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et os ▁and ▁sept et os . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Music ▁of ▁Cuba ▁Dance ▁in ▁Cuba ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ar gel iers , ▁Leon . ▁" Not es ▁toward ▁a ▁Pan or ama ▁of ▁Popular ▁and ▁Fol k ▁Music ." ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁Cub an ▁Music : ▁North ▁American ▁and ▁Cub an ▁Pers pectives . ▁Ed . ▁Peter ▁Manuel . ▁Maryland : ▁University ▁Press ▁of ▁America , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ 1 – 2 3 . ▁Print . ▁Ben ite z - Ro jo , ▁Antonio . ▁" Music ▁and ▁Nation ." ▁Cuba : ▁Ide a ▁of ▁a ▁Nation ▁Dis pl aced . ▁Ed . ▁Andrea ▁O ’ Re illy ▁Herr era . ▁New ▁York : ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ 3 2 8 – 3 4 0 . ▁Print . ▁Le ym ar ie , ▁Isabel le . ▁Cub an ▁Fire : ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁S als a ▁and ▁Latin ▁Jazz . ▁New ▁York , ▁Contin uum ▁Publishing , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁Print . ▁Lo za , ▁Steven . ▁" P on cho ▁San chez , ▁Latin ▁Jazz , ▁and ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Son : ▁A ▁St y list ic ▁and ▁Social ▁Analysis ." ▁Situ ating ▁S als a . ▁Ed . ▁L ise ▁W ax er . ▁New ▁York : ▁R out ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ 2 0 1 – 2 1 5 . ▁Print .
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▁Manuel , ▁Peter , ▁with ▁Kenn eth ▁Bil by ▁and ▁Michael ▁Large y . ▁Caribbean ▁Current s : ▁Caribbean ▁Music ▁from ▁R umb a ▁to ▁Reg ga e . ▁ 2 nd ▁edition . ▁Temple ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁. ▁Moore , ▁Robin . ▁" S als a ▁and ▁Social ism : ▁Dance ▁Music ▁in ▁Cuba , ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 9 9 ." ▁Situ ating ▁S als a . ▁Ed . ▁L ise ▁W ax er . ▁New ▁York : ▁R out ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ 5 1 – 7 4 . ▁Print . ▁Moore , ▁Robin . ▁" Af roc ub an ismo ▁and ▁Son ." ▁The ▁Cuba ▁Read er : ▁History , ▁Culture , ▁Politics . ▁Ed . ▁Ch om sky , ▁Carr , ▁and ▁Sm ork al off . ▁Dur ham : ▁Duke ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ 1 9 2 – 2 0 0 . ▁Print . ▁Pe ñ al osa , ▁David . ▁The ▁Cl ave ▁Matrix ; ▁Af ro - C ub an ▁R hythm : ▁Its ▁Prin ciples ▁and ▁African ▁Or ig ins . ▁Red way , ▁CA : ▁B em be ▁Inc ., ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁. ▁P erna , ▁V inc en zo . ▁Tim ba : ▁The ▁Sound ▁of ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Cris is . ▁Bur lington , ▁VT : ▁Ash gate ▁Publishing ▁Company , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Print
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. ▁Rodr í gue z ▁R uid í az , ▁Arm ando : ▁The ▁origin ▁of ▁Cub an ▁music . ▁My th s ▁and ▁facts : ▁https :// www . ac adem ia . edu / 8 0 4 1 7 9 5 / The _ origin _ of _ C ub an _ mus ic ._ My th s _ and _ F acts , ▁p . 8 9 ▁Thomas , ▁Susan . ▁" C os m opol itan , ▁International , ▁Trans n ational : ▁Loc ating ▁Cub an ▁Music ." ▁Cuba ▁Trans n ational . ▁Ed . ▁Dam ian ▁J . ▁Fern ande z . ▁G aines ville : ▁University ▁Press ▁of ▁Florida , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ 1 0 4 – 1 2 0 . ▁Print . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁L l op is , ▁Frank . ▁La ▁música ▁b ailable ▁cub ana ▁( in ▁Spanish ) ▁ ▁Cub an ▁son ▁complex ▁More ▁about ▁the ▁traditional ▁evolution ▁of ▁Cub an ▁son ▁ ▁Category : S on ▁cub ano <0x0A> </s> ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁( ab bre vi ated ▁to ▁C G GS ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Cal day , ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ) ▁is ▁a ▁non - den omin ational ▁select ive ▁state - fund ed ▁gram mar ▁school , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 6 , ▁situated ▁on ▁Cal dy ▁Hill ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁West ▁Kir by ▁on ▁the ▁W ir ral ▁pen insula ,
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▁England . ▁The ▁school ▁adm its ▁boys ▁from ▁age ▁ 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 8 , ▁and ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁girls ▁for ▁the ▁sixth ▁form ▁only . ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁academ y ▁status , ▁hosts ▁the ▁W ir ral ▁A ble ▁Children ▁Centre , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁awarded ▁Sports mark ▁Gold ▁and ▁Invest ors ▁in ▁People ▁status . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁The ▁school ▁stands ▁in ▁a ▁residential ▁area ▁of ▁W ir ral ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁De e ▁Est uary . ▁Students ▁come ▁primarily ▁from ▁W ir ral , ▁De es ide ▁and ▁Che shire ▁areas . ▁The ▁main ▁site ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁Cal dy ▁Hill ▁is ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁school ▁buildings , ▁sports ▁c ages ▁and ▁field , ▁with ▁a ▁larger ▁field ▁located ▁over ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁Lane . ▁A ▁mile ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁school ▁buildings , ▁along ▁Column ▁Road / Tele graph ▁Road , ▁are ▁the ▁Glass pool ▁Field s ▁Sports ▁Fac ility ▁including ▁ 3 ▁rugby ▁pit ches , ▁a ▁cricket ▁square ▁and ▁a ▁sand - based ▁artificial ▁hockey ▁field . ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁subur ban ▁housing ▁development ▁and ▁the ▁protected ▁he ath lands ▁and ▁woods ▁of ▁Gr ange , ▁Cal dy ▁and ▁Th urst ast on . ▁ ▁School ▁history ▁and ▁status ▁ ▁Found ed ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 6 , ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁is ▁W ir ral ' s ▁oldest ▁surviving ▁gram mar ▁school . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁gram mar ▁school ▁on
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▁the ▁present ▁site ▁by ▁local ▁land owner ▁William ▁Gle gg . ▁From ▁when ▁it ▁started ▁with ▁ 1 2 ▁pup ils , ▁the ▁school ▁has ▁grown ▁into ▁an ▁establishment ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 3 0 0 ▁students ▁– ▁which ▁includes ▁over ▁ 4 0 0 ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁students ▁in ▁the ▁Six th ▁Form . ▁ ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁became ▁a ▁trust ▁school ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁transfer ring ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁land ▁and ▁buildings ▁to ▁a ▁Char itable ▁Trust ▁called ▁" The ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Trust ". ▁The ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Trust ▁is ▁a ▁partnership ▁between ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Gram mar ▁School , ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Liverpool , ▁Un ile ver ▁Research ▁and ▁Development ▁and ▁Ma estro ▁Services ▁Ltd . ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁W ir ral ▁School ▁to ▁convert ▁to ▁Trust ▁Status . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁school ▁informed ▁parents ▁that ▁" The ▁School ▁has ▁received ▁notification ▁from ▁Companies ▁House ▁that ▁the ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Trust ▁Company ▁has ▁been ▁diss olved . ▁This ▁has ▁been ▁not ified ▁to ▁the ▁G over ning ▁Body ▁who ▁contacted ▁W ir ral ▁Local ▁Authority ▁and ▁indicated ▁their ▁wish ▁to ▁re vert ▁to ▁the ▁Foundation ▁Schools ▁In strument ▁of ▁Government ". ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁process ▁for ▁conver ting ▁to ▁an ▁Academy ▁school ▁was ▁begun , ▁and ▁the ▁school ▁converted ▁to ▁academ y
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▁status ▁with ▁effect ▁from ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Performance ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁ins pected ▁and ▁jud ged ▁Good . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁again ▁jud ged ▁Good . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ 9 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁group ▁achieved ▁ 5 ▁GC SE ▁passes ▁at ▁grades ▁A * ▁to ▁C ▁with ▁ 9 6 . 2 % ▁gaining ▁at ▁ 5 ▁A * ▁to ▁C ▁grades ▁including ▁English ▁and ▁Math s . ▁Four ▁students ▁achieved ▁the ▁highest ▁possible ▁level ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁more ▁A * ▁grades . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Cal day ▁School ▁received ▁its ▁best ▁A ▁level ▁results ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁with ▁a ▁pass ▁rate ▁of ▁ 9 9 . 2 % ▁at ▁A *- E ▁grades . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁ins pected ▁and ▁jud ged ▁Good . ▁ ▁Ex tr ac ur ric ular ▁ ▁Sport ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁state ▁school ▁for ▁sport ing ▁achievement . ▁The ▁top ▁state ▁schools ▁were ▁revealed ▁in ▁the ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁edition ▁of ▁School ▁Sport ▁magazine ▁and ▁it ▁places ▁the ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁for ▁sport ing ▁outcomes . ▁ ▁Comb ined ▁Cad et ▁Force ▁The ▁school ▁maint ains ▁a ▁Comb ined ▁Cad et ▁Force . ▁The ▁combined ▁Cad et
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▁force ▁has ▁been ▁at ▁Cal day ▁since ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁when ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁Off ic ers ' ▁Training ▁Corps ▁was ▁first ▁formed . ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁Vol unte ering ▁opportunities ▁include ▁supporting ▁the ▁Ref il we ▁Community ▁Project ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁which ▁the ▁school ▁has ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁for ▁over ▁ 9 ▁years . ▁Students ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁involved ▁with ▁various ▁independent ▁entrepreneur ial ▁purs uits . ▁ ▁H ouses ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁three ▁H ouses ▁named ▁after ▁past ▁benef act ors ▁and ▁head mas ters . ▁Members ▁of ▁each ▁house ▁are ▁identified ▁by ▁different ▁col oured ▁stri pes ▁on ▁the ▁school ▁tie ▁from ▁years ▁ 7 ▁to ▁ 1 1 . ▁Bennett ▁– ▁N amed ▁after ▁Thomas ▁Bennett , ▁House ▁colour ▁Blue . ▁Gle gg ▁– ▁N amed ▁after ▁William ▁Gle gg , ▁House ▁colour ▁Red . ▁H ollow ell ▁– ▁N amed ▁after ▁Rev . ▁William ▁H ollow ell , ▁House ▁colour ▁Green . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁fourth ▁house , ▁named ▁after ▁Sir ▁Alfred ▁Pat on , ▁with ▁yellow ▁as ▁its ▁colour . ▁It ▁was ▁taken ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁Not able ▁former ▁students ▁▁ ▁Andrew ▁Bad de ley ▁- ▁Ath lete ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Matthew ▁Barn es ▁– ▁Music ian , ▁performing ▁as ▁Forest ▁S words ▁ ▁David ▁Bel bin ▁- ▁author ▁ ▁William ▁Bennett ▁Bond ▁– ▁Arch b ishop ▁of
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▁Montreal ▁ ▁John ▁B owe ▁– ▁actor ▁ ▁Steve ▁B ower ▁– ▁Former ▁Set anta ▁present er ; ▁football ▁comment ator ▁for ▁the ▁BBC ▁and ▁IT V ▁ ▁Daniel ▁Craig ▁- ▁A ctor ▁ ▁Bobby ▁Cr utch ley ▁- ▁Head ▁Coach ▁of ▁the ▁England ▁and ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Hockey ▁teams ▁ ▁Steve ▁C umm ings - ▁English ▁racing ▁cycl ist ▁for ▁World ▁Tour ▁cycl ing ▁team ▁ ▁Sam ▁Dick inson ▁- ▁England ▁Sax ons ▁and ▁North ampton ▁S aints ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁ ▁Chris ▁E ak in ▁- ▁BBC ▁News ▁present er ▁ ▁Michael ▁E ak in ▁- ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Liverpool ▁Phil harm onic ▁ ▁Sir ▁Herbert ▁William ▁Em erson ▁( 1 8 8 1 – 1 9 6 2 ), ▁Governor ▁of ▁Pun j ab ▁ ▁Will ▁Foster ▁– ▁Member ▁of ▁rock ▁band ▁The ▁T ears ▁ ▁Cyr il ▁Edward ▁G our ley ▁– ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁recipient ▁ ▁Raymond ▁Tow ers ▁Holmes ▁– ▁R AF ▁pilot ▁in ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain ▁ ▁Isaac ▁Hold en ▁– ▁Writer ▁and ▁activ ist ▁ ▁Paul ▁H umph re ys ▁– ▁member ▁of ▁band ▁Or chestr al ▁Man oe uv res ▁in ▁the ▁Dark ▁James ▁H ype ▁- ▁DJ , ▁producer ▁and ▁rem ix ▁artist ▁ ▁Geoff rey ▁An ket ell ▁Stud der t ▁Kennedy ▁– ▁" W ood b ine ▁Wil ly "; ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁poet ; ▁taught ▁at ▁Cal day ▁ 1 9 0 5 – 1 9 0 7 . ▁ ▁Craig ▁Lind field ▁– ▁Former ly ▁Liverpool ▁F . C
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. ▁player , ▁now ▁at ▁F . C . ▁United ▁of ▁Manchester ▁ ▁Philip ▁May ▁– ▁husband ▁of ▁Ther esa ▁May . ▁ ▁Andy ▁Mc Cl us key ▁– ▁member ▁of ▁band ▁Or chestr al ▁Man oe uv res ▁in ▁the ▁Dark ▁ ▁Jack ▁P atter son ▁- ▁member ▁of ▁band ▁Clean ▁Band it ▁▁ ▁Luke ▁P atter son ▁- ▁member ▁of ▁band ▁Clean ▁Band it ▁ ▁Nick ▁Power ▁- ▁Organ ist ▁and ▁song writer ▁with ▁the ▁band ▁The ▁Cor al ▁ ▁Sam ▁Que k ▁M BE ▁- ▁Team ▁GB ▁field ▁hockey ▁gold ▁med all ist ▁ ▁C . ▁N . ▁R . ▁R ao ▁– ▁scientist ▁ ▁David ▁R aven ▁– ▁former ▁Liverpool ▁FC ▁football ▁player ▁now ▁at ▁War ring ton ▁ ▁Bill ▁Ste er ▁– ▁guitar ist ▁in ▁the ▁band ▁Nap al m ▁Death ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 1 9 8 9 , ▁member ▁of ▁gr ind - p ione ers ▁Car c ass ▁ ▁Ray ▁St ub bs ▁– ▁BT ▁Sport ▁and ▁Talk s port ▁present er ▁ ▁Dick ▁U ren ▁– ▁England ▁international ▁rugby ▁union ▁player . ▁ ▁Sir ▁David ▁We ather all ▁– ▁Oxford ▁physician ; ▁editor ▁Oxford ▁Text book ▁of ▁Medicine ; ▁former ▁Ch ancell or ▁Ke ele ▁University ▁ ▁Dr . ▁David ▁W yn n - Will iam s ▁( 1 9 4 6 – 2 0 0 2 ) ▁– ▁British ▁ast ro - bi ologist , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁ast ro bi ology ▁project , ▁British ▁Ant ar ctic
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▁Survey . ▁ ▁Dou gal ▁Wilson , ▁director ▁of ▁advertis ements ▁and ▁music ▁videos ▁ ▁Head te achers ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Pro ther oe , ▁M . ▁J . ▁( 1 9 7 6 ). ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Gram mar ▁School , ▁West ▁Kir by , ▁ 1 6 3 6 – 1 9 7 6 . ▁West ▁Kir by : ▁The ▁Parent s ' ▁Association . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Cal day ▁Al umn i ▁ ▁Official ▁Facebook ▁page ▁ ▁Cal day ▁Gr ange ▁Sw im ming ▁Pool ▁Trust ▁ ▁Category : Bo ys ' ▁schools ▁in ▁Mer se yside ▁Category : 1 6 3 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 3 0 s ▁Category : G ram mar ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁W ir ral ▁Category : Ac adem ies ▁in ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁W ir ral <0x0A> </s> ▁B id orp it ia ▁col um na ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁T ort ric idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Lo ja ▁Province , ▁E cu ador . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁about ▁ 1 4 mm ▁for ▁males ▁and ▁ 2 7 mm ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁ground ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁is ▁pale ▁fer ru gin ous ▁to ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁dark ▁brown ish ▁fer ru gin ous ▁in ▁the ▁posterior ▁are
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, ▁with ▁ref ract ive ▁suff usions ▁and ▁rust - b rown ▁str ig ulation ▁( f ine ▁streak s ). ▁The ▁mark ings ▁are ▁brown ▁with ▁a ▁rust ▁ad mi xture . ▁The ▁hind w ings ▁are ▁cream ▁t ing ed ▁with ▁orange ▁in ▁the ▁terminal ▁third . ▁ ▁E ty m ology ▁The ▁species ▁name ▁refers ▁to ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁unc us ▁and ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁Latin ▁col um na ▁( mean ing ▁column ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Category : E uli ini ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁South ▁America ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁J óz ef ▁R az owski <0x0A> </s> ▁Sign ific ant ▁phys i olog ic ▁changes ▁in ▁breathing ▁take ▁place ▁during ▁normal ▁sleep ▁related ▁to ▁alter ations ▁in ▁resp ir atory ▁drive ▁and ▁mus cul ature . ▁ ▁Normal ▁ ▁Sleep ▁on set ▁Set ▁point ▁of ▁vent ilation ▁is ▁different ▁in ▁wake fulness ▁and ▁sleep . ▁p CO 2 ▁is ▁higher ▁and ▁vent ilation ▁is ▁lower ▁in ▁sleep . ▁Sleep ▁on set ▁in ▁normal ▁subjects ▁is ▁not ▁immediate , ▁but ▁oscill ates ▁between ▁a rou sal , ▁stage ▁I ▁and ▁II ▁sleep ▁before ▁steady ▁N RE M ▁sleep ▁is ▁obtained . ▁So ▁falling ▁asleep ▁results ▁in ▁decre ased ▁vent ilation ▁and ▁a ▁higher ▁p CO 2 , ▁above ▁the ▁wake fulness ▁set ▁point . ▁On ▁wake fulness , ▁this ▁const itutes ▁an ▁error ▁signal ▁which ▁prov okes ▁hyper vent ilation ▁until
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▁the ▁wake fulness ▁set ▁point ▁is ▁reached . ▁When ▁the ▁subject ▁falls ▁asleep , ▁vent ilation ▁decre ases ▁and ▁p CO 2 ▁r ises , ▁resulting ▁in ▁hyp ov ent ilation ▁or ▁even ▁ap nea . ▁These ▁oscill ations ▁continue ▁until ▁steady ▁state ▁sleep ▁is ▁obtained . ▁The ▁med ull a ▁ob long ata ▁controls ▁our ▁resp iration . ▁ ▁Ste ady ▁N RE M ▁( Non - RE M ) ▁sleep ▁ ▁Vent ilation ▁Bre ath ing ▁is ▁remark ably ▁regular , ▁both ▁in ▁amplitude ▁and ▁frequency ▁in ▁steady ▁N RE M ▁sleep . ▁Ste ady ▁N RE M ▁sleep ▁has ▁the ▁lowest ▁indices ▁of ▁vari ability ▁of ▁all ▁sleep ▁stages . ▁Min ute ▁vent ilation ▁decre ases ▁by ▁ 1 3 % ▁in ▁steady ▁stage ▁II ▁sleep ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 5 % ▁in ▁steady ▁slow ▁wave ▁sleep ▁( Stage ▁III ▁and ▁Stage ▁IV ▁sleep ). ▁Mean ▁inspir atory ▁flow ▁is ▁decre ased ▁but ▁inspir atory ▁duration ▁and ▁resp ir atory ▁cycle ▁duration ▁are ▁un changed , ▁resulting ▁in ▁an ▁overall ▁decre ased ▁tid al ▁volume . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁study ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁healthy ▁adults , ▁the ▁minute ▁vent ilation ▁in ▁N RE M ▁sleep ▁was ▁ 7 . 1 8 ▁± ▁ 0 . 3 9 ( SE M ) ▁lit ers / minute ▁compared ▁to ▁ 7 . 6 6 ▁± ▁ 0 . 3 4 ▁lit ers / minute ▁when ▁awake . ▁ ▁R ib ▁cage ▁and ▁ab dom inal ▁muscle ▁contributions ▁R ib ▁cage ▁contribution
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▁to ▁vent ilation ▁increases ▁during ▁N RE M ▁sleep , ▁mostly ▁by ▁later al ▁movement , ▁and ▁is ▁detected ▁by ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁EM G ▁amplitude ▁during ▁breathing . ▁Di ap hr ag m ▁activity ▁is ▁little ▁increased ▁or ▁un changed ▁and ▁ab dom inal ▁muscle ▁activity ▁is ▁slightly ▁increased ▁during ▁these ▁sleep ▁stages . ▁ ▁Upper ▁air way ▁resistance ▁Air way ▁resistance ▁increases ▁by ▁about ▁ 2 3 0 % ▁during ▁N RE M ▁sleep . ▁El astic ▁and ▁flow ▁resist ive ▁properties ▁of ▁the ▁lung ▁do ▁not ▁change ▁during ▁N RE M ▁sleep . ▁The ▁increase ▁in ▁resistance ▁comes ▁primarily ▁from ▁the ▁upper ▁air way ▁in ▁the ▁retro ep ig l ott ic ▁region . ▁T onic ▁activity ▁of ▁the ▁ph ary n ge al ▁dil ator ▁muscles ▁of ▁the ▁upper ▁air way ▁decre ases ▁during ▁the ▁N RE M ▁sleep , ▁contributing ▁to ▁the ▁increased ▁resistance , ▁which ▁is ▁reflected ▁in ▁increased ▁es oph age al ▁pressure ▁sw ings ▁during ▁sleep . ▁The ▁other ▁vent il atory ▁muscles ▁compens ate ▁for ▁the ▁increased ▁resistance , ▁and ▁so ▁the ▁air flow ▁decre ases ▁much ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁increase ▁in ▁resistance . ▁ ▁Ar ter ial ▁blood ▁g ases ▁The ▁Ar ter ial ▁blood ▁g ass es ▁p CO 2 ▁increases ▁by ▁ 3 - 7 mm H g , ▁p O 2 ▁drops ▁by ▁ 3 - 9 mm H g ▁and ▁Sa O 2 ▁drops ▁by ▁ 2 % ▁or ▁less . ▁These ▁changes ▁occur ▁despite ▁a ▁reduced ▁met ab
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olic ▁rate , ▁reflected ▁by ▁a ▁ 1 0 - 2 0 % ▁decrease ▁in ▁O 2 ▁consumption , ▁suggesting ▁overall ▁hyp ov ent ilation ▁instead ▁of ▁decre ased ▁production / met abol ism . ▁ ▁Pul mon ary ▁ar ter ial ▁pressure ▁Period ic ▁oscill ations ▁of ▁the ▁pul mon ary ▁ar ter ial ▁pressure ▁occur ▁with ▁resp iration . ▁Pul mon ary ▁ar ter ial ▁syst olic ▁and ▁di ast olic ▁pressure ▁and ▁P AD ▁increase ▁by ▁ 4 - 5 mm ▁in ▁N RE M ▁sleep ▁ ▁Effect s ▁of ▁a rous als ▁Ind uced ▁trans ient ▁a rou sal ▁from ▁N RE M ▁sleep ▁cause ▁the ▁following : ▁Incre ase ▁EM G ▁activity ▁of ▁the ▁di ap hr ag m ▁ 1 5 0 %, ▁increased ▁activity ▁of ▁upper ▁air way ▁dil ating ▁muscles ▁ 2 5 0 %, ▁increased ▁air flow ▁and ▁tid al ▁volume ▁ 1 6 0 % ▁and ▁decre ased ▁upper ▁air way ▁resistance . ▁ ▁Ste ady ▁RE M ▁Sleep ▁ ▁Vent ilation ▁Ir regular ▁breathing ▁with ▁sudden ▁changes ▁in ▁both ▁amplitude ▁and ▁frequency ▁at ▁times ▁interrupted ▁by ▁central ▁ap ne as ▁lasting ▁ 1 0 – 3 0 ▁seconds ▁are ▁noted ▁in ▁Rap id ▁Eye ▁Movement ▁( RE M ) ▁sleep . ▁( These ▁are ▁phys i olog ic ▁changes ▁and ▁are ▁different ▁from ▁ab normal ▁breathing ▁patterns ▁noted ▁in ▁sleep ▁dis ordered ▁breathing ). ▁These ▁breathing ▁ir regular ities ▁are ▁not ▁random , ▁but ▁correspond ▁to ▁burst s ▁of ▁eye ▁movements .
