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▁Par agu ay an ▁government ▁into ▁a ▁" Pay agu á ▁regiment ", ▁and ▁transport ed ▁wood ▁and ▁other ▁supplies ▁by ▁bar ge ▁from ▁As un ción ▁to ▁more ▁nor ther ly ▁cities . ▁With ▁their ▁numbers ▁already ▁in ▁decl ine ▁due ▁to ▁disease , ▁alco hol ism , ▁inter mar riage , ▁and ▁integration , ▁the ▁war ▁was ▁a ▁dem ographic ▁dis aster ▁for ▁the ▁Pay agu á ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁Par agu ay ans . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁the ▁Encyc lo pa edia ▁Britannica ▁reported ▁that ▁a ▁" sub du ed ▁rem nant " ▁of ▁the ▁Pay agua ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁Pil com ay o ▁River ▁delta , ▁near ▁As un ción . ▁The ▁last ▁known ▁Pay agu á , ▁Maria ▁Dom ing a ▁Mir anda , ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁Culture ▁The ▁chron ic ler ▁Ulrich ▁Sch mid l ▁described ▁an ▁encounter ▁with ▁the ▁southern ▁Pay agu á ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 6 :" We ▁arrived ▁at ▁a ▁nation ▁called ▁A ige iss ▁[ Pay agu á ]. ▁ ▁They ▁have ▁fish ▁and ▁meat . ▁ ▁Both ▁sex es ▁are ▁tall ▁and ▁well - formed . ▁ ▁The ▁women ▁are ▁pretty . ▁ ▁They ▁paint ▁their ▁bodies ▁and ▁cover ▁their ▁private ▁parts . ▁When ▁we ▁arrived ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁order ▁of ▁battle ▁and ▁ready ▁to ▁fight ▁us ▁on ▁land ▁and ▁water . ▁ ▁We ▁fought ▁and ▁killed ▁many ▁of ▁them . ▁ ▁They ▁killed ▁ 1 5 ▁of
▁our ▁men . ▁ ▁God ▁gives ▁favor ▁to ▁all . ▁ ▁These ▁A ige iss ▁are ▁good ▁f igh ters , ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁all ▁on ▁water , ▁not ▁so ▁good ▁on ▁land . ▁▁ ▁With ▁time ▁to ▁do ▁so , ▁they ▁had ▁made ▁their ▁women ▁and ▁children ▁fle e ▁and ▁had ▁hidden ▁their ▁food ▁and ▁poss essions . ▁ ▁We ▁could ▁not ▁take ▁or ▁benefit ▁from ▁anything ▁of ▁their s . ▁ ▁Time ▁will ▁tell ▁how ▁this ▁turns ▁out ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁M bay á ▁people ▁ ▁Ab ip ón ▁people ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁in ▁Par agu ay ▁Category : Ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : Ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁in ▁Boliv ia ▁Category : Ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁of ▁the ▁Gran ▁Ch aco <0x0A> </s> ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Finn ish ▁DJ ▁and ▁record ▁producer ▁Dar ude . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁from ▁his ▁debut ▁studio ▁album ▁Before ▁the ▁Storm . ▁It ▁shares ▁many ▁similar ▁musical ▁elements ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁single , ▁" S and st orm ", ▁and ▁achieved ▁success ▁throughout ▁Europe , ▁O ce ania , ▁and ▁America . ▁It ▁to pped ▁the ▁singles ▁charts ▁in ▁Finland ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁top ▁ten ▁hit ▁in ▁UK , ▁Ireland , ▁Canada , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁( B ill board ▁Hot ▁Dance ▁Club ▁Play ). ▁ ▁Music ▁video ▁A ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁fil med
▁for ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat ". ▁In ▁the ▁video , ▁Dar ude ▁appears ▁holding ▁a ▁brief case ▁and ▁r iding ▁a ▁Raz or ▁sc oot er . ▁He ▁gets ▁into ▁a ▁D odge ▁Vi per ▁with ▁a ▁young ▁woman ▁and ▁drives ▁through ▁the ▁coun tr ys ide , ▁eventually ▁stopping ▁to ▁meet ▁a ▁hel ic opter . ▁The ▁hel ic opter ▁f lies ▁them ▁to ▁a ▁dance ▁party . ▁Dar ude ▁opens ▁the ▁brief case ▁to ▁reve al ▁a ▁golden ▁LP ▁l abeled ▁" D AR U DE ▁– ▁F E EL ▁THE ▁BE AT ", ▁which ▁he ▁proceed s ▁to ▁play ▁on ▁a ▁tur nt able . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁formats ▁and ▁track ▁list ings ▁of ▁major ▁single ▁releases ▁of ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat ". ▁▁ ▁CD ▁max i ▁– ▁Europe ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( radio ▁version ) ▁— ▁ 4 : 1 8 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( original ▁version ) ▁— ▁ 8 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( JS 1 6 ▁dark ▁mix ) ▁— ▁ 7 : 0 6 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( sound fre ak ▁rem ix ) ▁— ▁ 5 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( missing ▁link ▁rem ix ) ▁— ▁ 4 : 5 4 ▁▁ ▁CD ▁max i ▁– ▁Asia ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( radio ▁edit ) ▁— ▁ 3 : 1
8 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( original ▁mix ) ▁— ▁ 8 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( JS 1 6 ▁dark ▁rem ix ) ▁— ▁ 7 : 1 9 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( R oc co ▁& ▁He ist ▁rem ix ▁ 1 ) ▁— ▁ 7 : 1 9 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( R oc co ▁& ▁He ist ▁rem ix ▁ 2 ) ▁— ▁ 8 : 5 0 ▁▁▁ 1 2 " ▁max i ▁– ▁Europe ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( original ▁mix ) ▁— ▁ 8 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( JS 1 6 ▁dark ▁mix ) ▁— ▁ 7 : 0 6 ▁▁▁ 1 2 " ▁max i ▁– ▁America ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( original ▁club ▁mix ) ▁— ▁ 8 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( missing ▁link ▁rem ix ) ▁— ▁ 4 : 5 4 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( JS 1 6 ▁dark ▁mix ) ▁— ▁ 7 : 0 6 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( sound fre ak ▁rem ix ) ▁— ▁ 5 : 3 5 ▁▁ ▁CD ▁single ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( edit ) ▁— ▁ 3 : 1 8 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( original ▁mix ) ▁— ▁ 8 :
3 6 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( JS ▁ 1 6 ▁dark ▁mix ) ▁— ▁ 7 : 0 6 ▁▁ ▁Cass ette ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( radio ▁edit ) ▁— ▁ 3 : 1 8 ▁ ▁" Fe el ▁the ▁Beat " ▁( radio ▁edit ) ▁— ▁ 3 : 1 8 ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Cert ifications ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁singles ▁( Fin land ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁singles ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁songs ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁singles ▁Category : D ar ude ▁songs ▁Category : Number - one ▁singles ▁in ▁Finland ▁Category : UK ▁Independent ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁number - one ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁M web ant u ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁news ▁ag ency ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁L us aka ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁leading ▁online ▁news ▁website ▁and ▁social ▁media ▁platform ▁in ▁Z amb ia . ▁M web ant u . com ▁is ▁their ▁flags hip ▁website ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁based ▁news ▁publication ▁c ater ing ▁for ▁local ▁Z amb ians ▁and ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁di as por a . ▁ ▁, ▁Ch il am be ▁Kat uta ▁served ▁as ▁editor - in - ch ief . ▁ ▁The ▁innov ation ▁of ▁the ▁publication ▁was ▁concentr ating ▁on ▁breaking ▁news ▁and ▁live ▁coverage ▁of ▁events . ▁M web ant u ▁rep or ters ▁and ▁photograph ers ▁are ▁based ▁in ▁L us aka ▁and ▁they ▁travel
▁wherever ▁the ▁news ▁is ▁happening . ▁M web ant u ▁is ▁also ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁correspond ents ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Market ▁Share ▁ ▁M web ant u ▁currently ▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁biggest ▁online ▁news ▁site ▁in ▁Z amb ia , ▁according ▁to ▁Social b akers . ▁M web ant u ▁has ▁re defined ▁online ▁advert ising ▁with ▁its ▁social , ▁content - dri ven ▁publishing ▁technology ▁in ▁Z amb ia . ▁In ▁Z amb ia , ▁M web ant u ▁provides ▁the ▁most ▁shared ▁news , ▁stories ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁across ▁the ▁web ▁and ▁social ▁media ▁platforms ▁of ▁Facebook , ▁Twitter ▁and ▁Inst agram ▁to ▁its ▁audience ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 ▁million ▁plus ▁daily ▁users ▁and ▁growing . ▁The ▁news ▁service ▁is ▁available ▁on ▁desktop ▁and ▁on ▁mobile . ▁ ▁History ▁M web ant u ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁by ▁Ch il am be ▁Kat uta , ▁a ▁Thom son ▁Re ut ers ▁Foundation ▁Al umn i . ▁Thom son ▁Re ut ers ▁Foundation ▁is ▁the ▁char itable ▁arm ▁of ▁Thom son ▁Re ut ers , ▁the ▁global ▁news ▁and ▁information ▁provider . ▁ ▁The ▁M web ant u ▁website ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁K ason de ▁Mul eng a ▁a ▁Web ▁and ▁Systems ▁Develop er ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Green wich ▁in ▁London , ▁England . ▁ ▁The ▁word ▁' M web ant u ' ▁in ▁local ▁languages ▁or ▁dialect s ▁can ▁literally ▁be ▁translated ▁into ▁“ You ▁the ▁People ”. ▁ ▁References ▁
▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁Z amb ia ▁Category : Z amb ian ▁news ▁websites ▁Category : Internet ▁properties ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Bat man ▁Returns : ▁Original ▁Mot ion ▁Picture ▁Sound track ▁is ▁the ▁score ▁album ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁film ▁Bat man ▁Returns ▁by ▁D anny ▁El f man . ▁The ▁sound track ▁also ▁includes ▁" Face ▁to ▁Face ", ▁written ▁by ▁Si ou xs ie ▁and ▁the ▁B ans he es ▁and ▁El f man , ▁used ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁movie ▁prior ▁to ▁its ▁release . ▁Two ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁music ▁video ▁were ▁made ▁( the ▁other ▁added ▁sh ots ▁from ▁the ▁movie ), ▁and ▁a ▁club ▁version , ▁rem ixed ▁by ▁ 8 0 8 ▁State , ▁was ▁released . ▁El f man ▁added ▁ch orus ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁theme ▁making ▁it ▁similar ▁but ▁not ▁as ▁dark ▁as ▁the ▁original . ▁The ▁sound track ▁is ▁studied ▁by ▁students ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁taking ▁their ▁A - Level s . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" B irth ▁of ▁a ▁P engu in " ▁– ▁ 2 : 2 7 ▁ ▁" Open ing ▁Tit les " ▁– ▁ 3 : 0 9 ▁ ▁" To ▁the ▁Pres ent " ▁– ▁ 0 : 5 7 ▁ ▁" The ▁La ir " ▁– ▁ 4 : 4 9 ▁ ▁" S el ina ▁K yle " ▁– ▁ 1 : 1 1 ▁ ▁" S el ina ▁Trans forms
" ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 6 ▁ ▁" The ▁C emetery " ▁– ▁ 2 : 5 5 ▁ ▁" Cat ▁Su ite " ▁– ▁ 5 : 4 2 ▁ ▁" B at man ▁vs . ▁the ▁Circ us " ▁– ▁ 2 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" The ▁R ise ..." ▁– ▁ 1 : 4 1 ▁ ▁"... And ▁Fall ▁from ▁Grace " ▁– ▁ 4 : 0 8 ▁ ▁" S ore ▁Sp ots " ▁– ▁ 2 : 1 6 ▁ ▁" R oo ft ops " ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 9 ▁ ▁" W ild ▁R ide " ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 4 ▁ ▁" The ▁Children ' s ▁H our " ▁– ▁ 1 : 4 7 ▁ ▁" The ▁Final ▁Con front ation " ▁– ▁ 5 : 1 2 ▁ ▁" P engu in ▁Army " ▁– ▁ 4 : 5 4 ▁ ▁" S el ina ' s ▁Elect roc ution " ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 0 ▁ ▁" The ▁Finale " ▁– ▁ 2 : 1 9 ▁ ▁" End ▁Cred its " ▁– ▁ 4 : 4 2 ▁ ▁" Face ▁to ▁Face " ▁by ▁Si ou xs ie ▁and ▁the ▁B ans he es ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 7 ▁ ▁The ▁titles ▁for ▁tracks ▁ 1 – 6 , ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 6 – 1 9 ▁are ▁not ▁official
▁titles , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁suggested ▁by ▁the ▁film ▁music ▁site ▁Film tra cks . ▁The ▁album ▁art ▁comb ines ▁those ▁tracks ▁respectively ▁in ▁pairs ▁and ▁lists ▁them ▁as ▁" B irth ▁of ▁a ▁P engu in " ▁( Tra cks ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 ), ▁" The ▁La ir " ▁( 3 ▁and ▁ 4 ), ▁" S el ina ▁Trans forms " ▁( 5 ▁and ▁ 6 ), ▁" The ▁R ise ▁and ▁Fall ▁from ▁Grace " ▁( 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 1 ), ▁" R oo ft ops / W ild ▁R ide " ▁( 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 4 ), ▁" The ▁Final ▁Con front ation " ▁( 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ) ▁and ▁" The ▁Finale " ▁( 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 ). ▁Online ▁databases ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁usually ▁list ▁the ▁tracks ▁as ▁parts ▁" I ▁and ▁II " ▁or ▁with ▁" Cont ." ▁in ▁brackets . ▁This ▁tit ling ▁prompt ed ▁confusion ▁from ▁consum ers , ▁and ▁was ▁heavily ▁critic ized ▁by ▁Film tra cks . ▁ ▁Complete ▁score ▁La - La ▁Land ▁Records ▁released ▁D anny ▁El f man ' s ▁complete ▁score ▁to ▁Bat man ▁Returns ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Disc ▁one ▁ ▁" B irth ▁of ▁a ▁P engu in / Main ▁Title " ▁– ▁ 5 : 3 8 ▁ ▁" P engu in ▁Sp ies " * ▁– ▁ 1 : 0 9 ▁ ▁" Sh
adow ▁of ▁Do om / C low n ▁Att ack / Int rodu cing ▁the ▁Bat ** " ▁– ▁ 5 : 0 1 ▁ ▁" Int ro / The ▁Z oo * / The ▁La ir " ▁– ▁ 6 : 0 0 ▁ ▁" C aught ▁in ▁the ▁Act / U h - Oh ▁Max " ▁– ▁ 1 : 5 8 ▁ ▁" K itt y ▁Party / S el ina ▁Trans forms * " ▁– ▁ 5 : 3 0 ▁ ▁" P engu in ' s ▁Grand ▁De ed " * ▁– ▁ 1 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" The ▁List ▁Begin s " * ▁– ▁ 0 : 4 5 ▁ ▁" The ▁C emetery " ▁– ▁ 2 : 5 6 ▁ ▁" Cat w oman ▁S aves ▁Joan / The ▁New ▁Woman " ▁– ▁ 2 : 0 3 ▁ ▁" P engu in ' s ▁Sur prise " ▁– ▁ 1 : 4 3 ▁ ▁" Bad , ▁Bad ▁Dog / B at man ▁vs . ▁Circ us / S el ina ' s ▁Sho pping ▁Sp ree " ▁– ▁ 5 : 4 2 ▁ ▁" Cat ▁Ch ase " ** ▁– ▁ 2 : 1 2 ▁ ▁" C andid ate ▁Cob ble pot " * ▁– ▁ 0 : 5 8 ▁ ▁" The ▁Plan / K id n apping " ▁– ▁ 2 : 3 2 ) ▁ ▁" S ore ▁Sp ots / B at man '
s ▁Cl os et " ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 2 ▁ ▁" The ▁Plot ▁Un f olds " ▁– ▁ 1 : 1 5 ▁ ▁" Ro of ▁Top ▁Enc oun ters " ▁– ▁ 4 : 4 9 ▁ ▁" B at man ' s ▁Wild ▁R ide " ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 9 ▁ ▁" F all ▁from ▁Grace " ** ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 7 ▁ ▁" Re ve aled / Part y ▁Cr ash er " ▁– ▁ 3 : 1 8 ▁ ▁Disc ▁two ▁ ▁" U m bre lla ▁Source / The ▁Children ' s ▁H our / W ar " ▁– ▁ 7 : 5 3 ▁ ▁" Final ▁Con front ation / Fin ale " ▁– ▁ 9 : 1 5 ▁ ▁" A ▁Sh adow ▁of ▁Dou bt / End ▁Cred its " ▁– ▁ 6 : 1 5 ▁ ▁" Face ▁to ▁Face " ▁by ▁Si ou xs ie ▁and ▁the ▁B ans he es ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 8 ▁ ▁Altern ate ▁and ▁album ▁c ues ▁▁ ▁" The ▁Z oo ▁( altern ate )" ** ▁– ▁ 1 : 0 0 ▁ ▁" The ▁List ▁Begin s ▁( altern ate )" * ▁– ▁ 0 : 4 5 ) ▁ ▁" Cat ▁Ch ase ▁( altern ate ▁ending )" ▁– ▁ 2 : 1 ▁ ▁" Ro of ▁Top ▁Enc oun ters ▁( original )" ▁– ▁ 4
: 4 9 ▁ ▁" F all ▁From ▁Grace ▁( altern ate ▁ending )" ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 7 ▁ ▁" The ▁La ir , ▁Part ▁I " ▁– ▁ 0 : 5 7 ▁ ▁" The ▁La ir , ▁Part ▁II " ▁– ▁ 4 : 5 1 ▁ ▁" S el ina ▁Trans forms , ▁Part ▁I " ▁– ▁ 1 : 1 2 ▁ ▁" S el ina ▁Trans forms , ▁Part ▁II " ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 5 ▁ ▁" B at man ▁vs . ▁The ▁Circ us " ▁– ▁ 2 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" Cat ▁Su ite " ▁– ▁ 5 : 4 3 ▁ ▁" A ▁Sh adow ▁of ▁Dou bt ▁( altern ate ) / End ▁Cred its ▁( altern ate )" ▁– ▁ 7 : 0 2 ▁ ▁Bon us ▁track ▁▁ ▁" Super ▁Fre ak " * ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 3 ▁ ▁(* ) ▁Pre viously ▁un re leased ▁(** ) ▁Cont ains ▁previously ▁un re leased ▁material ▁ ▁Chart ▁positions ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁sound tra cks ▁Category : B at man ▁( 1 9 8 9 ▁film ▁series ) ▁Category : B at man ▁sound tra cks ▁Category : D anny ▁El f man ▁sound tra cks ▁Category : Fil m ▁scores ▁Category : W ar ner ▁Records ▁sound tra cks <0x0A> </s> ▁W NS W ▁was ▁a ▁radio ▁station ▁on ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁AM ▁in ▁Bre
wer , ▁Maine , ▁operating ▁between ▁September ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁and ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Port land ▁Broadcast ing ▁System , ▁Inc ., ▁received ▁the ▁construction ▁permit ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁new ▁radio ▁station ▁at ▁ 1 4 5 0 k Hz ▁in ▁Bang or ▁on ▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁The ▁call ▁letters ▁W G PG ▁were ▁soon ▁d itch ed ▁for ▁W G U Y , ▁representing ▁Guy ▁G ann ett , ▁the ▁original ▁owner . ▁The ▁station ▁went ▁on ▁the ▁air ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 0 , ▁broadcast ing ▁with ▁ 2 5 0 ▁w att s , ▁and ▁affili ated ▁with ▁CBS ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁matching ▁sister ▁station ▁W G AN ▁in ▁Port land ▁and ▁leaving ▁behind ▁its ▁initial ▁hook up ▁with ▁ABC . ▁W G U Y ' s ▁short - l ived ▁FM ▁counter part , ▁W G U Y - FM ▁ 9 3 . 1 , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁FM ▁station ▁in ▁Maine . ▁ ▁After ▁W G U Y ▁moved ▁to ▁ 1 2 3 0 k Hz ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁Murray ▁Car p enter ▁acquired ▁W G U Y ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁Car p enter ' s ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁short , ▁but ▁it ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁delet ion ▁of ▁W
G U Y - FM ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 2 ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁Car p enter ▁quickly ▁sold ▁W G U Y ▁to ▁the ▁Bang or ▁Broadcast ing ▁Company , ▁led ▁by ▁Sher wood ▁Tar low . ▁Car p enter ▁retained ▁the ▁stud ios ▁on ▁Mount ▁Hope ▁Avenue , ▁which ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁launch ▁his ▁television ▁station , ▁W TW O ; ▁W G U Y ▁and ▁W TW O ▁shared ▁the ▁building ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁an ▁application ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁increase ▁power ▁to ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁w att s ▁day ▁on ▁ 1 2 5 0 k Hz , ▁which ▁was ▁approved ▁two ▁years ▁later . ▁While ▁the ▁application ▁was ▁pending , ▁Tar low ▁sold ▁the ▁Bang or ▁Broadcast ing ▁Corporation ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁partners hip ▁led ▁by ▁Mel vin ▁Stone , ▁David ▁Roy te ▁and ▁Fa ust ▁C out ure . ▁Stone ▁and ▁C out ure ▁owned ▁the ▁Lob ster ▁Network , ▁a ▁state wide ▁hook up ▁of ▁stations ▁commonly ▁represented ▁for ▁advert ising ▁purposes , ▁which ▁W G U Y ▁would ▁join ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁Stone ▁would ▁ultimately ▁take ▁full ▁control ▁of ▁W G U Y . ▁A ▁new ▁FM ▁station , ▁W G U Y - FM , ▁signed ▁on ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁After ▁four ▁years , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁F CC ▁approved ▁the ▁re location ▁of ▁W G U Y ▁to
▁Bre wer ▁and ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁w att s ▁of ▁power ▁at ▁night . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁W G U Y ▁was ▁rela unch ed ▁as ▁W ML I ▁with ▁an ▁adult ▁standards ▁format . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁approved ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁ 1 2 0 0 k Hz ▁and ▁upgrade ▁to ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁w att s . ▁Stone ▁sold ▁the ▁station ▁to ▁Sun spot ▁Broadcast ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ; ▁Sun spot ▁renamed ▁the ▁station ▁W K IT ▁( and ▁W G U Y - FM ▁became ▁W K IT - FM ). ▁When ▁Sun spot ▁file d ▁for ▁bank rupt cy ▁protection ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁sold ▁again ▁to ▁H & L ▁Broadcast ing . ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁rela unch ed ▁as ▁talk ▁station ▁W NS W ▁that ▁same ▁year . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁the ▁station ▁changed ▁its ▁programming ▁to ▁the ▁audio ▁of ▁CNN ▁Head line ▁News . ▁The ▁station ▁also ▁carried ▁play - by - play ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots ▁before ▁H & L ▁decided ▁in ▁advance ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁season ▁to ▁move ▁game ▁broadcast s ▁to ▁W K IT - FM . ▁ ▁W NS W ▁and ▁W K IT - FM ▁were ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁authors ▁Tab
