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es , ▁and ▁a ▁town ▁was ▁named ▁O en oe ▁after ▁him . ▁ ▁Family ▁tree ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Anton inus ▁Liber alis , ▁The ▁Met am orph oses ▁of ▁Anton inus ▁Liber alis ▁translated ▁by ▁Francis ▁Cel oria ▁( R out ledge ▁ 1 9 9 2 ). ▁Online ▁version ▁at ▁the ▁Top os ▁Text ▁Project . ▁ ▁D iod orus ▁Sic ulus , ▁The ▁Library ▁of ▁History ▁translated ▁by ▁Charles ▁Henry ▁Old father . ▁Tw elve ▁volumes . ▁Lo eb ▁Class ical ▁Library . ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press ; ▁London : ▁William ▁Hein em ann , ▁Ltd . ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Vol . ▁ 3 . ▁Books ▁ 4 . 5 9 – 8 . ▁Online ▁version ▁at ▁Bill ▁Th ayer ' s ▁Web ▁Site ▁ ▁D iod orus ▁Sic ulus , ▁Bibli othe ca ▁Histor ica . ▁Vol ▁ 1 - 2 . ▁Im man el ▁B ek ker . ▁Ludwig ▁D ind orf . ▁Friedrich ▁V og el . ▁in ▁a ed ib us ▁B . ▁G . ▁Te ub ner i . ▁Leip zig . ▁ 1 8 8 8 - 1 8 9 0 . ▁Greek ▁text ▁available ▁at ▁the ▁Per se us ▁Digital ▁Library . ▁ ▁G ai us ▁Jul ius ▁Hy gin us , ▁Fab ula e ▁from ▁The ▁My th s ▁of ▁Hy gin us ▁translated ▁and ▁edited ▁by ▁Mary ▁Grant . ▁University ▁of ▁Kansas ▁Public ations ▁in ▁Human istic ▁Studies . ▁Online ▁version ▁at |
▁the ▁Top os ▁Text ▁Project . ▁ ▁P aus an ias , ▁Description ▁of ▁Greece ▁with ▁an ▁English ▁Trans lation ▁by ▁W . H . S . ▁Jones , ▁L itt . D ., ▁and ▁H . A . ▁Or mer od , ▁M . A ., ▁in ▁ 4 ▁Vol umes . ▁Cambridge , ▁MA , ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press ; ▁London , ▁William ▁Hein em ann ▁Ltd . ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁Online ▁version ▁at ▁the ▁Per se us ▁Digital ▁Library ▁ ▁P aus an ias , ▁Gra ec ia e ▁Des cript io . ▁ 3 ▁vol s . ▁Leip zig , ▁Te ub ner . ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁ ▁Greek ▁text ▁available ▁at ▁the ▁Per se us ▁Digital ▁Library . ▁ ▁P se udo - Ap oll od orus , ▁The ▁Library ▁with ▁an ▁English ▁Trans lation ▁by ▁Sir ▁James ▁George ▁Fra zer , ▁F . B . A ., ▁F . R . S . ▁in ▁ 2 ▁Vol umes , ▁Cambridge , ▁MA , ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press ; ▁London , ▁William ▁Hein em ann ▁Ltd . ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁Online ▁version ▁at ▁the ▁Per se us ▁Digital ▁Library . ▁Greek ▁text ▁available ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁website . ▁ ▁Category : K ings ▁in ▁Greek ▁myth ology ▁Category : Family ▁of ▁Cal y ce ▁Category : Char acters ▁in ▁Greek ▁myth ology ▁Category : D ion ys us ▁in ▁myth ology ▁Category : A et ol ian ▁myth ology <0x0A> </s> |
▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁films ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁Tel ugu ▁film ▁industry ▁in ▁India ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁releases ▁ ▁January – J une ▁releases ▁ ▁July – De cember ▁releases ▁ ▁Dub bed ▁films ▁ ▁Not able ▁deaths ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁General ▁references ▁Film fare ▁Awards ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Tel ugu ▁winners ▁list ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Tel ugu ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁Indian ▁cinema <0x0A> </s> ▁Jan et ▁D arn ell ▁Le ach ▁( 1 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁– ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 7 ), ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁studio ▁pot ter ▁working ▁in ▁later ▁life ▁at ▁the ▁Le ach ▁Pot tery ▁in ▁St ▁I ves , ▁Corn wall ▁in ▁England . ▁After ▁studying ▁pot tery ▁at ▁Black ▁Mountain , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁under ▁Sh oji ▁Ham ada , ▁a ▁visiting ▁art isan , ▁she ▁traveled ▁to ▁Japan ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁him . ▁She ▁studied ▁with ▁him ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁and ▁always ▁considered ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁her ▁principal ▁ment or . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁foreign ▁woman ▁to ▁study ▁pot tery ▁in ▁Japan ▁and ▁only ▁the ▁second ▁western er . ▁ ▁After ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁from ▁Japan , ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁she ▁married ▁Bernard ▁Le ach , ▁the ▁noted ▁British ▁studio ▁pot ter , ▁whom ▁she ▁had ▁earlier ▁studied ▁with . ▁They ▁returned ▁to ▁Great ▁Britain ▁to ▁operate ▁his ▁studio ▁at ▁St . ▁I |
ves . ▁Jan et ▁Le ach ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁influenced ▁by ▁Japanese ▁aest het ics ▁in ▁her ▁pot tery ▁and ▁cer am ics , ▁and ▁her ▁work ▁has ▁increased ▁in ▁popularity . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 0 7 ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁ret ros pective ▁of ▁her ▁work ▁at ▁T ate ▁St ▁I ves . ▁ ▁Life ▁ ▁Jan et ▁D arn ell ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Grand ▁Sal ine , ▁Texas , ▁United ▁States , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁Her ▁early ▁years ▁involved ▁moving ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁sculpt or ▁Robert ▁M . ▁C ron bach ▁and ▁becoming ▁involved ▁with ▁the ▁Federal ▁Works ▁Art ▁Project . ▁She ▁was ▁briefly ▁married ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁wel der ▁in ▁a ▁ship yard ▁on ▁St aten ▁Island . ▁ ▁Eventually ▁she ▁started ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁clay ▁and ▁learned ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁pot ter ' s ▁wheel . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁she ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁pot tery ▁in ▁a ▁Ste iner ▁community ▁in ▁Spring ▁Valley . ▁She ▁taught ▁pot tery ▁at ▁a ▁mental ▁health ▁hospital ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁After ▁meeting ▁Bernard ▁Le ach ▁and ▁Sh oji ▁Ham ada ▁at ▁Black ▁Mountain ▁College , ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁she ▁gained ▁Ham ada ' s ▁agreement ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁him ▁at ▁M ash iko ▁after ▁he ▁had ▁returned ▁to ▁Japan . ▁She ▁trav elled ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁by ▁cargo ▁boat . ▁D arn ell ▁spent |
▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁time ▁with ▁Bernard ▁Le ach ▁and ▁eventually ▁they ▁agreed ▁to ▁marry , ▁initially ▁int ending ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁Japan . ▁However ▁with ▁Bernard ' s ▁son ▁David ▁Le ach ▁leaving ▁the ▁Le ach ▁Pot tery ▁to ▁establish ▁his ▁own ▁studio , ▁they ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁Jan et ▁Le ach ' s ▁independent ▁spirit ▁ens ured ▁that ▁her ▁work ▁was ▁quite ▁different ▁from ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁Le ach ▁style . ▁She ▁never ▁felt ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁pay ▁rever ence ▁to ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁work , ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁openly ▁critical ▁of ▁it . ▁In ▁return ▁her ▁own ▁work ▁was ▁not ▁always ▁valued ▁within ▁the ▁St ▁I ves ▁Studio ; ▁much ▁of ▁it ▁lay ▁hidden ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁Clearly ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁orient al ▁style ▁and ▁form , ▁her ▁work ▁is ▁free ▁flowing ▁and ▁energet ic . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁exhibition ▁of ▁her ▁work ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 - 7 ▁at ▁T ate ▁St ▁I ves . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Cooper , ▁Em manuel . ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁Jan et ▁Le ach : ▁A ▁Pot ter ' s ▁Life ▁ ▁Cer amic ▁Review ▁Publishing ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Article ▁by ▁Jo anna ▁W ason ▁about ▁Jan et ▁Le ach , ▁Studio ▁Pot tery ▁ ▁Jan et ▁Le ach ▁Biography , ▁Aber yst wy th ▁University ▁Cer am ics ▁Collection ▁ ▁Article ▁on ▁Bernard ▁Le ach |
, ▁includes ▁photo ▁of ▁Jan et ▁& ▁Bernard ▁together ▁ ▁Let ters ▁from ▁Bernard ▁& ▁Jan et ▁Le ach ▁to ▁Warren ▁Mac K enz ie , ▁includes ▁draft ▁article ▁by ▁Jan et ▁Le ach , ▁Archives ▁of ▁American ▁Art , ▁Smith son ian ▁Inst itution ▁ ▁Examples ▁of ▁work ▁ ▁Jan et ▁Le ach ▁P ots ▁in ▁V & A ▁Collection , ▁London : ▁V ase ▁ 1 , ▁V ase ▁ 2 , ▁V ase ▁ 3 , ▁V ase ▁ 4 ▁& ▁V ase ▁ 5 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁artists ▁Category : St ▁I ves ▁artists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Grand ▁Sal ine , ▁Texas ▁Category : American ▁pot ters ▁Category : W omen ▁pot ters ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁cer am ists ▁Category : American ▁cer am ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁cer am ists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁G rap ev ine ▁Creek ▁was ▁a ▁short ▁battle ▁between ▁two ▁large ▁armed ▁groups ▁of ▁the ▁Hat field ▁family ▁and ▁the ▁McC oy ▁family ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁offensive ▁event ▁during ▁the ▁Hat field – Mc C oy ▁fe ud ▁and ▁marked ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁in ▁the ▁fe ud ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁families . ▁ ▁Battle ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁capture ▁and ▁murder ▁of ▁Jim ▁V ance ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁the ▁Hat field ▁family , ▁led ▁by |
▁Dev il ▁An se ▁Hat field , ▁prepared ▁for ▁one ▁last ▁major ▁offensive ▁against ▁the ▁McC oy ▁family ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁gain ▁revenge ▁for ▁the ▁killing ▁of ▁Jim ▁V ance ▁and ▁to ▁achieve ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁McC oy ▁family ▁to ▁end ▁the ▁fe ud . ▁When ▁news ▁of ▁the ▁Hat fields ' ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁war ▁reached ▁the ▁McC oy ▁side , ▁the ▁Hat fields ▁were ▁already ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁inv ade ▁the ▁McC oy ▁territory , ▁so ▁Frank ▁Phillips , ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁McC oy ▁pos se , ▁rounded ▁up ▁every ▁able ▁man ▁he ▁could ▁and ▁led ▁his ▁pos se ▁to ▁inter cept ▁the ▁inv ading ▁Hat fields . ▁Two ▁Mc Co ys ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁Philip ps ' ▁pos se , ▁Bud ▁McC oy ▁( bud ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁Hat fields ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁Ell ison ) and ▁one ▁of ▁Rand olph ' s ▁own ▁sons ▁James ▁" J im " ▁McC oy . ▁▁ ▁Both ▁sides ▁eventually ▁met ▁around ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁G rap ev ine ▁Creek ▁on ▁the ▁West ▁Virginia ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁T ug ▁F ork ▁River ▁and ▁began ▁ex changing ▁shots ▁at ▁each ▁other . ▁One ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁McC oy ▁side ▁managed ▁to ▁l ure ▁the ▁Hat fields ▁into ▁one ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁battle field ▁while ▁another ▁group ▁of ▁Mc Co ys ▁moved ▁to ▁out fl ank ▁them , ▁which ▁caused ▁the ▁Hat fields ▁to ▁suffer ▁multiple ▁casual ties ▁and ▁made ▁them ▁retreat . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁Hat fields ▁did ▁not ▁manage ▁to |
▁escape ▁and ▁were ▁taken ▁prisoner ▁by ▁the ▁Mc Co ys . ▁ ▁After math ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁some ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Hat field ▁side ▁were ▁taken ▁prisoner . ▁These ▁prisoners ▁alongside ▁those ▁from ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁battle ▁were ▁put ▁on ▁trial ▁with ▁the ▁permission ▁of ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁government ▁for ▁the ▁various ▁crimes ▁they ▁had ▁committed ▁during ▁the ▁fe ud , ▁mainly ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁the ▁Rand all ▁McC oy ' s ▁sons ▁for ▁killing ▁Ell ison ▁Hat field ▁and ▁the ▁killing ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁daughters ▁during ▁the ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Eve ▁mass acre . ▁All ▁the ▁Hat fields ▁were ▁found ▁guilty ▁and ▁sent ▁to ▁prison ▁except ▁for ▁C ott ont op ▁Ell ison ▁Mount s , ▁the ▁il leg it imate ▁son ▁of ▁Ell ison ▁Hat field , ▁who ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁he ▁who ▁was ▁proved ▁to ▁have ▁killed ▁Rand all ▁McC oy ' s ▁daughter . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Hat field – Mc C oy ▁fe ud ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Kentucky ▁Category : History ▁of ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Culture ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁fol kl ore ▁Category : App al ach ian ▁society ▁▁ ▁Category : Fe ud s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : F ol kl ore ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Th é âtre ▁de ▁la ▁Mich od ière ▁is ▁a ▁theatre ▁building ▁and ▁performing ▁arts ▁venue |
, ▁located ▁at ▁ 4 ▁bis , ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁arr ond issement ▁of ▁Paris . ▁Built ▁by ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁in ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁style , ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁tradition ▁of ▁showing ▁bou lev ard ▁theatre . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁Hotel ▁de ▁L orge , ▁sold ▁in ▁lots , ▁the ▁rue ▁de ▁la ▁Mich odi ere ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 8 . ▁Around ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁the ▁Ga illon ▁gate ▁stood ▁at ▁the ▁en closure ▁of ▁Louis ▁XIII , ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁the ▁architect ▁ ▁built ▁a ▁theatre ▁in ▁the ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁style . ▁Dec or ated ▁by ▁Jacques - É mile ▁Ru hl mann , ▁the ▁red ▁and ▁gold ▁aud itor ium ▁could ▁accommodate ▁ 8 0 0 ▁spect ators , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁it ▁has ▁only ▁ 7 0 0 ▁seats ▁left . ▁ ▁Unlike ▁the ▁West ▁End , ▁where ▁the ▁activities ▁of ▁" br icks ▁and ▁mort ar " ▁and ▁producers ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁separate , ▁Paris ian ▁commercial ▁the at res ▁are ▁producing ▁houses . ▁Management ▁decides ▁on ▁the ▁artistic ▁policy , ▁and ▁shows ▁are ▁fin anced ▁by ▁the ▁theatre , ▁al beit ▁sometimes ▁in ▁co - production ▁with ▁a ▁tour ing ▁management ▁that ▁hopes ▁to ▁profit ▁from ▁a ▁Paris ian ▁success ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁show ▁out ▁on ▁tour . ▁ ▁In aug ur ated ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 |
2 5 ▁under ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁Gust ave ▁Qu inson , ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁it ▁was ▁run ▁by ▁actor - man agers ▁who ▁made ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁its ▁shows : ▁Victor ▁B ouch er , ▁Y v onne ▁Print em ps , ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁François ▁Pé rier , ▁with ▁works ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁André ▁R ous sin , ▁Jean ▁An ou il h , ▁Marcel ▁Ach ard ▁and ▁. ▁By ▁public ▁demand , ▁the ▁theatre ▁special ised ▁in ▁bou lev ard ▁plays , ▁as ▁ev id enced ▁by ▁the ▁many ▁old ▁post ers ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁seen ▁on ▁its ▁walls . ▁The ▁theatre ▁was ▁co - direct ed ▁by ▁F res n ay ▁and ▁Print em ps ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Print em ps ▁remained ▁alone ▁at ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁theatre , ▁until ▁she ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁theatre ▁went ▁into ▁rece ivers hip , ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁brief ▁period ▁of ▁being ▁run ▁by ▁A TE CA ▁association , ▁was ▁bought ▁from ▁the ▁rece ivers ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁by ▁Jacques ▁C rep ine au , ▁who , ▁unlike ▁his ▁predecess ors , ▁was ▁not ▁an ▁actor , ▁but ▁still ▁performed ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁artistic ▁director . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁v ente - p rive e . com ▁bought ▁the ▁theatre . ▁ |
▁Re per toire ▁ ▁Management ▁by ▁Gust ave ▁Qu inson ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 5 : ▁L ' Inf id èle ▁é per due ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Nat anson , ▁ 1 6 ▁November ▁▁ 1 9 2 6 : ▁Pass ion né ment ▁ 3 - act ▁oper etta ▁by ▁Maurice ▁Hen ne quin ▁and ▁Albert ▁W ille met z , ▁music ▁by ▁André ▁Mess ager , ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 2 6 : ▁Le ▁Tem ps ▁d ' aim er ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Wol ff , ▁Henri ▁Du ver no is , ▁couple ts ▁Hug ues ▁Del orm e , ▁music ▁Reyn al do ▁H ahn , ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ ▁Management ▁by ▁Victor ▁B ouch er ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 7 : ▁Son ▁mari , ▁three - act ▁comedy ▁by ▁ ▁and ▁Robert ▁Sp itzer , ▁ 4 ▁March ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 7 : ▁L ' En l è vement ▁de ▁Paul ▁Arm ont ▁and ▁Marcel ▁Ger bid on , ▁ 6 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 2 7 : ▁▁ 4 - act ▁comedy ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁directed ▁by ▁Victor ▁B ouch er , ▁ 2 5 ▁November ▁▁ 1 9 2 8 : ▁Sur ▁mon ▁be au ▁nav ire , ▁three - act ▁comedy ▁by ▁Jean ▁Sar ment , ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁▁ 1 9 2 9 : ▁Le ▁T rou ▁dans ▁le ▁mur , ▁ 4 - act ▁comedy ▁by ▁Y ves ▁Mir ande , ▁ 1 ▁February ▁▁ 1 |
9 2 9 : ▁La ▁V ie ▁de ▁ch âteau , ▁ 3 - act ▁comedy ▁ ▁by ▁Fer enc ▁Mol n ár , ▁ 2 9 ▁May ▁▁ 1 9 2 9 : ▁L ' A sc ension ▁de ▁Virgin ie ▁ 3 - act ▁comedy ▁ ▁by ▁Maurice ▁Don n ay ▁and ▁, ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 2 9 : ▁, ▁ 3 - act ▁comedy ▁ ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁▁ 1 9 3 2 : ▁La ▁Ban que ▁Nem o , ▁play ▁in ▁ 3 ▁acts ▁and ▁ 9 ▁table aux ▁by ▁Louis ▁Ver ne u il , ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁▁ 1 9 3 2 : ▁La ▁Fle ur ▁des ▁po is ▁ 4 - act ▁comedy ▁ ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁ 4 ▁October ▁▁ 1 9 3 3 : ▁Le ▁Vol ▁nu pt ial ▁ 3 - act ▁comedy ▁ ▁by ▁ ▁Francis ▁de ▁Cro isset , ▁ 1 ▁April ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 4 : ▁Les ▁Tem ps ▁diff ic iles ▁ 4 - act ▁play ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁ 3 0 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 3 4 : ▁Les ▁V ign es ▁du ▁se igne ur ▁by ▁Robert ▁de ▁Fl ers ▁and ▁Francis ▁de ▁Cro isset , ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 4 : ▁Do , ▁Mi , ▁Sol , ▁Do ▁ 3 - act ▁comedy ▁ ▁by ▁Paul ▁G éral dy , ▁ |