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▁This ▁breathing ▁pattern ▁is ▁not ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁che more cept ors , ▁but ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁activation ▁of ▁behavior al ▁resp ir atory ▁control ▁system ▁by ▁RE M ▁sleep ▁processes . ▁Quant itative ▁measure ▁of ▁air flow ▁is ▁quite ▁variable ▁in ▁this ▁sleep ▁stage ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁increased , ▁decre ased ▁or ▁un changed . ▁T idal ▁volume ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁increased , ▁decre ased ▁or ▁un changed ▁by ▁quant itative ▁measures ▁in ▁RE M ▁sleep . ▁So ▁breathing ▁during ▁RE M ▁sleep ▁is ▁somewhat ▁disc ord ant . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁study ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁healthy ▁adults , ▁the ▁minute ▁vent ilation ▁in ▁RE M ▁sleep ▁was ▁ 6 . 4 6 ▁+ / - ▁ 0 . 2 9 ( SE M ) ▁lit ers / minute ▁compared ▁to ▁ 7 . 6 6 ▁+ / - ▁ 0 . 3 4 ▁lit ers / minute ▁when ▁awake . ▁ ▁R ib ▁cage ▁and ▁ab dom inal ▁muscle ▁contributions ▁Inter cost al ▁muscle ▁activity ▁decre ases ▁in ▁RE M ▁sleep ▁and ▁contribution ▁of ▁rib ▁cage ▁to ▁resp iration ▁decre ases ▁during ▁RE M ▁sleep . ▁This ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁RE M ▁related ▁su pr asp inal ▁inhib ition ▁of ▁alpha ▁mot one ur on ▁drive ▁and ▁specific ▁depression ▁of ▁fus im ot or ▁function . ▁Di ap hr ag hm atic ▁activity ▁corresponding ly ▁increases ▁during ▁RE M ▁sleep . ▁Although ▁parad ox ical ▁th or aco ab dom inal ▁movements ▁are
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▁not ▁observed , ▁the ▁th or ac ic ▁and ▁ab dom inal ▁displ ac ements ▁are ▁not ▁exactly ▁in ▁phase . ▁This ▁decrease ▁in ▁inter cost al ▁muscle ▁activity ▁is ▁primarily ▁responsible ▁for ▁hyp ov ent ilation ▁that ▁occurs ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁border line ▁pul mon ary ▁function . ▁ ▁Upper ▁air way ▁function ▁Upper ▁air way ▁resistance ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁highest ▁during ▁RE M ▁sleep ▁because ▁of ▁at onia ▁of ▁the ▁ph ary n ge al ▁dil ator ▁muscles ▁and ▁partial ▁air way ▁collapse . ▁Many ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁this , ▁but ▁not ▁all . ▁Some ▁have ▁shown ▁un changed ▁air way ▁resistance ▁during ▁RE M ▁sleep , ▁others ▁have ▁shown ▁it ▁to ▁increase ▁to ▁N RE M ▁levels . ▁ ▁Ar ter ial ▁blood ▁g ases ▁H yp ox em ia ▁due ▁to ▁hyp ov ent ilation ▁is ▁noted ▁in ▁RE M ▁sleep ▁but ▁this ▁is ▁less ▁well ▁studied ▁than ▁N RE M ▁sleep . ▁These ▁changes ▁are ▁equal ▁to ▁or ▁greater ▁than ▁N RE M ▁sleep ▁ ▁Pul mon ary ▁ar ter ial ▁pressure ▁Pul mon ary ▁ar ter ial ▁pressure ▁fluct u ates ▁with ▁resp iration ▁and ▁r ises ▁during ▁RE M ▁sleep . ▁ ▁Effect ▁of ▁a rous als ▁A rous als ▁cause ▁return ▁of ▁air way ▁resistance ▁and ▁air flow ▁to ▁near ▁awake ▁values . ▁Refer ▁a rous als ▁in ▁N RE M ▁sleep . ▁ ▁Sleep ▁and ▁Bre ath ing ▁in ▁High ▁Alt itudes ▁ ▁At ▁a ▁lower ▁alt itude , ▁the ▁link ▁between ▁breathing
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▁and ▁sleep ▁has ▁been ▁established . ▁At ▁a ▁higher ▁alt itude , ▁dis ru ptions ▁in ▁sleep ▁are ▁often ▁linked ▁to ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁resp ir atory ▁( bre ath ing ▁) ▁rhythm . ▁Changes ▁in ▁alt itude ▁cause ▁variations ▁in ▁sleep ▁time ▁( redu ced ▁to ▁ 0 % ▁up ▁to ▁ 9 3 % ), ▁as ▁shown ▁in ▁a ▁study ▁that ▁examined ▁people ▁at ▁sea ▁level ▁and ▁P ikes ▁Peak ▁( 4 3 0 0 ▁meters ). ▁These ▁subjects ▁also ▁experienced ▁more ▁frequent ▁a rous als ▁and ▁dimin ished ▁stage ▁ 3 ▁and ▁stage ▁ 4 ▁sleep . ▁A ▁poor er ▁quality ▁of ▁sleep ▁was ▁indicated , ▁but ▁not ▁due ▁to ▁less ▁sleep ▁time , ▁but ▁more ▁frequent ▁aw aken ings ▁during ▁the ▁night . ▁ ▁Sleep - dis ordered ▁breathing ▁( ab normal ▁sleep ▁and ▁breathing ▁or ▁sleep - related ▁breathing ▁disorders ) ▁ ▁Primary ▁sn oring ▁Sn oring ▁is ▁a ▁condition ▁characterized ▁by ▁no isy ▁breathing ▁during ▁sleep . ▁Usually , ▁any ▁medical ▁condition ▁where ▁the ▁air way ▁is ▁blocked ▁during ▁sleeping , ▁like ▁ob struct ive ▁sleep ▁ap nea , ▁may ▁give ▁rise ▁to ▁sn oring . ▁Sn oring , ▁when ▁not ▁associated ▁with ▁an ▁ob struct ive ▁phenomenon ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁primary ▁sn oring . ▁Apart ▁from ▁the ▁specific ▁condition ▁of ▁ob struct ive ▁sleep ▁ap nea , ▁other ▁causes ▁of ▁sn oring ▁include ▁alcohol ▁int ake ▁prior ▁to ▁sleeping , ▁stuff y ▁nose , ▁sin us itis , ▁ob es ity , ▁long ▁tongue ▁or ▁u
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v ula , ▁large ▁tons il ▁or ▁ad en oid , ▁smaller ▁lower ▁jaw , ▁dev iated ▁nas al ▁sept um , ▁ast h ma , ▁smoking ▁and ▁sleeping ▁on ▁one ' s ▁back . ▁Primary ▁sn oring ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁" simple " ▁or ▁" ben ign " ▁sn oring , ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁associated ▁with ▁sleep ▁ap nea . ▁ ▁Upper ▁air way ▁resistance ▁syndrome ▁ ▁Ob struct ive ▁sleep ▁ap nea ▁( including ▁hyp op nea ) ▁syndrome ▁ ▁Ob struct ive ▁sleep ▁ap nea ▁is ▁ap nea ▁either ▁as ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁the ▁air ▁pass ages ▁or ▁in ade quate ▁resp ir atory ▁muscle ▁activity . ▁ ▁Central ▁sleep ▁ap nea ▁syndrome ▁ ▁Sleep ▁ap nea ▁( or ▁sleep ▁ap no ea ▁in ▁British ▁English ; ▁/ æ p ˈ ni ː ə /) ▁is ▁a ▁sleep ▁disorder ▁characterized ▁by ▁paus es ▁in ▁breathing ▁or ▁instances ▁of ▁shallow ▁or ▁inf requ ent ▁breathing ▁during ▁sleep . ▁Each ▁pause ▁in ▁breathing , ▁called ▁an ▁ap nea , ▁can ▁last ▁for ▁several ▁seconds ▁to ▁several ▁minutes , ▁and ▁may ▁occur ▁ 5 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁times ▁or ▁more ▁in ▁an ▁hour . ▁ ▁Complex ▁sleep ▁dis ordered ▁syndrome ▁ ▁Sleep ▁related ▁hyp ov ent ilation ▁synd rom es ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : S leep ▁phys i ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Am ar je et ▁K ush w aha ▁( altern atively ▁Am ar j it ▁K ush w aha ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁activ ist
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, ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁leader ▁in ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁India ▁( Mar x ist – Len in ist ) ▁Liber ation . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁national ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁Youth ▁Association ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Am ar je et ▁K ush w aha ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁Si wan ▁district ▁of ▁B ih ar . ▁He ▁attended ▁the ▁M . M . M . ▁PG ▁College , ▁B hat par r ani , ▁De oria ▁and ▁graduated ▁with ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Arts ▁degree . ▁Later ▁he ▁got ▁a ▁gradu ation ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁time ▁with ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Law s ▁degree ▁from ▁Gor akh pur ▁University . ▁K ush w aha ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁May a ▁Dev i . ▁ ▁Activ ism ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁course ▁in ▁Gor akh pur ▁University , ▁K ush w aha ▁joined ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁India ▁( Mar x ist – Len in ist ) ▁Liber ation . ▁After ▁completing ▁his ▁course ▁in ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Si wan ▁as ▁a ▁party ▁activ ist . ▁In ▁Si wan , ▁K ush w aha ▁became ▁an ▁activ ist ▁for ▁farmer ' s ▁and ▁dal it ' s ▁rights ▁and ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁become ▁a ▁rival ▁of ▁Moh amm ad ▁Shah ab udd in ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁activ ism . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁ag itations ▁for ▁poor ▁farmers ▁in ▁getting ▁possession ▁of ▁their ▁land . ▁▁ ▁In ▁
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2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁state ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁Youth ▁Association ▁and ▁then ▁its ▁national ▁president ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁India ▁( Mar x ist – Len in ist ) ▁Liber ation ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁nominated ▁to ▁contest ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁B ih ar ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁election ▁from ▁the ▁Z ir ade i ▁constitu ency . ▁Following ▁the ▁nom ination , ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁land ▁dispute ▁and ▁later ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁alleged ▁that ▁the ▁arrest ▁had ▁been ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁be hest ▁of ▁Moh amm ad ▁Shah ab udd in . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Indian ▁general ▁election , ▁K ush w aha ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁campaign ▁of ▁Am arn ath ▁Y ad av ▁in ▁the ▁Si wan ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁B ih ar ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Indian ▁politicians ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁Party ▁of ▁India ▁( Mar x ist – Len in ist ) ▁Liber ation ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁Every day ▁People ▁is ▁a ▁novel ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁writer ▁Stewart ▁O ' N an . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁East ▁Liberty
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▁and ▁brings ▁together ▁the ▁stories ▁of ▁its ▁residents , ▁mostly ▁African - American ▁during ▁one ▁f ateful ▁week ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁fall . ▁The ▁novel ▁centers ▁around ▁Chris ▁" C rest " ▁Tol bert — an ▁eighteen - year - old ▁left ▁par aly zed ▁and ▁ha unted ▁by ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁his ▁best ▁friend ▁after ▁a ▁recent ▁accident — and ▁O ' N an ▁we aves ▁together ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁friends ▁and ▁family , ▁lovers ▁and ▁strangers , ▁and ▁their ▁emotions , ▁memories , ▁and ▁dreams . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁American ▁novels ▁Category : F iction ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Category : N ov els ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁Category : N ov els ▁set ▁in ▁Pittsburgh <0x0A> </s> ▁Jose ▁Maria ▁Tor rij os ▁y ▁U ri arte ▁( M arch ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 7 9 1 De cember ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 8 3 1 ), ▁Count ▁of ▁Tor rij os , ▁a ▁title ▁granted ▁post hum ously ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁Governor , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁General ▁Tor rij os , ▁was ▁a ▁Spanish ▁Liberal ▁soldier . ▁He ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁restoration ▁of ▁absolut ism ▁by ▁Ferd inand ▁VII ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁he ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁pron ounce ment ▁of ▁John ▁Van ▁Hal en ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁that ▁sought ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 8
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1 2 , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁spent ▁two ▁years ▁in ▁prison ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁after ▁the ▁triumph ▁of ▁the ▁R iego ▁up r ising ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁French ▁when ▁the ▁H undred ▁Th ous and ▁S ons ▁of ▁Saint ▁Louis ▁inv aded ▁Spain ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁absolute ▁power ▁of ▁Ferd inand ▁VII ▁and ▁when ▁those ▁tri ump hed ▁ending ▁the ▁liberal ▁tri enn ium ▁ex iled ▁to ▁England . ▁There ▁he ▁prepared ▁a ▁statement ▁which ▁he ▁himself ▁led , ▁landing ▁on ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Mal aga ▁from ▁Gib ral tar ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁with ▁sixty ▁men ▁accompanying ▁him , ▁but ▁they ▁fell ▁into ▁the ▁trap ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁laid ▁before ▁him ▁by ▁the ▁absolut ist ▁authorities ▁and ▁were ▁arrested . ▁N ine ▁days ▁later , ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 1 , ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁ 4 8 ▁of ▁his ▁fellow ▁survivors ▁were ▁shot ▁without ▁trial ▁on ▁the ▁beach ▁of ▁San ▁And res ▁de ▁M ál aga , ▁a ▁fact ▁that ▁was ▁imm ort al ized ▁by ▁a ▁son net ▁of ▁José ▁de ▁Es pr on ced a ▁entitled ▁To ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁his ▁Compan ions , ▁' s ▁A ▁la ▁mem oria ▁del ▁General ▁Tor rij os , ▁and ▁by ▁a ▁famous ▁painting ▁that ▁was ▁painted ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁by ▁Antonio ▁G is bert . ▁" The ▁tragic ▁outcome ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁explains ▁what ▁has ▁happened ▁to
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▁history , ▁in ▁all ▁fair ness , ▁as ▁a ▁great ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁struggle ▁against ▁des pot ism ▁and ▁t yr anny , ▁with ▁the ▁traits ▁of ▁epic ▁nob ility ▁and ▁ser en ity ▁typical ▁of ▁the ▁romantic ▁hero , ▁eternal ized ▁in ▁the ▁famous ▁painting ▁by ▁Antonio ▁G is bert ." ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁Mal aga ▁ere cted ▁a ▁monument ▁to ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁his ▁companions ▁in ▁the ▁Pl aza ▁de ▁la ▁Mer ced , ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁birth place ▁of ▁the ▁painter ▁P ablo ▁Pic asso . ▁Under ▁the ▁monument ▁to ▁Tor rij os ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁square ▁are ▁the ▁tomb s ▁of ▁ 4 8 ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 9 ▁men ▁shot ; ▁One ▁of ▁them , ▁British , ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁c emetery ▁( Mal aga ). ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Child hood ▁and ▁youth ▁ ▁Tor rij os ▁was ▁born ▁March ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 7 9 1 , ▁in ▁Madrid ▁to ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁And al us ian ▁bureau cr ats ▁in ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁Mon archy . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁of ▁four ▁children ▁born ▁to ▁Crist ó bal ▁de ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁Ch ac ón , ▁of ▁Sev ille , ▁and ▁Maria ▁Pet ron ila ▁U ri arte ▁and ▁Bor ja , ▁in ▁El ▁Puerto ▁de ▁Santa ▁María . ▁His ▁p ater nal ▁grandfather , ▁Bern ardo ▁de ▁Tor rij os , ▁was ▁from ▁Mal aga , ▁and ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Council ▁and ▁was ▁prosecut or
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▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ch anc ery ▁of ▁Gran ada . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁kn ight ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Carlos ▁III ▁and ▁help ▁of ▁camera ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁Carlos ▁IV . ▁Thanks ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁he ▁held ▁Jose ▁Maria ▁served ▁ten ▁years ▁as ▁the ▁king ' s ▁page . ▁He ▁immediately ▁decided ▁on ▁a ▁military ▁career ▁and , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁thirteen , ▁he ▁entered ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Engine ers ▁where ▁he ▁specialized ▁in ▁engineering . ▁ ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁( 1 8 0 8 – 1 8 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Tor rij os ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁began ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁that ▁the ▁war ▁began , ▁May ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 0 8 . ▁He ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁the ▁officers ▁Luis ▁D ao iz ▁and ▁Pedro ▁Vel arde ▁who ▁were ▁out ▁of ▁am mun ition ▁in ▁the ▁artillery ▁park ▁of ▁Madrid . ▁They ▁sent ▁him ▁to ▁negoti ate ▁with ▁the ▁French ▁general ▁G ober t ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁mission , ▁the ▁popular ▁anti - F rench ▁revol t ▁er u pts ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁and ▁so ▁he ▁is ▁arrested . ▁He ▁was ▁only ▁saved ▁from ▁being ▁shot ▁by ▁the ▁intervention ▁of ▁a ▁field ▁helper ▁who ▁knew ▁Jo aqu in ▁Mur at . ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁sevent een ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁captain . ▁▁ ▁He ▁later ▁joined ▁the ▁defence ▁of ▁Val encia , M ur cia ▁and ▁those ▁of ▁Catal onia , ▁being ▁" one ▁of
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▁the ▁few ▁military ▁cad res ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁army ▁who ▁put ▁themselves ▁at ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁resistance ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁liberal ▁principles ▁of ▁freedom ▁and ▁independence . ▁He ▁det ached ▁himself ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁and ▁collaboration ist ▁camp ▁chosen ▁by ▁many ▁illustrated ▁and ▁clearly ▁confront ed ▁with ▁absolut ism . ▁" ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 0 , ▁at ▁ninete en ▁years ▁old , ▁he ▁reached ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁lieutenant ▁colon el . ▁He ▁was ▁taken ▁prisoner ▁by ▁the ▁French , ▁after ▁being ▁wounded , ▁but ▁escaped ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁fight ▁in ▁the ▁war , ▁" con sec rating ▁like ▁a ▁military ▁of ▁great ▁bold ness ▁and ▁value ". ▁He ▁was ▁appreciated ▁by ▁the ▁two ▁sides ▁– ▁the ▁French ▁general ▁Su chet ▁offered ▁him ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁defect , ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁D oyle ▁asked ▁of ▁the ▁Cort es ▁of ▁Cad iz ▁that ▁he ▁be ▁given ▁a ▁distinguished ▁command ▁in ▁the ▁re organ ised ▁forces ▁in ▁the ▁Island ▁of ▁Leon . ▁It ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁W elling ton ▁in ▁the ▁decis ive ▁Battle ▁of ▁V itor ia , ▁that ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁Three ▁months ▁earlier , ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 1 3 , ▁he ▁had ▁married ▁Lu isa ▁Carl ota ▁S á enz ▁de ▁Vin ieg ra , ▁daughter ▁of ▁an ▁honor ary ▁int endant ▁of ▁the ▁army , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁would ▁have ▁a ▁daughter ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁who ▁died ▁shortly
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▁after ▁birth . ▁ ▁Tor rij os ▁ended ▁the ▁war ▁with ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁brig ad ier ▁general ▁at ▁only ▁twenty - three ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁F ailed ▁pron ounce ment ▁against ▁Ferd inand ▁VII ▁and ▁prison ▁( 1 8 1 7 – 1 8 2 0 ) ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁Ferd inand ▁VII ▁and ▁the ▁restoration ▁of ▁the ▁Abs olute ▁Mon archy ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 , ▁Tor rij os ▁was ▁appointed ▁military ▁governor ▁of ▁Mur cia , ▁Cart ag ena ▁and ▁A lic ante , ▁receiving ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁the ▁Great ▁Cross ▁of ▁San ▁Fernando ▁for ▁his ▁military ▁mer its . ▁But ▁Tor rij os ▁soon ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁liberal ▁conspir ator ial ▁plot ▁that ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁end ▁at ▁last ▁the ▁absolute ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁and ▁rein state ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Cad iz . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁he ▁apparently ▁joined ▁the ▁Mason ry ▁by ▁ad op ting ▁the ▁name ▁" Ar ist og it on ." ▁▁ ▁The ▁conspiracy ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁participated ▁directly ▁was ▁the ▁attempt ▁of ▁pron ounce ment ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁soldier ▁Juan ▁Van ▁Hal en , ▁and ▁that ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁zone ▁that ▁was ▁under ▁his ▁command . ▁He ▁engaged ▁in ▁the ▁attempt ▁to ▁en list ▁L orr aine ▁who ▁was ▁in ▁charge , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁his ▁friend ▁the ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Juan ▁L ó pez ▁P into , ▁and ▁contacted ▁various ▁cl and est ine ▁liberal ▁groups
