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id , ▁who ▁had ▁exp elled ▁Br ank ović ' s ▁father ▁from ▁his ▁lands ▁and ▁granted ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁to ▁L az are vi ć . ▁Although ▁L az are vi ć ▁aimed ▁to ▁indu ce ▁Emperor ▁John ▁VII ▁to ▁imprison ▁Br ank ović , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁certain ▁if ▁he ▁succeeded . ▁In ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁L az are vi ć ▁ordered ▁Br ank ović ▁imprison ed , ▁but ▁the ▁latter ▁spent ▁little ▁time ▁in ▁capt ivity , ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁freed ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁a ▁friend ▁in ▁September ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁Br ank ović ▁immediately ▁went ▁to ▁Sü le yman ▁ Ç ele bi , ▁whom ▁he ▁asked ▁for ▁troops ▁to ▁fight ▁L az are vi ć . ▁ ▁P rel ude ▁The ▁L az are vi ć – Br ank ović ▁conflict ▁became ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁who ▁read ied ▁for ▁war , ▁to ▁reg ain ▁the ▁power ▁they ▁had ▁once ▁w ield ed ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans . ▁A ▁Ser bian ▁conting ent ▁returning ▁home ▁from ▁Asia ▁Minor ▁was ▁abruptly ▁attacked ▁and ▁destroyed ▁near ▁Ed ir ne ▁on ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁commander . ▁It ▁became ▁clear ▁to ▁L az are vi ć ▁that ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁army ▁could ▁not ▁return ▁using ▁that ▁route . ▁Br ank ović ▁and ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁sought ▁to ▁prevent ▁L az are vi ć ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁V uk ▁from ▁returning ▁home . ▁Br ank ović ' s |
▁forces ▁were ▁joined ▁by ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁conting ent , ▁ordered ▁by ▁Sü le yman ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁local ▁roads ▁and ▁prevent ▁the ▁L az are vi ć ▁brother ' s ▁crossing , ▁which ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Br ank ović - cont rolled ▁territory ▁of ▁Kos ovo . ▁Still ▁m istr ust ful ▁of ▁Br ank ović ' s ▁intentions , ▁Sü le yman ▁sent ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁command ers ▁to ▁monitor ▁Br ank ović , ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁truly ▁loyal . ▁The ▁L az are vi ć ▁brothers ▁and ▁a ▁det achment ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 6 0 ▁men ▁left ▁Constant in ople ▁and ▁emb ark ed ▁for ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Z eta ▁by ▁ship . ▁Before ▁landing ▁in ▁Z eta , ▁L az are vi ć ▁had ▁become ▁aware ▁of ▁Br ank ović ' s ▁plans ; ▁the ▁brothers ▁prepared ▁for ▁battle . ▁They ▁met ▁with ▁their ▁brother - in - law ▁ Đ ura đ ▁II ▁Bal š ić , ▁who ▁supported ▁them ▁milit arily , ▁and ▁had ▁their ▁mother ▁Mil ica ▁raise ▁an ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁Des pot ate . ▁L az are vi ć ' s ▁army ▁made ▁its ▁way ▁in land ▁in ▁late ▁October ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁on ▁det our ing ▁roads ▁towards ▁the ▁Ž ič a ▁monaster y . ▁Br ank ović ' s ▁forces ▁and ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁conting ent ▁gathered ▁near ▁the ▁Gra č an ica ▁Mon aster y . ▁ ▁Battle ▁ ▁The |
▁two ▁sides ▁cl ashed ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁at ▁Tri pol je , ▁near ▁the ▁Gra č an ica ▁Mon aster y . ▁The ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁the ▁P resentation ▁of ▁Mary . ▁L az are vi ć ▁divided ▁his ▁army ▁into ▁two ▁groups . ▁Constant ine ▁of ▁K osten ets , ▁L az are vi ć ' s ▁bi ographer ▁( ca . ▁ 1 4 3 1 ), ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁army ▁was ▁divided ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁brothers , ▁in ▁case ▁one ▁fell ▁the ▁other ▁would ▁be ▁saved ▁and ▁stay ▁a ▁" good ▁she pher d ▁of ▁the ▁fl ock ". ▁L az are vi ć ▁assigned ▁the ▁larger ▁group ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁V uk , ▁while ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁smaller ▁group . ▁It ▁is ▁unknown ▁whether ▁the ▁army ▁that ▁Bal š ić ▁contributed ▁as ▁security ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁battle . ▁Br ank ović ▁enjoyed ▁significant ▁Ott oman ▁support . ▁ ▁While ▁L az are vi ć ▁engaged ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁V uk ▁engaged ▁Br ank ović ' s ▁forces . ▁Upon ▁seeing ▁L az are vi ć ' s ▁bra very ▁on ▁the ▁battle field , ▁it ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁many ▁Ott oman ▁soldiers ▁felt ▁like ▁retreat ing . ▁L az are vi ć ▁had ▁been ▁fam ed ▁for ▁his ▁bra very ▁at ▁the ▁earlier ▁battles ▁of ▁Nic opol is ▁and ▁An k ara . ▁Among ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁v ass als ▁were ▁k esar ▁U |
gl je š a ▁V lat kov ić ▁and ▁his ▁troops . ▁V lat kov ić ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁div ul ged ▁the ▁Ott om ans ' ▁battle ▁plans , ▁and ▁perhaps ▁even ▁turned ▁on ▁them ▁during ▁the ▁battle , ▁thereby ▁contributing ▁to ▁its ▁outcome ▁in ▁L az are vi ć ' s ▁favor . ▁Or b ini ▁claims ▁that ▁V lat kov ić ▁discour aged ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁by ▁telling ▁them ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁with stand ▁the ▁first ▁rush . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Or b ini , ▁L az are vi ć ▁" ch ased ▁Tur ks ▁by ▁the ▁bunch ". ▁Meanwhile , ▁Br ank ović ▁inf lict ed ▁great ▁damage ▁on ▁V uk ' s ▁forces . ▁As ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁resist ▁Br ank ović ' s ▁pressure , ▁it ▁was ▁L az are vi ć ▁who ▁decided ▁the ▁battle . ▁Ult imately , ▁Br ank ović ▁and ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁were ▁decis ively ▁defeated . ▁ ▁Constant ine ▁of ▁K osten ets ▁wrote ▁how ▁L az are vi ć ▁" blo od ied ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁of ▁his " ▁in ▁battle . ▁Or b ini ▁wrote ▁that ▁L az are vi ć ▁won ▁the ▁battle ▁" more ▁with ▁strategy ▁than ▁the ▁courage ▁of ▁his ▁soldiers ". ▁After ▁the ▁battle , ▁the ▁L az are vi ć ▁brothers ▁withd rew ▁to ▁the ▁fort ified ▁city ▁of ▁Nov o ▁Br do . ▁ ▁After math ▁L az are vi ć ▁managed ▁to ▁take ▁power |
▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁bol st ered ▁by ▁the ▁reputation ▁and ▁work ▁of ▁his ▁mother ▁Mil ica , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁polit ically ▁active . ▁The ▁L az are vi ć – Br ank ović ▁conflict ▁continued . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁R ag usa ▁expressed ▁great ▁regret ▁regarding ▁the ▁conflicts ▁in ▁Ser bia . ▁S ultan ▁Bay ez id ▁died ▁in ▁T atar ▁capt ivity ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 4 0 3 , ▁which ▁ign ited ▁a ▁war ▁between ▁his ▁four ▁sons . ▁There ▁are ▁accounts ▁that ▁L az are vi ć ▁and ▁Sü le yman ▁agreed ▁to ▁a ▁tr uce ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁battle . ▁Through ▁the ▁Gall ip oli ▁treat y ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 4 0 3 , ▁Sü le yman ▁promised ▁not ▁to ▁inter f ere ▁in ▁Ser bia , ▁on ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁L az are vi ć ▁accept ▁his ▁obligations ▁towards ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire , ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁effect ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁An k ara , ▁and ▁consisted ▁primarily ▁of ▁t ribute ▁and ▁military ▁support . ▁L az are vi ć ▁re ne ged ▁on ▁his ▁previous ▁obligations ▁and ▁continued ▁fighting ▁Br ank ović ▁and ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁ ▁Around ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁L az are vi ć ▁brothers ▁had ▁a ▁falling - out . ▁The ▁r ift ▁apparently ▁stem med ▁from ▁V uk ' s ▁perception ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁not ▁emerged ▁from ▁the ▁battle ▁as ▁a ▁vict or . ▁L az are |
vi ć ▁complained ▁about ▁the ▁casual ties ▁under ▁V uk ' s ▁command ▁and ▁wanted ▁him ▁to ▁train ▁in ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁war . ▁L az are vi ć ▁took ▁to ▁instruct ing ▁his ▁brother ▁in ▁military ▁matters , ▁but ▁V uk ▁felt ▁slight ed ▁after ▁L az are vi ć ▁said ▁" some ▁hard ▁words " ▁during ▁instructions . ▁Fe eling ▁hurt , ▁with ▁a ▁gap ▁between ▁them , ▁V uk ▁" wait ed ▁some ▁time , ▁and ▁finding ▁the ▁right ▁time " ▁ran ▁off ▁to ▁Sü le yman ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 4 0 3 . ▁K ali ć ▁believes ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁disag reement ▁on ▁the ▁division ▁of ▁lands , ▁while ▁Bl ago jev ić ▁believes ▁that ▁L az are vi ć ' s ▁continued ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁the ▁tr uce ▁played ▁a ▁role . ▁V uk ▁thus ▁decided ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁enter ▁the ▁ranks ▁of ▁Sü le yman ▁ Ç ele bi . ▁▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁retain ▁his ▁independence ▁from ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁who ▁were ▁closing ▁in ▁from ▁the ▁south , ▁L az are vi ć ▁turned ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁counted ▁on ▁milit arily . ▁After ▁becoming ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁v ass al ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 3 , ▁L az are vi ć ▁was ▁offered ▁peace ▁by ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁on ▁his ▁terms , ▁and ▁the ▁Des pot ate ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁a ▁subject |
▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁V uk ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Des pot ate ▁shortly ▁there after ▁and ▁the ▁brothers ▁ruled ▁in ▁accord . ▁The ▁Ott oman – Ser bian ▁peace , ▁Hung arian – Ser bian ▁alliance , ▁Hung arian ▁c eding ▁of ▁large ▁territor ies ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁to ▁the ▁Des pot ate , ▁and ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁V lat kov ić ' s ▁province ▁to ▁L az are vi ć ' s ▁domain , ▁resulted ▁in ▁L az are vi ć ▁expanding ▁his ▁claims ▁on ▁all ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁lands . ▁ ▁An notations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Tri pol je ▁Category : 1 4 0 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 5 th ▁century ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁Category : B att les ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman – Ser bian ▁Wars ▁Tri pol je ▁Tri pol je ▁Tri pol je ▁Category : G ra č an ica , ▁Kos ovo ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Kos ovo ▁Category : Ser bian ▁Des pot ate <0x0A> </s> ▁Emer gency ▁Hospital ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁American ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Lee ▁Sh ole m ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Don ▁Martin . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Walter ▁Reed , ▁Margaret ▁Lind say , ▁John ▁Ar cher , ▁By ron ▁Pal mer , ▁R ita ▁Johnson ▁and ▁Peg ▁La ▁Cent ra . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁by ▁United ▁Art ists . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Cast ▁ |
▁Walter ▁Reed ▁as ▁Police ▁S gt . ▁Paul ▁Arnold ▁Margaret ▁Lind say ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Jan et ▁Care y ▁John ▁Ar cher ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Her b ▁Ell is ▁By ron ▁Pal mer ▁as ▁Ben ▁Cal d well ▁R ita ▁Johnson ▁as ▁Head ▁Nur se ▁Norm a ▁Mull in ▁Peg ▁La ▁Cent ra ▁as ▁Nur se ▁Fran ▁Rich ards ▁Robert ▁Ke ys ▁as ▁Police ▁Officer ▁Mike ▁F la her ty ▁Rh odes ▁Re ason ▁as ▁Ju ven ile ▁Officer ▁Ross ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Un ited ▁Art ists ▁films ▁Category : American ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Lee ▁Sh ole m ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Paul ▁Dun lap <0x0A> </s> ▁Maur icio ▁Rodr í gue z ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Maur icio ▁Al onso ▁Rodr í gue z , ▁Salvador an ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁manager ▁Maur icio ▁Rodr igue z ▁An za , ▁Mexican ▁architect ▁and ▁designer ▁Maur icio ▁Rodr igue z , ▁vocal ist ▁and ▁front man ▁of ▁Maur icio ▁& ▁Pal ode ag ua ▁Maur icio ▁Rodr í gue z ▁( com poser ), ▁Mexican ▁musician . ▁Maur icio ▁Rodr í gue z ▁( ath lete ), ▁Venez uel an ▁disc us ▁throw er ▁Maur icio ▁Rodr í gue z ▁M ú ner a , ▁Colomb ian ▁journalist ▁and ▁amb assador . ▁Maur |
icio ▁Rodr í gue z ▁( polit ician ), ▁Venez uel an ▁Minister ▁of ▁Communications ▁and ▁Information <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele commun ications ▁and ▁Digital ▁In frastr uct ures ▁is ▁senior ▁minister ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Department ▁of ▁Economic ▁Affairs ▁and ▁Digital ▁Trans formation . ▁ ▁The ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele commun ications ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁promotion , ▁regulation ▁and ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁tele commun ications ▁sector , ▁aud iov is ual ▁services ▁and ▁the ▁Information ▁Society , ▁the ▁dialogue ▁with ▁the ▁professional , ▁industrial ▁and ▁academic ▁sectors ▁and ▁the ▁coord ination ▁or ▁cooperation ▁between ▁different ▁minist ries ▁and ▁with ▁other ▁public ▁administr ations ▁regarding ▁these ▁matters . ▁ ▁The ▁Secret ari at ▁of ▁State ▁is ▁divided ▁in ▁five ▁departments , ▁one ▁with ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Director ate - General ▁and ▁four ▁with ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Deputy ▁Director ate - General . ▁The ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele commun ications ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁maximum ▁responsible ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁Red . es , ▁a ▁public ▁company ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁programs ▁to ▁boost ▁the ▁digital ▁economy , ▁innovation , ▁entrepreneur ship , ▁training ▁for ▁young ▁people ▁and ▁professionals ▁and ▁support ▁for ▁S ME s ▁by ▁promoting ▁the ▁efficient ▁and ▁int ensive ▁use ▁of ▁Information ▁and ▁Commun ication ▁Techn ologies . ▁ ▁History ▁Since ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁democracy ▁to ▁Spain , ▁becoming ▁an ▁advanced ▁country ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁goals ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁democratic ▁governments ▁and ▁that ▁means ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁good ▁network ▁of ▁communications . ▁ |
▁The ▁importance ▁was ▁such ▁that ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁a ▁year ▁before ▁the ▁Constitution ▁was ▁approved , ▁a ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Communications ▁was ▁created . ▁This ▁Ministry ▁assumed ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁compet ences ▁that ▁the ▁current ▁Secret ari at ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Communications ▁has ▁and ▁the ▁org ans ▁of ▁this ▁ministry ▁dedicated ▁to ▁tele com s ▁had ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Director ate - General . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁fast ▁growing ▁of ▁the ▁communications ▁systems ▁and ▁media , ▁the ▁department ▁dedicated ▁to ▁tele com s ▁in ▁this ▁Ministry ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁General ▁Secret ari at ▁and ▁was ▁divided ▁in ▁three ▁departments : ▁for ▁mail , ▁for ▁tele com s ▁and ▁for ▁communications ▁inf ra est ruct ure . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁the ▁Ministry ▁was ▁fusion ated ▁with ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Development ▁but ▁maintain ▁the ▁communications ▁department ▁intact . ▁ ▁It ▁wasn ' t ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁when ▁the ▁department ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁Secret ari at ▁of ▁State ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁department ▁is ▁officially ▁created . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁received ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Secret ari at ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele commun ications ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁Information ▁Society ▁and ▁depend ed ▁from ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Science ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Industry ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁its ▁renov ation ▁in |
▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁a ▁new ▁government ▁re est ruct uration ▁created ▁a ▁new ▁ministry ▁with ▁compet ences ▁over ▁Energy , ▁Tour ism ▁and ▁Communications , ▁being ▁called ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Energy , ▁Tour ism ▁and ▁Digital ▁Ag enda . ▁With ▁this ▁ministry , ▁the ▁Secret ari at ▁of ▁State ▁was ▁renamed ▁Secret ari at ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁the ▁Information ▁Society ▁and ▁Digital ▁Ag enda . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁prov oked ▁that ▁the ▁compet ences ▁over ▁tele commun ications ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Econom y ▁and ▁the ▁Secret ari at ▁of ▁State ▁was ▁renamed ▁Secret ari at ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Digital ▁Progress . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁Under ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁there ▁are ▁the ▁following ▁departments : ▁ ▁The ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Tele commun ications ▁and ▁Management ▁of ▁A udi ov is ual ▁Commun ication ▁Services . ▁ ▁The ▁Deputy ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Tele commun ications ▁Management . ▁ ▁The ▁Deputy ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Tele commun ications ▁and ▁Digital ▁In frastructure ▁Oper ators . ▁ ▁The ▁Deputy ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Planning ▁and ▁Management ▁of ▁the ▁Radio elect ric ▁Spect rum . ▁ ▁The ▁Deputy ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Tele commun ications ▁and ▁Digital ▁In frastructure ▁Ins pection . ▁ ▁The ▁Deputy ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁Customer ▁Service ▁of ▁Tele commun ications ▁and ▁Digital ▁Services . |
▁The ▁Deputy ▁Director ate - General ▁for ▁A udi ov is ual ▁Commun ication ▁Services ▁Management . ▁The ▁Provinc ial ▁Off ices ▁for ▁Tele commun ications ▁Ins pection . ▁ ▁The ▁Division ▁for ▁Economic ▁Program ming ▁and ▁H iring . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Secret aries ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Tele com s ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Spain ▁Category : Secret aries ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁Spain ▁Category : Tele commun ications ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁J ad w is in ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Ser ock , ▁within ▁Leg ion owo ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - cent ral ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Ser ock , ▁ ▁north - east ▁of ▁Leg ion owo , ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Wars aw . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁J ad w is in <0x0A> </s> ▁Vik ram ō r va ś ī y am ▁( , ▁meaning ▁U rv ashi ▁Won ▁by ▁Val our ) ▁is ▁a ▁five - act ▁S ansk rit ▁play ▁by ▁ancient ▁Indian ▁poet ▁Kal idas a ▁who ▁flour ished ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Century ▁CE , ▁on ▁the ▁V ed ic ▁love ▁story ▁of ▁king ▁Pur ur av as ▁and ▁an ▁A ps ara , ▁a ▁cel est ial ▁n ym ph ▁named ▁U rv ashi . ▁ ▁As ▁per ▁the |