ith a ▁King ▁and ▁Stephen ▁King ; ▁the ▁Kings ▁also ▁owned ▁W Z ON ▁ 6 2 0 ▁AM . ▁Four ▁months ▁after ▁the ▁ac quisition , ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁W NS W ▁was ▁closed ▁down ▁perman ently , ▁with ▁station ▁management ▁cit ing ▁its ▁high ▁costs ▁of ▁operation ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁reven ues ; ▁most ▁programs ▁did ▁not ▁find ▁a ▁home ▁on ▁other ▁King ▁stations , ▁though ▁Boston ▁Bru ins ▁play - by - play ▁moved ▁to ▁W Z ON . ▁As ▁the ▁station ▁had ▁been ▁run ▁primarily ▁by ▁autom ation , ▁no ▁jobs ▁were ▁lost . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁F CC ▁History ▁C ards ▁for ▁W NS W ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Maine ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Maine ▁Category : Bre wer , ▁Maine ▁Category : Def unct ▁radio ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁NS W <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gaz iante p ▁Museum ▁of ▁Arch ae ology ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁arch ae ological ▁museum ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Gaz iante p , ▁Turkey . ▁It ▁hous ed ▁for ▁some ▁years ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁m osa ics , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁exc av ated ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁Roman ▁city ▁site ▁of ▁Ze ug ma . ▁A ▁new ▁museum , ▁the
▁Ze ug ma ▁M osa ic ▁Museum ▁now ▁houses ▁those . ▁After ▁an ▁over ha ul ▁of ▁the ▁displays ▁the ▁museum ▁now ▁houses ▁a ▁fine ▁collection ▁of ▁finds ▁from ▁the ▁region , ▁well - organ ized ▁and ▁explained . ▁Ex hib its ▁include ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁pale ol ith ic ▁artifact s ; ▁items ▁from ▁a ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁ne c ropol is ; ▁H itt ite , ▁Pers ian , ▁Roman , ▁H ellen istic , ▁and ▁Comm ag ene ▁art works ▁and ▁glass ware ; ▁Ott oman ▁and ▁Islam ic ▁co ins ▁and ▁med all ions ; ▁and ▁the ▁ske leton ▁of ▁a ▁m amm oth . ▁ ▁Att ached ▁to ▁the ▁museum ▁is ▁a ▁garden ▁containing ▁a ▁selection ▁of ▁stone ▁artifact s , ▁including ▁pag an ▁tomb st ones ▁from ▁Ze ug ma , ▁Christian ▁tomb st ones , ▁and ▁H itt ite ▁stat u ary . ▁ ▁The ▁museum ▁in ▁its ▁current ▁form ▁dates ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁substantial ly ▁en larg ed ▁to ▁house ▁the ▁newly ▁discovered ▁Ze ug ma ▁m osa ics . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Ze ug ma ▁M osa ic ▁Museum ▁ ▁Yes em ek ▁Qu ar ry ▁and ▁S cul pt ure ▁Work shop ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Pictures ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁and ▁some ▁from ▁older ▁situation ▁ ▁Arch ae ology ▁Museum ▁ ▁at ▁Gaz iante p ▁Museum s ▁ ▁Museum ▁Ph otos ▁ ▁Category : Arch ae ological ▁museum s ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category
: M useum s ▁in ▁Gaz iante p ▁Category : M useum s ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Category : Vis itor ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Gaz iante p <0x0A> </s> ▁Neil ▁H ague ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁former ▁professional ▁rugby ▁league ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁He ▁played ▁at ▁club ▁for ▁Le eds , ▁Hal if ax ▁and ▁York ▁as ▁a ▁, ▁or ▁, ▁i . e . ▁number ▁ 1 , ▁or , ▁ 3 ▁or ▁ 4 . ▁ ▁Background ▁Neil ▁H ague ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Le eds , ▁West ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire , ▁England . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁ ▁Championship ▁Final ▁appearances ▁Neil ▁H ague ▁played ▁ ▁in ▁Le eds ' ▁ 2 4 - 2 ▁victory ▁over ▁Brad ford ▁Northern ▁in ▁the ▁Championship ▁Final ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 8 – 7 9 ▁season . ▁ ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁Final ▁appearances ▁Neil ▁H ague ▁played ▁right -, ▁i . e . ▁number ▁ 3 , ▁in ▁Le eds ' ▁ 1 6 - 7 ▁victory ▁over ▁W id nes ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 – 7 7 ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁Final ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 – 7 7 ▁season ▁at ▁W emble y ▁Stadium , ▁London ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 8 0
, 8 7 1 , ▁and ▁played ▁right -, ▁i . e . ▁number ▁ 3 , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 4 - 1 2 ▁victory ▁over ▁St . ▁Hel ens ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 7 – 7 8 ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁Final ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 7 – 7 8 ▁season ▁at ▁W emble y ▁Stadium , ▁London ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 9 6 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁County ▁Cup ▁Final ▁appearances ▁Neil ▁H ague ▁played ▁right -, ▁i . e . ▁number ▁ 3 , ▁in ▁Le eds ' ▁ 1 5 - 1 1 ▁victory ▁over ▁H ull ▁King ston ▁Ro vers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 5 – 7 6 ▁York shire ▁County ▁Cup ▁Final ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 5 – 7 6 ▁season ▁at ▁He ading ley ▁Rugby ▁Stadium , ▁Le eds ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁played ▁, ▁i . e . ▁number ▁ 2 , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 - 6 ▁victory ▁over ▁Hal if ax ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 – 7 7 ▁York shire ▁County ▁Cup ▁Final ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 – 7 7 ▁season ▁at ▁He ading ley ▁Rugby ▁Stadium , ▁Le eds ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁played ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 - 6 ▁victory ▁over ▁Hal
if ax ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 8 0 ▁York shire ▁County ▁Cup ▁Final ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 8 0 ▁season ▁at ▁He ading ley ▁Rugby ▁Stadium , ▁Le eds ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 2 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁and ▁played ▁left -, ▁i . e . ▁number ▁ 4 , ▁or ▁according ▁to ▁Roth mans ▁Year books ▁ 1 9 9 0 - 9 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 , ▁, ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 - 7 ▁victory ▁over ▁H ull ▁King ston ▁Ro vers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 8 1 ▁York shire ▁County ▁Cup ▁Final ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 8 1 ▁season ▁at ▁F art own ▁Gr ound , ▁Hud ders field ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 8 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁John ▁Player ▁Tro phy ▁Final ▁appearances ▁Neil ▁H ague ▁played ▁ ▁in ▁Le eds ' ▁ 4 - 1 5 ▁defeat ▁by ▁W igan ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 – 8 3 ▁John ▁Player ▁Tro phy ▁Final ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 – 8 3 ▁season ▁at ▁Ell and ▁Road , ▁Le eds ▁on ▁Saturday ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Neil ▁H ague ▁joined ▁Le eds ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁début ▁for ▁Le eds ▁against ▁W ake field ▁Tr inity ▁on ▁Sunday ▁ 1 5
▁December ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Test imon ial ▁match ▁Neil ▁H ague ' s ▁Test imon ial ▁match ▁at ▁Le eds ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Phot ograph ▁" You ng ▁col t ▁Ian ▁Sl ater " ▁at ▁r l hp . co . uk ▁Phot ograph ▁" 1 9 7 8 ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁Sem i - final " ▁at ▁r l hp . co . uk ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : English ▁rugby ▁league ▁players ▁Category : H al if ax ▁R . L . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Le eds ▁Rh inos ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁cent res ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁five - e ighth s ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁full back s ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁half back s ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁players ▁from ▁Le eds ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁w ingers ▁Category : Y ork ▁Was ps ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl oni oc er ini ▁is ▁a ▁tribe ▁of ▁long horn ▁be et les ▁of ▁the ▁sub family ▁L ami inae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Lac ord aire ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁It ▁contains ▁the ▁single ▁genus ▁Cl oni oc er us , ▁and ▁the ▁following ▁species : ▁▁ ▁Cl oni oc er us ▁alb ost ict icus ▁Bre uning , ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁Cl oni oc
er us ▁bo hem anni ▁White , ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁ ▁Cl oni oc er us ▁con str ict us ▁F ah ra eus , ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁ ▁Cl oni oc er us ▁h yst rix ▁( F ab r ici us , ▁ 1 7 8 1 ) ▁ ▁Cl oni oc er us ▁kra us si i ▁White , ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁ ▁Cl oni oc er us ▁l am el lic orn is ▁Bre uning , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁ ▁Cl oni oc er us ▁och rip ennis ▁Bre uning , ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L ami inae <0x0A> </s> ▁Pos ol sk aya ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁settlement ) ▁in ▁Kab ans ky ▁District , ▁Republic ▁of ▁B ury atia , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 7 8 5 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 1 ▁streets . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁B ury atia ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Kab ans ky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁H agg ert y ▁( 1 8 3 3 – 1 9 1 2 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Ontario ▁far mer ▁and ▁political ▁figure . ▁He ▁represented ▁H ast ings ▁North ▁in ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Ontario ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁as ▁a ▁Pat rons ▁of ▁Indust ry ▁member .
▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Hun ting don ▁Township , ▁Upper ▁Canada , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁James ▁H agg ert y ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁Upper ▁Canada ▁from ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁was ▁educated ▁there ▁and ▁in ▁Toronto . ▁H agg ert y ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁school ▁teacher . ▁He ▁married ▁Ann ▁F lem ing . ▁He ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁H ast ings ▁Agricult ural ▁Society ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Hun ting don ▁Che ese ▁Man ufact uring ▁Company . ▁H agg ert y ▁served ▁as ▁re e ve ▁for ▁Hun ting don ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁ 1 8 8 0 – 1 8 8 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Canadian ▁parliament ary ▁companion , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁J A ▁Gem mill ▁ ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Years ▁: ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁St ir ling ▁and ▁District ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁death s ▁Category : O nt ario ▁Pat rons ▁of ▁Indust ry ▁MP P s <0x0A> </s> ▁K lic zk ów - K ol onia ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Br ze ź nio , ▁within ▁S ier ad z ▁County , ▁Ł ód ź ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁central ▁Poland . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁S ier ad z ▁County
<0x0A> </s> ▁Mer c unda ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁a ▁local ity ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁state ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁state ' s ▁south - east ▁about ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁capital ▁of ▁Ad ela ide , ▁and ▁about ▁ ▁north - east ▁and ▁about ▁ ▁south - west ▁respectively ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ▁seats ▁of ▁Kar o onda ▁and ▁Lo xt on . ▁ ▁The ▁government ▁town ▁of ▁Mer c unda ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁on ▁ 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁on ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁c adas tr al ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁H undred ▁of ▁Bak ara ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁immediate ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Mer c unda ▁Railway ▁Station ▁( pre viously ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Matt ala ▁Railway ▁Station ) ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁Lo xt on ▁railway ▁line . ▁ ▁The ▁local ity ▁' s ▁boundaries ▁were ▁created ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁town ▁of ▁Mer c unda ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁its ▁approximate ▁centre . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁site ▁was ▁survey ed ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Its ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁an ▁ab original ▁name ▁formerly ▁used ▁for ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Can owie ▁Past oral ▁Run ▁rather ▁than ▁from ▁the ▁Matt ala ▁s iding ▁which ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁town ▁before ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁and ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁
▁A ▁school ▁operated ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁▁ ▁Land ▁use ▁within ▁the ▁local ity ▁is ▁entirely ▁‘ primary ▁production ’ ▁with ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁local ity ▁being ▁described ▁by ▁its ▁local ▁government ▁as ▁“ pr inci p ally ▁for ▁agricult ural ▁production ▁and ▁the ▁gra zing ▁of ▁stock ▁on ▁relatively ▁large ▁hold ings .” ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Australian ▁census ▁which ▁was ▁conducted ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁reports ▁that ▁Mer c unda ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 9 ▁people . ▁ ▁Mer c unda ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁federal ▁division ▁of ▁B ark er , ▁the ▁state ▁elect oral ▁districts ▁of ▁ ▁Ch aff ey ▁and ▁Hamm ond , ▁and ▁the ▁local ▁government ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁District ▁Council ▁of ▁Kar o onda ▁East ▁Murray ▁and ▁the ▁District ▁Council ▁of ▁Lo xt on ▁Wa iker ie . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁South ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁historical ▁figures ▁g athers ▁published ▁estimates ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁( infl ation - ad just ed ) ▁net - worth ▁and ▁fort unes ▁of ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁historical ▁figures ▁in ▁comparison . ▁Due ▁to ▁problems ▁ar ising ▁from ▁different ▁definitions ▁of ▁wealth , ▁ways ▁of ▁meas uring ▁it , ▁various ▁economic ▁models ▁throughout ▁history , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁multiple ▁other ▁reasons — this ▁article ▁discuss es ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁separate ▁historical ▁periods : ▁Anti qu
ity , ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁and ▁modern ▁period . ▁According ly — because ▁of ▁the ▁previously ▁mentioned ▁difficulties — it ▁is ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁single ▁rich est ▁person ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁history . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁modern ▁period , ▁wealth ▁can ▁be ▁measured ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁object ively ▁via ▁infl ation ▁adjust ment , ▁e . g . ▁comparing ▁the ▁nom inal ▁G DP ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁the ▁respective ▁periods , ▁and ▁then ▁converting ▁it ▁into ▁contemporary ▁United ▁States ▁dollars . ▁For ▁the ▁medieval ▁and ▁ancient ▁history , ▁comparison ▁of ▁wealth ▁becomes ▁more ▁problem atic , ▁on ▁one ▁hand ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁in ac cur acy ▁or ▁un re li ability ▁of ▁records , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁difficulty ▁of ▁comparing ▁a ▁pre - indust rial ▁economy ▁to ▁a ▁modern ▁one , ▁and ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁absolute ▁mon archy , ▁where ▁an ▁entire ▁kingdom ▁or ▁emp ire ▁is ▁considered ▁the ▁r uler ' s ▁personal ▁property . ▁ ▁The ▁latter ▁factor ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁issue ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁modern ▁to ▁modern ▁period , ▁e . g . ▁various ▁lists ▁shows , ▁such ▁as ▁Mir ▁Os man ▁Ali ▁Khan , ▁Mu am mar ▁G add af i ▁and ▁Joseph ▁St alin ▁among ▁The ▁ 1 0 ▁Rich est ▁People ▁of ▁All ▁Time ▁for ▁his ▁" complete ▁control ▁of ▁a ▁nation ▁with ▁ 9 . 6 % ▁of ▁global ▁G DP ". ▁ ▁Ex cluding ▁monarch s ▁and ▁aut ocr ats , ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁private ▁individuals
▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁capital ism ▁are ▁various ly ▁identified ▁as ▁Jakob ▁F ug ger ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 2 5 ), ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁modern ▁F ug ger ▁family ▁of ▁mer ch ants ▁and ▁bank ers , ▁prominent ▁figures ▁of ▁India ' s ▁Del hi ▁and ▁Beng al ▁Sultan ate ▁and ▁M ug hal ▁Empire , ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁entrepr ene urs ▁Andrew ▁Car neg ie ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 1 9 ) ▁and ▁John ▁D . ▁Rock ef eller ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 3 7 ). ▁Fre qu ently , ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁few ▁people ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁rich est ▁person ▁of ▁all ▁time ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁Roth sch ild ▁family ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁family ▁of ▁bank ers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁their ▁wealth ▁was ▁distributed ▁among ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁family ▁members , ▁prevent ing ▁them ▁from ▁appearing ▁among ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁individuals . ▁The ▁rich est ▁among ▁the ▁Roth sch ild s ▁was ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁its ▁English ▁branch — N athan ▁May er ▁Roth sch ild — the ▁rich est ▁person ▁of ▁his ▁time . ▁Bern stein ▁and ▁Sw an ▁in ▁All ▁the ▁M oney ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁mention ▁the ▁top ▁four ▁rich est ▁Americans ▁ever — all ▁ty co ons ▁of ▁the ▁G ild ed ▁Age — res pect ively : ▁John ▁D . ▁Rock ef eller , ▁Andrew
▁Car neg ie , ▁Corn el ius ▁V ander b ilt , ▁William ▁Henry ▁V ander b ilt ; ▁Henry ▁Ford ▁was ▁ranked ▁only ▁ 1 2 th . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Close ▁( 2 0 1 6 ), ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁woman ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁capital ism , ▁ex cluding ▁monarch s , ▁was ▁L ' Or éal ▁he ir ess ▁Lil iane ▁Bet ten court , ▁whose ▁net ▁worth ▁was ▁at ▁$ 4 0 . 7 ▁billion ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁In cluding ▁monarch s , ▁he ▁mentions ▁Em press ▁Wu ▁for ▁Anti qu ity , ▁Raz ia ▁S ult ana ▁and ▁Isabel la ▁of ▁Cast ile ▁for ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁and ▁Catherine ▁the ▁Great ▁for ▁modern ▁history . ▁ ▁Early ▁modern ▁to ▁modern ▁period ▁List ed ▁individuals ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁net ▁worth ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁equivalent ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁billion ▁United ▁States ▁dollars . ▁Therefore , ▁it ▁ex cludes ▁figures ▁such ▁as ▁Andrew ▁W . ▁M ell on , ▁Richard ▁B . ▁M ell on , ▁Stephen ▁Van ▁R ens sel a er , ▁Alexander ▁Tur ney ▁Stewart , ▁H es hen , ▁J . ▁P . ▁Morgan , ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁Ab solute ▁r ul ers ▁or ▁conquer ors ▁are ▁sometimes ▁listed ▁for ▁the ▁territory ▁they ▁controlled ▁rather ▁than ▁for ▁their ▁immediate ▁personal ▁wealth ▁( David son ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁for ▁T IME . com ▁listed ▁the ▁four ▁M ug hal