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▁in ▁his ▁territory . ▁But ▁Tor rij os ▁was ▁discovered ▁and ▁det ained ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 8 1 7 , ▁first ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁the ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁Castle ▁A lic ante ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁the ▁prison ▁of ▁the ▁In quis ition ▁of ▁Mur cia . ▁There ▁he ▁would ▁spend ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years , ▁although ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁give ▁up ▁conspir ator ial ▁activity ▁thanks ▁to ▁his ▁wife ▁who ▁visited ▁him ▁in ▁jail ▁and ▁sent ▁him ▁the ▁cl and est ine ▁papers , ▁as ▁she ▁narr ated ▁herself , ▁" ▁either ▁putting ▁the ▁papers ▁inside ▁the ▁bones ▁of ▁the ▁flesh ▁, ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁handles ▁of ▁the ▁silver ware ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁hem ▁of ▁the ▁table cl oth s ▁and ▁nap kins . ▁" ▁For ▁his ▁part ▁Van ▁Hal en ▁escaped ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁from ▁the ▁pr isons ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Office . ▁ ▁The ▁liberal ▁tri enn ium ▁( 1 8 2 0 – 1 8 2 3 ) ▁ ▁He ▁left ▁the ▁prison ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁triumph ▁of ▁the ▁I rr igation ▁pron ounce ment ▁and ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁which ▁led ▁the ▁pro clam ation ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁in ▁Mur cia . ▁King ▁Fernando ▁VII , ▁after ▁being ▁forced ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁Const itutional ▁Mon archy , ▁tried ▁to ▁attract ▁Tor rij os ▁to ▁his ▁side ▁and ▁offered ▁to ▁transfer ▁him ▁to ▁Madrid ▁with ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁colon el
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▁of ▁the ▁reg iment ▁that ▁bore ▁his ▁name , ▁but ▁Tor rij os ▁flat ly ▁refused . ▁Which ▁was ▁worth ▁the ▁marginal ization ▁of ▁any ▁responsibility ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁" mod er ate " ▁liberal ▁governments . ▁▁ ▁He ▁supported ▁the ▁patri otic ▁societies ▁def ended ▁by ▁the ▁liber als ▁" ex alt ados " ▁and ▁was ▁indu cted ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁into ▁the ▁famous ▁Font ana ▁de ▁O ro ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Lo vers ▁of ▁the ▁Const itutional ▁Order . ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁other ▁" ex alt ed " ▁Liber als ▁created ▁a ▁secret ▁society ▁known ▁as ▁La ▁Com un er ía , ▁whose ▁purpose ▁was ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁Constitution , ▁and ▁which ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Tri en io ▁was ▁split ▁between ▁a ▁" rad ical " ▁sector ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁newspaper ▁" Z ur ri ago " ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁" const itutional ▁comun eros ", ▁of ▁which ▁Tor rij os ▁was ▁a ▁part . ▁▁ ▁When ▁the ▁royal ist ▁up ris ings ▁took ▁place , ▁Tor rij os ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁royal ist ▁parties ▁in ▁Nav ar re ▁and ▁in ▁Catal onia ▁– ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁lieutenant ▁of ▁General ▁Esp oz ▁and ▁M ina ▁- , ▁which ▁earned ▁him ▁the ▁promotion ▁to ▁Field ▁Marshall ▁by ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁" ex alt ed " ▁government ▁of ▁E var isto ▁San ▁Miguel . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 8
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2 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Minister ▁of ▁War ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁take ▁office ▁when ▁the ▁king ▁rev oked ▁the ▁" ex alt ed " ▁government ▁of ▁which ▁Tor rij os ▁was ▁a ▁part . ▁▁ ▁When ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 2 3 ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁H undred ▁Th ous and ▁S ons ▁of ▁Saint ▁Louis ▁sent ▁by ▁the ▁Holy ▁Alliance ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁absolute ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁King ▁Ferd inand ▁VII , ▁acted ▁under ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁general ▁Ball ester os . ▁But ▁this , ▁so ▁that ▁Tor rij os ▁did ▁not ▁bother ▁him ▁in ▁his ▁intended ▁man eu ver ▁of ▁not ▁offering ▁any ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁enemy , ▁sent ▁it ▁dest ined ▁for ▁Cart ag ena ▁to ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁VIII ▁military ▁District . ▁There ▁he ▁def ended ▁the ▁pl aza ▁along ▁with ▁Francisco ▁V ald és ▁and ▁Juan ▁L ó pez ▁P into ▁until ▁a ▁month ▁after ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁the ▁Cort es ▁had ▁capit ulated ▁before ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Ang oul ême ▁in ▁September ▁Of ▁ 1 8 2 3 ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁fort ▁Tro c ad ero ▁of ▁Cad iz , ▁that ▁would ▁end ▁up ▁giving ▁name ▁to ▁a ▁celebrated ▁square ▁of ▁Paris . ▁Thus ▁Tor rij os ▁in ▁Cart ag ena , ▁along ▁with ▁Esp oz ▁and ▁M ina ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁were ▁the ▁last ▁military ▁that ▁res isted . ▁In ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁surrender ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁troops ▁signed ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 2 3 - it
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▁had ▁been ▁a ▁month ▁since ▁Ferd inand ▁VII ▁had ▁restored ▁absolut ism - Tor rij os ▁got ▁the ▁officers ▁who ▁went ▁into ▁ex ile ▁to ▁collect ▁their ▁sal aries ▁in ▁the ▁em igration , ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁condition ▁of ▁Ref uge es , ▁not ▁political ▁prisoners . ▁" It ▁sur rend ered ▁with ▁all ▁the ▁hon ors : ▁the ▁arms ▁were ▁seized , ▁but ▁no ▁one ▁was ▁shot , ▁neither ▁were ▁prisoners ▁nor ▁re pr is als . ▁In ▁the ▁few ▁days , ▁on ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 2 3 , ▁Raf ael ▁del ▁R iego ▁was ▁Execut ed ▁on ▁the ▁Pl aza ▁de ▁la ▁C eb ada ▁in ▁Madrid , ▁was ▁the ▁sad ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁the ▁liber als ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Alliance , ▁and ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 8 ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁emb ark ed ▁for ▁Mar se illes , ▁where ▁they ▁arrived ▁on ▁ 1 ▁December . ▁Thus ▁began ▁an ▁ex ile ▁that ▁would ▁irre vers ibly ▁change ▁their ▁lives ." ▁ ▁Ex ile ▁in ▁England ▁( 1 8 2 4 – 1 8 3 0 ) ▁ ▁In ▁France ▁he ▁stayed ▁only ▁five ▁months ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁host ility ▁shown ▁by ▁his ▁government ▁to ▁the ▁Spanish ▁liberal ▁ex iles , ▁who ▁were ▁heavily ▁guard ed ▁by ▁the ▁police ▁and ▁who ▁were ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁border ▁departments ▁with ▁Spain . ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁Tor rij os ▁claimed ▁for ▁him ▁and ▁for ▁his ▁sub ord inates
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▁the ▁salary ▁st ip ulated ▁in ▁the ▁agreement ▁of ▁surrender ▁of ▁Cart ag ena ▁which ▁the ▁government ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁– ▁they ▁would ▁only ▁collect ▁after ▁the ▁revolution ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 0 ] ▁tri ump hed ▁in ▁France ▁– ▁and ▁entered ▁in ▁Contact ▁with ▁the ▁general ▁La f ay ette , ▁deputy ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁liberal ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁Mon archy ▁of ▁Louis ▁XVIII , ▁with ▁which ▁it ▁would ▁maintain ▁an ▁active ▁correspondence ▁of ▁the ▁one ▁that ▁created ▁a ▁long ▁friendship . ▁▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁emb ark ed ▁for ▁England ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁years ▁lived ▁in ▁a ▁modest ▁house ▁of ▁Black he ath ▁until ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁they ▁moved ▁to ▁London . ▁During ▁that ▁time ▁he ▁lived ▁on ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁his ▁former ▁boss ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁W elling ton , ▁then ▁British ▁Prime ▁Minister , ▁which ▁held ▁until ▁July ▁ 1 8 2 9 ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁withd rawn ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁increase ▁in ▁his ▁conspir ator ial ▁activity . ▁As ▁this ▁grant ▁was ▁not ▁very ▁large ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁dev ote ▁work ▁to ▁translation . ▁Thus ▁he ▁translated ▁from ▁French ▁into ▁Cast il ian ▁the ▁Napoleon ' s ▁Mem ories , ▁preced ed ▁by ▁an ▁introduction ▁– ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁showed ▁his ▁adm iration ▁for ▁Bon ap arte ▁as ▁a ▁for ger ▁of ▁a ▁" n ational " ▁army , ▁among
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▁other ▁reasons ▁– ▁and ▁supplement ed ▁by ▁numerous ▁notes , ▁and ▁from ▁English ▁into ▁Spanish ▁the ▁" Mem oirs ▁of ▁General ▁Miller ," ▁who ▁had ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Per uv ian ▁war . ▁Tor rij os ▁had ▁personally ▁met ▁General ▁Miller ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁during ▁the ▁campaigns ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁In ▁the ▁pro log ue ▁of ▁the ▁latter ▁Tor rij os ▁emphas ized ▁that ▁Miller ▁had ▁left ▁his ▁land ▁to ▁fight ▁for ▁the ▁freedom ▁" of ▁South ▁America ", ▁without ▁even ▁knowing ▁the ▁language , ▁and ▁that ▁" it ▁always ▁served ▁to ▁the ▁hom eland ▁that ▁had ▁adopted , ▁doing ▁as ▁it ▁should ▁ab stra ction ▁of ▁people ▁and ▁matches . ▁" ▁ ▁A ▁few ▁months ▁after ▁going ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁London , ▁the ▁most ▁radical ▁Spanish ▁liberal ▁ex iles ▁created ▁on ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁a ▁" Board ▁of ▁the ▁up r ising ▁in ▁Spain " ▁that ▁was ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁Tor rij os , ▁thus ▁becoming ▁the ▁top ▁leader ▁of ▁this ▁liberal ▁sector ▁" ▁Ex alt ed ▁" who ▁had ▁dist anced ▁himself ▁from ▁the ▁more ▁moderate ▁positions ▁of ▁Francisco ▁Esp oz ▁and ▁M ina , ▁who ▁until ▁then ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁liber als ▁ex iled ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁who ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁was ▁quite ▁ske pt ical ▁about ▁the ▁chances ▁of ▁success ▁of ▁a ▁pron ounce ment ▁in ▁Spain ▁against ▁the ▁absolut ism ▁of ▁Fernando ▁VII . ▁ ▁The ▁pron ounce ment ▁of ▁ 1
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8 3 1 ▁▁ ▁Rock ▁of ▁Gib ral tar ▁during ▁the ▁times ▁of ▁Tor rij os . ▁In ▁May ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁Tor rij os ▁presented ▁his ▁plan ▁for ▁the ▁ins ur rection ▁consisting ▁in ▁the ▁penetr ation ▁" in ▁circum ference " ▁in ▁the ▁Pen insula ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁center , ▁Madrid , ▁from ▁several ▁points , ▁which ▁would ▁begin ▁the ▁" break ", ▁that ▁is ▁to ▁say , ▁the ▁entrance ▁in ▁Spain ▁of ▁the ▁conspir ators ▁in ▁London ▁led ▁by ▁himself ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁signal ▁for ▁the ▁up r ising . ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁London ▁was ▁diss olved . ▁App oint ed ▁on ▁an ▁inter im ▁basis ▁until ▁the ▁nation ▁was ▁" fre ely ▁assembled " ▁an ▁Executive ▁Commission ▁of ▁the ▁up r ising ▁was ▁created ▁led ▁by ▁Tor rij os ▁himself , ▁as ▁the ▁chief ▁military ▁officer , ▁and ▁by ▁Manuel ▁Flo res ▁Cal der ón , ▁former ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Cort es ▁del ▁Tri en io ▁Liberal ▁as ▁a ▁civil ▁authority . ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁his ▁followers ▁arrived ▁in ▁Gib ral tar ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁September ▁via ▁Paris ▁and ▁Mar se illes . ▁In ▁Gib ral tar ▁they ▁would ▁remain ▁for ▁a ▁whole ▁year ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁November ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁and ▁from ▁there ▁Tor rij os ▁promoted ▁several ▁ins ur rection al ▁conqu ests ▁in ▁February ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁which ▁were ▁answered
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▁by ▁a ▁brutal ▁re pression ▁of ▁the ▁absolut ist ▁government ▁of ▁Ferd inand ▁VII , ▁whose ▁most ▁famous ▁victim ▁was ▁Mar iana ▁P ined a , ▁executed ▁in ▁Gran ada ▁the ▁ 2 6 ▁of ▁May ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁the ▁captain ▁general ▁of ▁And al us ia ▁proposed ▁to ▁the ▁government ▁" to ▁se ize ▁the ▁revolutionary ▁c aud illo ▁Tor rij os ▁by ▁surprise ▁or ▁strat agem ". ▁The ▁main ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁this ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁Mal aga , ▁Vic ente ▁Gon zá lez ▁More no , ▁who ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁month ▁had ▁initiated ▁an ▁active ▁correspondence ▁with ▁Tor rij os ▁under ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁of ▁' V iri ato ' ▁', ▁pos ing ▁as ▁a ▁liberal ▁who ▁assured ▁him ▁that ▁the ▁best ▁place ▁for ▁the ▁landing ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Mal aga , ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁have ▁secured ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁g arr isons ▁and ▁where ▁all ▁the ▁liber als ▁were ▁willing ▁to ▁second ▁him . ▁" ▁ ▁Unfortunately ▁Tor rij os ▁paid ▁more ▁attention ▁to ▁" V iri ato ", ▁and ▁to ▁some ▁genuine ▁liber als ▁who ▁also ▁wrote ▁him ▁encouraging ▁him , ▁than ▁to ▁the ▁Jun ta ▁de ▁M ál aga ▁that ▁tried ▁to ▁dis su ade ▁him ▁from ▁landing ▁on ▁those ▁sh ores ▁if ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁enough ▁forces . ▁▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁two ▁boats ▁with ▁sixty ▁men ▁headed ▁by ▁Tor rij os , ▁who ▁were ▁sufficient ▁for ▁the
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▁project ▁since ▁the ▁landing ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁military ▁character , ▁only ▁intended ▁to ▁t read ▁Spanish ▁land ▁and ▁" pr on ounce ", ▁which ▁would ▁const itute ▁the ▁" break " ▁that ▁would ▁trigger ▁the ▁Liberal ▁up r ising ▁throughout ▁Spain . ▁They ▁had ▁printed ▁a ▁Man ifest o ▁to ▁the ▁Nation , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁several ▁pro clam ations . ▁" As ▁symbol ic ▁elements , ▁uniform s , ▁tr icol or ▁flags ▁( red ▁and ▁yellow , ▁with ▁two ▁blue - blue ▁stri pes ) ▁and ▁em ble ms ▁with ▁arms ▁of ▁Spain . ▁Their ▁m ott os :" ▁Pat ria , ▁Liber t ad ▁e ▁Independ encia ▁", ▁and ▁the ▁cry ▁of " ▁Long ▁live ▁the ▁freedom ! ▁ ▁" ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁December ▁ 2 , ▁they ▁saw ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mal aga , ▁after ▁almost ▁forty ▁hours ▁of ▁travel . ▁Ar riving ▁at ▁the ▁coast ▁they ▁were ▁surprised ▁by ▁the ▁ship ▁ ▁Ne pt une ▁'', ▁which ▁opened ▁fire ▁on ▁the ▁liber als . ▁With ▁no ▁more ▁shelter ▁than ▁the ▁land ▁itself , ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁hurried ▁to ▁the ▁beach ▁of ▁El ▁Char c ón . ▁Then ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁Tor rij os ▁began ▁its ▁way ▁towards ▁the ▁Sierra ▁de ▁M ij as . ▁When ▁they ▁were ▁near ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁M ij as ▁they ▁saw ▁form ations ▁arranged ▁to ▁cut ▁off ▁their ▁passage ▁and ▁to ▁capture ▁them ▁and ▁the ▁men ▁Tor rij os ▁orders ▁in ▁that ▁border ▁the ▁town . ▁After
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▁several ▁days ▁of ▁walking , ▁they ▁desc ended ▁along ▁the ▁north ▁slope ▁of ▁the ▁Sierra ▁de ▁M ij as ▁and ▁enter ▁the ▁Gu ad al hor ce ▁valley ▁towards ▁Al ha ur ín ▁de ▁la ▁Tor re , ▁located ▁twenty ▁kilom eters ▁from ▁Mal aga . ▁They ▁took ▁refuge ▁in ▁Tor real quer ía ▁of ▁the ▁Count ▁of ▁M oll ina ▁in ▁Al ha ur ín ▁de ▁la ▁Tor re . ▁With ▁the ▁first ▁light ▁of ▁day ▁December ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁C oin ▁Real ist ▁Vol unte ers ▁fired ▁their ▁weapons ▁to ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁liber als ▁had ▁been ▁located ▁and ▁were ▁surrounded . ▁Then ▁the ▁attack ▁began . ▁The ▁Liber als , ▁for ▁their ▁part , ▁opened ▁fire ▁from ▁within . ▁Tor rij os ▁finally ▁decided ▁to ▁surrender ▁and ▁hope ▁that ▁in ▁Mal aga ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁events ▁had ▁changed . ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁was ▁taken ▁prisoner ▁and ▁mar ched ▁to ▁the ▁Con vent ▁of ▁San ▁Andr és ▁( M ál aga ) ▁| ▁Con vent o ▁de ▁los ▁Carm el itas ▁Des cal z os ▁de ▁San ▁Andr és , ▁where ▁they ▁would ▁spend ▁their ▁last ▁hours . ▁At ▁ 1 1 : 3 0 ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁on ▁Sunday ▁ 1 1 ▁December , ▁Tor rij os ▁and ▁his ▁ 4 8 ▁companions ▁were ▁executed . ▁ ▁A ▁monument ▁hon ors ▁the ▁memory ▁of ▁the ▁companions ▁who ▁were ▁shot ▁with ▁General ▁Tor rij os . ▁They ▁were ▁shot ▁without ▁trial ▁in ▁two ▁groups ▁on
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▁the ▁San ▁Andr és ▁beach ▁of ▁M ál aga . ▁ ▁" In ▁the ▁first ▁one ▁was ▁Tor rij os , ▁who ▁was ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁send ▁for ▁the ▁execution ▁squad , ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁requested ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 3 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Madrid ▁Category : Span ish ▁nob ility ▁Category : Span ish ▁gener als ▁Category : Span ish ▁Fre em asons ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁Pen ins ular ▁War ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁by ▁Spain ▁by ▁firing ▁squad ▁Category : Span ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁Wars <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gr iss om ▁G ang ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁American ▁crime ▁ne o ▁no ir ▁directed ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁Ald rich ▁from ▁a ▁screen play ▁by ▁Leon ▁Griff ith s . ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁novel ▁No ▁Or ch ids ▁for ▁Miss ▁B land ish ▁by ▁James ▁Had ley ▁Chase ; ▁a ▁previous ▁version ▁had ▁been ▁made ▁in ▁Britain ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁The ▁cast ▁includes ▁Kim ▁Dar by , ▁Scott ▁Wilson , ▁Tony ▁Mus ante , ▁Robert ▁L ans ing , ▁Ire ne ▁Da iley , ▁Con nie ▁Stevens , ▁Wes ley ▁Add y , ▁Jo ey ▁F aye ▁and ▁Ralph ▁Wa ite . ▁ ▁Plot ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁a ▁Miss ou rian ▁meat ▁he i ress
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▁is ▁ro bb ed ▁by ▁three ▁men , ▁who ▁panic ▁after ▁murder ing ▁her ▁boyfriend ▁and ▁kidn ap ▁her . ▁At ▁their ▁hide out , ▁the ▁three ▁are ▁amb ushed ▁and ▁killed ▁by ▁Eddie ▁H agan , ▁who ▁happened ▁to ▁witness ▁the ▁crime , ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁not orious ▁Gr iss om ▁G ang . ▁ ▁Barbara ▁B land ish ▁is ▁held ▁capt ive ▁by ▁the ▁gang , ▁including ▁S lim ▁Gr iss om , ▁a ▁mentally ▁hand ic apped ▁th ug ▁who ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁her . ▁Ma ▁Gr iss om , ▁the ▁gang ' s ▁boss , ▁sends ▁a ▁r ans om ▁note ▁to ▁the ▁girl ' s ▁father , ▁John ▁P . ▁B land ish , ▁demanding ▁a ▁million ▁dollars ▁for ▁her ▁return . ▁But ▁she ▁has ▁no ▁intention ▁of ▁returning ▁Barbara , ▁and ▁the ▁plan ▁to ▁kill ▁her ▁meets ▁the ▁dis appro val ▁of ▁Ma ' s ▁husband ▁Doc . ▁ ▁Private ▁detective ▁Dave ▁Fen ner ▁is ▁hired ▁by ▁Barbara ' s ▁father ▁as ▁weeks ▁go ▁by . ▁After ▁at ▁first ▁insult ing ▁S lim ▁as ▁a ▁" half w it " ▁and ▁rep elling ▁his ▁advances , ▁Barbara ▁real izes ▁that ▁the ▁only ▁thing ▁keeping ▁her ▁alive ▁is ▁his ▁desire ▁for ▁her , ▁S lim ▁v owing ▁to ▁kill ▁any ▁gang ▁member ▁who ▁har ms ▁her . ▁She ▁reluct antly ▁becomes ▁S lim ' s ▁lover . ▁ ▁Night club ▁singer ▁Anna ▁B org ▁has ▁no ▁idea ▁what ▁became ▁of ▁her ▁boyfriend , ▁one ▁of