▁tradition , ▁while ▁the ▁basic ▁plot ▁has ▁taken ▁elements ▁from ▁the ▁sources ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sam v ada ▁Su k ta ▁of ▁the ▁R ig ved a ▁( <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x8B> ग ् व े द ), ▁Mah ab har ata ▁and ▁others , ▁Kal idas a ▁has ▁made ▁significant ▁adapt ations ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁presentation ▁more ▁appealing ▁while ▁establishing ▁his ▁prow ess ▁as ▁a ▁play wright ▁( न ा ट क क ा र ). ▁ ▁Vik ram or v ash iy am ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁plays ▁written ▁by ▁Kal idas a , ▁the ▁first ▁being ▁M ā lav ik ā gn imit ram ▁( म ा ल व ि क ा ग ् न ि म ि त ् र म ् ) ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁being ▁the ▁celebrated ▁Ab h ij ñ ā na ś ā k unt al am ▁( अ भ ि ज ् <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x9E> ा न श ा क ु न ् त ल म ् ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁theory , ▁" V ik r ama " ▁in ▁the ▁title ▁all udes ▁to ▁Kal idas a ' s ▁patron ▁king ▁Vik ram ad ity a ; ▁however , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁for ▁this . ▁It ▁simply ▁means ▁" Val our ". ▁ ▁Origin ▁of ▁the ▁plot P and ya , ▁S . ▁M . ▁& ▁Shah , ▁U . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁The ▁S ources ▁of ▁the ▁Play ▁and ▁the ▁Changes ▁B rought ▁about ▁by ▁Kal |
idas a . ▁( Ed . s ) ▁Chapter - 3 , ▁Mah ak ak av ik al idas av ir ach it am ▁Vik ram or v ash iy am , ▁Sar as w ati ▁P ust ak ▁B hand ar , ▁Ah med abad . ▁p . ▁ 2 5 - 2 9 . ▁The ▁classical ▁theory ▁of ▁S ansk rit ▁drama , ▁known ▁as ▁Nat y ash as tra ▁( न ा ट ् य श ा स ् त ् र ) ▁makes ▁it ▁a ▁rule ▁that ▁the ▁plot ▁of ▁a ▁S ansk rit ▁drama ▁' must ▁be ▁famous ' ▁( न ा ट क ा : ▁ ख ् य ा त व <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> त ् त ा : ▁ स ् य ा त ् ). ▁According ly , ▁authors ▁of ▁S ansk rit ▁plays ▁use ▁the ▁stories ▁from ▁Pur anas , ▁V ed ic ▁texts ▁and ▁classic ▁ep ics , ▁namely ▁Mah ab har ata ▁and ▁Ram ay ana ▁for ▁developing ▁plays . ▁However , ▁the ▁core ▁objective ▁of ▁a ▁drama ▁is ▁entertainment ▁( म न ो र ं ज न ). ▁Since ▁everyone ▁is ▁familiar ▁with ▁the ▁basic ▁plot , ▁if ▁the ▁presentation ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁is ▁not ▁interesting ▁or ▁en chant ing ▁in ▁some ▁way , ▁people ▁would ▁be ▁bored . ▁Hence ▁there ▁is ▁emphasis ▁on ▁original ity ▁( म <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x8C> ल ि क त ा ) ▁of ▁the ▁play wright . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Vik ram or v |
ash iy am , ▁here ▁is ▁how ▁Kal idas a ▁has ▁adapted ▁the ▁original ▁subject : ▁ ▁R ig ved a ▁( <0xE0> <0xA4> <0x8B> ग ् व े द ): ▁In ▁the ▁ 9 5 th ▁section , ▁called ▁Su k ta ▁( स ू क ् त ) ▁of ▁the ▁t enth ▁cluster ▁( called ▁Mand ala / म ण ् ड <0xE0> <0xA4> <0xB3> ), ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁dialogue ▁between ▁Pur ur ava ▁and ▁U rv ashi . ▁Situ ation ▁suggests ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁left ▁the ▁king ▁after ▁living ▁for ▁four ▁years ▁with ▁him . ▁The ▁king ▁bes ee ches ▁her ▁to ▁return , ▁but ▁she ▁ref uses ▁( say ing , ▁" न ▁ व ै ▁ स ् त ् र ै ण ा न ि ▁ स न ् त ि ▁ श ा ल ा व <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> क ा न ा ं ▁ ह <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> द य ा न ् य े त ा :" ▁- ▁meaning , ▁the ▁hearts ▁of ▁women ▁ ▁are ▁not ▁like ▁those ▁of ▁jack als ). ▁The ▁story ▁ends ▁at ▁that . ▁ ▁Sh at ap ath a ▁Bra h man a ▁( श त प थ ▁ ब ् र ा ह ् म ण ): ▁Apparently ▁aimed ▁at ▁emphas izing ▁importance ▁of ▁a ▁Y ag ya , ▁Pur ur ava ▁was ▁attracted ▁to ▁U rv ashi ▁when ▁she ▁came ▁to ▁his ▁city . ▁She ▁agreed ▁with ▁a ▁condition , ▁but ▁when ▁the ▁king ▁could ▁not |
▁honor ▁it ▁because ▁of ▁manip ulation ▁by ▁Gand har va ▁people , ▁she ▁left ▁him . ▁Later , ▁moved ▁by ▁the ▁king ' s ▁pl ight ▁without ▁her , ▁she ▁agreed ▁to ▁return ▁once ▁every ▁year ▁to ▁him . ▁The ▁king ▁still ▁missed ▁her ▁a ▁lot , ▁so ▁now ▁convinced ▁of ▁his ▁love , ▁the ▁Gand har vas ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁Y ag ya , ▁due ▁to ▁which ▁Pur ur ava ▁att ained ▁Gand har va - hood ▁and ▁could ▁reun ite ▁with ▁U rv ashi ▁( P . ▁ 1 . 2 ). ▁ ▁Pur ana : ▁In ▁all , ▁V ish nu ▁Pur ana ▁( व ि ष ् ण ु ▁ प ु र ा ण ) ▁( 4 . 6 , ▁ 3 4 - 3 9 ), ▁Pad ma ▁Pur ana ▁( प द ् म ▁ प ु र ा ण ) ▁( S ris ht i ▁K hand a / स <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> ष ् ट ि ख ण ् ड ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 6 2 - 6 8 ), ▁M ats ya ▁Pur ana ▁( म त ् स ् य ▁ प ु र ा ण ) ▁( 2 4 , ▁ 1 0 - 3 2 ), ▁Mah ab har ata , ▁Bh ag av at ▁Pur ana ▁( भ ा ग व त ▁ प ु र ा ण ) ▁( 9 , ▁ 1 4 ) ▁and ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Gun ad h ya ▁in ▁B |
ri hat k ath a ▁are ▁the ▁sources ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ▁and ▁U rv ashi . ▁There ▁are ▁multiple ▁versions ▁of ▁these ▁stories ▁in ▁different ▁sources , ▁but ▁one ▁can ▁see ▁the ▁following ▁elements ▁in ▁this ▁pool : ▁ ▁( a ) ▁That ▁U rv ashi ▁desc ended ▁from ▁heaven ▁for ▁some ▁reason ▁and ▁met ▁Pur ur ava ; ▁( b ) ▁The ▁two ▁lived ▁together ▁under ▁some ▁condition ( s ) ▁for ▁some ▁time ; ▁( c ) ▁At ▁least ▁on ▁one ▁occasion ▁U rv ashi ▁had ▁to ▁part ▁from ▁the ▁king ▁under ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁bre ach , ▁for ▁which ▁she ▁changed ▁form ; ▁( d ) ▁U rv ashi ▁returned ▁to ▁her ▁form ▁and ▁got ▁reun ited ▁with ▁the ▁king , ▁but ▁there ▁came ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁she ▁had ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁heaven ▁to ▁serve ▁Ind ra ▁( e ) ▁The ▁two ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁together , ▁named ▁Ay ush ▁( आ य ु ष ). ▁ ▁Whether ▁they ▁lived ▁together ▁happily ▁ever ▁after ▁is ▁question able , ▁because ▁there ▁is ▁one ▁more ▁story ▁in ▁Mah ab har ata ▁in ▁which ▁Ar j una ▁( a ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ) ▁goes ▁to ▁heaven ▁and ▁meets ▁U rv ashi ▁there . ▁Hence , ▁by ▁in ference ▁she ▁and ▁Pur ur ava ▁lived ▁together ▁during ▁his ▁lifetime , ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁mort al . ▁ ▁Ad apt ations ▁by ▁Kal idas a P and ya , ▁S . ▁M . ▁& ▁Shah , |
▁U . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁The ▁S ources ▁of ▁the ▁Play ▁and ▁the ▁Changes ▁B rought ▁about ▁by ▁Kal idas a . ▁( Ed . s ) ▁Chapter - 3 , ▁Mah ak ak av ik al idas av ir ach it am ▁Vik ram or v ash iy am , ▁Sar as w ati ▁P ust ak ▁B hand ar , ▁Ah med abad . ▁p . ▁ 2 5 - 2 9 . ▁Ad apt ations ▁by ▁Kal idas a ▁add ▁novel ty ▁and ▁surprise ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁subject , ▁and ▁inf use ▁fresh ▁depth ▁and ▁perspective . ▁Here ▁is ▁how : ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁U rv ashi ▁was ▁ban ished ▁from ▁the ▁heaven , ▁but ▁how ▁she ▁got ▁that ▁punishment ▁is ▁Kal idas a ' s ▁own ▁imagination . ▁According ▁to ▁Vik ram or v ash iy am , ▁she ▁was ▁playing ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁L ak sh mi ▁in ▁a ▁play ▁directed ▁by ▁B har ata ▁M uni , ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁Ind ra . ▁In ▁the ▁scene ▁of ▁L ak sh mi ▁Sv ay am var a , ▁she ▁was ▁asked ▁who ▁she ▁had ▁given ▁her ▁heart ▁to . ▁U rv ashi , ▁sm itten ▁by ▁Pur ur ava ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁could ▁not ▁distinguish ▁between ▁her ▁role ▁and ▁her ▁self , ▁and ▁ended ▁up ▁saying ▁' P ur ur ava ' ▁instead ▁of ▁' P ur ush ott ama '. ▁This ▁lack ▁of ▁mind fulness ▁anger ed ▁B har ata |
▁M uni , ▁who ▁cur sed ▁her ▁to ▁fall ▁to ▁earth . ▁This ▁curse , ▁actually , ▁was ▁a ▁bo on ▁for ▁her . ▁Ind ra , ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁appreciation ▁for ▁her , ▁modified ▁the ▁curse ▁by ▁saying ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁return ▁from ▁earth ▁when ▁Pur ur ava ▁sees ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁their ▁son . ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁versions ▁suggest ▁that ▁U rv ashi ▁returned ▁to ▁heaven ▁the ▁moment ▁her ▁conditions ▁were ▁bre ached , ▁without ▁consideration ▁for ▁Pur ur ava ' s ▁repeated ▁requests ▁and ▁his ▁an gu ish ▁at ▁part ing . ▁However , ▁Kal idas a ▁adds ▁the ▁wonderful ▁element ▁of ▁S ang am ani ya ▁gem ▁( स ं ग म न ी य ▁ म ण ि ) ▁for ▁reun iting ▁U rv ashi ▁and ▁Pur ur ava ▁with ▁their ▁son ▁Ay ush , ▁and ▁then ▁adds ▁visit ▁by ▁Nar ada ▁carrying ▁the ▁message ▁from ▁Ind ra ▁that ▁since ▁Pur ur ava ▁is ▁a ▁valued ▁friend ▁of ▁his , ▁and ▁in ▁future ▁wars ▁with ▁dem ons ▁his ▁support ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁p iv otal , ▁U rv ashi ▁could ▁stay ▁with ▁him ▁until ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁days . ▁This ▁addition ▁of ▁Ind ra ' s ▁gesture ▁at ▁once ▁dep icts ▁U rv ashi ' s ▁hes itation ▁and ▁pain ▁to ▁leave , ▁desire ▁to ▁stay , ▁being ▁bound ▁by ▁the ▁curse ▁- ▁all ▁being ▁e ased ▁by ▁Ind ra ' s ▁favor . ▁ ▁( 3 ) ▁Forest ▁of ▁K art |
i key a ▁where ▁women ▁were ▁banned : ▁Again , ▁the ▁original ▁story ▁ment ions ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁were ▁sent ▁apart ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁curse , ▁but ▁Kal idas a ▁adds ▁the ▁imagination ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁two ▁went ▁to ▁Mount ▁Gand ham ad ana ▁( ग न ् ध म ा द न ▁ प र ् व त ) ▁after ▁their ▁marriage , ▁Pur ur ava ▁once ▁stared ▁at ▁a ▁young ▁Gand har va ▁girl ▁named ▁U day av ati , ▁who ▁was ▁playing ▁by ▁the ▁river . ▁En r aged ▁by ▁jealous y ▁or ▁dis ple asure , ▁U rv ashi ▁storm ed ▁out ▁of ▁that ▁place ▁- ▁and ▁went ▁straight ▁into ▁a ▁forest ▁which ▁was ▁prohib ited ▁for ▁women . ▁Thus ▁she ▁turned ▁into ▁a ▁vine . ▁Pur ur ava , ▁moved ▁to ▁extreme ▁sixth ▁stage ▁of ▁being ▁in ▁love , ▁tried ▁to ▁find ▁her ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁an ▁opportunity ▁Kal idas a ▁creates ▁to ▁add ▁narr ation ▁of ▁Nature , ▁and ▁conversation ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ▁with ▁various ▁elements ▁of ▁Nature , ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una . ▁Description ▁of ▁Nature ▁( प ् र क <0xE0> <0xA5> <0x83> त ि ▁ व र ् ण न ) ▁is ▁Kal idas a ' s ▁for te ▁and ▁the ▁met aph ors ▁he ▁uses ▁to ▁describe ▁his ▁beloved ▁are ▁wonderful . ▁ ▁( 4 ) ▁U rv ashi ' s ▁d ile mma : ▁Kal idas a ▁adds ▁complexity ▁confront ing ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁U rv ashi ▁by ▁introducing ▁the |
▁condition ▁that ▁when ▁Pur ur ava ▁sees ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁their ▁son , ▁U rv ashi ▁will ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁heaven . ▁In ▁Vik ram or v ash iy am , ▁U rv ashi ▁conce ives ▁and ▁del ivers ▁the ▁son ▁quickly ▁without ▁the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ▁who ▁never ▁saw ▁her ▁pregnant ▁( ex plan ation ▁is ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁cel est ial ▁being , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁different ▁patterns ▁of ▁carrying ▁children ). ▁Son ▁is ▁placed ▁under ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁Ch y avan ▁R ishi , ▁who ▁makes ▁sure ▁that ▁since ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁K sh atri ya , ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁taught ▁D han ur ved a ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁systems ▁of ▁knowledge , ▁but ▁he ▁will ▁ab ide ▁by ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁Ash ram . ▁The ▁day ▁Ay ush ▁breaks ▁the ▁code ▁of ▁non - vi olence ▁by ▁hunting ▁a ▁bird ▁who ▁carried ▁a ▁red ▁gem , ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁day ▁when ▁Pur ur ava ' s ▁cher ished ▁S ang am ani ya ▁Gem ▁is ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁a ▁bird ▁who ▁believed ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁red ▁meat . ▁Someone ▁brings ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁the ▁dead ▁bird ▁with ▁the ▁gem ▁and ▁the ▁arrow ▁that ▁hit ▁the ▁bird . ▁Ch y av ana ▁R ishi ▁sends ▁back ▁Ay ush ▁to ▁Pur ur ava ' s ▁court . ▁King ▁reads ▁the ▁in scription ▁on ▁the ▁arrow , ▁which ▁says ▁that ▁it ▁belonged ▁to ▁" A y ush , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁I la ' s |
▁son ▁( im ply ing ▁Pur ur ava ) ▁and ▁U rv ashi ". ▁U rv ashi ▁tells ▁the ▁whole ▁story ▁of ▁curse ▁to ▁Pur ur ava ▁who ▁is ▁very ▁happy ▁that ▁his ▁b ane ▁of ▁being ▁child less ▁is ▁removed , ▁who ▁appoint s ▁Ay ush ▁as ▁the ▁Prince ▁and ▁is ▁very ▁unhappy ▁that ▁U rv ashi ▁would ▁now ▁have ▁to ▁leave . ▁At ▁that ▁point ▁Nar ada ▁brings ▁the ▁happy ▁tid ings ▁and ▁the ▁play ▁ends . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Once ▁upon ▁a ▁time , ▁U rv ashi , ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁A ps ara , ▁was ▁returning ▁from ▁the ▁palace ▁of ▁K uber ▁on ▁mount ▁K ail as ▁leaving ▁her ▁son ▁R isy as ring a ▁with ▁V ib hand aka ▁r ishi ▁to ▁heaven . ▁She ▁was ▁with ▁Ch it rale k ha , ▁R amb ha ▁and ▁many ▁others , ▁but ▁the ▁demon ▁named ▁K esh in ▁ab du cted ▁U rv ashi ▁and ▁Ch it rale k ha ▁and ▁went ▁in ▁the ▁North - E ast ▁direction . ▁The ▁group ▁of ▁A ps ar as ▁started ▁screaming ▁for ▁help , ▁which ▁was ▁heard ▁by ▁the ▁king ▁Pur ur ava , ▁who ▁resc ued ▁the ▁two . ▁U rv ashi ▁and ▁Pur ur ava ▁fall ▁in ▁love ▁at ▁first ▁sight . ▁The ▁n ym ph s ▁were ▁immediately ▁summon ed ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁heaven . ▁▁▁ ▁King ▁tried ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁his ▁work , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁shake ▁off ▁the ▁pre occup ation ▁with ▁the ▁thoughts |
▁of ▁U rv ashi . ▁He ▁wondered ▁if ▁his ▁was ▁a ▁case ▁of ▁un requ ited ▁love . ▁U rv ashi , ▁who ▁had ▁gone ▁in ▁invisible ▁form ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁king , ▁wrote ▁a ▁message ▁on ▁a ▁b ir ch ▁leaf ▁instantly , ▁conform ing ▁her ▁love . ▁ ▁Unfortunately , ▁the ▁leaf ▁was ▁carried ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁wind ▁and ▁stopped ▁only ▁at ▁the ▁feet ▁of ▁the ▁queen ▁A ush in ari , ▁the ▁princess ▁of ▁K ashi ▁and ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Pur ur ava . ▁The ▁queen ▁was ▁en r aged ▁at ▁first , ▁but ▁later ▁declared ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁not ▁come ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁lovers . ▁Before ▁U rv ashi ▁and ▁Pur ur ava ▁could ▁talk , ▁U rv ashi ▁was ▁summon ed ▁again ▁to ▁the ▁heaven ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁a ▁play . ▁She ▁was ▁so ▁sm itten ▁that ▁she ▁missed ▁her ▁c ue ▁and ▁mis pr on ounced ▁her ▁lover ' s ▁name ▁during ▁the ▁performance ▁as ▁Pur ur ava ▁instead ▁of ▁Pur ush ott ama . ▁As ▁a ▁punishment , ▁U rv ashi ▁was ▁ban ished ▁from ▁heaven , ▁which ▁was ▁modified ▁by ▁Ind ra ▁as ▁until ▁the ▁moment ▁her ▁human ▁lover ▁laid ▁eyes ▁on ▁the ▁child ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁bear ▁him . ▁After ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁m ish aps , ▁including ▁U rv ashi ' s ▁temporary ▁transformation ▁into ▁a ▁vine , ▁the ▁curse ▁was ▁eventually ▁lifted , ▁and ▁the ▁lovers ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁remain ▁together ▁on ▁Earth ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁Pur ur ava ▁lived . |
▁ ▁Major ▁Act s ▁and ▁episodes ▁within ▁each ▁Act ▁ ▁Act - 1 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁Introduction ▁or ▁Pr ast av ana ▁( प ् र स ् त ा व न ा ) ▁( 1 ) ▁Pur ur ava ▁volunteers ▁to ▁rescue ▁U rv ashi ▁( <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA8> ) ▁Res c ue ▁of ▁U rv ashi ▁( 3 ) ▁Mount ▁Hem ak uta ▁ ▁( 4 ) ▁Episode ▁of ▁single - string ed ▁neck lace ▁ ▁Act - 2 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁P rel ude ▁or ▁Pr aves h aka ▁( प ् र व े श क ) ▁( 1 ) ▁Forest ▁Pr am ada ▁( 2 ) ▁Entry ▁of ▁U rv ashi ▁( 3 ) ▁Episode ▁of ▁Bh ur ja ▁Pat ra ▁ ▁Act - 3 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁Inter l ude / V ish k amb h aka ▁( व ि ष ् क ं भ क ) ▁( 1 ) ▁En unch ▁inv iting ▁Pur ur ava ▁to ▁Man i ▁Mah al aya ▁( म ण ि म ह ा ल य ) ▁( 2 ) ▁waiting ▁and ▁conversation ▁at ▁Man i ▁Mah al aya ▁( 3 ) ▁The ▁ritual ▁of ▁taking ▁a ▁v ow ▁of ▁ple asing ▁the ▁dear ▁one ▁- ▁Pri yan up ras ad ana ▁V r ata ▁( प ् र ि य ा न ु प ् र स ा द न ▁ व ् र त ) ▁by ▁A ush in ari ▁accompanied ▁by ▁ma ids ▁( 4 ) ▁conversation ▁involving |
▁Ch it rale k ha , ▁Pur ur ava , ▁V id ush aka / j ester ▁and ▁U rv ashi ▁and ▁her ▁rend ez v ous ▁with ▁the ▁king ▁ ▁Act - 4 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁P rel ude ▁or ▁Pr aves h aka ▁( 1 ) ▁episode ▁of ▁U day av ati ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁extreme ▁an gu ish ▁of ▁Pur ur ava ▁at ▁loss ▁of ▁U rv ashi ▁( 3 ) ▁episode ▁of ▁S ang am ani ya ▁gem ▁( 4 ) ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁kingdom ▁ ▁Act - 5 : ▁Starting ▁with ▁V id ush aka ▁announcement ▁( 1 ) ▁Bird ▁taking ▁the ▁gem ▁( <0xE0> <0xA5> <0xA8> ) ▁arrival ▁of ▁Ay ush , ▁about ▁whom ▁Pur ur ava ▁had ▁no ▁knowledge ▁( 3 ) ▁R evel ation ▁by ▁U rv ashi ▁of ▁her ▁cond itional ▁release ▁from ▁the ▁curse ▁( 4 ) ▁entry ▁of ▁Na ar ada ▁( न ा र द ) ▁( 5 ) ▁Happy ▁ending ▁ ▁Main ▁characters ▁King ▁Pur ur av as ▁- ▁son ▁of ▁I la ▁and ▁Bud ha ▁( who ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Ch andra ▁and ▁T ara ) ▁U rv ashi ▁- ▁the ▁cel est ial ▁n ym ph ▁A ush in ari ▁- ▁the ▁Queen ▁and ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Pur ur av as ▁( also ▁the ▁princess ▁of ▁K ashi ) ▁ ▁Support ing ▁Char acters ▁Ch it rale k ha ▁- ▁another ▁n ym ph ▁and ▁U rv ashi ' s ▁close ▁friend ▁N ip un ika |