2 1 ▁December ▁▁ 1 9 3 5 : ▁B ich on ▁ 4 - act ▁play ▁ ▁by ▁ ▁Jean ▁de ▁Lé tr az , ▁ 3 ▁May ▁▁ 1 9 3 6 : ▁▁ 5 - act ▁play ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁ 1 5 ▁October ▁▁ 1 9 3 7 : ▁Bureau ▁central ▁des ▁id ées , ▁one - act ▁comedy ▁by ▁Alfred ▁Ge h ri , ▁directed ▁by ▁Louis ▁T unc , ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁: ▁Les ▁V ign es ▁du ▁se igne ur ▁by ▁Robert ▁de ▁Fl ers ▁and ▁Francis ▁de ▁Cro isset , ▁ ▁Management ▁by ▁Victor ▁B ouch er ▁and ▁Y v onne ▁Print em ps ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 8 : ▁Le ▁Val et ▁ma ître ▁by ▁Paul ▁Arm ont ▁and ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 1 ▁March ▁▁ 1 9 3 9 : ▁Tro is ▁V als es ▁by ▁Lé op old ▁March and ▁and ▁Albert ▁W ille met z , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁June ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 0 : ▁La ▁Famil iale ▁by ▁Jean ▁de ▁Lé tr az , ▁with ▁François ▁Pé rier , ▁ 9 ▁February ▁▁ 1 9 4 0 : ▁Lé oc ad ia ▁by ▁Jean ▁An ou il h , ▁ 2 8 ▁November ▁▁ 1 9 4 0 : ▁ ▁by ▁Arm and ▁Sal ac rou , ▁directed ▁by ▁Alice ▁C oc é a ▁▁ 1 9 |
4 1 : ▁H ym én ée , ▁four - act ▁play ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ ▁Management ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay ▁and ▁Y v onne ▁Print em ps ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 1 : ▁Com éd ie ▁en ▁trois ▁act es , ▁by ▁Henri - Ge org es ▁Cl ou z ot , ▁▁ 1 9 4 2 : ▁, ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁▁ 1 9 4 3 : ▁Le ▁V oy age ur ▁sans ▁bag age , ▁play ▁in ▁five ▁table aux ▁by ▁Jean ▁An ou il h , ▁ 1 ▁April ▁▁ 1 9 4 4 : ▁Le ▁D î ner ▁de ▁famille , ▁three - act ▁play ▁by ▁Jean ▁Bernard - Luc , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean ▁Wall , ▁ 1 ▁December ▁▁ 1 9 4 4 : ▁P ère , ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁▁ 1 9 4 5 : ▁, ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁▁ 1 9 4 6 : ▁A up rès ▁de ▁ma ▁bl onde ▁by ▁Marcel ▁Ach ard , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 7 ▁May ▁▁ 1 9 4 6 : ▁Si ▁je ▁v oul ais … ▁by ▁Paul ▁G éral dy ▁and ▁Robert ▁Sp itzer ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 7 : ▁Le ▁Prince ▁d ' A qu it aine , ▁three - act ▁comedy ▁, ▁May ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 7 : ▁Save |
z - v ous ▁plan ter ▁les ▁ch oux ▁? , ▁by ▁Marcel ▁Ach ard , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 8 : ▁K . M . X ▁lab rad or , ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Dev al ▁after ▁H . ▁W . ▁Reed , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁ 2 9 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 4 8 : ▁Paul ine ▁ou ▁l ' É c ume ▁de ▁la ▁mer , ▁two - act ▁play ▁by ▁Gabriel ▁Ar out , ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁▁ 1 9 4 8 : ▁Du ▁cô té ▁de ▁chez ▁P rou st , ▁by ▁Cur z io ▁Mal ap arte , ▁ 2 2 ▁November ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 8 : ▁ ▁by ▁André ▁R ous sin , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 2 2 ▁November ▁▁ 1 9 4 9 : ▁L ' É cole ▁des ▁dup es , ▁ 1 - act ▁comedy ▁by ▁André ▁R ous sin , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁ 2 ▁June ▁▁ 1 9 5 0 : ▁ ▁by ▁André ▁R ous sin , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁▁ 1 9 5 1 : ▁Le ▁M ou lin ▁de ▁la ▁gal ette , ▁three - act ▁play ▁by ▁Marcel ▁Ach ard , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 1 7 ▁December ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 2 : ▁H ym én ée , ▁by ▁É d ou ard |
▁Bour det , ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 2 : ▁Un ▁be au ▁dim anche , ▁play ▁in ▁three - act ▁and ▁five ▁table aux ▁by ▁Jean - P ierre ▁A um ont , ▁after ▁the ▁novel ▁Ren cont re ▁by ▁Pierre ▁L arth omas , ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁▁ 1 9 5 3 : ▁Le ▁C iel ▁de ▁lit ▁play ▁in ▁three - act ▁and ▁six ▁table aux ▁by ▁Jan ▁de ▁Hart og , ▁ ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 3 : ▁Hist oire ▁de ▁ri re , ▁by ▁Arm and ▁Sal ac rou ▁▁ 1 9 5 4 : ▁Les ▁Cycl ones , ▁by ▁J ules ▁Roy , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 5 4 : ▁Vo ici ▁le ▁jour , ▁three - act ▁play ▁by ▁Jean ▁Las ser re , ▁with ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 5 : ▁Les ▁Gr ands ▁Gar ç ons , ▁by ▁Paul ▁G éral dy , ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 5 : ▁Les ▁ Œ uf s ▁de ▁l ' aut ru che , ▁by ▁André ▁R ous sin , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁▁ 1 9 5 5 : ▁Le ▁Mal ▁d ' am our ▁by ▁Marcel ▁Ach ard , ▁directed ▁by ▁François ▁Pé rier ▁ ▁Management ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁Y v onne |
▁Print em ps ▁and ▁François ▁Pé rier ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 6 : ▁Le ▁Sé duct eur , ▁three - act ▁comedy ▁by ▁Diego ▁Fab b ri , ▁directed ▁by ▁François ▁Pé rier , ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 6 : ▁Le ▁V oy age ▁à ▁Tur in , ▁four - act ▁comedy ▁by ▁, ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 5 7 : ▁B ille ▁en ▁tête , ▁by ▁Roland ▁La ud en bach , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁Georges ▁Dou king , ▁ 2 9 ▁April ▁Bob os se ▁by ▁André ▁R ous sin , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 5 8 : ▁P ère ▁by ▁É d ou ard ▁Bour det , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 9 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 5 9 : ▁G og ▁et ▁Mag og , ▁by ▁ ▁Roger ▁Mac D ou g all ▁and ▁Ted ▁All an , ▁translation ▁Gabriel ▁Ar out , ▁directed ▁by ▁François ▁Pé rier , ▁ 3 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 6 2 : ▁, ▁by ▁Rom ain ▁Gary , ▁directed ▁by ▁François ▁Pé rier , ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 6 3 : ▁Le ▁Ne ve u ▁de ▁R ame au , ▁by ▁Den is ▁D ider ot , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 4 ▁February ▁▁ 1 9 6 3 : ▁L ’ É qu ation ▁ou ▁Une ▁he ure ▁avec ▁Mons ieur ▁Zwe iste |
in , ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Perry , ▁ 4 ▁February ▁▁ 1 9 6 3 : ▁L ' Hom me ▁et ▁la ▁per ru che , ▁by ▁Al ain ▁All i oux , ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 6 4 : ▁La ▁Pre uve ▁par ▁quatre , ▁by ▁F é lic ien ▁Mar ce au , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁ 4 ▁February ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 5 : ▁La ▁Pre uve ▁par ▁quatre , ▁by ▁F é lic ien ▁Mar ce au , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁April ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 6 : ▁, ▁by ▁Paul ▁Val é ry , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 6 6 : ▁, ▁three - act ▁comedy ▁by ▁Marc elle ▁Ma ure t te ▁and ▁Marc - G il bert ▁Sau v aj on , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ ▁Management ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay , ▁Y v onne ▁Print em ps ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 7 : ▁Com me ▁au ▁thé âtre , ▁by ▁Franç oise ▁Dor in , ▁directed ▁by ▁Michel ▁Rou x , ▁ 2 ▁February ▁▁ 1 9 6 8 : ▁Le ▁Tru ff ador , ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁ 8 ▁February ▁▁ 1 9 6 8 : ▁Visit ations , ▁by ▁Jean ▁G ira ud oux , ▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁▁ 1 9 6 8 : ▁, ▁by ▁Marcel ▁Ach ard , ▁directed ▁by ▁Michel ▁Rou x ▁ |
7 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 6 9 : ▁La ▁Tour ▁d ' E in stein ▁by ▁Christian ▁L iger , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁F res n ay ▁and ▁Jul ien ▁Bert he au , ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 6 9 : ▁La ▁P aille ▁hum ide , ▁by ▁Albert ▁Hus son , ▁Michel ▁Rou x , ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁▁ 1 9 6 9 : ▁On ▁ne ▁sa it ▁jamais , ▁by ▁André ▁R ous sin , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 : ▁Une ▁po ign ée ▁d ' ort ies , ▁by ▁Marc - G il bert ▁Sau v aj on , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jacques - Hen ri ▁Du va ], ▁ 4 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 : ▁Le ▁Pro c ès ▁K aram az ov ▁by ▁Diego ▁Fab b ri ▁after ▁D osto iev ski , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Fran ck , ▁ 1 5 ▁October ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 : ▁, ▁by ▁Paul ▁Val é ry , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Fran ck ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 0 : ▁Je u , ▁set ▁et ▁match ▁ ▁by ▁Anthony ▁Sh aff er , ▁directed ▁by ▁Cl iff ord ▁Williams , ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁▁ 1 9 7 1 : ▁Et ▁alors ▁? ▁by ▁Bernard ▁Hall er , ▁ 9 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 7 1 : ▁ ▁by ▁Paul ▁Val é ry , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Fran ck ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 1 : ▁Le |
▁Client ▁by ▁Jean - Cl aude ▁Car rière , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author ▁▁ 1 9 7 2 : ▁Et ▁alors ▁? ▁by ▁Bernard ▁Hall er , ▁ 1 ▁August ▁▁ 1 9 7 2 : ▁La ▁Cl aque ▁by ▁André ▁R ous sin , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁▁ 1 9 7 3 : ▁L ' Ar n ac œur ▁by ▁ ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Mond y , ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁▁ 1 9 7 5 : ▁ ▁by ▁Roland ▁Dub ill ard , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 7 5 : ▁G og ▁et ▁Mag og ▁by ▁Roger ▁Mac D ou g all ▁and ▁Ted ▁All an , ▁directed ▁by ▁François ▁Pé rier , ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 6 : ▁V oy ez - v ous ▁ce ▁que ▁je ▁vo is ▁? ▁and ▁Ray ▁Co oney ▁and ▁John ▁Chap man , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean ▁Le ▁P oul ain , ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁▁ 1 9 7 6 : ▁Ac ap ul co ▁Mad ame ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 7 7 : ▁P au vre ▁Ass ass in ▁by ▁P avel ▁K oh out , ▁directed ▁by ▁Michel ▁F ag ad au , ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 7 8 : ▁Les ▁R ust res ▁after ▁Carlo ▁Gold oni , ▁directed ▁by ▁Claude ▁Sant elli , ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 7 9 : ▁Cou p ▁de ▁ch ape au |
▁by ▁Bernard ▁Sl ade , ▁adaptation ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Bar illet ▁and ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Mond y , ▁with ▁François ▁Pé rier , ▁Daniel ▁A ute u il , ▁ 6 ▁September ▁ ▁Management ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Cr ép ine au ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 1 : ▁M adem ois elle ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Dev al , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 8 1 : ▁Am use z - v ous ... ▁Ah ▁ces ▁années ▁ 3 0 ▁by ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Dé com be , ▁ 2 ▁November ▁▁ 1 9 8 2 : ▁La ▁P att em ou ille ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Cl aude ▁Is l ert , ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 8 2 : ▁Joy e uses ▁P â ques ▁by ▁Jean ▁Po ire t , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Mond y , ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁▁ 1 9 8 3 : ▁Le ▁V ison ▁voyage ur ▁by ▁Ray ▁Co oney ▁and ▁John ▁Chap man , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁( ph otos ▁sur ▁Gall ica ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 4 : ▁B anco ▁! ▁by ▁Alfred ▁Sav oir , ▁directed ▁by ▁Robert ▁Manuel , ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 8 4 : ▁J ' ai ▁deux ▁m ots ▁à ▁vous ▁dire ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Mond y , ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁▁ 1 9 8 4 : ▁Le ▁Bl uff eur ▁de ▁Marc ▁Cam ole tti , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author |
, ▁ 9 ▁November ▁( ph otos ▁sur ▁Gall ica ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 6 : ▁ ▁by ▁Sach a ▁Gu it ry , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean ▁Mey er , ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 8 6 : ▁Double ▁mix te ▁by ▁Ray ▁Co oney , ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Mond y ▁ 7 ▁November ▁( ph otos ▁sur ▁Gall ica ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 : ▁Lam y ▁Public ▁N ° 1 ▁by ▁and ▁with ▁André ▁Lam y , ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 8 : ▁Ma ▁cous ine ▁de ▁V ars ovie ▁by ▁Georges ▁B err ▁and ▁Louis ▁Ver ne u il , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Cl aude ▁Is l ert , ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁( ph otos ▁sur ▁Gall ica ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 9 : ▁P â quer ette ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁Francis ▁P err in , ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁( ph otos ▁sur ▁Gall ica ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 9 : ▁Pi èce ▁dé t ach ée ▁by ▁Alan ▁Ay ck bour n , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 8 ▁October ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁Une ▁jour née ▁chez ▁ma ▁m ère ▁by ▁, ▁Charlotte ▁de ▁Tur ck heim , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Dé com be , ▁ 2 3 ▁March ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁T ier cé ▁g agn ant ▁by ▁John ▁Chap man , ▁adaptation ▁Stewart ▁V augh an ▁and ▁Jean - Cl aude ▁Is l ert , ▁directed ▁by ▁Christopher |
▁R ens h aw , ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 9 1 : ▁Le ▁G ros ▁n ' av ion ▁by ▁Mich èle ▁Bern ier , ▁, ▁M im ie ▁Math y ▁( les ▁fill es ), ▁directed ▁by ▁É ric ▁C iv any an , ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 9 1 : ▁T rom per ▁n ' est ▁pas ▁jou er ▁by ▁Patrick ▁C arg ill , ▁adaptation ▁Jean - Fr anç ois ▁St é ven in ▁and ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Col as , ▁ 4 ▁July ▁▁ 1 9 9 1 : ▁Ple ins ▁Fe ux ▁by ▁Mary ▁O rr , ▁adaptation ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁É ric ▁C iv any an , ▁ 2 6 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁Je ▁ve ux ▁faire ▁du ▁cin é ma ▁by ▁Neil ▁Simon , ▁directed ▁by ▁Michel ▁Bl anc , ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁La ▁P uce ▁à ▁l ' ore ille ▁by ▁Georges ▁F ey de au , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Cl aude ▁B rial y , ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 : ▁Part en aires ▁by ▁David ▁Mam et , ▁directed ▁by ▁Bernard ▁St ora , ▁ 4 ▁March ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 : ▁ ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 1 0 ▁July ▁▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁La ▁F ille ▁à ▁la ▁t rom p ette ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁G ér ard ▁Ca illa ud , ▁with |
▁, ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁Bob os se ▁by ▁André ▁R ous sin , ▁directed ▁by ▁St é ph ane ▁H ille l , ▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁Les ▁Cr ach ats ▁de ▁la ▁L une ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁L ' H ôt el ▁du ▁libre ▁é change ▁by ▁Georges ▁F ey de au , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁Le ▁V ison ▁voyage ur ▁by ▁Ray ▁Co oney , ▁directed ▁by ▁Patrick ▁Gu ille min , ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁ ▁by ▁Daniel le ▁Ryan ▁by ▁▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁Un ▁grand ▁cri ▁d ' am our ▁by ▁Jos iane ▁Bal ask o , ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author ▁with ▁Richard ▁Ber ry , ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁C iel ▁ma ▁m ère ▁! ▁by ▁Cl ive ▁Ext on , ▁adaptation ▁Mich èle ▁L aro que ▁and ▁Domin ique ▁Des ch amps , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁V ac ances ▁de ▁Re ve ▁by ▁Francis ▁J off o , ▁directed ▁by ▁Francis ▁J off o , ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁rev ival ▁of ▁Un ▁grand ▁cri ▁d ' am our ▁by ▁Jos iane ▁Bal ask o , ▁directed |
▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁with ▁Richard ▁Ber ry , ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁Br anqu ign ol , ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁Les ▁Pal mes ▁de ▁m ons ieur ▁Sch utz ▁by ▁Jean - No ël ▁Fen wick , ▁directed ▁by ▁G ér ard ▁Ca illa ud , ▁ 1 ▁July ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁Esp è ces ▁men ac ées ▁by ▁Ray ▁Co oney ▁adaptation ▁G ér ard ▁Jug not , ▁Michel ▁Bl anc , ▁Stewart ▁V augh an ▁directed ▁by ▁É ric ▁C iv any an , ▁with ▁G ér ard ▁Jug not , ▁Martin ▁Lam otte , ▁ 9 ▁October ▁to ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 : ▁continu ation ▁of ▁Esp è ces ▁men ac ées , ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁continu ation ▁of ▁Esp è ces ▁men ac ées , ▁with ▁cast ▁change , ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁to ▁ 4 ▁July ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁continu ation ▁of ▁Esp è ces ▁men ac ées , ▁with ▁second ▁cast ▁change , ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁M oi , ▁mais ▁en ▁mie ux , ▁by ▁Jean - No ël ▁Fen wick , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 : ▁Les ▁D és irs |
▁sau v ages ▁de ▁mon ▁mari ▁by ▁John ▁Tob ias , ▁adaptation ▁Sally ▁M ical eff , ▁directed ▁by ▁É ric ▁C iv any an , ▁ 8 ▁February ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 : ▁M oi , ▁mais ▁en ▁mie ux ▁by ▁Jean - No ël ▁Fen wick , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Cl aude ▁Id ée , ▁ 3 ▁May ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 : ▁Imp air ▁et ▁père ▁by ▁Ray ▁Co oney , ▁adaptation ▁Stewart ▁V augh an ▁and ▁Jean - Christ op he ▁Bar c , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Luc ▁More au , ▁with ▁Roland ▁G ira ud , ▁ 8 ▁November ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁ ▁by ▁Michel ▁Th ib aud , ▁directed ▁by ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁T out ▁bas cule ▁by ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁the ▁author , ▁ 3 ▁July ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Daddy ▁Blues ▁by ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁directed ▁by ▁É ric ▁C iv any an , ▁ 9 ▁October ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁L ' É log e ▁de ▁ma ▁p ares se ▁by ▁Maria ▁Pac ô me , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁C iel ▁! ▁Mon ▁F ey de au ▁! ▁after ▁Georges ▁F ey de au , ▁adaptation ▁Anth é a ▁S og no , ▁directed ▁by ▁Anth é a ▁S og no , ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁Le |
▁Can ard ▁à ▁l ' or ange ▁by ▁William ▁Douglas ▁Home , ▁adaptation ▁Marc - G il bert ▁Sau v aj on , ▁directed ▁by ▁G ér ard ▁Ca illa ud , ▁ 7 ▁October ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁Station nement ▁Altern é ▁by ▁Ray ▁Co oney , ▁adaptation ▁Stewart ▁V augh an ▁and ▁Jean - Christ op he ▁Bar c , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Luc ▁More au , ▁with ▁Eric ▁Met ayer , ▁Roland ▁March is io , ▁ 6 ▁October ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁D él it ▁de ▁Fu ites ▁by ▁Jean - Cl aude ▁Is l ert , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Luc ▁More au , ▁ 5 ▁October ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁Chat ▁et ▁S our is ▁by ▁Ray ▁Co oney , ▁adaptation ▁Stewart ▁V augh an ▁and ▁Jean - Christ op he ▁Bar c , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Luc ▁More au , ▁with ▁Francis ▁P err in , ▁Jean - Luc ▁More au , ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁continu ation ▁of ▁Chat ▁et ▁S our is ▁with ▁change ▁of ▁cast , ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Good bye ▁Charlie ▁by ▁George ▁Ax el rod , ▁adaptation ▁Domin ique ▁Des ch amps ▁and ▁Did ier ▁Car on , ▁directed ▁by ▁Did ier ▁Car on , ▁with ▁Marie - An ne ▁Ch az el , ▁, ▁ 4 ▁September ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁: ▁ ▁by ▁Sach a ▁Gu it |