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▁the ▁kidn appers ▁who ▁got ▁killed . ▁She ▁pulls ▁a ▁gun ▁on ▁Eddie , ▁who ▁lies ▁that ▁Anna ' s ▁boyfriend ▁ran ▁off ▁with ▁another ▁woman . ▁Anna ▁allows ▁herself ▁to ▁be ▁sed uced ▁by ▁Eddie , ▁who ▁then ▁mur ders ▁two ▁men ▁with ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁crime . ▁ ▁Month s ▁go ▁by . ▁Fen ner , ▁out ▁of ▁ideas , ▁pos es ▁as ▁a ▁the atr ical ▁agent ▁who ▁can ▁help ▁Anna ' s ▁singing ▁career . ▁He ▁gets ▁her ▁talking ▁about ▁past ▁criminal ▁associations ▁and ▁learn s ▁where ▁the ▁missing ▁girl ▁might ▁be . ▁A ▁fur ious ▁Eddie ▁kills ▁Anna , ▁then ▁goes ▁after ▁Barbara ▁only ▁to ▁have ▁S lim ▁stab ▁him ▁to ▁death . ▁Ma ▁uses ▁a ▁machine ▁gun ▁to ▁fight ▁police ▁and ▁kills ▁her ▁husband ▁Doc ▁when ▁he ▁tries ▁to ▁surrender . ▁S lim ▁dies ▁in ▁a ▁h ail ▁of ▁bul lets , ▁but ▁when ▁Barbara ▁we eps ▁over ▁him , ▁her ▁disg usted ▁father ▁walks ▁away . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Kim ▁Dar by ▁as ▁Barbara ▁B land ish ▁ ▁Scott ▁Wilson ▁as ▁S lim ▁Gr iss om ▁ ▁Tony ▁Mus ante ▁as ▁Eddie ▁H agan ▁ ▁Robert ▁L ans ing ▁as ▁Dave ▁Fen ner ▁ ▁Ire ne ▁Da iley ▁as ▁Glad ys ▁" Ma " ▁Gr iss om ▁ ▁Con nie ▁Stevens ▁as ▁Anna ▁B org ▁ ▁Wes ley ▁Add y ▁as ▁John ▁P . ▁B land ish ▁ ▁Don ▁K ee fer ▁as ▁Doc ▁ ▁Jo ey ▁F aye ▁as ▁W op py ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Wa
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ite ▁as ▁M ace ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁novel ▁No ▁Or ch ids ▁for ▁Miss ▁B land ish ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁controversial ▁ever ▁since ▁originally ▁published . ▁It ▁had ▁been ▁turned ▁into ▁a ▁controversial ▁British ▁film ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁Gene ▁D . ▁Phillips ▁of ▁L oy ola ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁wrote ▁that ▁" It ▁is ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁record ▁that ▁[ the ▁novel ] ▁No ▁Or ch ids ▁for ▁Miss ▁B land ish ▁was ▁heavily ▁inde bt ed ▁to ▁San ct uary ▁for ▁its ▁plot ▁line ." ▁Therefore ▁he ▁considers ▁this ▁film ▁to ▁be ▁inspired ▁by ▁San ct uary . ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁The ▁D irty ▁Do zen ▁led ▁to ▁Robert ▁Ald rich ▁signing ▁a ▁multi - picture ▁contract ▁with ▁ABC ▁Pictures . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Martin ▁Ba um , ▁president ▁of ▁ABC , ▁announced ▁Ald rich ' s ▁company , ▁Ald rich ▁and ▁Associ ates , ▁would ▁make ▁The ▁Gr iss om ▁G ang , ▁in ▁June , ▁at ▁Ald rich ' s ▁stud ios . ▁Fil ming ▁was ▁pushed ▁back ▁to ▁July . ▁ ▁Ald rich ▁says ▁he ▁was ▁partly ▁inspired ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁by ▁the ▁fact ▁it ▁was ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁in ▁as ▁much ▁danger ▁of ▁being ▁dated . ▁" You ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁ter ribly ▁careful ▁about ▁not ▁making ▁a ▁picture ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁affected ▁by ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁audience ' s ▁framework ▁of ▁acceptance
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▁between ▁the ▁time ▁you ▁start ▁and ▁the ▁time ▁you ▁finish ," ▁he ▁said . ▁" That ' s ▁an ▁enormous ▁problem . ▁Whatever ▁you ▁say ▁today ▁risks ▁strongly ▁going ▁out ▁of ▁date ▁in ▁the ▁fifteen ▁month ▁time - lag ▁between ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁shooting ▁and ▁release ." ▁▁ ▁Lead ▁roles ▁went ▁to ▁Kim ▁Dar by , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁True ▁G rit , ▁and ▁Scott ▁Wilson , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁In ▁Cold ▁Blood . ▁▁ ▁Dar by ▁said ▁" every ▁actress ▁in ▁town ▁had ▁been ▁up ▁for " ▁her ▁role , ▁with ▁Michelle ▁Phillips ▁and ▁Barbara ▁H ers he y ▁among ▁those ▁who ▁tested . ▁Dar by ▁says ▁" I ▁really ▁learned ▁a ▁lot ▁from ▁Mr . ▁Ald rich ▁during ▁the ▁shooting ... ▁and ▁I ▁think ▁that ▁it ' s ▁a ▁terrible ▁picture . ▁But ▁working ▁with ▁Ald rich ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁enjoyable ▁and ▁funny ▁time ▁I ▁ever ▁had . ▁There ▁was ▁nothing ▁like ▁it ." ▁ ▁Wilson ▁had ▁been ▁offered ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁roles ▁as ▁murder ers ▁after ▁In ▁Cold ▁Blood ▁and ▁turned ▁them ▁down . ▁He ▁accepted ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁S lim ▁Gr iss om ▁because ▁he ▁" was ▁much ▁more ▁than ▁just ▁a ▁killer . ▁And ▁there ' s ▁a ▁love ▁story ▁involved ." ▁( B ru ce ▁D ern ▁had ▁tested ▁un success fully ▁for ▁the ▁part .) ▁ ▁Ald rich ▁later ▁said ▁ABC ▁insisted ▁on ▁certain ▁people ▁being ▁cast . ▁ ▁The ▁cast ▁had ▁two ▁weeks ▁of ▁rehe ars al . ▁Wilson ▁called ▁Ald rich ▁" amaz ing
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. ▁He ' s ▁in ▁such ▁control ▁but ▁he ' s ▁so ▁easy ." ▁ ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁think ▁Mr . ▁Ald rich ▁ever ▁even ▁refer enced ▁the ▁novel ▁while ▁we ▁were ▁shooting ," ▁said ▁Dar by . ▁" At ▁that ▁time , ▁I ▁had ▁thought ▁that ▁we ▁were ▁working ▁off ▁of ▁an ▁original ▁screen play ." ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁originally ▁ended ▁with ▁B land ish ▁comm itting ▁suicide ▁by ▁jumping ▁in ▁the ▁river . ▁But ▁after ▁test ▁screen ings ▁this ▁was ▁changed ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁felt ▁unnecessary ▁since ▁" her ▁life ▁was ▁lost ▁and ▁useless ▁anyway " ▁according ▁to ▁Ald rich . ▁ ▁D ifference ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁adaptation ▁Pre viously ▁fil med ▁in ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁under ▁its ▁original ▁title , ▁the ▁central ▁conce it ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁he i ress , ▁who ▁felt ▁st if led ▁by ▁her ▁upper - class ▁life - style , ▁fell ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁the ▁ab du ctor ▁and ▁his ▁compar ative ▁freedom ▁to ▁live ▁his ▁life ▁on ▁the ▁edge . ▁In ▁this ▁rem ake , ▁Ald rich ▁and ▁Griff ith s ▁revers ed ▁this ▁angle : ▁the ▁he i ress ▁merely ▁strings ▁him ▁along ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁escape . ▁This ▁version ▁was ▁also ▁played ▁more ▁for ▁laugh s , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁out land ish ly ▁der anged ▁behavior ▁of ▁the ▁gang . ▁The ▁time ▁period ▁and ▁locale ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁changed ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁adaptation
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▁to ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁Missouri ▁in ▁the ▁rem ake . ▁ ▁Release ▁" I ▁think ▁it ' s ▁a ▁good ▁picture ," ▁said ▁Ald rich ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁film ▁came ▁out . ▁" It ' s ▁a ▁personal ▁story ; ▁but , ▁yes , ▁it ▁has ▁quite ▁a ▁bit ▁of ▁violence . ▁Gr iss om ▁G ang ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁make ▁money . ▁It ' s ▁not ▁a ▁commer c ially - oriented ▁picture . ▁It ▁won ' t ▁make ▁money ▁for ▁us ▁because ▁it ' s ▁cross - coll ateral ized ▁back ▁against ▁our ▁lawsuit ▁with ▁ABC ." ▁( The ▁lawsuit ▁he ▁was ▁referring ▁to ▁involved ▁ABC ▁can c elling ▁a ▁proposed ▁Western ▁Ald rich ▁wanted ▁to ▁make ▁called ▁Reb ell ion .) ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁release , ▁review ers ▁critic ized ▁the ▁melod ram atic ▁extrem es ▁of ▁the ▁script ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁cast ▁is ▁shown ▁swe ating ▁throughout ▁the ▁entire ▁film . ▁Vincent ▁Can by ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁wrote , ▁" You ▁don ' t ▁really ▁have ▁to ▁think ▁very ▁much ▁about ▁The ▁Gr iss om ▁G ang ▁to ▁call ▁it ▁offensive , ▁imm oral ▁and ▁perhaps ▁even ▁las c iv ious , ▁although ▁to ▁me , ▁that ▁word , ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁applied ▁to ▁an ▁aim , ▁is ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁promise ▁than ▁a ▁threat . ▁The ▁Gr iss om ▁G ang , ▁like ▁so ▁many ▁Ald rich ▁films , ▁... ▁carries ▁lur id ▁melod r
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ama ▁and ▁violence ▁to ▁outrage ous ▁limits , ▁for ▁what ▁often ▁seems ▁like ▁the ▁purely ▁per verse ▁hell ▁of ▁it ▁... ▁Every body ▁swe ats ▁constantly , ▁and ▁nobody ▁dies ▁off - screen , ▁always ▁on - screen , ▁in ▁what ▁the ▁newspapers ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁as ▁a ▁h ail ▁of ▁bul lets ▁... ▁Ald rich ▁lets ▁his ▁perform ers , ▁especially ▁Miss ▁Da iley ▁and ▁Wilson , ▁behave ▁as ▁if ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁The ▁Bever ly ▁Hill b ill ies ." ▁ ▁Roger ▁E bert ▁of ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Sun - Times ▁was ▁only ▁slightly ▁less ▁harsh , ▁saying , ▁" We ' ve ▁been ▁here ▁before , ▁most ▁memor ably ▁with ▁Bon nie ▁and ▁C ly de , ▁but ▁also ▁with ▁Roger ▁C orm an ' s ▁seam y ▁examination ▁of ▁the ▁Bark er ▁family ▁in ▁Blo ody ▁Mama . ▁Robert ▁Ald rich ' s ▁new ▁film ▁o w es ▁something ▁to ▁both . ▁To ▁Bon nie ▁and ▁C ly de ▁for ▁its ▁conv incing ▁period ▁feel , ▁and ▁to ▁Blo ody ▁Mama ▁for ▁its ▁treatment ▁of ▁a ▁violent , ▁sex ually ▁twisted ▁family ▁of ▁crim inals ," ▁adding ▁" ... the ▁movie ▁is ▁deliberately ▁melod ram atic , ▁and ▁to ▁such ▁an ▁over done ▁degree ▁that ▁( if ▁you ▁suspend ▁your ▁san ity ▁for ▁an ▁hour ▁or ▁so ) ▁you ▁can ▁almost ▁wall ow ▁in ▁it . ▁Everyone ▁scream s , ▁sh outs , ▁fl ashes ▁kn ives ▁at ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁swe ats ▁a ▁lot ." ▁
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▁Var iety ▁also ▁added , ▁" Prov ided ▁with ▁a ▁script ▁that ▁offers ▁absolutely ▁no ▁insight ▁into ▁the ▁inner ▁lives ▁of ▁its ▁people , ▁director ▁Robert ▁Ald rich ▁takes ▁matters ▁a ▁step ▁further ▁by ▁direct ing ▁his ▁actors ▁in ▁performances ▁that ▁strain ▁the ▁bounds ▁of ▁cred ul ity . ▁Wilson ▁and ▁Kim ▁Dar by , ▁as ▁the ▁kidn apped ▁girl , ▁make ▁st abs ▁at ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁dimension , ▁but ▁when ▁they ▁indul ge ▁in ▁car ic atures ▁of ▁feeling , ▁as ▁they ▁often ▁do , ▁they ▁cancel ▁out ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁their ▁work ." ▁ ▁Modern ▁critics ▁hold ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁a ▁slightly ▁higher ▁regard , ▁with ▁Time Out ▁saying ▁" For ▁one ▁thing , ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁family , ▁who ▁kidn ap ▁' 3 0 s ▁he i ress ▁Miss ▁B land ish , ▁are ▁never ▁gl am or ised ▁but ▁port rayed ▁as ▁a ▁pat hetic , ▁ignorant ▁bunch ▁of ▁gro tes ques ; ▁for ▁another , ▁as ▁the ▁pet ul ant ▁and ▁spo ilt ▁hero ine ▁turns ▁the ▁sad istic ▁and ▁murder ous ▁S lim ▁Gr iss om ' s ▁love ▁for ▁her ▁to ▁her ▁own ▁cru elly ▁hum ili ating ▁purposes , ▁the ▁film ▁becomes ▁an ▁uns ent imental ▁exploration ▁of ▁per verse ▁power - g ames ▁played ▁between ▁two ▁characters ▁whose ▁very ▁different ▁family ▁background s ▁cannot ▁conce al ▁the ▁lat ent ▁vulner ability ▁they ▁both ▁share ." ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁holds ▁a ▁ 6 7 % ▁approval ▁rating ▁on ▁Rot ten ▁Tom atoes
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. ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁The ▁film ▁earned ▁$ 3 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁North ▁American ▁rent als ▁and ▁$ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁other ▁countries . ▁It ▁recorded ▁an ▁overall ▁loss ▁of ▁$ 3 , 6 7 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁It ▁had ▁adm issions ▁of ▁ 2 3 9 , 7 6 8 ▁in ▁France . ▁ ▁Ald rich ▁later ▁called ▁it ▁a ▁" f ine ▁movie " ▁and ▁was ▁confused ▁why ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁do ▁better ▁commer c ially ▁when ▁so ▁many ▁movies ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁around ▁this ▁time ▁were ▁popular . ▁" I ▁think ▁the ▁timing ▁was ▁perfect , ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁picture ▁was ▁perfect . ▁If ▁you ' re ▁asking ▁me ▁why ▁that ▁picture ▁wasn ' t ▁a ▁success , ▁I ▁haven ' t ▁a ▁clue ." ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁The ▁Gr iss om ▁G ang ▁was ▁released ▁to ▁Region ▁ 1 ▁DVD ▁via ▁An chor ▁Bay ▁Entertainment ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁A ▁second ▁DVD ▁became ▁available ▁from ▁M GM ▁Home ▁Entertainment ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁The ▁Gr iss om ▁G ang ▁would ▁become ▁available ▁on ▁Bl u - ray ▁via ▁K ino ▁Lor ber ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada . ▁The ▁set ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁arrive ▁in ▁early ▁ 2
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0 1 8 , ▁however , ▁its ▁release ▁date ▁was ▁moved ▁and ▁will ▁be ▁available ▁from ▁November ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁An ▁additional ▁DVD ▁set ▁will ▁also ▁be ▁released . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Empire ▁Magazine ▁named ▁it ▁# 1 2 ▁in ▁a ▁poll ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 ▁Great est ▁G ang ster ▁Mov ies ▁You ' ve ▁Never ▁Se en * ▁(* Pro bably ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁American ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Ger ald ▁Fried ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁kidn apping ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁British ▁novels ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁works ▁by ▁James ▁Had ley ▁Chase ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Robert ▁Ald rich ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁Category : American ▁ne o - no ir ▁films ▁Category : C iner ama ▁Re le asing ▁Corporation ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Mr ▁Love ▁& ▁Justice ▁is ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁folk - rock ▁musician ▁Billy ▁Br agg , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁to ▁be ▁recorded ▁with ▁his ▁backing ▁band ▁The ▁Bl okes . ▁The ▁title ▁is ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁novel ▁by
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▁Colin ▁Mac In nes . ▁ ▁Two ▁versions ▁are ▁available ▁on ▁CD . ▁The ▁first ▁is ▁a ▁single - dis c ▁album ▁featuring ▁The ▁Bl okes , ▁the ▁second ▁is ▁a ▁limited - ed ition ▁double - dis c ▁release . ▁Disc ▁one ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁standard ▁issue , ▁but ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Band ▁Version ; ▁the ▁second ▁disc , ▁S olo ▁Version , ▁contains ▁the ▁same ▁twelve ▁tracks ▁performed ▁just ▁by ▁Br agg ▁with ▁electric ▁and ▁ac oustic ▁gu it ars . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁recorded ▁at ▁Chap el ▁Studios , ▁Lincoln shire ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁with ▁additional ▁record ings ▁taken ▁from ▁a ▁session ▁that ▁was ▁recorded ▁at ▁The ▁But ch ers ▁Shop , ▁London ▁N W 5 ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁solo ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁recorded ▁by ▁Br agg ▁at ▁Mo jo ▁Sound ▁Studios ▁in ▁Dev on ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁single ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁" I ▁Keep ▁Faith " ▁ ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁limited ▁edition ▁ 7 " ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁single ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁a ▁double ▁a - side ▁of ▁" The ▁Beach ▁Is ▁Free " ▁and ▁" I ▁Almost ▁K illed ▁You " ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁download ▁single ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Franz ▁Nicol ay , ▁of ▁The
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▁Hold ▁Ste ady , ▁listed ▁Mr ▁Love ▁& ▁Justice ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁favourite ▁albums ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁so ▁far ▁has ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 7 1 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁from ▁Met ac rit ic ▁based ▁on ▁" gener ally ▁favor able ▁reviews ". ▁Filter ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 8 2 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁and ▁said , ▁" Fl our ishes ▁of ▁horn s ▁add ▁to ▁the ▁traditional ▁band ▁instrument ation , ▁giving ▁Br agg ▁a ▁solid ▁foundation ▁on ▁which ▁to ▁convey ▁his ▁message ." ▁P aste ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁a ▁favor able ▁review ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁" R ather ▁than ▁being ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁form , ▁it ’ s ▁a ▁leap ▁forward ▁in ▁mat urity , ▁depth ▁and ▁nu ance ." ▁Bill board ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁a ▁favor able ▁review ▁and ▁said ▁of ▁Br agg , ▁" Whe ther ▁you ▁prefer ▁him ▁shouting ▁vit ri ol ▁on ▁the ▁pick et ▁line ▁or ▁whisper ing ▁sweet ▁not h ings ▁in ▁the ▁bedroom , ▁you ' ll ▁find ▁plenty ▁to ▁enjoy ▁here ." ▁The ▁Village ▁Voice ▁likewise ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁favor able ▁review ▁and ▁called ▁it ▁" class ic ▁Br agg : ▁frequently ▁fantastic ▁folk - rock ▁that ▁keeps ▁both ▁the ▁faith ▁and ▁your ▁attention ." ▁The ▁Boston ▁Gl obe ▁likewise ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁favor able ▁review ▁and ▁stated , ▁" Br agg ▁colors ▁his ▁brilliant ▁C ock ney - ac cent ed ▁disc ourse
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▁with ▁App al ach ian ▁folk ▁on ▁the ▁Wood y ▁G uth rie - in flu enced ▁' O ▁Freedom ,' ▁where ▁he ▁protests , ▁' F reedom , ▁what ▁libert ies ▁are ▁taken ▁in ▁thy ▁name ?' ▁On ▁' I ▁Keep ▁Faith ,' ▁which ▁features ▁Soft ▁Machine ▁legend ▁Robert ▁Wy att , ▁he ▁t aps ▁classic ▁soul ." ▁ ▁The ▁Phoenix ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁three ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁four ▁and ▁said ▁it ▁isn ’ t ▁without ▁its ▁mis f ires ▁[...] ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁Br agg ’ s ▁most ▁assured ▁statement ▁since ▁hook ing ▁up ▁with ▁Wil co ▁a ▁decade ▁ago ▁to ▁give ▁life ▁to ▁lost ▁Wood y ▁G uth rie ▁lyrics ." ▁The ▁A . V . ▁Club ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁a ▁B ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁while ▁Br agg ▁" does n ' t ▁scale ▁the ▁he ights ▁he ▁achieved ▁on ▁earlier ▁albums , ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁mountains ▁are ▁visible ▁from ▁here ." ▁Sp in ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁seven ▁out ▁of ▁ten ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁" Br agg ▁gets ▁the ▁balance ▁of ▁message ▁and ▁music ▁just ▁about ▁right ." ▁ ▁Other ▁reviews ▁are ▁pretty ▁average ▁or ▁mixed : ▁Q ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁three ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁Bl okes ▁" too ▁often ▁imped e ▁[ Br agg ' s ] ▁thought ful ▁lyrics ." ▁Hot ▁Press ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁an ▁average ▁review ▁and ▁stated : ▁" Br agg ▁is ▁taking ▁stock . ▁He ’ s ▁now ▁doing ▁it ▁for ▁himself , ▁at ▁his ▁own ▁pace
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. ▁Those ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁revel ation ▁from ▁an ▁old ▁punk ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁perspective ▁will ▁be ▁left ▁hanging ." ▁BBC ▁Music ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁a ▁mixed ▁review ▁and ▁said ▁it ▁was ▁" not ▁at ▁all ▁bad , ▁but ▁compared ▁to ▁Br agg ' s ▁own ▁Talk ing ▁with ▁the ▁Tax man ▁About ▁Po etry ▁or ▁Work ers ▁Play time ▁it ▁doesn ' t ▁fare ▁at ▁all ▁well ." ▁Now ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁two ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁it ▁" find s ▁[ Br agg ] ▁in ▁his ▁comfort ▁zone ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Bl okes ▁and ▁producer ▁Grant ▁Show b iz ▁under ▁yet ▁another ▁title ▁cop ped ▁from ▁novel ist ▁Colin ▁Mac In nes ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁Billy ▁Br agg . ▁ ▁" I ▁Keep ▁Faith " ▁" I ▁Almost ▁K illed ▁You " ▁" M ▁for ▁Me " ▁" The ▁Beach ▁is ▁Free " ▁" Sing ▁Their ▁Soul s ▁Back ▁Home " ▁" You ▁Make ▁Me ▁Br ave " ▁" Something ▁H app ened " ▁" Mr ▁Love ▁& ▁Justice " ▁" If ▁You ▁Ever ▁Leave " ▁" O ▁Freedom " ▁" The ▁Johnny ▁Car cin ogen ic ▁Show " ▁" F arm ▁Boy " ▁ ▁Japanese ▁bonus ▁tracks ▁ ▁" A sh ▁Wednesday " ▁" Good bye , ▁Good bye " ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Billy ▁Br agg ▁– ▁vocals , ▁ac oustic ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁guitar ▁Ben ▁Mand elson ▁– ▁mand olin , ▁bar it one ▁bou z ou ki , ▁harmon ica
