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, ▁now ▁" Leg end ary ▁B aking ," ▁produce ▁ 1 8 ▁million ▁p ies ▁per ▁year ▁for ▁B akers ▁Square , ▁Village ▁Inn , ▁and ▁J . ▁Hor ner ' s , ▁a ▁food ▁service ▁and ▁retail ▁line . ▁▁▁▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁four ▁B akers ▁Square ▁locations ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area ▁were ▁acquired ▁by ▁Sh ari ' s ▁Restaur ants . ▁These ▁continued ▁operating ▁under ▁the ▁B akers ▁Square ▁name ▁for ▁eight ▁months . ▁ ▁V IC OR P ▁also ▁ce ased ▁operations ▁in ▁Michigan , ▁where ▁it ▁once ▁had ▁a ▁concentration ▁of ▁B akers ▁Square ▁restaurants . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁B akers ▁Square ▁permanently ▁closed ▁ 9 ▁locations . ▁Loc ations ▁closed ▁in ▁Illinois ▁include ▁Als ip , ▁L ans ing , ▁Liberty ville , ▁Or land ▁Park ▁( La ▁Gr ange ▁R d ), ▁and ▁Spring field . ▁The ▁M err il ville , ▁IN ▁and ▁North ▁Ol m sted , ▁O H ▁locations ▁also ▁closed , ▁along ▁with ▁two ▁locations ▁in ▁Minnesota , ▁those ▁in ▁Brooklyn ▁Park ▁and ▁E den ▁Pra ir ie . ▁▁▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁American ▁Blue ▁R ib bon ▁Hold ings , ▁parent ▁company ▁of ▁B akers ▁Square ▁and ▁Village ▁Inn , ▁filed ▁for ▁Chapter ▁ 1 1 ▁bankrupt cy ▁protection ▁after ▁closing ▁ 3 3 ▁locations ▁across ▁both ▁brands . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal |
▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : F idel ity ▁National ▁Financial ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Denver ▁Category : Rest aur ants ▁in ▁Iowa ▁Category : E conom y ▁of ▁the ▁Mid western ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Reg ional ▁restaurant ▁chains ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁that ▁filed ▁for ▁Chapter ▁ 1 1 ▁bankrupt cy ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁that ▁filed ▁for ▁Chapter ▁ 1 1 ▁bankrupt cy ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Category : Rest aur ants ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Iowa ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁mer gers ▁and ▁acquis itions <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( born ▁Arthur ▁D aven port ; ▁November ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁from ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Democratic ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁for ▁ ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁previously ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Senate ▁and ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁included ▁portions ▁of ▁North ▁Philadelphia , ▁South ▁Philadelphia , ▁and ▁West ▁Philadelphia ▁along ▁with ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Township ▁in ▁Mont gomery ▁County . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁F att ah ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁associ ates ▁were ▁ind icted ▁on ▁federal ▁charges ▁related ▁to ▁their |
▁alleged ▁roles ▁in ▁a ▁rack ete ering ▁and ▁influence ▁ped d ling ▁conspiracy . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁convicted ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁counts ▁of ▁rack ete ering , ▁fraud , ▁and ▁other ▁corruption ▁charges ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁and ▁resigned ▁two ▁days ▁later . ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁F att ah ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁in ▁prison . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe als ▁for ▁the ▁Third ▁Circ uit ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁over turn ed ▁F att ah ' s ▁b ri bery ▁conv ictions . ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁a ▁Philadelphia ▁judge ▁sent enced ▁F att ah ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁in ▁federal ▁prison ▁for ▁public ▁corruption . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁F att ah ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁attending ▁Over bro ok ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁the ▁Community ▁College ▁of ▁Philadelphia . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Alpha ▁Ph i ▁Alpha ▁fr atern ity . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁F att ah ▁completed ▁the ▁Program ▁for ▁Senior ▁Execut ives ▁in ▁State ▁and ▁Local ▁Government ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University ' s ▁John ▁F . ▁Kennedy ▁School ▁of ▁Government . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁Government al ▁Administration ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁F |
els ▁Institute ▁of ▁Government . ▁ ▁F att ah ▁was ▁the ▁recipient ▁of ▁numerous ▁hon ors ▁and ▁awards ▁including ▁ 1 0 ▁honor ary ▁doctor ates ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ’ s ▁F els ▁Institute ▁of ▁Government ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Al umn i ▁A chie vement ▁Award . ▁ ▁Time ▁Magazine ▁named ▁F att ah ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 ▁most ▁promising ▁leaders ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁His ▁parents ▁divor ced ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁young , ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁soon ▁rem ar ried ▁to ▁a ▁man ▁she ▁met ▁at ▁a ▁national ▁conference ▁on ▁black ▁power ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁Following ▁this ▁conference , ▁his ▁mother ▁decided ▁to ▁change ▁his ▁name ▁to ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah , ▁to ▁acknowledge ▁their ▁African ▁ethnic ity . ▁ ▁His ▁adopt ive ▁father , ▁David ▁F att ah , ▁and ▁mother , ▁Fal aka ▁F att ah ▁( born ▁Frances ▁Brown , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁" Que en ▁Mother " ▁Fal aka ▁F att ah ), ▁are ▁community ▁activ ists ▁in ▁West ▁Philadelphia , ▁where ▁they ▁are ▁building ▁an ▁" ur ban ▁Boys ' ▁Town " ▁through ▁their ▁organization , ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁U mo ja . ▁He ▁has ▁five ▁brothers . ▁ ▁Pennsylvania ▁Legisl ature ▁F att ah ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 nd ▁district ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁State ▁Senator ▁for ▁the ▁ 7 th |
▁district ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁F att ah ▁founded ▁the ▁Grad uate ▁Op portun ity ▁Init iative ▁Conference , ▁an ▁annual ▁three - day ▁inform ational ▁and ▁scholarship ▁conference ▁which ▁aims ▁to ▁significantly ▁increase ▁the ▁en rollment ▁of ▁under - rep resent ed ▁graduate ▁students ▁studying ▁Science , ▁Technology , ▁Engineering ▁and ▁Math ▁( STEM ▁fields ). ▁The ▁conference ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁encourage ▁minority ▁students ’ ▁interest ▁in ▁STE M ▁graduate ▁and ▁professional ▁schools . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁ ▁E lections ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁State ▁Senator ▁F att ah ▁decided ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁ 2 nd ▁congress ional ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁special ▁election ▁that ▁was ▁held ▁after ▁Democratic ▁U . S . ▁Congress man ▁William ▁Gray ▁decided ▁to ▁resign . ▁On ▁November ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁City ▁Council man ▁Lu ci en ▁Edward ▁Black well ▁won ▁the ▁election ▁with ▁a ▁plural ity ▁of ▁ 3 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁defe ating ▁F att ah ▁( 2 8 % ), ▁John ▁F . ▁White ▁( 2 8 % ), ▁and ▁Nad ine ▁Smith - Bul ford ▁( 5 % ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁F att ah ▁decided ▁to ▁challenge ▁Black well ▁in ▁the ▁Democratic ▁primary . ▁He ▁defeated ▁the ▁inc umb ent ▁ 5 8 % - 4 2 %. ▁He ▁won ▁the |
▁general ▁election ▁with ▁ 8 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁After ▁that , ▁he ▁was ▁re - e lected ▁every ▁two ▁years ▁with ▁at ▁least ▁ 8 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁He ▁was ▁never ▁challenged ▁in ▁the ▁Democratic ▁primary ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁when ▁he ▁lost ▁to ▁D w ight ▁E . ▁Evans . ▁ ▁Ten ure ▁F att ah ▁represented ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁district ▁in ▁Pennsylvania , ▁an ▁overwhelming ly ▁Democratic ▁district , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁F att ah ▁end ors ed ▁Bar ack ▁Obama ▁for ▁President ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁G EAR ▁Up ▁and ▁education ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁architect ▁of ▁the ▁G aining ▁Early ▁A ware ness ▁and ▁Read iness ▁for ▁Under graduate ▁Program s . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁first ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives , ▁F att ah ▁introduced ▁and ▁passed ▁into ▁law ▁G aining ▁Early ▁A ware ness ▁and ▁Read iness ▁for ▁Under graduate ▁Program s ▁( GE AR ▁UP ), ▁a ▁college ▁awareness ▁and ▁prepared ness ▁program . ▁Since ▁its ▁in ception , ▁more ▁than ▁$ 4 ▁billion ▁in ▁federal ▁funds ▁have ▁been ▁distributed ▁to ▁assist ▁ 1 2 ▁million ▁students ▁in ▁ 5 0 ▁states , ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia , ▁and ▁U . S . ▁territor ies . ▁ ▁F att ah ▁sponsored ▁H . R . |
▁ 4 2 0 7 , ▁American ▁Dream ▁Account s ▁Act ▁which ▁ ▁would ▁author ize ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Education ▁to ▁award ▁three - year ▁competitive ▁grants ▁to ▁support ▁partnership s ▁that ▁provide ▁financial ▁support ▁and ▁preparation ▁for ▁low - inc ome ▁students ▁as ▁they ▁plan ▁for ▁their ▁college ▁education . ▁ ▁The ▁bill ▁is ▁co - s pons ored ▁in ▁the ▁U . ▁S . ▁Senate ▁by ▁Senator ▁Chris ▁Co ons ▁of ▁Del aware , ▁Senator ▁Marco ▁Rub io ▁of ▁Florida ▁and ▁Senator ▁Jeff ▁B ing aman ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁Specific ally ▁the ▁legislation ▁creates ▁personal ▁online ▁accounts ▁for ▁students ▁that ▁monitor ▁higher ▁education ▁read iness ▁and ▁includes ▁a ▁college ▁savings ▁account . ▁The ▁accounts ▁follow ▁students ▁from ▁school ▁to ▁school ▁and ▁through ▁college . ▁Parent s ▁can ▁grant ▁v ested ▁stake holders ▁( including ▁counsel ors , ▁teachers , ▁coaches , ▁ment ors , ▁and ▁others ) ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁account ▁to ▁update ▁student ▁information , ▁monitor ▁progress , ▁and ▁provide ▁college ▁prepar atory ▁support . ▁ ▁F att ah ▁has ▁introduced ▁a ▁few ▁bills ▁target ing ▁the ▁equity ▁of ▁resource ▁allocation ▁within ▁and ▁between ▁school ▁districts . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁he ▁introduced ▁the ▁" Student ▁Bill ▁of ▁Rights ", ▁H . R . ▁ 2 4 5 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁measure ▁calls ▁for ▁States ▁to ▁provide ▁highly ▁effective ▁teachers , ▁early ▁childhood ▁education , ▁college ▁prep ▁cur ric ula ▁and ▁equ itable ▁instruction al ▁resources ▁to ▁all ▁students ▁who ▁attend ▁public ▁schools . ▁Current |
▁law ▁requires ▁that ▁schools ▁within ▁the ▁same ▁district ▁provide ▁comparable ▁educational ▁services ; ▁this ▁bill ▁would ▁extend ▁that ▁basic ▁protection ▁to ▁the ▁State ▁level ▁by ▁requiring ▁compar ability ▁across ▁school ▁districts . ▁▁ ▁The ▁E SE A ▁F is cal ▁Fair ness ▁Act , ▁H . R . ▁ 5 0 7 1 ▁– ▁am ends ▁the ▁Element ary ▁and ▁Second ary ▁Education ▁Act ▁to ▁requires ▁school ▁districts ▁to ▁equal ize ▁the ▁real ▁dollars ▁spent ▁among ▁all ▁schools ▁within ▁its ▁juris diction ▁– ▁with ▁the ▁imper ative ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁resources ▁all otted ▁to ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁po orest ▁neighborhood s ▁to ▁meet ▁those ▁in ▁well - off ▁schools ▁– ▁before ▁receiving ▁federal ▁aid . ▁ ▁F att ah ▁introduced ▁" Comm un ities ▁Comm itted ▁to ▁College ", ▁H . R . ▁ 1 5 7 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁legislation ▁provides ▁a ▁ 5 0 % ▁tax ▁credit ▁to ▁don ors ▁who ▁contribute ▁to ▁qual ifying ▁scholarship ▁trust s ▁that ▁are ▁recognized ▁and ▁registered ▁with ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Tre asury . ▁▁▁ ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁the ▁legislation ▁for ▁the ▁American ▁Op portun ity ▁Tax ▁Credit ▁( A OT C ). ▁ ▁The ▁tax ▁credit ▁ass ists ▁any ▁full - time ▁college ▁or ▁university ▁student ▁or ▁their ▁families ▁that ▁claim ▁the ▁credit . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁it ▁has ▁assist ed ▁ 4 . 5 mill ion ▁students ▁and ▁their ▁families . ▁A OT C ▁provides ▁up ▁to ▁$ 2 5 0 0 ▁tax ▁credit ▁for ▁families ▁to |
▁assist ▁them ▁with ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁college . ▁The ▁credit ▁is ▁unique ▁in ▁that ▁families ▁under ▁a ▁set ▁income ▁without ▁a ▁tax ▁liability ▁are ▁eligible ▁for ▁a ▁tax ▁reb ate . ▁President ▁Obama ▁has ▁called ▁for ▁making ▁the ▁tax ▁credit ▁permanent . ▁Outside ▁of ▁legisl ative ▁work ▁F att ah ▁has ▁created ▁a ▁few ▁local ▁education ▁initiatives ▁for ▁Philadelphia ▁and ▁Pennsylvania ▁families ▁as ▁a ▁state ▁legisl ator ▁and ▁in ▁cooperation ▁with ▁state ▁and ▁municipal ▁governments , ▁including ▁the ▁CO RE ▁scholars ▁program ▁and ▁the ▁annual ▁Grad ▁Conference . ▁ ▁College ▁Op portun ity ▁Resources ▁for ▁Education ▁( CORE ) ▁is ▁an ▁initiative ▁providing ▁almost ▁$ 2 7 ▁million ▁in ▁last - d ollar ▁scholar ships ▁to ▁over ▁ 1 8 , 0 0 0 ▁students . ▁ ▁The ▁program ▁encour ages ▁the ▁students ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁service ▁to ▁the ▁local ▁community ▁and ▁provides ▁technical ▁assistance ▁to ▁the ▁families ▁of ▁program ▁participants ▁ensuring ▁that ▁they ▁apply ▁for ▁educational ▁assistance ▁programs ▁( P ell ▁Gr ants , ▁P HE AA ▁grants , ▁etc .) ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁federal ▁government . ▁▁ ▁A ▁report ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Student ▁Cle aring house ▁ ▁concl udes ▁that ▁participants ▁in ▁CO RE ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁than ▁their ▁fellow ▁non - CORE ▁class mates ▁to ▁complete ▁their ▁college ▁education ▁in ▁four ▁years . ▁ ▁Youth ▁ment oring ▁F att ah ▁was ▁the ▁lead ▁Democrat ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁funding ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Attorney ▁General . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 |
1 , ▁the ▁Congress man ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁negoti ate ▁an ▁increase ▁of ▁$ 3 0 M ▁to ▁investment ▁in ▁DO J ▁programs ▁that ▁fund ▁groups ▁including ▁the ▁Boys ▁& ▁Girls ▁Club s ▁of ▁America ▁and ▁Big ▁Brothers ▁Big ▁Sister s ▁of ▁America . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁F att ah ▁negoti ated ▁a ▁partnership ▁between ▁F IR ST ▁and ▁Boys ▁& ▁Girls ▁Club s ▁of ▁America ▁to ▁provide ▁robot ics ▁programs ▁to ▁ 4 ▁million ▁youth ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Ne uro science ▁F att ah ▁was ▁the ▁lead ▁Democrat ▁responsible ▁for ▁funding ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁science ▁agencies ▁in ▁the ▁federal ▁system ▁( N AS A , ▁NS F , ▁Office ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁Policy ▁( OST P ). ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁F att ah ▁through ▁his ▁role ▁on ▁the ▁App ropri ations ▁Committee , ▁directed ▁the ▁O ST P ▁to ▁establish ▁an ▁Inter ag ency ▁Working ▁Group ▁on ▁Ne uro science ▁( I W GN ). ▁ ▁H ous ed ▁within ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁and ▁char tered ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁I W GN ▁conven es ▁representatives ▁across ▁the ▁Federal ▁government ▁to ▁make ▁recommendations ▁about ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁neuro science ▁research . ▁▁ ▁The ▁F att ah ▁Ne uro science ▁Init iative ▁is ▁a ▁policy ▁initiative ▁designed ▁to ▁make ▁major ▁progress ▁understanding ▁the ▁human ▁brain ▁by ▁intens ifying , ▁in ▁a ▁collabor ative ▁fashion , ▁federal ▁research |
▁efforts ▁across ▁brain ▁disease , ▁disorder , ▁injury , ▁cogn ition ▁and ▁development . ▁The ▁initiative ▁aims ▁to ▁coordinate ▁Federal ▁research ▁across ▁agencies ▁and ▁draw ▁upon ▁public - private ▁partnership s ▁and ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁academ ia . ▁The ▁initiative ▁prom otes ▁research ▁and ▁discovery ▁across ▁brain ▁cogn ition , ▁development , ▁disease ▁and ▁injury . ▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁F att ah ▁states ▁that ▁his ▁priority ▁is ▁ensuring ▁that ▁small ▁and ▁medium ▁businesses ▁have ▁the ▁tools ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁prosper ▁in ▁an ▁increasingly ▁competitive ▁global ▁market place . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁lead ▁Democrat ▁responsible ▁for ▁funding ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Commerce ▁and ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Trade ▁Represent ative . ▁In ▁his ▁role ▁on ▁the ▁App ropri ations ▁Committee , ▁F att ah ▁has ▁advoc ated ▁to ▁$ 1 2 8 ▁million ▁in ▁funding ▁for ▁the ▁Manufact uring ▁Extension ▁Part nership , ▁a ▁program ▁that ▁ass ists ▁small ▁and ▁mid - sized ▁manufacturers ▁create ▁and ▁retain ▁jobs , ▁increase ▁profits , ▁and ▁save ▁time ▁and ▁money . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁advocate ▁for ▁the ▁Select USA ▁program , ▁an ▁initiative ▁that ▁encour ages ▁U . S . ▁businesses ▁operating ▁off - shore ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁and ▁promote ▁the ▁U . S . ▁market place . ▁ ▁Cooper ative ▁development ▁F att ah ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁“ true ▁champion ” ▁of ▁the ▁co - op ▁movement ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁Co - op ▁Association . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁F att |
ah ▁introduced ▁the ▁Creat ing ▁J obs ▁through ▁Cooper atives ▁Act ▁( HR ▁ 2 4 3 7 ). ▁This ▁legislation ▁will ▁provide ▁means ▁to ▁catal y ze ▁cooper ative ▁development , ▁provide ▁tools ▁to ▁entrepre neurs ▁to ▁bring ▁cooper ative ▁to ▁their ▁communities , ▁partner ▁with ▁financial ▁institutions ▁to ▁provide ▁grants ▁a ▁loans ▁to ▁developing ▁businesses , ▁offer ▁technical ▁training ▁and ▁professional ▁development . ▁His ▁bill ▁calls ▁for ▁$ 2 5 ▁million ▁federal ▁investment ▁and ▁technical ▁assistance ▁to ▁cooper atives ▁through ▁a ▁new ▁National ▁Cooper ative ▁Development ▁Center . ▁The ▁bill ▁has ▁national ▁support ▁from ▁co - op ▁and ▁E OB ▁advoc ates ▁and ▁members . ▁ ▁Co - ops ▁have ▁a ▁broad ▁base ▁and ▁connection ▁to ▁community ▁in ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁area . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁F att ah ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁attend ▁as ▁Ke yn ote ▁speaker ▁at ▁the ▁Annual ▁Cooper atives ▁Conference , ▁hosted ▁by ▁the ▁NC BA . ▁The ▁conference ▁brought ▁together ▁national ▁leaders ▁in ▁cooper ative ▁development ▁to ▁share ▁best ▁practices ▁to ▁create ▁powerful ▁change ▁for ▁their ▁organizations . ▁ ▁S pons ored ▁legislation ▁As ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ’ s ▁state ▁House ▁F att ah ▁wrote ▁and ▁passed ▁into ▁law ▁Pennsylvania ’ s ▁Home owners ▁Emer gency ▁Mort gage ▁Ass istance ▁Program ▁( HE MAP ). ▁ ▁HE MAP ▁is ▁a ▁loan ▁program ▁designed ▁to ▁protect ▁Penn s yl van ians ▁who , ▁through ▁no ▁fault ▁of ▁their ▁own , ▁are ▁financ ially ▁unable ▁to ▁make ▁their ▁mortgage ▁payments ▁and ▁are |