ry , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁with ▁Robin ▁R enu cc i , ▁Marian ne ▁Bas ler , ▁ 8 ▁December ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁À ▁deux ▁l its ▁du ▁dé lit ▁by ▁D erek ▁Ben field , ▁adaptation ▁Stewart ▁V augh an ▁and ▁Jean - Christ op he ▁Bar c , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Luc ▁More au , ▁with ▁Arthur ▁Jug not , ▁, ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁De ▁fill es ▁en ▁a igu illes ▁by ▁Robin ▁Haw don , ▁adaptation ▁Stewart ▁V augh an ▁and ▁Jean - Christ op he ▁Bar c , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Dé com be , ▁with ▁Alexand re ▁Br asse ur , ▁Del ph ine ▁Dep ard ieu , ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Ple in ▁la ▁V ue ▁by ▁Jean ▁Franco ▁and ▁Gu illa ume ▁M él anie , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Luc ▁More au , ▁ 1 ▁March ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Occ u pe ▁To i ▁d ' Am él ie ▁! ▁by ▁Georges ▁F ey de au ▁new ▁version ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁with ▁H él ène ▁de ▁Fou ger oll es , ▁Bruno ▁Put z ulu , ▁Jacques ▁Bal ut in , ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Cou p ▁de ▁sang ria ▁ ▁by ▁Eric ▁Ch app ell ▁adaptation ▁Stewart ▁V augh an ▁and ▁Jean - Christ op he ▁Bar c , ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean - Luc ▁More au , |
▁with ▁, ▁, ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁Hollywood , ▁by ▁Ron ▁H utch inson , ▁ ▁adaptation ▁Mart ine ▁Dol leans , ▁directed ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Col as , ▁with ▁Th ier ry ▁Fr ém ont , ▁Pierre ▁C assign ard , ▁Em manuel ▁Pat ron ▁and ▁Franç oise ▁Pink was ser , ▁ 2 4 ▁January . ▁ ▁Management ▁by ▁Richard ▁Ca ill at ▁and ▁St é ph ane ▁H ille l ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Rep r és a illes ▁by ▁É ric ▁Ass ous , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁with ▁Marie - An ne ▁Ch az el ▁and ▁Michel ▁S ard ou , ▁ 2 2 ▁September ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Il ▁était ▁une ▁fois ... ▁les ▁hist o ires ▁pré f ér ées ▁des ▁enf ants , ▁directed ▁by ▁, ▁with ▁voices ▁of ▁Jen ifer ▁and ▁Jean - P ierre ▁Mar ielle , ▁ 2 0 ▁November ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁the at res ▁and ▁entertainment ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Paris ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Y v onne ▁Print em ps ▁/ ▁E ph ém é ride , ▁déc ès ▁un ▁ 1 8 ▁janvier ▁( in ▁French ) ▁fun era ire - info . fr ▁ ▁programme ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁( in ▁French ) ▁ ▁la ▁Mich aud ière ▁la ▁Mich aud ière ▁Category : 1 9 2 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁France ▁Category : The at res ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
2 5 ▁Category : Art ▁Dec o ▁architecture ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Sean ▁Patrick ▁Trace y ▁( born ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball ▁right - handed ▁pitch er . ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁seven ▁games ▁with ▁the ▁Chicago ▁White ▁S ox ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁all ▁as ▁a ▁relief ▁pitch er . ▁ ▁College ▁Trace y ▁played ▁both ▁football ▁and ▁baseball ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁year ▁at ▁Cit rus ▁College ▁in ▁Gl end ora , ▁California . ▁In ▁baseball , ▁he ▁earned ▁All - American ▁hon ors ▁his ▁second ▁baseball ▁season ▁at ▁Cit rus . ▁ ▁Minor ▁le agues ▁Trace y ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁Chicago ▁White ▁S ox ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁round ▁( 2 4 0 th ▁overall ) ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁draft . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁that ▁season ▁in ▁ro ok ie ▁ball ▁with ▁the ▁Brist ol ▁White ▁S ox ▁of ▁the ▁App al ach ian ▁League . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁four ▁seasons , ▁he ▁worked ▁his ▁way ▁up ▁through ▁the ▁White ▁S ox ▁organization , ▁reaching ▁triple - A ▁in ▁ ▁with ▁the ▁Charlotte ▁Kn ights . ▁ ▁Major ▁league ▁debut ▁Trace y ▁made ▁his ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁White ▁S ox ▁on ▁June ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁against ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Tig ers ▁at ▁U . S . ▁Cell ular ▁Field ▁in ▁Chicago . ▁In ▁his ▁debut , ▁Trace |
y ▁pit ched ▁two ▁inn ings ▁and ▁sur rend ered ▁ 1 ▁hit ▁and ▁no ▁runs ▁while ▁striking ▁out ▁two . ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁seven ▁games ▁for ▁Chicago , ▁all ▁in ▁relief . ▁ ▁Trace y ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁controversial ▁situation ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁With ▁the ▁White ▁S ox ▁down ▁by ▁ 8 ▁runs , ▁manager ▁O zz ie ▁Gu ill én ▁brought ▁in ▁Trace y ▁to ▁face ▁Texas ▁Rangers ▁third ▁bas eman ▁H ank ▁Bl al ock ▁in ▁ret ali ation ▁for ▁White ▁S ox ▁catch er ▁A . ▁J . ▁Pier z yn ski ▁being ▁hit ▁by ▁pit ches ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁two ▁at - b ats , ▁which ▁the ▁second ▁hit ▁by ▁pitch ▁was ▁an ▁off ▁speed ▁pitch . ▁After ▁attempting ▁to ▁hit ▁Bl al ock ▁and ▁missing , ▁Gu ill en ▁removed ▁Trace y ▁from ▁the ▁game , ▁despite ▁Trace y ▁ret iring ▁Bl al ock . ▁Gu ill en ▁verb ally ▁ber ated ▁Trace y ▁in ▁the ▁dug out . ▁After ▁the ▁game ▁Gu ill en ▁told ▁his ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁to ▁the ▁media ▁about ▁his ▁actions ▁during ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁Trace y ▁responded ▁to ▁the ▁media ▁with ▁" No ▁comment " ▁and ▁was ▁dem oted ▁to ▁the ▁White ▁S ox ▁Tri ple - A ▁affiliate , ▁the ▁Charlotte ▁Kn ights , ▁the ▁next ▁day ▁because ▁the ▁White ▁S ox ▁had ▁already ▁acquired ▁another ▁pitch er ▁in ▁an ▁un related ▁trade , ▁however ▁the ▁new ▁acquisition |
▁was ▁represented ▁by ▁his ▁same ▁sports ▁management ▁group . ▁Trace y ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁L ared o ▁Lem urs ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁of ▁Independent ▁Professional ▁Base ball ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁season . ▁He ▁played ▁with ▁the ▁club ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁seasons ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A ber de en ▁Iron B ird s ▁players ▁Category : Á gu il as ▁de ▁Mex ical i ▁players ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁California ▁Category : B irmingham ▁Bar ons ▁players ▁Category : B rist ol ▁White ▁S ox ▁players ▁Category : Ch arl otte ▁Kn ights ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁White ▁S ox ▁players ▁Category : C it rus ▁O w ls ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : Great ▁Falls ▁White ▁S ox ▁players ▁Category : K ann apolis ▁Int im id ators ▁players ▁Category : L ared o ▁Lem urs ▁players ▁Category : M ajor ▁League ▁Base ball ▁pitch ers ▁Category : New ark ▁B ears ▁players ▁Category : N or folk ▁T ides ▁players ▁Category : People ▁from ▁U pl and , ▁California ▁Category : Pe oria ▁S ag uar os ▁players ▁Category : Per th ▁Heat ▁players ▁Category : T ib ur ones ▁de ▁La ▁Gu air a ▁players ▁Category : UC ▁Ir v ine ▁An te aters ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : W inst on - |
Sal em ▁War th ogs ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Frederick ▁Cor bin ▁" Boot s " ▁B les se ▁( Aug ust ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁major ▁general ▁and ▁flying ▁ace . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁He ▁flew ▁two ▁combat ▁tours ▁during ▁the ▁Korean ▁War , ▁completing ▁ 6 7 ▁missions ▁in ▁P - 5 1 s , ▁ 3 5 ▁missions ▁in ▁F - 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 2 1 ▁missions ▁in ▁F - 8 6 s . ▁During ▁the ▁second ▁tour ▁in ▁F - 8 6 s , ▁he ▁was ▁officially ▁cred ited ▁with ▁shooting ▁down ▁nine ▁Mi G - 1 5 s ▁and ▁one ▁La - 9 . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁America ' s ▁leading ▁jet ▁ace . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁B les se ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁in ▁Col ón , ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁Zone . ▁His ▁father , ▁Frederick ▁A . ▁B les se , ▁was ▁a ▁brig ad ier ▁general ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁Medical ▁Corps ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁American ▁High ▁School ▁at ▁Man ila ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁and ▁he |
▁entered ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Military ▁Academy ▁at ▁West ▁Point ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁B les se ▁was ▁commissioned ▁a ▁year ▁early ▁due ▁to ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁West ▁Point ▁and ▁being ▁awarded ▁his ▁pilot ▁wings ▁on ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁He ▁earned ▁his ▁pilot ▁wings ▁just ▁as ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁was ▁ending ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁see ▁any ▁combat ▁during ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁After ▁completing ▁gun ner y ▁training ▁and ▁P - 4 7 ▁Th under bol t ▁training , ▁he ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁F ighter ▁Squadron ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 1 3 th ▁F ighter ▁Group ▁on ▁Ok in awa ▁from ▁March ▁to ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁and ▁then ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 5 th ▁F ighter ▁Squadron ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 1 st ▁F ighter ▁Group , ▁also ▁on ▁Ok in awa , ▁until ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁B les se ▁transition ed ▁to ▁the ▁F - 8 0 ▁Sh oot ing ▁Star ▁jet ▁fighter . ▁His ▁next ▁assignment ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁ 6 3 d ▁F ighter ▁Squadron ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 6 th ▁F ighter ▁Group ▁at ▁Self ridge ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁from ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁ ▁Korean ▁War ▁ ▁B les se ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 7 th ▁F |
ighter - B om ber ▁Squadron ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁F ighter - B om ber ▁Group ▁ ▁in ▁Korea ▁from ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁and ▁then ▁with ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁F ighter - B om ber ▁Squadron ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 9 th ▁F ighter - B om ber ▁Group . ▁He ▁flew ▁F - 8 0 ▁Sh oot ing ▁Stars ▁and ▁P - 5 1 ▁Must angs , ▁during ▁his ▁first ▁tour ▁of ▁duty ▁in ▁Korea . ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁B les se ▁then ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁ 9 4 th ▁F ighter - Inter ceptor ▁Squadron ▁at ▁George ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁until ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁when ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Korea ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁tour , ▁this ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁ 3 3 4 th ▁F ighter - Inter ceptor ▁Squadron , ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁where ▁he ▁flew ▁F - 8 6 ▁Sab res ▁and ▁was ▁cred ited ▁in ▁destroying ▁nine ▁Mi G - 1 5 s ▁and ▁one ▁La - 9 ▁in ▁a erial ▁combat ▁plus ▁ 1 ▁probable ▁and ▁ 3 ▁more ▁damaged . ▁Overall , ▁he ▁flew ▁ 2 2 3 ▁combat ▁missions ▁in ▁the ▁F - 5 1 ▁Must ang , ▁F - 8 0 ▁Sh oot ing ▁Star , ▁and ▁F - 8 |
6 ▁Sab re ▁fighters . ▁ ▁Post ▁Korean ▁War ▁From ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁gun ner y ▁instructor ▁and ▁squad ron ▁commander ▁at ▁N ell is ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁Air ▁Training ▁Command ▁F ighter ▁Gun ner y ▁Team ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁he ▁wrote ▁the ▁book ▁" No ▁G uts , ▁No ▁Gl ory ", ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁basis ▁for ▁fighter ▁combat ▁operations ▁for ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁air ▁forces , ▁such ▁as ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Marine ▁Corps , ▁Chinese ▁National ist , ▁Korean ▁Air ▁Force , ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Air ▁Force ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁As ▁recently ▁as ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁were ▁reprodu ced ▁and ▁sent ▁to ▁tact ical ▁units ▁in ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁Air ▁Force ▁World wide ▁Gun ner y ▁Championship , ▁he ▁won ▁all ▁six ▁tro ph ies ▁offered ▁for ▁individual ▁performance , ▁a ▁feat ▁never ▁equ aled . ▁He ▁transferred ▁to ▁Rand olph ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁F ighter ▁Division ▁of ▁C rew ▁Training ▁until ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 |
2 nd ▁F ighter ▁Inter ceptor ▁Squadron ▁at ▁So ester berg ▁Air ▁Base , ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁serving ▁as ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁squad ron ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁base ▁and ▁squad ron ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁F - 1 0 0 ▁Super ▁Sab re ▁and ▁F - 1 0 2 ▁organization . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Staff ▁with ▁the ▁inspect or ▁general , ▁Nort on ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁California . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁assigned ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Staff ▁with ▁the ▁inspect or ▁general ▁at ▁Nort on ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁until ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁Col ▁B les se ▁next ▁attended ▁National ▁War ▁College ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁During ▁this ▁assignment ▁he ▁attended ▁night ▁school ▁and ▁earned ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁international ▁relations ▁at ▁The ▁George ▁Washington ▁University . ▁He ▁then ▁attended ▁F - 4 ▁Ph ant om ▁II ▁Com bat ▁C rew ▁Training . ▁ ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁During ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War , ▁B les se ▁was ▁assigned ▁as ▁Director ▁of ▁Operations ▁for ▁the ▁ 3 6 6 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing ▁at ▁Da ▁N ang ▁Air ▁Base ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Vietnam ▁from ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁to ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁During ▁this ▁one - year ▁tour ▁of ▁duty , ▁he |
▁flew ▁ 1 0 8 ▁combat ▁missions ▁over ▁North ▁Vietnam ▁and ▁another ▁ 4 6 ▁in ▁La os ▁and ▁South ▁Vietnam . ▁He ▁was ▁decorated ▁for ▁valor ▁for ▁helping ▁un load ▁the ▁bombs ▁from ▁a ▁burning ▁F - 4 ▁Ph ant om ▁II ▁aircraft ▁during ▁a ▁rock et ▁attack . ▁While ▁on ▁his ▁first ▁tour ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 6 8 , ▁he ▁flew ▁in ▁total ▁ 1 5 6 ▁combat ▁missions . ▁ ▁B les se ▁next ▁served ▁as ▁Director ▁of ▁Operations ▁for ▁the ▁ 4 7 4 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁U . S . ▁Air ▁Force ' s ▁first ▁General ▁D ynamics ▁F - 1 1 1 ▁A ard v ark ▁wing ▁at ▁N ell is ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁from ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁until ▁becoming ▁the ▁Wing ' s ▁commander ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁made ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 8 3 1 st ▁Air ▁Division ▁at ▁George ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁During ▁his ▁second ▁tour ▁in ▁Vietnam , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Assistant ▁Director ▁of ▁Operations ▁for ▁ 7 th ▁Air ▁Force ▁at ▁Tan ▁Son ▁N h ut ▁Air ▁Base ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Vietnam ▁from ▁January ▁to ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁he ▁again ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁N ell is ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁this ▁time ▁as ▁director ▁of ▁operations ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 |
7 4 th ▁T act ical ▁F ighter ▁Wing , ▁and ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁became ▁commander . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁General ▁B les se ▁became ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 8 3 1 st ▁Air ▁Division ▁at ▁George ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁California , ▁and ▁then ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁another ▁tour ▁of ▁duty ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Vietnam ▁as ▁assistant ▁director ▁of ▁operations ▁for ▁S event h ▁Air ▁Force , ▁Tan ▁Son ▁N h ut ▁Air ▁Base . ▁▁ ▁B les se ▁then ▁became ▁Assistant ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁for ▁Operations ▁followed ▁by ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁for ▁Operations ▁at ▁Head quarters ▁Pacific ▁Air ▁Forces ▁at ▁H ick am ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁From ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁senior ▁Air ▁Force ▁member ▁on ▁the ▁We ap ons ▁Systems ▁Eval uation ▁Group ▁in ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁Defense , ▁followed ▁by ▁service ▁as ▁Deputy ▁In spector ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Air ▁Force , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁from ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁until ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁USA F ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 , 5 0 0 ▁flying ▁hours ▁in ▁fighter - type ▁aircraft ▁and ▁more ▁than |