▁Em per ors , ▁Ak bar , ▁Jah ang ir , ▁Shah ▁Jah an ▁and ▁Aur ang z eb ▁and ▁their ▁ancest ors ▁G eng his ▁Khan ▁and ▁Tim ur ▁for ▁their ▁imperial ▁poss essions , ▁while ▁Alan ▁R uf us ▁is ▁listed ▁for ▁his ▁immediate ▁poss essions ▁within ▁the ▁fe ud al ▁system ▁of ▁Norman ▁England ). ▁ ▁Anti qu ity ▁For ▁Class ical ▁Anti qu ity , ▁even ▁more ▁than ▁for ▁the ▁High ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁personal ▁wealth ▁becomes ▁difficult ▁to ▁compare ▁with ▁the ▁modern ▁period ; ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁divine ▁k ings ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ph ara oh s ▁and ▁Roman ▁Em per ors , ▁where ▁an ▁entire ▁emp ire ▁might ▁be ▁considered ▁the ▁personal ▁property ▁of ▁a ▁de ified ▁em peror . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁For bes ▁list ▁of ▁billion aires ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rich est ▁Americans ▁in ▁history ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁wealth iest ▁organizations ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁wealth iest ▁families ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁wealth iest ▁animals ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Philip ▁Ber es ford , ▁William ▁D . ▁Rub in stein , ▁The ▁Rich est ▁of ▁the ▁Rich : ▁The ▁We alth iest ▁ 2 5 0 ▁People ▁in ▁Britain ▁since ▁ 1 0 6 6 , ▁Harr iman ▁House , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁. ▁▁ ▁Michael ▁Kle pper , ▁Robert ▁Gun ther , ▁The ▁We alth y ▁ 1 0 0 : ▁From ▁Benjamin ▁Franklin ▁to ▁Bill ▁G ates — A ▁Rank ing ▁of ▁the
▁Rich est ▁Americans , ▁Past ▁and ▁Pres ent , ▁Cit adel ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁. ▁ ▁We alth iest ▁historical ▁figures ▁We alth iest ▁historical ▁figures ▁Historical ▁figures <0x0A> </s> ▁N ab is ▁amer ico fer us , ▁the ▁common ▁d ams el ▁bug , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁d ams el ▁bug ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁N ab idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Central ▁America ▁and ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : N ab idae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁Dan ▁Parent ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁August , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁com ic ▁book ▁artist ▁and ▁writer ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁for ▁Arch ie ▁Comics . ▁A ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁The ▁Kub ert ▁School , ▁Parent ▁began ▁working ▁for ▁Arch ie ▁immediately ▁after ▁gradu ation . ▁His ▁writing ▁of ▁the ▁Love ▁Show down ▁series ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁received ▁w ides p read ▁attention . ▁Parent ▁has ▁also ▁illustrated ▁Felix ▁the ▁Cat , ▁Bar bie , ▁Disney ▁Advent ures , ▁and ▁with ▁Fernando ▁Ru iz , ▁created ▁the ▁com ic ▁series ▁Die ▁K itt y ▁Die . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Parent ▁introduced ▁the ▁first ▁open ly ▁gay ▁character ▁in ▁Arch ie ▁Comics ▁when ▁he ▁created ▁Kevin ▁K eller ▁in ▁Ver onica ▁# 2 0 2 , ▁which ▁he ▁wrote
▁and ▁drew . ▁ ▁Kevin ▁K eller ▁got ▁his ▁own ▁title ▁with ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁Kevin ▁K eller ▁# 1 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Parent ▁was ▁presented ▁with ▁the ▁G LA AD ▁Media ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Com ic ▁Book ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁ ▁Parent ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Har vey ▁Award ▁for ▁Special ▁Award ▁for ▁Hum or ▁in ▁Comics . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Parent ▁illustrated ▁the ▁com ic ▁Arch ie ▁vs . ▁Sh ark n ado , ▁a ▁tie - in ▁to ▁Sh ark n ado ▁ 3 : ▁Oh ▁Hell ▁No ! ▁written ▁by ▁the ▁film ' s ▁director , ▁Anthony ▁C . ▁Fer ran te . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Parent ▁along ▁with ▁artist / writer ▁Fernando ▁Ru iz ▁published ▁Die ▁K itt y ▁Die ▁which ▁was ▁fund ed ▁through ▁K ick st arter . ▁ ▁Dan ▁illustrated ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ 6 - part ▁c ros so ver ▁" Arch ie ▁Me ets ▁Bat man ▁' 6 6 ". ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁joint ▁publication ▁between ▁Arch ie ▁Comics ▁and ▁DC ▁Comics , ▁and ▁was ▁collected ▁in ▁trade ▁format ▁in ▁March ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Dan ▁Parent ' s ▁home page ▁ ▁Category : The ▁Kub ert ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁birth s ▁Category :
Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁com ics ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁Chor om pot ro ▁() ▁was ▁a ▁popular ▁radio ▁program ▁during ▁the ▁Bang l adesh ▁Liber ation ▁War ▁coming ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁hidden ▁Sh ad hin ▁Bang la ▁Bet ar ▁K end ro ▁utter ed ▁by ▁M . ▁R . ▁Ak ht ar ▁M uk ul . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁M uk ul , ▁a ▁young ▁Bang ali , ▁started ▁a ▁program ▁from ▁the ▁hidden ▁Sh ad hin ▁Bang la ▁Bet ar ▁K end ro , ▁The ▁Radio ▁Station ▁for ▁Independent ▁Bang l adesh , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁while ▁a ▁war ▁between ▁Bang l ades hi ▁civ ili ans ▁and ▁Pak ist ani ▁armed ▁forces ▁was ▁running . ▁ ▁Style ▁Char amp atra , ▁meaning ▁' the ▁extreme ▁letter ' ▁was ▁a ▁program . ▁Here , ▁M uk ul ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁positions ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁with ▁a ▁w itt y ▁fun ny ▁voice . ▁He ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁un com fort able ▁position ▁of ▁Pak ist ani ▁milit ants ▁and ▁vict orious ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁Bang l ades hi ▁f igh ters . ▁ ▁Effect s ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁program ▁of ▁that ▁station . ▁The ▁most ▁effective ▁plus ▁point ▁of ▁that ▁program ▁was ▁that ▁people ▁of ▁Bang l adesh ▁started ▁to ▁realize ▁that ▁even ▁the ▁Pak ist ani ▁military ▁was ▁not ▁inv inci ble . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁hundreds ▁of ▁C iv
ili ans ▁became ▁soldiers ▁just ▁being ▁inspired ▁by ▁this ▁program . ▁ ▁Later , ▁Chor om pot ro ▁was ▁printed ▁and ▁published ▁as ▁a ▁collection . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : B ang l adesh ▁Liber ation ▁War ▁Category : B eng ali - language ▁literature ▁Category : History ▁of ▁communic ations ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁Category : History ▁of ▁communic ations ▁in ▁Bang l adesh <0x0A> </s> ▁Nic ar agua ▁( o fficial ly ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁ ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁country ▁in ▁Central ▁America , ▁border ing ▁both ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁Pacific ▁Ocean , ▁between ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁and ▁H ond uras . ▁Nic ar agua ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁country ▁in ▁Central ▁America . ▁▁ ▁Nic ar agua ▁covers ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 3 0 , 3 7 0 ▁square ▁kilom eters ▁( 1 1 9 , 9 9 0 ▁square ▁kilom eters ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁land ▁area ) ▁and ▁contains ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁clim ates ▁and ▁terra ins . ▁The ▁country ' s ▁physical ▁ge ography ▁div ides ▁it ▁into ▁three ▁major ▁zones : ▁the ▁Pacific ▁low lands , ▁the ▁wet ter , ▁cool er ▁central ▁high lands , ▁and ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁low lands . ▁ ▁Natural ▁regions ▁ ▁The ▁natural ▁regions ▁are ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁Pacific ▁low lands ▁The ▁Pacific ▁low lands ▁extend ▁about ▁ 7 5 ▁kilom eters ▁in land ▁from ▁the ▁Pacific ▁coast . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁is ▁flat , ▁except ▁for ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁young
▁vol cano es , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁still ▁active , ▁running ▁between ▁the ▁Gol fo ▁de ▁Fon se ca ▁and ▁L ago ▁de ▁Nic ar agua . ▁These ▁pe aks ▁lie ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁cr ust al ▁f ract ure ▁or ▁struct ural ▁r ift ▁that ▁forms ▁a ▁long , ▁narrow ▁de pression ▁passing ▁sout heast ▁across ▁the ▁is th mus ▁from ▁the ▁Gol fo ▁de ▁Fon se ca ▁to ▁the ▁Río ▁San ▁Juan . ▁▁ ▁The ▁r ift ▁is ▁occupied ▁in ▁part ▁by ▁the ▁largest ▁fresh water ▁la kes ▁in ▁Central ▁America : ▁L ago ▁de ▁Man agua ▁( 5 6 ▁kilom eters ▁long ▁and ▁ 2 4 ▁kilom eters ▁wide ) ▁and ▁L ago ▁de ▁Nic ar agua ▁( about ▁ 1 6 0 ▁kilom eters ▁long ▁and ▁ 7 5 ▁kilom eters ▁wide ). ▁These ▁two ▁la kes ▁are ▁joined ▁by ▁the ▁Río ▁T ip it apa , ▁which ▁flows ▁south ▁into ▁L ago ▁de ▁Nic ar agua . ▁L ago ▁de ▁Nic ar agua ▁in ▁turn ▁dra ins ▁into ▁the ▁Río ▁San ▁Juan ▁( the ▁boundary ▁between ▁Nic ar agua ▁and ▁Costa ▁Rica ), ▁which ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁r ift ▁low lands ▁to ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea . ▁▁ ▁The ▁valley ▁of ▁the ▁Río ▁San ▁Juan ▁forms ▁a ▁natural ▁passage way ▁close ▁to ▁sea ▁level ▁across ▁the ▁Nic ar agu an ▁is th mus ▁from ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea ▁to ▁L ago ▁de ▁Nic ar agua ▁and ▁the ▁r ift
. ▁From ▁the ▁south west ▁edge ▁of ▁L ago ▁de ▁Nic ar agua , ▁it ▁is ▁only ▁nin ete en ▁kilom eters ▁to ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁This ▁route ▁was ▁considered ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁alternative ▁to ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁at ▁various ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁ ▁S urr ounding ▁the ▁la kes ▁and ▁extending ▁north west ▁of ▁them ▁along ▁the ▁r ift ▁valley ▁to ▁the ▁Gol fo ▁de ▁Fon se ca ▁are ▁fert ile ▁low land ▁pla ins ▁highly ▁en rich ed ▁with ▁vol can ic ▁ash ▁from ▁nearby ▁vol cano es . ▁These ▁low lands ▁are ▁dens ely ▁populated ▁and ▁well ▁cultiv ated . ▁More ▁directly ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁region ▁is ▁a ▁narrow ▁line ▁of ▁ash - cover ed ▁hills ▁and ▁vol cano es ▁that ▁separate ▁the ▁la kes ▁from ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁This ▁line ▁is ▁highest ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁portion ▁near ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁León ▁and ▁Man agua . ▁ ▁Because ▁Western ▁Nic ar agua ▁is ▁located ▁where ▁two ▁major ▁t ect onic ▁pl ates ▁col lide , ▁it ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁earth qu akes ▁and ▁vol can ic ▁er u ptions . ▁Although ▁periodic ▁vol can ic ▁er u ptions ▁have ▁caused ▁agricult ural ▁damage ▁from ▁f umes ▁and ▁ash , ▁earth qu akes ▁have ▁been ▁by ▁far ▁more ▁destruct ive ▁to ▁life ▁and ▁property . ▁H undred s ▁of ▁shock s ▁occur ▁each ▁year , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁cause ▁severe ▁damage . ▁The ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Man agua ▁was ▁virt ually ▁destroyed ▁in ▁ 1
9 3 1 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁Central ▁high lands ▁The ▁tri angular ▁area ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁central ▁high lands ▁lies ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁low lands . ▁These ▁rug ged ▁mountains ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁rid ges ▁ 9 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 , 8 0 9 ▁meters ▁high ▁and ▁a ▁mixed ▁forest ▁of ▁o ak ▁and ▁p ine ▁altern ating ▁with ▁deep ▁valle ys ▁that ▁d rain ▁primarily ▁toward ▁the ▁Car ib bean . ▁Very ▁few ▁significant ▁streams ▁flow ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁Those ▁that ▁do ▁are ▁ste ep , ▁short , ▁and ▁flow ▁inter mitt ently . ▁▁ ▁The ▁relatively ▁dry ▁western ▁s lop es ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁high lands , ▁protected ▁by ▁the ▁rid ges ▁of ▁the ▁high lands ▁from ▁the ▁mo ist ▁wind s ▁of ▁the ▁Car ib bean , ▁have ▁drawn ▁far mers ▁from ▁the ▁Pacific ▁region ▁since ▁colonial ▁times . ▁The ▁eastern ▁s lop es ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁wet test ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁being ▁too ▁wet ▁for ▁agricult ure , ▁and ▁have ▁an ▁economy ▁domin ated ▁by ▁tim ber ▁extra ction . ▁ ▁Car ib bean ▁low land ▁The ▁eastern ▁Car ib bean ▁low lands ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁form ▁the ▁extensive ▁and ▁ex agger ated ▁( occup ying ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁national ▁territory ) ▁and ▁still ▁sp ars ely ▁settled ▁low land ▁area ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Costa ▁de ▁Mos qu itos ▁( M isk ito ▁Coast ). ▁The
▁Car ib bean ▁low lands ▁are ▁sometimes ▁considered ▁syn onymous ▁with ▁the ▁former ▁department ▁of ▁Zel aya , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁North ▁Car ib bean ▁Coast ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region ▁( Reg ión ▁Aut ón oma ▁de ▁la ▁Costa ▁Car ibe ▁Norte , ▁R AC CN ) ▁and ▁the ▁South ▁Car ib bean ▁Coast ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region ▁( Reg ión ▁Aut ón oma ▁de ▁la ▁Costa ▁Car ibe ▁Sur , ▁R AC CS ) ▁and ▁constit utes ▁about ▁ 4 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ' s ▁territory . ▁▁ ▁These ▁low lands ▁are ▁a ▁hot , ▁hum id ▁area ▁that ▁includes ▁coast al ▁pla ins , ▁the ▁eastern ▁sp urs ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁high lands , ▁and ▁the ▁lower ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁Río ▁San ▁Juan ▁bas in . ▁The ▁soil ▁is ▁generally ▁le ached ▁and ▁infer t ile . ▁P ine ▁and ▁pal m ▁sav ann as ▁pre dom inate ▁as ▁far ▁south ▁as ▁the ▁Lag una ▁de ▁Per las . ▁Trop ical ▁rain ▁for ests ▁are ▁characteristic ▁from ▁the ▁Lag una ▁de ▁Per las ▁to ▁the ▁Río ▁San ▁Juan , ▁in ▁the ▁interior ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁sav ann as , ▁and ▁along ▁rivers ▁through ▁the ▁sav ann as . ▁▁ ▁F ert ile ▁so ils ▁are ▁found ▁only ▁along ▁the ▁natural ▁le ve es ▁and ▁narrow ▁flo od pla ins ▁of ▁the ▁numerous ▁rivers , ▁including ▁the ▁Es cond ido , ▁the ▁Río ▁Grande ▁de ▁Mat ag al pa , ▁the ▁Prin z ap ol ka
, ▁and ▁the ▁C oco , ▁and ▁along ▁the ▁many ▁less er ▁streams ▁that ▁rise ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁high lands ▁and ▁cross ▁the ▁region ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁the ▁complex ▁of ▁shall ow ▁b ays , ▁l ago ons , ▁and ▁salt ▁mar sh es ▁of ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁coast . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁Tem per ature ▁var ies ▁little ▁with ▁the ▁seasons ▁in ▁Nic ar agua ▁and ▁is ▁largely ▁a ▁function ▁of ▁elev ation . ▁The ▁" hot ▁land " ▁is ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁fo oth ills ▁and ▁low lands ▁from ▁sea ▁level ▁to ▁about ▁ ▁of ▁elev ation . ▁At ▁night ▁temper atures ▁drop ▁to ▁ ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁▁ ▁The ▁tierra ▁tem pl ada , ▁or ▁the ▁" temper ate ▁land ," ▁is ▁characteristic ▁of ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁high lands , ▁where ▁elev ations ▁range ▁between ▁. The ▁" c old ▁land " ▁at ▁elev ations ▁above ▁, ▁is ▁found ▁only ▁on ▁and ▁near ▁the ▁highest ▁pe aks ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁high lands . ▁Day time ▁aver ages ▁in ▁this ▁region ▁are ▁, ▁with ▁night time ▁l ows ▁below ▁. ▁ ▁Rain fall ▁ ▁Rain fall ▁var ies ▁greatly ▁in ▁Nic ar agua . ▁The ▁Car ib bean ▁low lands ▁are ▁the ▁wet test ▁section ▁of ▁Central ▁America , ▁receiving ▁between ▁ ▁of ▁rain ▁ann ually . ▁The ▁western ▁s lop es ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁high lands ▁and ▁the ▁Pacific ▁low lands ▁receive ▁consider ably ▁less ▁annual ▁ra inf all , ▁being ▁protected ▁from ▁mo ist ure
- lad en ▁Car ib bean ▁trade ▁wind s ▁by ▁the ▁pe aks ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁high lands . ▁▁ ▁Mean ▁annual ▁precip itation ▁for ▁the ▁r ift ▁valley ▁and ▁western ▁s lop es ▁of ▁the ▁high lands ▁ranges ▁from ▁. ▁Rain fall ▁is ▁season al — May ▁through ▁October ▁is ▁the ▁ra iny ▁season , ▁and ▁December ▁through ▁April ▁is ▁the ▁dri est ▁period . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ra iny ▁season , ▁Eastern ▁Nic ar agua ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁heavy ▁flo oding ▁along ▁the ▁upper ▁and ▁middle ▁reaches ▁of ▁all ▁major ▁rivers . ▁Near ▁the ▁coast , ▁where ▁river ▁courses ▁w iden ▁and ▁river ▁banks ▁and ▁natural ▁le ve es ▁are ▁low , ▁flo od w aters ▁sp ill ▁over ▁onto ▁the ▁flo od pla ins ▁until ▁large ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁low lands ▁become ▁continuous ▁sheets ▁of ▁water . ▁River ▁bank ▁agricult ural ▁plots ▁are ▁often ▁heavily ▁dam aged , ▁and ▁considerable ▁numbers ▁of ▁sav anna ▁animals ▁die ▁during ▁these ▁flo ods . ▁▁ ▁The ▁coast ▁is ▁also ▁subject ▁to ▁destruct ive ▁tropical ▁storm s ▁and ▁h urr ican es , ▁particularly ▁from ▁July ▁through ▁October . ▁The ▁high ▁wind s ▁and ▁flo ods , ▁accomp any ing ▁these ▁storm s ▁often ▁cause ▁considerable ▁destruction ▁of ▁property . ▁In ▁addition , ▁heavy ▁ra ins ▁( called ▁pap ag ay o ▁storm s ) ▁accomp any ing ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁a ▁cold ▁front ▁or ▁a ▁low - press ure ▁area ▁may ▁swe ep ▁from ▁the ▁north ▁through ▁both ▁eastern ▁and ▁western ▁Nic ar
agua ▁( part icular ly ▁the ▁r ift ▁valley ) ▁from ▁November ▁through ▁March . ▁▁ ▁H urr ican es ▁or ▁heavy ▁ra ins ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁high lands ▁where ▁agricult ure ▁has ▁destroyed ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁veget ation ▁also ▁cause ▁considerable ▁c rop ▁damage ▁and ▁soil ▁er os ion . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁H urr icane ▁Joan ▁forced ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁Nic ar agu ans ▁to ▁fle e ▁their ▁homes ▁and ▁caused ▁more ▁than ▁US $ 1 ▁billion ▁in ▁damage , ▁most ▁of ▁it ▁along ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁coast . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁Area : ▁total : ▁ 1 3 0 , 3 7 0 km 2 ▁land : ▁ 1 1 9 , 2 5 4 km 2 ▁water : ▁ 1 0 , 3 8 0 km 2 ▁ ▁Ext reme ▁points ▁ ▁Northern most ▁point : ▁North ▁of ▁Li wa ▁Sir pe ▁ ▁Southern most ▁point : ▁Tr in idad , ▁Río ▁San ▁Juan ▁ ▁Western most ▁point : ▁Pacific ▁coast ▁at ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Fon se ca , ▁Ch in ande ga ▁Department ▁ ▁Eastern most ▁point : ▁M isk ito ▁C ays ▁arch ip el ago , ▁North ▁Car ib bean ▁Coast ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region L ow est ▁point : ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁ 0 ▁m High est ▁point : ▁M og ot ón ▁ 2 , 4 3 8 ▁m ▁ ▁Land ▁use : ▁a rable ▁land : ▁ 1 4 . 5 7 % ▁permanent ▁cro ps