▁in ▁danger ▁of ▁losing ▁their ▁homes ▁to ▁fore closure . ▁Start ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁by ▁Pennsylvania ’ s ▁Act ▁ 9 1 ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁kind ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁when ▁F att ah ▁added ▁language ▁to ▁the ▁Dod d ▁Frank ▁bill ▁to ▁provide ▁similar ▁assistance , ▁to ▁home owners ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁The ▁Emer gency ▁Home owners ▁Lo an ▁Program ▁provides ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 4 ▁months ▁of ▁assistance , ▁through ▁bridge ▁loans , ▁for ▁dist ressed ▁home owners ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁sc aled - up ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁HE MAP ▁program . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁F att ah ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁vice ▁chair ▁on ▁the ▁House ▁Gun ▁and ▁Vi olence ▁Task force , ▁a ▁task force ▁created ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁House ▁Democratic ▁Leader ▁Nancy ▁Pel osi . ▁The ▁task force ▁included ▁both ▁liberal ▁and ▁conservative ▁Democrats , ▁gun ▁owners ▁and ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁various ▁cities . ▁F att ah ▁received ▁an ▁F ▁rating ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁R if le ▁Association ▁and ▁an ▁A + ▁rating ▁from ▁the ▁Coal ition ▁on ▁Gun ▁Vi olence ▁and ▁the ▁Br ady ▁Campaign ▁to ▁Pre vent ▁Gun ▁Vi olence ▁for ▁his ▁positions ▁on ▁gun ▁control . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁F att ah ▁has ▁“ p ione ered ▁gun - b uy back ▁programs ” ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Police . ▁ ▁The ▁program ▁offers ▁Phil adel phi |
ans ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁exchange ▁fire arms ▁for ▁v ouch ers ▁for ▁gro cer ies ▁or ▁other ▁goods . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁F att ah ▁introduced ▁a ▁bill ▁titled ▁the ▁" Transform ▁America ▁Transaction ▁F ee ," ▁( H . R . ▁ 3 7 5 9 ) ▁which ▁proposed ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Tre asury ▁conduct ▁a ▁one - year ▁feas ibility ▁study ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 ▁percent ▁transaction ▁fee ▁imposed ▁on ▁transactions ▁made ▁at ▁any ▁financial ▁institution . ▁He ▁tout ed ▁the ▁possibility ▁that ▁such ▁a ▁system ▁would ▁bring ▁in ▁so ▁much ▁money ▁it ▁would ▁allow ▁for ▁greatly ▁increased ▁federal ▁spending , ▁saying ▁the ▁" ex cess ▁funds " ▁would ▁" prov ide ▁universal ▁health ▁care , ▁support ▁an ▁equ itable ▁public ▁school ▁finance ▁system , ▁and ▁fund ▁economic ▁development ▁in ▁urban ▁and ▁rural ▁areas ," ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁ex ting u ishing ▁the ▁national ▁debt ▁and ▁elim inating ▁all ▁other ▁federal ▁taxes . ▁The ▁bill ▁died ▁without ▁attract ing ▁any ▁co - s pon sor . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁F att ah ▁introduced ▁the ▁bill ▁again ▁with ▁H . R . ▁ 1 6 0 1 , ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁with ▁H . R . ▁ 2 1 3 0 ▁which ▁had ▁a ▁single ▁cos pon sor , ▁Democratic ▁Rep . ▁Brian ▁B air d ▁of ▁Washington . ▁Both ▁bills ▁died ▁without ▁any ▁action ▁being ▁taken . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 |
, ▁F att ah ▁introduced ▁a ▁fourth ▁bill ▁to ▁require ▁having ▁a ▁study ▁conducted , ▁H . R . ▁ 1 7 0 3 , ▁which ▁attracted ▁no ▁cos pons ors . ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁F att ah ▁re int rodu ced ▁the ▁bill ▁as ▁the ▁" D eb t ▁Free ▁America ▁Act ," ▁( H . R . ▁ 4 6 4 6 ) ▁which ▁proposed ▁to ▁repe al ▁the ▁federal ▁income ▁tax ▁and ▁replace ▁it ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 ▁percent ▁" transaction ▁tax " ▁on ▁every ▁financial ▁transaction ▁— ▁whether ▁paid ▁by ▁cash , ▁credit ▁card ▁or ▁any ▁form ▁of ▁financial ▁transfer , ▁the ▁only ▁exception ▁being ▁transactions ▁involving ▁the ▁purchase ▁or ▁sale ▁of ▁stock . ▁The ▁latest ▁bill ▁places ▁more ▁focus ▁on ▁elim inating ▁the ▁federal ▁debt . ▁F att ah ▁has ▁also ▁added ▁a ▁ 1 ▁percent ▁tax ▁credit ▁designed ▁to ▁eliminate ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁the ▁measure ▁on ▁couples ▁making ▁less ▁than ▁$ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁a ▁year . ▁As ▁of ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁commit te es ▁have ▁scheduled ▁any ▁action ▁on ▁the ▁latest ▁bill . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁F att ah ▁opposed ▁the ▁War ▁in ▁Iraq ▁and ▁supported ▁Congress man ▁John ▁Mur tha ' s ▁call ▁for ▁tro op ▁withdrawal . ▁He ▁publicly ▁supported ▁the ▁“ B ring ▁Our ▁Tro ops ▁Home ▁and ▁Iraq ▁S over e ig nt |
y ▁Act ” ▁a ▁bill ▁that ▁called ▁for ▁bringing ▁the ▁troops ▁home ▁within ▁six ▁months ▁and ▁transition ing ▁the ▁Iraq is ▁to ▁self - govern ment . ▁ ▁Committee ▁assignments ▁Committee ▁on ▁App ropri ations ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Commerce , ▁Justice , ▁Science , ▁and ▁Related ▁Ag encies ▁( Rank ing ▁Member ) ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Energy ▁and ▁Water ▁Development ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁may oral ▁election ▁▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁declared ▁his ▁candid acy ▁for ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁where ▁two - term ▁inc umb ent ▁Mayor ▁John ▁F . ▁Street ▁was ▁bar red ▁from ▁re - election ▁by ▁term ▁limits , ▁amid ▁pressure ▁from ▁Democratic ▁voters ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁Congress ional ▁seat ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁maintain ▁a ▁Philadelphia ▁representative ▁on ▁the ▁powerful ▁App ropri ations ▁Committee ▁in ▁the ▁House . ▁His ▁candid acy ▁announcement ▁took ▁place ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁recently ▁completed ▁Microsoft ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Future ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Park side ▁neighborhood ▁to ▁emphas ize ▁his ▁campaign ▁platform ▁of ▁better ▁educational ▁opportunities ▁for ▁city ▁youth . ▁ ▁After ▁emerging ▁as ▁a ▁may oral ▁candidate , ▁F att ah ▁came ▁under ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Fr ater nal ▁Order ▁of ▁Police ▁for ▁his ▁repeated ▁calls ▁to ▁grant ▁a ▁new ▁trial ▁to ▁Mum ia ▁Abu - J am al , ▁who ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁murder ing ▁police ▁officer ▁Daniel ▁F aul k ner ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ; ▁he ▁also ▁was ▁critic ized ▁for ▁possibly ▁un eth ical ▁campaign ▁spending |
, ▁based ▁on ▁new ▁campaign ▁finance ▁rules ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Philadelphia . ▁ ▁The ▁F att ah ▁campaign ▁def ended ▁itself , ▁claiming ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁followed ▁less ▁restrict ive ▁federal ▁rules ▁in ▁spending ▁the ▁money , ▁but ▁eventually ▁returned ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁excess ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁expl or atory ▁committee ▁following ▁a ▁settlement ▁with ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Board ▁of ▁Eth ics . ▁ ▁F att ah ▁eventually ▁came ▁in ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁Democratic ▁primary , ▁close ▁behind ▁fellow ▁Congress man ▁Bob ▁Br ady ▁but ▁well ▁behind ▁former ▁city ▁council man ▁Michael ▁N utter , ▁who ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁fall ▁general ▁election ▁hand ily . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ind ict ment ▁and ▁conviction ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁F att ah ' s ▁long time ▁a ide ▁and ▁close ▁conf id ant ▁Gregory ▁N ay lor ▁pl ed ▁guilty ▁to ▁federal ▁charges ▁in ▁a ▁complex ▁money ▁laund ering ▁scheme ▁used ▁to ▁hide ▁an ▁illegal ▁million - d ollar ▁loan ▁that ▁a ▁candidate , ▁un named ▁in ▁that ▁ind ict ment , ▁received ▁for ▁his ▁failed ▁may oral ▁campaign ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁loan ▁was ▁paid ▁back ▁using ▁federal ▁grant ▁money ▁intended ▁for ▁non profit ▁organizations ▁affili ated ▁with ▁F att ah . ▁A ▁subsequent ▁Philadelphia ▁Daily ▁News ▁investigation ▁revealed ▁that ▁non prof its ▁receiving ▁federal ▁funding ▁and ▁connected ▁to ▁F att ah ▁paid ▁out ▁over ▁$ 5 . 8 ▁million ▁to ▁F att ah ▁allies ▁and ▁alleged |
▁that ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁payments ▁were ▁eth ically ▁dub ious . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁F att ah ▁and ▁four ▁of ▁his ▁associ ates , ▁Bon nie ▁Bow ser , ▁Karen ▁Nicholas , ▁Herbert ▁Ver der man ▁and ▁Robert ▁Brand ▁were ▁ind icted ▁for ▁their ▁alleged ▁roles ▁in ▁a ▁rack ete ering ▁conspiracy ▁involving ▁several ▁schemes ▁that ▁were ▁intended ▁to ▁further ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁financial ▁interests ▁of ▁the ▁defend ants ▁and ▁others ▁by , ▁among ▁other ▁tactics , ▁mis appropri ating ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁dollars ▁of ▁federal , ▁char itable ▁and ▁campaign ▁funds . ▁The ▁FBI ▁further ▁alleged ▁that ▁F att ah ▁accepted ▁an ▁$ 1 8 , 0 0 0 ▁b ribe ▁from ▁a ▁man ▁seeking ▁an ▁amb ass ad orship . ▁ ▁The ▁trial ▁was ▁originally ▁scheduled ▁for ▁May ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁but ▁in ▁April ▁a ▁judge ▁had ▁the ▁date ▁pushed ▁back ▁to ▁May ▁ 1 6 ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁defend ants ▁time ▁to ▁review ▁the ▁excess ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁documents ▁acc ru ed ▁by ▁the ▁prosecut ion . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁F att ah ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁all ▁charges , ▁including ▁rack ete ering ▁conspiracy , ▁b ri bery , ▁bank ▁fraud , ▁mail ▁fraud , ▁money ▁laund ering , ▁making ▁false ▁statements ▁to ▁a ▁financial ▁institution , ▁and ▁fals ification ▁of ▁records . ▁He ▁announced |
▁his ▁immediate ▁resign ation ▁from ▁Congress ▁two ▁days ▁later , ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 3 . ▁Just ▁days ▁later , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁issued ▁its ▁decision ▁in ▁Mc Don nell ▁v . ▁United ▁States ▁which ▁altered ▁the ▁legal ▁definition ▁of ▁b ri bery ▁to ▁exclude ▁" pay ▁for ▁access ." ▁On ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁this ▁ruling , ▁F att ah ▁appe aled ▁his ▁conviction ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁placing ▁his ▁sent encing ▁on ▁hold . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁F att ah ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁in ▁prison . ▁He ▁reported ▁for ▁prison ▁at ▁Federal ▁Cor rection al ▁Inst itution , ▁Mc Ke an ▁near ▁Lewis ▁Run , ▁Pennsylvania ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe als ▁for ▁the ▁Third ▁Circ uit ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁over turn ed ▁F att ah ' s ▁b ri bery ▁conv ictions . ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe als ▁rem anded ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁trial ▁as ▁to ▁certain ▁b ri bery ▁and ▁money ▁laund ering ▁counts , ▁concl uding ▁that ▁the ▁jury ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁properly ▁instruct ed ▁regarding ▁“ off icial ▁acts ” ▁in ▁a ▁b ri bery ▁context . ▁( The ▁government ▁there after ▁announced ▁its ▁intention ▁not ▁to ▁retry ▁those ▁counts .) ▁With ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁government |
’ s ▁cross - appe al , ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe als ▁re inst ated ▁certain ▁counts ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁dismissed ▁by ▁the ▁District ▁Court ▁post - t rial . ▁The ▁case ▁was ▁then ▁rem anded ▁for ▁resent encing . ▁ ▁ ▁For ▁these ▁additional ▁counts , ▁F att ah ▁was ▁again ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁of ▁inc ar cer ation ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁E lector al ▁history ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁election , ▁F att ah ▁was ▁ou sted ▁in ▁the ▁Democratic ▁primary – the ▁real ▁contest ▁in ▁his ▁heavily ▁Democratic , ▁black - major ity ▁district – to ▁state ▁representative ▁D w ight ▁Evans . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁election , ▁F att ah ▁received ▁ 1 8 1 , 1 4 1 ▁votes , ▁or ▁ 8 7 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote , ▁to ▁ 2 5 , 3 9 7 , ▁or ▁ 1 2 . 3 %, ▁to ▁his ▁Republican ▁opponent , ▁Ar mond ▁James , ▁a ▁school ▁teacher ▁with ▁no ▁prior ▁political ▁experience . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁decrease ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁election , ▁when ▁F att ah ▁received ▁ 3 0 2 , 7 4 6 ▁votes , ▁more ▁votes ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁for ▁that ▁election . ▁F att ah ▁was ▁challenged ▁by ▁Republican ▁nom ine e ▁Robert ▁Allen ▁Mans field , |
▁Jr . ▁and ▁Independent ▁candidate ▁and ▁publisher ▁of ▁the ▁Germ ant own ▁New sp apers , ▁Jim ▁Foster . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Race ▁for ▁U . S . ▁House ▁F att ah ▁was ▁challenged ▁by ▁Republican ▁nom ine e ▁Rick ▁Hell berg , ▁the ▁CEO ▁of ▁a ▁small ▁financial ▁firm . ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( D ) ▁( inc .), ▁ 8 9 % ▁Rick ▁Hell berg ▁( R ), ▁ 1 1 % ▁See ▁also : ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁elections ▁in ▁Pennsylvania , ▁ 2 0 1 0 # D istrict ▁ 2 ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Race ▁for ▁U . S . ▁House ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( D ) ▁( inc .), ▁ 8 9 % ▁Adam ▁Lang ▁( R ), ▁ 1 1 % ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Democratic ▁Primary ▁ ▁for ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁Michael ▁N utter ▁▁▁▁▁ 1 0 6 , 8 0 5 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 3 6 . 6 4 % ▁Tom ▁Kn ox ▁ <0x09> ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 7 1 , 7 3 1 ▁ <0x09> 2 4 . 6 1 % ▁Bob ▁Br ady ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 4 4 , 4 7 4 ▁ <0x09> 1 5 . 2 6 % ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 4 4 , 3 0 1 ▁ <0x09> 1 5 . 2 0 % ▁D w ight ▁Evans ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 2 2 , 7 8 2 ▁ <0x09> 7 . 8 2 % ▁Tot als ▁ <0x09> ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 2 9 1 , 4 |
9 2 ▁ <0x09> 1 0 0 % ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Race ▁for ▁U . S . ▁House ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( D ) ▁( inc .), ▁ 8 9 % ▁Michael ▁G ess ner ▁( R ), ▁ 9 % ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Race ▁for ▁U . S . ▁House ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( D ) ▁( inc .), ▁ 8 8 % ▁Stewart ▁Bol no ▁( R ), ▁ 1 2 % ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Race ▁for ▁U . S . ▁House ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( D ) ▁( inc .), ▁ 8 8 % ▁Tom ▁D ough er ty ▁( R ), ▁ 1 2 % ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Race ▁for ▁U . S . ▁House ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( D ) ▁( inc .), ▁ 9 8 % ▁Ken ▁K raw ch uk ▁( L ), ▁ 2 % ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Race ▁for ▁U . S . ▁House ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( D ) ▁( inc .), ▁ 8 6 % ▁Anne ▁Marie ▁Mull igan ▁( R ), ▁ 1 4 % ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Race ▁for ▁U . S . ▁House ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( D ) ▁( inc .), ▁ 8 8 % ▁Larry ▁Murphy ▁( R ), ▁ 1 2 % ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Race ▁for ▁U . S . ▁House ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁( D ), |
▁ 8 6 % ▁Lawrence ▁Watson ▁( R ), ▁ 1 4 % ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁F att ah ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁his ▁third ▁wife , ▁R ene e ▁Chen ault - F att ah , ▁a ▁former ▁Philadelphia ▁television ▁news ▁broad c aster ▁on ▁W CA U - TV ▁( N BC ▁ 1 0 ). ▁They ▁have ▁one ▁daughter , ▁Chand ler ▁F att ah . ▁He ▁is ▁step father ▁to ▁her ▁daughter ▁Cameron ▁Chen ault . ▁With ▁other ▁women , ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁another ▁daughter , ▁Frances ▁(" Fr an "), ▁and ▁one ▁son , ▁Ch aka ▁F att ah ▁Jr ., ▁known ▁as ▁" Ch ip ", ▁who ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁fel ony ▁bank ▁and ▁tax ▁fraud ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁Politics PA ▁list ▁of ▁Best ▁D ressed ▁Legisl ators , ▁noting ▁his ▁" ex cell ence ▁in ▁hab erd as her y ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁African - American ▁United ▁States ▁Represent atives ▁List ▁of ▁American ▁federal ▁politicians ▁convicted ▁of ▁crimes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁crim inals ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁people ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁politics ▁Category : American ▁money |
▁la under ers ▁Category : American ▁prisoners ▁and ▁det aine es ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : P enn sylvania ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : People ▁convicted ▁of ▁making ▁false ▁statements ▁Category : Comm unity ▁College ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁al umn i ▁Category : F els ▁Institute ▁of ▁Government ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : P enn sylvania ▁Democrats ▁Category : B apt ists ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁state ▁legisl ators ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : P enn sylvania ▁politicians ▁convicted ▁of ▁crimes ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁convicted ▁of ▁b ri bery ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁U . S . C . ▁§ ▁ 2 0 1 ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁convicted ▁of ▁illegal ▁grat u ities ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁U . S . C . ▁§ ▁ 2 0 1 ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁convicted ▁of ▁mail ▁and ▁wire ▁fraud ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁convicted ▁of ▁rack ete ering ▁Category : Pr ison ers ▁and ▁det aine es ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁federal ▁government <0x0A> </s> ▁Moh amm ad ▁Y aqu b ▁Khan ▁( 1 8 4 9 N ovember ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁was ▁Em ir ▁of ▁Afghanistan ▁from ▁February ▁ |
2 1 ▁to ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁rul er , ▁Sher ▁Ali ▁Khan . ▁ ▁Moh amm ad ▁Y aqu b ▁Khan ▁was ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁Her at ▁province ▁in ▁Afghanistan ▁and ▁decided ▁to ▁rebel ▁against ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁but ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁Second ▁Ang lo - Af ghan ▁War ▁er upt ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁leading ▁Sher ▁Ali ▁Khan ▁to ▁fle e ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Afghanistan , ▁and ▁eventually ▁die ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁As ▁Sher ▁Ali ' s ▁success or , ▁Y aqu b ▁signed ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Gand am ak ▁with ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁rel in qu ishing ▁solely ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁Afghanistan ▁foreign ▁affairs ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Empire . ▁An ▁up r ising ▁against ▁this ▁agreement ▁led ▁by ▁Ay ub ▁Khan ▁in ▁October ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁ab d ication ▁of ▁Y aqu b ▁Khan . ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁rul er , ▁Am ir ▁Ay ub ▁Khan . ▁ ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Gand am ak ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Second ▁Ang lo - Af ghan ▁War , ▁the ▁British ▁defeated ▁the ▁Am ir ▁Sher ▁Ali ' s ▁forces , ▁winter ed ▁in ▁J al al abad , ▁waiting ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁Am ir ▁Y |