▁ 6 5 0 ▁hours ▁combat ▁time ▁to ▁his ▁credit . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁After ▁his ▁retirement ▁from ▁the ▁Air ▁Force , ▁ ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁Gr um man ▁Corporation ▁before ▁he ▁completely ▁retired . ▁He ▁lived ▁with ▁his ▁wife , ▁Bet ty , ▁in ▁Florida . ▁They ▁had ▁four ▁children ▁and ▁three ▁step - children . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁Korean ▁War , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Cross ▁for ▁actions ▁during ▁that ▁war . ▁ ▁B les se ▁died ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁golf ▁course ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Florida , ▁officially ▁' f lying ▁west '. ▁He ▁was ▁hon ored ▁with ▁a ▁fly over ▁of ▁F - 1 5 ▁E agles ▁before ▁being ▁buried ▁with ▁full ▁military ▁hon ors ▁at ▁Ar lington ▁National ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁decor ations ▁His ▁military ▁decor ations ▁and ▁awards ▁included ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Medal ; ▁Silver ▁Star ▁with ▁two ▁oak ▁leaf ▁clusters ; ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Mer it ▁with ▁two ▁oak ▁leaf ▁clusters ; ▁Dist ingu ished ▁F lying ▁Cross ▁with ▁silver ▁leaf ▁cluster ▁with ▁" V " ▁device ; ▁Bron ze ▁Star ▁with ▁" V " ▁device ; ▁Air ▁Medal ▁with ▁ 2 0 ▁oak ▁leaf ▁clusters ▁and ▁Pur ple ▁Heart . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁command ▁pilot ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 , 5 0 0 ▁flying ▁hours , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁fighter ▁aircraft |
▁including ▁the ▁P - 4 0 , ▁P - 4 7 , ▁P - 5 1 ▁Must ang , ▁P - 8 0 , ▁F - 8 6 , ▁F - 1 0 0 , ▁F - 1 0 2 , ▁A - 7 , ▁F - 1 0 4 , ▁F - 1 0 6 , ▁F - 4 , ▁and ▁F - 1 1 1 . ▁He ▁had ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 5 0 ▁hours ▁combat ▁flying ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁sixth ▁ranking ▁jet ▁ace . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁air ▁force ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁War ▁Category : American ▁Korean ▁War ▁flying ▁ac es ▁Category : A vi ators ▁from ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁Zone ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Medal ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁F lying ▁Cross ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Cross ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Medal ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Mer it ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Silver ▁Star ▁Category : Z on ians <0x0A> </s> ▁D end ro ch il um ▁mag num ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁or ch id , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁large ▁d end ro ch il um , ▁end |
emic ▁to ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁mag num <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 6 th ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁Own ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les ▁was ▁a ▁rifle ▁reg iment ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Indian ▁Army , ▁before ▁being ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁following ▁India ' s ▁independence . ▁Origin ally ▁raised ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁East ▁India ▁Company , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁has ▁been ▁known ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁names ▁throughout ▁its ▁history . ▁Init ially ▁the ▁unit ▁did ▁not ▁recruit ▁from ▁the ▁G ur k has , ▁although ▁after ▁being ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Indian ▁Army ▁following ▁the ▁Indian ▁Reb ell ion ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁purely ▁G ur k ha ▁reg iment , ▁in ▁due ▁course ▁with ▁its ▁reg imental ▁headquarters ▁at ▁Abb ott abad ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁West ▁Front ier ▁Province ▁of ▁British ▁India . ▁After ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁four ▁G ur k ha ▁reg iments ▁to ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁and ▁this ▁continued ▁up ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁am alg am ated ▁with ▁other ▁G ur k ha ▁reg iments ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁Royal ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les . ▁Over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁its ▁ 1 7 7 - year ▁history , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁awarded ▁ 2 5 ▁battle ▁hon ours , ▁although ▁prior ▁to ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁it ▁had |
▁only ▁been ▁awarded ▁one ▁and ▁no ▁battle ▁hon ours ▁were ▁awarded ▁to ▁it ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Begin nings ▁ ▁The ▁reg iment ▁was ▁initially ▁raised ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁as ▁the ▁C utt ack ▁Leg ion ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁Indian ▁nat ives ▁from ▁the ▁C utt ack ▁City ▁of ▁Od isha ▁area ▁and ▁initially ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁maintain ▁order ▁in ▁the ▁region , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Northern ▁Beng al ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁R ung po or ▁Light ▁Infan try . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Indian ▁Reb ell ion ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁remained ▁" lo yal " ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁two ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁were ▁awarded ▁with ▁Indian ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁highest ▁award ▁that ▁a ▁G ur k ha ▁could ▁receive ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁when ▁G ur k has ▁became ▁eligible ▁for ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross . ▁ ▁Following ▁this , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁British ▁Indian ▁Army ▁and ▁as ▁time ▁passed , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁began ▁recru iting ▁Nep ales e ▁G ur k has ▁into ▁its ▁ranks — init ially ▁only ▁two ▁companies ▁of ▁G ur k has ▁were ▁formed , ▁but , ▁over ▁time , ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁were ▁recru ited ▁until ▁it ▁eventually ▁became ▁a ▁pure ▁G ur k ha ▁reg iment |
, ▁being ▁number ed ▁as ▁the ▁ 4 2 nd ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Go ork ha ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁period ▁before ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁primarily ▁involved ▁in ▁pat rolling ▁the ▁north - east ▁border ▁of ▁India , ▁indeed ▁it ▁remained ▁in ▁eastern ▁India ▁for ▁ 7 7 ▁years , ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁the ▁reg iment ▁gained ▁only ▁a ▁single ▁battle ▁honour ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁moved ▁from ▁Ass am ▁to ▁Abb ott abad , ▁in ▁present - day ▁Pakistan , ▁and ▁began ▁operations ▁on ▁the ▁North - West ▁Front ier . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 3 , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁also ▁re number ed ▁as ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁a ▁second ▁batt alion ▁for ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁raised ▁from ▁a ▁cad re ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion . ▁ ▁Line age ▁ 1 8 1 7 – 1 8 2 3 ▁– ▁The ▁C utt ack ▁Leg ion ▁ 1 8 2 3 – 1 8 2 3 ▁– ▁R ung p ore ▁Local ▁Batt alion ▁( Jan uary – M arch ) ▁ 1 8 2 3 – 1 8 2 3 ▁– ▁R ung p ore ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁( M arch – May ) ▁ 1 8 2 3 – 1 8 2 |
6 ▁– ▁ 1 0 th ▁R ung p ore ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁ 1 8 2 6 – 1 8 2 7 ▁– ▁ 8 th ▁R ung apore ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁ 1 8 2 7 – 1 8 4 4 ▁– ▁ 8 th ▁Ass am ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁ 1 8 4 4 – 1 8 5 0 ▁– ▁ 8 th / 1 st ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁Batt alion ▁ 1 8 5 0 – 1 8 6 1 ▁– ▁ 1 st ▁Ass am ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁Batt alion ▁ 1 8 6 1 – 1 8 6 1 ▁– ▁ 4 6 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Beng al ▁Native ▁( Light ) ▁Infan try ▁▁ 1 8 6 1 – 1 8 6 5 ▁– ▁ 4 2 nd ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Beng al ▁Native ▁( Light ) ▁Infan try ▁▁ 1 8 6 5 – 1 8 8 5 ▁– ▁ 4 2 nd ▁( Ass am ) ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Beng al ▁Native ▁( Light ) ▁Infan try ▁ 1 8 8 5 – 1 8 8 6 ▁– ▁ 4 2 nd ▁( Ass am ) ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Beng al ▁( Light ) ▁Infan try ▁ 1 8 8 6 – 1 8 8 9 ▁– ▁ 4 2 nd ▁Regiment ▁G ur k ha ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁ 1 8 8 9 – 1 8 9 1 ▁– ▁ 4 2 nd ▁( G ur k ha ) ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Beng al ▁Light ▁Infan try |
▁ 1 8 9 1 – 1 9 0 1 ▁– ▁ 4 2 nd ▁G ur k ha ▁( R if le ) ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Beng al ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁ 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 0 3 ▁– ▁ 4 2 nd ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les ▁ 1 9 0 3 – 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 1 9 9 4 ▁– ▁ 6 th ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁Own ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les . ▁ ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁expanded ▁further ▁with ▁the ▁raising ▁of ▁a ▁third ▁batt alion . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁served ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁the at res ▁during ▁the ▁war , ▁including ▁Pers ia , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁Turkey ▁and ▁Greece . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion ▁had ▁the ▁distinction ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁G ur k ha ▁unit ▁to ▁arrive ▁at ▁Gall ip oli ▁landing ▁at ▁Cape ▁H elles ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁Their ▁first ▁major ▁operation ▁saw ▁them ▁attack ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁position ▁that ▁was ▁doing ▁significant ▁damage ▁to ▁All ied ▁forces ▁with ▁machine ▁guns — this ▁involved ▁them ▁going ▁up ▁a ▁ 3 0 0 - foot ▁( 9 1 ▁met re ) ▁vertical ▁slope ▁which ▁had ▁defeated ▁both ▁the ▁Royal ▁Marine ▁Light ▁Infan try ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Dublin ▁F |
us ili ers — how ever , ▁the ▁G ur k has ▁gained ▁the ▁position ▁with ▁ease . ▁Eight een ▁G ur k has ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁this ▁action ▁and ▁another ▁forty - two ▁were ▁wounded . ▁For ▁their ▁sacrifice , ▁this ▁area ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁G ur k ha ▁Bl uff . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion ▁mean while ▁began ▁service ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁( Raw al p indi ) ▁Division ▁and ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁ 1 5 th ▁Indian ▁Division ▁where ▁it ▁served ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁in ▁Mes op ot am ia . ▁ ▁The ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion ▁was ▁formed ▁as ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁G ur k ha ▁Reserve ▁Batt alion ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁at ▁Raw al p indi . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁B ann u ▁Brigade ▁on ▁the ▁North ▁East ▁Front ier . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁brig ade , ▁it ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Third ▁Ang lo - Af ghan ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁dis band ed ▁on ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁Inter - war ▁years ▁Between ▁the ▁First ▁and ▁Second ▁World ▁Wars ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁two ▁batt al ions ▁once ▁more ▁and ▁they ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁North - West ▁Front ier ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁employed ▁on ▁g arr ison |
▁duties . ▁ ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁The ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁saw ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁all ▁ten ▁G ur k ha ▁reg iments ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Indian ▁Army , ▁and ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k has ▁raised ▁a ▁further ▁two ▁batt al ions , ▁number ed ▁as ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁and ▁ 4 th ▁Batt al ions . ▁Over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁the ▁reg iment ▁fought ▁in ▁Italy ▁and ▁Bur ma , ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁W az ir istan ▁on ▁the ▁North ▁West ▁Front ier ▁( 1 9 4 0 – 4 1 ) ▁where ▁they ▁served ▁as ▁g arr ison ▁troops ▁and ▁saw ▁action ▁against ▁P athan ▁tribes men . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Indian ▁Motor ▁Brigade ▁which ▁had ▁just ▁returned ▁from ▁the ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁after ▁having ▁been ▁almost ▁destroyed ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gaz ala . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁month ▁the ▁brig ade ▁was ▁renamed ▁as ▁the ▁ 4 3 rd ▁Indian ▁Infan try ▁Brigade ▁( L or ried ). ▁The ▁brig ade ▁and ▁its ▁G ur k ha ▁batt al ions ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁Italy ▁in ▁mid - 1 9 4 4 ▁as ▁an ▁Independent ▁brig ade ▁and ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁Campaign . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁during ▁the ▁Bur ma ▁Campaign , ▁that ▁the ▁reg iment ▁received ▁its ▁first ▁Victoria ▁Cross , ▁in ▁fact ▁two ▁awards ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁members |
▁of ▁the ▁reg iment ▁for ▁actions ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁Captain ▁Michael ▁All mand ▁and ▁R if le man ▁T ul b ah ad ur ▁Pun ▁were ▁awarded ▁the ▁V C ▁for ▁their ▁actions ▁during ▁the ▁fighting ▁around ▁the ▁Pin ▁H mi ▁Road ▁Bridge ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁M oga ung ▁in ▁Bur ma ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁while ▁serving ▁with ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion ▁who ▁were ▁taking ▁part ▁Operation ▁Thursday , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁Ch ind it ▁expedition . ▁The ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion ' s ▁involvement ▁in ▁this ▁operation ▁proved ▁very ▁cost ly ▁and ▁they ▁suffered ▁ 1 2 6 ▁killed , ▁ 3 5 2 ▁wounded ▁and ▁ 7 ▁missing . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁two ▁previously ▁mentioned ▁V C s , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁batt alion ▁also ▁received ▁the ▁following ▁awards : ▁ 2 ▁D SO s , ▁ 3 ▁I OM s , ▁ 6 ▁MC s , ▁ 4 ▁ID SM s , ▁ 1 2 ▁M Ms , ▁ 3 ▁US ▁Silver ▁Stars . ▁ ▁Post ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁three ▁batt al ions , ▁following ▁the ▁dis band ment ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Batt alion . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁India ▁gained ▁its ▁independence ▁and ▁under ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁Tri ▁Part ite ▁Agreement ▁four ▁reg iments ▁of ▁the ▁Brigade ▁of ▁G ur k has ▁were ▁allocated ▁to |
▁the ▁British ▁Army , ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁six ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁independent ▁Indian ▁Army . ▁The ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k has ▁were ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁reg iments ▁that ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Army , ▁although ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Royal ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les ▁( Front ier ▁Force ), ▁which ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁batt al ions ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁allocated ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁Army , ▁and ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁thus ▁reduced ▁to ▁two ▁batt al ions ▁once ▁more . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁renamed ▁as ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁Own ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁II . ▁ ▁As ▁with ▁other ▁G ur k ha ▁reg iments , ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k has ▁primarily ▁saw ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁until ▁the ▁British ▁withdrawal ▁from ▁East ▁of ▁Sue z . ▁Both ▁batt al ions ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Mal ay an ▁Emer gency . ▁Later , ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁both ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt al ions ▁saw ▁service ▁in ▁Bor neo ▁during ▁Con front ation . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 1 |
9 6 9 , ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k has ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁batt alion , ▁when ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt al ions ▁were ▁am alg am ated ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion . ▁The ▁single ▁batt alion ▁continued ▁to ▁rot ate ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁G ur k ha ▁reg iments ▁between ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁Br une i ▁and ▁Church ▁Cro ok ham ▁until ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁At ▁that ▁point , ▁while ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion ▁was ▁am alg am ated ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁ 2 nd ▁King ▁Edward ▁VII ' s ▁Own ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les ▁( The ▁S irm oor ▁R if les ) ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion , ▁Royal ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les . ▁ ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁recip ients ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁two ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁recip ients ▁from ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k has . ▁These ▁were : ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁( act ing ▁Captain ) ▁Michael ▁All mand , ▁ 6 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Con n aught ' s ▁Own ▁Lanc ers ▁( W at son ' s ▁Horse ) ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion , ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les , ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Bur ma ▁( post hum ous ); ▁and ▁ ▁R |
if le man ▁T ul b ah ad ur ▁Pun , ▁ 3 rd ▁Batt alion , ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Bur ma . ▁ ▁Battle ▁hon ours ▁The ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k has ▁received ▁the ▁following ▁battle ▁hon ours : ▁ ▁Bur ma ▁ 1 8 8 5 – 8 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁Great ▁War : ▁H elles , ▁Kr ith ia , ▁Su v la , ▁S ari ▁B air , ▁Gall ip oli ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁Sue z ▁Canal , ▁Egypt ▁ 1 9 1 5 – 1 6 , ▁Khan ▁Bag hd adi , ▁Mes op ot am ia ▁ 1 9 1 6 – 1 8 , ▁Pers ia ▁ 1 9 1 6 – 1 9 1 8 , ▁North ▁West ▁Front ier ▁India ▁ 1 9 1 5 – 1 7 . ▁ ▁Afghanistan ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁Second ▁World ▁War : ▁Cor iano , ▁Sant ▁Ang elo , ▁Monte ▁Ch ic co , ▁Lam one ▁Cross ing , ▁Ga iana ▁Cross ing , ▁Italy ▁ 1 9 4 4 – 4 5 , ▁Bur ma ▁ 1 9 4 2 – 4 5 , ▁Sh we bo , ▁Ky au k my a ung ▁Bridge head , ▁Mand al ay , ▁Rang oon ▁Road ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Ch ind its ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁Reg imental ▁Col on els ▁Col on els ▁of |