▁- ▁the ▁chamber ma id ▁of ▁A ush in ari ▁V id ush aka ▁- ▁the ▁j ester ▁and ▁the ▁a ide ▁in ▁Pur ur ava ' s ▁personal ▁matters ▁and ▁romantic ▁pursuit ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁The ▁story ▁of ▁a ▁n ym ph ▁mar rying ▁a ▁noble - born ▁human ▁and ▁leaving ▁her ▁cel est ial ▁home ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁T amil ▁film ▁Man al ane ▁M ang ay in ▁Bh agy am . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁S ansk rit ▁literature ▁ ▁S ansk rit ▁drama ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁“ U r va ś ī ▁and ▁the ▁Sw an ▁M aid ens : ▁The ▁Run away ▁W ife .” ▁In ▁Search ▁of ▁the ▁Sw an ▁M aid en : ▁A ▁N arr ative ▁on ▁Fol kl ore ▁and ▁G ender , ▁by ▁Barbara ▁F ass ▁Le avy , ▁NY U ▁Press , ▁NEW ▁Y ORK ; ▁L ON D ON , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 3 3 – 6 3 . ▁J ST OR , ▁www . j st or . org / stable / j . ct t 9 q g 9 9 5 . 5 . ▁Access ed ▁ 2 3 ▁Apr . ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁Bak sh i , ▁Ram ▁V . ▁“ K AL ID AS A ' S ▁P LAY S : ▁R IT UAL S ▁OF ▁H UM AN ▁PER FE CTION .” ▁Journal ▁of ▁South ▁Asian ▁Liter ature |
, ▁vol . ▁ 1 0 , ▁no . ▁ 2 / 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁pp . ▁ 4 5 – 4 9 . ▁J ST OR , ▁www . j st or . org / stable / 4 0 8 7 1 9 3 0 . ▁Access ed ▁ 2 7 ▁Apr . ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁G aur , ▁R . ▁C . ▁“ The ▁Legend ▁of ▁Pur ū rav as ▁and ▁Ur va ś ī : ▁An ▁Inter pret ation .” ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁As i atic ▁Society ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland , ▁no . ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 1 4 2 – 1 5 2 . ▁J ST OR , ▁www . j st or . org / stable / 2 5 2 0 3 5 6 5 . ▁Access ed ▁ 2 7 ▁Apr . ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁Wright , ▁J . ▁C . ▁“ P ur ū rav as ▁and ▁Ur va ś ī .” ▁Bul let in ▁of ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Ori ental ▁and ▁African ▁Studies , ▁University ▁of ▁London , ▁vol . ▁ 3 0 , ▁no . ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁pp . ▁ 5 2 6 – 5 4 7 . ▁J ST OR , ▁www . j st or . org / stable / 6 1 2 3 8 6 . ▁Access ed ▁ 2 7 ▁Apr |
. ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Category : Work s ▁by ▁K ā l id ā sa ▁Category : S ansk rit ▁plays <0x0A> </s> ▁T ch ór zn ica ▁Sz l ache ck a ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Sab nie , ▁within ▁S oko ł ów ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - cent ral ▁Poland . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁S oko ł ów ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint ▁Elizabeth , ▁one ▁of ▁Jama ica ' s ▁largest ▁par ishes , ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁Corn wall . ▁Its ▁capital , ▁Black ▁River , ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁River , ▁the ▁wid est ▁on ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁History ▁Saint ▁Elizabeth ▁originally ▁included ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁south west ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁but ▁West more land ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Manchester . ▁The ▁resulting ▁areas ▁were ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁M ody ford , ▁the ▁first ▁English ▁Governor ▁of ▁Jama ica . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ar che ological ▁traces ▁of ▁Ta í no / A raw ak ▁existence ▁in ▁the ▁parish , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 7 th - century ▁colonial ▁Spanish ▁settlement s . ▁After ▁ 1 6 5 5 , ▁when ▁the |
▁English ▁settled ▁on ▁the ▁island , ▁they ▁concentrated ▁on ▁developing ▁large ▁sugar ▁can e ▁plant ations ▁with ▁en sl aved ▁African ▁workers . ▁Today , ▁buildings ▁with ▁' Span ish ▁wall ' ▁construction ▁( m ason ry ▁of ▁lim estone ▁sand ▁and ▁stone ▁between ▁wooden ▁frames ) ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁some ▁areas . ▁ ▁St ▁Elizabeth ▁became ▁a ▁prosper ous ▁parish , ▁and ▁Black ▁River ▁an ▁important ▁se ap ort . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁shipping ▁sugar ▁and ▁mol ass es , ▁Black ▁River ▁became ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁logging ▁trade . ▁Large ▁quantities ▁of ▁log wood ▁were ▁export ed ▁to ▁Europe ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁blue ▁d ye ▁very ▁like ▁Pr ussian ▁blue , ▁which ▁was ▁very ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁centuries . ▁ ▁St ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁parish ▁to ▁have ▁electric ▁power , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁in ▁a ▁house ▁called ▁Water lo o ▁in ▁Black ▁River ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁lat itude ▁ 1 8 ° 1 5 ' N , ▁and ▁long itude ▁ 7 7 ° 5 6 ' W ; ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Manchester , ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁West more land , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁St . ▁James ▁and ▁Tre la wn y . ▁It ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 2 1 2 . 4 km ² , ▁making ▁it ▁Jama ica ' s ▁second - larg est ▁parish , |
▁smaller ▁only ▁than ▁Saint ▁Ann ' s ▁ 1 2 1 2 . 6 km ². ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁elect oral ▁districts ▁( const itu encies ), ▁that ▁is ▁North - E ast , ▁North - West , ▁South - E ast ▁and ▁South - West . ▁ ▁The ▁northern ▁and ▁nort he astern ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁are ▁mountain ous . ▁There ▁are ▁three ▁mountain ▁ranges ▁— the ▁N ass au ▁Mountains ▁to ▁the ▁north - east , ▁the ▁Lac ov ia ▁Mountains ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁N ass au ▁Mountains , ▁and ▁the ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁Mountains ▁which , ▁running ▁south , ▁divide ▁the ▁wide ▁plain ▁to ▁end ▁in ▁a ▁precip it ous ▁drop ▁of ▁ ▁at ▁Lo vers ' ▁Le ap . ▁ ▁The ▁central ▁and ▁southern ▁sections ▁form ▁an ▁extensive ▁plain ▁divided ▁by ▁the ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁Mountains . ▁A ▁large ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁low lands ▁is ▁covered ▁by ▁mor ass , ▁but ▁it ▁still ▁provides ▁graz ing ▁land ▁for ▁horses ▁and ▁m ules . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁river ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁is ▁the ▁Black ▁River , ▁and ▁measuring ▁, ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁longest ▁rivers ▁in ▁Jama ica . ▁It ▁is ▁navig able ▁for ▁about ▁, ▁and ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁many ▁t ribut aries ▁including ▁Y . S ., ▁Broad , ▁Gr ass ▁and ▁Horse ▁Sav ann ah . ▁The ▁river ▁has ▁its ▁source ▁in ▁the ▁mountains ▁of ▁Manchester ▁where ▁it ▁r ises ▁and ▁flows ▁west ▁as ▁the ▁border ▁between ▁Manchester ▁and ▁Tre la |
wn y ▁then ▁goes ▁underground . ▁It ▁re appe ars ▁briefly ▁in ▁several ▁surrounding ▁towns , ▁but ▁re em er ges ▁near ▁Bal acl ava ▁and ▁t umb les ▁down ▁g org es ▁to ▁the ▁plain ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Sav ann ah , ▁through ▁the ▁Great ▁Mor ass ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁sea ▁at ▁Black ▁River , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁parish . ▁ ▁The ▁ge ology ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁is ▁primarily ▁all uv ial ▁pl ains ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁and ▁kar st ic ▁lim estone ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁The ▁kar st ic ▁zones ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁contain ▁over ▁ 1 3 0 ▁c aves ▁( J ama ica ▁C ave ▁Register ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁- ▁from ▁Fin ch am ▁and ▁J CO ). ▁These ▁include ▁Mexico ▁C ave ▁and ▁Wall ing ford ▁River ▁C ave , ▁near ▁Bal acl ava , ▁which ▁are ▁two ▁associated ▁sections ▁of ▁a ▁major ▁underground ▁river ▁that ▁has ▁its ▁source ▁in ▁south ▁Tre la wn y , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Y ard ley ▁Chase ▁C aves ▁near ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁Lo vers ' ▁Le ap , ▁and ▁Peru ▁C ave , ▁near ▁G os hen , ▁which ▁has ▁st al act ites ▁and ▁st al ag mit es . ▁Min eral ▁depos its ▁include ▁b aux ite , ▁ant im ony , ▁white ▁lim estone , ▁clay , ▁pe at ▁and ▁sil ica ▁sand ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁glass . ▁ ▁Dem ography ▁The ▁parish ▁had ▁an ▁estimated ▁population ▁of |
▁ 1 4 8 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁of ▁whom ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁town . ▁The ▁distinct ▁feature ▁of ▁this ▁parish ▁is ▁that ▁numerous ▁ethnic ▁groups ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁here ; ▁St ▁Elizabeth ▁probably ▁has ▁the ▁greatest ▁ethnic ▁mixture ▁in ▁Jama ica . ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁provides ▁the ▁best ▁testimony ▁of ▁the ▁Jama ican ▁mot to ▁– ▁" Out ▁of ▁many , ▁one ▁people ". ▁The ▁M esk ito ▁( cor rupted ▁to ▁‘ M os qu ito ’ ) ▁Indians ▁brought ▁to ▁Jama ica ▁to ▁help ▁capture ▁the ▁Mar oons , ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁settle ▁in ▁southern ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁their ▁assistance ▁and ▁given ▁land ▁grants ▁in ▁this ▁parish . ▁This ▁parish ▁has ▁also ▁attracted ▁Dutch , ▁Spanish , ▁Indian , ▁Mar oon , ▁mul atto , ▁English , ▁and ▁European ▁inhabitants ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁on wards , ▁with ▁the ▁result ▁that ▁many ▁ob servers ▁feel ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁more ▁people ▁of ▁mixed - r ace ▁ancest ry ▁than ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Irish , ▁Spanish , ▁Portuguese , ▁Scottish , ▁Germans , ▁Chinese , ▁and ▁East ▁Indians ▁migr ated ▁to ▁Saint ▁Elizabeth . ▁There ▁are ▁pockets ▁of ▁ethnic ▁concentr ations ▁in ▁the ▁parish , ▁including ▁Mul atto ▁and ▁Cre ole , ▁notably ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁Min ing ▁The ▁parish |
▁has ▁been ▁a ▁major ▁producer ▁of ▁b aux ite ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Port ▁Kaiser , ▁near ▁a ▁town ▁called ▁All igator ▁P ond , ▁has ▁a ▁leading ▁deep - water ▁pier ▁for ▁b aux ite ▁export . ▁The ▁Al part ▁al um ina ▁ref inery ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁at ▁N ain ▁and ▁produces ▁nearly ▁ 2 ▁million ▁ton nes ▁of ▁al um ina ▁annually ▁for ▁export . ▁ ▁The ▁replacement ▁cost ▁of ▁building ▁the ▁ref inery ▁is ▁approximately ▁$ 2 ▁billion . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁other ▁al um ina ▁ref iner ies ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁nearby ▁town ▁of ▁Mand ev ille . ▁ ▁Agricult ure ▁Apart ▁from ▁b aux ite ▁mining , ▁the ▁parish ▁also ▁produces ▁a ▁large ▁quantity ▁of ▁Jama ica ' s ▁sugar ; ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁sugar ▁fact ories ▁in ▁the ▁parish . ▁F ishing ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁industry ▁in ▁the ▁parish , ▁as ▁is ▁tom ato ▁can ning ; ▁a ▁plant ▁is ▁at ▁Bull ▁Sav ann ah . ▁The ▁parish ▁also ▁cultiv ates ▁crops ▁such ▁as ▁c ass ava , ▁corn , ▁peas , ▁beans , ▁p imento , ▁g inger , ▁tobacco , ▁tom ato , ▁rice ▁sweet ▁potatoes ▁and ▁coffee . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁fert ile ▁soil ▁that ▁provide ▁for ▁graz ing ▁fields , ▁past oral ism ▁is ▁possible . ▁Liv est ock ▁include ▁go ats , ▁sheep , ▁h ogs , ▁and ▁cattle , ▁horses . ▁ ▁Tour ism ▁Since ▁the |
▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁parish ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁significant ▁tourist ▁destination , ▁with ▁most ▁visitors ▁going ▁to ▁the ▁Tre asure ▁Beach ▁area . ▁The ▁App leton ▁rum ▁dist illery , ▁near ▁the ▁rough ▁C ock pit ▁Country ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁parish , ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁tourist ▁destination . ▁The ▁C ock pit ▁area ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁Mar oon ▁settlement s ▁through ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁Ec ological ▁tour ism ▁along ▁the ▁Black ▁and ▁Y S ▁rivers , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Great ▁Mor ass , ▁has ▁been ▁developed ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁ ▁Education ▁The ▁parish ▁has ▁ 1 2 ▁high ▁schools ▁and ▁ 7 5 ▁primary ▁level ▁institutions ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 1 6 7 ▁early ▁childhood ▁institutions . ▁Not able ▁institutions ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Beth le hem ▁Mor av ian ▁College ▁ ▁Black ▁River ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁Ham pton ▁School ▁ ▁Lac ov ia ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁Mun ro ▁College ▁ ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁Technical ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁Pl aces ▁ ▁Be aches ▁ ▁Font ▁Hill ▁Beach ▁ ▁G alle on , ▁Cr ane ▁ ▁Full ers wood ▁ ▁Par ot tee ▁ ▁Fort ▁Charles ▁ ▁Cal ab ash ▁Bay ▁ ▁Great ▁Bay ▁ ▁Billy ' s ▁Bay ▁ ▁French man ' s ▁Bay ▁ ▁Tre asure ▁Beach ▁ ▁Blue ▁Field s ▁Beach ▁ ▁Town s ▁and ▁villages ▁The ▁Social ▁Development ▁Commission ' s ▁national ▁grid ▁of ▁communities ▁has ▁sixty ▁one ▁communities ▁in ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁broken ▁down ▁into ▁ |
4 6 5 ▁districts . ▁The ▁communities ▁which ▁include ▁major ▁towns ▁are : ▁ ▁Flag aman ▁ ▁C aves ▁St . ▁Elizabeth ▁has ▁approximately ▁ 4 4 ▁c aves , ▁including : ▁ ▁Mexico ▁ ▁Peru ▁C ave ▁ ▁Y hard ly ▁Chase ▁C aves ▁ ▁Wall ing ford ▁C aves ▁ ▁N ain ▁ ▁Other ▁Pl aces ▁of ▁Interest ▁ ▁L over ' s ▁Le ap ▁is ▁a ▁cl iff ▁pl ung ing ▁several ▁hundred ▁metres ▁into ▁the ▁sea , ▁with ▁an ▁attached ▁romantic ▁legend ▁of ▁two ▁young ▁slaves ▁jumping ▁to ▁their ▁death ▁rather ▁than ▁live ▁apart . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁l ighth ouse ▁here ▁too . ▁ ▁Y . S . ▁Falls ▁is ▁a ▁famous ▁falls ▁in ▁Jama ica , ▁similar ▁to ▁D unn ' s ▁River ▁Falls ▁in ▁O cho ▁R ios , ▁St . ▁Ann . ▁ ▁B amb oo ▁Avenue ▁- ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁when ▁local ▁land owners ▁planted ▁bamb oo ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁provide ▁shade ▁during ▁their ▁travels . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Jama ica ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁L over ' s ▁Le ap : ▁Based ▁on ▁the ▁Jama ican ▁Legend , ▁Hor ane ▁Smith , ▁Min erv a ▁Press ▁( 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Par ish ▁Information ▁ ▁Stat ist ical ▁Institute ▁of ▁Jama ica ▁ ▁Political ▁Ge ography ▁of ▁Jama ica ▁ ▁Mexico ▁C ave ▁- ▁J CO ▁Report |
▁ ▁Paris hes ▁of ▁Jama ica ▁ ▁St ats ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Par ishes ▁of ▁Jama ica <0x0A> </s> ▁T oni ▁Fal bo ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁social ▁psych ologist ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁research ▁on ▁power ▁dynamics ▁in ▁relationships , ▁sib ling ▁status , ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁only ▁children . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁Educ ational ▁Psych ology ▁and ▁Fac ulty ▁Research ▁Aff ili ate ▁of ▁the ▁Pop ulation ▁Research ▁Center ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Austin . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Fal bo ▁received ▁the ▁New man - Pro sh ans ky ▁Career ▁A chie vement ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁Psych ological ▁Association ▁( AP A ) ▁( Div ision ▁ 3 4 ). ▁This ▁award ▁is ▁offered ▁annually ▁to ▁recognize ▁significant ▁lifetime ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁environmental ▁and ▁population ▁psychology . ▁Fal bo ▁is ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁A PA ▁Division ▁ 9 , ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Psych ological ▁Study ▁of ▁Social ▁Iss ues , ▁and ▁A PA ▁Division ▁ 3 5 , ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Psych ology ▁of ▁Women . ▁She ▁has ▁served ▁terms ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Environmental , ▁Pop ulation ▁and ▁Conserv ation ▁Psych ology ▁( AP A ▁Division ▁ 3 4 ) ▁and ▁the ▁South western ▁Psych ological ▁Association . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁and ▁Har ri ett ▁Rom o ▁co - auth ored ▁the ▁book ▁Lat ino ▁high ▁school ▁gradu ation : ▁Def ying ▁the ▁odds . ▁Fal bo ▁is ▁editor ▁of |
▁the ▁volume ▁The ▁Single - Child ▁Family . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁received ▁her ▁B . A . ▁degree ▁in ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁She ▁received ▁her ▁M . A ▁degree ▁in ▁psychology ▁and ▁PhD ▁in ▁Social ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁early ▁work ▁examined ▁kind erg arten ▁children ' s ▁attribut ions ▁about ▁academic ▁achievement . ▁After ▁holding ▁positions ▁at ▁California ▁State ▁University , ▁Long ▁Beach ▁and ▁W ake ▁Forest ▁University , ▁Fal bo ▁joined ▁the ▁faculty ▁of ▁Educ ational ▁Psych ology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Austin ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁began ▁studying ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁only ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁She ▁was ▁drawn ▁to ▁this ▁topic ▁as ▁an ▁only ▁child ▁and ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁an ▁only ▁child . ▁Her ▁research ▁has ▁been ▁funded ▁through ▁the ▁National ▁Institute ▁of ▁Child ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Development , ▁the ▁Ford ▁Foundation , ▁and ▁the ▁H ogg ▁Foundation ▁for ▁M ental ▁Health . ▁ ▁Research ▁▁▁▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁Fal bo ' s ▁research ▁has ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁psychological ▁and ▁social ▁outcomes ▁of ▁small ▁families , ▁with ▁an ▁emphasis ▁on ▁sib ling ▁status ▁effects ▁on ▁children ' s ▁development ▁and ▁educational ▁att ain ment . ▁ ▁Other ▁widely ▁cited ▁research ▁has ▁examined ▁power ▁dynamics ▁and ▁strategies ▁in ▁inter personal ▁relationships ▁and |
▁parent al ▁strategies ▁associated ▁with ▁high ▁school ▁students ' ▁success . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁conducted ▁extensive ▁research ▁exam ining ▁effects ▁of ▁China ' s ▁one - child ▁policy ▁on ▁the ▁personal ities ▁of ▁Chinese ▁children ▁and ▁adults . ▁Fal bo ▁aimed ▁to ▁determine ▁whether ▁China ' s ▁one - child ▁policy ▁influenced ▁children ' s ▁academic , ▁physical , ▁social , ▁and ▁personality ▁traits . ▁In ▁a ▁synt hesis ▁of ▁ 2 2 ▁studies ▁of ▁psych opath ology ▁among ▁Chinese ▁only ▁children , ▁Fal bo ▁and ▁her ▁colle ague ▁Soph ia ▁Ho oper ▁reported ▁that ▁only ▁children ▁felt ▁more ▁pressure ▁and ▁dealt ▁with ▁higher ▁expectations ▁from ▁their ▁parents ▁than ▁their ▁peers ▁with ▁siblings . ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁and ▁her ▁colle ague ▁Den ise ▁Polit ▁conducted ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁meta - anal ys es ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁studies ▁of ▁only ▁children ▁that ▁considered ▁development al ▁outcomes ▁in ▁adjust ment , ▁character , ▁soci ability , ▁achievement , ▁and ▁intelligence . ▁The ▁studies ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁meta - anal ys es ▁were ▁mainly ▁from ▁the ▁U . S . ▁and ▁Canada , ▁yet ▁were ▁diverse ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁soc io econom ic ▁class ▁and ▁race / eth nic ity . ▁The ▁authors ▁found ▁no ▁evidence ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁stere otype ▁that ▁only ▁children ▁are ▁lonely , ▁selfish , ▁and ▁mal adjust ed . ▁Rather , ▁only ▁children ▁t ended ▁to ▁score ▁higher ▁on ▁tests ▁of ▁ver bal ▁ability ▁and ▁intelligence ▁than ▁children ▁with ▁siblings ▁( with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁first born |