ak ub ▁Khan ▁to ▁accept ▁their ▁terms ▁and ▁conditions . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁figures ▁in ▁the ▁negotiations ▁was ▁Pierre ▁Louis ▁Napoleon ▁Cav agn ari , ▁a ▁half - Ir ish , ▁half - It al ian ▁arist ocr at , ▁desc ended ▁from ▁the ▁royal ▁family ▁of ▁Par ma ▁on ▁his ▁father ' s ▁side , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁England , ▁with ▁school ing ▁at ▁Add is com be . ▁He ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Army ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Beng al ▁F us ili ers ▁and ▁then ▁transferred ▁into ▁political ▁service , ▁becoming ▁Deputy ▁Commission er ▁at ▁P esh aw ar , ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁env oy ▁by ▁the ▁V icer oy ▁Lord ▁Ly tt on ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁mission ▁to ▁K abul ▁which ▁the ▁Af gh ans ▁refused ▁to ▁let ▁proceed . ▁This ▁ref usal ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁events ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁Second ▁Afghan ▁War . ▁Tan ve er ▁Al am ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁Y ak ub ▁Khan ▁trav elled ▁to ▁Gand am ak , ▁a ▁village ▁just ▁outside ▁J al al abad ▁and ▁entered ▁into ▁negotiations ▁with ▁Cav agn ari ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Gand am ak ▁was ▁signed ▁where by ▁the ▁Am ir ▁c ed ed ▁territor ies ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁accepted ▁a ▁British ▁env oy ▁in ▁K abul . ▁Cav agn ari ▁took ▁up ▁the ▁post ▁of ▁British ▁Res ident ▁in |
▁K abul ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁reck less ▁and ▁arrog ant ▁rather ▁than ▁discre et ▁and ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁env oy ▁was ▁viewed ▁as ▁inj ud icious ▁even ▁by ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁British . ▁The ▁situation ▁in ▁K abul ▁was ▁tense ▁and ▁eventually ▁some ▁Afghan ▁troops ▁who ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁paid ▁by ▁the ▁Am ir ▁reb elled ▁and ▁attacked ▁the ▁Res id ency , ▁killing ▁Cav agn ari ▁and ▁his ▁mission ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁The ▁war ▁was ▁far ▁from ▁over ▁despite ▁the ▁treat y ▁and ▁British ▁troops ▁were ▁recalled ▁over ▁the ▁mountains ▁to ▁occup y ▁K abul , ▁secure ▁it ▁and ▁launch ▁pun itive ▁action ▁against ▁the ▁Af gh ans . ▁Y ak ub ▁Khan ▁ab d icated , ▁taking ▁refuge ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁camp ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁sent ▁to ▁India ▁in ▁December . ▁ ▁Qu otes ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁leaders ▁of ▁Afghanistan ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Em irs ▁of ▁Afghanistan ▁Category : Bar ak z ai ▁dyn asty ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁Her at ▁Province ▁Category : 1 8 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : P as ht un ▁people ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Ang lo - Af ghan ▁War ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Afghan ▁politicians ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁mon arch s ▁in ▁Asia <0x0A> </s> ▁Josh ▁Sw ade ▁( born |
▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁documentary ▁film maker ▁and ▁author . ▁His ▁film ▁One ▁& ▁D one , ▁about ▁basketball ▁player ▁Ben ▁Sim mons , ▁premier ed ▁on ▁Show time ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁He ▁previously ▁directed ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ESP N ▁ 3 0 ▁for ▁ 3 0 ▁documentary ▁There ' s ▁No ▁Place ▁Like ▁Home , ▁and ▁wrote ▁the ▁corresponding ▁book , ▁The ▁Holy ▁Gra il ▁of ▁Ho ops : ▁One ▁F an ' s ▁Quest ▁to ▁Buy ▁the ▁Original ▁Rules ▁of ▁Basket ball . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁directed ▁and ▁produced ▁several ▁ESP N ▁ 3 0 ▁for ▁ 3 0 ▁Short s , ▁and ▁several ▁short ▁films ▁on ▁popular ▁musicians . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Sw ade ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Kansas ▁City , ▁Missouri . ▁He ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Kansas , ▁before ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁City ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Music ▁Following ▁his ▁gradu ation , ▁Sw ade ▁worked ▁in ▁A & R ▁at ▁Ma ver ick ▁Records , ▁before ▁co - found ing ▁the ▁record ▁labels ▁Young ▁American ▁Record ings ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁+ 1 ▁Records ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁+ 1 ▁Records ▁became ▁a ▁division ▁of ▁Ly or ▁Cohen ' s ▁ 3 0 0 ▁Entertainment . ▁ ▁Fil mm aking ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sw ade ▁read ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁story ▁that |
▁James ▁Na ism ith ' s ▁original ▁rules ▁of ▁basketball ▁would ▁be ▁auction ed ▁off ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁en su ing ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ESP N ▁ 3 0 ▁for ▁ 3 0 ▁documentary ▁There ' s ▁No ▁Place ▁Like ▁Home ▁follows ▁Sw ade , ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁Kansas ▁Jay h aw ks ▁fan , ▁on ▁his ▁attempt ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁auction ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁rules ▁could ▁be ▁hous ed ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Kansas ▁in ▁Lawrence , ▁Kansas , ▁where ▁Na ism ith ▁co ached ▁and ▁taught ▁for ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁Sw ade ▁co - direct ed ▁the ▁film ▁with ▁Ma ura ▁Mand t . ▁University ▁of ▁Kansas ▁al umn us ▁David ▁Bo oth ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁paid ▁$ 4 , 3 3 8 , 5 0 0 ▁for ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁basketball , ▁setting ▁a ▁record ▁for ▁the ▁highest ▁sales ▁price ▁for ▁sports ▁memor abil ia , ▁according ▁to ▁S othe by ' s , ▁which ▁conducted ▁the ▁auction . ▁There ' s ▁No ▁Place ▁Like ▁Home ▁premier ed ▁on ▁ESP N ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Sw ade ’ s ▁book ▁The ▁Holy ▁Gra il ▁of ▁Ho ops : ▁One ▁F an ' s ▁Quest ▁to ▁Buy ▁the ▁Original ▁Rules ▁of ▁Basket ball ▁was ▁published , ▁with ▁an ▁after word ▁by ▁University ▁of ▁Kansas ▁basketball ▁head ▁coach ▁Bill ▁Self . |
▁It ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁events ▁in ▁There ' s ▁No ▁Place ▁Like ▁Home . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Sw ade ▁began ▁work ▁on ▁# B ring Back S ung W oo , ▁a ▁ 3 0 ▁for ▁ 3 0 ▁Short s ▁documentary ▁which ▁follows ▁S ung ▁W oo ▁Lee , ▁a ▁South ▁Korean ▁long time ▁fan ▁of ▁the ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Roy als . ▁The ▁ 2 2 - minute ▁film , ▁co - direct ed ▁by ▁Sw ade ▁and ▁Josh ▁She lov , ▁premier ed ▁on ▁ESP N ▁and ▁Grant land ▁on ▁October ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Sw ade ▁was ▁hired ▁as ▁executive ▁producer ▁of ▁film ▁and ▁video ▁at ▁Roll ing ▁Stone , ▁where ▁he ▁directed ▁and ▁produced ▁films ▁on ▁musicians ▁including ▁Rick ▁Rub in , ▁The ▁Black ▁Ke ys , ▁Sher yl ▁Crow , ▁Ring o ▁St arr ▁and ▁Will ie ▁Nelson . ▁His ▁short ▁film ▁on ▁Rub in , ▁Rick ▁Was ▁Here , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Roll ing ▁Stone ▁Films ▁production , ▁and ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁National ▁Magazine ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Video . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁producer ▁on ▁The ▁ESP Y s ▁and ▁NFL ▁Hon ors ▁award ▁shows . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁production ▁began ▁on ▁One ▁& ▁D one , ▁a ▁feature ▁documentary ▁co - direct ed ▁by ▁Sw ade ▁and ▁Mand t ▁for ▁Show time . |
▁The ▁film ▁chron icles ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁Australian ▁basketball ▁player ▁Ben ▁Sim mons , ▁focusing ▁on ▁his ▁l one ▁year ▁at ▁Louisiana ▁State ▁University ▁and ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁his ▁selection ▁as ▁the ▁top ▁pick ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁NBA ▁draft . ▁The ▁film ▁premier ed ▁on ▁Show time ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁The ▁Holy ▁Gra il ▁of ▁Ho ops : ▁One ▁F an ’ s ▁Quest ▁to ▁Buy ▁the ▁Original ▁Rules ▁of ▁Basket ball ▁( S ports ▁Publishing , ▁New ▁York , ▁NY , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ), ▁after word ▁by ▁Bill ▁Self ▁ ▁Art icles ▁ ▁" A ▁Love ▁Letter ▁To ▁The ▁N ike ▁Air ▁Max ▁ 1 … " ▁Nice ▁K icks , ▁March ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁documentary ▁film makers ▁Category : Roll ing ▁Stone ▁people ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁Kansas ▁City , ▁Missouri ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Kansas ▁al umn i ▁Category : City ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁al umn i ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Financial ▁Super vis ory ▁Authority ▁( , ▁FI ) ▁is ▁the ▁Swedish ▁government ▁agency ▁responsible ▁for ▁financial ▁regulation ▁in ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁overs ight , ▁regulation ▁and ▁author isation ▁of ▁financial ▁markets ▁and |
▁their ▁participants . ▁ ▁The ▁agency ▁falls ▁under ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Finance ▁and ▁regul ates ▁all ▁organisations ▁that ▁provide ▁financial ▁services ▁in ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁History ▁FI ▁was ▁formed ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁single ▁integrated ▁reg ulator ▁covering ▁banking , ▁secur ities , ▁and ▁insurance ▁in ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁done ▁with ▁the ▁mer ging ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁banking ▁and ▁insurance ▁super vis ory ▁bodies , ▁the ▁Bank ▁In spector ate ▁() ▁and ▁the ▁Insurance ▁Super vision ▁Authority ▁( ). ▁ ▁Res pons ibilities ▁FI ' s ▁primary ▁responsibility ▁is ▁market ▁stability ▁and ▁the ▁monitoring ▁of ▁financial ▁markets ▁and ▁participants . ▁ ▁It ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁responsibility ▁to ▁provide ▁consumer ▁protection ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁financial ▁products . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁tasks ▁is ▁monitoring ▁for ▁inst ability ▁that ▁will ▁neg atively ▁affect ▁the ▁Swedish ▁financial ▁system . ▁ ▁If ▁it ▁believes ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁duty ▁to ▁report ▁that ▁to ▁the ▁Swedish ▁government ▁who ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁taking ▁any ▁action . ▁ ▁The ▁authority ▁has ▁three ▁main ▁activities : ▁▁ ▁Issue ▁of ▁perm its ▁to ▁companies ▁that ▁wish ▁to ▁provide ▁financial ▁services ▁ ▁Design ing ▁rules ▁and ▁regulations ▁for ▁financial ▁activities ▁ ▁Super vision ▁of ▁these ▁rules ▁and ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁risk ▁assess ments ▁ ▁Organ isation ▁structure ▁FI ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁government ▁central ▁administrative ▁authority ▁that ▁falls ▁under ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Finance . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁run ▁by ▁an ▁eight - member ▁board ▁which ▁is ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁ |
▁This ▁includes ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁agency , ▁the ▁Director ▁General . ▁ ▁Erik ▁The d é en ▁became ▁the ▁Director ▁General ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Director ▁Gener als ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Martin ▁Anders son ▁ ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁– ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Eric ▁Sa ers ▁( Act ing ▁Director ▁General ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁– ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 : ▁In grid ▁Bon de ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 – 2 0 0 2 : ▁Cl a es ▁N org ren ▁▁ 1 9 9 1 – 1 9 9 3 : ▁Anders ▁S ahl én ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Financial ▁regulation ▁ ▁Government ▁agencies ▁in ▁Sweden ▁ ▁Sec ur ities ▁Commission ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁in ▁English ▁▁ ▁Financial ▁Super vis ory ▁Authority ▁Sweden ▁Financial ▁Super vis ory ▁Authority ▁Category : Reg ulation ▁in ▁Sweden <0x0A> </s> ▁Bod en ▁( , ▁out dated ly ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁local ity ▁and ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁Bod en ▁Municip ality ▁in ▁Nor rb ot ten ▁County , ▁Sweden ▁with ▁ 1 8 , 2 7 7 ▁inhabitants ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁larger ▁area ▁around ▁coastal ▁city ▁L ule å ▁some ▁ ▁sout heast . ▁Along side ▁Kir una , ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁largest ▁towns ▁in ▁Northern ▁Sweden ' s |
▁interior . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁of ▁Bod en ▁started ▁as ▁a ▁railway ▁jun ction ▁where ▁the ▁Northern ▁Line ▁( N or ra ▁st amb an an , ▁opened ▁ 1 8 9 4 ) ▁met ▁with ▁the ▁O re ▁Line ▁( Mal mb an an ) ▁from ▁the ▁rich ▁iron ▁ore ▁fields ▁in ▁northern ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁experienced ▁increased ▁growth ▁when ▁the ▁Bod en ▁Fort ress ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁fort ress ▁was ▁to ▁defend ▁Sweden ▁from ▁a ▁possible ▁attack ▁from ▁the ▁east , ▁where ▁Russia ▁was ▁considered ▁the ▁most ▁dangerous ▁threat . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁official ▁writ ings ▁about ▁Bod en , ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 5 0 0 ~ ▁tax ▁paper , ▁where ▁the ▁mention ▁of ▁" B oden ▁village " ▁with ▁ 7 ▁homes . ▁Bod en ▁got ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁city ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁This ▁title ▁became ▁ob solete ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁Bod en ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁Bod en ▁Municip ality . ▁ ▁Industry ▁ ▁Today ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Bod en ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁military ▁strong hold , ▁and ▁houses ▁the ▁largest ▁g arr ison ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Army . ▁ ▁The ▁army ▁and ▁the ▁municip ality ▁are ▁the ▁two ▁largest ▁employers ▁in ▁Bod en . ▁As ▁the ▁military ▁is ▁continuously ▁dis arm ing , ▁with ▁the ▁five ▁reg iments ▁united ▁into ▁one ▁g arr ison , ▁the |
▁population ▁has ▁decre ased ▁by ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁ten ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁famous ▁F äll kn iven ▁kn ives ▁are ▁from ▁Bod en . ▁ ▁Well - known ▁Bod en ▁citizens , ▁former ▁or ▁current ▁▁ ▁Peter ▁Eng l und , ▁author , ▁historian , ▁P erman ent ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Academy ▁( 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Karl ▁Fab ric ius , ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁ ▁Stefan ▁G unn ar sson , ▁singer , ▁piano ▁player ▁ ▁E y v ind ▁Johnson , ▁author , ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁winner ▁in ▁literature ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁ ▁L enn art ▁K lock are , ▁politician ▁ ▁Daniel ▁Lar sson , ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁ ▁Joh anna ▁Lar sson , ▁tennis ▁player ▁ ▁Eli as ▁Lind holm , ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁ ▁J onna ▁L ö fg ren , ▁drum mer ▁with ▁Glas ve gas ▁ ▁St ig ▁Str öm holm , ▁professor , ▁re ctor ▁magnific us ▁ ▁O sk ar ▁Sund q v ist , ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Blues ▁ ▁St ig ▁Sund q v ist , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁St ig ▁Syn ner gren , ▁former ▁Swedish ▁Supreme ▁Commander ▁ ▁S ven ▁Ut ter str öm , ▁sk ier ▁ ▁Nic las ▁Wall in , ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁ ▁Hans ▁Wall mark , ▁politician ▁ ▁B rol le , ▁singer ▁ ▁Tommy ▁Joh ans son , ▁singer , ▁guitar ist |
▁of ▁the ▁bands ▁Maj est ica ▁( former ly ▁Rein X eed ) ▁and ▁Sab aton ▁ ▁International ▁relations ▁ ▁T win ▁towns ▁and ▁sister ▁cities ▁Bod en ▁is ▁tw inned ▁with : ▁ ▁Al ta , ▁Norway ▁ ▁H ak k ari , ▁Turkey ▁ ▁Sports ▁The ▁following ▁sports ▁clubs ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁Bod en : ▁▁ ▁Bod ens ▁B K ▁ ▁H ed ens ▁IF ▁ ▁Sk ogs å ▁IF ▁▁ ▁V itt jär vs ▁I K ▁ ▁Bod ens ▁H F ▁ ▁Bod en ▁Hand b oll ▁IF ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Bod en ▁Municip ality ▁Category : N or rb ot ten ▁Category : M unicip al ▁seats ▁of ▁Nor rb ot ten ▁County ▁Category : Sw edish ▁municipal ▁seats ▁ ▁fi : B oden in ▁kun ta <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Todd ▁A kin ▁( born ▁July ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁and ▁business man ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁for ▁, ▁serving ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Republican ▁Party . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁A kin ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁St . ▁Louis ▁area . ▁After ▁receiving ▁his ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁from ▁Wor cester ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ▁in ▁Massachusetts , ▁A kin ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁Corps ▁of ▁Engine ers ▁and ▁worked ▁in |
▁the ▁private ▁sector ▁in ▁the ▁computer ▁and ▁steel ▁industries . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Missouri ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁house ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁served ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁A kin ' s ▁Congress ional ▁career ▁ended ▁after ▁he ▁lost ▁a ▁bid ▁to ▁un se at ▁Democratic ▁U . S . ▁Senator ▁Claire ▁McC ask ill ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁election . ▁A kin , ▁who ▁had ▁won ▁the ▁Republican ▁primary ▁in ▁a ▁crowded ▁field , ▁led ▁McC ask ill ▁in ▁pre - election ▁poll s ▁until ▁he ▁said ▁that ▁women ▁who ▁are ▁victims ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁called ▁" leg it imate ▁rape " ▁rarely ▁get ▁pregnant . ▁A kin ▁eventually ▁apolog ized ▁for ▁the ▁remark ▁but ▁re buff ed ▁calls ▁to ▁withdraw ▁from ▁the ▁election . ▁He ▁lost ▁to ▁McC ask ill ▁by ▁ 5 4 . 7 ▁percent ▁to ▁ 3 9 . 2 ▁percent . ▁In ▁a ▁book ▁published ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁A kin ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁reg rett ed ▁apolog izing ▁and ▁def ended ▁his ▁original ▁comments . ▁ ▁Early ▁life , ▁education , ▁and ▁business ▁career ▁A kin ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁area . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Nancy ▁Perry ▁( née |
▁Big el ow ) ▁and ▁Paul ▁Big el ow ▁A kin . ▁ ▁A kin ' s ▁great - grand father , ▁Thomas ▁Russell ▁A kin , ▁founded ▁Lac led e ▁Steel ▁Corporation ▁of ▁St . ▁Louis ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁The ▁company ▁eventually ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁grandfather , ▁William ▁A kin , ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁his ▁father ▁Paul , ▁a ▁third - gener ation ▁graduate ▁of ▁Harvard ▁University ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁Navy ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁A kin ▁graduated ▁from ▁John ▁Bur rough s ▁School , ▁a ▁private ▁prep ▁school ▁in ▁subur ban ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁attend ▁Wor cester ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ▁in ▁Wor cester , ▁Massachusetts , ▁earning ▁a ▁B . S . ▁in ▁Management ▁Engineering ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁After ▁gradu ation , ▁A kin ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁engineer ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Guard ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army , ▁then ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Army ▁Reserve ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁After ▁leaving ▁active ▁duty , ▁A kin ▁sold ▁large ▁computer ▁systems ▁for ▁IBM , ▁then ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁manager ▁in ▁his ▁family ' s ▁steel ▁business . ▁ ▁A kin ▁earned ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Div inity ▁degree ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁from ▁C oven ant ▁The ological ▁Sem inary ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁Greek , ▁He brew , ▁and ▁a ▁soc ially ▁conservative ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁script ures . ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁enter ▁the |
▁ministry . ▁ ▁A kin ▁is ▁a ▁long time ▁anti - ab ortion ▁activ ist ▁and ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁Missouri ▁Right ▁to ▁Life . ▁He ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁tres pass ▁at ▁least ▁eight ▁times ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁while ▁demonstr ating ▁against ▁abortion ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁abortion ▁clin ics ▁in ▁Illinois ▁and ▁Missouri . ▁He ▁has ▁said ▁the ▁protests ▁were ▁peaceful ▁and ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁apolog ize ▁for ▁standing ▁up ▁for ▁his ▁beliefs . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁arrest s , ▁he ▁was ▁using ▁the ▁name ▁" Will iam ▁A kin "; ▁after ▁that ▁period , ▁when ▁he ▁ran ▁for ▁political ▁office , ▁it ▁was ▁as ▁" T odd ▁A kin ". ▁ ▁Missouri ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁ ▁E lections ▁A kin ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Missouri ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁running ▁un op posed ▁to ▁represent ▁District ▁ 8 5 ▁in ▁West ▁County . ▁He ▁won ▁re - election ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁with ▁ 5 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁Due ▁to ▁re - d istrict ing , ▁A kin ▁represented ▁District ▁ 8 6 ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁through ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁never ▁winning ▁less ▁than ▁ 6 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁ ▁Ten ure ▁A kin ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁W ays ▁and ▁Me ans ▁Committee . ▁During ▁his ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁in ▁the |
▁state ▁house , ▁A kin ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁hom esch ool ▁rights , ▁voted ▁for ▁carrying ▁conce aled ▁weapons , ▁voted ▁against ▁the ▁parks ▁and ▁so ils ▁sales ▁tax , ▁and ▁voted ▁against ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁tax ▁increase ▁and ▁education ▁spending ▁increase . ▁A kin ▁sponsored ▁legislation ▁to ▁prohib it ▁casino ▁companies ▁from ▁contributing ▁to ▁Missouri ▁state ▁law makers . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁he ▁fought ▁Democratic ▁Governor ▁Mel ▁Carn ahan ▁over ▁a ▁bill ▁providing ▁state ▁funding ▁for ▁school ▁nurses . ▁Ult imately , ▁the ▁governor ▁refused ▁to ▁sign ▁the ▁funding ▁bill ▁due ▁to ▁A kin ' s ▁am endment , ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁prohib ited ▁nurses ▁from ▁telling ▁students ▁about ▁sources ▁for ▁information ▁about ▁abortion . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁ ▁E lections ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁A kin ▁ran ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁primary ▁election ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁House ▁seat ▁vac ated ▁by ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁Jim ▁Tal ent , ▁who ▁was ▁running ▁for ▁governor . ▁Light ▁vot er ▁turn out ▁caused ▁by ▁heavy ▁r ains ▁helped ▁A kin ▁win ▁the ▁tight , ▁five - way ▁primary ▁by ▁just ▁ 5 6 ▁votes ; ▁he ▁defeated ▁two ▁better - known ▁candidates , ▁former ▁St . ▁Louis ▁County ▁Executive ▁Gene ▁Mc N ary ▁and ▁State ▁Senator ▁Franc ▁Fl ot ron . ▁On ▁the ▁night ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁primary , ▁A kin ▁said , ▁" My ▁base ▁will ▁show ▁up ▁in ▁earthqu akes ." ▁He ▁defeated ▁Democratic |
▁State ▁Senator ▁Ted ▁House ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁election , ▁winning ▁ 5 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁He ▁never ▁faced ▁another ▁contest ▁as ▁close , ▁and ▁was ▁re e lected ▁five ▁times . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁A kin ▁won ▁re - election ▁with ▁ 6 7 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁challenged ▁for ▁the ▁seat ▁by ▁Democratic ▁nom ine e ▁Arthur ▁Lie ber , ▁Liber t arian ▁nom ine e ▁Steve ▁Mos b acher , ▁and ▁write - in ▁candidate ▁Patrick ▁M . ▁C annon . ▁ ▁Ten ure ▁A kin ▁earned ▁a ▁ 9 6 % ▁rating ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁Conservative ▁Union ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁For ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁ten ure , ▁A kin ▁was ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁House ▁roll ▁as ▁" R - St . ▁Louis ," ▁even ▁though ▁his ▁district ▁didn ' t ▁include ▁any ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁St . ▁Louis . ▁ ▁Social ▁issues ▁A kin ▁is ▁an ▁out sp oken ▁opponent ▁of ▁abortion ▁in ▁all ▁cases , ▁including ▁health ▁reasons ▁or ▁in ▁cases ▁of ▁rape ▁or ▁inc est , ▁and ▁he ▁oppos es ▁emb ry onic ▁stem ▁cell ▁research . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁speech ▁on ▁the ▁House ▁floor , ▁A kin ▁called ▁abortion ▁providers ▁" ter ror ists " ▁and ▁alleged ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" common ▁practice " ▁for ▁abortion ▁providers ▁to ▁perform |
▁" abort ions " ▁on ▁women ▁who ▁were ▁not ▁actually ▁pregnant . ▁ ▁A kin ▁is ▁a ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁keep ▁and ▁bear ▁arms ▁and ▁has ▁an ▁A ▁rating ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁R if le ▁Association . ▁A kin ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁supported ▁many ▁bills ▁including ▁the ▁Second ▁Am endment ▁S over e ig nt y ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁The ▁Sports men ' s ▁Heritage ▁Act ▁and ▁the ▁Dis aster ▁Rec overy ▁Personal ▁Protection ▁Act . ▁A kin ▁is ▁a ▁sta unch ▁advocate ▁of ▁a ▁federal ▁prohib ition ▁of ▁online ▁poker . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁co - s pons ored ▁H . R . ▁ 4 4 1 1 , ▁the ▁Good lat te - Le ach ▁Internet ▁Gam bling ▁Pro hib ition ▁Act , ▁and ▁H . R . ▁ 4 7 7 7 , ▁the ▁Internet ▁Gam bling ▁Pro hib ition ▁Act . ▁ ▁A kin ▁also ▁auth ored ▁the ▁Prote ct ▁the ▁P ledge ▁( of ▁Al leg iance ) ▁Act . ▁In ▁late ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁A kin ▁object ed ▁to ▁NBC ' s ▁recent ▁removal ▁of ▁the ▁words ▁" under ▁God " ▁from ▁a ▁video ▁clip ▁of ▁school ▁children ▁rec iting ▁the ▁P ledge ▁of ▁Al leg iance . ▁After ▁remark ing ▁that ▁" N BC ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁record ▁of ▁being ▁very ▁liberal ," ▁A kin ▁said , ▁" at ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁liberal ism ▁really ▁is ▁a |
▁hatred ▁for ▁God ▁and ▁a ▁belief ▁that ▁government ▁should ▁replace ▁God ". ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁A kin ▁said ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁mean ▁all ▁liber als ▁hate ▁God , ▁only ▁that ▁liber als ▁have ▁" a ▁hatred ▁for ▁public ▁references ▁for ▁God ." ▁The ▁next ▁day , ▁he ▁apolog ized , ▁saying ▁his ▁statement ▁had ▁been ▁" direct ed ▁at ▁the ▁political ▁movement , ▁Liberal ism , ▁not ▁at ▁any ▁specific ▁individual ". ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁US ▁Senate ▁bid , ▁A kin ▁re aff irmed ▁his ▁opposition ▁to ▁legislation ▁like ▁the ▁L illy ▁Led bet ter ▁Fair ▁Pay ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁which ▁he ▁voted ▁against ▁as ▁a ▁Congress man . ▁ ▁Todd ▁A kin ▁is ▁an ▁opponent ▁of ▁the ▁No ▁Child ▁Left ▁Behind ▁Act . ▁A kin ▁believes ▁that ▁it ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁that ▁decides ▁on ▁education , ▁but ▁that ▁local ▁government ▁should ▁have ▁control ▁over ▁public ▁education . ▁ ▁On ▁MS N BC , ▁Todd ▁A kin ▁oppos es ▁evolution . ▁He ▁was ▁running ▁for ▁the ▁sen ate ▁seat ▁in ▁Missouri ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁He ▁has ▁said ▁" I ▁take ▁a ▁look ▁at ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁thing ▁and ▁it ▁seems ▁to ▁me ▁that ▁evolution ▁takes ▁a ▁tremendous ▁amount ▁of ▁faith . ▁I ▁don ' t ▁even ▁see ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁science ▁because ▁I ▁don ' t ▁know ▁if ▁you ▁can ▁prove .... ". ▁ ▁F is cal ▁issues ▁In ▁his ▁early ▁years ▁in ▁Congress , |
▁A kin ▁brought ▁back ▁e arm arks ▁for ▁his ▁district , ▁voted ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁debt ▁ceiling , ▁voted ▁for ▁off - balance - sheet ▁wars ▁in ▁Iraq ▁and ▁Afghanistan , ▁and ▁voted ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁unf und ed ▁Medic are ▁prescription ▁drug ▁benefit . ▁More ▁recently , ▁he ▁has ▁opposed ▁increases ▁in ▁tax ation ▁and ▁spending . ▁He ▁voted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁against ▁an ▁expansion ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Children ' s ▁Health ▁Insurance ▁Program ▁( S CH IP ), ▁object ing ▁to ▁its ▁potential ▁coverage ▁of ▁children ▁in ▁families ▁making ▁up ▁to ▁$ 6 2 , 0 0 0 ▁a ▁year , ▁and ▁stating ▁that ▁proof ▁of ▁U . S . ▁citizens hip ▁was ▁not ▁required . ▁He ▁also ▁said ▁the ▁bill ▁would ▁" we aken ▁the ▁private ▁health ▁care ▁system " ▁and ▁lead ▁the ▁country ▁" fur ther ▁down ▁the ▁slip per y ▁slope ▁to ▁social ized ▁medicine ." ▁He ▁has ▁voted ▁against ▁feder ally ▁funded ▁school ▁breakfast s ▁and ▁lun ches , ▁and ▁called ▁student ▁loans ▁" a ▁stage - three ▁cancer ▁of ▁social ism ". ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁voted ▁against ▁increasing ▁the ▁minimum ▁wage . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁vocal ▁critic ▁of ▁the ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁bank ▁bail out , ▁and ▁voted ▁against ▁it . ▁He ▁voted ▁no ▁on ▁the ▁Aff ord able ▁Health ▁Care ▁Act ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁on ▁Paul ▁Ryan ' s ▁fiscal ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁budget . ▁ ▁Military ▁issues ▁A kin |
▁has ▁spent ▁time ▁working ▁on ▁military ▁and ▁veterans ▁issues . ▁On ▁the ▁House ▁Ar med ▁Services ▁Committee ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Se ap ower ▁and ▁Pro jection ▁Forces ▁Sub commit tee , ▁which ▁handles ▁Navy ▁and ▁Air ▁Force ▁issues . ▁He ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁Rank ing ▁Republican ▁on ▁the ▁Se ap ower ▁Sub commit tee ▁and ▁the ▁O vers ight ▁and ▁Invest ig ations ▁Sub commit tee . ▁A kin ▁has ▁also ▁introduced ▁veterans - related ▁bills , ▁most ▁notably ▁the ▁Open ▁Burn ▁P it ▁Reg istry ▁Act , ▁which ▁creates ▁a ▁registry ▁for ▁Iraq ▁and ▁ ▁Afghanistan ▁ ▁veterans ▁who ▁were ▁exposed ▁to ▁burn ▁p its . ▁He ▁opposed ▁repe al ▁of ▁the ▁D over ▁Policy , ▁which ▁banned ▁media ▁coverage ▁of ▁c ask ets ▁of ▁troops ▁returning ▁home ▁from ▁overseas , ▁c iting ▁privacy ▁and ▁decor um ▁issues . ▁ ▁Committee ▁assignments ▁ ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ar med ▁Services ▁ ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁T act ical ▁Air ▁and ▁Land ▁Forces ▁ ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Se ap ower ▁and ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Forces ▁( Ch air man ) ▁ ▁Committee ▁on ▁the ▁Bud get ▁ ▁Committee ▁on ▁Science , ▁Space ▁and ▁Technology ▁ ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Space ▁and ▁A eron aut ics ▁ ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Energy ▁and ▁Environment ▁ ▁C auc us ▁membership s ▁ ▁Republican ▁Study ▁Committee ▁ ▁Te a ▁Party ▁C auc us ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁U . S . ▁Senate ▁election ▁ ▁In ▁mid - May ▁ 2 0 |
1 1 , ▁A kin ▁announced ▁he ▁would ▁seek ▁the ▁Republican ▁nom ination ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁un se at ▁Democratic ▁Senator ▁Claire ▁McC ask ill . ▁Other ▁candidates ▁in ▁the ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Republican ▁primary ▁included ▁business man ▁John ▁Brun ner , ▁author ▁and ▁business ▁executive ▁Mark ▁Mem oly , ▁and ▁former ▁Missouri ▁Tre as urer ▁Sarah ▁Steel man ▁who ▁had ▁backing ▁from ▁the ▁T EA ▁Party . ▁Despite ▁losing ▁some ▁momentum ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁crowded ▁field , ▁A kin ▁won ▁the ▁Republican ▁nom ination ▁in ▁the ▁August ▁ 7 ▁open ▁primary , ▁ 3 6 % ▁to ▁ 3 0 % ▁for ▁his ▁nearest ▁challeng er . ▁The ▁Claire ▁McC ask ill ▁campaign ▁spent ▁$ 2 mill ion ▁during ▁the ▁prim aries , ▁despite ▁not ▁having ▁a ▁primary ▁opponent . ▁That ▁money ▁was ▁spent ▁on ▁advertising ▁tout ing ▁A kin ▁as ▁" Too ▁conservative ," ▁for ▁Missouri . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁National ▁Journal ▁named ▁A kin ▁one ▁of ▁ten ▁Republicans ▁to ▁follow ▁on ▁Twitter . ▁ ▁A kin ▁faced ▁McC ask ill ▁and ▁Liber t arian ▁nom ine e ▁Jonathan ▁D ine ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁election , ▁losing ▁to ▁McC ask ill ▁after ▁his ▁controversial ▁comments ▁on ▁rape ▁lost ▁him ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁support . ▁ ▁Home ▁of ▁record ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁questions ▁were ▁raised ▁about ▁A kin ' s ▁official ▁address ▁for ▁voting . ▁For ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁political ▁career , ▁A kin |
▁had ▁claimed ▁Town ▁and ▁Country ▁as ▁his ▁official ▁residence . ▁However , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁and ▁ ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Post - Dispatch , ▁A kin ▁moved ▁to ▁Wild wood , ▁in ▁far ▁western ▁St . ▁Louis ▁County , ▁sometime ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁after ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁purchased ▁a ▁second ▁home ▁there . ▁However , ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁vote ▁as ▁a ▁Town ▁and ▁Country ▁resident , ▁and ▁signed ▁a ▁poll ing ▁place ▁log book ▁att est ing ▁to ▁his ▁living ▁there ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁local ▁news ▁interview , ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁discussing ▁abortion , ▁A kin ▁claimed ▁that ▁victims ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁described ▁as ▁" leg it imate ▁rape " ▁very ▁rarely ▁become ▁pregnant . ▁Air ing ▁on ▁St . ▁Louis ▁television ▁station ▁K TV I , ▁his ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁question ▁on ▁rape ▁exceptions ▁for ▁abortion ▁was : ▁ ▁Well ▁you ▁know , ▁people ▁always ▁want ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁make ▁that ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁those ▁things , ▁well ▁how ▁do ▁you , ▁how ▁do ▁you ▁slice ▁this ▁particularly ▁tough ▁sort ▁of ▁ethical ▁question . ▁First ▁of ▁all , ▁from ▁what ▁I ▁understand ▁from ▁doctors , ▁that ' s ▁really ▁rare . ▁If ▁it ' s ▁a ▁legitimate ▁rape , ▁the ▁female ▁body ▁has ▁ways ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁shut ▁that ▁whole ▁thing ▁down . ▁But ▁let ' s ▁assume ▁that ▁maybe |
▁that ▁didn ' t ▁work ▁or ▁something . ▁I ▁think ▁there ▁should ▁be ▁some ▁punishment , ▁but ▁the ▁punishment ▁ought ▁to ▁be ▁on ▁the ▁rap ist ▁and ▁not ▁attacking ▁the ▁child . ▁ ▁The ▁comments ▁from ▁A kin , ▁which ▁came ▁as ▁he ▁ran ▁for ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Senate ▁seat ▁held ▁by ▁Claire ▁McC ask ill , ▁almost ▁immediately ▁led ▁to ▁widespread ▁up ro ar . ▁The ▁term ▁" leg it imate ▁rape " ▁was ▁called ▁" lo ath some " ▁because ▁it ▁suggests ▁that ▁" there ▁are ▁different ▁categories ▁of ▁rape ▁— ▁some ▁real ▁and ▁awful ▁and ▁others ▁that ▁are ▁not ". ▁ ▁Others ▁took ▁exception ▁to ▁the ▁phr asing ▁because ▁it ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁victims ▁who ▁do ▁become ▁pregnant ▁from ▁rape ▁may ▁be ▁lying . ▁His ▁claims ▁about ▁the ▁likelihood ▁of ▁pregnancy ▁resulting ▁from ▁rape ▁were ▁seen ▁by ▁some ▁as ▁being ▁based ▁on ▁f ringe ▁ideas ▁like ▁stress - ind uced ▁mis car riage ▁or ▁Dr . ▁John ▁C . ▁Will ke ' s ▁" sp astic ▁tub es " ▁theory ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁trauma - based ▁theory ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁These ▁theories ▁are ▁not ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁scientific ▁and ▁medical ▁community . ▁A kin ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁make ▁such ▁claims , ▁but ▁was ▁perhaps ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁recently ▁prominent . ▁ ▁The ▁comment ▁was ▁widely ▁characterized ▁as ▁mis og yn istic ▁and ▁reck lessly ▁in accur ate , ▁with ▁many ▁comment ators |
▁remark ing ▁on ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁words ▁" leg it imate ▁rape ". ▁Related ▁news ▁articles ▁cited ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁article ▁in ▁an ▁obst et rics ▁and ▁gy ne c ology ▁journal , ▁which ▁found ▁that ▁ 5 % ▁of ▁women ▁who ▁were ▁rap ed ▁became ▁pregnant , ▁which ▁equ aled ▁about ▁ 3 2 , 0 0 0 ▁pregn ancies ▁each ▁year ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁alone . ▁ ▁A ▁separate ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁article ▁in ▁the ▁journal ▁Human ▁Nature ▁estimated ▁that ▁rap es ▁are ▁twice ▁as ▁likely ▁to ▁result ▁in ▁pregn ancies ▁as ▁cons ens ual ▁sex . ▁ ▁While ▁some ▁colleagues ▁such ▁as ▁Iowa ▁congress man ▁Steve ▁King ▁and ▁Tennessee ▁state ▁sen ator ▁St ace y ▁Camp field ▁supported ▁A kin , ▁senior ▁figures ▁in ▁both ▁parties ▁condem ned ▁his ▁remarks ▁and ▁some ▁Republicans ▁called ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁resign . ▁In ▁the ▁resulting ▁fur or , ▁A kin ▁received ▁widespread ▁calls ▁to ▁drop ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁Senate ▁race ▁from ▁both ▁Republicans ▁and ▁Democrats . ▁ ▁A kin ▁apolog ized ▁for ▁his ▁g affe , ▁saying ▁he ▁" miss po ke ." ▁His ▁campaign ▁ran ▁an ▁advertis ement ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁asked ▁voters ▁to ▁forgive ▁him , ▁saying : ▁ ▁R ape ▁is ▁an ▁evil ▁act . ▁I ▁used ▁the ▁wrong ▁words ▁in ▁the ▁wrong ▁way ▁and ▁for ▁that ▁I ▁apolog ize . ▁As ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁two ▁daughters , ▁I ▁want ▁tough ▁justice ▁for ▁pred ators . ▁I ▁have ▁a ▁compassion ate ▁heart ▁for ▁the |
▁victims ▁of ▁sexual ▁assault . ▁I ▁pray ▁for ▁them . ▁The ▁fact ▁is , ▁rape ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁pregnancy . ▁The ▁truth ▁is , ▁rape ▁has ▁many ▁victims . ▁The ▁mistake ▁I ▁made ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁words ▁I ▁said , ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁I ▁hold . ▁I ▁ask ▁for ▁your ▁forg iveness . ▁ ▁The ▁incident ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁having ▁an ▁impact ▁on ▁A kin ' s ▁sen ate ▁race ▁and ▁the ▁Republicans ' ▁chances ▁of ▁gaining ▁a ▁majority ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Senate , ▁by ▁making ▁news ▁in ▁the ▁week ▁before ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Republican ▁National ▁Convention ▁and ▁by ▁" shift [ ing ] ▁the ▁national ▁discussion ▁to ▁divis ive ▁social ▁issues ▁that ▁could ▁rep el ▁swing ▁voters ▁rather ▁than ▁economic ▁issues ▁that ▁could ▁attract ▁them ". ▁ ▁E lection ▁result ▁Before ▁the ▁comments , ▁A kin ▁had ▁been ▁fav ored ▁to ▁win ▁his ▁race ▁against ▁McC ask ill , ▁but ▁he ▁lost ▁in ▁November , ▁ 5 4 . 7 ▁percent ▁to ▁ 3 9 . 2 ▁percent . ▁His ▁loss ▁was ▁attributed ▁to ▁back l ash ▁from ▁women ▁voters . ▁After ▁the ▁election , ▁between ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁A kin ▁received ▁$ 1 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁don ations ▁that ▁in ▁part ▁were ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Senate ▁prim aries . ▁ ▁After math ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁A kin ' s ▁book |