▁the ▁Regiment ▁were : ▁ 6 th ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les ▁▁ 1 9 2 6 – 1 9 5 1 : ▁F . M . ▁Sir ▁William ▁R idd ell ▁( B ird wood ), ▁ 1 st ▁Lord ▁Bird wood , ▁G CB , ▁GC SI , ▁G CM G , ▁GC VO , ▁C IE , ▁D SO ▁▁ 1 9 5 1 – 1 9 6 1 : ▁Gen . ▁Sir ▁John ▁Hard ing , ▁G CB , ▁C BE , ▁D SO , ▁MC , ▁A DC ▁( Field ▁Marshal ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ 6 th ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁Own ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁▁ 1 9 6 1 – 1 9 6 9 : ▁Maj - Gen . ▁James ▁Alexander ▁Row land ▁Roberts on , ▁GB , ▁C BE , ▁D SO ▁▁ 1 9 6 9 – 1 9 7 4 : ▁Maj - Gen . ▁Arthur ▁Gordon ▁P atter son , ▁CB , ▁D SO , ▁O BE , ▁MC ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 – 1 9 7 8 : ▁Brig . ▁David ▁Leonard ▁Pow ell - J ones , ▁D SO , ▁O BE ▁▁ 1 9 7 8 – 1 9 8 3 : ▁Col . ▁( H on . ▁Brig .) ▁Sir ▁No el ▁Edward ▁Viv ian ▁Short , ▁K t , ▁M BE , ▁MC ▁▁ 1 9 8 3 – 1 9 |
8 8 : ▁L t - Gen . ▁Sir ▁D erek ▁Bo orm an , ▁K CB ▁( also ▁Staff ord shire ▁Regiment ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 – 1 9 9 4 : ▁Maj - Gen . ▁Raymond ▁Austin ▁P ett , ▁M BE ▁ ▁* 1 9 9 4 ▁Regiment ▁am alg am ated ▁to ▁form ▁The ▁Royal ▁G ur k ha ▁R if les ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁John ▁Lucas ▁( MC ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ 6 th ▁G ur k has ▁Home page ▁▁ 0 6 ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁G ur k ha ▁ 0 0 6 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Indian ▁Army ▁inf antry ▁reg iments ▁Category : B rit ish ▁light ▁inf antry ▁Category : Border ▁guards ▁Category : G ur k has ▁R ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Dean ▁Johnson ▁( 1 9 6 1 – 2 0 0 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁cross - d ress ing ▁musician , ▁party ▁promot er , ▁and ▁prominent ▁figure ▁in ▁the ▁night life ▁scene ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 s . ▁K nown ▁for ▁his ▁tow ering ▁height , ▁sh aved ▁head , ▁giant ▁sung lass es , |
▁and ▁pen chant ▁for ▁wearing ▁short ▁cock tail ▁dress es ▁that ▁exagger ated ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁his ▁pale , ▁lit he ▁figure , ▁Johnson ▁played ▁a ▁sem inal ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁the ▁Que er core ▁gay ▁rock - and - roll ▁sub c ulture ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁Village . ▁ ▁Music ▁career ▁ ▁Both ▁an ▁underground ▁rock ▁star ▁and ▁a ▁porn ▁star , ▁Dean ▁Johnson ▁front ed ▁two ▁bands : ▁Dean ▁and ▁the ▁We en ies ▁and ▁the ▁Vel vet ▁M af ia . ▁He ▁part ied ▁with ▁art - world ▁l umin aries ▁like ▁Keith ▁H aring , ▁Jean - Mic hel ▁Bas qu iat , ▁and ▁Andy ▁War hol , ▁and ▁performed ▁at ▁night club s ▁such ▁as ▁Area , ▁D anc eter ia , ▁The ▁Cat ▁Club , ▁and ▁the ▁Py ram id . ▁Johnson ▁was ▁the ▁driving ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁ground - breaking ▁Rock ▁and ▁Roll ▁F ag ▁Bar ▁party , ▁held ▁Tuesday ▁nights ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁at ▁The ▁World . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁produced ▁the ▁monthly ▁Hom o Cor ps ▁live ▁music ▁show case ▁at ▁CB GB , ▁which ▁featured ▁gay ▁and ▁trans gender ▁rock - and - roll ▁bands . ▁ ▁Death ▁ ▁Johnson ▁grap pled ▁with ▁drug ▁addiction ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁sex ▁worker . ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁age ▁ 4 6 ▁from ▁an ▁apparent ▁drug ▁over d ose ▁while ▁turning ▁a ▁trick ▁in ▁a ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁apartment . ▁There ▁is ▁some ▁suspicion ▁around ▁his |
▁death , ▁stem ming ▁from ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁man ▁he ▁was ▁with ▁had ▁been ▁found ▁not ▁guilty ▁of ▁murder ▁in ▁a ▁trial ▁held ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁weeks ▁prior . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁Dean ▁Johnson ▁Papers ▁at ▁NY U ▁Special ▁Collections ▁▁ ▁Vel vet ▁M af ia ▁band ▁page ▁ ▁Dean ▁and ▁the ▁We en ies ▁M ys pace ▁Music ▁Page ▁ ▁Dean ▁and ▁the ▁We en ies ▁Facebook ▁page ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁drag ▁que ens ▁Category : L GBT ▁entertain ers ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁male ▁prost itutes ▁Category : D rug - related ▁deaths ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Category : New ▁York ▁City ▁night life <0x0A> </s> ▁D ud ley ▁Archives ▁and ▁Local ▁History ▁holds ▁the ▁arch ives ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁ ▁of ▁D ud ley . ▁The ▁arch ives ▁are ▁held ▁at ▁Ti pton ▁Road , ▁D ud ley , ▁and ▁run ▁by ▁D ud ley ▁Met ropolitan ▁Bor ough ▁Council . ▁ ▁The ▁Archives ▁and ▁Local ▁History ▁Service ▁looks ▁after ▁a ▁collection ▁that ▁is ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁purpose ▁built ▁Archives ▁and ▁Local ▁History ▁Centre ▁in ▁D ud ley ▁and ▁includes ▁records ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁ ▁They ▁hold ▁original ▁archive ▁material ▁including ▁business ▁led gers , ▁local ▁authority ▁correspondence ▁and ▁minutes , ▁maps ▁and ▁school ▁records . ▁The ▁Arch ive ▁contains ▁over |
▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁books ▁and ▁pam ph lets ▁and ▁around ▁ 2 6 , 0 0 0 ▁images ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁D ud ley ▁Met ropolitan ▁Bor ough . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Count y ▁record ▁offices ▁in ▁England ▁Category : D ud ley <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁G our met ▁G het to ▁is ▁a ▁col lo qu ial ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁business ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Berkeley ▁neighborhood ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Berkeley , ▁California , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁birth place ▁of ▁California ▁cu isine . ▁Other ▁developments ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁tr aced ▁to ▁this ▁neighborhood ▁include ▁special ty ▁coffee , ▁the ▁farm - to - table ▁and ▁local ▁food ▁movements , ▁the ▁rise ▁to ▁popularity ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁of ▁chocolate ▁tr uff les ▁and ▁bag u ettes , ▁the ▁popular ization ▁of ▁the ▁premium ▁restaurant ▁designed ▁around ▁an ▁open ▁kitchen , ▁and ▁the ▁California ▁pizza ▁made ▁with ▁local ▁produce . ▁The ▁business ▁district , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁G our met ▁G ul ch , ▁is ▁sometimes ▁more ▁formally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" N orth ▁Sh att uck ." ▁After ▁co ales cing ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s ▁as ▁a ▁cul inary ▁destination , ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁received ▁its ▁" G our met ▁G het to " ▁nick name ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁from ▁comed ian ▁Dar ry l ▁Henri ques . ▁Early , ▁founding ▁influences ▁were ▁Pe et ' s ▁Coffee , ▁Che z |
▁Pan isse ▁and ▁the ▁Che ese ▁Board ▁Collect ive . ▁Alice ▁Med rich ▁began ▁her ▁chain ▁of ▁C ocol at ▁chocolate ▁stores ▁there . ▁ ▁The ▁neighborhood , ▁anch ored ▁by ▁Alice ▁Wat ers ' ▁Che z ▁Pan isse , ▁became ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁farm - to - table ▁food ▁sour cing , ▁using ▁selected ▁locally ▁grown ▁produce , ▁especially ▁naturally ▁and ▁sustain ably ▁grown — pre fer ably ▁organic — ing red ients . ▁Wat ers ▁and ▁a ▁lo os ely ▁organized ▁left - lean ing ▁cot erie ▁of ▁friends ▁and ▁colleagues ▁actively ▁promoted ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁soc ially ▁conscious ▁eating . ▁Many ▁former ▁staff ▁at ▁Che z ▁Pan isse ▁have ▁gone ▁on ▁to ▁start ▁their ▁own ▁restaurants , ▁b aker ies , ▁and ▁food ▁shops ▁in ▁the ▁wider ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁G our met ▁G het to ▁can ▁trace ▁its ▁origins ▁to ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁when ▁Dutch - born ▁Alfred ▁Pe et ▁opened ▁the ▁first ▁Pe et ' s ▁Coffee ▁location ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Wal nut ▁and ▁V ine . ▁Pe et ' s ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁coffee ▁retail er ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁to ▁feature ▁special ty ▁beans ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁world , ▁with ▁dark er ▁ro asts ▁such ▁as ▁French ▁ro ast . ▁The ▁store ▁initially ▁sold ▁only ▁whole ▁bean , ▁fresh ▁ro asted ▁coffee ▁for ▁home ▁preparation — co ff ee ▁was ▁brew ed ▁only ▁to ▁enable ▁customers ▁to ▁sample ▁the ▁product . |
▁Pe et ▁had ▁a ▁fier y ▁and ▁temper ament al ▁character ; ▁he ▁insisted ▁that ▁his ▁pat rons ▁follow ▁specific ▁instructions ▁for ▁the ▁preparation ▁of ▁European - style ▁coffee ▁at ▁home . ▁Pe et ' s ▁Coffee ▁kicked ▁off ▁a ▁nation wide ▁trend ▁in ▁special ty ▁coffee . ▁ ▁The ▁activ ist - oriented ▁Berkeley ▁Co - op ▁grocery ▁store ▁was ▁already ▁in ▁the ▁neighborhood , ▁focusing ▁on ▁natural ▁foods . ▁Also ▁nearby ▁were ▁several ▁neighborhood ▁but cher ▁shops ▁which ▁had ▁survived ▁the ▁trend ▁toward ▁consumers ▁buying ▁pre - pack aged ▁meat ▁in ▁a ▁grocery ▁store . ▁Into ▁this ▁mix , ▁cater ing ▁to ▁European ▁tastes ▁in ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁Pe et ' s , ▁the ▁Che ese ▁Board ▁was ▁founded ▁a ▁few ▁doors ▁down ▁from ▁Pe et ' s ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁by ▁academ ics ▁Elizabeth ▁and ▁S ah ag ▁A ved is ian , ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁sell ▁fine ▁che es es ▁while ▁they ▁studied . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁business ▁interrupted ▁their ▁studies , ▁so ▁the ▁A ved is ians ▁sold ▁the ▁store ▁to ▁their ▁six ▁employees ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁The ▁new ▁enterprise ▁was ▁formed ▁as ▁an ▁employee - owned ▁collective ▁and ▁renamed ▁the ▁Che ese ▁Board ▁Collect ive . ▁The ▁Che ese ▁Board ▁also ▁offered ▁local ▁che es es , ▁and ▁they ▁b aked ▁bread ▁because ▁the ▁combination ▁of ▁bread ▁and ▁cheese ▁was ▁a ▁classic . ▁The ▁sour d ough ▁bag u ette ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁at |
▁the ▁Che ese ▁Board ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ; ▁it ▁sold ▁very ▁well ▁along ▁with ▁soft ▁che es es . ▁ ▁Che z ▁Pan isse ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁by ▁U . C . ▁Berkeley ▁film ▁studies ▁professor ▁Paul ▁Ar at ow ▁and ▁Alice ▁Wat ers , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁language , ▁a ▁political ▁activ ist , ▁and ▁a ▁world ▁travel er . ▁The ▁restaurant ▁opened ▁in ▁an ▁Arts ▁and ▁Craft s - style ▁home ▁on ▁Sh att uck ▁Avenue , ▁and ▁featured ▁French - style ▁d inners ▁but ▁made ▁with ▁locally ▁grown ▁ingredients . ▁Wat ers ▁very ▁actively ▁promoted ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁an ▁alternate ▁network ▁of ▁food ▁suppliers ▁working ▁together ▁to ▁create ▁flavor ful ▁meals . ▁At ▁first , ▁Wat ers ▁used ▁ingredients ▁bought ▁at ▁the ▁Berkeley ▁Co - op ▁and ▁at ▁smaller ▁markets ▁around ▁Berkeley . ▁The ▁staff ▁for aged ▁for ▁ingredients ▁such ▁as ▁wild ▁black berries , ▁and ▁neighbors ▁brought ▁produce ▁grown ▁in ▁their ▁back y ards . ▁David ▁L ance ▁Go ines , ▁Wat ers ' ▁boyfriend ▁and ▁a ▁skilled ▁artist , ▁created ▁post ers ▁for ▁the ▁restaurant ▁and ▁other ▁G our met ▁G het to ▁businesses . ▁With ▁her ▁friends ▁including ▁film ▁scholars ▁Ar at ow ▁and ▁Tom ▁Lud dy , ▁Wat ers ▁effectively ▁ran ▁a ▁cul inary ▁sal on ▁at ▁Che z ▁Pan isse , ▁to ▁advocate ▁social ▁change ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁making ▁locally ▁sour ced ▁food ▁econom ically ▁viable . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 |
9 7 3 , ▁Wat ers ▁hired ▁Jer em iah ▁Tower ▁as ▁head ▁chef . ▁Tower ▁increased ▁the ▁focus ▁on ▁sal ads ▁and ▁local ▁food . ▁Tower ▁says ▁that ▁a ▁turning ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁focus ▁on ▁locally ▁sour ced ▁food ▁came ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁when ▁he ▁prepared ▁a ▁regional ▁menu ▁including ▁cream ▁corn ▁soup ▁made ▁in ▁a ▁Mend oc ino ▁style , ▁o yst ers ▁from ▁Tom ales ▁Bay , ▁cheese ▁from ▁S onom a , ▁and ▁California - g rown ▁fruits ▁and ▁nuts ▁purchased ▁at ▁a ▁farmer ' s ▁market ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁Victoria ▁W ise , ▁a ▁former ▁philosophy ▁student ▁and ▁Che z ▁Pan isse ' s ▁first ▁head ▁chef , ▁opened ▁P ig - by - the - T ail , ▁a ▁French - style ▁char cut erie , ▁across ▁the ▁street ▁from ▁Che z ▁Pan isse . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁Alice ▁Med rich ▁began ▁selling ▁her ▁chocolate ▁tr uff les ▁out ▁of ▁P ig - by - the - T ail ; ▁after ▁quickly ▁running ▁out ▁of ▁her ▁first ▁small ▁batch , ▁W ise ▁asked ▁Med rich ▁to ▁deliver ▁ 2 5 ▁dozen ▁every ▁day . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁an ▁American ▁c ra ze ▁for ▁chocolate ▁tr uff les . ▁Se eking ▁a ▁larger ▁space ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁the ▁Che ese ▁Board ▁Collect ive ▁moved ▁into ▁the ▁retail ▁space ▁next ▁to ▁W ise |
. ▁Down ▁Sh att uck ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁blocks ▁was ▁P ou let , ▁a ▁g our met ▁restaurant ▁which ▁featured ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Bruce ▁A id ells , ▁who ▁would ▁soon ▁be ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁novel ▁sa usage ▁flav ors . ▁Later , ▁A id ells ▁founded ▁his ▁own ▁sa usage ▁company . ▁Another ▁co - op , ▁the ▁Ju ice ▁Bar ▁Collect ive , ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁Med rich ▁opened ▁a ▁chocolate ▁and ▁dess ert ▁shop ▁named ▁C ocol at ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁block ▁as ▁Che z ▁Pan isse ▁and ▁P ig - by - the - T ail . ▁Med rich ' s ▁chocolate ▁tr uff les ▁were ▁somewhat ▁larger ▁and ▁l ump ier ▁than ▁their ▁French ▁cous ins ; ▁these ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁California ▁tr uff les . ▁W ise ▁says ▁that ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁C ocol at ▁was ▁a ▁catal yst , ▁that ▁it ▁" cin ched ▁the ▁whole ▁G our met ▁G het to ▁thing ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁Che z ▁Pan isse ▁opened ▁a ▁more ▁casual ▁dining ▁room ▁upstairs ▁from ▁the ▁original . ▁The ▁second ▁floor ▁ca fe ▁operated ▁almost ▁as ▁a ▁second ▁restaurant , ▁with ▁an ▁à ▁la ▁car te ▁menu ▁featuring ▁past a , ▁pizza ▁and ▁cal zone ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁table ▁d ' h ô te ▁/ ▁p rix ▁fix e ▁style ▁downstairs . ▁In ▁the ▁ca fe , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁California - style |
▁p izz as ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁a ▁prominent ▁wood - f ired ▁brick ▁oven , ▁using ▁unusual ▁to pp ings ▁such ▁as ▁go at ▁cheese ▁and ▁duck ▁sa usage . ▁The ▁ca fe ▁was ▁built ▁around ▁an ▁open ▁kitchen ▁plan ▁so ▁that ▁pat rons ▁could ▁watch ▁the ▁food ▁being ▁prepared . ▁Though ▁the ▁open ▁kitchen ▁plan ▁used ▁to ▁exhibit ▁the ▁preparation ▁of ▁food ▁had ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁several ▁other ▁premium ▁restaurants ▁( such ▁as ▁Johnny ▁Kan ' s ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ' s ▁Ch in at own ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁Four n ou ' s ▁O vens ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁and ▁Dep uy ▁Canal ▁House ▁in ▁High ▁Falls , ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ), ▁Che z ▁Pan isse ' s ▁implementation ▁of ▁the ▁concept ▁influenced ▁chef ▁Wol fg ang ▁P uck , ▁who ▁brought ▁it ▁much ▁wider ▁acceptance ▁beginning ▁with ▁his ▁Sp ago ▁restaurant ▁in ▁Bever ly ▁Hills . ▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁the ▁Berkeley ▁Co - op ▁grocery ▁store ▁offered ▁natural ▁foods ▁to ▁residents ▁and ▁che fs ▁of ▁the ▁G our met ▁G het to . ▁Next ▁door ▁was ▁the ▁French ▁Hotel ▁ca fe , ▁which ▁featured ▁c app uc ino ▁and ▁es press o ▁coffee . ▁ ▁Location ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁Sh att uck ▁Association , ▁the ▁G our met ▁G het to ▁business ▁district ▁runs ▁primarily ▁along ▁Sh att uck ▁Avenue , ▁with ▁some ▁shops ▁on ▁Wal |
nut ▁and ▁V ine ▁streets , ▁and ▁is ▁roughly ▁b ordered ▁by ▁Rose ▁Street ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁Del aware ▁Street ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁The ▁" G our met ▁G het to " ▁nick name ▁became ▁controversial ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁when ▁Nick ▁Cho , ▁co - owner ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁coffee ▁shop ▁in ▁the ▁neighborhood , ▁remarked ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Ber ke le yside ▁that ▁he ▁thought ▁it ▁was ▁an ▁in appropri ate , ▁offensive ▁name . ▁The ▁North ▁Sh att uck ▁Association , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁using ▁" G our met ▁G het to " ▁in ▁its ▁marketing , ▁deliber ated ▁and ▁decided ▁to ▁drop ▁the ▁phrase ▁and ▁remove ▁the ▁street - side ▁b anners ▁that ▁used ▁it . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Local ▁food ▁Berkeley ▁Student ▁Food ▁Collect ive ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁List ▁of ▁G our met ▁G het to ▁businesses , ▁SF Gate . com ▁ ▁Category : Culture ▁of ▁Berkeley , ▁California ▁Category : Rest aur ant ▁districts ▁and ▁streets ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Berkeley , ▁California ▁Category : Shop ping ▁districts ▁and ▁streets ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area ▁Category : F ood ▁and ▁drink ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area <0x0A> </s> ▁" Hey ▁Look ▁Ma , ▁I ▁Made ▁It " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Pan ic ! ▁at ▁the ▁Dis co ▁from ▁their ▁sixth ▁studio ▁album , ▁Pray ▁for ▁the ▁W icked , ▁through ▁F |
uel ed ▁by ▁Ram en ▁and ▁D CD 2 ▁Records . ▁It ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁band ▁member ▁Brend on ▁U rie ▁with ▁Michael ▁Angel ak os , ▁Sam ▁Holl ander , ▁Morgan ▁K ib by , ▁and ▁the ▁track ' s ▁producers ▁Jake ▁S incl air ▁and ▁D illon ▁Francis . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁made ▁available ▁via ▁album ▁release ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁serv iced ▁to ▁alternative ▁radio ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁and ▁US ▁contemporary ▁hit ▁radio ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁as ▁the ▁album ' s ▁third ▁single . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Together ▁with ▁Pan ic ! ▁at ▁the ▁Dis co ' s ▁previous ▁single , ▁" High ▁H opes ", ▁they ▁spent ▁a ▁record ▁ 6 5 ▁consecutive ▁weeks ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 ▁on ▁Bill boards ▁Hot ▁Rock ▁Songs ▁chart , ▁from ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁to ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Music ▁video ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁The ▁video ▁follows ▁a ▁pupp et ▁version ▁of ▁lead ▁singer ▁Brend on ▁U rie ▁in ▁his ▁journey ▁of ▁becoming ▁famous , ▁occasionally ▁cutting ▁to ▁the ▁real ▁U rie ▁performing ▁the ▁song . ▁After ▁signing ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁a ▁manager , ▁Brend on ▁lives ▁the ▁glory ▁of ▁being |