: ▁ 1 . 7 6 % ▁other : ▁ 8 3 . 6 6 % ▁( 2 0 1 1 .) ▁ ▁Ir rig ated ▁land : ▁ 9 4 2 . 4 km 2 ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Total ▁renew able ▁water ▁resources : 1 9 6 . 6 km 3 ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) Mar itime ▁claims ''' Cont igu ous ▁zone : ▁ ▁Territ orial ▁sea : ▁ ▁Ex clus ive ▁economic ▁zone ' ': ▁ ▁Environment ▁Nic ar agua ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁destruct ive ▁earth qu akes , ▁vol cano es , ▁land sl ides , ▁and ▁occasionally ▁severe ▁h urr ican es . ▁It ▁currently ▁faces ▁def or est ation , ▁soil ▁er os ion , ▁and ▁water ▁poll ution . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁party ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Framework ▁Convention ▁on ▁Cl imate ▁Change , ▁the ▁Cl imate ▁Change - K y oto ▁Pro tocol , ▁the ▁N uc lear ▁Test ▁Ban , ▁and ▁the ▁O zone ▁L ayer ▁Prote ction , ▁and ▁has ▁signed ▁but ▁not ▁rat ified ▁the ▁Law ▁of ▁the ▁Sea . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Territ orial ▁disput es ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁ ▁Water ▁resources ▁management ▁in ▁Nic ar agua ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁vol cano es ▁in ▁Nic ar agua ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁islands ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁ ▁Prote cted ▁areas ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ph otos ▁and ▁information ▁about
▁the ▁vol cano es ▁in ▁Nic ar agua <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁C afé ▁Rou ge ▁was ▁the ▁main ▁restaurant ▁in ▁New ▁York ' s ▁Hotel ▁Pennsylvania . ▁It ▁now ▁oper ates ▁as ▁a ▁multi - pur pose ▁ven ue , ▁known ▁as ▁Station ▁ 3 2 . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁ ▁The ▁C afé ▁Rou ge ▁( as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁interior ▁and ▁exterior ▁of ▁Hotel ▁Pennsylvania ) ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁architect ural ▁firm ▁McK im , ▁M ead ▁& ▁White . ▁It ▁measured ▁ 5 8 fe et ▁by ▁ 1 4 2 fe et , ▁with ▁a ▁ce iling ▁height ▁of ▁ 2 2 fe et . ▁making ▁the ▁C afé ▁Rou ge ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁its ▁kind ▁anywhere ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁creation . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁massive ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁room , ▁the ▁Ca fe ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁sections . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁main ▁central ▁floor ▁level ▁and ▁two ▁terra ces ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁space . ▁ ▁The ▁terra ces ▁were ▁raised ▁ 1 8 in ches ▁above ▁the ▁central ▁floor ▁level , ▁whose ▁purpose ▁being ▁to ▁break ▁up ▁the ▁monot ony ▁of ▁the ▁large ▁floor ▁space . ▁The ▁terra ce ▁sections ▁were ▁available ▁to ▁guests ▁upon ▁request ▁who ▁wanted ▁a ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁scene ▁of ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁room , ▁including ▁a ▁full ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁ ▁The ▁c afé ▁was ▁designed ▁with ▁a ▁distinct ▁Italian ▁character . ▁The
▁wall ▁base , ▁and ▁door ▁trim ▁was ▁made ▁of ▁ter rac otta , ▁the ▁walls ▁were ▁artificial ▁lim estone ▁and ▁the ▁ce iling ▁was ▁treated ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁old ▁wooden ▁be amed ▁ce il ings . ▁The ▁ce iling ▁was ▁carefully ▁studied ▁in ▁color ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁apparent ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁room , ▁and ▁the ▁be ams ▁of ▁the ▁ce iling ▁had ▁car v ings ▁of ▁various ▁designs . ▁The ▁east ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁c afé ▁had ▁a ▁large ▁floor ▁to ▁ce iling ▁f ount ain . ▁The ▁c afé ▁had ▁large ▁arch ed ▁windows ▁running ▁along ▁the ▁exterior ▁wall ▁of ▁the ▁room . ▁The ▁arch ed ▁window ▁design ▁was ▁m im icked ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁wall . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁band stand ▁which ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁central ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁room ▁on ▁the ▁exterior ▁wall . ▁ ▁Big ▁band ▁era ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁The ▁C afé ▁Rou ge ▁had ▁a ▁big ▁band ▁remote ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁N BC ▁Radio ▁Network ▁and ▁became ▁famous ▁for ▁the ▁performances ▁held ▁inside . ▁Multiple ▁artists ▁played ▁inside ▁the ▁C afé ▁- ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁Dor sey ▁Brothers , ▁Wo ody ▁H erman , ▁Count ▁Bas ie , ▁Duke ▁Ell ington , ▁and ▁The ▁Andrew s ▁Sister s . ▁Gl enn ▁Miller ▁and ▁his ▁Gl enn ▁Miller ▁Orchestra ▁broadcast ▁multiple ▁live ▁radio ▁performances ▁from ▁the ▁C afé ; ▁some ▁were ▁recorded ▁by ▁R CA ▁Victor . ▁Gl enn
▁Miller ▁returned ▁to ▁Hotel ▁Pennsylvania ▁frequently ▁not ▁just ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁C afé ▁Rou ge , ▁but ▁to ▁stay ▁there . ▁The ▁hotel ' s ▁tele phone ▁number ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁best - known ▁songs , ▁Pennsylvania ▁ 6 - 5 0 0 0 . ▁Les ▁Brown ' s ▁band , ▁with ▁its ▁vocal ist ▁Dor is ▁Day , ▁introduced ▁their ▁song ▁" S ent iment al ▁J our ney " ▁at ▁the ▁c afé ▁in ▁November ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁use ▁ ▁The ▁C afé ▁Rou ge ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁considered ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Hotel ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁separate ▁address ▁and ▁entrance ▁from ▁the ▁street ▁at ▁ 1 4 5 ▁West ▁ 3 2 nd ▁Street . ▁ ▁The ▁hotel ▁structure ▁is ▁currently ▁owned ▁by ▁V orn ado ▁Real ty ▁Trust . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁multi - pur pose ▁space ▁from ▁numerous ▁events . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁for ▁the ▁Garden ▁in ▁Trans it ▁project , ▁ad hes ive ▁weather proof ▁paint ings ▁of ▁flowers ▁attached ▁to ▁NY C ▁tax ic abs ▁were ▁painted ▁inside ▁the ▁C afé . ▁▁ ▁N umer ous ▁events ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁New ▁York ▁F ashion ▁Week ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Ca fe ▁Rou ge . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁C afé ▁Rou ge ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁an ▁ind oor ▁basketball ▁court ▁known ▁as ▁Terminal ▁ 2 3
, ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁the ▁Mel o ▁M 1 0 ▁by ▁the ▁Jordan ▁Brand ▁division ▁of ▁N ike . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁interior ▁decor ▁remains ▁int act . ▁ ▁The ▁f ount ain ▁and ▁ ▁be amed ▁ce iling ▁and ▁other ▁architect ural ▁details ▁remain , ▁though ▁the ▁entire ▁room , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁ce iling , ▁have ▁been ▁painted ▁over ▁in ▁white . ▁ ▁Land mark ▁bid ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Land marks ▁Pres ervation ▁Commission ▁review ed ▁the ▁C afé ▁Rou ge ▁for ▁land mark ing ▁status ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁evaluation ▁papers ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Hotel ▁Pennsylvania ▁Pres ervation ▁Society ▁( former ly ▁the ▁Save ▁Hotel ▁Pennsylvania ▁Foundation ) ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁C afé ▁was ▁rejected ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁land mark ing , ▁most ▁likely ▁because ▁the ▁ 1 5 ▁P enn ▁Pla za ▁project ▁was ▁approved . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 5 ▁P enn ▁Pla za ▁project , ▁which ▁was ▁abandoned ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁would ▁have ▁included ▁the ▁demol ition ▁of ▁the ▁C afé . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Hotel ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Hotel ▁Pennsylvania ▁Pres ervation ▁Society ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁restaur ants ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : R estaur ants ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Category : Mc K im , ▁M ead ▁& ▁White ▁buildings <0x0A> </s> ▁LO C , ▁L . O .
C ., ▁Loc , ▁Lo C , ▁or ▁loc s ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Places ▁▁▁ ▁L ó c , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁S ân ge org iu ▁de ▁P ă d ure , ▁M ure ş ▁County , ▁Roman ia ▁ ▁L ó cs , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Vas ▁county , ▁Hung ary ▁ ▁Line ▁of ▁Control ▁or ▁Lo C , ▁a ▁ce ase fire ▁line ▁between ▁Indian - ▁and ▁Pak ist ani - control led ▁parts ▁of ▁K ash mir ▁ ▁People ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁ ▁L . O . C . ▁( rapper ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁Dan ish ▁ra pper ▁ ▁Gold ie ▁Loc ▁ ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 0 ), ▁American ▁ra pper ▁ ▁Spider ▁Loc ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁American ▁ra pper ▁ ▁T one ▁L ō c ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 6 ), ▁American ▁hip - h op ▁artist ▁and ▁director ▁ ▁L augh lin ▁Phill ips ▁or ▁Loc ▁( 1 9 2 4 – 2 0 1 0 ), ▁ ▁American ▁museum ▁director ▁ ▁Arts , ▁entertain ment , ▁and ▁media ▁ ▁O G ▁Loc , ▁fict ional ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁Grand ▁The ft ▁Auto : ▁San ▁Andreas ▁ ▁Ste el ▁Battalion : ▁Line ▁of ▁Contact ▁or ▁Lo C , ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁vide og ame ▁ ▁Health care ▁ ▁LO C , ▁a ▁medical ▁ac ron ym ▁for ▁L oss ▁of ▁conscious ness ▁ ▁Level
▁of ▁conscious ness , ▁a ▁medical ▁assess ment ▁of ▁a ▁patient ' s ▁presence ▁or ▁degree ▁of ▁alter ed ▁level ▁of ▁conscious ness ▁ ▁Organ izations ▁▁ ▁Le M oy ne – O wen ▁College , ▁a ▁histor ically ▁black ▁college ▁in ▁M emph is , ▁Tennessee ▁ ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁▁ ▁or ▁Commun ist ▁Work ers ▁League , ▁a ▁T rot sky ist ▁group ▁in ▁Spain ▁active ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 6 – 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁Loc ▁Publishing , ▁an ▁im print ▁of ▁V DM ▁Publishing ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁▁ ▁Lab - on - a - ch ip , ▁a ▁device ▁that ▁integr ates ▁multiple ▁labor atory ▁functions ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁chip ▁ ▁Let ter ▁of ▁Cred it ▁Lo C ▁or ▁L / C , ▁is ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁a ▁bank ▁or ▁ins urance ▁company ▁guarantee ing ▁that ▁a ▁bu yer ' s ▁payment ▁to ▁a ▁s eller ▁will ▁be ▁received ▁on ▁time ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁correct ▁amount ▁ ▁Lim it ▁of ▁con ve ction ▁or ▁equilibrium ▁level , ▁the ▁height ▁at ▁which ▁a ▁rising ▁par cel ▁of ▁air ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁temperature ▁as ▁its ▁environment ▁ ▁Lim iting ▁o xygen ▁concentration , ▁the ▁limit ing ▁concentration ▁of ▁o xygen ▁below ▁which ▁comb ust ion ▁is ▁not ▁possible ▁ ▁L ines ▁of ▁code , ▁a ▁software ▁metric ▁used ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁complexity ▁of ▁a ▁software ▁program ▁ ▁Li qu id ▁Organ ic ▁C lean er , ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁Am way ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁
▁LO C ▁record , ▁ge ol ocation ▁information ▁resource ▁record ▁in ▁Domain ▁Name ▁System ▁ ▁Loc s , ▁a ▁syn onym ▁for ▁dread lock s ▁ ▁Look ▁out ▁circular , ▁a ▁message ▁used ▁by ▁Inter pol ▁in ▁India ▁to ▁stop ▁wanted ▁people ▁from ▁leaving ▁the ▁country ▁ ▁L oss ▁of ▁control ▁( a er onaut ics ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁causes ▁to ▁aircraft ▁acc idents . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Loc ▁River <0x0A> </s> ▁Oracle ▁Bron to ▁provides ▁a ▁cloud - based ▁commerce ▁market ing ▁autom ation ▁platform ▁to ▁mid - market ▁and ▁enter prise ▁organizations . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Joe ▁Col opy ▁and ▁Ch az ▁Felix ▁founded ▁Bron to ▁Software ▁in ▁Dur ham , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁Bron to ▁Software ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Tob acco ▁District ▁of ▁Dur ham , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Joe ▁Col opy ' s ▁child hood ▁interest ▁in ▁din osa urs . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Bron to ▁Software ▁significantly ▁expanded ▁its ▁office ▁space ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁for ▁business ▁growth . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Bron to ▁opened ▁an ▁office ▁in ▁London , ▁UK ▁to ▁serve ▁continued ▁growth ▁in ▁Europe . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Bron to ▁marked ▁record - bre aking ▁growth ▁with ▁a ▁ 5 4 % ▁increase ▁in ▁re venue ▁and ▁team ▁growth ▁of ▁ 4 0 %, ▁finishing ▁the ▁year ▁with ▁ 1 1 8 ▁employees . ▁In
▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Bron to ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁leading ▁self - service ▁email ▁provider , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁overall ▁leading ▁email ▁service ▁provider , ▁to ▁the ▁Internet ▁Ret ail er ▁Top ▁ 1 0 0 0 . ▁At ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Bron to ▁had ▁ 1 5 2 ▁employees , ▁offices ▁in ▁Dur ham , ▁NC , ▁US ▁and ▁London , ▁UK . ▁Bron to ▁Software ▁expanded ▁operations ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁by ▁opening ▁an ▁office ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia . ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Bron to ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁double d ▁their ▁world ▁headquarters ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁Tob acco ▁Camp us ▁in ▁Dur ham , ▁NC , ▁adding ▁ 4 7 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁feet ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁feet . ▁According ▁to ▁Bron to ▁CE O , ▁Joe ▁Col opy , ▁" The ▁move ▁reflect s ▁our ▁focus ▁on ▁high ▁growth ▁and ▁further ▁supports ▁our ▁goal ▁of ▁remaining ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁pre em inent ▁places ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁Tri angle ▁and ▁being ▁a ▁center ▁for ▁software ▁innov ation ." ▁▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Net Su ite ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement ▁to ▁ac quire ▁Bron to ▁Software . ▁ ▁Product s ▁and ▁services ▁The ▁Bron to ▁Mark eting ▁Platform ▁includes ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁build ▁flow charts ▁for ▁campaign s , ▁autom ate ▁the ▁campaign s
, ▁and ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁results . ▁The ▁platform ▁lets ▁customers ▁integrate ▁their ▁email , ▁S MS , ▁Twitter , ▁and ▁Facebook ▁campaign s . ▁The ▁platform ▁also ▁includes ▁a ▁complete ▁API ▁for ▁custom ▁integr ations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁standard ▁integr ations ▁with ▁partners ▁like ▁Mag ento , ▁Om n iture , ▁Google , ▁Dem and ware , ▁Market Live ▁and ▁other ▁web ▁analyt ics ▁and ▁e - commerce ▁prov iders . ▁ ▁Bron to ▁Software ▁hosts ▁an ▁annual ▁multi - day ▁user ▁conference ▁to ▁discuss ▁e - commerce ▁market ing ▁through ▁email , ▁mobile , ▁social ▁campaign s . ▁This ▁event ▁is ▁usually ▁in ▁mid - A pril ▁in ▁Chap el ▁Hill , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁event ▁featured ▁ke yn ote ▁present ations ▁from ▁CE O ▁Joe ▁Col opy , ▁CO O ▁Ch az ▁Felix , ▁and ▁Such ar ita ▁M ulp uru , ▁a ▁principal ▁anal yst ▁with ▁For r ester ▁Research . ▁Bron to ▁Sum mit ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁featured ▁ret ail ▁expert ▁La uren ▁Fre ed man ▁( The ▁e - tail ing ▁group ), ▁Anne ▁Holland ▁( An ne ▁Holland ▁Vent ures , ▁Which Test W on ), ▁and ▁journalist ▁Ken ▁Mag ill . ▁Con ver ge ▁on ▁Com merce , ▁Bron to ▁Sum mit ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁featured ▁ke yn otes ▁by ▁CE O ▁Joe ▁Col opy , ▁Bry an ▁Eisen berg ▁and ▁Don na ▁I u col ano . ▁Bron to ▁Sum mit ▁ 2
0 1 4 ▁brought ▁together ▁speak ers ▁including ▁Gary ▁V ay ner ch uk , ▁Jam ie ▁Clar ke , ▁CE O ▁and ▁co - found er ▁of ▁Live Out There . com , ▁and ▁entrepr ene urs ▁Tom ▁Lot rec ch iano ▁and ▁Joe ▁Schmidt , ▁found ers ▁of ▁Can vas On D em and ▁and ▁other ▁companies . ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁ ▁Inc ▁Magazine ▁has ▁ranked ▁Bron to ▁Software ▁on ▁their ▁Inc ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁list ▁for ▁six ▁consecutive ▁years ▁( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 4 ). ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁marked ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁fast est ▁growing ▁software ▁companies ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁N CT A ▁awarded ▁Bron to ▁their ▁Software ▁Company ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁Tri angle ▁Business ▁Journal ▁ranked ▁Bron to ▁# 1 8 ▁on ▁their ▁Fast ▁ 5 0 , ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁fast est ▁growing ▁priv ately ▁owned ▁companies ▁in ▁the ▁Tri angle . ▁ ▁Bron to ▁Software ▁won ▁the ▁Ste vie ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Customer ▁Service ▁Department ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁Business ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Bron to ▁was ▁named ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Best ▁Places ▁to ▁Work ▁by ▁the ▁Tri angle ▁Business ▁Journal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Bron to ▁Software ▁was ▁a ▁S
II A ▁CO Di E ▁Award ▁final ist ▁for ▁Best ▁Mark eting ▁Solution ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁final ist ▁for ▁Best ▁Mark eting ▁Autom ation ▁Solution ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : So ftware ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Dur ham , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : So ftware ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Gay ▁is ▁a ▁term ▁that ▁now ▁primarily ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁hom osex ual ▁person ▁or ▁the ▁trait ▁of ▁being ▁hom osex ual . ▁The ▁term ▁was ▁originally ▁used ▁to ▁mean ▁" care free ", ▁" che er ful ", ▁or ▁" br ight ▁and ▁show y ". ▁ ▁Gay ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Places ▁ ▁In ▁E uras ia ▁Gay , ▁Armen ia , ▁a ▁town ▁ ▁In ▁Europe ▁Gay , ▁Russia , ▁several ▁inhab ited ▁local ities ▁Gay ▁Street , ▁Bath , ▁Som erset , ▁England ▁Gay ▁Street , ▁West ▁Sus sex , ▁England ▁ ▁In ▁North ▁America ▁Gay , ▁Georgia , ▁United ▁States , ▁a ▁town ▁Gay , ▁Michigan , ▁United ▁States , ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁Gay , ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁United ▁States , ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁Gay
, ▁Oklahoma , ▁United ▁States , ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁Gay , ▁West ▁Virginia , ▁United ▁States , ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁Gay ▁Farm , ▁an ▁historic ▁colonial ▁house , ▁Peters ham , ▁Massachusetts , ▁United ▁States ▁Gay ▁Island , ▁N un av ut , ▁Canada ▁Gay ▁Street ▁( B alt imore ), ▁Maryland , ▁United ▁States ▁Gay ▁Street ▁( K no x ville ), ▁Tennessee , ▁United ▁States ▁Gay ▁Street ▁( Man h attan ), ▁New ▁York , ▁United ▁States ▁Gay ▁Township , ▁Taylor ▁County , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁People ▁Gay ▁( g iven ▁name ) ▁Gay ▁( s urname ) ▁Gay ▁( nick name ) ▁ ▁Arts , ▁entertain ment , ▁and ▁media ▁Gay ▁( mag azine ), ▁the ▁first ▁gay ▁magazine ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁Canada ▁Gay ?, ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁EP ▁by ▁ind ie ▁rock ▁band ▁ 1 2 ▁Rod s ▁ ▁Transport ▁G aya ▁Airport , ▁by ▁I ATA ▁code ▁Gay ▁class ▁fast ▁pat rol ▁boat , ▁ 1 2 ▁boats ▁that ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁G - A - Y , ▁a ▁night club ▁in ▁London ▁Gay o ▁language , ▁by ▁ISO ▁code ▁Gay , ▁a ▁con son ant ▁in ▁Pit man ▁sh orth and ▁Gay ▁Games , ▁an ▁international ▁sport ing ▁and ▁cultural ▁event ▁organized ▁by ▁and ▁specifically ▁for ▁les bian , ▁gay , ▁bis ex ual , ▁and ▁trans gender ▁(
L GB T ) ▁Trop ical ▁Storm ▁Gay ▁( disambiguation ), ▁several ▁tropical ▁cycl ones ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁G ai ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Gay ▁and ▁Les bian ▁( disambiguation ) ▁G aye ▁( disambiguation ) ▁G ays , ▁Illinois , ▁United ▁States , ▁a ▁village ▁Gay sky ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Luigi ▁De ▁Mos si ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁in ▁S ien a ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁politician ▁and ▁lawyer . ▁ ▁He ▁ran ▁for ▁Mayor ▁of ▁S ien a ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Italian ▁local ▁elections , ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁centre - right ▁coal ition ▁formed ▁by ▁L ega ▁Nord , ▁For za ▁Italia , ▁Brothers ▁of ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁civ ic ▁list ▁" Vol ti amo ▁P ag ina ". ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁Mayor ▁of ▁S ien a ▁and ▁took ▁his ▁office ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁appeared ▁as ▁Jess ica ' s ▁lawyer ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁The ▁Face ▁of ▁an ▁Angel , ▁directed ▁by ▁Michael ▁Winter bottom . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Italian ▁local ▁elections ▁List ▁of ▁may ors ▁of ▁S ien a ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁S ien a <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁accident ▁was ▁a ▁partial ▁mel td own ▁of ▁re actor ▁number ▁ 2 ▁of ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁N
uc lear ▁Gener ating ▁Station ▁( T MI - 2 ) ▁in ▁D au ph in ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁near ▁Harris burg , ▁and ▁subsequent ▁radiation ▁leak ▁that ▁occurred ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁accident ▁in ▁U . S . ▁commercial ▁nuclear ▁power ▁plant ▁history . ▁On ▁the ▁seven - point ▁International ▁N uc lear ▁Event ▁Sc ale , ▁the ▁incident ▁was ▁r ated ▁a ▁five ▁as ▁an ▁" acc ident ▁with ▁wider ▁consequences ". ▁ ▁The ▁accident ▁began ▁with ▁fail ures ▁in ▁the ▁non - n uc lear ▁secondary ▁system , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁stuck - open ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁system , ▁which ▁allowed ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁nuclear ▁re actor ▁cool ant ▁to ▁escape . ▁The ▁mechanical ▁fail ures ▁were ▁comp ounded ▁by ▁the ▁initial ▁failure ▁of ▁plant ▁operators ▁to ▁recognize ▁the ▁situation ▁as ▁a ▁loss - of - co ol ant ▁accident ▁due ▁to ▁in ade qu ate ▁training ▁and ▁human ▁factors , ▁such ▁as ▁human - comput er ▁interaction ▁design ▁o vers ights ▁rel ating ▁to ▁ambigu ous ▁control ▁room ▁indic ators ▁in ▁the ▁power ▁plant ' s ▁user ▁interface . ▁In ▁particular , ▁a ▁hidden ▁indicator ▁light ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁operator ▁manually ▁overrid ing ▁the ▁automatic ▁emer gency ▁cool ing ▁system ▁of ▁the ▁re actor ▁because ▁the ▁operator ▁mistaken ly ▁believed ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁too ▁much ▁cool ant ▁water ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁re actor ▁and ▁causing ▁the ▁steam ▁pressure
▁release . ▁ ▁The ▁accident ▁cry st all ized ▁anti - n uc lear ▁safety ▁concerns ▁among ▁activ ists ▁and ▁the ▁general ▁public , ▁and ▁resulted ▁in ▁new ▁reg ulations ▁for ▁the ▁nuclear ▁industry . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁c ited ▁as ▁a ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁the ▁decl ine ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁re actor ▁construction ▁program , ▁a ▁slow down ▁that ▁was ▁already ▁under way ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁The ▁partial ▁mel td own ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁radio active ▁g ases ▁and ▁radio active ▁i od ine ▁into ▁the ▁environment . ▁ ▁Anti - n uc lear ▁movement ▁activ ists ▁expressed ▁wor ries ▁about ▁regional ▁health ▁effects ▁from ▁the ▁accident . ▁However , ▁ep ide mi ological ▁studies ▁analyz ing ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁cancer ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁area ▁since ▁the ▁accident ▁determined ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁statist ically ▁non - sign ific ant ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁rate ▁and ▁thus ▁no ▁caus al ▁connection ▁linking ▁the ▁accident ▁with ▁these ▁can cers ▁has ▁been ▁subst anti ated . ▁C lean up ▁started ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁and ▁officially ▁ended ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁clean up ▁cost ▁of ▁about ▁$ 1 b ill ion . ▁ ▁Acc ident ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁night ▁time ▁hours ▁before ▁the ▁incident , ▁the ▁T MI - 2 ▁re actor ▁was ▁running ▁at ▁ 9 7 % ▁power , ▁while ▁the ▁companion ▁T MI - 1 ▁re actor ▁was ▁shut
▁down ▁for ▁ref uel ing . ▁The ▁main ▁chain ▁of ▁events ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁partial ▁core ▁mel td own ▁at ▁ 4 : 0 0 : 3 7 am ▁E ST ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁began ▁in ▁T MI - 2 ' s ▁secondary ▁loop , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁main ▁water / ste am ▁loops ▁in ▁a ▁press ur ized ▁water ▁re actor ▁( P WR ). ▁ ▁The ▁initial ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁accident ▁happened ▁eleven ▁hours ▁earlier , ▁during ▁an ▁attempt ▁by ▁operators ▁to ▁fix ▁a ▁block age ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁eight ▁cond ens ate ▁pol ish ers , ▁the ▁s oph istic ated ▁filters ▁clean ing ▁the ▁secondary ▁loop ▁water . ▁These ▁filters ▁are ▁designed ▁to ▁stop ▁min er als ▁and ▁imp ur ities ▁in ▁the ▁water ▁from ▁accum ulating ▁in ▁the ▁steam ▁gener ators ▁and ▁increasing ▁cor ros ion ▁rates ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁side . ▁ ▁Block ages ▁are ▁common ▁with ▁these ▁res in ▁filters ▁and ▁are ▁usually ▁fixed ▁easily , ▁but ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁the ▁usual ▁method ▁of ▁forcing ▁the ▁stuck ▁res in ▁out ▁with ▁com pressed ▁air ▁did ▁not ▁succeed . ▁The ▁operators ▁decided ▁to ▁blow ▁the ▁com pressed ▁air ▁into ▁the ▁water ▁and ▁let ▁the ▁force ▁of ▁the ▁water ▁clear ▁the ▁res in . ▁When ▁they ▁forced ▁the ▁res in ▁out , ▁a ▁small ▁amount ▁of ▁water ▁forced ▁its ▁way ▁past ▁a ▁stuck - open ▁check ▁val ve ▁and ▁found ▁its ▁way ▁into ▁an ▁instrument ▁air
▁line . ▁This ▁would ▁eventually ▁cause ▁the ▁feed water ▁p umps , ▁cond ens ate ▁boost er ▁p umps , ▁and ▁cond ens ate ▁p umps ▁to ▁turn ▁off ▁around ▁ 4 : 0 0 am , ▁which ▁would ▁in ▁turn ▁cause ▁a ▁tur bine ▁trip . ▁ ▁Re actor ▁over he ating ▁and ▁mal function ▁of ▁relief ▁val ve ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁steam ▁gener ators ▁were ▁no ▁longer ▁receiving ▁feed water , ▁heat ▁and ▁pressure ▁increased ▁in ▁the ▁re actor ▁cool ant ▁system , ▁causing ▁the ▁re actor ▁to ▁perform ▁an ▁emer gency ▁shut down ▁( SC RAM ). ▁Within ▁eight ▁seconds , ▁control ▁ro ds ▁were ▁inserted ▁into ▁the ▁core ▁to ▁halt ▁the ▁nuclear ▁chain ▁reaction . ▁However ▁the ▁re actor ▁continued ▁to ▁generate ▁decay ▁heat , ▁and ▁because ▁steam ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁being ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁tur bine , ▁heat ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁being ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁re actor ' s ▁primary ▁water ▁loop . ▁ ▁Once ▁the ▁secondary ▁feed water ▁p umps ▁stopped , ▁three ▁auxili ary ▁p umps ▁activ ated ▁automatically . ▁However , ▁because ▁the ▁val ves ▁had ▁been ▁closed ▁for ▁routine ▁maintenance , ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁p ump ▁any ▁water . ▁The ▁closure ▁of ▁these ▁val ves ▁was ▁a ▁viol ation ▁of ▁a ▁key ▁N uc lear ▁Reg ul atory ▁Commission ▁( N RC ) ▁rule , ▁according ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁re actor ▁must ▁be ▁shut ▁down ▁if ▁all ▁auxili ary ▁feed ▁p umps ▁are ▁closed ▁for ▁maintenance . ▁This ▁was ▁later ▁sing
led ▁out ▁by ▁N RC ▁officials ▁as ▁a ▁key ▁failure . ▁ ▁The ▁loss ▁of ▁heat ▁removal ▁from ▁the ▁primary ▁loop ▁and ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁auxili ary ▁system ▁to ▁activ ate ▁caused ▁the ▁primary ▁loop ▁pressure ▁to ▁increase , ▁trigger ing ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁press ur iz era ▁pressure ▁active - reg ulator ▁tank to ▁open ▁automatically . ▁The ▁relief ▁val ve ▁should ▁have ▁closed ▁when ▁the ▁excess ▁pressure ▁had ▁been ▁released , ▁and ▁electric ▁power ▁to ▁the ▁sol en oid ▁of ▁the ▁pilot ▁was ▁automatically ▁cut , ▁but ▁the ▁relief ▁val ve ▁stuck ▁open ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁mechanical ▁fault . ▁The ▁open ▁val ve ▁permitted ▁cool ant ▁water ▁to ▁escape ▁from ▁the ▁primary ▁system , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁principal ▁mechanical ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁primary ▁cool ant ▁system ▁de press ur ization ▁and ▁partial ▁core ▁dis integration ▁that ▁followed . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁user ▁interface ▁engineering ▁problems ▁were ▁revealed ▁in ▁the ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁re actor ▁control ▁system ' s ▁user ▁interface . ▁Despite ▁the ▁val ve ▁being ▁stuck ▁open , ▁a ▁light ▁on ▁the ▁control ▁panel ▁ost ens ibly ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁val ve ▁was ▁closed . ▁In ▁fact ▁the ▁light ▁did ▁not ▁indicate ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁val ve , ▁only ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁sol en oid ▁being ▁power ed ▁or ▁not , ▁thus ▁giving ▁false ▁evidence ▁of ▁a ▁closed ▁val ve . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁operators ▁did ▁not ▁correctly ▁diagn ose ▁the ▁problem ▁for ▁several ▁hours
. ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁indicator ▁light ▁was ▁fund ament ally ▁fla wed . ▁The ▁bul b ▁was ▁simply ▁connected ▁in ▁parallel ▁with ▁the ▁val ve ▁sol en oid , ▁thus ▁imp lying ▁that ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁was ▁shut ▁when ▁it ▁went ▁dark , ▁without ▁actually ▁ver ifying ▁the ▁real ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁val ve . ▁When ▁everything ▁was ▁operating ▁correctly , ▁the ▁indic ation ▁was ▁true ▁and ▁the ▁operators ▁became ▁hab itu ated ▁to ▁rely ▁on ▁it . ▁However , ▁when ▁things ▁went ▁wrong ▁and ▁the ▁main ▁relief ▁val ve ▁stuck ▁open , ▁the ▁un light ed ▁lamp ▁was ▁actually ▁mis leading ▁the ▁operators ▁by ▁imp lying ▁that ▁the ▁val ve ▁was ▁shut . ▁This ▁caused ▁the ▁operators ▁considerable ▁confusion , ▁because ▁the ▁pressure , ▁temperature ▁and ▁cool ant ▁levels ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁circuit , ▁so ▁far ▁as ▁they ▁could ▁observe ▁them ▁via ▁their ▁instruments , ▁were ▁not ▁behav ing ▁as ▁they ▁would ▁have ▁if ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁were ▁shut . ▁This ▁confusion ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁sever ity ▁of ▁the ▁accident ▁because ▁the ▁operators ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁break ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁assumptions ▁that ▁conflic ted ▁with ▁what ▁their ▁instruments ▁were ▁telling ▁them . ▁The ▁problem ▁was ▁not ▁correctly ▁diagn osed ▁until ▁a ▁fresh ▁shift ▁came ▁in ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁mind set ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁shift ▁of ▁operators . ▁By ▁this ▁time ▁major ▁damage ▁had ▁occurred . ▁ ▁The ▁operators ▁had
▁not ▁been ▁trained ▁to ▁understand ▁the ▁ambigu ous ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁indicator ▁and ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁alternative ▁confirm ation ▁that ▁the ▁main ▁relief ▁val ve ▁was ▁closed . ▁A ▁down stream ▁temperature ▁indicator , ▁the ▁sensor ▁for ▁which ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁tail ▁pipe ▁between ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁and ▁the ▁press ur izer ▁relief ▁tank , ▁could ▁have ▁hint ed ▁at ▁a ▁stuck ▁val ve ▁had ▁operators ▁noticed ▁its ▁higher - than - normal ▁reading . ▁It ▁was ▁not , ▁however , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁" s af ety ▁grade " ▁suite ▁of ▁indic ators ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁after ▁an ▁incident , ▁and ▁personnel ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁trained ▁to ▁use ▁it . ▁Its ▁location ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁seven - foot - high ▁instrument ▁panel ▁also ▁meant ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁effectively ▁out ▁of ▁sight . ▁ ▁De press ur ization ▁of ▁primary ▁re actor ▁cool ing ▁system ▁As ▁the ▁pressure ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁system ▁continued ▁to ▁decrease , ▁re actor ▁cool ant ▁continued ▁to ▁flow , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁bo iling ▁inside ▁the ▁core . ▁First , ▁small ▁b ub bles ▁of ▁steam ▁formed ▁and ▁immediately ▁col lapsed , ▁known ▁as ▁nucle ate ▁bo iling . ▁As ▁the ▁system ▁pressure ▁decre ased ▁further , ▁steam ▁po ckets ▁began ▁to ▁form ▁in ▁the ▁re actor ▁cool ant . ▁This ▁departure ▁from ▁nucle ate ▁bo iling ▁( D NB ) ▁into ▁the ▁regime ▁of ▁" film ▁bo iling " ▁caused ▁steam
▁void s ▁in ▁cool ant ▁channels , ▁blocking ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁liquid ▁cool ant ▁and ▁greatly ▁increasing ▁the ▁fuel ▁cl adding ▁temperature . ▁The ▁overall ▁water ▁level ▁inside ▁the ▁press ur izer ▁was ▁rising ▁despite ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁cool ant ▁through ▁the ▁open ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve , ▁as ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁these ▁steam ▁void s ▁increased ▁much ▁more ▁quickly ▁than ▁cool ant ▁was ▁lost . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁dedicated ▁instrument ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁core , ▁operators ▁jud ged ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁core ▁sole ly ▁by ▁the ▁level ▁in ▁the ▁press ur izer . ▁Since ▁it ▁was ▁high , ▁they ▁assumed ▁that ▁the ▁core ▁was ▁properly ▁covered ▁with ▁cool ant , ▁una ware ▁that ▁because ▁of ▁steam ▁forming ▁in ▁the ▁re actor ▁vessel , ▁the ▁indicator ▁provided ▁mis leading ▁read ings . ▁Ind ic ations ▁of ▁high ▁water ▁levels ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁confusion , ▁as ▁operators ▁were ▁concerned ▁about ▁the ▁primary ▁loop ▁" going ▁solid ", ▁( i . e ., ▁no ▁steam ▁pocket ▁buffer ▁existing ▁in ▁the ▁press ur izer ) ▁which ▁in ▁training ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁instruct ed ▁to ▁never ▁allow . ▁This ▁confusion ▁was ▁a ▁key ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁the ▁initial ▁failure ▁to ▁recognize ▁the ▁accident ▁as ▁a ▁loss - of - co ol ant ▁accident , ▁and ▁led ▁operators ▁to ▁turn ▁off ▁the ▁emer gency ▁core ▁cool ing ▁p umps , ▁which ▁had ▁automatically ▁started ▁after ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁stuck
▁and ▁core ▁cool ant ▁loss ▁began , ▁due ▁to ▁fear s ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁being ▁over filled . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁still ▁open , ▁the ▁press ur izer ▁relief ▁tank ▁that ▁collected ▁the ▁dis charge ▁from ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁over filled , ▁causing ▁the ▁contain ment ▁building ▁sum p ▁to ▁fill ▁and ▁sound ▁an ▁alarm ▁at ▁ 4 : 1 1 am . ▁This ▁alarm , ▁along ▁with ▁higher ▁than ▁normal ▁temper atures ▁on ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁dis charge ▁line ▁and ▁unus ually ▁high ▁contain ment ▁building ▁temper atures ▁and ▁press ures , ▁were ▁clear ▁indic ations ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁on going ▁loss - of - co ol ant ▁accident , ▁but ▁these ▁indic ations ▁were ▁initially ▁ignored ▁by ▁operators . ▁At ▁ 4 : 1 5 am , ▁the ▁relief ▁dia ph rag m ▁of ▁the ▁press ur izer ▁relief ▁tank ▁ru pt ured , ▁and ▁radio active ▁cool ant ▁began ▁to ▁leak ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁general ▁contain ment ▁building . ▁This ▁radio active ▁cool ant ▁was ▁p ump ed ▁from ▁the ▁contain ment ▁building ▁sum p ▁to ▁an ▁auxili ary ▁building , ▁outside ▁the ▁main ▁contain ment , ▁until ▁the ▁sum p ▁p umps ▁were ▁stopped ▁at ▁ 4 : 3 9 am . ▁ ▁Part ial ▁mel td own ▁and ▁further ▁release ▁of ▁radio active ▁subst ances ▁ ▁At ▁about ▁ 5 : 2 0 , ▁after ▁almost ▁
8 0 min utes ▁of ▁slow ▁temperature ▁rise , ▁the ▁primary ▁loop ' s ▁four ▁main ▁re actor ▁cool ant ▁p umps ▁began ▁to ▁cav itate ▁as ▁a ▁steam ▁b ubble / water ▁mixture , ▁rather ▁than ▁water , ▁passed ▁through ▁them . ▁The ▁p umps ▁were ▁shut ▁down , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁believed ▁that ▁natural ▁circul ation ▁would ▁continue ▁the ▁water ▁movement . ▁Ste am ▁in ▁the ▁system ▁prevent ed ▁flow ▁through ▁the ▁core , ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁water ▁stopped ▁circul ating ▁it ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁steam ▁in ▁increasing ▁amounts . ▁So on ▁after ▁ 6 : 0 0 , ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁re actor ▁core ▁was ▁exposed ▁and ▁the ▁inten se ▁heat ▁caused ▁a ▁reaction ▁to ▁occur ▁between ▁the ▁steam ▁forming ▁in ▁the ▁re actor ▁core ▁and ▁the ▁z ir cal oy ▁nuclear ▁fuel ▁rod ▁cl adding , ▁yield ing ▁z ir con ium ▁dio x ide , ▁hydro gen , ▁and ▁additional ▁heat . ▁This ▁reaction ▁m elt ed ▁the ▁nuclear ▁fuel ▁rod ▁cl adding ▁and ▁dam aged ▁the ▁fuel ▁pel lets , ▁which ▁released ▁radio active ▁is ot op es ▁to ▁the ▁re actor ▁cool ant , ▁and ▁produced ▁hydro gen ▁gas ▁that ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁caused ▁a ▁small ▁explos ion ▁in ▁the ▁contain ment ▁building ▁later ▁that ▁afternoon . ▁ ▁At ▁ 6 am , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁shift ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁control ▁room . ▁A ▁new ▁arrival ▁noticed ▁that ▁the ▁temperature ▁in ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁tail ▁pipe ▁and