, ▁F iring ▁Back : ▁Taking ▁on ▁the ▁Party ▁B oss es ▁and ▁Media ▁El ite ▁to ▁Prote ct ▁Our ▁Faith ▁and ▁Freedom , ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁W ND ▁Books . ▁In ▁it , ▁he ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁reg rett ed ▁apolog izing , ▁because ▁" by ▁asking ▁the ▁public ▁at ▁large ▁for ▁forg iveness , ▁I ▁was ▁valid ating ▁the ▁will ful ▁mis interpret ation ▁of ▁what ▁I ▁had ▁said ." ▁He ▁also ▁def ended ▁his ▁original ▁comments ▁and ▁attacked ▁various ▁Republicans ▁for ▁" wr ong ing " ▁him , ▁including ▁Karl ▁R ove ; ▁former ▁National ▁Republican ▁Senator ial ▁Committee ▁Executive ▁Director ▁Rob ▁Jes mer ; ▁Sen ators ▁M itch ▁Mc Conn ell , ▁John ▁Corn yn , ▁John ▁McC ain , ▁Roy ▁Bl unt ▁and ▁Lind sey ▁Graham ; ▁and ▁House ▁Spe aker ▁John ▁Bo eh ner . ▁He ▁also ▁repeatedly ▁attacked ▁the ▁Republican ▁establishment ▁for ▁seeing ▁his ▁comments ▁" as ▁their ▁opportunity ▁to ▁take ▁[ me ] ▁out ▁and ▁select ▁someone ▁more ▁pal atable ▁to ▁their ▁tastes ", ▁and ▁the ▁" li ber al ▁media " ▁for ▁making ▁him ▁" the ▁target ▁of ▁a ▁media ▁assass ination ." ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁A kin ▁married ▁L ull i ▁Bo e , ▁a ▁graduate ▁of ▁Holl ins ▁University , ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁The ▁couple ▁has ▁six ▁children . ▁L ull i ▁became ▁a ▁home ▁school ing ▁activ ist , ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁children ▁were ▁home - school ed . ▁Three ▁sons ▁attended ▁the ▁Naval ▁Academy |
▁and ▁became ▁officers ▁in ▁the ▁Mar ines . ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁sons ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁assault ▁on ▁Fall uj ah , ▁Iraq . ▁ ▁A kin ▁enjo ys ▁playing ▁guitar ▁and ▁singing ▁g ospel ▁songs , ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁years , ▁has ▁dressed ▁in ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁att ire ▁for ▁Fourth ▁of ▁July ▁celebr ations . ▁ ▁A kin ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁lived ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁in ▁his ▁childhood ▁home , ▁a ▁house ▁owned ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁aff lu ent ▁Town ▁and ▁Country , ▁Missouri . ▁When ▁his ▁father ▁sought ▁to ▁sub div ide ▁the ▁ 8 . 5 - acre ▁property ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁A kin ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁house ▁in ▁Wild wood . ▁ ▁E lector al ▁history ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁U . S . ▁Congress man ▁Todd ▁A kin ▁official ▁U . S . ▁House ▁site ▁ ▁Todd ▁A kin ▁for ▁Senate ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Pres by ter ians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Pres by ter ians ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : American ▁Pres by ter ians ▁Category : American ▁anti - ab ortion ▁activ ists ▁Category : Christ ians ▁from ▁Missouri ▁Category : Christ ians ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category |
: C oven ant ▁The ological ▁Sem inary ▁al umn i ▁Category : IB M ▁employees ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Missouri ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁Missouri ▁Category : Miss ouri ▁Republicans ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : People ▁from ▁St . ▁Louis ▁County , ▁Missouri ▁Category : Rep ublic an ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : Te a ▁Party ▁movement ▁activ ists ▁Category : W or cester ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Tu ▁qu o que ▁( ; ▁Latin ▁for ▁" you ▁also "), ▁or ▁the ▁appeal ▁to ▁hyp oc ris y , ▁is ▁an ▁inform al ▁fall acy ▁that ▁int ends ▁to ▁disc redit ▁the ▁opponent ' s ▁argument ▁by ▁assert ing ▁the ▁opponent ' s ▁failure ▁to ▁act ▁consistently ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁its ▁conclusion ( s ). ▁The ▁Oxford ▁English ▁Dictionary ▁c ites ▁John ▁Co oke ' s ▁ 1 6 1 4 ▁stage ▁play ▁The ▁C itt ie ▁Gall ant ▁as ▁the ▁earliest ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁language . ▁ ▁The ▁fall acy ▁ ▁Tu ▁qu o que ▁" argument " ▁follows ▁the ▁pattern : ▁ ▁Person ▁A ▁makes ▁claim ▁X . ▁ ▁Person ▁B ▁as serts ▁that ▁A ' s ▁actions ▁or ▁past ▁claims ▁are ▁incons istent ▁with ▁the ▁truth ▁of ▁claim ▁X . ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁X ▁is ▁false . ▁ ▁It |
▁is ▁a ▁fall acy ▁because ▁the ▁moral ▁character ▁or ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁opponent ▁are ▁generally ▁irrelevant ▁to ▁the ▁logic ▁of ▁the ▁argument . ▁It ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁red ▁her ring ▁tact ic ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁ad ▁hom in em ▁fall acy , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁category ▁of ▁fall acies ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁claim ▁or ▁argument ▁is ▁rejected ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁facts ▁about ▁the ▁person ▁presenting ▁or ▁supporting ▁the ▁claim ▁or ▁argument . ▁ ▁Example ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁trial ▁of ▁Nazi ▁war ▁criminal ▁Kl aus ▁Bar bie , ▁the ▁controversial ▁lawyer ▁Jacques ▁Ver g ès ▁tried ▁to ▁present ▁what ▁was ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁Tu ▁Qu o que ▁Def ence — i . e ., ▁that ▁during ▁the ▁Al ger ian ▁War , ▁French ▁officers ▁such ▁as ▁General ▁Jacques ▁Mass u ▁had ▁committed ▁war ▁crimes ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁with ▁which ▁Bar bie ▁was ▁being ▁charged , ▁and ▁therefore ▁the ▁French ▁state ▁had ▁no ▁moral ▁right ▁to ▁try ▁Bar bie . ▁This ▁defense ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁court , ▁which ▁convicted ▁Bar bie . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁And ▁you ▁are ▁l yn ching ▁Negro es ▁ ▁Clean ▁hands ▁ ▁False ▁equival ence ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Latin ▁phrases ▁ ▁Psych ological ▁projection ▁ ▁The ▁pot ▁calling ▁the ▁k ett le ▁black ▁ ▁Two ▁wrong s ▁make ▁a ▁right ▁ ▁Victor ' s ▁justice ▁ ▁What about ism ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Tu ▁qu o que ▁fall acy ▁– ▁Internet ▁En cycl op |
edia ▁of ▁Philosoph y ▁ ▁Category : H yp oc ris y ▁Category : L atin ▁words ▁and ▁phrases ▁Category : L atin ▁philosoph ical ▁phrases ▁Category : Rele v ance ▁fall acies ▁ ▁bg : Ad ▁hom in em # Т и ▁съ що ▁( tu ▁qu o que ) ▁fr : Argument um ▁ad ▁hom in em # T u ▁qu o que <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁Neb r aska ▁g ubern ator ial ▁election ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁November ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁and ▁featured ▁former ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁Robert ▁B . ▁C ros by , ▁a ▁Republican , ▁defe ating ▁Democratic ▁nom ine e , ▁former ▁state ▁Senator ▁Walter ▁R . ▁Ra ec ke . ▁ ▁Democratic ▁primary ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁Nina ▁B . ▁D illing ham ▁Don ▁Mal oney ▁Walter ▁R . ▁Ra ec ke , ▁former ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Neb r aska ▁Legisl ature ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Republican ▁primary ▁ ▁C andid ates ▁Victor ▁E . ▁Anderson , ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Lincoln ▁and ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Neb r aska ▁Legisl ature ▁Robert ▁B . ▁C ros by , ▁former ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁and ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Neb r aska ▁Legisl ature ▁John ▁G . ▁Don ner ▁Andrew ▁E . ▁Sw anson ▁Arthur ▁B . ▁Walker ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁General ▁election ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁G ubern ator ial ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : N ovember ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁events |
<0x0A> </s> ▁Medical ▁education ▁in ▁France ▁is ▁administer ed ▁by ▁the ▁Unit és ▁de ▁formation ▁et ▁de ▁recher che ▁de ▁mé dec ine ▁( U FR ) ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁training ▁takes ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁nine ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁b ac cal aur é at ▁and ▁concl udes ▁with ▁a ▁thesis . ▁ ▁Upon ▁successful ▁presentation ▁of ▁their ▁thesis , ▁the ▁medical ▁student ▁is ▁awarded ▁a ▁di pl ô me ▁d ' ét udes ▁spé cial is ées ▁( DE S ), ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁special ty . ▁Certain ▁high - ach ie vers ▁are ▁awarded ▁a ▁di pl ô me ▁d ' ét udes ▁spé cial is ées ▁compl ément aire ▁( DESC ). ▁ ▁French ▁medical ▁training ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁longest ▁study ▁paths ▁in ▁French ▁higher ▁education . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁both ▁theoretical ▁and ▁practical ▁training , ▁with ▁a ▁grad ual ▁shift ▁from ▁theory ▁at ▁the ▁beginning , ▁to ▁more ▁practical ▁aspects ▁as ▁training ▁progress es . ▁ ▁Medical ▁students ▁in ▁France ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁known ▁as ▁car ab in ▁( rif le men ) ▁because ▁the ▁uniform s ▁of ▁military ▁medical ▁students ▁re sembled ▁those ▁of ▁Italian ▁rifle men . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁Under ▁the ▁An ci en ▁R ég ime , ▁medicine ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁fac ult ies ▁and ▁generally ▁only ▁accessible ▁through ▁the ▁Fac ult é ▁des ▁Arts ▁de ▁Paris . ▁Te aching ▁was ▁mostly ▁theoretical ▁and ▁involved ▁lect ures ▁and ▁read ings ▁from ▁authorities . ▁Pract ical ▁components ▁were ▁gradually ▁introduced |
▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 9 , ▁doctors ▁and ▁surge ons ▁were ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁separate ▁profess ions . ▁Sur ge ons ▁were ▁known ▁as ▁bar ber ▁surge ons . ▁ ▁The ▁university ▁system ▁was ▁abol ished ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁and ▁replaced ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁by ▁four ▁medical ▁schools ▁in ▁Paris , ▁Mont p ell ier , ▁Bor de aux ▁and ▁Str as bourg . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 8 , ▁medical ▁schools ▁re op ened ▁their ▁fac ult ies ▁and ▁expanded ▁across ▁France . ▁▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁new ▁practical ▁training ▁schools ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁rapid ▁technical ▁evolution ▁of ▁medicine ▁and ▁the ▁medi ocr ity ▁of ▁university ▁theoretical ▁teaching . ▁Accept ance ▁into ▁these ▁practical ▁training ▁programs ▁was ▁restricted ▁and ▁highly ▁sought ▁after , ▁as ▁hospitals ▁were ▁syn onymous ▁with ▁the ▁elite . ▁Medical ▁students ▁began ▁to ▁neglect ▁their ▁faculty ▁exam inations ▁to ▁prepare ▁for ▁these ▁practical ▁training ▁entrance ▁exam inations ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁that ▁upon ▁completing ▁their ▁studies , ▁they ▁had ▁not ▁seen ▁a ▁single ▁patient . ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁Hospital ▁reform s ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁merged ▁the ▁teaching ▁functions ▁of ▁hospitals ▁and ▁universities , ▁creating ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁University ▁Professor ▁and ▁Hospital ▁Pract ition er ▁( Pro f esse ur ▁des ▁univers ités ▁– ▁Pr atic ien |
▁hospital ier , ▁P UP H ). ▁One ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁reform s ▁was ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁gradu ates ▁moving ▁to ▁private ▁practice . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁protests ▁in ▁France , ▁practical ▁training ▁entrance ▁restrictions ▁were ▁removed : ▁all ▁medical ▁students ▁received ▁practical ▁training . ▁Pract ical ▁and ▁theoretical ▁training ▁were ▁finally ▁combined ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁course , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁ideal ▁of ▁the ▁Centre ▁Hospital ier ▁Univers itaire . ▁Following ▁the ▁Fa ure ▁reform , ▁medical ▁colleges ▁were ▁integrated ▁into ▁universities ▁as ▁U ER ▁( from ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁research ▁and ▁teaching ▁cent res ▁" U FR "). ▁ ▁This ▁reform , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁general ▁population ▁increase , ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁surge ▁in ▁student ▁numbers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁this ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁fixed ▁number ▁of ▁training ▁places ▁in ▁exam s ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁medical ▁studies ▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁any ▁doctor ▁could ▁become ▁a ▁specialist , ▁either ▁by ▁taking ▁the ▁select ive ▁hospital ▁residential ▁path way , ▁or ▁by ▁taking ▁the ▁open ▁access ▁university ▁path way ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁lower - status ▁certificate ▁of ▁specialized ▁studies ▁( THE SE ). ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁a ▁two - speed ▁medical ▁system , ▁divided ▁between ▁THE SE ▁gradu ates ▁and ▁“ former ▁inter ns ” ▁and ▁“ former ▁senior ▁hospital ▁registr ars ”. ▁ ▁A ▁reform ▁dropped ▁the ▁THE |
SE ▁medical ▁cert ificates , ▁returning ▁to ▁oblig atory ▁intern ships ▁for ▁the ▁“ ord inal ▁qual ification ” ▁specialists , ▁through ▁diplom as ▁of ▁specialized ▁studies ▁( OF ) ▁to ▁supplement ▁the ▁di pl oma ▁of ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Medicine . ▁Intern s ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁spend ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁training ▁in ▁a ▁non - ac adem ic ▁“ per ipher al ▁hospital ” ▁belonging ▁to ▁a ▁regional ▁hospital ▁centre ▁( CH R ). ▁ ▁Recent ▁changes ▁Until ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁future ▁general ▁practition ers ▁did ▁not ▁sit ▁the ▁entrance ▁exam s ▁for ▁intern ships . ▁ ▁Their ▁second ▁cycle ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁two ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁year ▁“ r és idan at ” ▁( three ▁years ▁for ▁residents ▁starting ▁in ▁or ▁after ▁ 2 0 0 1 ). ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁a ▁new ▁reform ▁has ▁been ▁applied : ▁all ▁medical ▁students ▁must ▁pass ▁the ▁national ▁class ifying ▁examination . ▁The ▁rés idan at ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁an ▁intern ship ▁in ▁general ▁medicine , ▁helping ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁general ▁practice ▁as ▁a ▁profession . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁academic ▁year , ▁the ▁medical ▁first ▁year ▁course ▁is ▁common ▁with ▁pharm acy , ▁dent istry ▁and ▁mid w if ery , ▁and ▁medical ▁studies ▁fall ▁under ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁B olog na . ▁ ▁Organization ▁Medical ▁studies ▁proceed ▁in ▁three ▁cycles ▁within ▁a ▁university ▁having ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁" formation " ▁and ▁medical ▁research ▁( s ometimes ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁medicine |
▁and ▁pharm ac ology ), ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 9 ▁university ▁hospitals . ▁ ▁Their ▁total ▁duration ▁varies ▁from ▁nine ▁years ▁( general ▁medicine ) ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁( an other ▁special ity ▁plus ▁a ▁sub - special ity ). ▁ ▁First ▁cycle ▁of ▁medical ▁studies ▁The ▁first ▁cycle ▁of ▁medical ▁studies ▁( in ▁summary ▁P CE M ) ▁takes ▁two ▁years , ▁with ▁a ▁" conc ours " ▁( compet itive ▁final ▁exam ) ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁year ▁selecting ▁students ▁admitted ▁to ▁continue ▁medical ▁or ▁dental ▁studies . ▁ ▁National ▁law ▁spec ifies ▁that ▁the ▁teaching ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁cycle ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁cycle ▁must ▁teach ▁the ▁following ▁discipl ines ▁or ▁discipl inary ▁units : ▁physics , ▁bi oph ys ics ▁and ▁image ▁processing ; ▁chemistry , ▁bi oc hem istry , ▁cell ular ▁and ▁molecular ▁bi ology ; ▁an at omy , ▁emb ry ology , ▁development al ▁and ▁re product ive ▁bi ology ; ▁c yt ology , ▁hist ology ▁and ▁path ological ▁an at omy ; ▁bacter i ology , ▁vi rol ogy ▁and ▁paras it ology ; ▁fundamental ▁he mat ology , ▁imm un ology ▁and ▁on c ology ; ▁gen etics ▁and ▁bi ote chn ologies ; ▁phys i ology ▁and ▁nutrition ; ▁pharm ac ology ▁and ▁major ▁classes ▁of ▁drugs ; ▁epid emi ology ▁and ▁bi ost at istics ; ▁clinical ▁and ▁biological ▁sem iot ics ▁and ▁ ▁medical ▁imag ery ▁termin ology |
; ▁first ▁aid ; ▁dem ography , ▁health ▁economics , ▁and ▁health ▁systems . ▁ ▁Te aching ▁must ▁also ▁include ▁foreign ▁languages , ▁ep ist em ology , ▁psychology , ▁medical ▁eth ics ▁and ▁de ont ology . ▁ ▁First ▁year ▁( until ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁The ▁first ▁year ▁academic ▁cycle ▁for ▁medical ▁students ▁is ▁common ▁with ▁dent istry ▁and ▁mid w if ery . ▁ ▁Requ ire ments ▁during ▁ ▁the ▁first ▁year ▁include : ▁physics , ▁bi oph ys ics , ▁chemistry , ▁bi oc hem istry ▁and ▁molecular ▁bi ology , ▁cell ular ▁bi ology , ▁phys i ology , ▁an at omy , ▁hist ology , ▁and ▁emb ry ology . ▁ ▁First ▁year ▁( as ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁The ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁the ▁studies ▁of ▁health ▁( P AC ES ) ▁is ▁common ▁to ▁the ▁medical ▁studies , ▁dental , ▁pharm aceut ical ▁and ▁mid w ife ▁( s ometimes ▁also ▁k ines ither apy ). ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁six - month ▁periods . ▁ ▁To ▁be ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁registered ▁in ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁the ▁studies ▁of ▁health , ▁the ▁candidates ▁must ▁have ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁qual ifications : ▁a ▁b ac cal a ure ate ▁degree ; ▁a ▁di pl oma ▁of ▁" access ▁to ▁academic ▁works "; ▁a ▁French ▁di pl oma ▁or ▁foreign ▁di pl oma ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁b ac cal a ure at ▁purs u ant ▁to |
▁the ▁national ▁regulation ; ▁a ▁qual ification ▁or ▁an ▁achievement ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁sufficient . ▁ ▁As ▁for ▁any ▁formation ▁of ▁system ▁L MD , ▁the ▁year ▁is ▁divided ▁in ▁two ▁six - month ▁periods ▁and ▁“ units ▁of ▁teaching ” ▁( E U ) ▁which ▁are ▁seen ▁all ot ting ▁a ▁certain ▁number ▁of ▁appropri ations ▁E CT S . ▁ ▁In ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁the ▁lesson ▁is ▁common ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁fields . ▁Tests ▁are ▁organized ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁one ; ▁the ▁badly ▁classified ▁students ▁can ▁be ▁re orient ated ▁in ▁other ▁university ▁fields . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁second ▁half - year , ▁the ▁students ▁choose ▁one ▁or ▁of ▁the ▁EU ▁specific ▁( S ) ▁to ▁a ▁field , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁common ▁formation . ▁ ▁The ▁students ▁pass ▁a ▁competition ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁leading ▁to ▁four ▁class ifications . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁year ▁may ▁only ▁be ▁repeated ▁once . ▁The ▁grade ▁is ▁final ▁if ▁the ▁student ▁fails ▁to ▁pass ▁twice . ▁ ▁Second ▁year ▁The ▁second ▁year ▁( in ▁summary ▁P CE M ▁ 2 ▁or ▁P 2 ) ▁begins ▁with ▁four ▁weeks ▁of ▁oblig atory ▁and ▁non - rem un er ated ▁nurse ▁placement . ▁ ▁It ▁takes ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁holidays ▁preced ing ▁the ▁re - entry ▁by ▁the ▁students ▁admitted ▁in ▁second ▁year ▁of ▁medicine ▁or ▁od ont ology . ▁ ▁Last ly , ▁a ▁more ▁medical ▁matter , ▁the ▁sem iot ics , ▁tradition ally ▁taught ▁in |