▁famous . ▁His ▁manager ▁then ▁introdu ces ▁him ▁to ▁drugs ▁and ▁he ▁becomes ▁add icted , ▁sending ▁his ▁life ▁into ▁a ▁tail spin ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁ro bb ed ▁and ▁beaten . ▁In ▁a ▁bathroom ▁mirror , ▁pupp et ▁U rie ▁enc ounters ▁the ▁real ▁Brend on , ▁who ▁ber ates ▁him . ▁P upp et ▁Brend on ▁slowly ▁rec o vers , ▁dump ing ▁his ▁drugs ▁into ▁the ▁toilet ▁and ▁taking ▁walks ▁on ▁the ▁beach . ▁The ▁real ▁U rie ▁fin ishes ▁the ▁song , ▁where up on ▁his ▁audience ▁is ▁revealed ▁to ▁be ▁pupp ets . ▁A ▁pupp et ▁version ▁of ▁Jimmy ▁Fall on ▁appears ▁on ▁stage ▁and ▁announ ces ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Pray ▁for ▁the ▁W icked , ▁holding ▁up ▁what ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁vin yl ▁of ▁the ▁album , ▁refer encing ▁Pan ic ! ▁at ▁the ▁Dis co ' s ▁performance ▁on ▁The ▁Ton ight ▁Show ▁Star ring ▁Jimmy ▁Fall on ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁performed ▁" S ay ▁A men ▁( S aturday ▁Night ) ". ▁The ▁manager ▁appears ▁and ▁throws ▁pupp et ▁Brend on ▁into ▁a ▁lif eless ▁pile ▁of ▁other ▁pupp ets . ▁ ▁The ▁clip ▁was ▁named ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁best ▁alternative ▁music ▁videos ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁i He art Radio . ▁ ▁Com position ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁key ▁of ▁F ▁major ▁with ▁a ▁tempo ▁of ▁ 1 0 8 ▁be ats ▁per ▁minute . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Bill board ▁described ▁it ▁as |
▁having ▁" a ▁vibr ant ▁energy " ▁and ▁" b right ▁melod ies ". ▁All Music ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁" s angu ine ▁club ▁jam " ▁and ▁having ▁" a ▁strong ▁hook ". ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁" Hey ▁Look ▁Ma , ▁I ▁Made ▁It " ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 6 , ▁becoming ▁the ▁band ' s ▁third ▁top ▁ 2 0 ▁hit ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁after ▁" I ▁Write ▁S ins ▁Not ▁Tr aged ies ", ▁and ▁" High ▁H opes ", ▁which ▁pe aked ▁at ▁numbers ▁ 7 , ▁and ▁ 4 ▁respectively ▁and ▁fourth ▁top ▁ 4 0 ▁hit ▁overall . ▁After ▁a ▁record ▁ 3 4 ▁weeks ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 ▁on ▁Bill boards ▁Hot ▁Rock ▁Songs ▁chart ▁with ▁" High ▁H opes ", ▁" Hey ▁Look ▁Ma , ▁I ▁Made ▁It " ▁rel ented ▁the ▁top ▁spot ▁on ▁the ▁July ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁ranking ▁ ▁reign ing ▁for ▁ 1 1 ▁weeks . ▁With ▁the ▁two ▁songs , ▁Pan ic ! ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁lead ▁Hot ▁Rock ▁Songs ▁for ▁a ▁record ▁total ▁of ▁ 7 6 ▁( con secut ive ) ▁weeks , ▁after ▁" High ▁H opes " ▁re claimed ▁the ▁top ▁spot ▁from ▁" Hey ▁Look ▁Ma , ▁I ▁Made ▁It " ▁for ▁another ▁ 3 1 ▁weeks , ▁until ▁the ▁run ▁ended ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁being ▁d |
eth ron ed ▁by ▁Twenty ▁One ▁Pil ots ' ▁" Level ▁of ▁Con c ern ". ▁This ▁distinction ▁was ▁previously ▁held ▁by ▁Imagine ▁Drag ons ▁( 5 2 ▁straight ▁weeks , ▁from ▁November ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁– ▁November ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁and ▁Twenty ▁One ▁Pil ots ▁( 4 4 ; ▁May ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ). ▁Pan ic !' s ▁switch ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 ▁marked ▁the ▁sixth ▁time ▁that ▁an ▁act ▁had ▁replaced ▁itself ▁at op ▁Hot ▁Rock ▁Songs , ▁which ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Twenty ▁One ▁Pil ots ▁first ▁traded ▁spots ▁with ▁" R ide " ▁replacing ▁" St ressed ▁Out ", ▁followed ▁by ▁" He at hens " ▁us ur ping ▁" R ide ". ▁Imagine ▁Drag ons ▁then ▁landed ▁three ▁straight ▁leaders ▁over ▁a ▁year - long ▁period , ▁with ▁" Th under " ▁replaced ▁by ▁" Wh atever ▁It ▁T akes "; ▁" Th under " ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁number ▁ 1 ▁before ▁being ▁succeeded ▁by ▁" N at ural ". ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Week ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Year - end ▁charts ▁ ▁Dec ade - end ▁charts ▁ ▁Cert ifications ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁singles ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁songs ▁Category : F unk ▁songs ▁Category : Pan ic ! ▁at ▁the ▁Dis co ▁songs ▁Category |
: S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Morgan ▁K ib by ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁D illon ▁Francis ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Brend on ▁U rie ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Michael ▁Angel ak os ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Sam ▁Holl ander ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Jake ▁S incl air ▁( s ong writer ) <0x0A> </s> ▁F ult on ▁Township ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁F ult on ▁Township , ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁Arkansas , ▁in ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁Arkansas ▁ ▁F ult on ▁Township , ▁Wh ites ide ▁County , ▁Illinois ▁ ▁F ult on ▁Township , ▁F ount ain ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁ ▁F ult on ▁Township , ▁Mus cat ine ▁County , ▁Iowa ▁ ▁F ult on ▁Township , ▁Web ster ▁County , ▁Iowa ▁ ▁F ult on ▁Township , ▁Michigan ▁ ▁F ult on ▁Township , ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁ ▁F ult on ▁Township , ▁Lanc aster ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁Category : T own ship ▁name ▁dis ambigu ation ▁pages <0x0A> </s> ▁My ops y che ▁pun ctic inct a ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁sub family ▁Ar ct i ina e . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁William ▁Jacob ▁Holland ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁and ▁Gab on . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ar ct i ina e ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 |
9 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁green - b illed ▁m alk oh a ▁( P ha en ic op ha e us ▁tr ist is ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁non - par as it ic ▁c uck oo ▁found ▁throughout ▁Indian ▁Sub contin ent ▁and ▁Sout heast ▁Asia . ▁The ▁birds ▁are ▁w axy ▁bl u ish ▁black ▁with ▁a ▁long ▁graduated ▁tail ▁with ▁white ▁tips ▁to ▁the ▁tail ▁fe athers . ▁The ▁bill ▁is ▁prominent ▁and ▁cur ved . ▁These ▁birds ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁dry ▁scrub ▁and ▁thin ▁forests . ▁ ▁Description ▁Green - b illed ▁m alk oh a ▁is ▁about ▁ 5 0 – 6 0 ▁cm ▁cent imet res ▁long ▁and ▁weigh s ▁ 1 0 0 – 1 2 8 ▁g . ▁It ▁often ▁has ▁a ▁clear ▁white ▁board er ▁to ▁the ▁red ▁face ▁patch ▁sal ty ▁grey ▁on ▁the ▁face ▁and ▁neck . ▁Adult ▁green - b illed ▁m alk oh a ▁has ▁dark ▁grey ▁with ▁green ▁gl oss ▁above , ▁o ily ▁green ▁wings . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁Its ▁breed ing ▁habitat ▁is ▁Primary ▁forest , ▁second ▁growth , ▁dense ▁thick ets , ▁scrub , ▁cultiv ated ▁areas , ▁rubber ▁plant ations ▁across ▁south ▁Asia ▁east ▁from ▁Nep al , ▁India , ▁and ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁to ▁the ▁Sout heast ▁Asia . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁green - b illed ▁m alk oh a ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Eastern ▁H imal aya |
▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Nep al ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁India ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Sout heast ▁Asia ▁green - b illed ▁m alk oh a ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁video ▁cl ips <0x0A> </s> ▁María ▁D ign a ▁Coll az o ▁y ▁del ▁Cast illo ▁was ▁a ▁Cub an ▁mid w ife , ▁essay ist , ▁editor , ▁suff rag ist , ▁and ▁femin ist ▁activ ist . ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁architect s ▁of ▁Cuba ' s ▁women ' s ▁suff rage ▁campaign ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 s , ▁along ▁with ▁Am alia ▁Mall én ▁and ▁A í da ▁Pel á ez ▁de ▁Villa ▁U rr ut ia . ▁To ▁this ▁end , ▁she ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁organizations ▁that ▁sought ▁to ▁allow ▁women ▁to ▁vote ▁in ▁her ▁country , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Cub an ▁S uff rag ists ▁( 1 9 1 2 ) ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁S uff rag ist ▁Party ▁( 1 9 1 3 ) ▁– ▁of ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁vice ▁president . ▁Furthermore , ▁together ▁with ▁Carm en ▁Vel ac or ach o ▁de ▁L ara , ▁she ▁founded ▁the ▁Fem in ist ▁Party ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁D ign a ▁Coll az o ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁nas cent ▁Mid w ives ' ▁Association ▁of ▁Cuba ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁an ▁entity ▁which ▁enabled ▁the ▁comp uls ory ▁lic ensing ▁of |
▁this ▁type ▁of ▁professional . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁magazine ▁El ▁Am igo ▁( 1 9 0 0 ) ▁and ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁period ical ▁El ▁Su frag ista ▁( 1 9 1 3 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C ub an ▁ed itors ▁Category : C ub an ▁suff rag ists ▁Category : C ub an ▁women ▁essay ists ▁Category : C ub an ▁mid w ives ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁Mus cles ▁▁ ▁The ▁later al ▁comp artment ▁of ▁the ▁leg ▁contains : ▁ ▁F ib ular is ▁long us ▁ ▁F ib ular is ▁bre vis ▁ ▁Action ▁▁ ▁Foot ▁e vert ors ▁ ▁Foot ▁plant ar flex ion ▁ ▁N erve ▁Supp ly ▁▁ ▁The ▁later al ▁comp artment ▁of ▁the ▁leg ▁is ▁supplied ▁by ▁the ▁super f icial ▁fib ular ▁nerve ▁( super f icial ▁per one al ▁nerve ). ▁ ▁Blood ▁Supp ly ▁▁ ▁Its ▁pro x imal ▁and ▁dist al ▁ar ter ial ▁supply ▁consists ▁of ▁per for ating ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁posterior ▁t ib ial ▁ar tery ▁and ▁fib ular ▁ar tery . ▁ ▁Additional ▁images ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁F asc ial ▁comp art ments ▁of ▁leg ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Di agram ▁at ▁patient care online . com ▁ ▁Category : Mus cles ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁lim b <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Why te ▁( Jan uary ▁ 6 , ▁ |
1 7 8 7 – N ovember ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 8 4 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Tennessee ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁from ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁to ▁ 1 8 3 4 . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁W ig ton shire , ▁Scotland , ▁Why te ' s ▁parents ▁intended ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁ministry , ▁and ▁with ▁that ▁end ▁in ▁view ▁he ▁was ▁highly ▁educated ▁at ▁Edinburgh . ▁He ▁asked ▁his ▁parents ▁permission ▁to ▁pursue ▁a ▁different ▁profess ions , ▁and ▁when ▁they ▁refused , ▁Why te ▁he ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁America . ▁He ▁reported ly ▁taught ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁languages ▁in ▁William ▁and ▁Mary ▁College , ▁although ▁the ▁accuracy ▁of ▁this ▁account ▁is ▁disput ed . ▁He ▁studied ▁law , ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁North ▁Carolina ▁to ▁practice , ▁and ▁having ▁been ▁licensed ▁to ▁practice ▁law ▁in ▁Tennessee ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 0 2 , ▁moved ▁to ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee , ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁Why te ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Tennessee ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁to ▁succeed ▁John ▁Over ton . ▁In ▁October ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁Why te ▁" n arrow ly ▁won ▁election ▁by ▁the ▁General ▁Assembly ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁seat ", ▁and ▁then ▁served ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 4 , ▁his ▁eighteen ▁year ▁term ▁of ▁service ▁being ▁longest ▁on ▁the ▁court ▁to ▁that ▁point , ▁and ▁one ▁rarely ▁sur pass ed ▁there after . |
▁During ▁his ▁ten ure , ▁Why te ▁was ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁Court ' s ▁fore most ▁advoc ates ▁of ▁English ▁law ▁as ▁providing ▁guidance ". ▁His ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁court ▁was ▁describe ▁by ▁The ▁Green ▁Bag ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁re organ ization ▁of ▁the ▁court ▁after ▁the ▁adoption ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 4 , ▁adv ancing ▁years ▁and ▁the ▁possession ▁of ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁large ▁fortune ▁dis incl ined ▁him ▁to ▁further ▁jud icial ▁work ; ▁and ▁he ▁retired . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T ennessee ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁just ices ▁Category : 1 7 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 4 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : U . S . ▁state ▁sup reme ▁court ▁judges ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁law ▁by ▁reading ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁( origin ally ▁designated ▁P ione er ▁F ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁space ▁probe , ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁and ▁weigh ing ▁, ▁that ▁completed ▁the ▁first ▁mission ▁to ▁the ▁planet ▁J upiter . ▁There after , ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁five ▁artificial ▁objects ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁escape ▁velocity ▁that ▁will ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁Solar ▁System . ▁This ▁space ▁exploration ▁project ▁was ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁NASA ▁Am es ▁Research ▁Center ▁in ▁California , ▁and ▁the ▁space ▁probe ▁was ▁manufactured ▁by ▁TR W ▁Inc . ▁ ▁P |
ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁was ▁assembled ▁around ▁a ▁hex agonal ▁bus ▁with ▁a ▁ ▁diameter ▁par ab olic ▁dish ▁high - gain ▁anten na , ▁and ▁the ▁space craft ▁was ▁spin ▁stabil ized ▁around ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁the ▁anten na . ▁Its ▁electric ▁power ▁was ▁supplied ▁by ▁four ▁radio is ot ope ▁therm oe lect ric ▁gener ators ▁that ▁provided ▁a ▁combined ▁ 1 5 5 ▁w atts ▁at ▁launch . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁by ▁an ▁Atl as - Cent aur ▁expend able ▁vehicle ▁from ▁Cape ▁C ana ver al , ▁Florida . ▁Between ▁July ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁and ▁February ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁space craft ▁to ▁tra verse ▁the ▁aster oid ▁belt . ▁Phot ography ▁of ▁J upiter ▁began ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁at ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁about ▁ 5 0 0 ▁images ▁were ▁trans mitted . ▁The ▁closest ▁approach ▁to ▁the ▁planet ▁was ▁on ▁December ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁at ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁. ▁During ▁the ▁mission , ▁the ▁on - board ▁instruments ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁aster oid ▁belt , ▁the ▁environment ▁around ▁J upiter , ▁the ▁solar ▁wind , ▁cos mic ▁r ays , ▁and ▁eventually ▁the ▁far ▁reaches ▁of ▁the ▁Solar ▁System ▁and ▁he li os phere . ▁ ▁Radio ▁communications ▁were ▁lost ▁with |
▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁electric ▁power ▁for ▁its ▁radio ▁transmit ter , ▁with ▁the ▁probe ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ ▁from ▁Earth . ▁ ▁Mission ▁background ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁American ▁a eros pace ▁engineer ▁Gary ▁F land ro ▁of ▁the ▁NASA ▁Jet ▁Prop ulsion ▁Labor atory ▁con ceived ▁of ▁a ▁mission , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Plan etary ▁Grand ▁Tour , ▁that ▁would ▁explo it ▁a ▁rare ▁alignment ▁of ▁the ▁outer ▁planets ▁of ▁the ▁Solar ▁System . ▁This ▁mission ▁would ▁ultimately ▁be ▁accomplished ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁by ▁the ▁two ▁V oy ager ▁prob es , ▁but ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁prepare ▁for ▁it , ▁NASA ▁decided ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁to ▁experiment ▁with ▁launch ing ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁prob es ▁to ▁the ▁outer ▁Solar ▁System . ▁An ▁advoc acy ▁group ▁named ▁the ▁Out er ▁Space ▁Panel ▁and ▁cha ired ▁by ▁American ▁space ▁scientist ▁James ▁A . ▁Van ▁Allen , ▁worked ▁out ▁the ▁scientific ▁r ationale ▁for ▁exploring ▁the ▁outer ▁planets . ▁NASA ▁God d ard ▁Space fl ight ▁Center ▁put ▁together ▁a ▁proposal ▁for ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁" G al actic ▁J upiter ▁Pro bes " ▁that ▁would ▁pass ▁through ▁the ▁aster oid ▁belt ▁and ▁visit ▁J upiter . ▁These ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁during ▁favor able |
▁windows ▁that ▁occurred ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁weeks ▁every ▁ 1 3 ▁months . ▁La unch ▁during ▁other ▁time ▁intervals ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁more ▁cost ly ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁prop ell ant ▁requirements . ▁ ▁Appro ved ▁by ▁NASA ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁the ▁twin ▁space craft ▁were ▁designated ▁P ione er ▁F ▁and ▁P ione er ▁G ▁before ▁launch ; ▁later ▁they ▁were ▁named ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁P ione er ▁ 1 1 . ▁They ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁P ione er ▁program , ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁unm anned ▁space ▁missions ▁launched ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁This ▁model ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁to ▁be ▁designed ▁for ▁exploring ▁the ▁outer ▁Solar ▁System . ▁Based ▁on ▁multiple ▁proposals ▁issued ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁the ▁early ▁mission ▁objectives ▁were ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁inter plan etary ▁medium ▁past ▁the ▁orbit ▁of ▁Mars , ▁study ▁the ▁aster oid ▁belt ▁and ▁assess ▁the ▁possible ▁haz ard ▁to ▁space craft ▁traveling ▁through ▁the ▁belt , ▁and ▁explore ▁J upiter ▁and ▁its ▁environment . ▁Later ▁development - stage ▁objectives ▁included ▁the ▁probe ▁closely ▁approaching ▁J upiter ▁to ▁provide ▁data ▁on ▁the ▁effect ▁the ▁environmental ▁radiation ▁surrounding ▁J upiter ▁would ▁have ▁on ▁the ▁space craft ▁instruments . ▁ ▁More ▁than ▁ 1 5 0 ▁scientific ▁experiments ▁were ▁proposed ▁for ▁the ▁missions . ▁The ▁experiments ▁to ▁be ▁carried ▁on ▁the ▁space craft ▁were ▁selected ▁in ▁a ▁series |