s ▁who ▁scored ▁compar ably ▁to ▁only ▁children ). ▁Only ▁children ▁and ▁first born s ▁also ▁showed ▁higher ▁achievement ▁( i . e ., ▁academic ▁performance , ▁educational ▁att ain ment , ▁occup ational ▁prest ige ) ▁than ▁children ▁with ▁older ▁siblings . ▁Fal bo ▁also ▁found ▁that ▁only ▁children ▁sur pass ed ▁children ▁in ▁large ▁families ▁in ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁their ▁relationships ▁with ▁parents . ▁Other ▁work , ▁which ▁including ▁children ▁from ▁China ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁U . S ., ▁indicate ▁advantages ▁of ▁older ▁children ▁with ▁regards ▁to ▁character ▁development ▁( aut onomy , ▁mat urity , ▁leadership ). ▁ ▁Another ▁study ▁examined ▁whether ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁siblings ▁promoted ▁health ▁over ▁the ▁lif es pan . ▁Fal bo ▁and ▁her ▁colleagues ▁examined ▁the ▁health ▁status ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁sample ▁middle ▁age ▁adults ▁from ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Long itud inal ▁Study . ▁Using ▁data ▁from ▁almost ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁individuals ▁( high ▁school ▁gradu ates ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 7 ), ▁the ▁researchers ▁found ▁no ▁effect ▁of ▁sib ling ▁status ▁on ▁health ▁outcomes . ▁Instead , ▁they ▁found ▁evidence ▁that ▁better ▁health ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁having ▁higher ▁educational ▁att ain ment ▁and ▁higher ▁soc io econom ic ▁status . ▁ ▁Represent ative ▁Public ations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁page ▁ ▁Fal bo ▁lab ▁ ▁Category : American ▁women ▁psych ologists ▁Category : E duc ational ▁psych ologists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Austin ▁faculty ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of |
▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁al umn i ▁Category : Col umb ian ▁College ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Steven ▁James ▁Ye ager ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Democratic ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Nevada ▁Assembly . ▁He ▁represents ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁district , ▁which ▁covers ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁south western ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Ye ager ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Brooklyn ▁Center , ▁Minnesota ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁three ▁children . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan ▁and ▁then ▁from ▁Corn ell ▁Law ▁School . ▁He ▁pract iced ▁law ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Nevada ▁where ▁he ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Chief ▁Deputy ▁Public ▁Def ender ▁of ▁Clark ▁County ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Ye ager ▁ran ▁for ▁the ▁Assembly ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁easily ▁won ▁the ▁Democratic ▁primary ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁election ▁by ▁Republican ▁David ▁M . ▁Gard ner . ▁ ▁Ye ager ▁again ▁ran ▁against ▁Gard ner ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁That ▁time , ▁he ▁was ▁successful , ▁receiving ▁ 5 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Ye ager ▁comes ▁from ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁public ▁service : ▁he ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁H earing ▁Master ▁B ita ▁Ye ager , ▁his ▁oldest ▁brother ▁is ▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps , ▁and ▁his |
▁youngest ▁brother ▁is ▁a ▁local ▁law ▁enforcement ▁officer . ▁ ▁Political ▁positions ▁Ye ager ▁supports ▁increased ▁background ▁checks ▁for ▁gun ▁purchases ▁and ▁also ▁supports ▁the ▁legal ization ▁of ▁marijuana . ▁ ▁E lector al ▁history ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Campaign ▁website ▁ ▁Legisl ative ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : A rizona ▁lawyers ▁Category : C orn ell ▁Law ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Nevada ▁Assembly ▁Category : N ev ada ▁Democrats ▁Category : N ev ada ▁lawyers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Brooklyn ▁Center , ▁Minnesota ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Michigan ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁One ▁Bul let ▁A way : ▁The ▁Making ▁of ▁a ▁Marine ▁Officer ▁is ▁an ▁aut obi ography ▁by ▁Nathan iel ▁F ick , ▁published ▁by ▁H ought on - M if fl in ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁An ▁account ▁of ▁Nathan iel ▁F ick ' s ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps , ▁it ▁begins ▁with ▁his ▁experiences ▁at ▁Officer ▁Candidate ' s ▁School ▁in ▁Quant ico , ▁Virginia ▁and ▁details ▁his ▁deploy ments ▁to ▁Afghanistan ▁and ▁Iraq ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁on ▁T error . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Record ed ▁Books ▁published ▁an ▁un ab rid ged ▁aud i ob ook ▁edition |
▁( ), ▁narr ated ▁by ▁Andy ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Awards ▁Nathan iel ▁F ick ▁received ▁the ▁Col by ▁Award ▁for ▁One ▁Bul let ▁A way ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁After ▁W ords ▁interview ▁with ▁F ick ▁on ▁One ▁Bul let ▁A way , ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : Mil itary ▁books ▁Category : I ra q ▁War ▁books ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁invasion ▁of ▁Iraq ▁Category : Pop ular ▁culture ▁about ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Category : American ▁mem oirs <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ox us ▁treasure ▁( Pers ian : ▁ گ ن ج ی ن ه ▁ آ م و د ر ی ا ) ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁about ▁ 1 8 0 ▁surviving ▁pieces ▁of ▁metal work ▁in ▁gold ▁and ▁silver , ▁the ▁majority ▁rather ▁small , ▁plus ▁perhaps ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁coins , ▁from ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Pers ian ▁period ▁which ▁were ▁found ▁by ▁the ▁Ox us ▁river ▁about ▁ 1 8 7 7 - 1 8 8 0 . ▁The ▁exact ▁place ▁and ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁find ▁remain ▁un clear , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁many ▁other ▁pieces ▁from ▁the ▁ho ard ▁were ▁melt ed ▁down ▁for ▁bull ion ; ▁early ▁reports ▁suggest ▁there ▁were ▁originally ▁some ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁coins , ▁and ▁mention |
▁types ▁of ▁metal work ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁among ▁the ▁surviving ▁pieces . ▁The ▁metal work ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁sixth ▁to ▁fourth ▁centuries ▁BC , ▁but ▁the ▁coins ▁show ▁a ▁greater ▁range , ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁those ▁believed ▁to ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁treasure ▁coming ▁from ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 ▁BC . ▁The ▁most ▁likely ▁origin ▁for ▁the ▁treasure ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁belonged ▁to ▁a ▁temple , ▁where ▁vot ive ▁offer ings ▁were ▁depos ited ▁over ▁a ▁long ▁period . ▁How ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁depos ited ▁is ▁unknown . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁group , ▁the ▁treasure ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁survival ▁of ▁what ▁was ▁once ▁an ▁enormous ▁production ▁of ▁A cha emen id ▁work ▁in ▁precious ▁metal . ▁ ▁It ▁displays ▁a ▁very ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁quality ▁of ▁execution , ▁with ▁the ▁many ▁gold ▁vot ive ▁pl a ques ▁mostly ▁cru d ely ▁executed , ▁some ▁perhaps ▁by ▁the ▁don ors ▁themselves , ▁while ▁other ▁objects ▁are ▁of ▁super b ▁quality , ▁presumably ▁that ▁expected ▁by ▁the ▁court . ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁Museum ▁now ▁has ▁nearly ▁all ▁the ▁surviving ▁metal work , ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁pair ▁of ▁gr iff in - headed ▁brace lets ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁the ▁Victoria ▁and ▁Albert ▁Museum , ▁and ▁displays ▁them ▁in ▁Room ▁ 5 2 . ▁The ▁group ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁museum ▁by ▁different ▁routes , ▁with ▁many ▁items ▁be que at hed ▁to ▁the ▁nation ▁by ▁August us ▁W oll ast on ▁Fr anks . ▁ ▁The ▁coins ▁are ▁more ▁widely ▁dispers |
ed , ▁and ▁more ▁difficult ▁to ▁firmly ▁connect ▁with ▁the ▁treasure . ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁believed ▁to ▁come ▁from ▁it ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Herm itage ▁Museum ▁in ▁Saint ▁Peters burg , ▁and ▁other ▁collections ▁have ▁examples . ▁ ▁Object s ▁ ▁A cha emen id ▁style ▁a rose ▁rapidly ▁with ▁the ▁very ▁quick ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁huge ▁empire , ▁which ▁swallowed ▁up ▁the ▁artistic ▁cent res ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Near ▁East ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁Greek ▁world , ▁and ▁mixed ▁influences ▁and ▁artists ▁from ▁these . ▁Although ▁continuing ▁influences ▁from ▁these ▁sources ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁detected ▁the ▁A cha emen ids ▁formed ▁a ▁distinct ▁style ▁of ▁their ▁own . ▁ ▁The ▁gr iff in - headed ▁brace lets ▁from ▁the ▁ho ard ▁are ▁typical ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁to ▁ 4 th ▁century ▁BC ▁court ▁style ▁of ▁A cha emen id ▁Pers ia . ▁ ▁Br ace lets ▁of ▁a ▁similar ▁form ▁to ▁ones ▁from ▁the ▁treasure ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁on ▁relie fs ▁from ▁Per se pol is ▁being ▁given ▁as ▁t ribute , ▁whilst ▁X en oph on ▁writes ▁that ▁arm lets ▁( am ong ▁other ▁things ) ▁were ▁gifts ▁of ▁honour ▁at ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁court . ▁Glass , ▁en am el ▁or ▁semi - prec ious ▁stone ▁in l ays ▁within ▁the ▁brace lets ' ▁hollow ▁spaces ▁have ▁now ▁been ▁lost . ▁ ▁Sir ▁John ▁Board man ▁regards ▁the ▁gold ▁sc abb ard , ▁decorated ▁with ▁tiny ▁figures ▁showing ▁a ▁lion ▁hunt , ▁as ▁pre - A cha emen |
id ▁Med ian ▁work ▁of ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 ▁BC , ▁drawing ▁on ▁Ass y rian ▁styles , ▁though ▁other ▁scholars ▁disagree , ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁continues ▁to ▁date ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁or ▁ 4 th ▁centuries . ▁ ▁The ▁surviving ▁objects , ▁an ▁uncertain ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁finds , ▁can ▁be ▁divided ▁into ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁groups . ▁ ▁S cul pt ures ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁small ▁fig ur ines , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁det ached ▁from ▁larger ▁objects . ▁The ▁single ▁male ▁figures ▁appear ▁to ▁show ▁worship pers ▁rather ▁than ▁de ities . ▁ ▁The ▁largest ▁is ▁most ▁unusual ▁for ▁Pers ian ▁art ▁in ▁showing ▁a ▁n ude ▁youth ▁( in ▁silver ) ▁standing ▁in ▁a ▁formal ▁pose , ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁con ical ▁hat ▁covered ▁in ▁gold ▁fo il . ▁The ▁stat u ette ▁shows ▁Greek ▁influence , ▁in ▁the ▁figure ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁of ▁being ▁n ude , ▁but ▁is ▁not ▁typical ▁of ▁ancient ▁Greek ▁art . ▁ ▁Two ▁hollow ▁gold ▁heads ▁of ▁young ▁males , ▁rather ▁cru d ely ▁executed , ▁probably ▁belonged ▁to ▁composite ▁stat ues ▁with ▁the ▁main ▁body ▁in ▁wood ▁or ▁some ▁other ▁material . ▁One ▁figure ▁in ▁silver ▁and ▁gold ▁has ▁a ▁he address ▁that ▁suggests ▁he ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁king . ▁ ▁Other ▁sculpt ural ▁objects ▁include ▁two ▁model ▁char i ots ▁in ▁gold , ▁one ▁in complete , ▁plus ▁figures ▁of ▁a ▁horse ▁and ▁a ▁r ider ▁that ▁may ▁belong ▁to |
▁this ▁or ▁other ▁model ▁groups , ▁as ▁may ▁two ▁other ▁horses ▁cut ▁out ▁from ▁sheet ▁gold . ▁ ▁The ▁wheels ▁of ▁the ▁complete ▁char iot ▁would ▁originally ▁have ▁turned ▁freely , ▁and ▁it ▁had ▁received ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁repair ▁in ▁ant iqu ity . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁pulled ▁by ▁four ▁horses ▁( r ather ▁small , ▁and ▁with ▁only ▁nine ▁legs ▁surviving ▁between ▁them ) ▁and ▁carries ▁two ▁figures , ▁a ▁driver ▁and ▁a ▁seated ▁passenger , ▁both ▁wearing ▁tor cs . ▁ ▁The ▁char iot ▁has ▁hand ra ils ▁at ▁the ▁open ▁rear ▁to ▁assist ▁getting ▁in ▁and ▁out , ▁while ▁the ▁solid ▁front ▁carries ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁the ▁protective ▁Egyptian ▁d warf - god ▁Bes . ▁ ▁A ▁le aping ▁ib ex ▁was ▁probably ▁the ▁handle ▁of ▁an ▁am ph ora - type ▁v ase , ▁and ▁comp ares ▁with ▁handles ▁shown ▁on ▁t ribute ▁vessels ▁in ▁the ▁Per se pol is ▁relie fs , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁Lou vre . ▁ ▁Jew ell ery ▁and ▁f itt ings ▁The ▁two ▁gr iff in - headed ▁brace lets ▁or ▁arm lets ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁spectacular ▁pieces ▁by ▁far , ▁despite ▁lacking ▁their ▁stone ▁in l ays . ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁brace lets , ▁some ▁perhaps ▁tor cs ▁for ▁the ▁neck , ▁several ▁with ▁simpler ▁animal ▁head ▁termin als ▁various ly ▁dep ict ing ▁go ats , ▁ib ex , ▁sheep , ▁bull s , ▁d ucks , ▁l ions , ▁and ▁fantastic ▁creatures |
. ▁ ▁Many ▁have ▁in l ays , ▁or ▁empty ▁cells ▁for ▁them ; ▁it ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁thought ▁that ▁this ▁technique ▁was ▁acquired ▁from ▁Anc ient ▁Egyptian ▁jew ell ery ▁( as ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁Tut ank ham un ' s ▁grave ▁goods ), ▁but ▁Ass y rian ▁examples ▁are ▁now ▁known . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 2 ▁finger ▁rings ▁with ▁flat ▁bez els ▁en gr aved ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁sign et ▁rings , ▁and ▁two ▁stone ▁cyl inder ▁se als , ▁one ▁fin ely ▁carved ▁with ▁a ▁battle ▁scene . ▁ ▁The ▁gr iff in - headed ▁brace lets ▁were ▁also ▁the ▁most ▁complex ▁objects ▁to ▁manufact ure , ▁being ▁cast ▁in ▁several ▁elements , ▁then ▁worked ▁in ▁many ▁different ▁techniques , ▁and ▁sold ered ▁together . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁surfaces ▁are ▁very ▁thin , ▁and ▁show ▁signs ▁of ▁damage , ▁and ▁in ▁one ▁place ▁repair ▁with ▁a ▁sold ered ▁patch . ▁ ▁A ▁" Gold ▁pl aque ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁lion - gr iff in , ▁with ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁an ▁ib ex ▁and ▁a ▁leaf - shaped ▁tail ", ▁with ▁missing ▁in lay , ▁has ▁two ▁pr ongs ▁behind ▁for ▁att aching ▁it , ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁an ▁or nament ▁for ▁a ▁cap ▁or ▁the ▁hair , ▁or ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁object . ▁ ▁The ▁animal ' s ▁legs ▁are ▁folded ▁beneath ▁its ▁body ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁Sc y th ian ▁animal ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁southern ▁Russian ▁ste pp es , ▁an |
▁influence ▁also ▁seen ▁in ▁other ▁pieces ▁such ▁a ▁ring ▁with ▁a ▁lion . ▁ ▁A ▁st yl ized ▁birds - head ▁or nament ▁can ▁be ▁recognised , ▁like ▁the ▁fin ely - decor ated ▁sc abb ard ▁of ▁" Med ian " ▁shape , ▁as ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁soldier ▁from ▁a ▁Per se pol is ▁relief , ▁where ▁it ▁forms ▁the ▁cre st ▁to ▁his ▁bow - case . ▁These ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁items ▁relating ▁to ▁weapons , ▁though ▁other ▁pieces ▁may ▁have ▁decorated ▁horse ▁h arness . ▁ ▁Another ▁group ▁of ▁pl a ques ▁were ▁probably ▁b ract e ates ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁se wn ▁onto ▁clothing ▁through ▁the ▁small ▁holes ▁round ▁their ▁edges . ▁These ▁have ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁mot ifs , ▁including ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁the ▁Egyptian ▁d warf - god ▁Bes , ▁lion - gr iff ins , ▁a ▁sp hin x , ▁and ▁a ▁cut - out ▁figure ▁apparently ▁showing ▁a ▁king ▁( see ▁illustr ation ▁below ; ▁Bes ▁is ▁centre ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁row , ▁the ▁king ▁at ▁bottom ▁right ). ▁ ▁V otive ▁pl a ques ▁The ▁British ▁Museum ▁has ▁ 5 1 ▁thin ▁gold ▁pl a ques ▁with ▁inc ised ▁designs , ▁which ▁are ▁regarded ▁as ▁vot ive ▁pl a ques ▁left ▁by ▁dev ote es ▁at ▁a ▁temple ▁as ▁an ▁offering ▁to ▁the ▁de ity . ▁They ▁are ▁mostly ▁rect angular ▁with ▁the ▁designs ▁in ▁a ▁vertical ▁format , ▁and ▁range ▁from ▁ 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 |
cm ▁tall . ▁Most ▁show ▁a ▁single ▁human ▁figure ▁facing ▁left , ▁many ▁carrying ▁a ▁bunch ▁of ▁tw igs ▁called ▁a ▁bars om ▁used ▁in ▁offer ings ; ▁these ▁probably ▁represent ▁the ▁offer or . ▁ ▁The ▁dress ▁of ▁the ▁figures ▁shows ▁the ▁types ▁known ▁as ▁" Med ian " ▁and ▁" Pers ian " ▁to ▁modern ▁histor ians , ▁and ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁execution ▁is ▁mostly ▁relatively ▁low , ▁but ▁varies ▁greatly , ▁with ▁some ▁appearing ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁inc ised ▁by ▁am ateurs . ▁ ▁Three ▁show ▁animals , ▁a ▁horse , ▁a ▁don key ▁and ▁a ▁cam el ; ▁possibly ▁it ▁was ▁their ▁health ▁that ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁offering . ▁ ▁One ▁large ▁figure ▁is ▁in ▁shallow ▁relief ▁within ▁its ▁inc ised ▁outline ▁( ill ustr ated ). ▁ ▁V ess els ▁The ▁London ▁group ▁includes ▁bow ls , ▁a ▁gold ▁jug , ▁and ▁a ▁handle ▁from ▁a ▁v ase ▁or ▁e wer ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁le aping ▁ib ex , ▁which ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁wing ed ▁A cha emen id ▁handle ▁in ▁the ▁Lou vre . ▁ ▁No ▁r hy ton ▁drinking ▁vessels ▁were ▁found , ▁but ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁has ▁two ▁other ▁A cha emen id ▁examples , ▁one ▁ending ▁in ▁a ▁gr iff in ' s ▁head ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁brace lets ▁in ▁the ▁treasure . ▁ ▁A ▁hollow ▁gold ▁fish , ▁apparently ▁representing ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁car p ▁found ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁Ox us , ▁has ▁a ▁hole |