▁third ▁year , ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁time ▁transferred ▁in ▁second ▁year ▁in ▁most ▁universities , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁the ▁clinical ▁training ▁courses ▁of ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁years ▁( us ually ▁called ▁“ training ▁courses ▁of ▁check list ” ▁or ▁“ training ▁course ▁of ▁sem iot ics ” ). ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁cycle ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁studies ▁follows ▁a ▁national ▁plan , ▁but ▁the ▁organization ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁years ▁varies ▁between ▁the ▁universities . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁way , ▁there ▁exist ▁three ▁types ▁of ▁teaching : ▁linear ▁teaching : ▁each ▁matter ▁is ▁taught ▁separately ▁( an at omy , ▁hist ology , ▁bi oph ys ics , ▁etc .). ▁ ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁teaching ▁does ▁not ▁require ▁great ▁coord ination ▁between ▁the ▁profess ors , ▁but ▁it ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁great ▁redu nd ancies , ▁even ▁with ▁contrad ictions . ▁integrated ▁teaching : ▁the ▁students ▁have ▁modules ▁gathering ▁of ▁the ▁lesson ▁of ▁various ▁discipl ines ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁appar atus . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁module ▁of ▁neuro sc iences ▁includes / under stand s ▁the ▁an at omy ▁and ▁the ▁hist ology ▁of ▁the ▁nervous ▁system , ▁sens ory ▁bi oph ys ics ▁and ▁the ▁neuro bio ch im y . ▁ ▁The ▁student ▁follows ▁then ▁a ▁card iop ul mon ary ▁module , ▁a ▁digest ive ▁module , ▁etc . ▁co educ ation : ▁certain ▁aspects ▁are ▁presented ▁in ▁integrated ▁teaching , ▁others ▁in ▁linear ▁teaching . ▁ ▁Second ▁cycle ▁of ▁medical ▁studies ▁ ▁In |
▁four ▁years , ▁the ▁student ▁receives ▁a ▁formal ▁and ▁practical ▁training ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁various ▁path ologies ▁segment ed ▁in ▁modules : ▁trans verse ▁modules ▁( more ▁or ▁less ▁inter dis cipl inary ) ▁or ▁modules ▁of ▁body . ▁ ▁These ▁modules ▁are ▁the ▁class ifying ▁official ▁program ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁examination ▁( see ▁low ), ▁and ▁include ▁▁ ▁a ▁number ed ▁list ▁of ▁items ▁which ▁correspond ▁either ▁to ▁path ologies , ▁or ▁with ▁clinical ▁or ▁ther apeut ic ▁situations . ▁ ▁Third ▁year ▁of ▁medicine ▁The ▁third ▁year ▁of ▁medicine ▁( in ▁summary ▁D CE M ▁ 1 ▁or ▁D 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁year ▁of ▁transition ▁where ▁the ▁student ▁learn s ▁bi oc lin ical ▁sciences ▁( ph arm ac ology , ▁bacter i ology , ▁vi rol ogy , ▁paras it ology , ▁etc .) ▁which ▁make ▁the ▁interface ▁between ▁fundamental ▁sciences ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁cycle ▁and ▁lesson ▁of ▁path ology . ▁ ▁They ▁also ▁learn ▁how ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁the ▁an am n èse ▁( med ical ▁history ) ▁and ▁the ▁clinical ▁examination ▁of ▁a ▁patient ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁their ▁clinical ▁training ▁courses ▁( called ▁“ training ▁courses ▁of ▁check lists ”, ▁because ▁the ▁clinical ▁examination ▁linear ▁and ▁is ▁structured , ▁with ▁boxes ▁which ▁one ▁not ches ) ▁associated ▁with ▁teaching ▁with ▁semi ology . ▁They ▁start ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁modules . ▁ ▁Certain ▁universities ▁start ▁the ▁hospital ▁training ▁courses ▁in ▁third ▁year , ▁the ▁clinical ▁training ▁course ▁of ▁second ▁year ▁is ▁then ▁developed ▁further . ▁ ▁This |
▁year ▁is ▁particularly ▁compatible ▁with ▁ ▁Er asm us ▁ex changes . ▁ ▁Ex tern ship ▁The ▁three ▁following ▁years ▁const itute ▁the ▁“ ex tern at ”. ▁ ▁This ▁term ▁of ▁everyday ▁usage ▁( which ▁is ▁a ▁survival ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁contest ▁of ▁the ▁extern at ▁removed ▁following ▁the ▁demonstr ations ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁does ▁not ▁officially ▁exist . ▁ ▁The ▁official ▁texts ▁and ▁the ▁internal ▁texts ▁of ▁the ▁CH U ▁and ▁the ▁universities ▁speak ▁about ▁“ h ospital ▁students ”, ▁because ▁the ▁students ▁are ▁rem un er ated ▁by ▁the ▁hospital ▁complex ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁university ▁is ▁attached . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁paid ▁under ▁limited ▁time ▁contract , ▁attached ▁to ▁a ▁social ▁security ▁office . ▁ ▁The ▁student , ▁under ▁the ▁responsibility ▁for ▁an ▁intern ▁( non off icial ) ▁or ▁of ▁a ▁senior ▁( sen ior ▁registr ar ▁or ▁hospital ▁practition er ), ▁learn ▁how ▁to ▁recognize ▁the ▁various ▁signs ▁of ▁a ▁disease . ▁ ▁The ▁student ▁ ▁at ▁this ▁stage ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁ther apeut ic ▁responsibility , ▁nor ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁presc ribe . ▁ ▁The ▁student ▁is ▁however ▁responsible ▁for ▁his ▁acts ▁( c ivil ▁responsibility , ▁which ▁requires ▁the ▁subscription ▁of ▁a ▁suitable ▁insurance ). ▁ ▁The ▁extern at ▁generally ▁consists ▁of ▁four ▁training ▁courses ▁per ▁year , ▁three ▁months ▁in ▁each ▁special ty ▁service , ▁chosen ▁by ▁gr ids ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁each ▁year ▁or ▁quarter , ▁either ▁by ▁classification ▁with ▁the ▁mer it , ▁or ▁by ▁al phabet ical |
▁classification . ▁ ▁The ▁training ▁courses ▁consist ▁of ▁five ▁m orn ings ▁per ▁week ▁in ▁the ▁services . ▁ ▁Certain ▁training ▁courses ▁are ▁oblig atory ▁from ▁the ▁stat ut ory ▁texts ▁( ped iat rics , ▁obst etric ▁g yna ec ology ▁surgery , ▁internal ▁medicine ▁and ▁emergency ▁medicine .), ▁and ▁can ▁then ▁integrate ▁theoretical ▁teaching ▁( the ▁student ▁is ▁t ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁hospital ▁all ▁the ▁day ). ▁ ▁Con vers ely , ▁certain ▁services ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁external ▁ones , ▁that ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁agreements ▁made ▁with ▁the ▁university . ▁ ▁Certain ▁universities ▁replaced ▁the ▁half - time ▁( m orn ings ) ▁permanent ▁by ▁one ▁full - time ▁by ▁altern ation : ▁the ▁external ▁ones ▁are ▁then ▁present ▁all ▁the ▁day ▁but ▁only ▁ 6 ▁weeks ▁over ▁ 3 ▁months , ▁the ▁ 6 ▁remaining ▁weeks ▁being ▁devoted ▁to ▁the ▁lesson , ▁the ▁exam inations , ▁the ▁preparation ▁of ▁the ▁E CN … ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁extern at , ▁ ▁lect uring , ▁is ▁replaced ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁by ▁directed ▁work ; ▁the ▁lect ures ▁are ▁held ▁ ▁in ▁altern ation ▁with ▁hospital ▁training ▁courses : ▁this ▁teaching ▁is ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁true ▁trade - g uild , ▁where ▁the ▁external ▁one ▁approaches ▁by ▁“ cl in ical ▁cases ” ▁of ▁true ▁situations ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁services . ▁ ▁The ▁external ▁one ▁must , ▁during ▁its ▁three ▁years ▁of ▁extern at , ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁ 3 6 ▁sessions ▁of ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 8 , ▁or |
▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁( acc ording ▁to ▁the ▁service ▁and ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁week ), ▁that ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁approximately ▁a ▁session ▁per ▁month , ▁rem un er ated ▁ 2 6 ▁e uros ▁rough . ▁ ▁The ▁rem un er ation ▁of ▁the ▁training ▁courses ▁is ▁as ▁for ▁it ▁“ symbol ic ▁system ” ▁( approx imate ▁rem un er ation : ▁ 1 2 2 ▁e uros ▁per ▁month ▁in ▁fourth ▁year , ▁ 2 3 7 ▁e uros ▁in ▁fifth ▁year , ▁ 2 6 5 ▁e uros ▁in ▁sixth ▁year ), ▁but ▁the ▁external ▁student ▁has ▁the ▁stat ute ▁of ▁a ▁paid ▁worker ▁and ▁cont ributes ▁to ▁the ▁paid ▁mode ▁of ▁ ▁social ▁security , ▁and ▁the ▁pension ▁fund . ▁ ▁The ▁pension ▁fund ▁complement ary ▁to ▁external ▁is ▁the ▁I RC AN TE C , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁the ▁inter ns ▁and ▁the ▁hospital ▁practition ers . ▁ ▁The ▁external ▁ones , ▁like ▁any ▁employee , ▁have ▁five ▁weeks ▁of ▁paid ▁vac ations . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁second ▁cycle ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁studies ▁is ▁san ction ed ▁by ▁a ▁di pl oma ▁( recogn ized ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Union ). ▁ ▁Module ▁ 1 1 ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁cycle ▁is ▁the ▁old ▁certificate ▁of ▁clinical ▁and ▁ther apeut ic , ▁essential ▁synt hesis ▁to ▁replace ▁a ▁general ▁doctor . ▁ ▁Third ▁cycle ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁studies ▁Students ▁able ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁third ▁cycle ▁of ▁medical ▁studies ▁( |
T CE M ): ▁have ▁completed ▁the ▁second ▁cycle ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁studies ▁in ▁France ; ▁are ▁am enable ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁state ▁or ▁Community , ▁Swiss ▁Confeder ation , ▁Pr incip ality ▁Member ▁States ▁of ▁And or ra ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁agreement ▁on ▁European ▁Economic ▁Area , ▁others ▁that ▁France , ▁hold ers ▁of ▁a ▁di pl oma ▁of ▁end ▁of ▁second ▁cycle ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁studies ▁or ▁of ▁an ▁equivalent ▁title ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁states . ▁ ▁Class ifying ▁national ▁tests ▁Tests ▁are ▁organized ▁for ▁the ▁candidates ▁quoted ▁above . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁its ▁classification , ▁the ▁student ▁cho oses ▁his ▁university ▁hospital ▁( and ▁thus ▁the ▁city ) ▁of ▁assignment . ▁ ▁This ▁choice ▁is ▁carried ▁out ▁initially ▁by ▁Internet ▁( phase ▁of ▁pre - choice ▁and ▁simulations ), ▁the ▁final ▁choice ▁taking ▁place ▁during ▁a ▁“ am ph it he atre ▁of ▁g arr ison ” ▁which ▁brings ▁together ▁all ▁the ▁students ▁by ▁sections ▁of ▁classification . ▁ ▁This ▁procedure ▁makes ▁it ▁possible ▁the ▁student ▁to ▁choose ▁his ▁station ▁by ▁being ▁informed ▁fully ▁of ▁the ▁places ▁available . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 1 ▁existing ▁fields ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁are , ▁with ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁places ▁available , ▁or ▁ 5 7 0 4 ▁[ ; aces ▁on ▁the ▁whole : ▁ ▁General ▁medicine : ▁ 3 2 0 0 ▁stations ▁Medical ▁special ties : ▁ 8 8 5 ▁stations ▁S urg ical ▁special ties : ▁ 5 5 0 ▁stations ▁Psy chiat ry : ▁ |
2 8 0 ▁stations ▁Ana est hes ia - re animation : ▁ 2 6 0 ▁stations ▁Ped iat ric : ▁ 2 0 0 ▁stations ▁Gy ne c ology - ob st et rics : ▁ 1 5 5 ▁stations ▁Public ▁health : ▁ 6 0 ▁stations ▁Medical ▁bi ology : ▁ 4 0 ▁stations ▁Occ up ational ▁medicine : ▁ 5 4 ▁stations ▁Medical ▁g yna ec ology : ▁ 2 0 ▁stations ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁a ▁thousand ▁places ▁were ▁not ▁filled , ▁certain ▁students ▁prefer ring ▁to ▁retry ▁rather ▁than ▁to ▁choose ▁a ▁special ity ▁by ▁default . ▁ ▁Hospital ▁training ▁ ▁Although ▁they ▁have ▁the ▁stat ute ▁of ▁student ▁and ▁a ▁super vision , ▁an ▁intern ▁is ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁professional , ▁since ▁they ▁can ▁presc ribe ▁and ▁carry ▁out ▁repl ac ements ▁in ▁liberal ▁cabin ets ▁( prov ided ▁they ▁have ▁on ▁valid ated ▁a ▁certain ▁number ▁of ▁six - month ▁periods , ▁and ▁obtained ▁a ▁“ lic ence ▁of ▁replacement ” ▁from ▁the ▁department al ▁council ▁of ▁doctors ). ▁ ▁They ▁act ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁initial ▁track ▁records ▁that ▁real ▁studies ▁( more ▁especially ▁as ▁France ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁rare ▁countries ▁to ▁regard ▁the ▁inter ns ▁as ▁students ). ▁ ▁The ▁board ing ▁school ▁of ▁general ▁medicine ▁last s ▁three ▁years , ▁and ▁is ▁valid ated ▁when ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁six ▁months ▁training ▁courses ▁necessary ▁were ▁carried ▁out ▁( di pl oma ▁of ▁specialized ▁studies ▁of ▁general ▁medicine ) ▁and |
▁it ▁is ▁followed ▁of ▁a ▁thesis ▁of ▁exercise . ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁six ▁months ▁training ▁courses ▁rem un er ated , ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁hospital , ▁but ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁general ▁doctor , ▁or ▁of ▁an ▁extra - h ospital ▁structure ▁of ▁care . ▁ ▁The ▁student ▁takes ▁complete ▁ ▁charge ▁of ▁their ▁patients , ▁but ▁still ▁under ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁a ▁“ sen ior ” ▁( see ▁sup ra ): ▁this ▁includes ▁clinical ▁examination , ▁regulation ▁of ▁complement ary ▁exam inations ▁and ▁treatment . ▁ ▁Te aching ▁is ▁primarily ▁practical ▁at ▁this ▁stage . ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁special ity ▁training ▁last s ▁four ▁years ▁or ▁more . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁special ity ▁chosen , ▁the ▁student ▁must ▁take ▁a ▁minimum ▁number ▁of ▁training ▁courses ▁rem un er ated ▁in ▁hospital ▁services ▁where ▁its ▁role ▁is ▁similar . ▁ ▁The ▁training ▁is ▁valid ated ▁when ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁six ▁months ▁training ▁courses ▁necessary ▁are ▁carried ▁out . ▁ ▁It ▁also ▁requires ▁a ▁thesis ▁of ▁exercise ▁generally ▁relating ▁to ▁a ▁topic ▁of ▁the ▁special ity , ▁generally ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁year ▁of ▁training ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁special ity ▁is ▁san ction ed ▁by ▁the ▁di pl oma ▁of ▁specialized ▁studies , ▁after ▁defence ▁of ▁a ▁report , ▁which ▁is ▁sometimes ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁thesis ▁( the sis - memory , ▁when ▁this ▁one ▁is ▁constant ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁year ▁of ▁training ▁and ▁rel ates ▁to ▁a ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁special ity ). ▁ ▁The ▁di pl oma ▁of ▁State ▁of |
▁doctor ▁of ▁medicine ▁is ▁con ferred ▁after ▁defence ▁successfully ▁thesis ▁of ▁exercise . ▁ ▁Reg istr ar ship ▁and ▁assistant ship ▁For ▁certain ▁special ities , ▁in ▁particular ▁surgery , ▁additional ▁training ▁is ▁ ▁required : ▁either ▁at ▁a ▁university ▁clinic ▁for ▁two ▁to ▁four ▁years , ▁or ▁a ▁special ty ▁ ▁assistant ship ▁ ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁total ▁training ▁for ▁these ▁special ities ▁therefore ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 1 2 ▁to ▁ 1 5 ▁years . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁French ▁education ▁system , ▁Hig her ▁learning ▁in ▁France , ▁University ▁in ▁France ▁General ▁medicine ▁Medicine ▁Medical ▁education ▁by ▁country ▁category ▁Medical ▁school ▁Phys ician ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁in ▁France ▁Category : H ig her ▁education ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Univers ities ▁and ▁colleges ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Jack ▁Marc ▁D oyle ▁( born ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁for ▁South port ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Black burn ▁Ro vers ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁D oyle ▁signed ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁professional ▁contract ▁at ▁Black burn ▁Ro vers ▁pen ning ▁a ▁ 2 - year ▁deal . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁D oyle ▁made ▁his ▁ 1 st ▁team ▁debut ▁coming ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁for ▁Black burn ▁Ro vers ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 – 1 ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁E FL |
▁Cup ▁victory ▁against ▁Cov entry ▁City . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁D oyle ▁joined ▁M aid stone ▁United ▁on ▁loan . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁his ▁loan ▁was ▁cut ▁short ▁due ▁to ▁injury . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁D oyle ▁will ▁leave ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁contract . ▁ ▁South port ▁On ▁ 1 ▁August ▁D oyle ▁signed ▁for ▁South port . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Liverpool ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : Black burn ▁Ro vers ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : D erry ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : South port ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Le ague ▁of ▁Ireland ▁players ▁Category : National ▁League ▁( English ▁football ) ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁Lee ▁( born ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁former ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁Hal if ax ▁Town ▁and ▁Mans field ▁Town . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : l iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : R |
other ham ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Not ts ▁County ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M ans field ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Hal if ax ▁Town ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Bu xt on ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M oss ley ▁A . F . C . ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Lee ▁Per uss ich ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁is ▁ ▁a ▁former ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Foot sc ray ▁in ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x09> <0x09> ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) <0x09> <0x09> ▁Category : W estern ▁Bul ld ogs ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Ke ff i ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁Nas ar awa ▁State , ▁Nigeria . ▁Its ▁headquarters ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ke ff i . ▁Ke ff i ▁is ▁ 5 0 ▁kilom eters ▁from ▁Abu ja . ▁Nas ar awa ▁State ▁university ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ke ff i ▁sitting ▁along ▁Ke ff i - A kw anga ▁express ▁way . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 3 8 km ² ▁and ▁a |
▁population ▁of ▁about ▁ 9 2 , 6 6 4 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census . ▁ ▁The ▁post al ▁code ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁is ▁ 9 6 1 . ▁▁ ▁Ke ff i ▁town ▁was ▁founded ▁around ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁by ▁a ▁F ul ani ▁warrior ▁leader ▁Ab du ▁Z anga ▁who ▁took ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁em ir . ▁His ▁small ▁domin ion ▁was ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁Z aria ▁em ir ate ▁to ▁which ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁pay ▁an ▁annual ▁t ribute ▁of ▁slaves . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁Ke ff i ▁was ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁an ▁incident ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁invasion ▁of ▁Northern ▁Nigeria , ▁after ▁the ▁" mag aj i ", ▁a ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁Z aria ▁s ultan ▁killed ▁a ▁British ▁officer . ▁When ▁the ▁Mag aj i ▁found ▁refuge ▁in ▁K ano , ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁pre text ▁for ▁L ug ard ▁to ▁inv ade ▁the ▁northern ▁cal iph ate . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Local ▁Government ▁Are as ▁in ▁Nas ar awa ▁State ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Nas ar awa ▁State <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Over man ▁Committee ▁was ▁a ▁special ▁sub commit tee ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁Committee ▁on ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁cha ired ▁by ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Democrat ▁Lee ▁Sl ater ▁Over man . ▁Between ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁it ▁investigated ▁German ▁and ▁Bol she vik ▁elements ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States |
