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▁which ▁continued ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁second ▁edition ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁added ▁the ▁last ▁three ▁chapters ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁ 2 3 – 2 5 , ▁the ▁only ▁notable ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁edition . ▁All ▁ed itions ▁subsequent ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁included ▁only ▁new ▁photographs , ▁largely ▁of ▁Navy ▁ships ▁and ▁Naval ▁acqu aint ances . ▁ ▁The ▁book ' s ▁content ▁is ▁reliable ▁in ▁most ▁respect s , ▁but ▁occasionally ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁sequ encing ▁of ▁events ▁is ▁off . ▁ ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Dam on ▁Run y on , ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁play wright , ▁journalist , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁America ' s ▁greatest ▁sport sw riter ' s ▁on ▁box ing , ▁Dam on ▁Run y on , ▁interviewed ▁Holland ers ky ▁about ▁his ▁newly ▁published ▁book ▁for ▁his ▁New ▁York ▁American ▁Sports ▁column ▁" Bet ween ▁You ▁and ▁Me ." ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁interview , ▁Run yan ▁discussed ▁A be ' s ▁independently ▁fin anced ▁book , ▁and ▁noted ▁his ▁f rug ality ▁in ▁completing ▁and ▁publishing ▁it ▁prior ▁to ▁mar rying . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁decided ▁to ▁fund ▁the ▁publishing ▁of ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁himself , ▁though ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁offered ▁a ▁thousand ▁dollars ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁to ▁finance ▁it ▁by ▁his ▁friend ▁Bull ▁Mont |
ana . ▁Mont ana , ▁a ▁former ▁wrest ler ▁and ▁Hollywood ▁actor , ▁was ▁a ▁close ▁friend ▁of ▁box er ▁Jack ▁D emp sey ▁and ▁movie ▁actor ▁and ▁Jewish ▁director ▁Douglas ▁Fair b anks ▁Jr ., ▁both ▁of ▁whom ▁A be ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁made ▁movies ▁with . ▁ ▁Mont ana ▁not ▁only ▁appeared ▁in ▁movies ▁with ▁D emp sey ▁but ▁wrest led ▁him ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁on ▁several ▁occasions , ▁most ▁notably ▁at ▁a ▁well ▁attended ▁work ▁out ▁in ▁Atlantic ▁City , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁often ▁took ▁orders ▁for ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁before ▁new ▁ed itions , ▁particularly ▁the ▁first ▁two , ▁from ▁Navy ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁fleet ▁in ▁San ▁Pedro ▁har bor , ▁and ▁for ▁later ▁ed itions ▁in ▁San ▁Diego ▁after ▁he ▁moved ▁there ▁around ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁Three ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁ships ▁from ▁whose ▁crew ▁he ▁took ▁book ▁orders ▁were ▁the ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁The ▁Arizona ▁and ▁Oklahoma ▁both ▁had ▁not ew orth y ▁box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling ▁instruction ▁during ▁the ▁years ▁A be ▁board ed ▁them , ▁and ▁sadly ▁both ▁were ▁badly ▁damaged ▁at ▁Pearl ▁Harbor , ▁with ▁the ▁Arizona ▁becoming ▁a ▁permanent ▁monument ▁after ▁it ▁s unk . ▁A be ▁may ▁have ▁helped ▁with ▁box ing ▁instruction ▁and ▁taken ▁orders ▁for ▁books ▁on ▁the ▁USS ▁Tennessee ▁and ▁USS ▁Nevada , ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁signed ▁photos ▁of ▁several ▁box ers ▁from ▁both ▁ships ▁in ▁his ▁book , |
▁and ▁the ▁USS ▁New ▁Mexico , ▁as ▁he ▁pos ed ▁for ▁a ▁photo ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁their ▁athlet ic ▁teams . ▁Two ▁other ▁large ▁battles hip s ▁that ▁A be ▁board ed ▁with ▁a ▁Liberty ▁Pass ▁and ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁box ing ▁were ▁the ▁USS ▁Texas , ▁and ▁the ▁USS ▁California ▁which ▁was ▁also ▁damaged ▁at ▁Pearl ▁Harbor . ▁ ▁He ▁continued ▁to ▁personally ▁sell ▁his ▁book ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁during ▁his ▁retirement . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁married ▁Fred a ▁We in berg ▁on ▁June ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁moved ▁permanently ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁from ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁He ▁announced ▁his ▁engagement ▁to ▁Fred a ▁in ▁a ▁reception ▁on ▁Bel lev ue ▁Road ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁at ▁a ▁large ▁party ▁with ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁friends ▁in ▁attendance . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁her ▁natural ization ▁papers , ▁Fred a , ▁also ▁of ▁Jewish ▁origin , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Glasgow , ▁Scotland ▁and ▁had ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁from ▁Hal if ax , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia . ▁ ▁Not ▁long ▁after ▁they ▁first ▁met , ▁A be ▁took ▁a ▁cruise ▁to ▁Hawaii ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁ ▁A be ▁began ▁to ▁consider ▁marriage ▁with ▁Fred a ▁after ▁meeting ▁her ▁at ▁the ▁small ▁shop ▁she ▁was ▁working ▁at ▁in ▁Los |
▁Angeles . ▁They ▁court ed ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁before ▁mar rying . ▁ ▁A be ▁claimed ▁several ▁thousand ▁attended ▁his ▁wedding ▁reception ▁at ▁the ▁Jewish ▁Shel ter ing ▁Home ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁including ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁high - rank ing ▁naval ▁officers , ▁most ▁notably ▁Admiral ▁Wat ▁Tyler ▁Cl u ver ius , ▁Jr ., ▁base ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Fleet . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Cl u ver ius ▁was ▁acting ▁as ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁for ▁R ear ▁Admiral ▁Je hu ▁V . ▁Chase , ▁the ▁Commander ▁in ▁Chief ▁United ▁States ▁Fleet , ▁who ▁also ▁attended ▁the ▁wedding . ▁Pictures ▁of ▁both ▁men ▁at ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁wedding ▁reception ▁are ▁featured ▁in ▁his ▁aut obi ography . ▁ ▁Cl u ver ius , ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁Lieutenant , ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁survivors ▁of ▁the ▁s inking ▁of ▁the ▁Maine , ▁the ▁incident ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁Spanish – American ▁War . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁A be ▁attended ▁a ▁Navy ▁benefit ▁for ▁flood ▁relief ▁organized ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Cl u ver ius , ▁at ▁the ▁Long ▁Beach ▁Municipal ▁Aud itor ium , ▁where ▁he ▁sp ar red ▁with ▁navy ▁fighter ▁Mike ▁H ector ▁in ▁a ▁brief ▁exhibition . ▁H ector , ▁who ▁had ▁box ed ▁on ▁the ▁USS ▁Tennessee , ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁Navy ▁box ing ▁champion ▁and ▁an ▁acqu aint ance ▁of ▁A be ▁since ▁at ▁least ▁March ▁ 1 9 |
3 6 . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁stayed ▁in ▁touch ▁with ▁Cl u ver ius ▁after ▁his ▁retirement ▁from ▁the ▁Navy ▁and ▁visited ▁him ▁in ▁Wor cester , ▁Massachusetts , ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁working ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁Wor cester ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute . ▁ ▁Un cred ited ▁movie ▁career ▁after ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁Holland ers ky ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁unc red ited ▁movie ▁extra ▁after ▁his ▁move ▁to ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁around ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁often ▁cast ▁as ▁a ▁gang ster ▁or ▁box er . ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁sell ▁newspapers ▁to ▁the ▁fleet ▁in ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁and ▁on ▁occasion ▁San ▁Diego . ▁He , ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Fred a ▁operated ▁a ▁small ▁shop ▁and ▁news ▁stand ▁in ▁Long ▁Beach ▁on ▁ 7 1 5 ▁West ▁Se as ide ▁Bou lev ard ▁not ▁far ▁from ▁the ▁San ▁Pedro ▁Navy ▁pier , ▁where ▁he ▁sold ▁newspapers ▁and ▁items ▁of ▁interest ▁to ▁Navy ▁men ▁including ▁photographs ▁of ▁ships . ▁ ▁Mov ies ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁appeared ▁include ▁Warner ▁Brother ' s ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁lost ▁silent ▁film ▁set ▁during ▁the ▁Spanish – American ▁War , ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁Pacific ▁which ▁featured ▁Monte ▁Blue ▁and ▁My r na ▁L oy . ▁After ▁his ▁move ▁to ▁L . A ., ▁Holland ers ky ▁appeared ▁in ▁Fox ▁Film ' s , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁silent ▁film ▁D ressed ▁to ▁Kill ▁with ▁Ed um und |