▁at ▁its ▁mouth ▁and ▁a ▁loop ▁for ▁suspension ; ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁contained ▁oil ▁or ▁perf ume , ▁or ▁hung ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁p end ants . ▁ ▁Co ins ▁The ▁association ▁of ▁surviving ▁coins ▁with ▁the ▁treasure ▁is ▁less ▁generally ▁accepted ▁than ▁for ▁the ▁other ▁items , ▁and ▁O . ▁M . ▁Dal ton ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Museum , ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁mon ograph ▁on ▁the ▁treasure , ▁was ▁reluct ant ▁to ▁identify ▁any ▁specific ▁coins ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁it , ▁while ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁C unning ham ▁( see ▁below ) ▁disag reed , ▁identifying ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 . ▁The ▁Russian ▁scholar ▁E . V . ▁Ze ym al ▁associated ▁ 5 2 1 ▁surviving ▁coins ▁with ▁the ▁treasure , ▁without ▁extending ▁the ▁termin us ▁post ▁qu em ▁for ▁de position ▁of ▁the ▁treasure ▁beyond ▁C unning ham ' s ▁figure ▁of ▁about ▁ 1 8 0 ▁BC . ▁ ▁The ▁coins ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁treasure ▁include ▁examples ▁from ▁various ▁A cha emen id ▁mint s ▁and ▁dates , ▁but ▁also ▁later ▁ones ▁from ▁after ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁Empire ▁by ▁Alexander ▁the ▁Great , ▁with ▁the ▁latest ▁being ▁of ▁the ▁reign s ▁of ▁Ant io ch us ▁the ▁Great ▁( r . ▁ 2 2 3 - 1 8 7 ▁BC ) ▁and ▁E uth yd em us ▁I ▁of ▁B act ria ▁( r . ▁c . ▁ 2 3 5 - 2 0 0 ▁BC ). ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁treasure ▁was ▁evident |
ly ▁discovered ▁by ▁local ▁people ▁somewhere ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Ox us ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁today ▁T aj ik istan ▁but ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁Em ir ate ▁of ▁B ok h ara , ▁which ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁being ▁swallowed ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Then ▁as ▁now , ▁the ▁south ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Ox us ▁was ▁Afghanistan ; ▁at ▁the ▁period ▁when ▁the ▁treasure ▁origin ated ▁the ▁whole ▁area ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁Empire . ▁The ▁approximate ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁discovery ▁is ▁fairly ▁clear ; ▁it ▁was ▁near , ▁perhaps ▁some ▁three ▁miles ▁south ▁of , ▁Tak ht i - S ang in , ▁where ▁an ▁important ▁temple ▁was ▁exc av ated ▁by ▁Soviet ▁archae ologists ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁producing ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁finds ▁of ▁metal work ▁and ▁other ▁objects , ▁which ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁depos ited ▁from ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 ▁BC ▁to ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁century ▁AD . ▁While ▁it ▁is ▁tempt ing ▁to ▁connect ▁the ▁temple ▁and ▁treasure , ▁as ▁some ▁scholars ▁have ▁proposed , ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁objects ▁found , ▁and ▁a ▁founding ▁date ▁for ▁the ▁temple ▁proposed ▁by ▁the ▁exc av ators ▁of ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 ▁BC , ▁do ▁not ▁neat ly ▁match ▁up . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁ancient ▁crossing ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁Ox us , ▁and ▁the ▁treasure ▁may ▁have ▁come ▁from ▁further ▁a field . |
▁ ▁The ▁first ▁mention ▁in ▁print ▁of ▁the ▁treasure ▁was ▁an ▁article ▁in ▁a ▁Russian ▁newspaper ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁written ▁by ▁a ▁Russian ▁general ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁en qu iring ▁into ▁the ▁Trans - C asp ian ▁railway ▁that ▁the ▁Russians ▁had ▁just ▁begun ▁to ▁construct . ▁He ▁rec ount ed ▁that ▁local ▁reports ▁said ▁that ▁treasure ▁had ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁ru ins ▁of ▁an ▁ancient ▁fort ▁called ▁" T ak ht - i ▁K uw ad ", ▁which ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Indian ▁merch ants . ▁ ▁A ▁later ▁report ▁by ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁C unning ham , ▁the ▁British ▁general ▁and ▁archae ologist ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Arch ae ological ▁Survey ▁of ▁India , ▁described ▁the ▁finds , ▁which ▁he ▁said ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁as ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁river ▁itself , ▁" sc attered ▁about ▁in ▁the ▁s ands ▁of ▁the ▁river ", ▁in ▁a ▁place ▁exposed ▁in ▁the ▁dry ▁season , ▁though ▁another ▁account ▁he ▁later ▁gave , ▁based ▁on ▁new ▁information , ▁rather ▁confused ▁the ▁issue . ▁ ▁C unning ham ▁acquired ▁many ▁pieces ▁himself ▁through ▁deal ers ▁in ▁northern ▁India ▁( mod ern ▁Pakistan ). ▁ ▁Another ▁account ▁by ▁a ▁British ▁general ▁own ing ▁some ▁objects ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁exposed ▁by ▁" a ▁land ▁slip ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁bank ". ▁ ▁Hope ful ▁dig gers ▁continued ▁to ▁exc av |
ate ▁the ▁site ▁for ▁years ▁afterwards , ▁and ▁perhaps ▁objects ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁found ; ▁accounts ▁from ▁locals ▁mention ▁many ▁gold ▁" id ols ", ▁a ▁gold ▁t iger , ▁and ▁other ▁objects ▁not ▁t ally ing ▁with ▁the ▁surviving ▁pieces . ▁▁ ▁One ▁large ▁group ▁of ▁objects , ▁perhaps ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁treasure , ▁was ▁bought ▁from ▁locals ▁by ▁three ▁merch ants ▁from ▁B ok h ara ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁who ▁unw isely ▁left ▁their ▁conv oy ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁south ▁from ▁K abul ▁to ▁P esh aw ar ▁and ▁were ▁captured ▁by ▁Afghan ▁tribes men , ▁who ▁carried ▁them ▁and ▁their ▁goods ▁into ▁the ▁hills , ▁but ▁allowed ▁a ▁servant ▁of ▁the ▁merch ants ▁to ▁escape . ▁ ▁News ▁of ▁the ▁episode ▁reached ▁Captain ▁Francis ▁Charles ▁Bur ton , ▁a ▁British ▁political ▁officer ▁in ▁Afghanistan , ▁who ▁immediately ▁set ▁out ▁with ▁two ▁order l ies . ▁ ▁About ▁midnight ▁he ▁came ▁upon ▁the ▁ro bb ers , ▁who ▁had ▁already ▁begun ▁to ▁fight ▁among ▁themselves , ▁presumably ▁over ▁the ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁lo ot , ▁with ▁four ▁of ▁them ▁lying ▁wounded ▁on ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁treasure ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁cave ▁they ▁were ▁shel tered ▁in . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁par lay ▁Bur ton ▁recovered ▁a ▁good ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁treasure , ▁and ▁later ▁a ▁further ▁portion , ▁which ▁he ▁restored ▁to ▁the ▁merch ants . ▁ ▁In ▁gratitude , ▁they ▁sold ▁him ▁the ▁brace let ▁which ▁he ▁sold ▁to ▁the |
▁Victoria ▁and ▁Albert ▁Museum ▁( now ▁on ▁loan ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ) ▁for ▁£ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁merch ants ▁then ▁continued ▁to ▁Raw al p indi ▁in ▁modern ▁Pakistan ▁to ▁sell ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Tre asure ; ▁C unning ham ▁acquired ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁pieces , ▁and ▁though ▁deal ers , ▁Fr anks ▁others . ▁ ▁The ▁ro bb ers ▁evident ly ▁considered ▁the ▁objects ▁as ▁bull ion , ▁and ▁had ▁cut ▁up ▁some ▁larger ▁ones , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁gold ▁sc abb ard ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Museum . ▁ ▁Other ▁pieces ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁cut ▁up ▁in ▁ant iqu ity ▁( like ▁h acks il ver ), ▁or ▁upon ▁discovery ▁at ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁Fr anks ▁later ▁bought ▁C unning ham ' s ▁collection , ▁and ▁be que at hed ▁all ▁his ▁objects ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁at ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁in complete ▁model ▁char iot ▁and ▁a ▁det ached ▁figure ▁of ▁a ▁r ider ▁were ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁V icer oy ▁of ▁India ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁Robert ▁Bul wer - L y tt on , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Ly tt on ▁( son ▁of ▁the ▁best selling ▁novel ist ) ▁by ▁Sir ▁Louis ▁Cav agn ari , ▁the ▁British ▁representative ▁in ▁K abul ▁after ▁the ▁Second ▁Ang lo - Af ghan ▁War . ▁ ▁Cav agn ari , ▁his ▁mission ▁and ▁their ▁guards ▁were ▁all |
▁mass ac red ▁in ▁K abul ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁Ly tt on ' s ▁r ider ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁char iot ▁group ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁context ▁The ▁A cha emen id ▁kings , ▁at ▁least ▁after ▁Cyr us ▁the ▁Great ▁and ▁Camb ys es , ▁describe ▁themselves ▁in ▁in scriptions ▁as ▁worship pers ▁of ▁Ah ur amaz da , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁clear ▁if ▁their ▁religious ▁practice ▁included ▁Z oro ast rian ism . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁evident ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁way ▁to ▁imp ose ▁the ▁royal ▁religious ▁beliefs ▁on ▁their ▁subjects ▁( as ▁for ▁example ▁the ▁Jews , ▁whose ▁religious ▁practices ▁were ▁not ▁inter fer ed ▁with ▁after ▁they ▁were ▁conqu ered ). ▁ ▁Other ▁Pers ian ▁cult s ▁were ▁the ▁worship ▁of ▁M ith ra ▁and ▁of ▁Zur van , ▁and ▁other ▁local ▁cult s ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁continued ▁under ▁the ▁empire . ▁The ▁religious ▁context ▁of ▁the ▁treasure ▁is ▁un clear , ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁temple . ▁ ▁Aut hentic ity ▁ ▁The ▁circumstances ▁of ▁the ▁discovery ▁and ▁trading ▁of ▁the ▁pieces , ▁and ▁their ▁variety ▁of ▁styles ▁and ▁quality ▁of ▁work mans hip , ▁cast ▁some ▁doubt ▁on ▁their ▁authentic ity ▁from ▁the ▁start , ▁and ▁" necess itate ▁a ▁caut ious ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure , ▁for |
▁it ▁has ▁passed ▁through ▁places ▁of ▁evil ▁re pute ▁and ▁cannot ▁have ▁come ▁out ▁quite ▁un sc at hed ", ▁as ▁Dal ton ▁put ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁Indeed , ▁Dal ton ▁records ▁that ▁Indian ▁deal ers ▁initially ▁made ▁copies ▁of ▁items ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁pass ▁them ▁off ▁to ▁Fr anks , ▁who ▁though ▁not ▁de ceived , ▁bought ▁some ▁" at ▁a ▁small ▁percentage ▁over ▁the ▁gold ▁value " ▁and ▁then ▁received ▁the ▁genuine ▁objects , ▁which ▁were ▁easily ▁distinguished . ▁ ▁Consider able ▁comfort ▁has ▁been ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁objects ' ▁similar ity ▁to ▁later ▁A cha emen id ▁finds , ▁many ▁exc av ated ▁under ▁proper ▁archae ological ▁conditions , ▁which ▁the ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure ▁certainly ▁was ▁not . ▁ ▁In ▁particular , ▁finds ▁of ▁jew ell ery ▁including ▁arm lets ▁and ▁tor cs ▁in ▁a ▁tomb ▁at ▁Sus a ▁by ▁a ▁French ▁expedition ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁on wards ▁( now ▁in ▁the ▁Lou vre ) ▁are ▁closely ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Ox us ▁finds . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁quality ▁and ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁objects ▁was ▁generally ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁stood ▁the ▁test ▁of ▁time , ▁concerns ▁over ▁the ▁ant iqu ity ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁objects ▁reduced ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁issue ▁was ▁rev ived ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁when ▁the ▁archae ologist ▁Oscar ▁Mus care lla , ▁employed ▁by ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁for ▁ 4 0 ▁years , ▁was |
▁reported ▁in ▁The ▁Times , ▁in ▁a ▁story ▁by ▁Peter ▁Watson , ▁to ▁have ▁" lab elled ▁as ▁mostly ▁fake " ▁the ▁treasure . ▁ ▁However ▁he ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Met ropolitan , ▁Philippe ▁de ▁Monte b ello , ▁who ▁said ▁Mus care lla , ▁a ▁long - standing ▁critic ▁of ▁museum s ' ▁tolerance ▁and ▁even ▁encour agement ▁of ▁the ▁trade ▁in ▁illegal ▁ant iqu ities , ▁only ▁remained ▁there ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁" ex ig encies ▁of ▁academic ▁ten ure ", ▁and ▁was ▁himself ▁critic ised ▁for ▁suppress ing ▁debate . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁article ▁on ▁the ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Mus care lla ▁goes ▁nothing ▁like ▁as ▁far , ▁but ▁does ▁fier c ely ▁attack ▁the ▁assumed ▁unity ▁of ▁the ▁treasure ▁and ▁the ▁narr atives ▁of ▁its ▁proven ience , ▁and ▁is ▁s cept ical ▁of ▁the ▁authentic ity ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁vot ive ▁pl a ques ▁( especially ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁illustr ation ▁above ). ▁In ▁a ▁follow - up ▁article , ▁John ▁Curt is ▁has ▁argued ▁there ▁is ▁overwhelming ▁contemporary ▁evidence ▁that ▁the ▁Tre asure ▁was ▁discovered ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁Ox us ▁between ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁ ▁and ▁he ▁also ▁maint ains ▁that ▁most ▁if ▁not ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁objects ▁in ▁the ▁Tre asure ▁are ▁genuine . ▁ ▁T aj ik ▁government ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Em om al |
ii ▁Rah mon , ▁President ▁of ▁T aj ik istan , ▁was ▁reported ▁as ▁calling ▁for ▁the ▁rep atri ation ▁of ▁the ▁treasure , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁recovered ▁and ▁sold ▁by ▁local ▁peoples ▁and ▁acquired ▁by ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁art ▁market . ▁ ▁However , ▁no ▁formal ▁claim ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁T aj ik ▁government , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁" high - quality ▁golden ▁re plic as " ▁of ▁pieces ▁from ▁the ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure ▁were ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁T aj ik ▁government ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Museum , ▁intended ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁T aj ik ▁National ▁Museum . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Board man , ▁Sir ▁John , ▁" The ▁Ox us ▁Sc abb ard ", ▁Iran , ▁Vol . ▁ 4 4 , ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁pp . 1 1 5 – 1 1 9 , ▁British ▁Institute ▁of ▁Pers ian ▁Studies , ▁J ST OR ▁Coll on , ▁Domin ique , ▁" O x us ▁Tre asure ", ▁Gro ve ▁Art ▁Online , ▁Oxford ▁Art ▁Online , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁accessed ▁ 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁subscription ▁required . ▁Curt is , ▁John , ▁The ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure , ▁British ▁Museum ▁Object s ▁in ▁Focus ▁series , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁British ▁Museum ▁Press , ▁ ▁Curt is , ▁John , ▁" The ▁Ox us ▁Tre asure ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ", ▁Anc |
ient ▁Civil izations ▁from ▁Sc y th ia ▁to ▁S iber ia , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 0 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁pp . 2 9 3 - 3 3 8 ▁" C urt is ▁and ▁Tall is ", ▁Curt is , ▁John ▁and ▁Tall is , ▁N ig el ▁( eds ), ▁For got ten ▁Empire ▁- ▁The ▁World ▁of ▁Anc ient ▁Pers ia ▁( c atalogue ▁of ▁British ▁Museum ▁exhibition ), ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press / B rit ish ▁Museum , ▁, ▁google ▁books ▁Dal ton , ▁O . M ., ▁The ▁Tre asure ▁Of ▁The ▁Ox us ▁With ▁Other ▁Object s ▁From ▁Anc ient ▁Pers ia ▁And ▁India , ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁( nb , ▁not ▁the ▁final ▁ 3 rd ▁edition ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁British ▁Museum , ▁online ▁at ▁archive . org , ▁catalog ues ▁ 1 7 7 ▁objects , ▁with ▁a ▁long ▁introduction . ▁Frank fort , ▁Henri , ▁The ▁Art ▁and ▁Architect ure ▁of ▁the ▁Anc ient ▁O rient , ▁Pel ican ▁History ▁of ▁Art , ▁ 4 th ▁ed ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁P engu in ▁( now ▁Yale ▁History ▁of ▁Art ), ▁▁▁ ▁Mus care lla , ▁Oscar ▁White , ▁Arch ae ology , ▁Art ifacts ▁and ▁Ant iqu ities ▁of ▁the ▁Anc ient ▁Near ▁East : ▁S ites , ▁C ult ures , ▁and ▁Pro ven iences , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁BR ILL , |
▁, ▁ 9 7 8 9 0 0 4 2 3 6 6 9 1 , ▁google ▁books ▁Yam au chi , ▁Ed win ▁M ., ▁review ▁of ▁The ▁Tre asure ▁of ▁the ▁Ox us ▁with ▁Other ▁Examples ▁of ▁Early ▁Ori ental ▁Metal - Work , ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Ori ental ▁Society , ▁Vol . ▁ 9 0 , ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁( Apr . ▁- ▁Jun ., ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁pp . 3 4 0 – 3 4 3 , ▁J ST OR ▁" Z e ym al ": ▁" E . ▁V . ▁Ze ym al ▁( 1 9 3 2 - 1 9 9 8 )", ▁ob it uary ▁by ▁John ▁Curt is , ▁Iran , ▁Vol . ▁ 3 7 , ▁( 1 9 9 9 ), ▁pp . ▁v - vi , ▁British ▁Institute ▁of ▁Pers ian ▁Studies , ▁J ST OR ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Ste aling ▁Ze us ' s ▁thunder ▁ ▁Category : M iddle ▁Eastern ▁objects ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁Category : Arch ae ology ▁of ▁the ▁A cha emen id ▁Empire ▁Category : Gold ▁objects ▁Category : Sil ver ▁objects ▁Category : S cul pt ure ▁of ▁the ▁Anc ient ▁Near ▁East ▁Category : J ew ell ery ▁Category : Pers ian ▁art <0x0A> </s> ▁Di plot axis ▁sub cost ata ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁scar ab ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Scar ab ae idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁Re ferences |
▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : M el ol on th ina e ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁Rand i ▁Jay ne ▁Z ucker berg ▁( born ▁February ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁business woman . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁director ▁of ▁market ▁development ▁and ▁spokes person ▁for ▁Facebook , ▁and ▁a ▁sister ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁co - found er ▁and ▁CEO ▁Mark ▁Z ucker berg . ▁Prior ▁to ▁working ▁at ▁Facebook , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁panel ist ▁on ▁For bes ▁on ▁Fox . ▁As ▁of ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁is ▁founder ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁Z ucker berg ▁Media , ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁( E IC ) ▁of ▁D ot ▁Com plicated , ▁a ▁digital ▁lifestyle ▁website , ▁and ▁creator ▁of ▁D ot ., ▁an ▁animated ▁television ▁show ▁about ▁a ▁young ▁girl ▁( the ▁e pon ym ous ▁D ot ) ▁who ▁uses ▁technology ▁to ▁enhance ▁both ▁her ▁educational ▁experiences ▁and ▁rec re ational ▁activities . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Before ▁Facebook ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Harvard , ▁Rand i ▁Z ucker berg ▁worked ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁in ▁marketing ▁for ▁advertising ▁firm ▁Og il vy ▁& ▁M ather . ▁She ▁has ▁stated ▁in ▁articles ▁and ▁interviews ▁that ▁to ▁her ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁dream ▁job ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁work ▁and ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁good ▁track ▁for ▁professional ▁advance |