. ▁It ▁was ▁an ▁early ▁for er un ner ▁of ▁the ▁better ▁known ▁House ▁Un - American ▁Activ ities ▁Committee , ▁and ▁represented ▁the ▁first ▁congress ional ▁committee ▁investigation ▁of ▁commun ism . ▁ ▁The ▁Committee ' s ▁final ▁report ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁It ▁reported ▁on ▁German ▁propaganda , ▁Bol she v ism , ▁and ▁other ▁" un - American ▁activities " ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁on ▁likely ▁effects ▁of ▁commun ism ' s ▁implementation ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁described ▁German , ▁but ▁not ▁commun ist , ▁propaganda ▁efforts . ▁The ▁Committee ' s ▁report ▁and ▁hear ings ▁were ▁instrumental ▁in ▁fost ering ▁anti - B ol she vik ▁opinion . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁its ▁allies ▁fought ▁- ▁among ▁other ▁Central ▁Pow ers ▁- ▁the ▁German ▁Empire , ▁raised ▁concern ▁about ▁the ▁German ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁Esp ion age ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁and ▁the ▁Sed ition ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁were ▁passed ▁in ▁response . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁the ▁Bol she vik ▁party , ▁led ▁by ▁Vlad imir ▁Len in , ▁over th rew ▁the ▁Russian ▁mon archy ▁and ▁institut ed ▁Marx ism - Len in ism . ▁Many ▁Americans ▁were ▁worried ▁about ▁the ▁revolution ' s ▁ideas ▁in fil tr ating ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁a ▁phenomenon ▁later ▁named ▁the ▁Red ▁Sc are |
▁of ▁ 1 9 1 9 - 2 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Over man ▁Committee ▁was ▁formally ▁an ▁ad - h oc ▁sub commit tee ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁Committee ▁on ▁the ▁Jud ici ary , ▁but ▁had ▁no ▁formal ▁name . ▁It ▁was ▁cha ired ▁by ▁Senator ▁Lee ▁Sl ater ▁Over man ▁and ▁also ▁included ▁Sen ators ▁Kn ute ▁Nelson ▁of ▁Minnesota , ▁Thomas ▁Ster ling ▁of ▁South ▁Dakota , ▁William ▁H . ▁King ▁of ▁Utah , ▁and ▁Jos iah ▁O . ▁Wol cott ▁of ▁Del aware . ▁ ▁Initial ▁investigation ▁ ▁The ▁Committee ▁was ▁authorized ▁by ▁Senate ▁Res olution ▁ 3 0 7 ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁to ▁investigate ▁charges ▁against ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Brew ers ▁Association ▁( US BA ) ▁and ▁all ied ▁interests . ▁ ▁Brew ing ▁institutions ▁had ▁been ▁largely ▁founded ▁by ▁German ▁immigrants ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century , ▁who ▁brought ▁with ▁them ▁knowledge ▁and ▁techniques ▁for ▁brew ing ▁beer . ▁The ▁Committee ▁interpreted ▁this ▁mission ▁to ▁mean ▁a ▁general ▁probe ▁into ▁German ▁propaganda ▁and ▁pro - G erman ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁H ear ings ▁were ▁mand ated ▁after ▁A . ▁Mitchell ▁Pal mer , ▁the ▁federal ▁government ' s ▁Al ien ▁Property ▁C ust od ian ▁responsible ▁for ▁German - owned ▁property ▁in ▁the ▁U . S ., ▁test ified ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁that ▁the ▁US BA ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁overwhelming ly ▁German ▁liqu or ▁industry ▁har b |
ored ▁pro - G erman ▁sent iments . ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁" G erman ▁brew ers ▁of ▁America , ▁in ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Brew ers ' ▁Association " ▁had ▁attempted ▁" to ▁buy ▁a ▁great ▁newspaper " ▁and ▁" control ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁State ▁and ▁Nation ", ▁had ▁generally ▁been ▁" un pat ri otic ", ▁and ▁had ▁" pro - G erman ▁sym path ies ". ▁▁ ▁H ear ings ▁began ▁September ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁Near ly ▁four ▁dozen ▁witnesses ▁test ified . ▁Many ▁were ▁agents ▁of ▁the ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Invest ig ations ▁( BO I ), ▁the ▁predecess or ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Invest igation ▁( F BI ). ▁The ▁agents , ▁controvers ially ▁and ▁usually ▁err one ously , ▁im plicated ▁high - profile ▁American ▁citizens ▁as ▁pro - G erman , ▁using ▁the ▁fall acy ▁of ▁guilt ▁by ▁association . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Bureau ▁chief ▁labeled ▁some ▁people ▁pro - G erman ▁because ▁they ▁had ▁ins ub stant ial ▁and ▁non - ide ological ▁acqu aint ance ▁with ▁German ▁agents . ▁Others ▁were ▁accused ▁because ▁their ▁names ▁were ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁notebook s ▁of ▁suspected ▁German ▁agents , ▁of ▁whom ▁they ▁had ▁never ▁heard . ▁ ▁Many ▁attacked ▁the ▁BO I ' s ▁actions . ▁The ▁Committee ▁heard ▁testimony ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁not ▁conducted ▁basic ▁background ▁checks ▁of ▁the ▁accused ▁and ▁had ▁not ▁read ▁source ▁material ▁it ▁presented ▁to |
▁the ▁Committee . ▁ ▁Committee ▁members ▁critic ized ▁its ▁testimony ▁as ▁" p ure ly ▁he ars ay ". ▁ ▁Exp ansion ▁of ▁investigation ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁the ▁Senate ▁un anim ously ▁passed ▁Senator ▁Thomas ▁J . ▁Wal sh ' s ▁Senate ▁Res olution ▁ 4 3 9 , ▁expanding ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁investig ations ▁to ▁include ▁" any ▁efforts ▁being ▁made ▁to ▁propag ate ▁in ▁this ▁country ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁any ▁party ▁exerc ising ▁or ▁claiming ▁to ▁exercise ▁any ▁authority ▁in ▁Russia " ▁and ▁" any ▁effort ▁to ▁in cite ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁this ▁country ". ▁This ▁decision ▁followed ▁months ▁of ▁sens ational ▁daily ▁press ▁coverage ▁of ▁revolutionary ▁events ▁abroad ▁and ▁Bol she vik ▁meetings ▁and ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁which ▁increased ▁anti - rad ical ▁public ▁opinion . ▁Re ports ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁these ▁meetings ▁were ▁attended ▁by ▁Congress men ▁caused ▁further ▁outrage . ▁One ▁meeting ▁in ▁particular , ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Pol i ▁Theater ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC , ▁was ▁widely ▁controversial ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁speech ▁given ▁by ▁Albert ▁Rh ys ▁Williams , ▁a ▁popular ▁Cong reg ational ist ▁minister , ▁who ▁alleg edly ▁said , ▁" America ▁sooner ▁or ▁later ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁accept ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Government ." ▁ ▁Arch ib ald ▁E . ▁Stevens on , ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁attorney ▁with ▁ties ▁to ▁the ▁Justice ▁Department , ▁likely ▁a ▁" vol unte er ▁spy ", ▁test ified ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 2 |
, ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁during ▁the ▁German ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁sub commit tee ' s ▁work . ▁He ▁said ▁that ▁anti - war ▁and ▁anti - draft ▁activ ism ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁which ▁he ▁described ▁as ▁" pro - G erman " ▁activity , ▁had ▁now ▁transformed ▁into ▁propaganda ▁" develop ing ▁sympathy ▁for ▁the ▁Bol she vik ▁movement ." . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ' ▁w art ime ▁enemy , ▁though ▁defeated , ▁had ▁export ed ▁an ▁ide ology ▁that ▁ruled ▁Russia ▁and ▁threatened ▁America ▁an ew . ▁" The ▁Bol she v iki ▁movement ▁is ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁revolutionary ▁social ism ▁of ▁Germany . ▁It ▁had ▁its ▁origin ▁in ▁the ▁philosophy ▁of ▁Marx ▁and ▁its ▁leaders ▁were ▁Germans ." ▁ ▁He ▁cited ▁the ▁propaganda ▁efforts ▁of ▁John ▁Reed ▁and ▁gave ▁many ▁examples ▁from ▁the ▁foreign ▁press . ▁He ▁told ▁the ▁Sen ators , ▁" We ▁have ▁found ▁money ▁coming ▁into ▁this ▁country ▁from ▁Russia ." ▁Stevens on ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁by ▁historian ▁R egin ▁Sch midt ▁as ▁a ▁" d riving ▁force " ▁behind ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁anti - B ol she v ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁The ▁final ▁catal yst ▁for ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁the ▁investigation ▁was ▁the ▁Seattle ▁General ▁St rike , ▁which ▁began ▁the ▁day ▁before ▁the ▁Senate ▁passed ▁Res olution ▁ 4 3 9 . ▁This ▁con flu ence ▁of ▁events ▁led ▁members ▁of ▁Congress ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁alleged ▁German - B ol she v ist ▁link |
▁and ▁Bol she v ist ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁were ▁real . ▁ ▁Bol she v ism ▁hear ings ▁ ▁The ▁Over man ▁Committee ' s ▁hear ings ▁on ▁Bol she v ism ▁lasted ▁from ▁February ▁ 1 1 ▁to ▁March ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁More ▁than ▁two ▁dozen ▁witnesses ▁were ▁interviewed . ▁About ▁two - third s ▁were ▁viol ently ▁anti - B ol she vik ▁and ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁military ▁intervention ▁in ▁Russia . ▁Some ▁were ▁refugees ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁D ias por a — many ▁former ▁government ▁officials — who ▁left ▁Russia ▁because ▁of ▁Bol she v ism . ▁The ▁over r iding ▁theme ▁was ▁the ▁social ▁chaos ▁the ▁Revolution ▁had ▁brought , ▁but ▁three ▁sub - the mes ▁were ▁also ▁frequent : ▁anti - American ism ▁among ▁American ▁intellig ents ia , ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁Jews ▁and ▁Communist ▁Russia , ▁and ▁the ▁" n ational ization " ▁of ▁women ▁after ▁the ▁Soviet ▁revolution . ▁ ▁Stevens on ▁produced ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 — l ater ▁reduced ▁to ▁ 6 2 — al leg ed ▁commun ist ▁profess ors ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Like ▁lists ▁of ▁names ▁provided ▁during ▁the ▁German ▁propaganda ▁hear ings , ▁this ▁list ▁prov oked ▁an ▁out c ry . ▁Stevens on ▁declared ▁universities ▁to ▁be ▁breed ing ▁grounds ▁of ▁sed ition , ▁and ▁that ▁institutions ▁of ▁higher ▁learning ▁were ▁" f ester ing ▁masses ▁of ▁pure ▁at he ism " ▁and ▁" the ▁gross |
est ▁kind ▁of ▁material ism ". ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Russia ▁David ▁R . ▁Francis ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁Bol she vik s ▁were ▁killing ▁everybody ▁" who ▁we ars ▁a ▁white ▁collar ▁or ▁who ▁is ▁educated ▁and ▁who ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁Bol she vik ." ▁ ▁Another ▁recur ring ▁theme ▁at ▁the ▁hear ings ▁was ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁Jews ▁and ▁commun ists ▁in ▁Russia . ▁One ▁Method ist ▁pre acher ▁stated ▁that ▁ninete en ▁out ▁of ▁twenty ▁commun ists ▁were ▁Jews ; ▁others ▁said ▁the ▁Red ▁Army ▁was ▁composed ▁mainly ▁of ▁former ▁East ▁Side ▁New ▁York ▁Jews . ▁However , ▁after ▁criticism ▁from ▁Jewish ▁organizations , ▁Senator ▁Over man ▁clar ified ▁that ▁the ▁Committee ▁was ▁discussing ▁" ap ost ate " ▁Jews ▁only , ▁defined ▁by ▁witness ▁George ▁Sim ons ▁as ▁" one ▁who ▁has ▁given ▁up ▁the ▁faith ▁of ▁his ▁f athers ▁or ▁fore f athers ." ▁ ▁A ▁third ▁frequent ▁theme ▁was ▁the ▁" free ▁love " ▁and ▁" n ational ization " ▁of ▁women ▁alleg edly ▁occurring ▁in ▁Soviet ▁Russia . ▁W itness es ▁described ▁an ▁or gy ▁in ▁which ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁" respect ▁for ▁virt uous ▁women "; ▁others ▁who ▁test ified , ▁including ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁Russia ▁during ▁the ▁Revolution , ▁denied ▁this . ▁ ▁After ▁one ▁witness ▁read ▁a ▁Soviet ▁dec ree ▁saying ▁that ▁Russian ▁women ▁had ▁the ▁" right ▁to ▁choose ▁from ▁among ▁men ", ▁Senator ▁Ster ling ▁threw ▁up ▁his ▁hands ▁and ▁declared ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁a ▁neg ation ▁of ▁" free ▁love |
". ▁However , ▁another ▁dec ree ▁was ▁produced ▁stating , ▁" A ▁girl ▁having ▁reached ▁her ▁eight eenth ▁year ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁announced ▁as ▁the ▁property ▁of ▁the ▁state ." ▁ ▁The ▁Sen ators ▁were ▁particularly ▁interested ▁in ▁how ▁Bol she v ism ▁had ▁united ▁many ▁dispar ate ▁elements ▁on ▁the ▁left , ▁including ▁an arch ists ▁and ▁social ists ▁of ▁many ▁types , ▁" prov iding ▁a ▁common ▁platform ▁for ▁all ▁these ▁radical ▁groups ▁to ▁stand ▁on ." ▁Senator ▁Kn ute ▁Nelson ▁of ▁Minnesota ▁responded : ▁" Then ▁they ▁have ▁really ▁rendered ▁a ▁service ▁to ▁the ▁various ▁classes ▁of ▁progress ives ▁and ▁reform ers ▁that ▁we ▁have ▁here ▁in ▁this ▁country ." ▁Other ▁witnesses ▁described ▁the ▁hor rors ▁of ▁the ▁revolution ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁spec ulated ▁on ▁the ▁consequences ▁of ▁a ▁comparable ▁revolution ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States : ▁the ▁im position ▁of ▁at he ism , ▁the ▁seiz ure ▁of ▁newspapers , ▁assault s ▁on ▁banks ▁and ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁the ▁insurance ▁industry . ▁The ▁Sen ators ▁heard ▁various ▁views ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁Russia , ▁including ▁claims ▁that ▁women ▁were ▁made ▁the ▁property ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁ ▁Final ▁report ▁ ▁The ▁Committee ' s ▁final ▁report ▁detailed ▁its ▁investig ations ▁into ▁German ▁propaganda , ▁Bol she v ism , ▁and ▁other ▁" un - American ▁activities " ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁predicted ▁effects ▁of ▁commun ism ' s ▁implementation ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁was ▁end ors ed ▁un anim ously . ▁Re leased ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 |
9 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁over ▁ 3 5 , 0 0 0 words ▁long , ▁and ▁was ▁compiled ▁by ▁Major ▁Ed win ▁Low ry ▁H umes . ▁ ▁The ▁Committee ▁did ▁little ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁commun ist ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁its ▁analysis ▁of ▁what ▁would ▁happen ▁if ▁capitalism ▁were ▁over th rown ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁commun ism , ▁it ▁warned ▁of ▁widespread ▁mis ery ▁and ▁hunger , ▁the ▁conf isc ation ▁of ▁and ▁national ization ▁of ▁all ▁property , ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁" a ▁program ▁of ▁terror , ▁fear , ▁ex termin ation , ▁and ▁destruction ." ▁ ▁Anti - B ol she vik ▁public ▁sentiment ▁sur ged ▁after ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁report ▁and ▁en su ing ▁public ity . ▁ ▁German ▁investigation ▁ ▁Johann ▁Heinrich ▁von ▁Bern st or ff , ▁Karl ▁Boy - Ed , ▁Franz ▁von ▁Pap en , ▁Dr . ▁Heinrich ▁Albert , ▁and ▁Franz ▁von ▁R int elen , ▁among ▁others , ▁were ▁Germans ▁investigated ▁for ▁producing ▁propaganda . ▁All ▁were ▁previously ▁ev icted ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁being ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁German ▁esp ion age ▁ring . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Brew ers ▁Association , ▁the ▁National ▁German - American ▁Alliance , ▁and ▁the ▁Hamburg - American ▁steam ship ▁line ▁were ▁investigated . ▁The ▁final ▁report ▁concluded ▁that ▁these ▁organizations , ▁through ▁financial ▁support , ▁b rib es , ▁boy c ot ts , ▁and ▁co erc ion , ▁sought ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁press , ▁elections |
, ▁and ▁public ▁opinion . ▁ ▁Bol she v ism ▁investigation ▁ ▁The ▁report ▁described ▁the ▁Communist ▁system ▁in ▁Russia ▁as ▁" a ▁reign ▁of ▁terror ▁un par alle led ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁modern ▁civilization ". ▁It ▁concluded ▁that ▁institut ing ▁Marx ism - Len in ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁would ▁result ▁in ▁" the ▁destruction ▁of ▁life ▁and ▁property ", ▁the ▁dep riv ation ▁" of ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁affairs ▁of ▁government ", ▁and ▁the ▁" fur ther ▁suppress [ ion ] " ▁of ▁a ▁" sub stant ial ▁rural ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁population ." ▁Furthermore , ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁an ▁" op ening ▁of ▁the ▁doors ▁of ▁all ▁pr isons ▁and ▁pen it enti aries ". ▁It ▁would ▁result ▁in ▁the ▁" se iz ure ▁and ▁conf isc ation ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 2 , 8 9 6 ▁newspapers ▁and ▁period icals ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States " ▁and ▁" complete ▁control ▁of ▁all ▁banking ▁institutions ▁and ▁their ▁assets ". ▁" One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁app alling ▁and ▁far ▁reaching ▁consequences ... ▁would ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁conf isc ation ▁and ▁liquid ation ▁of ... ▁life ▁insurance ▁companies ." ▁The ▁report ▁also ▁critic ized ▁" the ▁at he ism ▁that ▁per me ates ▁the ▁whole ▁Russian ▁dict ators hip "; ▁" they ▁have ▁den ounced ▁our ▁religion ▁and ▁our ▁God ▁as ▁' l ies ' ." ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁report ' s ▁rhet oric ▁and ▁the ▁head lines ▁it ▁produced , ▁the ▁report ▁contained ▁little ▁evidence |
▁of ▁commun ist ▁propaganda ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁or ▁its ▁effect ▁on ▁American ▁labor . ▁ ▁Re comm end ations ▁ ▁The ▁report ' s ▁main ▁recommendations ▁included ▁deport ing ▁alien ▁radical s ▁and ▁en act ing ▁pe ac etime ▁sed ition ▁laws . ▁Other ▁recommendations ▁included ▁strict ▁regulation ▁of ▁the ▁manufact ure , ▁distribution , ▁and ▁possession ▁of ▁high ▁explos ives ; ▁control ▁and ▁regulation ▁of ▁foreign ▁language ▁publications , ▁and ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁patri otic ▁propaganda . ▁ ▁Press ▁reaction ▁The ▁press ▁revel ed ▁in ▁the ▁investigation ▁and ▁the ▁final ▁report , ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁Russians ▁as ▁" ass ass ins ▁and ▁mad men ," ▁" human ▁sc um ," ▁" cr ime ▁mad ," ▁and ▁" be asts ." ▁The ▁occasional ▁testimony ▁by ▁some ▁who ▁viewed ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁favor ably ▁lack ed ▁the ▁punch ▁of ▁its ▁critics . ▁One ▁extended ▁head line ▁in ▁February ▁read : ▁ ▁S ays ▁R iff ra ff , ▁Not ▁the ▁To ilers , ▁Rule ▁in ▁Russia ▁American ▁Manager ▁of ▁Great ▁American ▁Plant ▁There ▁T ells ▁Exper iences ▁to ▁Sen ators ▁Out s iders ▁Se ized ▁Power ▁C ame ▁Back ▁from ▁Other ▁Count ries ▁and ▁are ▁Grow ing ▁Rich ▁at ▁People ' s ▁Exp ense ▁F act ories ▁Being ▁Ru ined ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Rub les ▁Sp ent ▁in ▁Three ▁Month s ▁at ▁One ▁Plant ▁to ▁Produ ce ▁ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁W orth ▁of ▁Good s ▁ ▁And ▁one ▁day ▁later |
: ▁ ▁Bol she v ism ▁B ared ▁by ▁R . E . ▁Sim mons ▁Former ▁Agent ▁in ▁Russia ▁of ▁Commerce ▁Department ▁Con cl udes ▁his ▁Story ▁to ▁Sen ators ▁Women ▁are ▁' National ized ' ▁Official ▁Dec rees ▁Re ve al ▁Dep th s ▁of ▁Deg rad ation ▁to ▁Which ▁They ▁are ▁Subject ed ▁by ▁Red s ▁Germans ▁Prof it ▁by ▁Cha os ▁F act ories ▁and ▁M ills ▁are ▁Cl osed ▁and ▁the ▁Mach inery ▁Sold ▁to ▁The m ▁for ▁a ▁Song ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁report , ▁newspapers ▁printed ▁sens ational ▁articles ▁with ▁head lines ▁in ▁capital ▁letters : ▁" Red ▁Per il ▁Here ", ▁" Plan ▁Blo ody ▁Revolution ", ▁and ▁" W ant ▁Washington ▁Government ▁Over turn ed ." ▁ ▁Crit icism ▁Crit ics ▁den ounced ▁the ▁Committee ▁as ▁a ▁" prop ag anda ▁appar atus " ▁to ▁st oke ▁anti - G erman ▁and ▁anti - S ov iet ▁fears , ▁feeding ▁the ▁Red ▁Sc are ▁and ▁spreading ▁mis information ▁about ▁Soviet ▁Russia . ▁ ▁The ▁Committee ▁attracted ▁criticism ▁from ▁the ▁public ▁for ▁its ▁perceived ▁over reach , ▁and ▁especially ▁for ▁publishing ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁those ▁accused ▁of ▁association ▁with ▁commun ist ▁organizations . ▁One ▁woman ▁from ▁Kentucky ▁wrote ▁to ▁Senator ▁Over man ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁her ▁sister , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁accused ▁by ▁Arch ib ald ▁Stevens on , ▁critic izing ▁the ▁Committee ▁for ▁its ▁" br ut al ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁stupid ▁mis use ▁of ▁power " ▁and ▁" g ross ▁and |