▁of ▁planning ▁sessions ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁then ▁were ▁final ized ▁by ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁These ▁would ▁be ▁to ▁perform ▁imag ing ▁and ▁polar imet ry ▁of ▁J upiter ▁and ▁several ▁of ▁its ▁satell ites , ▁make ▁in fr ared ▁and ▁ul tr av iolet ▁observations ▁of ▁J upiter , ▁detect ▁aster oids ▁and ▁met e or oids , ▁determine ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁charged ▁particles , ▁and ▁to ▁measure ▁magnetic ▁fields , ▁plasma , ▁cos mic ▁r ays ▁and ▁the ▁Z od iac al ▁Light . ▁Observ ation ▁of ▁the ▁space craft ▁communications ▁as ▁it ▁passed ▁behind ▁J upiter ▁would ▁allow ▁measurements ▁of ▁the ▁planet ary ▁atmosphere , ▁while ▁tracking ▁data ▁would ▁improve ▁estimates ▁of ▁the ▁mass ▁of ▁J upiter ▁and ▁its ▁mo ons . ▁ ▁NASA ▁Am es ▁Research ▁Center , ▁rather ▁than ▁God d ard , ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁project ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁P ione er ▁program . ▁The ▁Am es ▁Research ▁Center , ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Charles ▁F . ▁Hall , ▁was ▁chosen ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁previous ▁experience ▁with ▁spin - st abil ized ▁space craft . ▁The ▁requirements ▁called ▁for ▁a ▁small , ▁light weight ▁space craft ▁which ▁was ▁magnet ically ▁clean ▁and ▁which ▁could ▁perform ▁an ▁inter plan etary ▁mission . ▁It ▁was ▁to ▁use ▁space craft ▁modules ▁that ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁proven ▁in ▁the ▁P ione er ▁ 6 ▁through ▁ 9 ▁missions . ▁Am es ▁commissioned ▁a ▁documentary ▁film ▁by ▁George ▁Van ▁V |
alk enburg ▁titled ▁" J upiter ▁Od ys sey ". ▁It ▁received ▁numerous ▁international ▁awards , ▁and ▁is ▁visible ▁on ▁Van ▁V alk enburg ' s ▁YouTube ▁channel . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁Am es ▁awarded ▁a ▁combined ▁$ 3 8 0 ▁million ▁contract ▁to ▁TR W ▁for ▁building ▁both ▁of ▁the ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁vehicles , ▁by pass ing ▁the ▁usual ▁b idding ▁process ▁to ▁save ▁time . ▁B . ▁J . ▁O ' B rien ▁and ▁Her b ▁L assen ▁led ▁the ▁TR W ▁team ▁that ▁assembled ▁the ▁space craft . ▁Design ▁and ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁space craft ▁required ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 2 5 ▁million ▁man - h ours . ▁ ▁An ▁engineer ▁from ▁TR W ▁said ▁" This ▁space craft ▁is ▁guaranteed ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁inter plan etary ▁flight . ▁If ▁any ▁component ▁fails ▁within ▁that ▁warranty ▁period , ▁just ▁return ▁the ▁space craft ▁to ▁our ▁shop ▁and ▁we ▁will ▁repair ▁it ▁free ▁of ▁charge ." ▁ ▁To ▁meet ▁the ▁schedule , ▁the ▁first ▁launch ▁would ▁need ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁between ▁February ▁ 2 9 ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 7 ▁so ▁that ▁it ▁could ▁arrive ▁at ▁J upiter ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁This ▁was ▁later ▁rev ised ▁to ▁an ▁arrival ▁date ▁of ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁conflicts ▁with ▁other ▁missions ▁over ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Deep ▁Space ▁Network ▁for ▁communications , ▁and ▁to ▁miss ▁the ▁period ▁when |
▁Earth ▁and ▁J upiter ▁would ▁be ▁at ▁opposite ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁Sun . ▁The ▁encounter ▁traject ory ▁for ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁maxim ize ▁the ▁information ▁returned ▁about ▁the ▁radiation ▁environment ▁around ▁J upiter , ▁even ▁if ▁this ▁caused ▁damage ▁to ▁some ▁systems . ▁It ▁would ▁come ▁within ▁about ▁three ▁times ▁the ▁radius ▁of ▁the ▁planet , ▁which ▁was ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁closest ▁it ▁could ▁approach ▁and ▁still ▁survive ▁the ▁radiation . ▁The ▁traject ory ▁chosen ▁would ▁give ▁the ▁space craft ▁a ▁good ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁sun lit ▁side . ▁ ▁Space craft ▁design ▁ ▁The ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁bus ▁measures ▁ ▁deep ▁and ▁with ▁six ▁ ▁long ▁panels ▁forming ▁the ▁hex agonal ▁structure . ▁The ▁bus ▁houses ▁prop ell ant ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁orientation ▁of ▁the ▁probe ▁and ▁eight ▁of ▁the ▁eleven ▁scientific ▁instruments . ▁The ▁equipment ▁comp artment ▁lay ▁within ▁an ▁alumin um ▁honey comb ▁structure ▁to ▁provide ▁protection ▁from ▁met e or oids . ▁A ▁layer ▁of ▁ins ulation , ▁consisting ▁of ▁alumin ized ▁my lar ▁and ▁kap ton ▁blank ets , ▁provides ▁passive ▁thermal ▁control . ▁Heat ▁was ▁generated ▁by ▁the ▁diss ip ation ▁of ▁ 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 2 0 ▁w atts ▁( W ) ▁from ▁the ▁electrical ▁components ▁inside ▁the ▁comp artment . ▁The ▁heat ▁range ▁was ▁maintained ▁within ▁the ▁operating ▁limits ▁of ▁the ▁equipment ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁lou vers ▁located ▁below ▁the ▁mount ing ▁platform . ▁The ▁space craft ▁had ▁a ▁launch ▁mass ▁of ▁about |
▁. ▁ ▁At ▁launch , ▁the ▁space craft ▁carried ▁ ▁of ▁liquid ▁hyd raz ine ▁mon op rop ell ant ▁in ▁a ▁ ▁diameter ▁spher ical ▁tank . ▁O rient ation ▁of ▁the ▁space craft ▁is ▁maintained ▁with ▁six ▁ 4 . 5 ▁N , ▁hyd raz ine ▁thr usters ▁mounted ▁in ▁three ▁pairs . ▁P air ▁one ▁maintained ▁a ▁constant ▁spin - rate ▁of ▁ 4 . 8 ▁r pm , ▁pair ▁two ▁controlled ▁the ▁forward ▁thrust , ▁and ▁pair ▁three ▁controlled ▁the ▁attitude . ▁The ▁attitude ▁pair ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁con ical ▁sc anning ▁man eu vers ▁to ▁track ▁Earth ▁in ▁its ▁orbit . ▁O rient ation ▁information ▁was ▁also ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁star ▁sensor ▁able ▁to ▁reference ▁Can op us , ▁and ▁two ▁Sun ▁sensors . ▁ ▁Power ▁and ▁communications ▁ ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁uses ▁four ▁SN AP - 1 9 ▁radio is ot ope ▁therm oe lect ric ▁gener ators ▁( RT G s ). ▁They ▁are ▁positioned ▁on ▁two ▁three - rod ▁tr uss es , ▁each ▁ ▁in ▁length ▁and ▁ 1 2 0 ▁degrees ▁apart . ▁This ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁safe ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁sensitive ▁scientific ▁experiments ▁carried ▁on ▁board . ▁Comb ined , ▁the ▁RT G s ▁provided ▁ 1 5 5 W ▁at ▁launch , ▁and ▁decay ed ▁to ▁ 1 4 0 W ▁in ▁transit ▁to ▁J upiter . ▁The ▁space craft ▁required ▁ 1 0 0 W ▁to ▁power ▁all ▁systems . ▁The ▁gener |
ators ▁are ▁powered ▁by ▁the ▁radio is ot ope ▁fuel ▁pl ut on ium - 2 3 8 , ▁which ▁is ▁hous ed ▁in ▁a ▁multi - layer ▁caps ule ▁protected ▁by ▁a ▁graph ite ▁heat ▁shield . ▁ ▁The ▁pre - la unch ▁requirement ▁for ▁the ▁SN AP - 1 9 ▁was ▁to ▁provide ▁power ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁in ▁space ; ▁this ▁was ▁greatly ▁exceed ed ▁during ▁the ▁mission . ▁The ▁pl ut on ium - 2 3 8 ▁has ▁a ▁half - life ▁of ▁ 8 7 . 7 4 ▁years , ▁so ▁that ▁after ▁ 2 9 ▁years ▁the ▁radiation ▁being ▁generated ▁by ▁the ▁RT G s ▁was ▁at ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁its ▁intensity ▁at ▁launch . ▁However , ▁steady ▁deter ior ation ▁of ▁the ▁therm oc ou ple ▁jun ctions ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁more ▁rapid ▁decay ▁in ▁electrical ▁power ▁generation , ▁and ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁the ▁total ▁power ▁output ▁was ▁ 6 5 W . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁mission ▁only ▁selected ▁instruments ▁could ▁be ▁operated ▁at ▁any ▁one ▁time . ▁ ▁The ▁space ▁probe ▁includes ▁a ▁redu nd ant ▁system ▁of ▁trans ce ivers , ▁one ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁narrow - be am , ▁high - gain ▁anten na , ▁the ▁other ▁to ▁an ▁om ni - anten na ▁and ▁medium - gain ▁anten na . ▁The ▁par ab olic ▁dish ▁for ▁the ▁high - gain ▁anten na ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁diameter ▁and ▁made ▁from ▁an ▁alumin um ▁honey |
comb ▁sandwich ▁material . ▁The ▁space craft ▁was ▁spun ▁about ▁an ▁axis ▁that ▁is ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁this ▁anten na ▁so ▁that ▁it ▁could ▁remain ▁orient ed ▁toward ▁the ▁Earth . ▁Each ▁trans ceiver ▁is ▁an ▁ 8 W ▁one ▁and ▁transm its ▁data ▁across ▁the ▁S - band ▁using ▁ 2 1 1 0 M Hz ▁for ▁the ▁u pl ink ▁from ▁Earth ▁and ▁ 2 2 9 2 M Hz ▁for ▁the ▁down link ▁to ▁Earth ▁with ▁the ▁Deep ▁Space ▁Network ▁tracking ▁the ▁signal . ▁Data ▁to ▁be ▁trans mitted ▁is ▁passed ▁through ▁a ▁conv olut ional ▁enc oder ▁so ▁that ▁most ▁communication ▁errors ▁could ▁be ▁corrected ▁by ▁the ▁receiving ▁equipment ▁on ▁Earth . ▁The ▁data ▁transmission ▁rate ▁at ▁launch ▁was ▁ 2 5 6 bit / s , ▁with ▁the ▁rate ▁de grad ing ▁by ▁about ▁− 1 . 2 7 mill ib it / s ▁for ▁each ▁day ▁during ▁the ▁mission . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁computation ▁for ▁the ▁mission ▁is ▁performed ▁on ▁Earth ▁and ▁trans mitted ▁to ▁the ▁space craft , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁retain ▁in ▁memory ▁up ▁to ▁five ▁commands ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 2 2 ▁possible ▁entries ▁by ▁ground ▁cont rollers . ▁The ▁space craft ▁includes ▁two ▁command ▁dec od ers ▁and ▁a ▁command ▁distribution ▁unit , ▁a ▁very ▁limited ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁processor , ▁to ▁direct ▁operations ▁on ▁the ▁space craft . ▁This ▁system ▁requires ▁that ▁mission ▁operators ▁prepare ▁commands ▁long ▁in ▁advance ▁of ▁transm itting |
▁them ▁to ▁the ▁probe . ▁A ▁data ▁storage ▁unit ▁is ▁included ▁to ▁record ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 , 1 4 4 ▁bytes ▁of ▁information ▁gathered ▁by ▁the ▁instruments . ▁The ▁digital ▁tele metry ▁unit ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁prepare ▁the ▁collected ▁data ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁thirteen ▁possible ▁formats ▁before ▁transm itting ▁it ▁back ▁to ▁Earth . ▁ ▁Scient ific ▁instruments ▁ ▁Mission ▁profile ▁ ▁La unch ▁and ▁traject ory ▁ ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁at ▁ 0 1 : 4 9 : 0 0 ▁UTC ▁( M arch ▁ 2 ▁local ▁time ) ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁A eron aut ics ▁and ▁Space ▁Administration ▁from ▁Space ▁La unch ▁Complex ▁ 3 6 A ▁in ▁Florida , ▁aboard ▁an ▁Atl as - Cent aur ▁launch ▁vehicle . ▁The ▁third ▁stage ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁solid ▁fuel ▁TE 3 6 4 - 4 ▁developed ▁specifically ▁for ▁the ▁P ione er ▁missions . ▁This ▁stage ▁provided ▁about ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁pounds ▁of ▁thrust ▁and ▁spun ▁up ▁the ▁space craft . ▁The ▁space craft ▁had ▁an ▁initial ▁spin ▁rate ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁r pm . ▁Twenty ▁minutes ▁following ▁the ▁launch , ▁the ▁vehicle ' s ▁three ▁bo oms ▁were ▁extended , ▁which ▁slowed ▁the ▁rotation ▁rate ▁to ▁ 4 . 8 ▁r pm . ▁This ▁rate ▁was ▁maintained ▁throughout ▁the ▁voyage . ▁The ▁launch ▁vehicle ▁acceler ated ▁the ▁probe ▁for ▁net ▁interval ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁minutes , ▁reaching ▁a |
▁velocity ▁of ▁ 5 1 , 6 8 2 km / h ▁( 3 2 , 1 1 4 m ph ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁high - gain ▁anten na ▁was ▁contacted , ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁instruments ▁were ▁activated ▁for ▁testing ▁while ▁the ▁space craft ▁was ▁moving ▁through ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁radiation ▁bel ts . ▁Nin ety ▁minutes ▁after ▁launch , ▁the ▁space craft ▁reached ▁inter plan etary ▁space . ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁passed ▁by ▁the ▁Moon ▁in ▁ 1 1 ▁hours ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁fastest ▁human - made ▁object ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁Two ▁days ▁after ▁launch , ▁the ▁scientific ▁instruments ▁were ▁turned ▁on , ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁cos mic ▁ray ▁teles cope . ▁After ▁ten ▁days , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁instruments ▁were ▁active . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁seven ▁months ▁of ▁the ▁journey , ▁the ▁space craft ▁made ▁three - course ▁corrections . ▁The ▁on - board ▁instruments ▁under w ent ▁check outs , ▁with ▁the ▁phot om eters ▁exam ining ▁J upiter ▁and ▁the ▁Z od iac al ▁light , ▁and ▁experiment ▁packages ▁being ▁used ▁to ▁measure ▁cos mic ▁r ays , ▁magnetic ▁fields ▁and ▁the ▁solar ▁wind . ▁The ▁only ▁anom aly ▁during ▁this ▁interval ▁was ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁Can op us ▁sensor , ▁which ▁instead ▁required ▁the ▁space craft ▁to ▁maintain ▁its ▁orientation ▁using ▁the ▁two ▁Sun ▁sensors . ▁ ▁While ▁passing ▁through ▁inter plan etary ▁medium , ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁mission ▁to ▁detect ▁inter |
plan etary ▁atoms ▁of ▁he li um . ▁It ▁also ▁observed ▁high - energy ▁ ions ▁of ▁alumin um ▁and ▁sod ium ▁in ▁the ▁solar ▁wind . ▁The ▁space craft ▁recorded ▁important ▁he li oph ys ics ▁data ▁in ▁early ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁by ▁register ing ▁a ▁solar ▁shock ▁wave ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 2 . 2 ▁AU . ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁space craft ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁aster oid ▁belt , ▁located ▁between ▁the ▁or bits ▁of ▁Mars ▁and ▁J upiter . ▁The ▁project ▁pl anners ▁expected ▁a ▁safe ▁passage ▁through ▁the ▁belt , ▁and ▁the ▁closest ▁the ▁traject ory ▁would ▁take ▁the ▁space craft ▁to ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁known ▁aster oids ▁was ▁. ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁nearest ▁approaches ▁was ▁to ▁the ▁aster oid ▁ 3 0 7 ▁N ike ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁on - board ▁experiments ▁demonstrated ▁a ▁def iciency ▁of ▁particles ▁below ▁a ▁mic rom eter ▁( μ m ) ▁in ▁the ▁belt , ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁the ▁Earth . ▁The ▁density ▁of ▁dust ▁particles ▁between ▁ 1 0 – 1 0 0 μ m ▁did ▁not ▁vary ▁significantly ▁during ▁the ▁trip ▁from ▁the ▁Earth ▁to ▁the ▁outer ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁belt . ▁Only ▁for ▁particles ▁with ▁a ▁diameter ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 μ m ▁to ▁ 1 . |
0 mm ▁did ▁the ▁density ▁show ▁an ▁increase , ▁by ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁three ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁belt . ▁No ▁fragments ▁larger ▁than ▁a ▁mill imeter ▁were ▁observed ▁in ▁the ▁belt , ▁indicating ▁these ▁are ▁likely ▁rare ; ▁certainly ▁much ▁less ▁common ▁than ▁anticipated . ▁As ▁the ▁space craft ▁did ▁not ▁coll ide ▁with ▁any ▁particles ▁of ▁substantial ▁size , ▁it ▁passed ▁safely ▁through ▁the ▁belt , ▁emerging ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁about ▁February ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁En counter ▁with ▁J upiter ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁space craft ▁was ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ ▁from ▁J upiter . ▁Test ing ▁of ▁the ▁imag ing ▁system ▁began , ▁and ▁the ▁data ▁were ▁successfully ▁received ▁back ▁at ▁the ▁Deep ▁Space ▁Network . ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁ 1 6 , 0 0 0 ▁commands ▁were ▁then ▁upload ed ▁to ▁the ▁space craft ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁fly by ▁operations ▁during ▁the ▁next ▁sixty ▁days . ▁The ▁orbit ▁of ▁the ▁outer ▁moon ▁Sin ope ▁was ▁crossed ▁on ▁November ▁ 8 . ▁The ▁bow ▁shock ▁of ▁J upiter ' s ▁magnet os phere ▁was ▁reached ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 6 , ▁as ▁indicated ▁by ▁a ▁drop ▁in ▁the ▁velocity ▁of ▁the ▁solar ▁wind ▁from ▁ ▁to ▁. ▁The ▁magnet op ause ▁was ▁passed ▁through ▁a ▁day ▁later . ▁The ▁space craft ▁instruments ▁confirmed ▁that ▁the ▁magnetic ▁field ▁of ▁J upiter ▁was ▁in verted |
▁compared ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁Earth . ▁By ▁the ▁ 2 9 th , ▁the ▁or bits ▁of ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁outer most ▁mo ons ▁had ▁been ▁passed ▁and ▁the ▁space craft ▁was ▁operating ▁flaw lessly . ▁ ▁Red ▁and ▁blue ▁pictures ▁of ▁J upiter ▁were ▁being ▁generated ▁by ▁the ▁imag ing ▁phot op olar imeter ▁as ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁space craft ▁carried ▁the ▁instrument ' s ▁field ▁of ▁view ▁past ▁the ▁planet . ▁These ▁red ▁and ▁blue ▁colors ▁were ▁combined ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁synthetic ▁green ▁image , ▁allowing ▁a ▁three - color ▁combination ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁rendered ▁image . ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁twelve ▁such ▁images ▁were ▁received ▁back ▁on ▁Earth . ▁By ▁December ▁ 2 , ▁the ▁image ▁quality ▁exceed ed ▁the ▁best ▁images ▁made ▁from ▁Earth . ▁These ▁were ▁being ▁displayed ▁in ▁real - time ▁back ▁on ▁Earth , ▁and ▁the ▁P ione er ▁program ▁would ▁later ▁receive ▁an ▁Em my ▁award ▁for ▁this ▁presentation ▁to ▁the ▁media . ▁The ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁space craft ▁produced ▁geometric ▁dist ort ions ▁that ▁later ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁corrected ▁by ▁computer ▁processing . ▁During ▁the ▁encounter , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 0 ▁images ▁were ▁trans mitted . ▁ ▁The ▁traject ory ▁of ▁the ▁space craft ▁took ▁it ▁along ▁the ▁magnetic ▁equ ator ▁of ▁J upiter , ▁where ▁the ▁ion ▁radiation ▁was ▁concentrated . ▁Peak ▁flux ▁for ▁this ▁electron ▁radiation ▁is ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁times ▁stronger ▁than ▁the ▁maximum ▁radiation ▁around |