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, ▁lap ▁steel ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁bou z ou ki , ▁ten or ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁guitar ▁Lu ▁Ed mond s ▁– ▁c ü mb ü ş , ▁electric ▁guitar . ▁Ian ▁Mc L agan ▁– ▁Ham mond ▁B 3 , ▁piano , ▁W url itzer ▁Simon ▁Edwards ▁– ▁double ▁bass , ▁electric ▁bass , ▁mar í mb ula , ▁hand cl aps ▁Mart yn ▁Bark er ▁– ▁H ang , ▁E FX ▁c ym bal , ▁drums , ▁hand cl aps , ▁sh aker , ▁sn are , ▁bass ▁drum , ▁b ong os , ▁rec o ▁rec o , ▁R ide ▁c ym bal , ▁tamb our ine , ▁c aj ón , ▁m az har , ▁cal ab ash ▁Nic ▁Water house ▁– ▁tamb our ine ▁on ▁" M ▁for ▁Me " ▁Robert ▁Wy att ▁– ▁backing ▁vocals ▁on ▁" I ▁Keep ▁Faith " ▁May ▁Fitz pat rick ▁– ▁backing ▁vocals ▁on ▁" Sing ▁Their ▁Soul s ▁Back ▁Home " ▁and ▁" The ▁Johnny ▁Car cin ogen ic ▁Show " ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Grant ▁Show b iz ▁Category : Ant i - ▁( record ▁label ) ▁albums ▁Category : B illy ▁Br agg ▁albums ▁Category : C ook ing ▁Vin yl ▁albums ▁Category : Sh ock ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Francis ▁D oyle ▁Gle es on , ▁S . J . ▁( Jan uary ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8
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9 5 ▁– ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁pre late ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Fair b anks ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁previously ▁serving ▁as ▁Vic ar ▁A post olic ▁of ▁Alaska ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁church ▁Gle es on ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Car roll ton , ▁Missouri , ▁to ▁Charles ▁and ▁Mary ▁( D oyle ) ▁Gle ason , ▁but ▁later ▁moved ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁to ▁Y ak ima , ▁Washington . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁early ▁education ▁at ▁the ▁par och ial ▁school ▁of ▁St . ▁Joseph ' s ▁Church , ▁and ▁attended ▁Mar qu ette ▁Catholic ▁High ▁School ▁before ▁studying ▁at ▁Gon z aga ▁University ▁in ▁Sp ok ane . ▁He ▁entered ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Jesus ▁( more ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Jes uits ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁and ▁studied ▁philosophy ▁at ▁Mount ▁St . ▁Michael ▁Sch ol astic ate ▁in ▁Sp ok ane ▁and ▁the ology ▁at ▁St . ▁Francis ▁X avier ▁in ▁O ña , ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Gle es on ▁was ▁ord ained ▁to ▁the ▁p ries th ood ▁in ▁O ña ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁Return ing ▁to ▁Washington , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁re ctor ▁of ▁Bell arm ine ▁Pre par atory ▁School ▁in ▁T ac oma . ▁He
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▁then ▁served ▁as ▁superior ▁of ▁St . ▁Stan isl aus ▁Mission ▁in ▁Lew ist on , ▁Id aho ; ▁re ctor ▁of ▁the ▁Jes uit ▁nov iti ate ▁in ▁Sher idan , ▁Oregon ; ▁and ▁superior ▁of ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁Indian ▁Mission ▁in ▁Om ak , ▁Washington . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁XII ▁named ▁him ▁Tit ular ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Cot en na ▁and ▁Vic ar ▁A post olic ▁of ▁Alaska . ▁He ▁was ▁con sec rated ▁a ▁b ishop ▁on ▁April ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁by ▁Arch b ishop ▁Edward ▁Daniel ▁Howard ▁of ▁Portland . ▁ ▁The ▁co - con sec r ators ▁were ▁B ish ops ▁Charles ▁Daniel ▁White ▁of ▁Sp ok ane ▁and ▁Martin ▁Michael ▁Johnson ▁of ▁Nelson , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁The ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁June au ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁area ▁served ▁by ▁Bishop ▁Gle es on ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁Alaska . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁Pope ▁B less ed ▁John ▁XX III ▁named ▁Bishop ▁Gle es on ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁b ishop ▁of ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Fair b anks . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 2 – 1 9 6 5 , ▁he ▁attended ▁all ▁four ▁sessions ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁V atic an ▁Council . ▁ ▁Pope ▁Paul ▁VI
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▁accepted ▁his ▁resign ation ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Fair b anks ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁and ▁named ▁him ▁Tit ual ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Cu ic ul . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁of ▁Fair b anks ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Car roll ton , ▁Missouri ▁Category : A post olic ▁vic ars ▁of ▁Alaska ▁Category : American ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : Part icip ants ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁V atic an ▁Council ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁Jes uits ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁Jes uits ▁Category : J es uit ▁b ish ops ▁Category : C athol ics ▁from ▁Missouri <0x0A> </s> ▁No CG V ▁E ig un ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁vessel . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Squadron ▁South , ▁based ▁at ▁Ha ak ons vern ▁Naval ▁Base ▁near ▁Ber gen . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁fishing ▁tr aw ler . ▁ ▁Category : Pat rol ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁electrical ▁engineering , ▁a ▁protective ▁relay ▁is ▁a ▁relay ▁device ▁designed ▁to ▁trip ▁a ▁circuit ▁break er ▁when ▁a ▁fault ▁is ▁detected . ▁The ▁first ▁protective
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▁rel ays ▁were ▁elect romag netic ▁devices , ▁re lying ▁on ▁co ils ▁operating ▁on ▁moving ▁parts ▁to ▁provide ▁detection ▁of ▁ab normal ▁operating ▁conditions ▁such ▁as ▁over - current , ▁over - volt age , ▁reverse ▁power ▁flow , ▁over - frequency , ▁and ▁under - frequency . ▁ ▁Micro processor - based ▁digital ▁protection ▁rel ays ▁now ▁em ulate ▁the ▁original ▁devices , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁providing ▁types ▁of ▁protection ▁and ▁super vision ▁imp ract ical ▁with ▁elect rome chan ical ▁rel ays . ▁Elect rome chan ical ▁rel ays ▁provide ▁only ▁r ud iment ary ▁indication ▁of ▁the ▁location ▁and ▁origin ▁of ▁a ▁fault . ▁In ▁many ▁cases ▁a ▁single ▁micro processor ▁relay ▁provides ▁functions ▁that ▁would ▁take ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁elect rome chan ical ▁devices . ▁By ▁combining ▁several ▁functions ▁in ▁one ▁case , ▁numerical ▁rel ays ▁also ▁save ▁capital ▁cost ▁and ▁maintenance ▁cost ▁over ▁elect rome chan ical ▁rel ays . ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁very ▁long ▁life ▁span , ▁tens ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁these ▁" sil ent ▁sent in els " ▁are ▁still ▁protecting ▁transmission ▁lines ▁and ▁electrical ▁appar atus ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁world . ▁Import ant ▁transmission ▁lines ▁and ▁gener ators ▁have ▁cub icles ▁dedicated ▁to ▁protection , ▁with ▁many ▁individual ▁elect rome chan ical ▁devices , ▁or ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁micro processor ▁rel ays . ▁ ▁The ▁theory ▁and ▁application ▁of ▁these ▁protective ▁devices ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁education ▁of ▁a ▁power ▁engineer ▁who ▁special izes ▁in ▁power ▁system ▁protection . ▁The
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▁need ▁to ▁act ▁quickly ▁to ▁protect ▁circ uits ▁and ▁equipment ▁often ▁requires ▁protective ▁rel ays ▁to ▁respond ▁and ▁trip ▁a ▁break er ▁within ▁a ▁few ▁thousand th s ▁of ▁a ▁second . ▁In ▁some ▁instances ▁these ▁clear ance ▁times ▁are ▁presc ribed ▁in ▁legislation ▁or ▁operating ▁rules . ▁A ▁maintenance ▁or ▁testing ▁program ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁performance ▁and ▁availability ▁of ▁protection ▁systems . ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁the ▁end ▁application ▁and ▁applicable ▁legislation , ▁various ▁standards ▁such ▁as ▁AN SI ▁C 3 7 . 9 0 , ▁I EC 2 5 5 - 4 , ▁I EC 6 0 2 5 5 - 3 , ▁and ▁I AC ▁govern ▁the ▁response ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁relay ▁to ▁the ▁fault ▁conditions ▁that ▁may ▁occur . ▁ ▁Operation ▁principles ▁Elect rome chan ical ▁protective ▁rel ays ▁operate ▁by ▁either ▁magnetic ▁attraction , ▁or ▁magnetic ▁indu ction . ▁Unlike ▁switching ▁type ▁elect rome chan ical ▁rel ays ▁with ▁fixed ▁and ▁usually ▁ill - defined ▁operating ▁voltage ▁th resh olds ▁and ▁operating ▁times , ▁protective ▁rel ays ▁have ▁well - est ab lished , ▁select able , ▁and ▁adjust able ▁time ▁and ▁current ▁( or ▁other ▁operating ▁parameter ) ▁operating ▁characteristics . ▁Protection ▁rel ays ▁may ▁use ▁arrays ▁of ▁indu ction ▁dis ks , ▁sh aded - p ole , ▁magn ets , ▁operating ▁and ▁restr aint ▁co ils , ▁sol en oid - type ▁operators , ▁telephone - rel ay ▁contacts , ▁and ▁phase - sh ifting ▁networks . ▁ ▁Prote ct ive ▁rel ays ▁can
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▁also ▁be ▁classified ▁by ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁measurement ▁they ▁make . ▁A ▁protective ▁relay ▁may ▁respond ▁to ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁a ▁quantity ▁such ▁as ▁voltage ▁or ▁current . ▁Ind uction ▁rel ays ▁can ▁respond ▁to ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁two ▁quantities ▁in ▁two ▁field ▁co ils , ▁which ▁could ▁for ▁example ▁represent ▁the ▁power ▁in ▁a ▁circuit . ▁ ▁" It ▁is ▁not ▁practical ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁relay ▁that ▁develop s ▁a ▁tor que ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁quot ient ▁of ▁two ▁a . c . ▁quantities . ▁This , ▁however ▁is ▁not ▁important ; ▁the ▁only ▁significant ▁condition ▁for ▁a ▁relay ▁is ▁its ▁setting ▁and ▁the ▁setting ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁to ▁correspond ▁to ▁a ▁ratio ▁regardless ▁of ▁the ▁component ▁values ▁over ▁a ▁wide ▁range ." ▁ ▁Several ▁operating ▁co ils ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁" bias " ▁to ▁the ▁relay , ▁allowing ▁the ▁sensitivity ▁of ▁response ▁in ▁one ▁circuit ▁to ▁be ▁controlled ▁by ▁another . ▁Var ious ▁combinations ▁of ▁" oper ate ▁tor que " ▁and ▁" re straint ▁tor que " ▁can ▁be ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁relay . ▁ ▁By ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁permanent ▁magnet ▁in ▁the ▁magnetic ▁circuit , ▁a ▁relay ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁current ▁in ▁one ▁direction ▁differently ▁from ▁in ▁another . ▁Such ▁polar ized ▁rel ays ▁are ▁used ▁on ▁direct - current ▁circ uits ▁to ▁detect , ▁for ▁example , ▁reverse ▁current ▁into ▁a ▁generator . ▁These ▁rel ays ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁b ist able , ▁maintaining ▁a ▁contact ▁closed ▁with ▁no ▁co il ▁current ▁and
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▁requiring ▁reverse ▁current ▁to ▁reset . ▁For ▁AC ▁circ uits , ▁the ▁principle ▁is ▁extended ▁with ▁a ▁polar izing ▁w inding ▁connected ▁to ▁a ▁reference ▁voltage ▁source . ▁ ▁Light weight ▁contacts ▁make ▁for ▁sensitive ▁rel ays ▁that ▁operate ▁quickly , ▁but ▁small ▁contacts ▁can ' t ▁carry ▁or ▁break ▁heavy ▁current s . ▁Often ▁the ▁measuring ▁relay ▁will ▁trigger ▁aux iliary ▁telephone - type ▁arm ature ▁rel ays . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁large ▁installation ▁of ▁elect rome chan ical ▁rel ays , ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁difficult ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁device ▁origin ated ▁the ▁signal ▁that ▁tri pped ▁the ▁circuit . ▁This ▁information ▁is ▁useful ▁to ▁operating ▁personnel ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁likely ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁fault ▁and ▁to ▁prevent ▁its ▁re - oc cur rence . ▁Rel ays ▁may ▁be ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁" target " ▁or ▁" flag " ▁unit , ▁which ▁is ▁released ▁when ▁the ▁relay ▁operates , ▁to ▁display ▁a ▁distinctive ▁colored ▁signal ▁when ▁the ▁relay ▁has ▁tri pped . ▁ ▁Types ▁according ▁to ▁construction ▁ ▁Elect rome chan ical ▁Elect rome chan ical ▁rel ays ▁can ▁be ▁classified ▁into ▁several ▁different ▁types ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁" Arm ature " - type ▁rel ays ▁have ▁a ▁p iv oted ▁lever ▁supported ▁on ▁a ▁h inge ▁or ▁knife - edge ▁p ivot , ▁which ▁carries ▁a ▁moving ▁contact . ▁These ▁rel ays ▁may ▁work ▁on ▁either ▁altern ating ▁or ▁direct ▁current , ▁but ▁for ▁altern ating ▁current , ▁a ▁sh ading ▁co il ▁on ▁the ▁pole ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁maintain
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▁contact ▁force ▁throughout ▁the ▁altern ating ▁current ▁cycle . ▁Because ▁the ▁air ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁fixed ▁co il ▁and ▁the ▁moving ▁arm ature ▁becomes ▁much ▁smaller ▁when ▁the ▁relay ▁has ▁operated , ▁the ▁current ▁required ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁relay ▁closed ▁is ▁much ▁smaller ▁than ▁the ▁current ▁to ▁first ▁operate ▁it . ▁The ▁" return ing ▁ratio " ▁or ▁" d iffer ential " ▁is ▁the ▁measure ▁of ▁how ▁much ▁the ▁current ▁must ▁be ▁reduced ▁to ▁reset ▁the ▁relay . ▁ ▁A ▁variant ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁attraction ▁principle ▁is ▁the ▁pl ung er - type ▁or ▁sol en oid ▁operator . ▁A ▁re ed ▁relay ▁is ▁another ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁attraction ▁principle . ▁ ▁" M oving ▁co il " ▁meters ▁use ▁a ▁loop ▁of ▁wire ▁turns ▁in ▁a ▁station ary ▁magnet , ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁gal van ometer ▁but ▁with ▁a ▁contact ▁lever ▁instead ▁of ▁a ▁pointer . ▁These ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁with ▁very ▁high ▁sensitivity . ▁Another ▁type ▁of ▁moving ▁co il ▁suspend s ▁the ▁co il ▁from ▁two ▁conduct ive ▁lig aments , ▁allowing ▁very ▁long ▁travel ▁of ▁the ▁co il . ▁ ▁Ind uction ▁disc ▁over current ▁relay ▁ ▁" Ind uction " ▁disk ▁meters ▁work ▁by ▁indu cing ▁current s ▁in ▁a ▁disk ▁that ▁is ▁free ▁to ▁rot ate ; ▁the ▁rot ary ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁disk ▁operates ▁a ▁contact . ▁Ind uction ▁rel ays ▁require ▁altern ating ▁current ; ▁if ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁co ils ▁are ▁used , ▁they ▁must ▁be ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁frequency ▁otherwise ▁no ▁net
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▁operating ▁force ▁is ▁produced . ▁These ▁elect romag netic ▁rel ays ▁use ▁the ▁indu ction ▁principle ▁discovered ▁by ▁Gal ile o ▁Ferr aris ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁magnetic ▁system ▁in ▁indu ction ▁disc ▁over current ▁rel ays ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁detect ▁over current s ▁in ▁a ▁power ▁system ▁and ▁operate ▁with ▁a ▁pre - det erm ined ▁time ▁delay ▁when ▁certain ▁over current ▁limits ▁have ▁been ▁reached . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁operate , ▁the ▁magnetic ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁rel ays ▁produces ▁tor que ▁that ▁acts ▁on ▁a ▁metal ▁disc ▁to ▁make ▁contact , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁basic ▁current / tor que ▁equation : ▁ ▁Where ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁the ▁two ▁flux es ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁phase ▁angle ▁between ▁the ▁flux es ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁important ▁conclusions ▁can ▁be ▁drawn ▁from ▁the ▁above ▁equation . ▁Two ▁altern ating ▁flux es ▁with ▁a ▁phase ▁shift ▁are ▁needed ▁for ▁tor que ▁production . ▁Max imum ▁tor que ▁is ▁produced ▁when ▁the ▁two ▁altern ating ▁flux es ▁are ▁ 9 0 ▁degrees ▁apart . ▁The ▁result ant ▁tor que ▁is ▁steady ▁and ▁not ▁a ▁function ▁of ▁time . ▁ ▁The ▁relay ' s ▁primary ▁w inding ▁is ▁supplied ▁from ▁the ▁power ▁systems ▁current ▁transform er ▁via ▁a ▁plug ▁bridge , ▁which ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁plug ▁setting ▁multi plier ▁( ps m ). ▁Usually ▁seven ▁equally ▁sp aced ▁t appings ▁or ▁operating ▁bands ▁determine ▁the ▁rel ays ▁sensitivity . ▁The ▁primary ▁w inding ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁upper ▁elect
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romag net . ▁The ▁secondary ▁w inding ▁has ▁connections ▁on ▁the ▁upper ▁elect romag net ▁that ▁are ▁energ ised ▁from ▁the ▁primary ▁w inding ▁and ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁lower ▁elect romag net . ▁Once ▁the ▁upper ▁and ▁lower ▁elect rom agn ets ▁are ▁energ ised ▁they ▁produce ▁ed dy ▁current s ▁that ▁are ▁induced ▁onto ▁the ▁metal ▁disc ▁and ▁flow ▁through ▁the ▁flux ▁paths . ▁This ▁relationship ▁of ▁ed dy ▁current s ▁and ▁flux es ▁creates ▁tor que ▁proport ional ▁to ▁the ▁input ▁current ▁of ▁the ▁primary ▁w inding , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁flux ▁paths ▁being ▁out ▁of ▁phase ▁by ▁ 9 0 ° . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁over current ▁condition , ▁a ▁value ▁of ▁current ▁will ▁be ▁reached ▁that ▁over comes ▁the ▁control ▁spring ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁sp ind le ▁and ▁the ▁br aking ▁magnet , ▁causing ▁the ▁metal ▁disc ▁to ▁rot ate ▁towards ▁the ▁fixed ▁contact . ▁This ▁initial ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁disc ▁is ▁also ▁held ▁off ▁to ▁a ▁critical ▁positive ▁value ▁of ▁current ▁by ▁small ▁slots ▁that ▁are ▁often ▁cut ▁into ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁disc . ▁The ▁time ▁taken ▁for ▁rotation ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁contacts ▁is ▁not ▁only ▁dependent ▁on ▁current ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁sp ind le ▁back stop ▁position , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁time ▁multi plier ▁( tm ). ▁The ▁time ▁multi plier ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 1 0 ▁linear ▁divisions ▁of ▁the ▁full ▁rotation ▁time . ▁ ▁Prov iding ▁the ▁relay ▁is ▁free ▁from ▁dirt , ▁the ▁metal ▁disc ▁and ▁the ▁sp ind le ▁with ▁its
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▁contact ▁will ▁reach ▁the ▁fixed ▁contact , ▁thus ▁sending ▁a ▁signal ▁to ▁trip ▁and ▁isol ate ▁the ▁circuit , ▁within ▁its ▁designed ▁time ▁and ▁current ▁specific ations . ▁Drop ▁off ▁current ▁of ▁the ▁relay ▁is ▁much ▁lower ▁than ▁its ▁operating ▁value , ▁and ▁once ▁reached ▁the ▁relay ▁will ▁be ▁reset ▁in ▁a ▁reverse ▁motion ▁by ▁the ▁pressure ▁of ▁the ▁control ▁spring ▁governed ▁by ▁the ▁br aking ▁magnet . ▁ ▁St atic ▁Application ▁of ▁electronic ▁ampl ifiers ▁to ▁protective ▁rel ays ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁using ▁vacuum ▁tube ▁ampl ifiers ▁and ▁continued ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁Dev ices ▁using ▁electron ▁tub es ▁were ▁studied ▁but ▁never ▁applied ▁as ▁commercial ▁products , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁limitations ▁of ▁vacuum ▁tube ▁ampl ifiers . ▁A ▁relatively ▁large ▁stand by ▁current ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁tube ▁fil ament ▁temperature ; ▁incon ven ient ▁high ▁volt ages ▁are ▁required ▁for ▁the ▁circ uits , ▁and ▁vacuum ▁tube ▁ampl ifiers ▁had ▁difficulty ▁with ▁incorrect ▁operation ▁due ▁to ▁noise ▁disturb ances . ▁ ▁St atic ▁rel ays ▁have ▁no ▁or ▁few ▁moving ▁parts , ▁and ▁became ▁practical ▁with ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁trans ist or . ▁Me as uring ▁elements ▁of ▁static ▁rel ays ▁have ▁been ▁successfully ▁and ▁econom ically ▁built ▁up ▁from ▁di odes , ▁z ener ▁di odes , ▁a val anche ▁di odes , ▁un ij unction ▁trans ist ors , ▁p - n - p ▁and ▁n - p - n ▁b ip olar ▁trans