▁the ▁holding ▁t anks ▁was ▁excess ive ▁and ▁used ▁a ▁backup ▁val ve called ▁a ▁" block ▁val ve " to ▁shut ▁off ▁the ▁cool ant ▁vent ing ▁via ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve , ▁but ▁around ▁ ▁of ▁cool ant ▁had ▁already ▁le aked ▁from ▁the ▁primary ▁loop . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 6 : 4 5 ▁am , ▁ 1 6 5 ▁minutes ▁after ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁problem , ▁that ▁radiation ▁al ar ms ▁activ ated ▁when ▁the ▁cont amin ated ▁water ▁reached ▁detect ors ; ▁by ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁radiation ▁levels ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁cool ant ▁water ▁were ▁around ▁ 3 0 0 times ▁expected ▁levels , ▁and ▁the ▁general ▁contain ment ▁building ▁was ▁seriously ▁cont amin ated . ▁ ▁Emer gency ▁declaration ▁and ▁immediate ▁after math ▁At ▁ 6 : 5 7 am , ▁a ▁plant ▁super visor ▁declared ▁a ▁site ▁area ▁emer gency , ▁and ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 0 min utes ▁later ▁station ▁manager ▁Gary ▁Miller ▁announced ▁a ▁general ▁emer gency , ▁defined ▁as ▁having ▁the ▁" pot ential ▁for ▁serious ▁radi ological ▁consequences " ▁to ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁Metropolitan ▁Ed ison ▁( Met ▁Ed ) ▁not ified ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Emer gency ▁Management ▁Agency ▁( PE MA ), ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁contact ed ▁state ▁and ▁local ▁ag encies , ▁Governor ▁Richard ▁L . ▁Th orn burgh ▁and ▁lieutenant ▁governor ▁William ▁Sc r anton ▁III , ▁to ▁whom ▁Th orn burgh ▁assigned ▁responsibility ▁for ▁collect ing ▁and ▁reporting
▁on ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁accident . ▁The ▁uncertainty ▁of ▁operators ▁at ▁the ▁plant ▁was ▁reflected ▁in ▁fragment ary , ▁ambigu ous , ▁or ▁contradict ory ▁statements ▁made ▁by ▁Met ▁Ed ▁to ▁government ▁ag encies ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁press , ▁particularly ▁about ▁the ▁possibility ▁and ▁sever ity ▁of ▁off - site ▁radio activity ▁releases . ▁Sc r anton ▁held ▁a ▁press ▁conference ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁re ass uring , ▁yet ▁confusing , ▁about ▁this ▁possibility , ▁stating ▁that ▁though ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁" small ▁release ▁of ▁radiation ... no ▁increase ▁in ▁normal ▁radiation ▁levels " ▁had ▁been ▁detected . ▁These ▁were ▁contrad icted ▁by ▁another ▁official , ▁and ▁by ▁statements ▁from ▁Met ▁Ed , ▁who ▁both ▁claimed ▁that ▁no ▁radio activity ▁had ▁been ▁released . ▁In ▁fact , ▁read ings ▁from ▁instruments ▁at ▁the ▁plant ▁and ▁off - site ▁detect ors ▁had ▁detected ▁radio activity ▁releases , ▁al beit ▁at ▁levels ▁that ▁were ▁unlikely ▁to ▁threaten ▁public ▁health ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁temporary , ▁and ▁providing ▁that ▁contain ment ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁highly ▁cont amin ated ▁re actor ▁was ▁maintained . ▁ ▁An gry ▁that ▁Met ▁Ed ▁had ▁not ▁informed ▁them ▁before ▁conduct ing ▁a ▁steam ▁vent ing ▁from ▁the ▁plant , ▁and ▁convinced ▁that ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁down play ing ▁the ▁sever ity ▁of ▁the ▁accident , ▁state ▁officials ▁turned ▁to ▁the ▁N RC . ▁After ▁receiving ▁word ▁of ▁the ▁accident ▁from ▁Met ▁Ed , ▁the ▁N RC ▁had ▁activ ated ▁its ▁emer gency ▁response ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Beth es da
, ▁Maryland ▁and ▁sent ▁staff ▁members ▁to ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island . ▁N RC ▁chairman ▁Joseph ▁Hend rie ▁and ▁commission er ▁Victor ▁Gil in sky ▁initially ▁viewed ▁the ▁accident , ▁in ▁the ▁words ▁of ▁N RC ▁historian ▁Samuel ▁Walker , ▁as ▁a ▁" c ause ▁for ▁concern ▁but ▁not ▁alarm ". ▁Gil in sky ▁brief ed ▁rep or ters ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁Congress ▁on ▁the ▁situation ▁and ▁informed ▁White ▁House ▁staff , ▁and ▁at ▁ 1 0 : 0 0 a . m . ▁met ▁with ▁two ▁other ▁commission ers . ▁However , ▁the ▁N RC ▁faced ▁the ▁same ▁problems ▁in ▁obtain ing ▁accurate ▁information ▁as ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁was ▁further ▁ham per ed ▁by ▁being ▁organization ally ▁ill - prep ared ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁emer gen cies , ▁as ▁it ▁lack ed ▁a ▁clear ▁command ▁structure ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁authority ▁either ▁to ▁tell ▁the ▁utility ▁what ▁to ▁do , ▁or ▁to ▁order ▁an ▁ev acu ation ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁area . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁article , ▁Gil in sky ▁wrote ▁that ▁it ▁took ▁five ▁weeks ▁to ▁learn ▁that ▁" the ▁re actor ▁operators ▁had ▁measured ▁fuel ▁temper atures ▁near ▁the ▁mel ting ▁point ". ▁He ▁further ▁wrote : ▁" We ▁didn ' t ▁learn ▁for ▁years until ▁the ▁re actor ▁vessel ▁was ▁phys ically ▁opened that ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁plant ▁operator ▁called ▁the ▁N RC ▁at ▁about ▁ 8 : 0 0 a . m ., ▁roughly ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁u
ran ium ▁fuel ▁had ▁already ▁m elt ed ." ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁still ▁not ▁clear ▁to ▁the ▁control ▁room ▁staff ▁that ▁the ▁primary ▁loop ▁water ▁levels ▁were ▁low ▁and ▁that ▁over ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁core ▁was ▁exposed . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁workers ▁took ▁manual ▁read ings ▁from ▁the ▁therm oc ou ples ▁and ▁obtained ▁a ▁sample ▁of ▁primary ▁loop ▁water . ▁Seven ▁hours ▁into ▁the ▁emer gency , ▁new ▁water ▁was ▁p ump ed ▁into ▁the ▁primary ▁loop ▁and ▁the ▁backup ▁relief ▁val ve ▁was ▁opened ▁to ▁reduce ▁pressure ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁loop ▁could ▁be ▁filled ▁with ▁water . ▁After ▁ 1 6 h ours ▁the ▁primary ▁loop ▁p umps ▁were ▁turned ▁on ▁once ▁again , ▁and ▁the ▁core ▁temperature ▁began ▁to ▁fall . ▁A ▁large ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁core ▁had ▁m elt ed , ▁and ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁still ▁danger ously ▁radio active . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁third ▁day ▁following ▁the ▁accident , ▁a ▁hydro gen ▁b ubble ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁d ome ▁of ▁the ▁pressure ▁vessel , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁focus ▁of ▁concern . ▁A ▁hydro gen ▁explos ion ▁might ▁not ▁only ▁bre ach ▁the ▁pressure ▁vessel , ▁but , ▁depending ▁on ▁its ▁magnitude , ▁might ▁comprom ise ▁the ▁integrity ▁of ▁the ▁contain ment ▁vessel ▁leading ▁to ▁large - scale ▁release ▁of ▁radio active ▁material . ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁determined ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁o xygen ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁pressure ▁vessel , ▁a ▁pr ere quis ite ▁for ▁hydro gen ▁to ▁burn ▁or ▁expl ode . ▁Im mediate
▁steps ▁were ▁taken ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁hydro gen ▁b ubble , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁it ▁was ▁significantly ▁smaller . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁week , ▁steam ▁and ▁hydro gen ▁were ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁re actor ▁using ▁a ▁catal yt ic ▁recom bin er ▁and , ▁controvers ial ly , ▁by ▁vent ing ▁straight ▁to ▁the ▁atmosphere . ▁ ▁Ident ification ▁of ▁released ▁radio active ▁material ▁The ▁release ▁occurred ▁when ▁the ▁cl adding ▁was ▁dam aged ▁while ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁was ▁still ▁stuck ▁open . ▁F ission ▁products ▁were ▁released ▁into ▁the ▁re actor ▁cool ant . ▁Since ▁the ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁was ▁stuck ▁open ▁and ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁cool ant ▁accident ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁progress , ▁primary ▁cool ant ▁with ▁f ission ▁products ▁and / or ▁fuel ▁was ▁released , ▁and ▁ultimately ▁ended ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁auxili ary ▁building . ▁The ▁auxili ary ▁building ▁was ▁outside ▁the ▁contain ment ▁boundary . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁the ▁radiation ▁al ar ms ▁that ▁eventually ▁sound ed . ▁However , ▁since ▁very ▁little ▁of ▁the ▁f ission ▁products ▁released ▁were ▁sol ids ▁at ▁room ▁temperature , ▁very ▁little ▁radi ological ▁cont am ination ▁was ▁reported ▁in ▁the ▁environment . ▁No ▁significant ▁level ▁of ▁radiation ▁was ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁T MI - 2 ▁accident ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁T MI - 2 ▁facility . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Rog ov in ▁report , ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁radio is ot op es ▁released ▁were ▁the
▁noble ▁g ases ▁x en on ▁and ▁k rypt on . ▁The ▁report ▁stated , ▁" D uring ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁accident , ▁approximately ▁ ▁of ▁radio active ▁noble ▁g ases ▁and ▁ ▁of ▁radio iod ines ▁were ▁released ." ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁an ▁average ▁do se ▁of ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁million ▁people ▁near ▁the ▁plant . ▁The ▁report ▁compared ▁this ▁with ▁the ▁additional ▁ ▁per ▁year ▁received ▁from ▁living ▁in ▁a ▁high ▁alt itude ▁city ▁such ▁as ▁Den ver . ▁As ▁further ▁comparison , ▁a ▁patient ▁receives ▁ ▁from ▁a ▁ch est ▁X - ray — more ▁than ▁twice ▁the ▁average ▁do se ▁of ▁those ▁received ▁near ▁the ▁plant . ▁Me asures ▁of ▁beta ▁radiation ▁were ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁the ▁report . ▁ ▁Within ▁hours ▁of ▁the ▁accident , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Environment al ▁Prote ction ▁Agency ▁( E PA ) ▁began ▁daily ▁sampling ▁of ▁the ▁environment ▁at ▁the ▁three ▁stations ▁closest ▁to ▁the ▁plant . ▁Cont inu ous ▁monitoring ▁at ▁ 1 1 st ations ▁was ▁not ▁established ▁until ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁and ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁ 3 1 ▁stations ▁on ▁April ▁ 3 . ▁An ▁inter - ag ency ▁analysis ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁accident ▁did ▁not ▁raise ▁radio activity ▁far ▁enough ▁above ▁background ▁levels ▁to ▁cause ▁even ▁one ▁additional ▁cancer ▁death ▁among ▁the ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁but ▁measures ▁of ▁beta ▁radiation ▁were ▁not ▁included . ▁The ▁E PA ▁found ▁no ▁cont am ination ▁in ▁water , ▁soil , ▁sed iment , ▁or ▁plant ▁samples
. ▁ ▁Research ers ▁at ▁nearby ▁Dick inson ▁College which ▁had ▁radiation ▁monitoring ▁equipment ▁sensitive ▁enough ▁to ▁detect ▁Chinese ▁atmos pher ic ▁atomic ▁weapons - testing collect ed ▁soil ▁samples ▁from ▁the ▁area ▁for ▁the ▁en su ing ▁two ▁weeks ▁and ▁detected ▁no ▁elev ated ▁levels ▁of ▁radio activity , ▁except ▁after ▁ra inf alls ▁( likely ▁due ▁to ▁natural ▁rad on ▁plate - out , ▁not ▁the ▁accident ). ▁Also , ▁white - ta iled ▁de er ▁tong ues ▁har v ested ▁over ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁re actor ▁subsequent ▁to ▁the ▁accident ▁were ▁found ▁to ▁have ▁significantly ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁ces ium - 1 3 7 ▁than ▁in ▁de er ▁in ▁the ▁count ies ▁immediately ▁surrounding ▁the ▁power ▁plant . ▁Even ▁then , ▁the ▁elev ated ▁levels ▁were ▁still ▁below ▁those ▁seen ▁in ▁de er ▁in ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁during ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁atmos pher ic ▁weapons ▁testing . ▁Had ▁there ▁been ▁elev ated ▁releases ▁of ▁radio activity , ▁increased ▁levels ▁of ▁i od ine - 1 3 1 ▁and ▁ces ium - 1 3 7 ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁detected ▁in ▁cattle ▁and ▁go at ' s ▁milk ▁samples . ▁Yet ▁elev ated ▁levels ▁were ▁not ▁found . ▁A ▁later ▁study ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁official ▁emission ▁figures ▁were ▁consistent ▁with ▁available ▁dos imeter ▁data , ▁though ▁others ▁have ▁noted ▁the ▁in comple ten ess ▁of ▁this ▁data , ▁particularly ▁for ▁releases ▁early ▁on . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁official ▁figures , ▁as ▁compiled ▁by ▁the ▁ 1
9 7 9 ▁K emen y ▁Commission ▁from ▁Metropolitan ▁Ed ison ▁and ▁N RC ▁data , ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁ ▁of ▁radio active ▁noble ▁g ases ▁( prim arily ▁x en on ) ▁were ▁released ▁by ▁the ▁event . ▁However , ▁these ▁noble ▁g ases ▁were ▁considered ▁relatively ▁har ml ess , ▁and ▁only ▁ ▁of ▁thy roid ▁cancer - ca using ▁i od ine - 1 3 1 ▁were ▁released . ▁Total ▁releases ▁according ▁to ▁these ▁figures ▁were ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁estimated ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁re actor . ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁found ▁that ▁about ▁half ▁the ▁core ▁had ▁m elt ed , ▁and ▁the ▁cl adding ▁around ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁fuel ▁ro ds ▁had ▁failed , ▁with ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁core ▁gone , ▁and ▁around ▁ ▁of ▁u ran ium ▁flow ing ▁to ▁the ▁bottom ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁pressure ▁vessel , ▁forming ▁a ▁mass ▁of ▁cor ium . ▁The ▁re actor ▁vessel the ▁second ▁level ▁of ▁contain ment ▁after ▁the ▁cl adding m aint ained ▁integrity ▁and ▁contained ▁the ▁dam aged ▁fuel ▁with ▁nearly ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁radio active ▁is ot op es ▁in ▁the ▁core . ▁ ▁Anti - n uc lear ▁political ▁groups ▁disput ed ▁the ▁K emen y ▁Commission ' s ▁find ings , ▁claim ing ▁that ▁other ▁independent ▁measurements ▁provided ▁evidence ▁of ▁radiation ▁levels ▁up ▁to ▁seven ▁times ▁higher ▁than ▁normal ▁in ▁locations ▁hundreds ▁of ▁miles ▁down wind ▁from ▁T MI . ▁Ar nie ▁G und ers en , ▁a ▁former ▁nuclear
▁industry ▁executive ▁and ▁anti - n uc lear ▁advoc ate , ▁said ▁" I ▁think ▁the ▁numbers ▁on ▁the ▁N RC ' s ▁website ▁are ▁off ▁by ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ". ▁ ▁G und ers en ▁offers ▁evidence , ▁based ▁on ▁pressure ▁monitoring ▁data , ▁for ▁a ▁hydro gen ▁explos ion ▁shortly ▁before ▁ 2 : 0 0 p . m . ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁provided ▁the ▁means ▁for ▁a ▁high ▁do se ▁of ▁radiation ▁to ▁occur . ▁G und ers en ▁c ites ▁aff id av its ▁from ▁four ▁re actor ▁operators ▁according ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁plant ▁manager ▁was ▁aware ▁of ▁a ▁dram atic ▁pressure ▁sp ike , ▁after ▁which ▁the ▁internal ▁pressure ▁dropped ▁to ▁outside ▁pressure . ▁G und ers en ▁also ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁control ▁room ▁shook ▁and ▁doors ▁were ▁blow n ▁off ▁h ing es . ▁However ▁official ▁N RC ▁reports ▁refer ▁merely ▁to ▁a ▁" h ydro gen ▁burn ". ▁The ▁K emen y ▁Commission ▁referred ▁to ▁" a ▁burn ▁or ▁an ▁explos ion ▁that ▁caused ▁pressure ▁to ▁increase ▁by ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁contain ment ▁building ", ▁while ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post ▁reported ▁that ▁" At ▁about ▁ 2 : 0 0 pm , ▁with ▁pressure ▁almost ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁the ▁huge ▁cool ing ▁p umps ▁could ▁be ▁brought ▁into ▁play , ▁a ▁small ▁hydro gen ▁explos ion ▁j ol ted ▁the
▁re actor ." ▁ ▁Mit ig ation ▁policies ▁ ▁Vol unt ary ▁ev acu ation ▁ ▁Tw enty - e ight ▁hours ▁after ▁the ▁accident ▁began , ▁William ▁Sc r anton ▁III , ▁the ▁lieutenant ▁governor , ▁appeared ▁at ▁a ▁news ▁brief ing ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁Metropolitan ▁Ed ison , ▁the ▁plant ' s ▁owner , ▁had ▁assured ▁the ▁state ▁that ▁" every thing ▁is ▁under ▁control ". ▁Later ▁that ▁day , ▁Sc r anton ▁changed ▁his ▁statement , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁situation ▁was ▁" more ▁complex ▁than ▁the ▁company ▁first ▁led ▁us ▁to ▁believe ". ▁There ▁were ▁conflic ting ▁statements ▁about ▁radio activity ▁releases . ▁School s ▁were ▁closed ▁and ▁residents ▁were ▁ur ged ▁to ▁stay ▁ind o ors . ▁Farm ers ▁were ▁told ▁to ▁keep ▁their ▁animals ▁under ▁cover ▁and ▁on ▁stored ▁feed . ▁ ▁Governor ▁Dick ▁Th orn burgh , ▁on ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁N RC ▁chairman ▁Joseph ▁Hend rie , ▁ad vised ▁the ▁ev acu ation ▁" of ▁pre gn ant ▁women ▁and ▁pre - school ▁age ▁children ... with in ▁a ▁five - mile ▁radius ▁of ▁the ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁facility ". ▁The ▁ev acu ation ▁zone ▁was ▁extended ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 - mile ▁radius ▁on ▁Friday , ▁March ▁ 3 0 . ▁Within ▁days , ▁ 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁had ▁left ▁the ▁area . ▁More ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁population ▁within ▁the ▁ 2 0 - mile ▁radius ▁remained ▁in ▁that ▁area . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁survey ▁conducted
▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁ 9 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁ev ac ue es ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁their ▁homes ▁within ▁three ▁weeks . ▁ ▁Post - T MI ▁surve ys ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁less ▁than ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁public ▁were ▁satisfied ▁with ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁accident ▁was ▁handled ▁by ▁Pennsylvania ▁State ▁officials ▁and ▁the ▁N RC , ▁and ▁people ▁survey ed ▁were ▁even ▁less ▁pleased ▁with ▁the ▁utility ▁( General ▁Public ▁Util ities ) ▁and ▁the ▁plant ▁designer . ▁ ▁Investig ations ▁Several ▁state ▁and ▁federal ▁government ▁ag encies ▁mounted ▁investig ations ▁into ▁the ▁crisis , ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁President ' s ▁Commission ▁on ▁the ▁Acc ident ▁at ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island , ▁created ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Carter ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁The ▁commission ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁panel ▁of ▁twelve ▁people , ▁specifically ▁chosen ▁for ▁their ▁lack ▁of ▁strong ▁pro - ▁or ▁anti - n uc lear ▁views , ▁and ▁head ed ▁by ▁chairman ▁John ▁G . ▁K emen y , ▁president ▁of ▁D art mouth ▁College . ▁It ▁was ▁instruct ed ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁final ▁report ▁within ▁six ▁months , ▁and ▁after ▁public ▁hear ings , ▁depos itions , ▁and ▁document ▁collection , ▁released ▁a ▁completed ▁study ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁The ▁investigation ▁strongly ▁critic ized ▁Bab cock ▁& ▁Wil co x , ▁Met ▁Ed , ▁GPU , ▁and ▁the ▁N RC ▁for ▁la ps es ▁in ▁quality ▁ass
urance ▁and ▁maintenance , ▁in ade qu ate ▁operator ▁training , ▁lack ▁of ▁communication ▁of ▁important ▁safety ▁information , ▁poor ▁management , ▁and ▁comp lac ency , ▁but ▁avoided ▁drawing ▁conclus ions ▁about ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁the ▁nuclear ▁industry . ▁The ▁heav iest ▁criticism ▁from ▁the ▁K emen y ▁Commission ▁concluded ▁that ▁" fund amental ▁changes ▁were ▁necessary ▁in ▁the ▁organization , ▁procedures , ▁practices ▁' and ▁above ▁all — in ▁the ▁att itudes ' ▁of ▁the ▁N RC ▁[ and ▁the ▁nuclear ▁industry .] " ▁K emen y ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁actions ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁operators ▁were ▁" in app ropri ate " ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁workers ▁" w ere ▁operating ▁under ▁procedures ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁follow , ▁and ▁our ▁review ▁and ▁study ▁of ▁those ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁procedures ▁were ▁in ade qu ate " ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁control ▁room ▁" was ▁greatly ▁in ade qu ate ▁for ▁man aging ▁an ▁accident ". ▁ ▁The ▁K emen y ▁Commission ▁noted ▁that ▁Bab cock ▁& ▁Wil co x ' s ▁pilot - oper ated ▁relief ▁val ve ▁had ▁previously ▁failed ▁on ▁ 1 1 oc cas ions , ▁nine ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁position , ▁allowing ▁cool ant ▁to ▁escape . ▁More ▁disturb ing , ▁however , ▁was ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁initial ▁caus al ▁sequence ▁of ▁events ▁at ▁T MI ▁had ▁been ▁dup licated ▁ 1 8 month s ▁earlier ▁at ▁another ▁Bab cock ▁& ▁Wil co x ▁re actor , ▁the ▁Davis - B esse ▁N