▁the ▁Earth . ▁Starting ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 , ▁the ▁radiation ▁around ▁J upiter ▁caused ▁false ▁commands ▁to ▁be ▁generated . ▁Most ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁corrected ▁by ▁conting ency ▁commands , ▁but ▁an ▁image ▁of ▁Io ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁close - ups ▁of ▁J upiter ▁were ▁lost . ▁Similar ▁false ▁commands ▁would ▁be ▁generated ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁planet . ▁Non etheless , ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁did ▁succeed ▁in ▁obtaining ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁mo ons ▁G an ym ede ▁and ▁Europa . ▁The ▁image ▁of ▁G an ym ede ▁showed ▁low ▁al bed o ▁features ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁and ▁near ▁the ▁south ▁pole , ▁while ▁the ▁north ▁pole ▁appeared ▁br ighter . ▁Europa ▁was ▁too ▁far ▁away ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁detailed ▁image , ▁although ▁some ▁al bed o ▁features ▁were ▁apparent . ▁ ▁The ▁traject ory ▁of ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁take ▁it ▁behind ▁Io , ▁allowing ▁the ▁ref ract ive ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁moon ' s ▁atmosphere ▁on ▁the ▁radio ▁transm issions ▁to ▁be ▁measured . ▁This ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁the ▁ion os phere ▁of ▁the ▁moon ▁was ▁about ▁ ▁above ▁the ▁surface ▁on ▁the ▁days ide , ▁and ▁the ▁density ▁r anged ▁from ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁elect rons ▁per ▁cub ic ▁cent imeter ▁on ▁the ▁days ide , ▁down ▁to ▁ 9 , 0 0 0 ▁on ▁the ▁night ▁face . ▁An ▁unexpected ▁discovery ▁was ▁that ▁Io ▁was ▁orbit ing ▁within ▁a ▁cloud ▁of ▁hydro gen ▁that ▁extended |
▁for ▁about ▁, ▁with ▁a ▁width ▁and ▁height ▁of ▁. ▁A ▁smaller , ▁ ▁cloud ▁was ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁detected ▁near ▁Europa . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁after ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁had ▁cleared ▁the ▁aster oid ▁belt ▁that ▁NASA ▁selected ▁a ▁traject ory ▁towards ▁J upiter ▁that ▁offered ▁the ▁sl ings hot ▁effect ▁that ▁would ▁send ▁the ▁space craft ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Solar ▁System . ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁space craft ▁to ▁attempt ▁such ▁a ▁man eu ver ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁proof ▁of ▁concept ▁for ▁the ▁missions ▁that ▁would ▁follow . ▁Such ▁an ▁extended ▁mission ▁was ▁not ▁originally ▁something ▁that ▁was ▁planned , ▁but ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁prior ▁to ▁launch . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁closest ▁approach , ▁the ▁velocity ▁of ▁the ▁space craft ▁reached ▁ 1 3 2 , 0 0 0 km / h , ▁and ▁it ▁came ▁within ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁outer ▁atmosphere ▁of ▁J upiter . ▁Close - up ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Red ▁Spot ▁and ▁the ▁term inator ▁were ▁obtained . ▁Commun ication ▁with ▁the ▁space craft ▁then ▁ce ased ▁as ▁it ▁passed ▁behind ▁the ▁planet . ▁The ▁radio ▁occ ult ation ▁data ▁allowed ▁the ▁temperature ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁outer ▁atmosphere ▁to ▁be ▁measured , ▁showing ▁a ▁temperature ▁in version ▁between ▁the ▁alt itudes ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 mb ar ▁press ures . ▁Tem per atures ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 0 ▁m bar ▁level ▁r anged ▁from ▁, ▁while ▁temperatures ▁at ▁the |
▁ 1 0 0 mb ar ▁level ▁were ▁. ▁The ▁space craft ▁generated ▁an ▁in fr ared ▁map ▁of ▁the ▁planet , ▁which ▁confirmed ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁the ▁planet ▁radi ated ▁more ▁heat ▁than ▁it ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁Sun . ▁ ▁C res cent ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁planet ▁were ▁then ▁returned ▁as ▁ ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁ ▁moved ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁planet . ▁As ▁the ▁space craft ▁headed ▁out ward , ▁it ▁again ▁passed ▁the ▁bow ▁shock ▁of ▁J upiter ' s ▁magnet os phere . ▁As ▁this ▁front ▁is ▁constantly ▁shifting ▁in ▁space ▁because ▁of ▁dynamic ▁interaction ▁with ▁the ▁solar ▁wind , ▁the ▁vehicle ▁crossed ▁the ▁bow ▁shock ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁times ▁before ▁it ▁escaped ▁completely . ▁ ▁Deep ▁space ▁ ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁ ▁crossed ▁the ▁orbit ▁of ▁Sat urn ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁and ▁the ▁orbit ▁of ▁U ran us ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁craft ▁crossed ▁the ▁orbit ▁of ▁Ne pt une , ▁the ▁second ▁outer most ▁planet , ▁and ▁so ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁human - made ▁object ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁proxim ity ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁planets ▁of ▁the ▁Solar ▁System . ▁The ▁mission ▁came ▁to ▁an ▁official ▁end ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁when ▁it ▁had ▁reached ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 6 7 AU ▁from ▁the ▁Sun , ▁though ▁the ▁space craft ▁was |
▁still ▁able ▁to ▁transmit ▁co herent ▁data ▁after ▁this ▁date . ▁ ▁After ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ' s ▁weak ▁signal ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁track ed ▁by ▁the ▁Deep ▁Space ▁Network ▁to ▁aid ▁the ▁training ▁of ▁flight ▁cont rollers ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁acqu iring ▁deep - space ▁radio ▁signals . ▁There ▁was ▁an ▁Advanced ▁Con cept s ▁study ▁applying ▁chaos ▁theory ▁to ▁extract ▁co herent ▁data ▁from ▁the ▁f ading ▁signal . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁successful ▁reception ▁of ▁tele metry ▁was ▁received ▁from ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ; ▁subsequent ▁signals ▁were ▁barely ▁strong ▁enough ▁to ▁detect ▁and ▁provided ▁no ▁us able ▁data . ▁The ▁final , ▁very ▁weak ▁signal ▁from ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁was ▁received ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁ 1 2 ▁billion ▁kilom eters ▁( 8 0 ▁AU ) ▁from ▁Earth . ▁Further ▁attempts ▁to ▁contact ▁the ▁space craft ▁were ▁un successful . ▁A ▁final ▁attempt ▁was ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁March ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁last ▁time ▁the ▁anten na ▁would ▁be ▁correctly ▁aligned ▁with ▁Earth . ▁No ▁response ▁was ▁received ▁from ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 . ▁NASA ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁RT G ▁units ▁had ▁probably ▁fallen ▁below ▁the ▁power ▁threshold ▁needed ▁to ▁operate ▁the ▁transmit ter . ▁Hence , ▁no ▁further ▁attempts |
▁at ▁contact ▁were ▁made . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁ ▁Current ▁status ▁and ▁future ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁was ▁predicted ▁to ▁be ▁ 1 2 2 . 5 9 4 ▁au ▁from ▁the ▁Earth ▁( about ▁ 1 1 . 4 ▁billion ▁miles ); ▁and ▁traveling ▁at ▁ ▁( relative ▁to ▁the ▁Sun ) ▁and ▁traveling ▁out ward ▁at ▁about ▁ 2 . 5 2 ▁au ▁per ▁year . ▁V oy ager ▁ 2 ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁pass ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁around ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 3 . ▁Sun light ▁takes ▁ 1 4 . 7 9 ▁hours ▁to ▁reach ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 . ▁The ▁bright ness ▁of ▁the ▁Sun ▁from ▁the ▁space craft ▁is ▁magnitude ▁− 1 6 . 3 . ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁is ▁currently ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁T aurus . ▁ ▁If ▁left ▁und ist urbed , ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁its ▁sister ▁craft ▁P ione er ▁ 1 1 ▁will ▁join ▁the ▁two ▁V oy ager ▁space craft ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁Hor iz ons ▁space craft ▁in ▁leaving ▁the ▁Solar ▁System ▁to ▁w ander ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁medium . ▁The ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁traject ory ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁take ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁star ▁Ald eb aran , ▁currently ▁located ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁about ▁ 6 8 light ▁years |
. ▁If ▁Ald eb aran ▁had ▁zero ▁relative ▁velocity , ▁it ▁would ▁require ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁million ▁years ▁for ▁the ▁space craft ▁to ▁reach ▁it . ▁But ▁well ▁before ▁that , ▁in ▁about ▁ 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years , ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁will ▁pass ▁about ▁ 0 . 2 3 ▁pc ▁( 0 . 7 5 ▁ly ) ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁K - type ▁star ▁H IP ▁ 1 1 7 7 9 5 . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁closest ▁stellar ▁fly by ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁million ▁years ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁four ▁P ione er ▁and ▁V oy ager ▁space craft ▁which ▁are ▁leaving ▁the ▁Solar ▁System . ▁ ▁A ▁backup ▁unit , ▁P ione er ▁H , ▁is ▁currently ▁on ▁display ▁in ▁the ▁" Mil est ones ▁of ▁Flight " ▁gallery ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Air ▁and ▁Space ▁Museum ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Many ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁mission ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁critical ▁in ▁the ▁planning ▁of ▁the ▁V oy ager ▁program . ▁ ▁P ione er ▁pl aque ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁be hest ▁of ▁Carl ▁S agan , ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁P ione er ▁ 1 1 ▁carry ▁a ▁ ▁gold - an od ized ▁alumin um ▁pl aque ▁in ▁case ▁either ▁space craft ▁is ▁ever ▁found ▁by ▁intelligent ▁life - forms ▁from ▁another ▁planet ary ▁system . ▁The ▁pl a ques ▁feature ▁the ▁n ude ▁figures ▁of ▁a ▁human ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁along ▁with ▁several ▁symbols ▁that ▁are ▁designed |
▁to ▁provide ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁space craft . ▁The ▁pl aque ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁anten na ▁support ▁str uts ▁to ▁provide ▁some ▁shield ing ▁from ▁inter stell ar ▁dust . ▁ ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁in ▁popular ▁media ▁In ▁the ▁film ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁V : ▁The ▁Final ▁Front ier , ▁a ▁K ling on ▁ship ▁destro ys ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁as ▁target ▁practice . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Expl oration ▁of ▁J upiter ▁ ▁P ione er ▁ 1 1 , ▁J upiter ▁and ▁Sat urn ▁fly - by ▁ ▁V oy ager ▁ 1 ▁and ▁V oy ager ▁ 2 , ▁J upiter ▁fly - by ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁other ▁outer ▁Solar ▁System ▁fly - b ys ▁ ▁Gal ile o , ▁J upiter ▁orb iter ▁ ▁Cass ini – H uy gens , ▁J upiter ▁fly - by ▁for ▁Sat urn ▁orb iter ▁and ▁Tit an ▁land er , ▁respectively ▁ ▁New ▁Hor iz ons , ▁J upiter ▁fly by ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁Pl uto ▁fly - by ▁ ▁Jun o , ▁J upiter ▁polar ▁orb iter ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁artificial ▁objects ▁leaving ▁the ▁Solar ▁System ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁missions ▁to ▁the ▁outer ▁planets ▁ ▁P ione er ▁anom aly ▁ ▁Rob otic ▁space craft ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁artificial ▁satell ites ▁and ▁space ▁prob es ▁▁ 1 7 7 7 6 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁P ione er ▁Project ▁Arch ive ▁Page ▁P |
ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁Profile ▁by ▁NASA ' s ▁Solar ▁System ▁Expl oration ▁N SS DC ▁P ione er ▁ 1 0 ▁page ▁A ▁distant ▁P ione er ▁whis pers ▁to ▁Earth ▁– ▁CNN ▁article , ▁December ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁P ione er ▁An om aly ▁Conference ▁– ▁M ent ions ▁March ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Contact ▁Att empt ▁▁ ▁– ▁recording ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁interview ▁ ▁Category : M issions ▁to ▁J upiter ▁Category : P ione er ▁program ▁Category : Space craft ▁esc aping ▁the ▁Solar ▁System ▁Category : Der el ict ▁space ▁prob es ▁Category : Ex tr ater rest rial ▁life ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁by ▁Atl as - Cent aur ▁rock ets ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Category : TR W ▁Inc . <0x0A> </s> ▁Lewis ▁Buck ley ▁Still well ▁( M arch ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁– ▁January ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁electrical ▁engineer ▁and ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁American ▁Institute ▁of ▁Elect rical ▁Engine ers ▁( AI EE ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁AI EE ▁Lam me ▁Medal ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁and ▁the ▁AI EE ▁E dis on ▁Medal ▁( 1 9 3 5 ), ▁for ▁" his ▁distinguished ▁engineering ▁achievements ▁and |
▁his ▁pione er ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁generation , ▁distribution , ▁and ▁util ization ▁of ▁electric ▁energy ." ▁He ▁also ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁I EEE ' s ▁Elect rical ▁Engineering ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame . ▁His ▁papers ▁( 1 8 8 6 - 1 9 3 9 ) ▁are ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Man us cript ▁Division ▁of ▁the ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Library . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁Still well ▁mat ric ulated ▁at ▁Wes ley an ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 ; ▁two ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁entered ▁Le high ▁University ▁and ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁with ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁electrical ▁engineering . ▁Le high ▁best owed ▁the ▁M . S . ▁degree ▁upon ▁him ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 ; ▁Wes ley an , ▁the ▁Sc . D . ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁" He ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁invent ions ▁including ▁the ▁Still well ▁reg ulator ▁and ▁a ▁time - limit ▁circuit ▁break er ." ▁" F ew ▁of ▁the ▁pione er ▁electrical ▁engineers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁contributed ▁as ▁much ▁to ▁the ▁advance ment ▁of ▁electrical ▁engineering , ▁and ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁engineer ▁in ▁public ▁este em , ▁as ▁did ▁Lewis ▁Buck ley ▁Still well ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : I EEE ▁E dis on ▁Medal ▁recip ients ▁Category : W es ley an ▁University ▁al umn i |
▁Category : Le high ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : 1 8 6 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : I EEE ▁Lam me ▁Medal ▁recip ients <0x0A> </s> ▁T ang ▁W ens heng ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 4 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American - born ▁Chinese ▁diplom at . ▁She ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁during ▁U . S . ▁President ▁Richard ▁Nixon ' s ▁historical ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China , ▁serving ▁as ▁M ao ▁Z ed ong ' s ▁chief ▁inter preter . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁T ang ▁W ens heng , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Nancy ▁T ang , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Brooklyn , ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁Her ▁father , ▁, ▁was ▁a ▁Chinese ▁diplom at ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Under - Secret ary ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁T ang ▁and ▁her ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁main land ▁China . ▁Upon ▁completing ▁high ▁school , ▁she ▁en rolled ▁at ▁the ▁Beijing ▁Institute ▁of ▁Foreign ▁L anguages ▁( t oday ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Beijing ▁Foreign ▁Studies ▁University ). ▁T ang ▁entered ▁diplom atic ▁service ▁for ▁the ▁Chinese ▁Foreign ▁Ministry ▁as ▁an ▁English ▁inter preter . ▁She ▁was ▁later ▁recommended ▁by ▁fellow ▁inter preter ▁Ji ▁Cha oz hu , ▁a ▁family ▁friend ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁inte preter ▁for ▁Chairman ▁M ao |
▁Z ed ong ▁and ▁Premier ▁Z hou ▁En l ai ▁of ▁China . ▁ ▁Role ▁as ▁inter preter ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁U . S . ▁President ▁Richard ▁Nixon ▁made ▁a ▁historic ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China , ▁which ▁included ▁a ▁meeting ▁with ▁Chinese ▁leader ▁M ao ▁Z ed ong . ▁The ▁meeting ▁included ▁President ▁Nixon ▁and ▁National ▁Security ▁Ad visor ▁Henry ▁Kiss inger ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁deleg ation , ▁and ▁Chairman ▁M ao ▁Z ed ong ▁and ▁Premier ▁Z hou ▁En l ai ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁deleg ation . ▁T ang ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁inter preter ▁for ▁the ▁meeting , ▁playing ▁an ▁important ▁and ▁essential ▁role ▁in ▁China – Un ited ▁States ▁relations . ▁ ▁In ▁interviews , ▁T ang ▁has ▁spoken ▁about ▁her ▁experience ▁as ▁an ▁inter preter ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁meeting . ▁On ▁the ▁topic ▁of ▁Nixon , ▁T ang ▁has ▁said , ▁" I ▁do ▁think ▁that ▁[ the ▁Chinese ▁deleg ation ] ▁respected ▁President ▁Nixon ▁very ▁much , ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁courage ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁a ▁country ▁as ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁super power ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁to ▁a ▁country ▁with ▁which ▁it ▁had ▁no ▁diplom atic ▁relations ... he ▁was ▁bold ▁enough ▁to ▁do ▁so , ▁and ▁he ▁spoke ▁very ▁candid ly ". ▁W ens heng ▁has ▁also ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁U . S . ▁deleg ation ▁initially ▁came ▁off ▁as |
▁" cond esc ending ", ▁before ▁treating ▁the ▁Chinese ▁deleg ation ▁as ▁" equals ". ▁ ▁Later ▁career ▁ ▁After ▁serving ▁as ▁inter preter ▁for ▁Chairman ▁M ao ▁and ▁Premier ▁Z hou , ▁T ang ▁continued ▁her ▁career ▁at ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs . ▁She ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁and ▁Ocean ian ▁Affairs , ▁and ▁later ▁Deputy ▁Director ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁department . ▁She ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁People ' s ▁Political ▁Consult ative ▁Conference ▁( CPP CC ), ▁the ▁Vice ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁Mac au , ▁Taiwan ▁& ▁O verse as ▁Chinese ▁Affairs ▁Committee , ▁Ad visor ▁to ▁the ▁All - Ch ina ▁Federation ▁of ▁Return ed ▁O verse as ▁Chinese , ▁and ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁China ' s ▁So ong ▁Ch ing ▁L ing ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ch inese ▁women ▁diplom ats ▁Category : Be ijing ▁Foreign ▁Studies ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Brooklyn ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁People ' s ▁Political ▁Consult ative ▁Conference ▁Category : American ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bang ui ▁National ▁Forum ▁was ▁a ▁national ▁reconc iliation ▁conference ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁transition ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁African ▁Republic ▁( C AR ). ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Bang ui ▁from ▁May ▁ 4 ▁to ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the |
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