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ist ors , ▁field ▁effect ▁trans ist ors ▁or ▁their ▁combinations . ▁St atic ▁rel ays ▁offer ▁the ▁advantage ▁of ▁higher ▁sensitivity ▁than ▁purely ▁elect rome chan ical ▁rel ays , ▁because ▁power ▁to ▁operate ▁output ▁contacts ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁a ▁separate ▁supply , ▁not ▁from ▁the ▁signal ▁circ uits . ▁St atic ▁rel ays ▁eliminated ▁or ▁reduced ▁contact ▁b ounce , ▁and ▁could ▁provide ▁fast ▁operation , ▁long ▁life ▁and ▁low ▁maintenance . ▁ ▁Digital ▁ ▁Digital ▁protective ▁rel ays ▁were ▁in ▁their ▁inf ancy ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁An ▁experimental ▁digital ▁protection ▁system ▁was ▁tested ▁in ▁the ▁lab ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁rel ays ▁mentioned ▁above , ▁digital ▁protective ▁rel ays ▁have ▁two ▁main ▁parts : ▁hardware ▁and ▁software . ▁The ▁world ' s ▁first ▁commer c ially ▁available ▁digital ▁protective ▁relay ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁the ▁power ▁industry ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁by ▁Schwe itzer ▁Engineering ▁Labor ator ies ▁( SEL ) ▁based ▁in ▁Pull man , ▁Washington . ▁In ▁spite ▁of ▁the ▁developments ▁of ▁complex ▁algorithms ▁for ▁implementing ▁protection ▁functions ▁the ▁micro processor ▁based - rel ays ▁market ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁did ▁not ▁incorporate ▁them . ▁A ▁micro processor - based ▁digital ▁protection ▁relay ▁can ▁replace ▁the ▁functions ▁of ▁many ▁discrete ▁elect rome chan ical ▁instruments . ▁These ▁rel ays ▁convert ▁voltage ▁and ▁current s ▁to ▁digital ▁form ▁and ▁process ▁the ▁resulting ▁measurements ▁using
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▁a ▁micro processor . ▁The ▁digital ▁relay ▁can ▁em ulate ▁functions ▁of ▁many ▁discrete ▁elect rome chan ical ▁rel ays ▁in ▁one ▁device , ▁simpl ifying ▁protection ▁design ▁and ▁maintenance . ▁Each ▁digital ▁relay ▁can ▁run ▁self - test ▁rout ines ▁to ▁confirm ▁its ▁read iness ▁and ▁alarm ▁if ▁a ▁fault ▁is ▁detected . ▁Digital ▁rel ays ▁can ▁also ▁provide ▁functions ▁such ▁as ▁communications ▁( SC AD A ) ▁interface , ▁monitoring ▁of ▁contact ▁inputs , ▁met ering , ▁wave form ▁analysis , ▁and ▁other ▁useful ▁features . ▁Digital ▁rel ays ▁can , ▁for ▁example , ▁store ▁multiple ▁sets ▁of ▁protection ▁parameters , ▁which ▁allows ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁the ▁relay ▁to ▁be ▁changed ▁during ▁maintenance ▁of ▁attached ▁equipment . ▁Digital ▁rel ays ▁also ▁can ▁provide ▁protection ▁strategies ▁impossible ▁to ▁implement ▁with ▁elect rome chan ical ▁rel ays . ▁This ▁is ▁particularly ▁so ▁in ▁long - distance ▁high ▁voltage ▁or ▁multi - termin al ▁circ uits ▁or ▁in ▁lines ▁that ▁are ▁series ▁or ▁sh unt ▁compens ated ▁They ▁also ▁offer ▁benefits ▁in ▁self - testing ▁and ▁communication ▁to ▁super vis ory ▁control ▁systems . ▁ ▁N umer ical ▁The ▁distinction ▁between ▁digital ▁and ▁numerical ▁protection ▁relay ▁rest s ▁on ▁points ▁of ▁fine ▁technical ▁detail , ▁and ▁is ▁rarely ▁found ▁in ▁areas ▁other ▁than ▁Protection . ▁N umer ical ▁rel ays ▁are ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁advances ▁in ▁technology ▁from ▁digital ▁rel ays . ▁Gener ally , ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁numerical ▁protection ▁rel ays . ▁Each ▁type , ▁however , ▁shares ▁a
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▁similar ▁architecture , ▁thus ▁enabling ▁designers ▁to ▁build ▁an ▁entire ▁system ▁solution ▁that ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁flexible ▁components . ▁They ▁use ▁high ▁speed ▁process ors ▁execut ing ▁appropriate ▁algorithms . ▁Most ▁numerical ▁rel ays ▁are ▁also ▁mult if unction al ▁and ▁have ▁multiple ▁setting ▁groups ▁each ▁often ▁with ▁tens ▁or ▁hundreds ▁of ▁settings . ▁ ▁Rel ays ▁by ▁functions ▁The ▁various ▁protective ▁functions ▁available ▁on ▁a ▁given ▁relay ▁are ▁denoted ▁by ▁standard ▁AN SI ▁device ▁numbers . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁relay ▁including ▁function ▁ 5 1 ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁tim ed ▁over current ▁protective ▁relay . ▁ ▁Over current ▁relay ▁An ▁over current ▁relay ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁protective ▁relay ▁which ▁operates ▁when ▁the ▁load ▁current ▁exceed s ▁a ▁pick up ▁value . ▁It ▁is ▁of ▁two ▁types : ▁instant aneous ▁over ▁current ▁( IO C ) ▁relay ▁and ▁defin ite ▁time ▁over current ▁( DTO C ) ▁relay . ▁ ▁The ▁AN SI ▁device ▁number ▁is ▁ 5 0 ▁for ▁an ▁IO C ▁relay ▁or ▁a ▁D TO C ▁relay . ▁In ▁a ▁typical ▁application , ▁the ▁over ▁current ▁relay ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁a ▁current ▁transform er ▁and ▁cal ibr ated ▁to ▁operate ▁at ▁or ▁above ▁a ▁specific ▁current ▁level . ▁When ▁the ▁relay ▁operates , ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁contacts ▁will ▁operate ▁and ▁energ ize ▁to ▁trip ▁a ▁circuit ▁break er . ▁The ▁D TO C ▁relay ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁extens ively ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁but ▁its ▁inher ent ▁issue ▁of ▁operating ▁slower ▁for ▁fault
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s ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁source ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁ID MT ▁relay . ▁ ▁Def in ite ▁time ▁over - current ▁relay ▁A ▁defin ite ▁time ▁over - current ▁( DTO C ) ▁relay ▁is ▁a ▁relay ▁that ▁operates ▁after ▁a ▁defin ite ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁once ▁the ▁current ▁exceed s ▁the ▁pick up ▁value . ▁Hence , ▁this ▁relay ▁has ▁current ▁setting ▁range ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁time ▁setting ▁range . ▁ ▁Inst ant aneous ▁over - current ▁relay ▁An ▁instant aneous ▁over - current ▁relay ▁is ▁an ▁over current ▁relay ▁which ▁has ▁no ▁intent ional ▁time ▁delay ▁for ▁operation . ▁The ▁contacts ▁of ▁the ▁relay ▁are ▁closed ▁instantly ▁when ▁the ▁current ▁inside ▁the ▁relay ▁r ises ▁beyond ▁the ▁operational ▁value . ▁The ▁time ▁interval ▁between ▁the ▁instant ▁pick - up ▁value ▁and ▁the ▁closing ▁contacts ▁of ▁the ▁relay ▁is ▁very ▁low . ▁It ▁has ▁low ▁operating ▁time ▁and ▁starts ▁operating ▁instantly ▁when ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁current ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁relay ▁setting . ▁This ▁relay ▁operates ▁only ▁when ▁the ▁imped ance ▁between ▁the ▁source ▁and ▁the ▁relay ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁that ▁provided ▁in ▁the ▁section . ▁ ▁In verse - time ▁over - current ▁relay ▁An ▁inverse - time ▁over - current ▁( IT OC ) ▁relay ▁is ▁an ▁over current ▁relay ▁which ▁operates ▁only ▁when ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁their ▁operating ▁current ▁is ▁in vers ely ▁proport ional ▁to ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁the ▁energ ize ▁quantities . ▁The ▁operating ▁time ▁of ▁relay ▁decre ases ▁with ▁the ▁increases ▁in ▁the ▁current
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. ▁The ▁operation ▁of ▁the ▁relay ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁the ▁current . ▁ ▁In verse ▁defin ite ▁minimum ▁time ▁relay ▁The ▁inverse ▁defin ite ▁minimum ▁time ▁( ID MT ) ▁relay ▁are ▁protective ▁rel ays ▁which ▁were ▁developed ▁to ▁overcome ▁the ▁short com ings ▁of ▁the ▁defin ite ▁time ▁over current ▁( DTO C ) ▁rel ays . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁source ▁imped ance ▁remains ▁constant ▁and ▁the ▁fault ▁current ▁changes ▁appreci ably ▁as ▁we ▁move ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁ ▁relay ▁then ▁it ▁is ▁advantage ous ▁to ▁use ▁ID MT ▁over current ▁protection ▁to ▁achieve ▁high ▁speed ▁protection ▁over ▁a ▁large ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁protected ▁circuit . ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁source ▁imped ance ▁is ▁significantly ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁fe eder ▁imped ance ▁then ▁the ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁ID MT ▁relay ▁cannot ▁be ▁explo ited ▁and ▁D TO C ▁may ▁be ▁utilized . ▁ ▁Second ly ▁if ▁the ▁source ▁imped ance ▁varies ▁and ▁becomes ▁we aker ▁with ▁less ▁generation ▁during ▁light ▁loads ▁then ▁this ▁leads ▁to ▁slower ▁clear ance ▁time ▁hence ▁neg ating ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁ID MT ▁relay . ▁ ▁I EC ▁standard ▁ 6 0 2 5 5 - 1 5 1 ▁spec ifies ▁the ▁ID MT ▁relay ▁curves ▁as ▁shown ▁below . ▁The ▁four ▁curves ▁in ▁Table ▁ 1 ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁now ▁withd rawn ▁British ▁Standard ▁BS ▁ 1 4 2 . ▁The ▁other ▁five , ▁in ▁Table ▁ 2 , ▁are ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁ ▁AN SI ▁standard ▁C 3 7 . 1 1
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2 . ▁ ▁While ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁common ▁to ▁use ▁ID MT ▁rel ays ▁for ▁current ▁ ▁protection ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁utilize ▁ID MT ▁mode ▁of ▁operation ▁for ▁voltage ▁protection . ▁It ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁program ▁custom ised ▁curves ▁in ▁some ▁protective ▁rel ays ▁and ▁other ▁manufacturers ▁have ▁special ▁curves ▁specific ▁to ▁their ▁rel ays . ▁Some ▁numerical ▁rel ays ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁inverse ▁time ▁over volt age ▁protection ▁or ▁negative ▁sequence ▁over current ▁protection . ▁ ▁Ir ▁= ▁is ▁the ▁ratio ▁of ▁the ▁fault ▁current ▁to ▁the ▁relay ▁setting ▁current ▁or ▁a ▁Pl ug ▁Setting ▁Multi plier . ▁" Pl ug " ▁is ▁a ▁reference ▁from ▁the ▁elect rome chan ical ▁relay ▁era ▁and ▁were ▁available ▁in ▁discrete ▁steps . ▁ ▁TD ▁is ▁the ▁Time ▁D ial ▁setting . ▁ ▁The ▁above ▁equations ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁" family " ▁of ▁curves ▁ ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁using ▁different ▁time ▁multi plier ▁setting ▁( T MS ) ▁settings . ▁It ▁is ▁evident ▁from ▁the ▁relay ▁characteristic ▁equations ▁ ▁that ▁a ▁larger ▁T MS ▁will ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁slower ▁clear ance ▁time ▁for ▁a ▁given ▁P MS ▁( I ) ▁value . ▁ ▁D istance ▁relay ▁D istance ▁rel ays , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁imped ance ▁relay , ▁differ ▁in ▁principle ▁from ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁protection ▁in ▁that ▁their ▁performance ▁is ▁not ▁governed ▁by ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁or ▁voltage ▁in ▁the ▁protected ▁circuit ▁but ▁rather ▁on ▁the ▁ratio ▁of ▁these ▁two ▁quantities . ▁ ▁D istance ▁rel ays ▁are
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▁actually ▁double ▁act u ating ▁quantity ▁rel ays ▁with ▁one ▁co il ▁energ ized ▁by ▁voltage ▁and ▁other ▁co il ▁by ▁current . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁element ▁produces ▁a ▁positive ▁or ▁pick ▁up ▁tor que ▁while ▁the ▁voltage ▁element ▁produces ▁a ▁negative ▁or ▁reset ▁tor que . ▁ ▁The ▁relay ▁operates ▁only ▁when ▁the ▁V / I ▁ratio ▁falls ▁below ▁a ▁pre det erm ined ▁value ▁( or ▁set ▁value ). ▁ ▁During ▁a ▁fault ▁on ▁the ▁transmission ▁line ▁the ▁fault ▁current ▁increases ▁and ▁the ▁voltage ▁at ▁the ▁fault ▁point ▁decre ases . ▁ ▁The ▁V / I ▁ ▁ratio ▁is ▁measured ▁at ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁CT s ▁and ▁PT s . ▁ ▁The ▁voltage ▁at ▁the ▁PT ▁location ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁the ▁PT ▁and ▁the ▁fault . ▁If ▁the ▁measured ▁voltage ▁is ▁lesser , ▁that ▁means ▁the ▁fault ▁is ▁near er ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁Hence ▁the ▁protection ▁called ▁D istance ▁relay . ▁The ▁load ▁flowing ▁through ▁the ▁line ▁appears ▁as ▁an ▁imped ance ▁to ▁the ▁relay ▁and ▁sufficiently ▁large ▁loads ▁( as ▁imped ance ▁is ▁in vers ely ▁proport ional ▁to ▁the ▁load ) ▁ ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁trip ▁of ▁the ▁relay ▁even ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁a ▁fault . ▁ ▁Current ▁differential ▁protection ▁scheme ▁A ▁differential ▁scheme ▁acts ▁on ▁the ▁difference ▁between ▁current ▁entering ▁a ▁protected ▁zone ▁( which ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁bus ▁bar , ▁generator , ▁transform er ▁or ▁other ▁appar atus ) ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁leaving ▁that ▁zone . ▁A ▁fault ▁outside ▁the ▁zone
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▁gives ▁the ▁same ▁fault ▁current ▁at ▁the ▁entry ▁and ▁exit ▁of ▁the ▁zone , ▁but ▁fault s ▁within ▁the ▁zone ▁show ▁up ▁as ▁a ▁difference ▁in ▁current . ▁ ▁" The ▁differential ▁protection ▁is ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁select ive ▁and ▁therefore ▁only ▁respon ds ▁to ▁fault s ▁within ▁its ▁protected ▁zone . ▁The ▁boundary ▁of ▁the ▁protected ▁zone ▁is ▁uniqu ely ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁transform ers . ▁Time ▁grad ing ▁with ▁other ▁protection ▁systems ▁is ▁therefore ▁not ▁required , ▁allowing ▁for ▁tri pping ▁without ▁additional ▁delay . ▁D iffer ential ▁protection ▁is ▁therefore ▁suited ▁as ▁fast ▁main ▁protection ▁for ▁all ▁important ▁plant ▁items ." ▁ ▁D iffer ential ▁protection ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁protection ▁for ▁zones ▁with ▁multiple ▁termin als ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁protect ▁lines , ▁gener ators , ▁mot ors , ▁transform ers , ▁and ▁other ▁electrical ▁plant . ▁ ▁Current ▁transform ers ▁in ▁a ▁differential ▁scheme ▁must ▁be ▁chosen ▁to ▁have ▁near - ident ical ▁response ▁to ▁high ▁over current s . ▁If ▁a ▁" through ▁fault " ▁results ▁in ▁one ▁set ▁of ▁current ▁transform ers ▁sat ur ating ▁before ▁another , ▁the ▁zone ▁differential ▁protection ▁will ▁see ▁a ▁false ▁" oper ate " ▁current ▁and ▁may ▁false ▁trip . ▁ ▁G FC I ▁( ground ▁fault ▁circuit ▁inter rup ter ) ▁circuit ▁break ers ▁combine ▁over current ▁protection ▁and ▁differential ▁protection ▁( non - adjust able ) ▁in ▁standard , ▁commonly ▁available ▁modules . ▁ ▁D irection al ▁relay ▁A ▁direction
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al ▁relay ▁uses ▁an ▁additional ▁polar izing ▁source ▁of ▁voltage ▁or ▁current ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁a ▁fault . ▁D irection al ▁elements ▁respond ▁to ▁the ▁phase ▁shift ▁between ▁a ▁polar izing ▁quantity ▁and ▁an ▁operate ▁quantity . ▁The ▁fault ▁can ▁be ▁located ▁up stream ▁or ▁down stream ▁of ▁the ▁relay ' s ▁location , ▁allowing ▁appropriate ▁protective ▁devices ▁to ▁be ▁operated ▁inside ▁or ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁zone ▁of ▁protection . ▁ ▁S ynchron ism ▁check ▁A ▁synchron ism ▁checking ▁relay ▁provides ▁a ▁contact ▁closure ▁when ▁the ▁frequency ▁and ▁phase ▁of ▁two ▁sources ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁within ▁some ▁tolerance ▁margin . ▁A ▁" syn ch ▁check " ▁relay ▁is ▁often ▁applied ▁where ▁two ▁power ▁systems ▁are ▁inter connected , ▁such ▁as ▁at ▁a ▁switch yard ▁connecting ▁two ▁power ▁gr ids , ▁or ▁at ▁a ▁generator ▁circuit ▁break er ▁to ▁ensure ▁the ▁generator ▁is ▁synchronized ▁to ▁the ▁system ▁before ▁connecting ▁it . ▁ ▁Power ▁source ▁The ▁rel ays ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁classified ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁power ▁source ▁that ▁they ▁use ▁to ▁work . ▁▁ ▁Self - powered ▁rel ays ▁operate ▁on ▁energy ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁protected ▁circuit , ▁through ▁the ▁current ▁transform ers ▁used ▁to ▁measure ▁line ▁current , ▁for ▁example . ▁This ▁elim inates ▁the ▁cost ▁and ▁reli ability ▁question ▁of ▁a ▁separate ▁supply . ▁▁ ▁A ux iliary ▁powered ▁rel ays ▁rely ▁on ▁a ▁battery ▁or ▁external ▁ac ▁supply . ▁Some ▁rel ays ▁can ▁use ▁either ▁AC ▁or ▁DC . ▁The ▁aux iliary ▁supply ▁must ▁be ▁highly ▁reliable ▁during ▁a
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▁system ▁fault . ▁▁ ▁D ual ▁powered ▁rel ays ▁can ▁be ▁also ▁aux iliary ▁powered , ▁so ▁all ▁batteries , ▁charg ers ▁and ▁other ▁external ▁elements ▁are ▁made ▁redu nd ant ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁backup . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Sil ent ▁S entin els ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁edition ▁online ▁text ▁▁ ▁Category : Rel ays ▁Category : E lect ric ▁power ▁systems ▁components <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Slov ak ia ▁men ' s ▁national ▁ball ▁hockey ▁team ▁is ▁the ▁men ' s ▁national ▁ball ▁hockey ▁team ▁of ▁Slov ak ia , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Street ▁and ▁Ball ▁Hockey ▁Federation ▁( IS B H F ). ▁ ▁World ▁Championships ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . ho ke j bal . sk / ▁ ▁IS B H F ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁Category : B all ▁hockey ▁Category : Men ' s ▁sport ▁in ▁Slov ak ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Go ond iw indi ▁War ▁Memorial ▁is ▁a ▁heritage - listed ▁war ▁memorial ▁at ▁Marshall ▁Street , ▁Go ond iw indi , ▁Go ond iw indi ▁Region , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁The ▁memorial ▁includes ▁a ▁life - sized ▁statue ▁of ▁a ▁D igger ▁( W WI , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 ) ▁and ▁memorial ▁gates ▁( WW II , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ). ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Memorial ▁G ates ▁and ▁The ▁Sold iers ' ▁Memorial ▁( D igger ▁Stat ue ). ▁It ▁was ▁added
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▁to ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁Go ond iw indi ▁War ▁Memorial ▁includes ▁a ▁dig ger ▁statue ▁un ve iled ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁and ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁gates ▁ere cted ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁as ▁memorial s ▁to ▁the ▁First ▁and ▁Second ▁World ▁Wars ▁respectively . ▁ ▁The ▁Sold iers ' ▁Mon ument ▁was ▁originally ▁ere cted ▁in ▁Herbert ▁Street , ▁with ▁an ▁iron ▁fence ▁surrounding ▁the ▁monument . ▁The ▁monument ▁cost ▁ ▁and ▁was ▁un ve iled ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁by ▁Sir ▁Matthew ▁Nathan , ▁Governor ▁of ▁Queensland , ▁who ▁was ▁in ▁Go ond iw indi ▁to ▁observe ▁an ▁e clipse ▁of ▁the ▁sun . ▁It ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁the ▁monument ▁was ▁ere cted ▁by ▁a ▁public ▁committee . ▁Although ▁the ▁designer ▁of ▁the ▁monument ▁is ▁unknown , ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁manufactured ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁the ▁monument ▁was ▁re - s ited , ▁presumably ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁World ▁War ▁ 2 ▁Memorial ▁G ates ▁were ▁constructed . ▁More ▁than ▁ ▁was ▁spent ▁on ▁transfer ring ▁the ▁monument ▁to ▁the ▁park ▁site ▁and ▁ere ct ing ▁the ▁gates . ▁The ▁gates ▁were ▁ere cted ▁by ▁the ▁Go ond iw indi ▁War ▁Memorial ▁Committee , ▁and ▁were ▁un ve iled ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁by ▁Sir ▁Thomas