uc lear ▁Power ▁Station ▁owned ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁by ▁To led o ▁Ed ison . ▁The ▁only ▁difference ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁operators ▁at ▁Davis - B esse ▁identified ▁the ▁val ve ▁failure ▁after ▁ 2 0 min utes , ▁where ▁at ▁T MI ▁it ▁took ▁ 8 0 ▁minutes , ▁and ▁the ▁Davis - B esse ▁facility ▁was ▁operating ▁at ▁ 9 % ▁power , ▁against ▁T MI ' s ▁ 9 7 %. ▁Although ▁Bab cock ▁engine ers ▁recognized ▁the ▁problem , ▁the ▁company ▁failed ▁to ▁clearly ▁notify ▁its ▁customers ▁of ▁the ▁val ve ▁issue . ▁ ▁The ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁conducted ▁its ▁own ▁investigation , ▁which ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁improve ▁ev acu ation ▁procedures . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁a ▁television ▁camera ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁interior ▁of ▁the ▁dam aged ▁re actor . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁core ▁samples ▁and ▁samples ▁of ▁de br is ▁were ▁obtained ▁from ▁the ▁cor ium ▁layers ▁on ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁re actor ▁vessel ▁and ▁analyz ed . ▁ ▁Effect ▁on ▁nuclear ▁power ▁industry ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁I AE A , ▁the ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁accident ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁turning ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁global ▁development ▁of ▁nuclear ▁power . ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 3 – 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁react ors ▁under ▁construction ▁glob ally ▁increased ▁every ▁year ▁except ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁However , ▁following ▁the
▁event , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁react ors ▁under ▁construction ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁decl ined ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 1 9 9 8 , ▁with ▁increasing ▁construction ▁costs ▁and ▁delayed ▁completion ▁dates ▁for ▁some ▁react ors . ▁Many ▁similar ▁Bab cock ▁& ▁Wil co x ▁react ors ▁on ▁order ▁were ▁can ce led ; ▁in ▁total , ▁ 5 1 U . S . ▁nuclear ▁react ors ▁were ▁can ce led ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁T MI ▁accident ▁did ▁not ▁initi ate ▁the ▁dem ise ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁nuclear ▁power ▁industry , ▁but ▁it ▁did ▁halt ▁its ▁historic ▁growth . ▁Additionally , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁oil ▁crisis ▁and ▁post - c ris is ▁analysis ▁with ▁conclus ions ▁of ▁potential ▁over cap acity ▁in ▁base ▁load , ▁forty ▁planned ▁nuclear ▁power ▁plants ▁already ▁had ▁been ▁can ce led ▁before ▁the ▁T MI ▁accident . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁T MI ▁incident , ▁ 1 2 9 ▁nuclear ▁power ▁plants ▁had ▁been ▁approved , ▁but ▁of ▁those , ▁only ▁ 5 3 ▁( which ▁were ▁not ▁already ▁operating ) ▁were ▁completed . ▁During ▁the ▁length y ▁review ▁process , ▁complicated ▁by ▁the ▁Ch ern ob yl ▁Dis aster ▁seven ▁years ▁later , ▁Federal ▁requirements ▁to ▁correct ▁safety ▁issues ▁and ▁design ▁def ic ien cies ▁became ▁more ▁string ent , ▁local ▁opposition ▁became
▁more ▁str ident , ▁construction ▁times ▁were ▁significantly ▁length ened ▁and ▁costs ▁sky ro cket ed . ▁Until ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁no ▁U . S . ▁nuclear ▁power ▁plant ▁had ▁been ▁author ized ▁to ▁begin ▁construction ▁since ▁the ▁year ▁before ▁T MI . ▁ ▁G lob ally , ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁increase ▁in ▁nuclear ▁power ▁plant ▁construction ▁came ▁with ▁the ▁more ▁cat ast roph ic ▁Ch ern ob yl ▁dis aster ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁( see ▁graph ). ▁ ▁C lean up ▁ ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁Unit 2 ▁was ▁too ▁badly ▁dam aged ▁and ▁cont amin ated ▁to ▁res ume ▁operations ; ▁the ▁re actor ▁was ▁gradually ▁de activ ated ▁and ▁perman ently ▁closed . ▁T MI - 2 ▁had ▁been ▁online ▁only ▁ 1 3 month s ▁but ▁now ▁had ▁a ▁ru ined ▁re actor ▁vessel ▁and ▁a ▁contain ment ▁building ▁that ▁was ▁unsafe ▁to ▁walk ▁in . ▁C lean up ▁started ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁officially ▁ended ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁clean up ▁cost ▁of ▁about ▁$ 1 b ill ion . ▁Benjamin ▁K . ▁Sov ac ool , ▁in ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁pre lim inary ▁assess ment ▁of ▁major ▁energy ▁acc idents , ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁T MI ▁accident ▁caused ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁$ 2 . 4 b ill ion ▁in ▁property ▁dam ages . ▁ ▁Initial ly , ▁efforts ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁clean
up ▁and ▁de cont am ination ▁of ▁the ▁site , ▁especially ▁the ▁def uel ing ▁of ▁the ▁dam aged ▁re actor . ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁almost ▁ ▁of ▁radio active ▁fuel ▁were ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁site . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁N uc lear ▁Reg ul atory ▁Commission ▁announced ▁that , ▁although ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁to ▁further ▁de cont amin ate ▁the ▁Unit 2 ▁site , ▁the ▁remaining ▁radio activity ▁had ▁been ▁sufficiently ▁contained ▁as ▁to ▁pose ▁no ▁threat ▁to ▁public ▁health ▁and ▁safety . ▁The ▁first ▁major ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁clean up ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁when ▁workers ▁finished ▁sh ipping ▁ ▁of ▁radio active ▁w reck age ▁to ▁Id aho ▁for ▁storage ▁at ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Energy ' s ▁National ▁Engineering ▁Labor atory . ▁However , ▁the ▁cont amin ated ▁cool ing ▁water ▁that ▁le aked ▁into ▁the ▁contain ment ▁building ▁had ▁se ep ed ▁into ▁the ▁building ' s ▁concrete , ▁leaving ▁the ▁radio active ▁resid ue ▁too ▁imp ract ical ▁to ▁remove . ▁ ▁According ly , ▁further ▁clean up ▁efforts ▁were ▁de ferred ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁decay ▁of ▁the ▁radiation ▁levels ▁and ▁to ▁take ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁potential ▁economic ▁benefits ▁of ▁ret iring ▁both ▁Unit 1 ▁and ▁Unit 2 ▁together . ▁ ▁Health ▁effects ▁and ▁ep ide mi ology ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁accident , ▁investig ations ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁radio activity ▁released ▁by ▁the ▁accident
. ▁In ▁total ▁approximately ▁ ▁of ▁radio active ▁g ases , ▁and ▁approximately ▁ ▁of ▁i od ine - 1 3 1 ▁was ▁released ▁into ▁the ▁environment . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁N uc lear ▁Society , ▁using ▁the ▁official ▁radio activity ▁emission ▁figures , ▁" The ▁average ▁radiation ▁do se ▁to ▁people ▁living ▁within ▁ten m iles ▁of ▁the ▁plant ▁was ▁eight mill ire m ▁( 0 . 0 8 m S v ), ▁and ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 mill ire m ▁( 1 m S v ) ▁to ▁any ▁single ▁individual . ▁E ight mill ire m ▁is ▁about ▁equal ▁to ▁a ▁ch est ▁X - ray , ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 mill ire m ▁is ▁about ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁average ▁background ▁level ▁of ▁radiation ▁received ▁by ▁US ▁residents ▁in ▁a ▁year ." ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁these ▁emission ▁figures , ▁early ▁scientific ▁publications , ▁according ▁to ▁Mang ano , ▁on ▁the ▁health ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁fall out ▁estimated ▁no ▁additional ▁cancer ▁death s ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁area ▁around ▁T MI . ▁D ise ase ▁rates ▁in ▁areas ▁further ▁than ▁ 1 0 m iles ▁from ▁the ▁plant ▁were ▁never ▁exam ined . ▁Local ▁activ ism ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁based ▁on ▁an ec dot al ▁reports ▁of ▁negative ▁health ▁effects , ▁led ▁to ▁scientific ▁studies ▁being ▁commission ed . ▁A ▁variety ▁of ▁ep ide mi ology ▁studies ▁have ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁accident ▁had
▁no ▁observable ▁long ▁term ▁health ▁effects . ▁ ▁The ▁Rad iation ▁and ▁Public ▁Health ▁Project , ▁an ▁organization ▁with ▁little ▁cred ibility ▁amongst ▁ep ide mi olog ists , ▁c ited ▁calculations ▁by ▁its ▁member ▁Joseph ▁Mang an ow ho ▁has ▁author ed ▁ 1 9 med ical ▁journal ▁articles ▁and ▁a ▁book ▁on ▁Low ▁Level ▁Rad iation ▁and ▁Im m une ▁D ise as eth at ▁reported ▁a ▁sp ike ▁in ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁in ▁the ▁down wind ▁communities ▁two ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁accident . ▁A ne cdot al ▁evidence ▁also ▁records ▁effects ▁on ▁the ▁region ' s ▁wild life . ▁For ▁example , ▁according ▁to ▁one ▁anti - n uc lear ▁activ ist , ▁Har vey ▁Wass erman , ▁the ▁fall out ▁caused ▁" a ▁pl ague ▁of ▁death ▁and ▁disease ▁among ▁the ▁area ' s ▁wild ▁animals ▁and ▁farm ▁liv est ock ", ▁including ▁a ▁sharp ▁fall ▁in ▁the ▁re product ive ▁rate ▁of ▁the ▁region ' s ▁horses ▁and ▁c ows , ▁reflected ▁in ▁statistics ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁Department ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁though ▁the ▁Department ▁den ies ▁a ▁link ▁with ▁T MI . ▁ ▁John ▁G of man ▁used ▁his ▁own , ▁non - pe er ▁review ed ▁low - level ▁radiation ▁health ▁model ▁to ▁predict ▁ 3 3 3 ▁excess ▁cancer ▁or ▁le uk emia ▁death s ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁accident . ▁A ▁peer - review ed ▁research ▁article ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Steven ▁Wing ▁found ▁a ▁significant
▁increase ▁in ▁can cers ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 1 9 8 5 ▁among ▁people ▁who ▁lived ▁within ▁ten ▁miles ▁of ▁T MI ; ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Dr . ▁Wing ▁stated ▁that ▁radiation ▁releases ▁during ▁the ▁accident ▁were ▁probably ▁" th ous ands ▁of ▁times ▁greater " ▁than ▁the ▁N RC ' s ▁estimates . ▁A ▁ret ros pective ▁study ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁Can cer ▁Reg istry ▁found ▁an ▁increased ▁inc idence ▁of ▁thy roid ▁cancer ▁in ▁some ▁count ies ▁south ▁of ▁T MI ▁( although , ▁not ably , ▁not ▁in ▁D au ph in ▁County ▁itself ) ▁and ▁in ▁high - ris k ▁age ▁groups ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁draw ▁a ▁caus al ▁link ▁with ▁these ▁inc id ences ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁accident . ▁The ▁Tal b ott ▁lab ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ▁reported ▁finding ▁only ▁a ▁few , ▁small , ▁mostly ▁statist ically ▁non - sign ific ant , ▁increased ▁cancer ▁ris ks ▁within ▁the ▁T MI ▁population , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁non - sign ific ant ▁excess ▁le uk emia ▁among ▁males ▁being ▁observed . ▁The ▁on going ▁T MI ▁ep ide mi ological ▁research ▁has ▁been ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁discussion ▁of ▁problems ▁in ▁do se ▁estimates ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁accurate ▁data , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ill ness ▁class ifications . ▁ ▁Activ ism ▁and ▁legal ▁action ▁ ▁The ▁T MI ▁accident ▁en hanced ▁the ▁cred ibility ▁of ▁anti - n uc lear ▁groups , ▁who ▁had ▁predicted ▁an ▁accident , ▁and
▁triggered ▁protest s ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁( Pres ident ▁Carter — who ▁had ▁special ized ▁in ▁nuclear ▁power ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy — t old ▁his ▁cabinet ▁after ▁visit ing ▁the ▁plant ▁that ▁the ▁accident ▁was ▁minor , ▁but ▁reported ly ▁decl ined ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁in ▁public ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁off ending ▁Democr ats ▁who ▁opposed ▁nuclear ▁power .) ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁public , ▁concerned ▁about ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁radio active ▁gas ▁from ▁the ▁accident , ▁st aged ▁numerous ▁anti - n uc lear ▁demonstr ations ▁across ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁months . ▁The ▁largest ▁demonstr ation ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁involved ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 people , ▁with ▁speech es ▁given ▁by ▁Jane ▁F onda ▁and ▁Ralph ▁N ader . ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁r ally ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁night ly ▁" No ▁N uk es " ▁concert s ▁given ▁at ▁Mad ison ▁Square ▁Garden ▁from ▁September ▁ 1 9 – 2 3 ▁by ▁Mus icians ▁United ▁for ▁Sa fe ▁Energy . ▁In ▁the ▁previous ▁May , ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 6 5 , 0 0 0 people including ▁California ▁Governor ▁Jerry ▁Brown att ended ▁a ▁march ▁and ▁r ally ▁against ▁nuclear ▁power ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁citizens ' ▁groups ▁succeeded ▁in ▁a ▁class ▁action ▁suit ▁against ▁T MI , ▁winning ▁$
2 5 mill ion ▁in ▁an ▁out - of - court ▁settlement . ▁Part ▁of ▁this ▁money ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁found ▁the ▁T MI ▁Public ▁Health ▁Fund . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁a ▁federal ▁grand ▁j ury ▁ind icted ▁Metropolitan ▁Ed ison ▁on ▁criminal ▁charges ▁for ▁the ▁f als ification ▁of ▁safety ▁test ▁results ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁accident . ▁Under ▁a ▁ple a - b arg aining ▁agreement , ▁Met ▁Ed ▁ple aded ▁guilty ▁to ▁one ▁count ▁of ▁f als ifying ▁records ▁and ▁no ▁contest ▁to ▁six ▁other ▁charges , ▁four ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁dropped , ▁and ▁agreed ▁to ▁pay ▁a ▁$ 4 5 , 0 0 0 f ine ▁and ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁$ 1 mill ion ▁account ▁to ▁help ▁with ▁emer gency ▁planning ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁surrounding ▁the ▁plant . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Eric ▁Ep stein , ▁chair ▁of ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁Alert , ▁the ▁T MI ▁plant ▁operator ▁and ▁its ▁ins ur ers ▁paid ▁at ▁least ▁$ 8 2 mill ion ▁in ▁public ly ▁documented ▁compens ation ▁to ▁residents ▁for ▁" loss ▁of ▁business ▁re venue , ▁ev acu ation ▁exp enses ▁and ▁health ▁claims ". ▁Also ▁according ▁to ▁Har vey ▁Wass erman , ▁hundreds ▁of ▁out - of - court ▁settlement s ▁have ▁been ▁reached ▁with ▁alleg ed ▁vict ims ▁of ▁the ▁fall out , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁$ 1 5 mill ion ▁paid ▁out ▁to ▁parents ▁of ▁children ▁born ▁with ▁birth ▁defect s . ▁However , ▁a ▁class
▁action ▁law suit ▁alleg ing ▁that ▁the ▁accident ▁caused ▁det r iment al ▁health ▁effects ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁Harris burg ▁U . S . ▁District ▁Court ▁Judge ▁Syl via ▁Ram bo . ▁The ▁appeal ▁of ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁U . S . ▁Third ▁Circ uit ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁also ▁failed . ▁ ▁Less ons ▁learned ▁The ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁accident ▁inspired ▁Charles ▁Per row ' s ▁Normal ▁Acc ident ▁Theory , ▁in ▁which ▁an ▁accident ▁occurs , ▁resulting ▁from ▁an ▁un antic ip ated ▁interaction ▁of ▁multiple ▁fail ures ▁in ▁a ▁complex ▁system . ▁T MI ▁was ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁accident ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁" un expected , ▁in com pre hens ible , ▁un cont roll able ▁and ▁un av oid able ". ▁ ▁Per row ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁failure ▁at ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁was ▁a ▁consequence ▁of ▁the ▁system ' s ▁immense ▁complexity . ▁Such ▁modern ▁high - ris k ▁systems , ▁he ▁realized , ▁were ▁pr one ▁to ▁fail ures ▁however ▁well ▁they ▁were ▁managed . ▁It ▁was ▁in ev itable ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁eventually ▁suffer ▁what ▁he ▁term ed ▁a ▁' normal ▁accident '. ▁Therefore , ▁he ▁suggested , ▁we ▁might ▁do ▁better ▁to ▁cont em plate ▁a ▁radical ▁red es ign , ▁or ▁if ▁that ▁was ▁not ▁possible , ▁to ▁abandon ▁such ▁technology ▁entirely . ▁ ▁" Normal " ▁acc idents , ▁or ▁system ▁acc idents , ▁are ▁so - called ▁by ▁Per row ▁because ▁such ▁acc idents ▁are ▁in ev
itable ▁in ▁extremely ▁complex ▁systems . ▁Given ▁the ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁involved , ▁multiple ▁fail ures ▁which ▁interact ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁will ▁occur , ▁despite ▁efforts ▁to ▁avoid ▁them . ▁Events ▁which ▁appear ▁trivial ▁initially ▁cas cade ▁and ▁multiply ▁un predict ably , ▁creating ▁a ▁much ▁larger ▁cat ast roph ic ▁event . ▁ ▁Normal ▁Acc idents ▁contributed ▁key ▁concepts ▁to ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁intellectual ▁develop ments ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁that ▁revolution ized ▁the ▁conception ▁of ▁safety ▁and ▁risk . ▁It ▁made ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁exam ining ▁techn ological ▁fail ures ▁as ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁highly ▁interact ing ▁systems , ▁and ▁highlight ed ▁organiz ational ▁and ▁management ▁factors ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁causes ▁of ▁fail ures . ▁Techn ological ▁dis aster s ▁could ▁no ▁longer ▁be ▁as cribed ▁to ▁isolated ▁equipment ▁mal function , ▁operator ▁error ▁or ▁acts ▁of ▁God . ▁ ▁Com parison ▁to ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁operations ▁Following ▁the ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁( T MI ) ▁power ▁plant ' s ▁partial ▁core ▁m elt ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁President ▁Jimmy ▁Carter ▁commission ed ▁a ▁study , ▁Report ▁of ▁the ▁President ' s ▁Commission ▁on ▁the ▁Acc ident ▁at ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁Sub sequently , ▁Admir al ▁H yman ▁G . ▁Rick over ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁test ify ▁before ▁Congress ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁context ▁of ▁answering ▁the ▁question ▁as ▁to ▁why ▁naval ▁nuclear ▁prop ulsion ▁( as ▁used ▁in