ment . ▁ ▁Facebook ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Rand i ' s ▁brother ▁Mark ▁asked ▁her ▁to ▁join ▁him ▁at ▁his ▁startup ▁Facebook , ▁which ▁he ▁said ▁was ▁under staff ed ▁with ▁people ▁willing ▁to ▁travel ▁and ▁who ▁could ▁explain ▁his ▁vision . ▁Rand i ▁took ▁a ▁position ▁that ▁required ▁rel ocation ▁and ▁a ▁cut ▁in ▁pay ▁but ▁with ▁stock ▁options . ▁She ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁initially ▁thought ▁this ▁was ▁a ▁temporary ▁position ▁that ▁might ▁last ▁six ▁months . ▁Once ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁Sil icon ▁Valley ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁innovation - driven ▁community , ▁she ▁became ▁fasc inated ▁with ▁the ▁possibilities ▁and ▁remained ▁for ▁ten ▁years . ▁ ▁Rank ed ▁among ▁ 5 0 ▁" Dig ital ▁Power ▁Players " ▁by ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Rep orter ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Z ucker berg ▁organized , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁correspond ent ▁for ▁the ▁ABC ▁News / Face book ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁and ▁Republican ▁Party ▁U . S . ▁President ial ▁prim aries ▁deb ates ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁She ▁also ▁ful filled ▁a ▁correspond ent ▁role ▁at ▁the ▁CNN / Face book ▁In aug uration ▁Day ▁Part nership ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁the ▁Com cast ▁Facebook ▁Di aries ▁event . ▁ ▁Z ucker berg ▁told ▁the ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁that ▁her ▁Facebook ▁journalist ▁team ▁was ▁treated ▁at ▁the ▁D NC ▁" like ▁rock ▁stars ". ▁ ▁Post - Face book ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Z ucker |
berg ▁resigned ▁from ▁Facebook ▁and ▁announced ▁her ▁new ▁social ▁media ▁firm , ▁named ▁" Z ucker berg ▁Media ". ▁Since ▁starting ▁Z ucker berg ▁Media , ▁Rand i ▁has ▁produced ▁shows ▁and ▁digital ▁content ▁for ▁Beach M int , ▁the ▁Clinton ▁Global ▁Init iative , ▁Cir que ▁du ▁S ole il , ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁Cond é ▁N ast ▁and ▁Br avo . ▁ ▁Writing ▁Z ucker berg ▁has ▁written ▁three ▁adult ▁non - f iction ▁books : ▁▁ ▁Sp ark ▁Your ▁Career ▁in ▁Ad vert ising , ▁a ▁Sp ark Not es ▁book ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁D ot ▁Com plicated , ▁her ▁first ▁book ▁with ▁Harper Coll ins , ▁published ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Pick ▁Three : ▁You ▁Can ▁Have ▁It ▁All ▁( Just ▁Not ▁Every ▁Day ), ▁published ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁written ▁two ▁children ' s ▁picture ▁books : ▁▁ ▁D ot ., ▁published ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Miss y ▁President , ▁published ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Appe ar ances ▁Z ucker berg ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁Today ▁Show ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁a ▁segment ▁entitled ▁" 2 0 1 6 ▁Net iqu ette " ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁discussed ▁modern ▁day ▁et iqu ette ▁on ▁the ▁Internet . ▁ ▁Act ing ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁cart oon ▁adaptation ▁of ▁D ot . ▁she ▁voices ▁the ▁character ▁" Ms . |
▁Rand i ", ▁D ot ' s ▁music ▁teacher ▁who ▁organ izes ▁the ▁children ' s ▁cho ir ▁at ▁the ▁community ▁center . ▁ ▁Pers pectives ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Z ucker berg ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁an onym ity ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁to ▁protect ▁children ▁and ▁young ▁adults ▁from ▁cyber - bul lying . ▁Z ucker berg ▁explained ▁how ▁an onym ity ▁is ▁protective ▁for ▁perpet r ators . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Z ucker berg ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁B rent ▁Tw oret z ky ▁have ▁two ▁sons . ▁The ▁family ▁res ides ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁D ot ▁Com plicated ▁official ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁Rand i ▁Z ucker berg ▁at ▁Internet ▁Off - Broad way ▁Database ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁business people ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁California ▁Category : American ▁business ▁writers ▁Category : W omen ▁business ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁computer ▁business people ▁Category : American ▁Internet ▁cele brit ies ▁Category : American ▁marketing ▁business people ▁Category : American ▁online ▁publication ▁ed itors ▁Category : American ▁social ▁activ ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area ▁Category : Face book ▁employees ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Intern et ▁activ ists ▁Category : |
Mark eting ▁women ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Dob bs ▁F erry , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : People ▁from ▁White ▁Pl ains , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁Pal o ▁Al to , ▁California ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁business w omen <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Francis ▁Cr anny ▁( born ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁musician , ▁song writer ▁and ▁record ▁producer ▁based ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Coll abor ation ▁with ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁Robert ▁F . ▁Cr anny ▁co - w rote ▁and ▁co - produ ced ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁albums ▁of ▁Sydney ▁musician , ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o , ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁the ▁Und ers core ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁and ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁certified ▁pl atinum . ▁ ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁the ▁Und ers core ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁Hollywood , ▁California ▁with ▁engineer ▁W ally ▁G ag el ▁( E els , ▁Old ▁ 9 7 s , ▁Fol k ▁Im pl os ion ) ▁and ▁session ▁drum mer ▁Jo ey ▁War on ker ▁( Be ck , ▁The ▁Sm ashing ▁P ump kins ). ▁ ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have ▁ ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Bl ask o , ▁Cr anny ▁and ▁Jim ▁M og in ie ▁of ▁Mid night ▁Oil - f ame . ▁It ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁Neil |
▁Finn ' s ▁Round head ▁Studios ▁in ▁A uck land , ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁The ▁album ▁won ▁an ▁AR IA ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁for ▁Best ▁Pop ▁Release . ▁ ▁Cr anny ▁co - w rote ▁all ▁tracks ▁on ▁both ▁albums , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁Beautiful ▁Sec rets . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁sole ▁writer ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁Perfect ▁Now ▁which ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁program , ▁One ▁Tree ▁Hill . ▁ ▁On ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have , ▁Cr anny ▁arranged ▁and ▁conducted ▁a ▁chamber ▁ensemble ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁Ma ori ▁cho ir . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁under to ok ▁a ▁ 1 2 - date ▁national ▁tour ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁five - piece ▁chamber ▁section . ▁Cr anny ▁again ▁scored ▁the ▁or chestr al ▁instruments . ▁Songs ▁from ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁the ▁Und ers core , ▁which ▁were ▁never ▁originally ▁arranged ▁for ▁or chestr al ▁instruments , ▁were ▁also ▁given ▁this ▁treatment . ▁ ▁Other ▁Production ▁and ▁Mus ical ▁Work ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Cr anny ▁joined ▁sem inal ▁Melbourne ▁ind ie - rock ▁band , ▁Ger sey , ▁to ▁write ▁and ▁record ▁the ▁band ' s ▁fourth ▁LP , ▁" What ▁You ▁Kill ". ▁Cr anny ▁co - w rote ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁tracks , ▁played ▁a ▁CP - 7 0 ▁piano ▁and ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁specific ▁production ▁credit ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁expans ive ▁" |
There ▁Are ▁Things ▁That ▁You ▁And ▁I ▁Can ▁Never ▁Be ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Cr anny ▁co - produ ced ▁the ▁debut ▁album ▁by ▁Ben ▁Sal ter , ▁" The ▁Cat ". ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁G are th ▁L idd i ard , ▁Robert ▁F . ▁Cr anny ▁& ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁at ▁L idd i ard ' s ▁rural ▁property ▁in ▁My rt le ford , ▁Victoria . ▁L idd i ard ' s ▁own ▁band , ▁The ▁D ron es ▁had ▁previously ▁recorded ▁the ▁album ▁Hav il ah ▁at ▁the ▁property . ▁Cr anny ▁made ▁song writing ▁contributions ▁to ▁two ▁album ▁tracks , ▁and ▁personally ▁wrote ▁the ▁song , ▁" K now ▁Your ▁Stre ngth " ▁for ▁the ▁album . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Cr anny ▁played ▁an ▁ 1 1 - date ▁Australian ▁tour ▁as ▁a ▁keyboard ▁player ▁in ▁Ger sey , ▁supporting ▁US ▁band , ▁P ave ment . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁played ▁key boards ▁for ▁US ▁ind ie - rock ▁musician ▁Sp iral ▁St airs , ▁including ▁an ▁appearance ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Sydney ▁Lan ew ay ▁Festival . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Cr anny ▁co - produ ced ▁three ▁tracks ▁with ▁Leon ardo ' s ▁Br ide ▁vocal ist , ▁Ab by ▁Dob son , ▁for ▁her ▁debut ▁solo ▁album ▁" R ise ▁Up ", ▁including ▁the ▁single , ▁" H ors es ". |
▁ ▁Cr anny ▁has ▁also ▁performed ▁and ▁recorded ▁with ▁other ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Ben ▁Sal ter , ▁ 7 8 ▁Sa ab , ▁S ian na ▁Lee , ▁The ▁Mal ad ies , ▁The ▁C - Min us ▁Project , ▁Dar ren ▁Han lon , ▁So ap ▁Star ▁Joe , ▁Gas light ▁Radio ▁& ▁Magic ▁L unch box . ▁ ▁Songs ▁Feature d ▁in ▁Television ▁Series ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁composed ▁original ▁songs ▁that ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁TV ▁series : ▁ ▁Record ▁Label ▁Along ▁with ▁Sarah ▁Kelly ▁from ▁th ered sun band , ▁Robert ▁F . ▁Cr anny ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings , ▁an ▁independent ▁record ▁label ▁based ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia , ▁which ▁was ▁active ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁was ▁distributed ▁nation ally ▁by ▁Sh ock ▁Records ▁and ▁employed ▁the ▁resources ▁of ▁Non zero ▁Records ▁& ▁Rice ▁Is ▁Nice . ▁The ▁label ▁released ▁the ▁following ▁c atalogue : ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁The ▁E agle ▁– ▁th ered sun band , ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁ ▁EP s ▁▁ ▁Like ▁An ▁Ar row ▁– ▁th ered sun band , ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Albums ▁ ▁The ▁Shir ale e ▁- ▁th ered sun band , ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Phoenix ▁Prop eller ▁– ▁S ian na |
▁Lee , ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁En ch anted ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Awards ▁& ▁Rec ogn ition ▁" The ▁Cat " ▁by ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁ ▁Won ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Music ▁Award ▁for ▁Album ▁Of ▁The ▁Year ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁" West ▁End ▁Girls " ▁listed ▁at ▁# 2 8 ▁on ▁The ▁Cou rier ▁Mail ' s ▁" Top ▁ 5 0 ▁Queensland ▁Songs " ▁ ▁" What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have " ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁ ▁Award ed ▁a ▁pl atinum ▁sales ▁acc red itation ▁in ▁Australia ▁ ▁Won ▁an ▁AR IA ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Pop ▁Release ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁"{ Ex plain }" ▁( # 7 9 ) ▁and ▁" Al ways ▁on ▁this ▁Line " ▁( # 5 8 ) ▁reached ▁Tri ple ▁J ' s ▁H ott est ▁ 1 0 0 ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁" The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁the ▁Und ers core " ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁ ▁Award ed ▁a ▁pl atinum ▁sales ▁acc red itation ▁in ▁Australia ▁ ▁" Don ' t ▁U ▁Eva " ▁( # 2 7 ) ▁reached ▁Tri ple ▁J ' s ▁H ott est ▁ 1 0 0 ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁N amed ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Great est ▁Australian ▁Album ▁of ▁All ▁Time ▁by ▁Tri ple ▁J ▁Music ▁Director , ▁Richard ▁Kings mill ▁ ▁C red its ▁ ▁Production ▁C red |
its ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁U ▁Eva ▁single ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁ ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁The ▁Und ers core ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁- ▁produced ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁ ▁She ▁Will ▁Have ▁Her ▁Way : ▁The ▁Songs ▁of ▁Neil ▁& ▁Tim ▁Finn ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁– ▁Don ' t ▁Dream ▁It ' s ▁Over ▁produced ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁ ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have ▁- ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o , ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁and ▁Jim ▁M og in ie ▁ ▁R ise ▁Up ▁– ▁Ab by ▁Dob son ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁– ▁three ▁tracks ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁and ▁Ab by ▁Dob son ▁ ▁H ors es ▁single ▁Ab by ▁Dob son ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁and ▁Ab by ▁Dob son ▁ ▁Phoenix ▁Prop eller ▁– ▁S ian na ▁Lee ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁– ▁Merc en ary ▁In ▁Me ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁ ▁The ▁Cat ▁- ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny , |
▁G are th ▁L idd i ard ▁& ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁ ▁King ▁Me ▁- ▁Love ▁Par ade ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁– ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁ ▁Where ▁The ▁Ocean ▁Start s ▁EP ▁- ▁K atie ▁Why te ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁- ▁produced ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁ ▁" What ▁You ▁Kill " ▁- ▁Ger sey ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁- ▁produced ▁by ▁Tim ▁Wh itten ▁& ▁Ger sey ▁ ▁Song writing ▁C red its ▁ ▁Don ' t ▁U ▁Eva ▁single ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁– ▁written ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁ ▁The ▁O vert ure ▁& ▁The ▁Und ers core ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁all ▁tracks ▁written ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny , ▁except ▁" Be aut iful ▁Sec rets " ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁& ▁" Per fect ▁Now " ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny . ▁ ▁What ▁The ▁Sea ▁W ants , ▁The ▁Sea ▁Will ▁Have ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁– ▁all ▁tracks ▁written ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Bl ask o ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁ ▁Phoenix ▁Prop eller ▁– ▁S ian na ▁Lee ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁– ▁You ▁Are ▁The ▁Sea ▁written ▁by ▁S ian na ▁Lee ▁and ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁ ▁The ▁Cat ▁- ▁Ben ▁Sal ter ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁– |
▁Know ▁Your ▁Stre ngth ▁written ▁by ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny , ▁The ▁Cat ▁written ▁by ▁Ben ▁Sal ter , ▁Robert ▁F ▁Cr anny ▁& ▁G are th ▁L idd i ard ▁ ▁Other ▁Rec ording ▁C red its ▁ ▁Picture ▁a ▁Hum , ▁Can ' t ▁H ear ▁a ▁Sound ▁– ▁ 7 8 ▁Sa ab ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁– ▁piano , ▁organ , ▁syn th ▁ ▁Orange ▁Sy ringe ▁– ▁Tom ▁Morgan ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁- ▁Cas io ▁MT 7 0 , ▁Ham mond ▁Organ ▁ ▁" What ▁You ▁Kill " ▁- ▁Ger sey ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁- ▁CP 7 0 , ▁Roland ▁J UN O , ▁guitar , ▁vocals , ▁production ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁guitar ists ▁Category : Austral ian ▁song writ ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁record ▁producers ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁guitar ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Sem ot il us ▁atr om ac ul atus , ▁ ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁or ▁the ▁ ▁common ▁c reek ▁ch ub , ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁min now , ▁a ▁fresh water ▁fish ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁US ▁and ▁Canada . ▁D iffer ing ▁in ▁size ▁and ▁color ▁depending ▁on ▁origin ▁of ▁development , ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁can ▁usually ▁be ▁defined ▁by ▁a ▁dark ▁brown ▁body ▁with ▁a ▁black ▁later al ▁line ▁sp anning ▁hor izont ally ▁across |
▁the ▁body . ▁It ▁lives ▁primarily ▁within ▁streams ▁and ▁rivers . ▁Creek ▁Ch ub s ▁att ain ▁lengths ▁of ▁ 2 - 6 ▁inches ▁with ▁larger ▁spec im ens ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁inches ▁possible . ▁ ▁The ▁genus ▁name ▁Sem ot il us ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁sem a ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁d ors al ▁fin ), ▁and ▁atr om ac ul atus ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁word ▁" black ▁spots ". ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁A ▁fish ▁which ▁can ▁with stand ▁many ▁different ▁environments , ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub ' s ▁current ▁range ▁is ▁the ▁eastern ▁two - third s ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁sout he astern ▁Canada . ▁It ▁can ▁quickly ▁adapt ▁to ▁different ▁extreme ▁environments , ▁and ▁can ▁live ▁on ▁many ▁different ▁foods . ▁Document ed ▁to ▁span ▁throughout ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes ▁surrounding ▁Wisconsin , ▁and ▁into ▁Minnesota , ▁this ▁species ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁pl ent iful . ▁However , ▁reports ▁of ▁this ▁species ▁have ▁fallen ▁throughout ▁Wisconsin ▁and ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes , ▁suggesting ▁a ▁decline ▁in ▁its ▁population ▁in ▁these ▁regions . ▁ ▁Though ▁populations ▁have ▁been ▁decl ining ▁within ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes , ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁continually ▁documented ▁throughout ▁small ▁and ▁medium ▁rivers ▁and ▁streams . ▁Th riving ▁in ▁small ▁stream ▁environments , ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁grav it ates ▁toward ▁areas ▁of ▁we eds ▁to ▁appear ▁secure ▁and ▁avoid ▁pred ation . ▁V ary ing ▁in ▁environments ▁containing ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁substr ates , |
▁they ▁have ▁been ▁documented ▁over ▁gr avel , ▁sand , ▁s ilt , ▁rub ble , ▁mud , ▁b ould ers , ▁clay , ▁bed rock ▁and ▁det rit us ▁bottom s . ▁This ▁fish ▁actually ▁pre fers ▁the ▁stream ▁or ▁river ▁environment ▁compared ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁lake , ▁as ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁recorded ▁in ▁streams ▁far ▁more ▁than ▁l akes . ▁Of ▁over ▁ 4 4 0 ▁individuals ▁caught , ▁only ▁ 9 ▁were ▁from ▁l akes , ▁and ▁when ▁limiting ▁the ▁locations ▁to ▁solely ▁l akes , ▁only ▁six ▁individuals ▁were ▁caught . ▁ ▁Appe arance ▁ ▁The ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁ch ub ▁with ▁a ▁green ish - b rown ▁back , ▁cream - colored ▁sides ▁interrupted ▁by ▁horizontal ▁black ▁stri pes ▁running ▁from ▁the ▁nose ▁to ▁the ▁tail , ▁and ▁a ▁white ▁belly . ▁Having ▁a ▁round , ▁cyl ind rical ▁body ▁with ▁a ▁comp ressed ▁posterior , ▁males ▁average ▁ 1 2 5 mm ▁in ▁length , ▁while ▁females ▁average ▁ 1 0 5 mm . ▁As ▁the ▁spec imen ▁e ats ▁what ▁is ▁directly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁it , ▁the ▁mouth ▁is ▁terminal , ▁large ▁and ▁under ▁the ▁anterior ▁of ▁the ▁eye . ▁ ▁The ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁has ▁been ▁known ▁to ▁slightly ▁differ ▁in ▁color ation , ▁containing ▁black ▁backs ▁with ▁a ▁brown ▁or ▁yellow ish ▁middle ▁lines . ▁The ▁average ▁ch ub ▁ranges ▁in ▁size ▁from ▁ 5 - 7 in ches ▁in ▁length , ▁with ▁the |
▁largest ▁ch ub ▁documented ▁to ▁be ▁ 1 9 7 mm ▁long . ▁They ▁can ▁be ▁identified ▁from ▁other ▁common ▁min now ▁species ▁by ▁the ▁black ▁" m oust ache " ▁on ▁their ▁upper ▁lips , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁black ▁dot ▁on ▁their ▁d ors al ▁fins . ▁Additionally , ▁ju ven ile ▁males ▁develop ▁a ▁ro sy ▁band ▁on ▁their ▁sides , ▁along ▁with ▁gl oss y , ▁dark ▁d ors al ▁fin ▁spots . ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁The ▁scales ▁of ▁this ▁species ▁are ▁quite ▁unique ▁to ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub , ▁ultimately ▁helping ▁to ▁protect ▁and ▁man eu ver . ▁Scal es ▁do ▁not ▁appear ▁until ▁the ▁fish ▁is ▁ 2 6 mm ▁long , ▁leaving ▁ 3 0 - mm - long ▁individuals ▁having ▁small ▁scales ▁with ▁few ▁circul i . ▁Major ▁growth ▁occurs ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁year , ▁often ▁jumping ▁by ▁over ▁ 5 0 – 7 0 mm ▁in ▁one ▁year . ▁M ales ▁grow ▁far ▁more ▁quickly ▁than ▁females , ▁allowing ▁mat urity ▁to ▁occur ▁at ▁one ▁to ▁one ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁scales ▁covering ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁are ▁b ony - ridge ▁scales ; ▁they ▁are ▁thin ▁and ▁flexible ▁to ▁aid ▁movement . ▁Cycl oid ▁scales ▁are ▁also ▁found , ▁allowing ▁for ▁smooth ▁transport ▁within ▁the ▁water ▁with ▁little ▁disturb ance ▁from ▁the ▁scales ▁themselves . ▁They ▁also ▁have ▁le pt oid ▁scales , ▁which ▁are ▁flexible ▁plates ▁of ▁bone |
▁which ▁help ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁fish ▁from ▁prey ▁and ▁act ▁as ▁armor . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁The ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁has ▁specific ▁behaviors ▁at ▁different ▁ages . ▁Common ly ▁a ▁school ▁fish , ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁documented ▁to ▁school ▁from ▁birth ▁to ▁late ▁adult , ▁occup ying ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁pool s . ▁Their ▁upper ▁le thal ▁temperature ▁is ▁ 3 2 ° C , ▁while ▁the ▁lower ▁le thal ▁temperature ▁is ▁ 1 . 7 ° C . ▁Init ially , ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁is ▁quite ▁hes it ant ▁to ▁venture ▁from ▁its ▁known ▁territory . ▁For ▁instance , ▁while ▁developing ▁and ▁growing , ▁a ▁school ▁of ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁travels ▁together ▁within ▁the ▁same ▁ 5 0 - m eter ▁radius . ▁En s uring ▁safety ▁from ▁unknown ▁pred ators ▁and ▁environment , ▁this ▁increases ▁their ▁potential ▁for ▁survival . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁grows ▁and ▁develop s , ▁traveling ▁outside ▁its ▁radius , ▁it ▁eng ages ▁in ▁aggressive ▁behavior ▁with ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁species . ▁The ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁eng ages ▁in ▁ritual ized ▁aggress ion ▁when ▁others ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁inv ade ▁its ▁territory . ▁Eng aging ▁in ▁parallel ▁swim , ▁the ▁fish ▁wid ens ▁its ▁fins ▁and ▁mouth ▁and ▁sw ims ▁at ▁a ▁c aud al ▁beat . ▁Int im id ating ▁opponent ▁fish ▁throughout ▁these ▁rit uals , ▁the ▁forward ▁fish ▁stops ▁and ▁direct s ▁bl ows ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁fish . ▁This |
▁ensures ▁territory ▁domin ance , ▁forcing ▁intr ud ers ▁out ▁of ▁its ▁area . ▁ ▁In ▁central ▁Ohio , ▁c reek ▁ch ub s ▁tend ▁to ▁dom inate ▁small ▁c ree ks , ▁where ▁pred ators ▁such ▁as ▁small mouth , ▁larg em outh , ▁and ▁spotted ▁bass ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁th rive . ▁ ▁They ▁will ▁be ▁present ▁in ▁larger ▁c ree ks ▁and ▁rivers , ▁but ▁they ▁will ▁no ▁longer ▁be ▁a ▁dominant ▁species , ▁and ▁their ▁population ▁numbers ▁will ▁suffer ▁from ▁pred ation . ▁ ▁Creek ▁ch ub s ▁can ▁be ▁caught ▁on ▁small ▁hooks ▁with ▁small ▁sections ▁of ▁night c raw lers . ▁ ▁They ▁feed ▁in ▁schools ▁during ▁day light , ▁and ▁aggress ively ▁compete ▁for ▁the ▁b ait ▁at ▁first . ▁ ▁After ▁several ▁of ▁their ▁com r ades ▁are ▁pulled ▁from ▁the ▁water , ▁c reek ▁ch ub s ▁become ▁w ary , ▁and ▁they ▁will ▁no ▁longer ▁aggress ively ▁take ▁the ▁b ait . ▁ ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁they ▁may ▁n ib ble ▁at ▁the ▁b ait , ▁or ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁b ait ▁and ▁avoid ▁striking ▁at ▁it . ▁ ▁Creek ▁ch ub s ▁can ▁be ▁effectively ▁caught ▁in ▁min now ▁tr aps ▁with ▁dry ▁dog ▁food . ▁ ▁More ▁information ▁is ▁needed ▁about ▁effective ▁day time ▁an gling ▁hours . ▁ ▁Creek ▁ch ub s ▁are ▁a ▁hard y ▁min now ▁that ▁can ▁easily ▁be ▁caught ▁in ▁small ▁c ree ks , ▁stored ▁in ▁aqu ari ums , ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁b |
ait ▁to ▁catch ▁larger ▁fish ▁such ▁as ▁bass ▁and ▁cat fish . ▁ ▁Since ▁c reek ▁ch ub s ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁sharp ▁sp ines ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁their ▁d ors al ▁fins , ▁like ▁a ▁blue g ill ▁or ▁larg em outh ▁bass ▁does , ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁preferred ▁food ▁source ▁for ▁fish ▁that ▁prey ▁on ▁smaller ▁fish . ▁ ▁Diet ▁The ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁is ▁described ▁as ▁an ▁opportun ist ▁and ▁a ▁car n iv ore , ▁and ▁consum es ▁many ▁different ▁foods ▁to ▁survive , ▁including ▁fish , ▁insect ▁remains ▁and ▁veget ation , ▁am ph ip od s , ▁adult ▁Cole opter a , ▁Ep he mer opter a ▁n ym ph s , ▁O don ata ▁l ar va e ▁and ▁D ip tera ▁adults ▁and ▁l ar va e . ▁ ▁Fe eding ▁habits ▁are ▁specific ▁to ▁the ▁c ree ks ▁and ▁rivers ▁where ▁in ▁the ▁ch ub ▁exists . ▁As ▁a ▁ju ven ile , ▁it ▁actively ▁feed s ▁throughout ▁the ▁early ▁morning ▁on ▁organ isms ▁within ▁the ▁water . ▁As ▁an ▁adult , ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁does ▁not ▁feed ▁until ▁the ▁afternoon , ▁being ▁documented ▁to ▁never ▁feed ▁before ▁ 1 1 0 0 ▁hours . ▁Fish ▁often ▁do ▁not ▁leave ▁their ▁shelter ▁until ▁temperatures ▁have ▁increased ▁to ▁a ▁daily ▁maximum . ▁Large ▁ch ub s ▁actively ▁for age ▁for ▁ 1 – 2 ▁hr , ▁then ▁wait ▁in ▁their ▁environment ▁to ▁feed ▁on ▁drift ▁items . ▁ ▁Rep roduction ▁M |
ales ▁increase ▁re product ive ▁success ▁by ▁migr ating ▁to ▁a ▁spawn ing ▁area . ▁The ▁male ▁then ▁initi ates ▁building ▁a ▁spawn ing ▁site ▁to ▁draw ▁in ▁females ▁in ▁the ▁surrounding ▁area . ▁This ▁most ▁likely ▁occurs ▁in ▁small ▁p its ▁with ▁small ▁pe bb les ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁area ▁where ▁eggs ▁are ▁laid . ▁Once ▁females ▁enter , ▁the ▁male ▁wrap s ▁around ▁her ▁p ector al ▁fin ▁and ▁body , ▁fert il ization ▁occurs , ▁and ▁the ▁female ▁leaves . ▁Around ▁ 2 5 - 3 0 ▁eggs ▁are ▁released ▁each ▁fert il ization ▁cycle . ▁Often , ▁these ▁re product ive ▁cycles ▁occur ▁in ▁commun al ▁nest ing ▁sites , ▁where ▁the ▁male ▁controls ▁the ▁territory ▁and ▁protect s ▁it ▁from ▁intr ud ers . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁breed ing ▁season , ▁males ▁grow ▁small , ▁ker atin - based ▁b umps , ▁called ▁tub er cles , ▁on ▁their ▁head , ▁which ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁ritual ized ▁combat . ▁This ▁hardly ▁ever ▁gets ▁dangerous ▁or ▁destruct ive , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁ward ▁off ▁intr uding ▁males ▁on ▁commun al ▁nest ing ▁sites . ▁ ▁Pred ation ▁and ▁management ▁The ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁is ▁often ▁prey ed ▁on ▁by ▁species ▁ranging ▁from ▁birds ▁to ▁fish , ▁such ▁as ▁lo ons , ▁king fish ers , ▁brown ▁tr out ▁and ▁northern ▁p ike . ▁Vir uses ▁infect ing ▁the ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁have ▁been ▁documented ▁to ▁decrease ▁this ▁species ' ▁population . ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁food |
▁of ▁the ▁c reek ch ub ▁is ▁limited ▁by ▁other ▁animals , ▁such ▁as ▁tr out ▁and ▁other ▁ch ub s . ▁ ▁Man aging ▁c reek ▁ch ub ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁small ▁growing ▁p onds . ▁Prov iding ▁the ▁right ▁conditions , ▁with ▁flowing ▁water ▁through ▁the ▁p ond , ▁gives ▁the ▁ch ub ▁the ▁necessary ▁environment ▁to ▁survive . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Information ▁from ▁Nature Ser ve : ▁Sem ot il us ▁atr om ac ul atus ▁( C reek ▁ch ub ) ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ch ub s ▁( fish ) ▁Category : Sem ot il us ▁Category : C y pr in id ▁fish ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁Category : F resh water ▁fish ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : F ish ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : F ish ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes ▁Category : F a una ▁of ▁the ▁North western ▁United ▁States ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Samuel ▁L . ▁M itch ill ▁Category : F resh water ▁fish ▁of ▁North ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁Jacques ▁Raymond ▁( born ▁J oz ef ▁Rem on , ▁ 1 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁Tem se , ▁East ▁F land ers ) ▁is ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁singer . ▁ ▁He ▁represented ▁Belgium ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁with ▁the ▁Dutch ▁song ▁" W a ar om ?" . ▁In ▁the ▁ |
1 9 7 1 ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est , ▁he ▁team ed ▁up ▁with ▁Lily ▁Cast el ▁to ▁sing ▁" G oe iem org en , ▁M org en " ▁for ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁entry ▁on ▁short ▁notice ▁after ▁Nicole ▁Jos y ▁of ▁Nicole ▁& ▁Hugo ▁fell ▁ill . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Go e iem org en , ▁m org en ▁ ▁He el ▁ve el ▁lie fs ▁en ▁tot ▁z iens ▁ ▁I k ▁bl ij f ▁op ▁je ▁w achten ▁ ▁Kl appen ▁in ▁de ▁hand en ▁ ▁J ouw ▁good - bye ▁ ▁O nder ▁' t ▁gro en ▁van ▁de ▁b omen ▁ ▁You ' re ▁so ▁sim p atic o ▁ ▁Sl ot ak ko ord ▁ ▁Perm ett ete , ▁sign or ina ▁ ▁T ann ia ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁ ▁Wa ar om ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ ▁Die ▁dol le ▁D olly ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁Ke ine ▁Fre unde ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁ ▁No o it ▁was ▁ik ▁zo ▁verl ief d ▁ ▁Nina ▁ ▁Sylv ie ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Belgium ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : E uro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁entr ants ▁for ▁Belgium ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : E uro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁entr ants ▁of ▁ |
1 9 6 3 ▁Category : E uro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁entr ants ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Tem se <0x0A> </s> ▁Il k ka ▁Per tti ▁J uh ani ▁L ait inen ▁( 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁military ▁officer , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁lieutenant ▁general ▁and ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁B order ▁Guard ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁Fr on tex , ▁the ▁European ▁Union ’ s ▁border ▁protection ▁agency , ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁B order ▁Guard ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁He ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁colon el ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁held ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁national ▁and ▁EU ▁jobs . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁head ▁of ▁Fr on tex ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁L ait inen ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁B order ▁Guard ▁due ▁to ▁ill ▁health ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁aged ▁ 5 7 , ▁due ▁to ▁illness . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Finn |
ish ▁Ministry ▁of ▁the ▁Interior : ▁Press ▁release ▁Colonel ▁Il k ka ▁L ait inen ▁appointed ▁as ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁EU ▁B orders ▁Agency ▁( 2 0 0 5 - 0 5 - 2 5 ) ▁Finn ish ▁B order ▁Guard : ▁Cur riculum ▁vita e ▁of ▁Il k ka ▁L ait inen ▁( in ▁Finn ish ) ▁Fr on tex ▁official ▁site ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Nur mes ▁Category : F inn ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : F inn ish ▁officials ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Union <0x0A> </s> ▁El ena ▁O cho a , ▁Lady ▁Foster ▁of ▁Th ames ▁Bank ▁ ▁( born ▁El ena ▁Fern ández - F erre iro ▁L ó pez ▁de ▁O cho a ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Spanish ▁publisher ▁and ▁art ▁cur ator , ▁and ▁formerly ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁psych opath ology . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁Iv ory press . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁O cho a ▁Foster ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁O uren se , ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁O cho a ▁Foster ▁was ▁a ▁ten ured ▁lect urer ▁in ▁Psych opath ology ▁at ▁the ▁Com pl ut ense ▁University ▁of ▁Madrid ▁for ▁almost ▁two ▁decades ▁and ▁was ▁honor ary ▁professor ▁at ▁King ' s ▁College ▁in ▁London ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁obtaining ▁a ▁F ul b right ▁scholarship ▁to ▁undert ake ▁post do ctor al |
▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois ▁( Ch icago ) ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁( U CL A ), ▁throughout ▁her ▁career ▁she ▁has ▁been ▁visiting ▁lect urer ▁and ▁research er ▁in ▁Psych opath ology ▁at ▁several ▁universities ▁both ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁She ▁has ▁worked ▁at ▁R NE ▁and ▁Tele vis ión ▁Esp añ ola ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁regular ▁contributor ▁to ▁several ▁newspapers . ▁" She ▁was ▁an ▁academic ▁psych ologist ▁special ising ▁in ▁sexual ity ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁media ▁profile ▁in ▁her ▁native ▁Spain ▁- ▁largely ▁based ▁on ▁getting ▁the ▁Spanish ▁to ▁talk ▁about ▁sex ▁on ▁her ▁television ▁show , ▁and ▁ignoring ▁the ▁tab o os ▁about ▁discussing ▁[ sex ▁a ids ] ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁in ▁London , ▁O cho a ▁Foster ▁founded ▁Iv ory press , ▁a ▁private ▁organization ▁that ▁carries ▁out ▁publishing ▁and ▁cur ator ial ▁activities , ▁which ▁compris es ▁an ▁art ▁gallery , ▁a ▁publishing ▁house ▁special ising ▁in ▁artists ' ▁books , ▁and ▁a ▁book shop ▁focusing ▁on ▁photography , ▁architecture ▁and ▁contemporary ▁art . ▁ ▁She ▁runs ▁the ▁C ▁Photo ▁project , ▁whose ▁aim ▁is ▁to ▁promote ▁photography ▁through ▁publications , ▁exhib itions , ▁and ▁academic ▁and ▁institutional ▁support . ▁Iv ory press ▁has ▁sponsored ▁the ▁first ▁Human itas ▁Vis iting ▁Profess orship s ▁in ▁Cont emporary ▁Art ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁founded ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁Human itas ▁programme . ▁ ▁O cho a ▁Foster ▁has ▁cur ated |
▁international ▁exhib itions ▁in ▁close ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁Iv ory press ▁team , ▁including ▁C ▁on ▁C ities ▁( 1 0 th ▁Ven ice ▁Architect ure ▁B ien n ale , ▁Ven ice , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ), ▁Blood ▁on ▁Paper ▁( V ict oria ▁& ▁Albert ▁Museum , ▁London , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ), ▁Real ▁Ven ice ▁( 5 4 th ▁Ven ice ▁Art ▁B ien n ale , ▁Ven ice , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ), ▁Real ▁Ven ice ▁( Som erset ▁House , ▁London , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁and ▁Tol edo Cont empor á nea ▁( F und ación ▁El ▁Gre co , ▁Tol edo , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ). ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Mo MA ' s ▁Library ▁Council ▁and ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁advis ory ▁board ▁of ▁the ▁Prix ▁Pict et ▁photography ▁award . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁jury ▁at ▁the ▁Swiss ▁photography ▁award , ▁Alt + 1 0 0 0 . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁T ate ▁International ▁Council ▁for ▁five ▁years ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁T ate ▁Foundation ' s ▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁N og uch i ▁Foundation . ▁As ▁a ▁patron , ▁she ▁supports ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁museum s ▁and ▁found ations ▁including ▁the ▁Muse o ▁del ▁Pr ado ▁and ▁the ▁Te atro ▁Real , ▁Madrid , ▁Spain , |
▁alongside ▁several ▁international ▁schools ▁of ▁contemporary ▁art ▁and ▁photography ▁such ▁as ▁Spain ' s ▁Academy ▁of ▁the ▁Arts ▁and ▁the ▁Cin emat ographic ▁Sciences . ▁ ▁O cho a ▁Foster ▁has ▁collabor ated ▁on ▁publishing , ▁educational ▁and ▁artistic ▁projects ▁with ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁A i ▁We i wei , ▁Cl a es ▁Old enburg , ▁William ▁Kent ridge , ▁May a ▁Lin , ▁Thomas ▁Str uth , ▁Crist ina ▁I gles ias , ▁Los ▁Car p inter os , ▁Richard ▁Long ▁and ▁An sel m ▁K ie fer ▁among ▁others . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁executive ▁producer ▁of ▁several ▁document aries , ▁among ▁them ▁How ▁much ▁your ▁building ▁weigh ▁Mr ▁Foster ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁and ▁Sh oot ing ▁the ▁ ▁M af ia ▁( 2 0 1 9 ). ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁ ▁the ▁Chair ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁Ser pent ine ▁G aller ies , ▁London , ▁UK , ▁and ▁serves ▁as ▁Cor respond ent ▁Academ ician ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁for ▁the ▁Real ▁Academ ia ▁de ▁Bell as ▁Ar tes ▁de ▁San ▁Fernando , ▁Madrid , ▁Spain ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁▁ ▁Special ▁award ▁from ▁Architect ural ▁Dig est ' s ▁editorial ▁team . ▁Architect ural ▁Dig est ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Prem io ▁Al filer ▁de ▁O ro , ▁As oci ación ▁M uj er ▁Sig lo ▁XX I . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Mont bl anc ▁Award ▁for ▁Women . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ |