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▁William ▁Glasgow . ▁At ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁ceremony ▁the ▁keys ▁of ▁the ▁gates ▁were ▁handed ▁to ▁Ald erman ▁F ▁V et ter , ▁symbol ic ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁accepting ▁responsibility ▁and ▁custody ▁of ▁the ▁memorial . ▁The ▁designer ▁of ▁the ▁gates ▁is ▁also ▁unknown . ▁ ▁Description ▁▁ ▁The ▁Go ond iw indi ▁War ▁Memorial ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁western ▁end ▁of ▁Go ond iw indi ' s ▁main ▁street , ▁in ▁the ▁south - e astern ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁Go ond iw indi ▁Memorial ▁Park . ▁The ▁memorial ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁D igger ▁monument ▁( W WI ) ▁and ▁memorial ▁gates ▁( WW II ). ▁The ▁monument ▁r ises ▁to ▁approximately ▁six ▁metres ▁and ▁is ▁cent r ally ▁placed ▁within ▁a ▁generous ▁square ▁en closure ▁whose ▁boundaries ▁are ▁defined ▁by ▁pop lar ▁trees , ▁hed ges , ▁sil ky ▁o aks ▁and ▁fig s . ▁The ▁monument ▁is ▁ax ially ▁aligned ▁with ▁the ▁memorial ▁gates , ▁which ▁trunc ate ▁the ▁street ▁corner . ▁The ▁monument ▁fr amed ▁by ▁the ▁gates ▁with ▁a ▁back drop ▁of ▁pop lar ▁trees ▁creates ▁an ▁impressive ▁formal ▁table au . ▁ ▁The ▁monument ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁life - sized ▁grey ▁sand stone ▁D igger ▁on ▁a ▁red ▁and ▁grey ▁pol ished ▁gran ite ▁column , ▁which ▁sits ▁on ▁a ▁pol ished ▁blocked ▁tr ach y te ▁pedest al ▁and ▁a ▁stepped ▁concrete ▁base . ▁The ▁pedest al ▁has ▁g ilt ▁in scriptions , ▁and ▁the ▁column ▁has ▁a ▁grey ▁gran ite ▁base ▁and ▁capital ▁with ▁a
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▁red ▁gran ite ▁shaft . ▁The ▁D igger ▁stands ▁with ▁his ▁left ▁foot ▁forward , ▁holding ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁rifle ▁barrel ▁in ▁his ▁right ▁hand . ▁ ▁The ▁memorial ▁gates ▁are ▁formed ▁with ▁sand stone ▁pill ars ▁and ▁decor ative ▁steel ▁gates , ▁and ▁compr ise ▁a ▁central ▁gate way ▁fl anked ▁by ▁two ▁smaller ▁gate ways . ▁The ▁pill ars ▁have ▁sand stone ▁n ib s , ▁and ▁are ▁to pped ▁with ▁rect il ine ar ▁oct agonal ▁light ▁f itt ings . ▁The ▁gates ▁have ▁circular ▁mot ifs ▁and ▁cre sts . ▁ ▁The ▁monument ▁is ▁well - craft ed ▁in ▁fine ▁materials , ▁and ▁the ▁formal ▁table au ▁of ▁the ▁monument ▁and ▁pop l ars ▁fr amed ▁by ▁the ▁gates ▁makes ▁a ▁strong ▁aesthetic ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁Go ond iw indi ▁town scape . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁listing ▁ ▁Go ond iw indi ▁War ▁Memorial ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁having ▁satisfied ▁the ▁following ▁criteria . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁evolution ▁or ▁pattern ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁Go ond iw indi ▁War ▁Memorial ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁pattern ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁history , ▁as ▁evidence ▁of ▁an ▁era ▁of ▁widespread ▁expression ▁of ▁Australian ▁patri ot ism ▁and ▁national ism , ▁during ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁aesthetic ▁significance . ▁ ▁It ▁exhib its ▁aesthetic ▁characteristics ▁valued
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▁by ▁the ▁community : ▁the ▁monument ▁is ▁well - craft ed ▁in ▁unusual ▁and ▁fine ▁materials ; ▁and ▁the ▁formal ▁table au ▁of ▁the ▁monument ▁and ▁pop l ars ▁fr amed ▁by ▁the ▁gates ▁makes ▁an ▁aesthetic ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁Go ond iw indi ▁town scape . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁or ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁community ▁or ▁cultural ▁group ▁for ▁social , ▁cultural ▁or ▁spiritual ▁reasons . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁community ▁as ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁a ▁major ▁historical ▁event . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Att ribut ion ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Mon ument ▁Australia ▁ ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁memorial s ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁memorial s ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : Que ens land ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : Go ond iw indi ▁Category : Art icles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bot an ischer ▁G arten ▁Mar burg ▁( 2 0 ▁he ct ares ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ne uer ▁Bot an ischer ▁G arten ▁Mar burg , ▁is ▁a ▁bot an ical ▁garden ▁maintained ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Mar burg , ▁located ▁on ▁Karl - v on - Fr isch - S tra ße , ▁Mar burg , ▁H esse , ▁Germany , ▁and ▁open ▁daily . ▁An ▁admission ▁fee ▁is ▁charged . ▁ ▁The ▁garden ▁was ▁created ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 7 7 ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁Al ter ▁Bot an ischer ▁G arten
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▁Mar burg , ▁dating ▁from ▁ 1 8 1 0 . ▁Its ▁construction ▁involved ▁movement ▁of ▁some ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁m ³ ▁of ▁earth , ▁creating ▁a ▁p ond ▁and ▁a ▁bro ok ▁about ▁ 1 km ▁long , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁effort ▁to ▁build ▁green h ouses . ▁The ▁garden ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁to ▁celebrate ▁the ▁university ' s ▁ 4 5 0 th ▁anniversary . ▁ ▁Out door ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁garden ▁are ▁organized ▁as ▁follows : ▁▁ ▁Al pin um ▁- ▁rock ▁garden ▁representing ▁plants ▁from ▁the ▁high ▁mountains ▁of ▁Europe , ▁western ▁Asia , ▁the ▁H imal ay as , ▁Australia , ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁ ▁Ar b oret um ▁- ▁focusing ▁on ▁con if ers , ▁including ▁Sequ oi ad end ron ▁gig ante um ▁and ▁Met ase qu o ia ▁g ly pt ost rob oid es , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁al ders , ▁ash , ▁b ir ches , ▁g ink gos , ▁haz els , ▁map les , ▁o aks , ▁decid uous ▁pop l ars , ▁sy cam ores , ▁and ▁will ows , ▁representing ▁both ▁native ▁and ▁exotic ▁species . ▁ ▁Bur ial ▁m ounds ▁- ▁bronze ▁age ▁gr aves . ▁ ▁Fern ▁collection ▁- ▁ 8 0 ▁f ern ▁species . ▁ ▁Forest ▁- ▁spring - blo oming ▁plants ▁including ▁An em one , ▁G age a , ▁I ris , ▁N arc iss us , ▁P
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uls at illa , ▁Sc illa , ▁and ▁T ul ipa . ▁ ▁He ather ▁and ▁rh od od end ron ▁garden ▁- ▁numerous ▁he ather ▁and ▁rh od od end ron ▁species ▁including ▁Call una ▁vul gar is , ▁Er ica ▁car nea , ▁Er ica ▁cin ere a , ▁and ▁Er ica ▁t et ral ix . ▁ ▁Medic inal ▁and ▁useful ▁plants ▁- ▁including ▁cere als ▁and ▁other ▁carb oh y dr ates , ▁succ ul ents , ▁vegetables , ▁fiber ▁plants , ▁tobacco ▁plants , ▁rubber ▁plants , ▁and ▁d ye ▁plants . ▁ ▁System atic ▁garden ▁- ▁representatives ▁of ▁seed ▁plant ▁families ▁organized ▁by ▁biological ▁classification ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁garden ' s ▁green h ouses ▁cover ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 ▁square ▁meters ▁as ▁follows : ▁tropical ▁house ▁( 5 4 5 ▁m ² , ▁ 1 2 ▁m ▁height ); ▁Can ary ▁Islands ▁house ▁( 1 8 2 ▁m ² ▁+ ▁ 8 2 ▁m ² , ▁ 7 ▁m ); ▁tropical ▁crop ▁house ▁( 1 8 2 ▁m ² , ▁ 7 ▁m ) ▁with ▁plants ▁including ▁An anas ▁com os us ▁and ▁Coff ea ▁ar ab ica ; ▁Amazon ▁house ▁( 1 2 3 ▁m ² , ▁ 6 ▁m ) ▁containing ▁aqu atic ▁plants ▁of ▁the ▁Amazon ▁region ▁including ▁Bru gu iera ▁sex ang ula ▁and ▁Victoria ▁amaz on ica ; ▁tropical ▁f ern ▁house ▁( 1 8 2 ▁m ² , ▁ 7 ▁m ); ▁succ ulent
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▁house ▁( 2 2 7 ▁m ² , ▁ 7 ▁m ); ▁Australian ▁out back ▁house ▁( 1 8 2 ▁m ² , ▁ 7 ▁m ); ▁and ▁car n iv orous ▁plant ▁house ▁( not ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁public ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Al ter ▁Bot an ischer ▁G arten ▁Mar burg ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁bot an ical ▁gardens ▁in ▁Germany ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Bot an ischer ▁G arten ▁Mar burg ▁ ▁Hor st ▁Be cker : ▁Der ▁Al te ▁Bot an ische ▁G arten ▁in ▁Mar burg ▁an ▁der ▁L ahn ▁( Die ▁Bl au en ▁B ü cher ), ▁König stein ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁. ▁ ▁Vol ker ▁Mel z heimer , ▁Hans ▁Christian ▁We ber : ▁F ühr er ▁durch ▁den ▁Bot an ischen ▁G arten ▁der ▁Philip ps - Univers ität ▁Mar burg , ▁Mar burg ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Mar burg . ▁Bot an ischer ▁G arten ▁der ▁Phillips - Univers ität ▁in : ▁L oki ▁Sch midt ▁( ed . ): ▁Die ▁bot an ischen ▁G är ten ▁in ▁Deutschland , ▁Hamburg ▁( H off mann ▁und ▁Cam pe ) ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁pages ▁ 2 2 1 - 2 2 4 . ▁ ▁Rud olf ▁Sch mit z : ▁Zur ▁Geschichte ▁des ▁Bot an ischen ▁G art ens ▁der ▁Philipp ina ▁in : ▁De utsche ▁Ap othe ker - Z e itung , ▁Band ▁ 1 7 ▁( 1 9 7 7 ), ▁pages
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▁ 8 3 6 - 8 4 2 . ▁ ▁Rud olf ▁Sch mit z : ▁Die ▁Natur w issenschaft en ▁an ▁der ▁Philip ps - Univers ität ▁Mar burg ▁ 1 5 2 7 - 1 9 7 7 , ▁Mar burg ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁In geb org ▁Unter halt - Sch ü ler : ▁Georg ▁Wilhelm ▁Franz ▁W ender oth ▁( 1 7 7 4 – 1 8 6 1 ). ▁Ein ▁Be it rag ▁zur ▁Geschichte ▁der ▁Bot an ik ▁an ▁der ▁Universität ▁Mar burg , ▁D arm stadt ▁( H ess ische ▁Histor ische ▁Kom mission ) ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Category : Bot an ical ▁gardens ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : G ard ens ▁in ▁H esse <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Vill iers , ▁ 2 nd ▁Vis count ▁Grand ison ▁( 1 6 1 4 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 1 6 4 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁kn ight , ▁Irish ▁peer , ▁and ▁C aval ier ▁soldier ▁who ▁was ▁fat ally ▁wounded ▁leading ▁a ▁caval ry ▁attack ▁at ▁the ▁storm ing ▁of ▁Brist ol . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁family ▁Vill iers ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Vill iers , ▁a ▁half - bro ther ▁of ▁the ▁influential ▁George ▁Vill iers , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Buck ingham , ▁by ▁his ▁marriage ▁to ▁Barbara ▁St ▁John ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 9 2 – 1 6 7 2 ) ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁John
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▁St ▁John , ▁of ▁L yd i ard ▁T reg o ze . ▁His ▁mater nal ▁grandmother , ▁Lucy ▁Hung er ford , ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁Walter ▁Hung er ford ▁of ▁Far le igh ▁Castle . ▁Apart ▁from ▁being ▁a ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Buck ingham , ▁the ▁young ▁Vill iers ▁had ▁two ▁other ▁un cles ▁at ▁court , ▁John ▁Vill iers , ▁ 1 st ▁Vis count ▁Pur beck , ▁and ▁Kit ▁Vill iers , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ang les ey , ▁and ▁an ▁aunt , ▁the ▁Count ess ▁of ▁Den b igh , ▁who ▁was ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Bed ch amber ▁to ▁Queen ▁Hen riet ta ▁Maria . ▁His ▁grandfather , ▁Sir ▁George ▁Vill iers , ▁had ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 6 , ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁child ▁he ▁knew ▁his ▁step - grand mother ▁Mary ▁Vill iers , ▁Count ess ▁of ▁Buck ingham ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 7 0 – 1 6 3 2 ). ▁ ▁Life ▁Vill iers ▁grew ▁up ▁mostly ▁in ▁London , ▁where ▁his ▁father ▁held ▁offices ▁of ▁profit ▁under ▁the ▁Crown . ▁In ▁ 1 6 1 7 , ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Master ▁of ▁the ▁M int , ▁a ▁post ▁which ▁gave ▁him ▁rooms ▁at ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 6 2 3 , ▁when ▁his ▁child less ▁great - un cle ▁Oliver ▁St ▁John ▁( 1 5 5 9 – 1 6 3 0 ) ▁was ▁created ▁Vis count
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▁Grand ison ▁in ▁the ▁peer age ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁the ▁honour ▁was ▁made ▁subject ▁to ▁a ▁special ▁remainder ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁inherited ▁by ▁the ▁he irs ▁male ▁of ▁St ▁John ' s ▁nie ce ▁Barbara ▁Vill iers . ▁This ▁had ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁making ▁the ▁nine - year ▁old ▁Vill iers ▁the ▁he ir ▁to ▁the ▁peer age . ▁His ▁father , ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Vill iers , ▁died ▁in ▁Ireland ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 6 2 6 , ▁while ▁serving ▁as ▁Lord ▁President ▁of ▁Mun ster , ▁and ▁his ▁great - un cle ▁died ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁December ▁ 1 6 3 0 , ▁where up on ▁Vill iers ▁became ▁the ▁second ▁Lord ▁Grand ison . ▁He ▁inherited ▁some ▁property ▁from ▁both . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 3 8 ▁the ▁king ▁kn ight ed ▁Grand ison ▁at ▁Wind sor , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Bruce , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁El gin . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Edward ▁Hy de , ▁who ▁in ▁a ▁e ul ogy ▁reported ▁that ▁" he ▁had ▁sometimes ▁indul ged ▁so ▁much ▁to ▁the ▁Cor rupt ▁opinion ▁of ▁Hon our , ▁as ▁to ▁venture ▁himself ▁in ▁Du els ". ▁In ▁ 1 6 3 9 , ▁Grand ison ▁married ▁Mary ▁Bay ning , ▁then ▁aged ▁fourteen , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁daughters ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Lord ▁Bay ning , ▁who ▁was ▁he i ress ▁to ▁a ▁fortune ▁of ▁£ 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁and ▁the ▁next
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▁year ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Barbara ▁Vill iers , ▁who ▁was ▁christ ened ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 1 6 4 0 ▁at ▁St ▁Margaret ' s , ▁West min ster . ▁ ▁A ▁strong ▁supp orter ▁of ▁King ▁Charles ▁I ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁Civil ▁War , ▁which ▁broke ▁out ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 6 4 2 , ▁Grand ison ▁spent ▁his ▁fortune ▁on ▁horses ▁and ▁equipment ▁for ▁a ▁reg iment ▁of ▁C aval iers ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁king . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁October ▁ 1 6 4 2 , ▁Grand ison ' s ▁reg iment ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁royal ists ' ▁left ▁wing ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Edge hill . ▁During ▁the ▁fighting , ▁the ▁king ' s ▁standard - bear er , ▁Sir ▁Ed mund ▁Ver ney , ▁was ▁killed , ▁and ▁the ▁royal ▁standard ▁captured . ▁Three ▁of ▁Grand ison ' s ▁men , ▁led ▁by ▁John ▁Smith , ▁recovered ▁it , ▁and ▁Smith ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁on ▁the ▁field , ▁becoming ▁the ▁last ▁kn ight ▁b anner et ▁created ▁in ▁England . ▁Grand ison ▁gave ▁him ▁a ▁tro op ▁to ▁lead ▁and ▁promoted ▁him ▁to ▁major . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁storm ing ▁of ▁Brist ol , ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 6 4 3 , ▁Grand ison ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁brig ad iers ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Prince ▁Ru pert ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁and ▁led ▁his ▁brig ade ▁in ▁a ▁charge ▁on ▁the ▁Prior ' s ▁Hill ▁Fort ▁and
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▁a ▁red oubt ▁at ▁St okes ▁Cro ft . ▁The ▁attack ▁was ▁rep uls ed , ▁and ▁Grand ison ▁was ▁fat ally ▁wounded , ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁cousin ▁Edward ▁St ▁John , ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁his ▁uncle ▁Sir ▁John ▁St ▁John .. ▁Grand ison ▁did ▁not ▁die ▁immediately , ▁surviving ▁until ▁ 2 9 ▁September , ▁when ▁he ▁died ▁of ▁a ▁fever ▁presumably ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁injury ▁( Hy de ▁explicitly ▁states ▁that ▁the ▁wound ▁caused ▁his ▁death ). ▁He ▁was ▁inter red ▁at ▁Christ ▁Church ▁Cat hedral ▁in ▁Oxford . ▁He ▁left ▁a ▁wid ow ▁and ▁daughter ▁imp over ished ▁by ▁the ▁war , ▁and ▁soon ▁after ▁his ▁death ▁his ▁wid ow ▁married ▁his ▁first ▁cousin ▁Charles ▁Vill iers , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ang les ey . ▁ ▁As ▁Grand ison ▁had ▁no ▁son , ▁he ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁a ▁younger ▁brother , ▁John ▁Vill iers . ▁After ▁the ▁Rest oration , ▁Grand ison ' s ▁only ▁child , ▁Barbara ▁Vill iers , ▁became ▁a ▁royal ▁mist ress ▁of ▁King ▁Charles ▁II , ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 0 ▁was ▁created ▁Du che ss ▁of ▁Cleveland , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁several ▁noble ▁families , ▁including ▁the ▁D uk es ▁of ▁G raft on . ▁Grand ison ' s ▁mother , ▁Barbara ▁Lady ▁Vill iers , ▁born ▁about ▁ 1 5 9 2 , ▁lived ▁into ▁her ▁eight ies ▁and ▁saw ▁the ▁Rest oration ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁her ▁great - grand children . ▁ ▁Lord ▁Grand
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ison ' s ▁youngest ▁brother , ▁Edward , ▁was ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Edward ▁Vill iers , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Jersey , ▁and ▁the ▁present - day ▁Vis count ▁Grand ison ▁is ▁his ▁desc endant , ▁William ▁Vill iers ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁a ▁film ▁executive . ▁ ▁E ul ogy ▁by ▁Cl are nd on ▁Edward ▁Hy de , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Cl are nd on ▁wrote ▁of ▁Grand ison ▁in ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Reb ell ion ▁and ▁Civil ▁Wars ▁in ▁England ▁ ▁The ▁Ch ancell or ▁of ▁the ▁Ex che quer ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁this ▁is ▁Hy de ▁himself . ▁ ▁L yd i ard ▁portrait ▁ ▁A ▁portrait ▁of ▁Grand ison ▁survived ▁at ▁L yd i ard ▁House , ▁his ▁mother ' s ▁family ▁home ▁in ▁W ilt shire , ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁It ▁is ▁catalog ued ▁as ▁by ▁the ▁school ▁of ▁Anthony ▁van ▁Dy ck . ▁At ▁the ▁bottom ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁canvas ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁" LD . ▁G RAN DI SS ON ". ▁This ▁painting ▁was ▁en gr aved ▁about ▁ 1 7 1 4 ▁by ▁Piet er ▁van ▁G unst , ▁who ▁identified ▁it ▁as ▁" Will iam ▁Vill iers , ▁Vic ount ▁Grand isson , ▁Father ▁to ▁ye ▁Late ▁Du ches se ▁of ▁Cle avel and ", ▁with ▁the ▁attribut ion ▁" A ▁v . ▁Dy k ▁pin x ". ▁Ther esa ▁Lewis , ▁in ▁her ▁L ives ▁of ▁the ▁Friends ▁and
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▁Cont empor aries ▁of ▁Lord ▁Ch ancell or ▁Cl are nd on ▁( 1 8 5 2 ), ▁gives ▁an ▁unm ist ak able ▁description ▁of ▁this ▁portrait ▁and ▁reports ▁that ▁two ▁copies ▁of ▁it ▁then ▁existed , ▁one ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁G raft on , ▁a ▁direct ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Grand ison ' s , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁by ▁Earl ▁Fitz will iam . ▁ ▁Another ▁portrait ▁ ▁A ▁similar ▁but ▁more ▁sum pt uous ▁portrait ▁of ▁a ▁young ▁man , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Vis count ▁Grand ison , ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁belonged ▁to ▁George ▁Vill iers , ▁ 2 nd ▁Duke ▁of ▁Buck ingham , ▁was ▁at ▁St ocks ▁Park , ▁H ert ford shire , ▁before ▁being ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁as ▁the ▁property ▁of ▁Arthur ▁Kay , ▁E sq . ▁After ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁H . ▁O . ▁Mi eth ke , ▁who ▁quickly ▁sold ▁it ▁to ▁Jacob ▁Herz og ▁of ▁Vienna . ▁Exhib ited ▁as ▁" Will iam ▁Vill iers , ▁Vis count ▁Grand ison ", ▁this ▁had ▁a ▁great ▁impact ▁at ▁a ▁Van ▁Dy ck ▁Ter cent en ary ▁Exhib ition ▁at ▁Ant werp ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁the ▁portrait ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁William ▁Collins ▁Whit ney , ▁who ▁paid ▁$ 1 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁it . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁second - h ig hest ▁price ▁ever ▁attached ▁to ▁a ▁painting