▁cruel ▁in just ice ▁to ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁the ▁full ▁peer ▁in ▁intellect , ▁character ▁and ▁patri ot ism ▁of ▁any ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ". ▁The ▁Committee ▁was ▁compared ▁to ▁" a ▁witch ▁hunt " ▁in ▁one ▁exchange ▁with ▁a ▁witness . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁The ▁Over man ▁Committee ▁did ▁not ▁achieve ▁any ▁lasting ▁reform s . ▁However , ▁the ▁panel ' s ▁sens ational ism ▁played ▁a ▁decis ive ▁role ▁in ▁increasing ▁America ' s ▁fears ▁during ▁the ▁Red ▁Sc are ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 9 - 2 0 . ▁Its ▁investig ations ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁blue print ▁for ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ' s ▁anti - rad ical ▁Pal mer ▁ra ids ▁late ▁in ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁led ▁by ▁Attorney ▁General ▁Pal mer , ▁whose ▁testimony ▁about ▁German ▁brew ers ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁catal yst ▁for ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁creation . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁a ▁month ▁after ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁hear ings ▁ended , ▁a ▁bomb ▁was ▁m ailed ▁to ▁Over man ' s ▁home , ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁letter ▁bombs ▁sent ▁to ▁prominent ▁Americans ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁United ▁States ▁an arch ist ▁bomb ings . ▁It ▁was ▁inter cept ed ▁before ▁it ▁reached ▁its ▁target . ▁ ▁Later ▁investig ative ▁commit te es ▁The ▁Over man ▁Committee ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁many ▁Congress ional ▁commit te es ▁to ▁investigate ▁commun ism . ▁ ▁In ▁the |
▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Over man ▁Committee ' s ▁report , ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Legisl ature ▁established ▁the ▁L usk ▁Committee , ▁which ▁operated ▁from ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁Arch ib ald ▁E . ▁Stevens on ▁was ▁its ▁chief ▁counsel ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁witnesses . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁Over man ▁Committee , ▁the ▁L usk ▁Committee ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁ra iding ▁suspect ▁organizations . ▁ ▁The ▁Over man ▁Committee ▁was ▁an ▁early ▁for er un ner ▁of ▁the ▁better ▁known ▁House ▁Un - American ▁Activ ities ▁Committee , ▁which ▁was ▁created ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁later . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Primary ▁sources ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Senate , ▁Committee ▁on ▁the ▁Jud ici ary . ▁Brew ing ▁and ▁L iqu or ▁Inter ests ▁and ▁German ▁Prop ag anda : ▁H ear ings ▁Before ▁a ▁Sub commit tee ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁the ▁Jud ici ary , ▁United ▁States ▁Senate , ▁Si xt y - fif th ▁Congress , ▁Second ▁and ▁Third ▁S essions , ▁P urs u ant ▁to ▁S . ▁Res . ▁ 3 0 7 . ▁volume ▁ 1 , ▁volume ▁ 2 . ▁G ov t . ▁print . ▁off ., ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁Original ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁Second ary ▁sources ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Volume ▁ 1 ▁and ▁volume ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁hear ings ▁on ▁the ▁brew ing ▁industry ▁and ▁German ▁propaganda , ▁from |
▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁via ▁Google ▁Books ▁ ▁volume ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁hear ings ▁on ▁Bol she vik ▁propaganda ], ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁via ▁Google ▁Books ▁Ex cer pt ▁from ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁Final ▁Report . ▁New ▁York ▁Times : ▁" S en ators ▁Tell ▁What ▁Bol she v ism ▁in ▁America ▁Me ans ," ▁June ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁accessed ▁February ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Category : Ant i - commun ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Def unct ▁sub commit te es ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( 1 9 1 8 – 1 9 4 5 ) ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Pres id ency ▁of ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁Category : Ant i - commun ist ▁organizations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁B unn ak ▁Ph at th ana ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁tamb on ▁( sub d istrict ) ▁of ▁M ue ang ▁L amp ang ▁District , ▁in ▁L amp ang ▁Province , ▁Thailand . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 5 1 6 5 ▁people . ▁The ▁tamb on ▁contains ▁ 1 1 ▁villages . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T amb on ▁of ▁L amp ang ▁Province ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁L amp ang ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁R ue ▁Dum |
enge ▁is ▁a ▁street ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁arr ond issement ▁of ▁Ly on , ▁in ▁the ▁quarter ▁of ▁La ▁Cro ix - R ous se . ▁It ▁begins ▁on ▁the ▁rue ▁du ▁Mail , ▁cross es ▁the ▁rue ▁du ▁Pav illon ▁and ▁the ▁rue ▁de ▁B elf ort ▁and ▁ends ▁on ▁the ▁rue ▁Dum ont - d ' U r ville . ▁The ▁street ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁a ▁met ro ▁station ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁C ▁and ▁a ▁vel o ' v ▁station . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁nineteenth ▁century , ▁Pierre - G ab riel ▁Dum enge ▁owned ▁some ▁lands ▁in ▁La ▁Cro ix - R ous se . ▁He ▁yield ed ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ly on ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁which ▁were ▁necessary ▁to ▁align ▁the ▁street . ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁on ▁a ▁two - acre ▁field , ▁he ▁built ▁an ▁estate ▁called ▁Cl os ▁Dum enge , ▁which ▁provided ▁building - work shops ▁spec ially ▁designed ▁for ▁we a vers ▁( the ▁can uts ). ▁They ▁are ▁particularly ▁bright ▁and ▁high ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁house ▁the ▁lo oms . ▁Dum enge ▁took ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁give ▁his ▁name ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁streets ▁bord ering ▁the ▁housing ▁estate ▁( see ▁the ▁municipal ▁council ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 1 8 1 7 ). ▁The ▁rue ▁S ainte - R ose ▁( called ▁after ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁had ▁opened ▁the ▁street ) ▁and ▁rue ▁Dum enge ▁were |
▁renamed ▁the ▁rue ▁de ▁l ' É m anc ip ation ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁then ▁rue ▁de ▁la ▁D ém ocr atie ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 0 , ▁but ▁both ▁streets ▁res umed ▁their ▁former ▁name ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 1 . ▁Finally ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 , ▁the ▁rue ▁S ainte - R ose ▁was ▁incorporated ▁into ▁the ▁rue ▁Dum enge . ▁As ▁memory ▁of ▁the ▁can ut ▁past ▁of ▁the ▁street , ▁a ▁shut tle ▁of ▁we aving ▁is ▁represented ▁on ▁the ▁gate ▁at ▁No . ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁Ad èle ▁Bou vier , ▁grandmother ▁of ▁French ▁President ▁Nicol as ▁S ark o zy , ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁rue ▁Dum enge , ▁on ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 1 . ▁ ▁Architect ure ▁and ▁associations ▁In ▁the ▁southern ▁side , ▁a ▁beautiful ▁stone ▁arch way ▁can ▁be ▁seen , ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁rue ▁du ▁Pav illon , ▁a ▁small ▁one - story ▁house ▁and ▁a ▁workshop ▁with ▁bal ustr ades , ▁stairs ▁and ▁a ▁glass ▁roof . ▁In ▁the ▁northern ▁side , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁alignment ▁of ▁three ▁or ▁four - floor ▁fac ades ▁of ▁residential ▁buildings , ▁mainly ▁can ut - sty led . ▁The ▁street ▁ends ▁with ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁small ▁houses , ▁and ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁rue ▁Dum ont - d ' U r ville ▁is ▁ad orn ed ▁with ▁a ▁little ▁man ▁in ▁its ▁n iche . ▁There ▁are ▁few |
▁restaurants ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁workshops ▁which ▁house ▁several ▁associations ▁about ▁environment , ▁including ▁Green pe ace ▁France ▁( L y on ▁group ), ▁Ec ologist ▁magazine ▁S ! l ence , ▁the ▁network ▁Sort ir ▁du ▁N uc le aire , ▁Sal on ▁Prim rose , ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 4 th ▁arr ond issement ▁of ▁Ly on ▁Dum enge <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁salv age ▁path way ▁is ▁a ▁path way ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁biological ▁product ▁is ▁produced ▁from ▁inter medi ates ▁in ▁the ▁de grad ative ▁path way ▁of ▁its ▁own ▁or ▁a ▁similar ▁substance . ▁The ▁term ▁often ▁refers ▁to ▁nucle ot ide ▁salv age ▁in ▁particular , ▁in ▁which ▁nucle ot ides ▁( pur ine ▁and ▁p yr im id ine ) ▁are ▁synt hes ized ▁from ▁inter medi ates ▁in ▁their ▁de grad ative ▁path way . ▁ ▁N uc le ot ide ▁salv age ▁path ways ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁recover ▁bases ▁and ▁nucle os ides ▁that ▁are ▁formed ▁during ▁de grad ation ▁of ▁R NA ▁and ▁DNA . ▁This ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁some ▁org ans ▁because ▁some ▁t issues ▁cannot ▁under go ▁de ▁nov o ▁synt hesis . ▁The ▁salv aged ▁products ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁converted ▁back ▁into ▁nucle ot ides . ▁Salv age ▁path ways ▁are ▁targets ▁for ▁drug ▁development , ▁one ▁family ▁being ▁called ▁ant if ol ates . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁bi ologically - important ▁sub stances , ▁like ▁meth ion ine ▁and ▁nic ot inate , ▁have |
▁their ▁own ▁salv age ▁path ways ▁to ▁rec ycle ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁mole cule . ▁ ▁Sub str ates ▁The ▁nucle ot ide ▁salv age ▁path way ▁requires ▁distinct ▁substr ates : ▁ ▁P yr im id ines ▁U rid ine ▁ph osph ory l ase ▁or ▁p yr im id ine - n uc le os ide ▁ph osph ory l ase ▁adds ▁rib ose ▁ 1 - ph osph ate ▁to ▁the ▁free ▁base ▁ur ac il , ▁forming ▁ur id ine . ▁U rid ine ▁kin ase ▁( aka ▁ur id ine – cy tid ine ▁kin ase ) ▁can ▁then ▁ph osph ory late ▁this ▁nucle os ide ▁into ▁ur id ine ▁mon oph osph ate ▁( U MP ). ▁U MP / C MP ▁kin ase ▁() ▁can ▁ph osph ory late ▁U MP ▁into ▁ur id ine ▁dip hos ph ate , ▁which ▁nucle os ide ▁dip hos ph ate ▁kin ase ▁can ▁ph osph ory late ▁into ▁ur id ine ▁tri ph osph ate . ▁ ▁Th ym id ine ▁ph osph ory l ase ▁or ▁p yr im id ine - n uc le os ide ▁ph osph ory l ase ▁adds ▁ 2 - de oxy - alpha - D - rib ose ▁ 1 - ph osph ate ▁to ▁th ym ine , ▁forming ▁th ym id ine . ▁Th ym id ine ▁kin ase ▁can ▁then ▁ph osph ory late ▁this ▁compound ▁into ▁th ym id ine ▁mon oph osph ate ▁( |
TMP ). ▁Th ym id yl ate ▁kin ase ▁can ▁ph osph ory late ▁T MP ▁into ▁th ym id ine ▁dip hos ph ate , ▁which ▁nucle os ide ▁dip hos ph ate ▁kin ase ▁can ▁ph osph ory late ▁into ▁th ym id ine ▁tri ph osph ate . ▁ ▁The ▁nucle os ides ▁c yt id ine ▁and ▁de oxy cy tid ine ▁can ▁be ▁salv aged ▁along ▁the ▁ur ac il ▁path way ▁by ▁c yt id ine ▁de amin ase , ▁which ▁conver ts ▁them ▁to ▁ur id ine ▁and ▁de oxy ur id ine , ▁respectively . ▁Altern atively , ▁ur id ine – cy tid ine ▁kin ase ▁can ▁ph osph ory late ▁them ▁into ▁c yt id ine ▁mon oph osph ate ▁( C MP ) ▁or ▁de oxy cy tid ine ▁mon oph osph ate ▁( d C MP ). ▁U MP / C MP ▁kin ase ▁can ▁ph osph ory late ▁( d ) C MP ▁into ▁c yt id ine ▁dip hos ph ate ▁or ▁de oxy cy tid ine ▁dip hos ph ate , ▁which ▁nucle os ide ▁dip hos ph ate ▁kin ase ▁can ▁ph osph ory late ▁into ▁c yt id ine ▁tri ph osph ate ▁or ▁de oxy cy tid ine ▁tri ph osph ate . ▁ ▁Pur ines ▁Ph osph or ib os yl transfer ases ▁add ▁activated ▁rib ose - 5 - ph osph ate ▁( Ph osph or ib os yl ▁py ro ph osph |
ate , ▁PR PP ) ▁to ▁bases , ▁creating ▁nucle os ide ▁mon oph osph ates . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁ph osph or ib os yl transfer ases : ▁ad en ine ▁ph osph or ib os yl transfer ase ▁( AP RT ) ▁and ▁hyp ox anth ine - gu an ine ▁ph osph or ib os yl transfer ase ▁( H G PR T ). ▁H G PR T ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁en zym e ▁in ▁Pur ine ▁path way ▁met abol ism ▁and ▁its ▁def iciency ▁is ▁im plicated ▁in ▁Les ch – N y han ▁syndrome . ▁▁ ▁The ▁paras ite ▁Pl as mod ium ▁fal cip ar um ▁rel ies ▁exclusively ▁on ▁the ▁pur ine ▁salv age ▁path way ▁for ▁its ▁pur ine ▁nucle ot ide ▁requirements . ▁Thus , ▁en zym es ▁const itut ing ▁the ▁pur ine ▁salv age ▁path way ▁in ▁the ▁paras ite ▁are ▁potential ▁targets ▁for ▁drug ▁discovery . ▁ 5 ´ n uc le ot id ases ▁catal y ze ▁the ▁hydro ly sis ▁of ▁pur ine ▁mon on uc le ot ides ▁to ▁their ▁respective ▁nucle os ides ▁and ▁ph osph ate . ▁The ▁nucle os ides ▁are ▁taken ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁cell ▁by ▁trans por ters ▁and ▁are ▁fun nel ed ▁through ▁the ▁salv age ▁path way . ▁If ▁the ▁nucle os ide ▁is ▁ad en os ine , ▁it ▁is ▁acted ▁upon ▁by ▁ad en os ine ▁de amin ases ▁to ▁convert ▁it ▁into ▁in os ine |
. ▁This ▁met abol ite , ▁in ▁turn , ▁is ▁acted ▁upon ▁by ▁pur ine ▁nucle os ide ▁ph osph ory l ase ▁and ▁is ▁converted ▁to ▁hyp ox anth ine . ▁H yp ox anth ine ▁is ▁acted ▁upon ▁by ▁H G X PR T ( h yp ox anth ine ▁gu an ine ▁x anth ine ▁ph osph or ib os yl ▁transfer ase ) ▁in ▁the ▁paras ite ▁to ▁convert ▁the ▁respective ▁nucle ob ase ▁to ▁its ▁nucle ot ide ▁mon oph osph ate , ▁respectively ▁( i . e ., ▁IMP , ▁G MP ▁or ▁X MP ). ▁If ▁it ▁is ▁IMP , ▁this ▁is ▁subsequently ▁acted ▁upon ▁by ▁ad en yl os ucc inate ▁syn th ase ▁and ▁ad en yl os ucc inate ▁ly ase , ▁in ▁a ▁two ▁step ▁process , ▁to ▁convert ▁it ▁into ▁s AMP ▁and ▁A MP , ▁respectively . ▁On ▁the ▁contrary , ▁IMP ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁acted ▁upon ▁by ▁IMP ▁de h ydro gen ase ▁and ▁G MP ▁synt het ase ▁to ▁convert ▁it ▁into ▁G MP . ▁ ▁Fol ate ▁b ios y nt hesis ▁T et rah ydro fol ic ▁acid ▁and ▁its ▁deriv atives ▁are ▁produced ▁by ▁salv age ▁path ways ▁from ▁G TP . ▁ ▁Other ▁salv age ▁path ways ▁L - m eth ion ine ▁salv age ▁is ▁the ▁path way ▁that ▁regener ates ▁meth ion ine ▁from ▁its ▁down stream ▁products . ▁A ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁path way ▁uses ▁meth yl th io aden os |
ine ▁( M TA ), ▁forming ▁the ▁so - called ▁M TA ▁cycle ▁with ▁its ▁synt hes izing ▁reaction . ▁This ▁sul ph ur - re cycl ing ▁action ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁humans , ▁and ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁universal ▁among ▁aer ob ic ▁life . ▁ ▁Nic ot inate ▁salv age ▁is ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁regener ating ▁nic ot in am ide ▁ad en ine ▁din uc le ot ide ▁from ▁nic ot in ic ▁acid . ▁This ▁path way ▁is ▁important ▁for ▁controlling ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁ox id ative ▁stress ▁in ▁cells . ▁The ▁human ▁gene ▁N AP RT ▁enc odes ▁the ▁main ▁en zym e ▁in ▁the ▁path way . ▁Cancer ▁cells , ▁which ▁have ▁increased ▁N AD ▁requirements , ▁tend ▁to ▁up reg ulate ▁the ▁path way . ▁ ▁Salv age ▁path ways ▁also ▁exist ▁for ▁cer am ide , ▁c obal amin , ▁cell ▁wall ▁components , ▁and ▁t et rah ydro bi opter in ▁in ▁various ▁organ isms . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Category : N uc le ot ides <0x0A> </s> ▁Fred ▁Win chester ▁Sl aden ▁( N ovember ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁was ▁career ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁officer ▁who ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Major ▁General ▁and ▁became ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁English - born ▁Joseph ▁Al ton ▁Sl aden ▁( 1 8 4 1 |
- 1 9 1 1 ) ▁and ▁Martha ▁F . ▁Win chester . ▁Joseph ▁A ▁Sl aden ▁met ▁with ▁Co ch ise ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁of ▁General ▁Oliver ▁Ot is ▁Howard , ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁for ▁his ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Sl aden ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁in ▁Low ell , ▁Massachusetts ▁to ▁Joseph ▁Al ton ▁Sl aden ▁( 1 8 4 1 - 1 9 1 1 ). ▁ ▁Education ▁Sl aden ▁received ▁his ▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁Military ▁Academy ▁from ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Neb r aska , ▁gradu ating ▁ 2 7 th ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 4 ▁in ▁his ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁Sl aden ▁began ▁his ▁military ▁career ▁commissioned ▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁Infan try ▁branch ▁upon ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁the ▁US ▁Military ▁Academy . ▁From ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁he ▁was ▁Command ant ▁of ▁Cad ets . ▁ ▁During ▁World ▁War , ▁Sl aden ▁served ▁as ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Infan try ▁Brigade , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁Infan try ▁Division . ▁He ▁was ▁decorated ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Cross ▁and ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Medal ▁for ▁leading ▁of ▁his ▁brig ade . ▁ ▁He ▁would ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁Army ▁until ▁his ▁retirement ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁achieved ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Major ▁General |
▁and ▁was ▁the ▁ 3 2 nd ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁US ▁Military ▁Academy ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁He ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁Fort ▁Mc Hen ry ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Sl aden ▁married ▁Ms . ▁Elizabeth ▁Le ff erts ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁on ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁at ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Inc arn ation ▁on ▁Madison ▁Avenue . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁Sl aden ' s ▁g rooms men ▁was ▁another ▁future ▁West ▁Point ▁Super int endent , ▁William ▁D . ▁Con ner . ▁ ▁Death ▁ ▁Sl aden ▁died ▁in ▁New ▁London , ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Army ▁gener als ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁al umn i ▁Category : Command ants ▁of ▁the ▁Corps ▁of ▁Cad ets ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁Category : Super int end ents ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁West ▁Point ▁C emetery ▁Category : American ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : American ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Philipp ine – American ▁War <0x0A> </s> ▁Mag net o - E lect ric ▁Sp in - Or bit ▁( ME SO |
) ▁is ▁a ▁technology ▁for ▁construct ing ▁scal able ▁integrated ▁circ uits . ▁M ES O ▁devices ▁operate ▁by ▁the ▁coupling ▁of ▁the ▁Mag net oe lect ric ▁effect ▁with ▁the ▁spin ▁orbit ▁coupling ▁effect . ▁Specific ally , ▁the ▁man get oe lect ric ▁effect ▁will ▁indu ce ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁Mag net ization ▁within ▁the ▁device ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁induced ▁electric ▁field , ▁which ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁read ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁spin ▁orbit ▁coupling ▁component . ▁This ▁mechanism ▁is ▁analog ous ▁to ▁how ▁a ▁CM OS ▁device ▁operates ▁with ▁the ▁source , ▁gate ▁and ▁drain ▁electro des ▁work ▁together ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁logic ▁gate . ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁CM OS , ▁M ES O ▁circ uits ▁require ▁less ▁energy ▁for ▁switching , ▁lower ▁operating ▁voltage , ▁and ▁feature ▁a ▁higher ▁integration ▁density , ▁making ▁them ▁ideal ▁candidates ▁to ▁replace ▁CM OS ▁based ▁devices ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁The ▁technology ▁is ▁currently ▁in ▁development ▁by ▁Intel ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁category : Sp intr on ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁Bur ley ▁( born ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁modern ▁pent ath lete . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁U . S . ▁Olympic ▁team ▁but ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁compete ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Olympic ▁Committee ' s ▁boy cott ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics |
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