▁sub mar ines ) ▁had ▁succeeded ▁in ▁ach ieving ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁zero ▁re actor - acc idents ▁( as ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁un control led ▁release ▁of ▁f ission ▁products ▁to ▁the ▁environment ▁resulting ▁from ▁damage ▁to ▁a ▁re actor ▁core ) ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁dram atic ▁one ▁that ▁had ▁just ▁taken ▁place ▁at ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island . ▁In ▁his ▁testim ony , ▁he ▁said : ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁years , ▁many ▁people ▁have ▁asked ▁me ▁how ▁I ▁run ▁the ▁Naval ▁React ors ▁Program , ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁might ▁find ▁some ▁benefit ▁for ▁their ▁own ▁work . ▁I ▁am ▁always ▁ch agr ined ▁at ▁the ▁t endency ▁of ▁people ▁to ▁expect ▁that ▁I ▁have ▁a ▁simple , ▁easy ▁g imm ick ▁that ▁makes ▁my ▁program ▁function . ▁Any ▁successful ▁program ▁functions ▁as ▁an ▁integrated ▁whole ▁of ▁many ▁factors . ▁Trying ▁to ▁select ▁one ▁aspect ▁as ▁the ▁key ▁one ▁will ▁not ▁work . ▁Each ▁element ▁depends ▁on ▁all ▁the ▁others . ▁ ▁The ▁China ▁Sy nd rome ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁twelve ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁accident , ▁the ▁movie ▁The ▁China ▁Sy nd rome ▁premier ed , ▁and ▁was ▁initially ▁met ▁with ▁back l ash ▁from ▁the ▁nuclear ▁power ▁industry , ▁claim ing ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁" she er ▁fiction " ▁and ▁a ▁" character ▁assass ination ▁of ▁an ▁entire ▁industry ". ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁film , ▁television ▁rep orter ▁Kim ber ly ▁Well s ▁( J ane ▁F onda ) ▁and ▁her
▁cam er aman ▁Richard ▁Adams ▁( Michael ▁Douglas ) ▁secret ly ▁film ▁a ▁major ▁accident ▁at ▁a ▁nuclear ▁power ▁plant ▁while ▁tap ing ▁a ▁series ▁on ▁nuclear ▁power . ▁The ▁operating ▁crew ▁not ices ▁a ▁high - press ure ▁measurement ▁on ▁a ▁gauge ▁and ▁begins ▁to ▁reduce ▁cool ant ▁flow ▁to ▁lower ▁the ▁pressure . ▁This ▁does ▁not ▁appear ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁they ▁continue ▁reducing ▁the ▁flow ▁until ▁an ▁emer gency ▁indicator ▁lamp ▁war ns ▁of ▁extremely ▁low ▁pressure . ▁Conf used ▁by ▁the ▁conflic ting ▁indic ations , ▁an ▁operator ▁t aps ▁the ▁gauge , ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁the ▁need le ▁becomes ▁un st uck ▁and ▁sw ings ▁over ▁to ▁indicate ▁extremely ▁low ▁pressure . ▁( This ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁incident ▁at ▁Dresden ▁Gener ating ▁Station .) ▁The ▁re actor ▁is ▁SC RA Med . ▁In ▁the ▁after math , ▁the ▁plant ▁super visor , ▁Jack ▁God ell ▁( Jack ▁Lem mon ) ▁disco vers ▁potentially ▁cat ast roph ic ▁safety ▁viol ations ▁at ▁the ▁plant ▁and ▁with ▁Well s ' ▁assistance ▁attempts ▁to ▁raise ▁public ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁these ▁viol ations . ▁At ▁one ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁film , ▁an ▁official ▁tells ▁Jane ▁F onda ' s ▁character ▁that ▁an ▁explos ion ▁at ▁the ▁plant ▁" could ▁render ▁an ▁area ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁perman ently ▁un in hab itable ". ▁▁ ▁After ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁F onda ▁began ▁lo bb ying ▁against ▁nuclear ▁power . ▁In
▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁counter ▁her ▁efforts , ▁the ▁then ▁elder ly ▁Edward ▁T eller , ▁a ▁nuclear ▁phys ic ist ▁and ▁long - time ▁government ▁science ▁advis er ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁the ▁T eller – U lam ▁design ▁break through ▁that ▁made ▁hydro gen ▁bomb s ▁possible , ▁personally ▁lo bb ied ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁nuclear ▁power . ▁T eller ▁suffered ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁incident ▁and ▁j oked ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁person ▁whose ▁health ▁was ▁affected . ▁ ▁Current ▁status ▁▁ ▁Currently , ▁Unit 1 ▁— ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁accident ▁— ▁is ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Ex el on ▁N uc lear , ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Ex el on . ▁Unit 1 ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Amer Gen ▁Energy ▁Corporation , ▁a ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁between ▁Philadelphia ▁Electric ▁Company ▁( PE CO ), ▁and ▁British ▁Energy , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁P E CO ▁merged ▁with ▁Un ic om ▁Corporation ▁to ▁form ▁Ex el on ▁Corporation , ▁which ▁acquired ▁British ▁Energy ' s ▁share ▁of ▁Amer Gen ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Ex el on ▁N uc lear ▁absor bed ▁Amer Gen ▁and ▁dissol ved ▁the ▁company . ▁Ex el on ▁N uc lear ▁oper ates ▁T MI ▁Unit ▁ 1 , ▁Cl inton ▁Power ▁Station ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁nuclear ▁facilities . ▁T MI ▁Unit
▁ 1 ▁shut ▁down ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁▁ ▁Unit ▁ 1 ▁had ▁its ▁license ▁tempor arily ▁susp ended ▁following ▁the ▁incident ▁at ▁Unit 2 . ▁Although ▁the ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁count ies ▁surrounding ▁the ▁site ▁voted ▁by ▁an ▁over wh el ming ▁margin ▁to ▁ret ire ▁Unit 1 ▁perman ently ▁in ▁a ▁non - binding ▁resolution ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁permitted ▁to ▁res ume ▁operations ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁following ▁a ▁ 4 - 1 ▁vote ▁by ▁the ▁N uc lear ▁Reg ul atory ▁Commission . ▁General ▁Public ▁Util ities ▁Corporation , ▁the ▁plant ' s ▁owner , ▁formed ▁General ▁Public ▁Util ities ▁N uc lear ▁Corporation ▁( GP UN ) ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁subs idi ary ▁to ▁own ▁and ▁operate ▁the ▁company ' s ▁nuclear ▁facilities , ▁including ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island . ▁The ▁plant ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁operated ▁by ▁Metropolitan ▁Ed ison ▁Company ▁( Met - Ed ), ▁one ▁of ▁GPU ' s ▁regional ▁utility ▁operating ▁companies . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁General ▁Public ▁Util ities ▁short ened ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁GPU ▁Inc ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁it ▁sold ▁Unit ▁ 1 ▁to ▁Amer Gen . ▁ ▁General ▁Public ▁Util ities ▁was ▁leg ally ▁obliged ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁maintain ▁and ▁monitor ▁the ▁site , ▁and ▁therefore ▁retained ▁ownership ▁of ▁Unit 2 ▁when ▁Unit 1 ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Amer Gen ▁in ▁ 1 9
9 8 . ▁GPU ▁Inc . ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁First E ner gy ▁Corporation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁dissol ved . ▁First E ner gy ▁then ▁contract ed ▁out ▁the ▁maintenance ▁and ▁administration ▁of ▁Unit 2 ▁to ▁Amer Gen . ▁Unit 2 ▁has ▁been ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁Ex el on ▁N uc lear ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁when ▁Ex el on ▁N uc lear ' s ▁parent ▁company , ▁Ex el on , ▁bought ▁out ▁the ▁remaining ▁shares ▁of ▁Amer Gen , ▁inher iting ▁First E ner gy ' s ▁maintenance ▁contract . ▁Unit 2 ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁lic ensed ▁and ▁reg ulated ▁by ▁the ▁N uc lear ▁Reg ul atory ▁Commission ▁in ▁a ▁condition ▁known ▁as ▁Post ▁Def uel ing ▁Mon itor ed ▁Storage ▁( PD MS ). ▁ ▁The ▁T MI - 2 ▁re actor ▁has ▁been ▁perman ently ▁shut ▁down ▁with ▁the ▁re actor ▁cool ant ▁system ▁dra ined , ▁the ▁radio active ▁water ▁de cont amin ated ▁and ▁ev apor ated , ▁radio active ▁waste ▁sh ipped ▁off - site , ▁re actor ▁fuel ▁and ▁core ▁de br is ▁sh ipped ▁off - site ▁to ▁a ▁Department ▁of ▁Energy ▁facility , ▁and ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁being ▁monitor ed . ▁The ▁owner ▁planned ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁facility ▁in ▁long - term , ▁monitoring ▁storage ▁until ▁the ▁operating ▁license ▁for ▁the ▁T MI - 1 ▁plant ▁exp ired , ▁at ▁which ▁time ▁both ▁plants ▁would ▁be ▁de
comm ission ed . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁N RC ▁granted ▁a ▁license ▁extension ▁which ▁allowed ▁the ▁T MI - 1 ▁re actor ▁to ▁operate ▁until ▁April ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 3 4 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁operations ▁would ▁ce ase ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁due ▁to ▁financial ▁pressure ▁from ▁cheap ▁natural ▁gas , ▁unless ▁law m akers ▁stepped ▁in ▁to ▁keep ▁it ▁open . ▁When ▁it ▁became ▁clear ▁the ▁subs id y ▁legisl ation ▁wouldn ' t ▁pass ▁within ▁the ▁next ▁month ▁Ex el on ▁decided ▁to ▁ret ire ▁the ▁plant , ▁with ▁T MI - 1 ▁shut ▁down ▁by ▁September ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁F ork ed ▁River ▁N uc lear ▁Power ▁Plant ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁civil ian ▁nuclear ▁acc idents ▁ ▁List s ▁of ▁nuclear ▁dis aster s ▁and ▁radio active ▁inc idents ▁ ▁N uc lear ▁re actor ▁acc idents ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁N uc lear ▁and ▁radiation ▁acc idents ▁and ▁inc idents ▁ ▁N uc lear ▁energy ▁policy ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁N uc lear ▁safety ▁and ▁security ▁ ▁N uc lear ▁safety ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Process ▁control ▁ ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island : ▁A ▁N uc lear ▁Cris is ▁in ▁Historical ▁Pers pective ▁ ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island : ▁Th irty ▁Min utes ▁to ▁Mel td own ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁
▁( Google ▁Books ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁T MI ▁web ▁page ▁from ▁the ▁US ▁Department ▁of ▁Energy ' s ▁Energy ▁Information ▁Administration ▁ ▁" Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Emer gency " — website ▁about ▁the ▁accident , ▁with ▁many ▁reports ▁and ▁other ▁documents ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁accident , ▁created ▁by ▁nearby ▁Dick inson ▁College ▁ ▁Step - By - Step ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁accident ▁with ▁illustr ations ▁from ▁p bs . org ▁ ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁Alert , ▁the ▁watch dog ▁group ▁that ▁war ned ▁the ▁public ▁for ▁nearly ▁two ▁years ▁that ▁re actor ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁was ▁danger ously ▁fault y . ▁What ' s ▁wrong ▁with ▁the ▁" fact ▁sheet " ▁pur ports ▁to ▁correct ▁errors ▁in ▁the ▁N RC ▁report . ▁ ▁EF MR ▁citizens ▁radiation ▁monitoring ▁group ▁for ▁the ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁and ▁Pe ach ▁B ottom ▁nuclear ▁plants ▁ ▁An not ated ▁bibli ography ▁for ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁from ▁the ▁Als os ▁Digital ▁Library ▁for ▁N uc lear ▁Iss ues ▁ ▁Video ▁and ▁audio ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁accident , ▁from ▁the ▁Dick ▁Th orn burgh ▁Pap ers ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁Pitts burgh . ▁ ▁K illing ▁Our ▁O wn ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁subsequent ▁cas ual ties ▁by ▁Har vey ▁Wass erman ▁and ▁Norman ▁Sol omon ▁with ▁Robert ▁Al ver ae z ▁and ▁Ele an ore ▁Wal ters ▁ ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island — Failure ▁Of ▁Science ▁Or ▁Sp in ?, ▁Science ▁Daily
▁ ▁Cris is ▁at ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁by ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post ▁ ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁Research ▁and ▁Document ▁Guide ▁at ▁P enn ▁State ▁University ▁L ibr aries . ▁▁▁ ▁Radio active ▁Re leases ... ▁The ▁Music ▁of ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island — A ▁growing ▁collection ▁of ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁songs ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁T MI ▁accident . ▁ ▁Report ▁Of ▁The ▁President ' s ▁Commission ▁On ▁THE ▁A CC ID ENT ▁AT ▁TH REE ▁M I LE ▁IS L AND . pdf — Report ▁Of ▁The ▁President ' s ▁Commission ▁On ▁THE ▁A CC ID ENT ▁AT ▁TH REE ▁M I LE ▁IS L AND . ▁ ▁The ▁K emen y ▁Report ▁on ▁the ▁Acc ident ▁at ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island — The ▁K emen y ▁Report ▁on ▁the ▁Acc ident ▁at ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : C ivil ian ▁nuclear ▁power ▁acc idents ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁dis aster s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁industrial ▁dis aster s ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁the ▁environment ▁Category : N uc lear ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Environment ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : History ▁of ▁D au ph in ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( 1 9 6 4 – 1 9 8 0 ) ▁Category : Dis aster s ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : S us que h anna ▁River ▁Category : M
arch ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : N uc lear ▁acc idents ▁and ▁inc idents ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : IN ES ▁Level ▁ 5 ▁acc idents <0x0A> </s> ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁coast ▁of ▁Mall or ca . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Man ac or ▁and ▁is ▁within ▁the ▁Man ac or ▁municipality . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁a ▁major ▁tour ist ▁area ▁between ▁Costa ▁de ▁los ▁P inos ▁and ▁C ala ▁Mur ada . ▁Its ▁small ▁bay ▁opens ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁and ▁seems ▁almost ▁closed ▁on ▁the ▁right , ▁by ▁a ▁large ▁rock ▁called ▁Es ▁Mor ro ▁de ▁Sa ▁Car ab assa . ▁At ▁its ▁end , ▁a ▁l ighth ouse ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁r ises . ▁The ▁slope ▁called ▁P unta ▁d ' Es ▁Pel ats ▁partially ▁clos es ▁the ▁pier ▁of ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o ▁and ▁a ▁stretch ▁of ▁sea ▁r ises ▁a ▁quarter ▁mile ▁west ▁j uts ▁and ▁tw ists ▁later , ▁at ▁a ▁right ▁angle , ▁in ▁north ▁direction ▁prolong ing ▁itself ▁some ▁three ▁hundred ▁meters ▁more . ▁This ▁hardly ▁navig able ▁area ▁constit utes ▁the ▁last ▁primitive ▁vest ige ▁of ▁the ▁port , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁gradually ▁blind ed ▁by ▁the ▁all uv ial ▁lands , ▁now ▁converted ▁into ▁for ds ▁and ▁small ▁orch ards , ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁de pression
, ▁which ▁reaches ▁about ▁two ▁kilom eters , ▁The ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁C aves ▁of ▁the ▁H ams , ▁was ▁the ▁pier ▁during ▁the ▁Roman ▁dom ination . ▁ ▁By ▁road ▁is ▁communic ated ▁from ▁north ▁to ▁south ▁by ▁ 4 ▁routes : ▁ ▁Ma - 4 0 2 3 ▁towards ▁Son ▁Server a ▁( 9 km ). ▁ ▁Ma - 4 0 2 4 ▁towards ▁Son ▁Car rió ▁( 6 km ). ▁ ▁Ma - 4 0 2 0 ▁towards ▁Man ac or ▁( 1 2 km ). ▁ ▁Ma - 4 0 1 4 ▁towards ▁Porto ▁Col om ▁( 1 8 km ). ▁ ▁Tour ism ▁ ▁Porto ▁Crist o ▁remains ▁a ▁modern ▁but ▁un sp o ilt ▁all ▁year ▁round ▁location . ▁Though ▁in ▁no ▁way ▁a ▁primary ▁tour ist ▁destination ▁in ▁Mall or ca , ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o ▁prom otes ▁itself ▁as ▁a ▁quiet ▁resort ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁encou rage ▁foreign ▁visitors . ▁The ▁main ▁tour ist ▁attra ctions ▁are ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁c aves , ▁the ▁larger ▁Cov es ▁del ▁D rach ▁and ▁the ▁Cov es ▁dels ▁H ams . ▁ ▁To ▁improve ▁the ▁traffic ▁flow ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁tour ist ▁season ▁a ▁by ▁pass ▁road ▁around ▁Porto ▁Crist o ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁opened . ▁This ▁new ▁road ▁connect s ▁the ▁PM V ▁ 4 0 2 3 ▁to ▁the ▁MA ▁ 4 0 2 0 ▁and ▁MA ▁ 4 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁name
▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o , ▁meaning ▁" The ▁Port ▁of ▁Man ac or / The ▁Port ▁of ▁Christ " ▁ ▁given ▁to ▁it ▁back ▁in ▁ 1 2 6 0 ▁AD ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Mall or ca , ▁A ▁fish ing ▁boat ▁was ▁found ▁was hed ▁up ▁on ▁the ▁beach ▁containing ▁a ▁cru c if ix . ▁Leg end ▁has ▁it ▁that ▁an ▁ox ▁was ▁carrying ▁an ▁icon ▁of ▁God ▁through ▁the ▁town , ▁and ▁the ▁ox ▁stopped ▁and ▁refused ▁to ▁walk ▁anymore . ▁Hence ▁the ▁people ▁saw ▁this ▁as ▁a ▁sign ▁and ▁the ▁name ▁was ▁derived ▁from ▁that ▁belief ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁clear ▁sign ▁that ▁Christ ▁wanted ▁to ▁be ▁here . ▁ ▁What ▁sets ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o ▁apart ▁from ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁Mall or can ▁resort s ▁is ▁that ▁its ▁income ▁is ▁not ▁sole ly ▁dep endant ▁on ▁tour ism ; ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o ▁still ▁maintain s ▁its ▁functions ▁as ▁a ▁Spanish ▁fish ing ▁village . ▁Its ▁larger ▁municipality , ▁Man ac or , ▁is ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁p ear l ▁manufact uring ▁industry ▁on ▁Mall or ca . ▁ ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o ▁Har bour ▁is ▁a ▁natural ▁har bour ▁which ▁still ▁sh el ters ▁small ▁fish ing ▁boats ▁from ▁storm s . ▁The ▁addition ▁in ▁recent ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁mar ina ▁now ▁provides ▁mo or ings
▁to ▁high - end ▁pleasure ▁boats . ▁The ▁mix ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁and ▁the ▁old ▁has ▁been ▁done ▁taste fully , ▁as ▁Porto ▁Crist o ▁see ks ▁to ▁ensure ▁it ▁retain s ▁its ▁her itage . ▁ ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o ▁is ▁a ▁quiet ▁town ▁perfect ▁for ▁a ▁st roll ▁along ▁the ▁main ▁front ▁or ▁a ▁rom antic ▁me al ▁over looking ▁the ▁bre at ht aking ▁ocean . ▁Crime ▁is ▁rare ▁in ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁active ▁police ▁presence ▁ens uring ▁it ▁retain s ▁its ▁reputation ▁as ▁a ▁safe ▁place ▁to ▁visit ▁on ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁Res idents ▁The ▁professional ▁tennis ▁player , ▁Rafael ▁Nad al , ▁has ▁a ▁family ▁hol iday ▁home ▁in ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Site ▁about ▁Port ▁de ▁Man ac or / Port o ▁Crist o ▁ ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Mall or ca ▁Category : Se as ide ▁resort s ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Dec oration ▁of ▁Honor ▁Mer itor ious ▁for ▁Polish ▁Culture ▁() ▁or ▁Mer itor ious ▁for ▁Polish ▁Culture , ▁is ▁a ▁Polish ▁department al ▁decor ation ▁in ▁Arts ▁awarded ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Culture ▁and ▁National ▁Heritage ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Poland ▁to ▁persons ▁and ▁organizations ▁for ▁distinguished ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁Polish ▁culture ▁and ▁her itage . ▁This ▁award ▁was ▁instit uted ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 1
9 6 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Gl oria ▁Art is ▁ ▁Or ders , ▁decor ations , ▁and ▁med als ▁of ▁Poland ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : C ivil ▁awards ▁and ▁decor ations ▁of ▁Poland ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁Category : Dep art ment al ▁decor ations ▁of ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁Ath ens ▁International ▁Airport ▁S . A . ▁or ▁A IA ▁is ▁the ▁air port ▁authority ▁that ▁own s ▁and ▁man ages ▁Ath ens ▁International ▁Airport . ▁ ▁History ▁A IA ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁with ▁the ▁Greek ▁government ▁as ▁a ▁majority ▁st ake holder ▁( 5 5 %) ▁and ▁Ho cht ief ▁holding ▁ 4 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁capital . ▁A IA ▁received ▁a ▁ 2 5 0 ▁million - fund ▁from ▁the ▁EU ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁new ▁Ath ens ▁air port ▁Oper ations ▁of ▁the ▁Ath ens ▁International ▁Airport ▁started ▁March ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁declared ▁European ▁air port ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁The ▁air port ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁A IA ▁holds ▁a ▁ 3 0 - year ▁con cess ion ▁on ▁the ▁Ath ens ▁air port , ▁con cess ion ▁that ▁will ▁exp ire ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁A IA ▁launched ▁the ▁largest ▁un ified ▁phot

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