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▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁defeated ▁only ▁by ▁Mil let ' s ▁Angel us . ▁Still ▁named ▁as ▁a ▁portrait ▁of ▁Grand ison , ▁it ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁sensation ▁at ▁the ▁Van ▁Dy ck ▁Lo an ▁Exhib ition ▁at ▁Detroit ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁on ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁H . ▁P . ▁Whit ney , ▁was ▁inherited ▁by ▁his ▁wid ow ▁Ger tr ude ▁V ander b ilt ▁Whit ney . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Corn el ius ▁V ander b ilt ▁Whit ney ▁gave ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Gallery ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁The ▁art ▁historian ▁Lion el ▁C ust , ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Port rait ▁Gallery , ▁suggested ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁that ▁the ▁Whit ney ▁portrait ▁was ▁of ▁another ▁man , ▁and ▁might ▁be ▁a ▁li ken ess ▁of ▁the ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁Grand ison , ▁John ▁Vill iers , ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁third ▁Vis count ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 3 . ▁A ▁more ▁powerful ▁identification ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁when ▁an ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁drawing ▁of ▁the ▁painting ▁by ▁Louis ▁B oud an ▁was ▁found , ▁marked ▁as ▁Henry ▁de ▁L orr aine , ▁du c ▁de ▁Gu ise . ▁The ▁National ▁Gallery ▁of ▁Art ▁now ▁att aches ▁that ▁name ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Henri ▁II ▁de ▁L orr
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aine ▁c . ▁ 1 6 3 4 ▁at ▁n ga . gov ▁( National ▁Gallery ▁of ▁Art ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 1 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 4 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Vis count s ▁in ▁the ▁Pe er age ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁English ▁people ▁Category : Ang lo - Ir ish ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁T ian ▁X ian ▁Pe i ▁( ), ▁sometimes ▁translated ▁as ▁Fair y ▁Cou ple , ▁is ▁a ▁Chinese ▁legend ▁that ▁existed ▁in ▁oral ▁tradition ▁before ▁any ▁written ▁versions . ▁It ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁a ▁major ▁subject ▁of ▁several ▁Chinese ▁opera , ▁films ▁and ▁TV ▁series . ▁ ▁Story ▁ ▁The ▁seven ▁daughters ▁of ▁the ▁J ade ▁Emperor ▁travel ▁to ▁the ▁mort al ▁world . ▁ ▁The ▁youngest ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁fair y ▁maid ens ▁was ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁her ▁lost ▁ ▁we aving ▁equipment ▁and ▁her ▁" co at ▁of ▁fe athers ," ▁without ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁fly . ▁Another ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁states ▁that ▁the ▁seventh ▁fair y ' s ▁fe ather ▁coat ▁was ▁actually ▁stolen ▁by ▁a ▁mort al ▁named ▁D ong ▁Y ong , ▁advised ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁cattle ▁who ▁happened ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁ex iled ▁fair y ▁as ▁well ▁and ▁disgu ised ▁as ▁a ▁normal , ▁aged ▁bull . ▁During ▁the ▁stay , ▁the ▁maid en ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁D ong ▁Y ong . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁poor ▁worker ▁who ▁had ▁sold ▁himself ▁into ▁serv itude ▁to
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▁pay ▁for ▁his ▁father ' s ▁funeral . ▁With ▁help ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁fair ies , ▁the ▁seventh ▁fair y ▁managed ▁to ▁we ave ▁ten ▁pieces ▁of ▁bro c ade ▁for ▁D ong ▁Y ong ▁to ▁pay ▁off ▁his ▁debt , ▁short ening ▁his ▁indent ure ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 ▁days . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁couple ▁can ▁begin ▁their ▁life ▁together , ▁the ▁J ade ▁Emperor ▁orders ▁his ▁daughters ▁to ▁return ▁home . ▁However , ▁he ▁is ▁kind ▁enough ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁couple ▁to ▁reun ite ▁once ▁a ▁year ▁on ▁the ▁ 七 <0xE5> <0xA4> <0x95> ▁( the ▁ 7 th ▁Even ing ) ▁-- ▁later ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁traditional ▁Chinese ▁Q ix i ▁Festival ▁-- ▁by ▁crossing ▁the ▁Mil ky ▁Way . ▁ ▁In ▁memory ▁of ▁this ▁story , ▁ancient ▁Chinese ▁ast rolog ers ▁named ▁two ▁prominent ▁stars ▁that ▁stand ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁from ▁each ▁other ▁ 牛 郎 , ▁" cow her d ▁man ," ▁and ▁ <0xE7> <0xB9> <0x94> 女 , ▁" we aving ▁girl ." ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁stars ▁Alt air ▁in ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁Aqu ila ▁and ▁V ega ▁in ▁Ly ra . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁D ong ▁Y ong ▁( <0xE8> <0x91> <0xA3> 永 ) ▁The ▁S event h ▁Fair y ▁( 七 仙 女 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁The ▁We aver ▁Girl ▁and ▁the ▁Cow her d ▁ ▁I car us ▁ ▁Tan ab ata ▁ ▁The ▁T ale ▁of ▁the ▁B amb oo ▁C utter ▁( <0xE8> <0xBC> <0x9D> 夜 <0xE5>
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<0xA7> <0xAC> ) ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁S event h ▁Fair y ▁a ▁re interpret ation ▁of ▁the ▁myth ▁made ▁by ▁Ang elo ▁Par atic o ▁in ▁a ▁book ▁published ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁by ▁L asc ar ▁Publishing . ▁ ▁The ▁Fair y ▁and ▁the ▁Wood cut ter ▁and ▁J aka ▁Tar ub ▁and ▁the ▁Seven ▁A ps ar as , ▁respectively ▁a ▁Korean ▁and ▁an ▁Indones ian ▁fol kt ale ▁similar ▁to ▁T ian ▁X ian ▁Pe i . ▁ ▁P ern ik ahan ▁N aw ang si h ▁ ▁Ay ashi ▁no ▁C eres ▁ ▁Ad apt ations ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁has ▁been ▁performed ▁numerous ▁times ▁in ▁P eking ▁opera , ▁Cant ones e ▁opera ▁and ▁other ▁Chinese ▁oper as . ▁ ▁Films ▁ ▁Television ▁series ▁ ▁Category : T ian ▁X ian ▁Pe i ▁Category : Love ▁stories <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Polish ▁Philosoph ical ▁Society ▁is ▁a ▁scientific ▁society ▁based ▁in ▁Poland , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁in ▁L w ów , ▁whose ▁stat ut ory ▁goal ▁is ▁to ▁practice ▁and ▁promote ▁philosophy , ▁especially ▁on th ology , ▁theory ▁of ▁knowledge , ▁logic , ▁method ology , ▁eth ics , ▁history ▁of ▁philosophy ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁social ▁science . ▁ ▁The ▁Society ▁has ▁ 1 2 ▁branches ▁( C z ę st och owa , ▁G da ńsk , ▁Kat ow ice , ▁Kr ak ów , ▁Lub lin , ▁Ł ód ź , ▁O ls z ty n
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, ▁Poz na ń , ▁Sz cz ec in , ▁Tor u ń , ▁Wars z awa , ▁W roc ław , ▁Z iel ona ▁G ó ra ) ▁and ▁over ▁▁ 8 0 0 ▁members . ▁It ▁pub l ishes ▁the ▁quarter ly ▁R uch ▁Fil oz of icz ny . ▁ ▁The ▁Polish ▁Philosoph ical ▁Society ▁( PT F ) ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Federation ▁of ▁Philosoph ical ▁Soc ieties . ▁The ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁is ▁in ▁Wars aw . ▁The ▁current ▁chairman ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁is ▁W ład ys ław ▁Str ó ż ew ski . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Polish ▁Philosoph ical ▁Society ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : Phil osoph ical ▁societies ▁Category : L ear ned ▁societies ▁of ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁L obe ck ▁is ▁the ▁surn ame ▁of : ▁ ▁Christian ▁L obe ck ▁( 1 7 8 1 - 1 8 6 0 ), ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁classical ▁scholar ▁Charles ▁O . ▁L obe ck ▁( 1 8 5 2 - 1 9 2 0 ), ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Neb r aska <0x0A> </s> ▁Gal ou bet ▁A ▁( 1 9 7 2 – 2 0 0 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁horse ▁r idden ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁r ider ▁G illes - Ber tr an ▁de ▁Ball anda , ▁in ▁International ▁show ▁jumping ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁s ire ▁of ▁show ▁jump ers . ▁He ▁stood ▁ 1 7 . 0 ▁h h ▁( 1 7 3
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cm ). ▁ ▁Gal ou bet ▁was ▁by ▁the ▁great ▁s ire ▁Al mé ▁out ▁of ▁V iti ▁a ▁tro t ter ▁mare . ▁He ▁was ▁retired ▁to ▁stud ▁at ▁ 1 0 ▁y . o . ▁and ▁has ▁since ▁s ired ▁many ▁top ▁perform ers . ▁Gal ou bet ▁ranked ▁third ▁on ▁the ▁W BF SH ▁stand ings ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 0 / 2 0 0 1 , ▁largely ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁his ▁son ▁Bal ou bet ▁du ▁Rou et ▁who ▁won ▁three ▁World ▁Cup ▁Final ' s ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁( H els ink i ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Got hen burg ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁team ▁bronze ▁at ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Gal ou bet ▁was ▁the ▁Grand ▁S ire ▁of ▁World ▁Champion ▁- ▁Lis cal got ▁( I re ) ▁at ▁World ▁E quest rian ▁Games ▁in ▁J ere z , ▁Spain ▁through ▁his ▁son ▁Touch down . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁his ▁son ▁Bal ou bet ▁du ▁Rou et ▁won ▁the ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁at ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Olympics ▁in ▁At hens ▁ ▁Also ▁' G al ou bet ▁A ▁has ▁another ▁well ▁known ▁son , ▁Touch down , ▁dam ▁Lady ▁Will power . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Touch down ▁was ▁the ▁highest ▁placed ▁Irish ▁show ▁j umper
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▁at ▁the ▁Barcelona ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁A chie ve ments ▁▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Won ▁W ies b aden ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁( at ▁ 7 ▁y . o .) ▁▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁ 1 5 th ▁European ▁Championships ▁ ▁Champion ▁of ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Win ning ▁Nations ▁Cup s ▁Te ams ▁- ▁in ▁A achen , ▁Ch au def ont aine , ▁Long ch amp ▁and ▁Toronto . ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁ 8 th ▁World ▁Cup ▁Final ▁in ▁Baltimore , ▁U . S . A . ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁ 8 th ▁Altern ative ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁in ▁Rot ter dam . ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 / 8 1 ▁W inner ▁of ▁the ▁FE I ▁World ▁Cup ▁J ump ing ▁League ▁( W estern ▁Europe ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁Won ▁three ▁World ▁Cup ▁qual ifiers ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁at ▁Ant werp , ▁s ’ H ert ogen b os ch ▁and ▁Dort mund . ▁▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Team ▁Gold ▁Show ▁J ump ing ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Dublin . ▁▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁ 5 th ▁Individual , ▁at ▁the ▁Show ▁J ump ing ▁World ▁Championships ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Gal ou bet ▁A ▁ped ig ree ▁ ▁Photo ▁of ▁Gal ou bet ▁A ▁ ▁Category : Show ▁jumping ▁horses ▁Category : S port ▁horse ▁si res ▁Category : 1
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9 7 2 ▁animal ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁animal ▁deaths ▁Category : Ind ivid ual ▁male ▁horses <0x0A> </s> ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁King ▁ ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁of ▁France , ▁who ▁re igned ▁ 1 6 4 3 – 1 7 1 5 ▁Style ▁ ▁Style ▁Louis ▁XIV , ▁of ▁architecture ▁or ▁design ▁▁ ▁Art , ▁entertainment , ▁and ▁media ▁ ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁( album ), ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁release ▁by ▁the ▁band ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁ ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁( band ), ▁rock ▁band ▁from ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California ; ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁( board ▁game ), ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁game ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Louis ▁Qu ator ze ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Bed ari , ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁Ur du ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁film , ▁was ▁a ▁classic ▁melod ious ▁film ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 6 . This ▁film ▁had ▁an ▁identical ▁plot ▁and ▁the ▁songs ▁like ▁Indian ▁film ▁Jag rit i ▁( 1 9 5 4 ), ▁with ▁replacement ▁of ▁some ▁words , ▁and ▁music ▁were ▁taken ▁directly ▁from ▁Jag rit i ▁as ▁well . ▁R attan ▁Kum ar ▁( Sy ed ▁Naz ir ▁Ali ), ▁who ▁had ▁moved ▁to ▁Pakistan ▁with ▁his ▁family , ▁acted ▁in ▁Bed ari ▁also . ▁When ▁' B ed ari ' ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁it ▁too ▁made ▁fab ulous ▁business ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁few ▁weeks ▁of
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▁exhibition . ▁However , ▁it ▁dawn ed ▁upon ▁the ▁Pak ist ani ▁cin em ago ers ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁watching ▁a ▁pl ag iar ized ▁film . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁mass ▁up ro ar ▁that ▁caused ▁public ▁demonstr ations ▁against ▁exhibition ▁of ▁the ▁pl ag iar ized ▁film . ▁The ▁C ensor ▁Board ▁of ▁Pakistan ▁immediately ▁put ▁a ▁ban ▁on ▁this ▁film . ▁ ▁Music ▁The ▁music ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁F ate h ▁Ali ▁Khan . ▁The ▁songs ▁were ▁written ▁by ▁F ay y az ▁Hash mi , ▁and ▁sung ▁by ▁Mun aw war ▁S ult ana ▁and ▁Sale em ▁R aza . ▁A ▁song ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁straight ▁lift ▁of ▁the ▁' De ▁Di ▁H ume in ▁A za adi ' ▁tune . ▁Start ling ly , ▁it ▁was ▁titled ▁A ye ▁Qu aid - e - Az am ▁T era ▁E h sa an . ▁The ▁lines ▁' De ▁di ▁hum e in ▁a za adi ▁b ina ▁k had ag ▁b ina ▁d hal / ▁Sab arm ati ▁ke ▁s ant ▁tu ▁ne ▁kar ▁di ya ▁k ama al ' ▁had ▁been ▁changed ▁to ▁' De ▁di ▁hum e in ▁a za adi ▁ki ▁d uni ya ▁h uy i ▁hair a an / ▁A ye ▁Qu aid - e - Az am ▁t era ▁e h sa an ▁h ai ▁e h sa an '. ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁a ▁song ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁Indian ▁Father ▁of ▁the ▁Nation ▁had ▁been ▁trans posed ▁to ▁e ul
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og ize ▁his ▁Pak ist ani ▁counter part . ▁▁▁ ▁, ▁by ▁Mun aw war ▁S ult ana ▁ ▁, ▁by ▁Sale em ▁R aza ▁ ▁, ▁by ▁Sale em ▁R aza ▁▁▁ ▁High light ▁of ▁this ▁film ▁was ▁its ▁popular ▁film ▁songs ▁and ▁music . ▁F ate h ▁Ali ▁Khan ▁was ▁the ▁fore most ▁sit ar - player ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁and ▁composed ▁the ▁music ▁of ▁this ▁film . ▁Bed ari ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁debut ▁film ▁of ▁now ▁renown ed ▁Pak ist ani ▁actor ▁Q azi ▁W aj id ▁who , ▁as ▁a ▁teen age ▁student , ▁played ▁a ▁very ▁funny ▁role ▁of ▁a ▁student ▁with ▁a ▁stam mer ▁disorder . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : U r du - language ▁films ▁Category : P ak ist ani ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁R abb itt own ▁or ▁Rab bit ▁Town ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁R abb itt own , ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Rab bit ▁Town , ▁Kentucky ▁R abb itt own , ▁a ▁Canadian ▁television ▁comedy ▁special ▁which ▁a ired ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁A loe ides ▁kap l ani , ▁the ▁Kap lan ' s ▁copper , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁butter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ly ca en idae . ▁It ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁South ▁Africa , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁Western ▁Cape . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁and ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁The
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▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 2 8 – 3 2 mm ▁for ▁males ▁and ▁ 3 0 – 4 0 mm ▁females . ▁Adult s ▁are ▁on ▁wing ▁from ▁September ▁to ▁December , ▁with ▁a ▁peak ▁in ▁October . ▁There ▁is ▁one ▁generation ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : A loe ides ▁Category : But ter fl ies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Category : End emic ▁butter fl ies ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Ott awa ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁south western ▁Iv ory ▁Coast . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁sub - pref ect ure ▁of ▁Ok rou yo , ▁Sou br é ▁Department , ▁N awa ▁Region , ▁Bas - S ass andra ▁District . ▁ ▁Ott awa ▁was ▁a ▁commune ▁until ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 1 2 6 ▁communes ▁nation wide ▁that ▁were ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁communes ▁of ▁Iv ory ▁Coast ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Bas - S ass andra ▁District ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁N awa ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁Am id ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁ Ā m ī d ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Dar band ▁R ural ▁District , ▁J ol ge h ▁S ank h v ast ▁District , ▁J aj rom ▁County , ▁North ▁K hor as an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0
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0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁existence ▁was ▁noted , ▁but ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁not ▁reported . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁J aj rom ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Family ▁Allow ances ▁Act ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁( 8 ▁& ▁ 9 ▁Ge o . ▁VI ▁c . ▁ 4 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Act ▁of ▁Parliament ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁En act ed ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁when ▁a ▁care t aker ▁Conservative ▁government ▁was ▁in ▁power , ▁it ▁came ▁into ▁operation ▁from ▁August ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁law ▁to ▁provide ▁child ▁benefit ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁▁ ▁Family ▁allow ances ▁had ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁items ▁proposed ▁by ▁the ▁Bever idge ▁Report ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁The ▁Labour ▁Party ▁briefly ▁deb ated ▁pressing ▁for ▁allow ances ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁but ▁a ▁party ▁conference ▁resolution ▁to ▁this ▁end ▁was ▁opposed ▁by ▁the ▁tr ades ▁un ions ▁for ▁fear ▁that ▁the ▁amount ▁paid ▁would ▁be ▁taken ▁into ▁account ▁in ▁wage ▁negotiations , ▁leaving ▁workers ▁no ▁better ▁off . ▁ ▁As ▁passed , ▁the ▁Act ▁empower ed ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁National ▁Insurance ▁to ▁pay ▁an ▁allow ance ▁of ▁five ▁sh ill ings ▁per ▁week ▁for ▁each ▁child ▁in ▁a ▁family ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁el dest ; ▁later ▁Act s ▁increased ▁this ▁sum . ▁It ▁was ▁pay able ▁whilst ▁the ▁child ▁was ▁of ▁school ▁age , ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁age
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▁of ▁eighteen , ▁if ▁app rent iced ▁or ▁in ▁full - time ▁school ▁education . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Child ▁benefits ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Whit aker ' s ▁Al man ack : ▁for ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁p . 1 1 2 7 . ▁J . ▁Whit aker ▁& ▁S ons , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁Chron ological ▁Table ▁of ▁the ▁Stat utes ▁ 1 2 5 3 - 1 9 9 1 . ▁H MS O , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁E manuel ▁Sh in well , ▁The ▁Labour ▁Story , ▁p . 1 6 7 . ▁Mac don ald , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Act s ▁of ▁Parliament ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁Category : S ocial ▁security ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh ang f eng ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Yang ce ▁( ), ▁Bi y ang ▁County , ▁Z hum ad ian , ▁Hen an ▁province , ▁China ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Yang ce , ▁which ▁it ▁ge ograph ically ▁is ▁part ▁of . ▁It ▁has ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁residents , ▁and ▁is ▁surrounded ▁on ▁three ▁sides ▁by ▁mountains . ▁Loc als ▁primarily ▁rely ▁on ▁agriculture , ▁mainly ▁growing ▁wheat , ▁so y bean , ▁ses ame , ▁and ▁pe an uts . ▁C attle ▁and ▁go ats ▁are ▁also ▁raised ▁in ▁the ▁area
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