ela ide , ▁South ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁Life ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁for ▁certain , ▁Er lik ily ika ▁was ▁probably ▁born ▁close ▁to ▁his ▁ancest ral ▁home ▁of ▁A kel ty e ▁( or ▁Ok il cha ), ▁later ▁known ▁as ▁McK en zie ' s ▁Water hole , ▁on ▁the ▁C og lin ▁Creek , ▁around ▁ 1 8 6 0 – 1 8 6 5 , ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁European ▁expl orer , ▁John ▁Mc D ou all ▁Stuart ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁southern ▁Arr ern te ▁man , ▁whose ▁home ▁language ▁was ▁P ert ame , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Southern ▁Arr ern te . ▁McK en zie ' s ▁Water hole ▁was
▁about ▁six ▁miles ▁east ▁of ▁Charlotte ▁W aters , ▁a ▁tiny ▁settlement ▁cluster ed ▁around ▁a ▁te legraph ▁station ▁which ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Over land ▁Te legraph ▁Line . ▁As ▁a ▁young ▁boy ▁Er lik ily ika ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁te legraph ▁station , ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁life . ▁He ▁also ▁worked ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁the ▁line , ▁learning ▁English ▁and ▁Kay t ety e ▁( or ▁Kay te j ), ▁and ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁generation ▁to ▁grow ▁up ▁during ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁great ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁Art ist ▁and ▁anth rop ologist ▁His ▁career ▁as ▁an ▁artist ▁started ▁with ▁car ving ▁things ▁like ▁local ▁animals ▁and ▁pipe ▁st ems ▁from ▁white ▁soap stone ▁( ste at ite ) ▁and ▁s elling ▁ ▁these ▁car v ings ▁to ▁passing ▁trav ellers . ▁He ▁used ▁simple ▁tools ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁car ving ▁work : ▁pen kn ife , ▁wire ▁and ▁a ▁she aring ▁bla de . ▁ ▁Er lik ily ika ▁met ▁Frank ▁Gill en ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁travel led ▁with ▁him ▁and ▁Walter ▁Bald win ▁Sp encer ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 0 2 ▁cross - cont inental ▁anth rop ological ▁expedition , ▁acting ▁as ▁guide , ▁interpreter ▁( as ▁the ▁sole ▁speaker ▁of ▁Kay t ety e ▁on ▁the ▁expedition ) ▁and ▁virtual ▁research ▁assistant . ▁Show ing ▁remarkable ▁art istic ▁talent , ▁he ▁made ▁numerous ▁sketch es ▁on
▁the ▁trip , ▁and ▁also ▁sculpt ed ▁items ▁from ▁wood ▁and ▁ka olin ite . ▁Jason ▁Gib son ▁notes ▁that ▁he ▁" sc ulpt ed ▁and ▁decor ated ▁objects ▁of ▁wood ▁and ▁ka olin ▁me ers cha um ▁cl ay ". ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁own ▁symbol ic ▁notes ▁to ▁assist ▁Sp encer ▁in ▁his ▁recording ▁of ▁a ▁" D ream ing - story ", ▁and ▁also ▁made ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁unusual ▁illustr ations ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁Gill en ' s ▁not ebook s . ▁They ▁were ▁also ▁accompanied ▁by ▁another ▁Arr ern te ▁man , ▁Par unda , ▁known ▁as ▁War wick . ▁Gill en ▁gave ▁Er lik ily ika ▁a ▁book ▁to ▁draw ▁in , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁artist ▁created ▁ 2 7 ▁elaborate ▁draw ings ▁detail ing ▁his ▁daily ▁life ▁and ▁culture ▁of ▁their ▁camp ▁– ▁action ▁sequences , ▁representations ▁of ▁a ▁woman ▁and ▁a ▁stock man , ▁port ra its ▁of ▁Sp encer ▁and ▁Par unda ▁– ▁but ▁Gill en ▁retained ▁the ▁book ▁before ▁eventually ▁giving ▁it ▁to ▁his ▁sons . ▁ ▁Gill en ▁recorded ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁vers es ▁of ▁" s ac red " ▁songs , ▁associated ▁with ▁ancest ral ▁be ings . ▁One ▁of ▁these ▁vers es ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁Sp encer ▁as ▁the ▁" rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁S nake ▁of ▁Ok il cha ▁[ A kel ty e ] ", ▁and ▁this ▁verse ▁featured ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁Er lik ily ika . ▁Sp encer ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁the

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