▁Award ▁for ▁Excell ence ▁in ▁Publishing . ▁Fu era ▁de ▁Serie , ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Re ina ▁Sof ía ▁Institute ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁New ▁York , ▁USA , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Real ▁Fund ación ▁de ▁Tol edo ▁Award ▁for ▁cur ation ▁for ▁the ▁exhibition ▁Tol edo Cont empor á nea . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁I ber o - American ▁Award ▁for ▁Art ▁Pat ron age . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Mont bl anc ▁de ▁la ▁Culture ▁Arts ▁Pat ron age ▁Award . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁M uj er H oy ▁Award . ▁Spain , ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁English ▁architect , ▁Norman ▁Robert ▁Foster , ▁Baron ▁Foster ▁of ▁Th ames ▁Bank . ▁ ▁She ▁lives ▁and ▁works ▁between ▁Switzerland , ▁Spain , ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁the ▁US . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Carm en ▁Mel gar . ▁" El ▁mit o ▁de ▁El ena ". ▁V ogue ▁Spain . ▁November , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Ma ite ▁Sebast ia . ▁" 5 ▁grandes ▁muj eres ▁del ▁arte ▁nos ▁ex plic an ▁la ▁revol u ción ▁fem en ina ▁en ▁el ▁sector ". ▁S Mod a . ▁November , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Á lex ▁Rodr í gue z . ▁" Me ▁be ber ía ▁todos ▁los ▁bu en os ▁v inos |
▁de ▁casa ". ▁La ▁V angu ard ia . ▁October , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁David ▁Mor ale jo . ▁" E len a ▁O cho a ▁Foster , ▁una ▁casa ▁con ▁much o ▁arte ". ▁T ▁Spain : ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁Style ▁Magazine . ▁May , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Juan ▁Cruz . ▁" E len a ▁Foster : ▁' Los ▁artist as ▁te ▁dan ▁ad ren al ina ' ". ▁ ▁El ▁Pa ís ▁Sem anal , ▁El ▁Pa ís ▁New sp aper . ▁March , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁L ola ▁Fern ández . ▁" E len a ▁O cho a : ▁' Es ▁una ▁tor pe za ▁mental ▁imper don able ▁que ▁un ▁gob ierno ▁no ▁ap oy e ▁las ▁art es ' ". ▁ ▁Y o ▁Don a , ▁El ▁M undo ▁New sp aper . ▁February , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Gar bi ñ e ▁Contin ente . ▁" E len a ▁O cho a ▁Foster , ▁President a ▁del ▁Conse jo ▁de ▁las ▁Ser pent ine ▁G aller ies ". ▁Harper ' s ▁B aza ar ▁Spain . ▁January , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁V icky ▁Vil ches . ▁" E len a ▁O cho a ▁en ▁defens a ▁del ▁me cen az go ▁cultural ". ▁ ▁Fu era ▁de ▁Serie , ▁Exp ans ión . ▁June , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁' E len a ▁O cho a ▁Foster ▁W ins |
▁I ber o - American ▁Prize ▁for ▁Art ▁Pat ron age '. ▁Art For um ▁Magazine . ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Art For um ▁Magazine . ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁' E len a ▁O cho a ▁Foster , ▁prem io ▁I ber o american o ▁de ▁M ec en az go . ▁El ▁jur ado ▁recon o ce ▁la ▁labor ▁en ▁el ▁Ar te ▁de ▁la ▁editor a , ▁com is aria ▁y ▁fund adora ▁de ▁Iv ory press '. ▁El ▁Pa ís ▁newspaper . ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁El ▁Pa ís ▁newspaper . ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁El sa ▁Fern ández - S ant os . ▁' E len a ▁O cho a ▁Foster . ▁El ▁arte ▁de ▁rein vent arse ▁a ▁prop ós ito '. ▁Harper ' s ▁B aza ar . ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Harper ' s ▁B aza ar . ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁R aph ael ▁M inder . ▁' Sp ain ▁Pays ▁T ribute ▁to ▁El ▁Gre co ▁ 4 0 0 ▁Years ▁After ▁His ▁Death '. ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times . ▁April , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁J iy oon ▁Lee . ▁' ▁ 에 술 과 ▁ 책 의 ▁ 융 합 ▁ 지 휘 하 는 ▁ 엘 레 나 ▁ 포 스 터 '. ▁ ▁Sunday ▁Magazine . ▁February , ▁ |
2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁IO AN A ▁N IC OL A ES CU . ▁' L ady ▁di ▁st ile . ▁Inter v ista ▁a ▁El ena ▁O cho a ▁Foster ▁fond at ice ▁di ▁Iv ory press ▁e ▁mog lie ▁dell ' arch ist ar ▁Norman ▁Foster '. ▁Elle ▁Italy . ▁July , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Beat riz ▁Fab i án . ▁' E len a ▁O cho a . ▁El ▁merc ado ▁del ▁arte ▁está ▁más ▁activ o ▁que ▁nun ca '. ▁N ue vo ▁Est ilo ▁Magazine . ▁July , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Al m ud ena ▁Á val os , ▁' I v ory press . ▁Una ▁editorial ▁de ▁cult o . ▁Desc ub rim os ▁el ▁trab ajo ▁di ario ▁de ▁la ▁amb ic iona ▁emp resa ▁fund ada ▁por ▁El ena ▁O cho a '. ▁S ▁Mod a ▁Magazine , ▁El ▁Pa ís ▁newspaper . ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Paul a ▁A chi aga , ▁' E len a ▁O cho a : ▁Iv ory press ▁no ▁tiene ▁refer ente . ▁Es ▁un ▁refer ente . ▁n ació ▁para ▁provoc ar '. ▁El ▁Cultural , ▁El ▁M undo ▁newspaper . ▁ 7 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Isabel ▁La font , ▁' Ar te ▁en ▁los ▁conf ines ▁de ▁la ▁liter atura . ▁Los ▁lib ros ▁de ▁art ista ▁edit ados ▁por ▁El ena ▁O cho a |
▁trat an ▁de ▁l le var ▁al ▁extrem o ▁la ▁creat ivid ad ▁de ▁sus ▁aut ores ', ▁El ▁Pa ís ▁newspaper . ▁ 1 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Christ ine ▁Murray , ▁" Christ ine ▁Murray ▁interviews ▁El ena ▁O cho a ▁Foster ▁at ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁V & A ' s ▁Blood ▁on ▁Paper ", ▁Architect s ' ▁Journal . ▁ 2 2 7 . 1 7 ▁( May ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ): ▁p 5 2 - 5 3 . ▁G ale ▁Document ▁Number : ▁G ALE | A 1 7 9 9 5 3 9 3 9 ▁ ▁Martin ▁Gay ford , ▁' Blo od ▁on ▁Paper : ▁Who ▁needs ▁words ?' . ▁The ▁Tele graph . ▁ 1 2 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁María ▁Mart í nez , ▁' E len a ▁Foster . ▁Cole cc ion ista ▁de ▁al mas '. ▁Person as ▁de ▁Conf ian za . ▁March , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁B ett ina ▁von ▁H ase , ▁' M aking ▁book . ▁With ▁the ▁rare f ied ▁produ ctions ▁of ▁her ▁Iv ory press , ▁El ena ▁Foster ▁is ▁taking ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁artist ' s ▁book ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁level '. ▁Art ▁+ ▁Au ction . ▁June , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Jes ús ▁Rodr í gue z , ▁' El ▁arte ▁de ▁Lady ▁Foster '. ▁El ▁Pa ís ▁sem anal , |
▁El ▁Pa ís ▁newspaper . ▁January , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Sam anth a ▁Cont i , ▁' F it ▁to ▁print '. ▁W ▁Magazine . ▁December , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁J avier ▁F de z . ▁de ▁Ang ulo , ▁' La ▁pas ión ▁de ▁Lady ▁Foster '. ▁V ogue ▁Spain . ▁August , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁R alf ▁E ib l , ▁" IM ▁EL F EN BE INT UR M ▁- ▁Mit ▁ih rem ▁Iv ory press ▁produ z iert ▁Lady ▁Foster ▁spe kt ak ul äre ▁B ü cher ▁für ▁die ▁E wig keit ". ▁Architect ural ▁Dig est ▁( G erm any ). ▁June , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁▁ ▁Richard ▁C ork . ▁" The ▁Iv ory ▁Tower ", ▁The ▁Times ▁( Un ited ▁Kingdom ), ▁Feb ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Bi ographical ▁piece ▁about ▁El ena ▁O cho a ▁Foster . ▁ ▁" L ady ▁Foster ▁follows ▁her ▁art ", ▁Daily ▁Tele graph , ▁Oct . ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁G ale ▁Document ▁Number : ▁G ALE | A 1 0 9 0 4 8 0 6 7 . ▁B rief ▁piece ▁about ▁El ena ▁O cho a ▁Foster . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : Span ish ▁publish ers ▁( people ) ▁Category : Com pl ut ense ▁University ▁of ▁Madrid |
▁al umn i ▁Category : Ac adem ics ▁of ▁the ▁Com pl ut ense ▁University ▁of ▁Madrid ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Span ish ▁cur ators ▁Category : Span ish ▁women ▁in ▁business ▁Category : Sp ouses ▁of ▁life ▁peers <0x0A> </s> ▁T aim ur ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 4 th - century ▁Tur ko - M ong ol ▁rul er ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁T amer lane . ▁ ▁T aim ur ▁or ▁Tim ur ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Historical ▁ ▁M ö ng ke ▁Tem ür ▁( d . 1 2 8 0 ), ▁k han ▁of ▁the ▁Golden ▁Hor de ▁ ▁Several ▁rul ers ▁from ▁the ▁Chinese - M ong ol ▁Y uan ▁D yn asty ▁ ▁Tem ür ▁Khan ▁( ▁ 1 2 9 4 – 1 3 0 7 ), ▁the ▁second ▁rul er ▁of ▁the ▁Y uan ▁dyn asty ▁ ▁T ugh ▁Tem ür , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁Jay aat u ▁Khan , ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁of ▁Y uan ▁( ▁ 1 3 2 8 – 1 3 3 2 ) ▁▁▁ ▁T og hon ▁Tem ür ▁( ▁ 1 3 3 3 – 1 3 7 0 ) ▁ ▁U sk hal ▁Khan ▁T ö g ü s ▁Tem ür ▁( ▁ 1 3 7 8 – 1 3 8 8 ) ▁ ▁Yes ün ▁Tem ür ▁( ▁ 1 3 2 3 – 1 3 2 8 ) ▁▁ ▁Ö l je i ▁Tem ür ▁Khan , ▁( ▁ 1 4 |
0 8 – 1 4 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Kö ke ▁Tem ür , ▁a ▁Y uan ▁dyn asty ▁general ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁( 1 3 3 6 – 1 4 0 5 ), ▁a ▁Central ▁Asian ▁rul er ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁T amer lane ▁ ▁M engu ▁Tim ur , ▁The ▁k han ▁of ▁Golden ▁Hor de ▁ ▁Bay an ▁Tem ür ▁( King ▁G ong min ▁of ▁G ory e o ) ▁ ▁Khan ▁Tem ir ▁( ▁ 1 6 3 7 ), ▁a ▁Bud j ak ▁N og ais ▁rul er ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Shah ▁Dur r ani ▁( 1 7 4 8 – 1 7 9 3 ), ▁an ▁Af gh ani ▁rul er ▁ ▁Modern ▁ ▁N aw ab ▁Muhammad ▁T aim ur ▁Tal pur , ▁Pak ist ani ▁politician ▁ ▁T aim ur ▁Khan ▁J h agra , ▁Pak ist ani ▁politician ▁ ▁T aim ur ▁H uss ain , ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁professional ▁gol fer ▁ ▁T aim ur ▁Ali , ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁First - class ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁T aim ur ▁S ultan ▁( cr ick eter ), ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁first - class ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁T aim ur ▁Khan ▁( cr ick eter , ▁born ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁First - class ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁T aim ur ▁Khan ▁( cr ick eter , ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁First - class ▁cr ick |
eter ▁ ▁Dan ish ▁T aim oor , ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁actor ▁ ▁T aim ur ▁Rah man , ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁singer ▁ ▁T aim ur ▁bin ▁Fe is al , ▁ 1 2 th ▁S ultan ▁of ▁O man ▁ ▁S aid ▁bin ▁T aim ur , ▁ 1 3 th ▁S ultan ▁of ▁O man ▁ ▁Tem ur ▁Bab lu ani ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 ), ▁a ▁Georg ian ▁film ▁director ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Beg , ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 3 3 ), ▁a ▁U y gh ur ▁rebel ▁leader ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁B ek m amb et ov , ▁Kaz akh ▁film ▁and ▁advertis ement ▁director ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁D ib iro v ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁a ▁Russian ▁hand ball ▁player ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁D z hab ra il ov , ▁Russian ▁football er ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁G are ev , ▁U zb ek ist ani ▁che ss ▁player ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁I br ag im ov , ▁U zb ek ist ani ▁box er ▁ ▁Tem ur ▁I ak ob ash v ili ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁a ▁Georg ian ▁politician ▁and ▁diplom at ▁ ▁Tem ur ▁J ura ev ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁a ▁U zb ek ist ani ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Kap ad ze , ▁a ▁U zb ek ist ani ▁football er ▁ ▁Tem ur ▁K ets ba ia ▁( born ▁ 1 |
9 6 8 ), ▁a ▁Georg ian ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁manager ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁K ul ib ay ev , ▁Kaz akh ▁billion aire ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Kur an , ▁American ▁academic ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁M uts ur ay ev ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Che chen ▁singer ▁and ▁b ard ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Pr ad op o , ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁National ▁Police ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Tay maz ov ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁weight lif ter ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁K yd y ral iev , ▁K yr gy z st ani ▁football er ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Sel ç uk , ▁Turkish ▁musician ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁T ek kal , ▁German ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁Y any ali , ▁Turkish ▁football er ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁ ▁Tim ur , ▁Iran , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ar d abil ▁Province , ▁Iran ▁ ▁Tem ir ▁kom uz , ▁a ▁central ▁Asian ▁jaw ▁har p ▁ ▁Tim uri , ▁a ▁tribe ▁in ▁Afghanistan ▁and ▁Iran ▁ ▁Tim ur ite ▁movement , ▁a ▁youth ▁volunteer ▁organization ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁ ▁The ▁Nep al ▁variety ▁of ▁S ich uan ▁pepper ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Tim or ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁NGC ▁ 9 7 2 ▁is ▁a ▁dust y ▁sp iral ▁galaxy ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁const ell ation ▁of ▁A ries , ▁located ▁at ▁an ▁approximate ▁distance ▁of ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁Mil ky ▁Way . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ |
1 7 8 4 ▁by ▁William ▁H ers chel . ▁The ▁gal actic ▁features ▁suggest ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁under g one ▁a ▁mer ger ▁with ▁a ▁gas - rich ▁companion , ▁giving ▁it ▁asym met rical ▁arms , ▁plus ▁star bur st ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁nucle us ▁and ▁an ▁off - plan ar ▁nuclear ▁ring . ▁The ▁inner ▁ 3 . 6 k pc ▁of ▁the ▁galaxy ▁is ▁under going ▁star ▁formation ▁at ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁ 2 . 1 – 2 . 7 · yr – 1 , ▁but ▁it ▁lack s ▁a ▁nuclear ▁bul ge . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁a ▁possible ▁super n ova ▁event ▁was ▁observed ▁about ▁ ▁west ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁gal actic ▁center . ▁It ▁reached ▁magnitude ▁ 1 4 . 7 ▁in ▁the ▁in fr ared ▁K ' ▁band , ▁but ▁only ▁a ▁possible ▁very ▁faint ▁trans ient ▁event ▁was ▁observed ▁in ▁the ▁visual ▁frequency ▁range , ▁most ▁likely ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁strong ▁ext inction . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁NGC ▁ 9 7 2 ▁on ▁S IM BAD ▁ ▁Category : Sp iral ▁galaxies ▁ 9 7 2 ▁Category : A ries ▁( const ell ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Journal ▁of ▁Light wave ▁Technology ▁is ▁a ▁bi week ly ▁peer - review ed ▁scientific ▁journal ▁covering ▁optical ▁guided - wave ▁science , ▁technology , ▁and ▁engineering . ▁It ▁is ▁published ▁joint ly ▁by ▁the ▁Opt ical |
▁Society ▁and ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Elect rical ▁and ▁Elect ron ics ▁Engine ers . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁the ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁is ▁Gab ri ella ▁Bos co ▁( Pol ite cn ico ▁di ▁Tor ino ). ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Journal ▁C itation ▁Re ports , ▁the ▁journal ▁has ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁impact ▁factor ▁of ▁ 3 . 6 5 2 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Engine ering ▁jour nals ▁Category : English - language ▁jour nals ▁Category : I EEE ▁academic ▁jour nals ▁Category : Bi week ly ▁jour nals ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Category : Opt ics ▁jour nals ▁Category : The ▁Opt ical ▁Society ▁academic ▁jour nals <0x0A> </s> ▁Marie - Alex is ▁de ▁Cast illon ▁de ▁Saint - V ict or ▁( 1 3 ▁December ▁ 1 8 3 8 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 1 8 7 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁composer . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁Son ▁of ▁an ▁old ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁L angu ed oc ▁nob ility , ▁he ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Chart res ▁and ▁was ▁initially ▁intended ▁by ▁his ▁parents ▁for ▁a ▁military ▁career . ▁But ▁Cast illon ▁gave ▁up ▁plans ▁for ▁professional ▁soldier ing ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁music , ▁which ▁he ▁learned ▁first ▁in ▁his ▁birth place ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁Paris , ▁studying ▁piano ▁and ▁composition , ▁initially ▁with ▁Charles ▁Del i oux . ▁In ▁this ▁second |
▁capacity ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Paris ▁Conserv ato ire ▁where ▁he ▁attended ▁the ▁classes ▁of ▁Victor ▁Mass é ▁and , ▁from ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁of ▁C és ar ▁Fran ck . ▁Before ▁his ▁studies ▁with ▁Fran ck , ▁he ▁had ▁completed ▁his ▁Op us ▁ 1 , ▁a ▁piano ▁qu int et , ▁probably ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁earlier ▁example ▁of ▁his ▁friend ▁Cam ille ▁Saint - Sa ë ns . ▁Both ▁the ▁qu int et ▁and ▁the ▁later ▁piano ▁quart et ▁Op . ▁ 7 ▁follow ▁Sch um ann ' s ▁model . ▁He ▁dis av owed ▁earlier ▁efforts , ▁including ▁a ▁sym phony ▁in ▁F ▁major , ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁written ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁frag ile ▁health ▁at ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁times ▁( vol unte ering ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁he ▁fell ▁ill ▁and ▁was ▁dem obil ized ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 ), ▁he ▁died ▁of ▁complic ations ▁from ▁fever ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 5 . ▁He ▁nevertheless ▁composed ▁several ▁impress ively ▁Rom antic ▁works . ▁These ▁include ▁pieces ▁for ▁piano , ▁chamber ▁music , ▁m él od ies , ▁a ▁piano ▁concer to , ▁and ▁other ▁or chestr al ▁music . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁active ▁in ▁Paris ian ▁musical ▁life , ▁in ▁particular ▁helping ▁to ▁create , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 , ▁the ▁Soci été ▁Nation ale ▁de ▁Mus ique , ▁of |
▁which ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁secretary . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁compos itions ▁ ▁P iano ▁solo ▁ ▁F ug ue ▁in ▁G ▁minor ▁ ▁F ug ues ▁dans ▁le ▁style ▁libre , ▁Op . ▁ 2 ▁( 1 8 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Suite ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁Op . ▁ 5 ▁( 1 8 6 7 ? - 6 9 ) ▁I . ▁Can on ▁II . ▁Sch er zo ▁III . ▁Th ème ▁et ▁Vari ations ▁IV . ▁G av otte ▁V . ▁Mar che ▁▁ 5 ▁Pi è ces ▁dans ▁le ▁style ▁anci en , ▁Op . ▁ 9 ▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁I . ▁Pr él ude ▁II . ▁Sic il ienne ▁III . ▁Sar ab ande ▁IV . ▁Air ▁( D ▁major ) ▁V . ▁F ug het te ▁ ▁Suite ▁No . ▁ 2 , ▁Op . ▁ 1 0 ▁( 1 8 7 0 ) ▁I . ▁Ball ade ▁II . ▁Ron de ▁III . ▁Ad ag iet to ▁( F ▁major ) ▁IV . ▁Fant ais ie ▁( D ▁minor ) ▁V . ▁Salt are lle ▁▁ 6 ▁V als es ▁humor ist iques , ▁Op . ▁ 1 1 ▁( 1 8 7 1 ) ▁( or chestr ated ▁by ▁Charles ▁K oe ch lin ) ▁I . ▁( L iber amente ) ▁( E ▁major ) ▁II . ▁( Non ▁tro ppo ▁v ivo ) ▁( A ▁major ) ▁III . ▁( Con ▁fant asia ) ▁( C ▁minor ) |
Subsets and Splits