▁L owe ▁and ▁Mary ▁Ast or , ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁Picture ' s ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁The ▁B ower y , ▁and ▁M GM ' s ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁The ▁Crow d ▁Ro ars , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁Re leased ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁Holland ers ky ▁may ▁have ▁shot ▁his ▁few ▁scenes ▁for ▁Param ount ' s ▁Road house ▁N ights , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁area ▁to ▁complete ▁his ▁book ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁as ▁the ▁gang ster ▁film ▁did ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁shooting ▁in ▁Param ount ' s ▁Ast oria ▁Studios ▁in ▁Brooklyn . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁is ▁shown ▁at ▁right ▁with ▁lead ▁actor ▁Monte ▁Blue ▁on ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁silent ▁film ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁Pacific . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁appeared ▁on screen ▁in ▁the ▁gang ster ▁film ▁about ▁a ▁boot leg ▁operation , ▁Road house ▁N ights ▁with ▁Fred ▁K oh ler . ▁Act ress ▁Helen ▁Morgan ▁star red ▁and ▁Jimmy ▁Durante ▁made ▁his ▁musical ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁scarc ely ▁remembered ▁film . ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁right ▁c aul if lower ▁ear ▁is ▁visible ▁when ▁the ▁photo ▁is ▁en larg ed . ▁ ▁In ▁The ▁B ower y , ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁cast ▁with ▁ex - M iddle weight ▁Champion ▁Al ▁McC oy ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁box ers ▁" Fire man " |
▁Jim ▁Fly nn , ▁the ▁only ▁man ▁to ▁knock out ▁Jack ▁D emp sey , ▁heavy weight ▁Frank ▁Mor an , ▁and ▁fellow ▁Jewish ▁New ▁York ▁box ers ▁Phil ▁Bloom , ▁and ▁Joe ▁G lick . ▁Hung arian ▁born ▁Tex an ▁Jack ▁A . ▁Herr ick , ▁another ▁ex - box er ▁turned ▁actor ▁that ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁film , ▁had ▁fought ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City ▁eighteen ▁years ▁earlier ▁with ▁A be , ▁and ▁had ▁faced ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁opponents ▁while ▁there , ▁the ▁great ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁Kid ▁Nor folk , ▁and ▁" Ste amb o at " ▁Bill ▁Scott . ▁ ▁In ▁M GM ' s ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁The ▁Crow d ▁Ro ars , ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁rare ▁brief ▁close ▁up ▁after ▁appearing ▁in ▁a ▁background ▁gym nas ium ▁scene ▁with ▁fellow ▁Jewish ▁box ers ▁Larry ▁Williams , ▁Max ie ▁Rosen blo om , ▁Ab ie ▁B ain , ▁Phil ▁Bloom ▁and ▁Joe ▁G lick , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁better ▁known ▁Jimmy ▁Mc L arn in , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁box ers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁a ▁world ▁champion ▁in ▁three ▁weight ▁classes . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁a ▁commercial ▁success , ▁and ▁star red ▁popular ▁actor ▁Robert ▁Taylor ▁as ▁a ▁box er ▁caught ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁seam ier ▁side ▁of ▁box ing , ▁who ▁while ▁rom ancing ▁his ▁boss ' s ▁more ▁ref ined ▁daughter , ▁comes ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁a ▁crime ▁boss . ▁ ▁Holland |
ers ky ▁also ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁cast ▁in ▁movies ▁with ▁world ▁champion ▁heavy weight ▁box ers ▁Max ▁Ba er ▁and ▁Jack ▁D emp sey ▁who ▁he ▁knew ▁through ▁his ▁friends , ▁wrest ler ▁and ▁movie ▁actor ▁Bull ▁Mont ana , ▁and ▁box er ▁Larry ▁Williams . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁acted ▁with ▁the ▁great ▁actor ▁and ▁movie ▁director ▁Douglas ▁Fair b anks , ▁another ▁close ▁friend ▁of ▁Mont ana ' s . ▁ ▁Ret irement ▁after ▁W W II ▁After ▁W W II , ▁Holland ers ky ▁retired ▁to ▁San ▁Diego , ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁sell ▁papers . ▁ ▁He ▁made ▁appearances , ▁and ▁though ▁sixty ▁years ▁old , ▁still ▁gave ▁occasional ▁box ing ▁exhib itions ▁at ▁the ▁Naval ▁Training ▁Center ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁Capt ains ▁Ralph ▁C . ▁Lyn ch ▁Jr ., ▁and ▁H . ▁C . ▁G earing . ▁ ▁A be ' s ▁last ▁place ▁of ▁residence ▁in ▁San ▁Diego ▁was ▁ 6 0 5 6 ▁Me ade ▁Avenue . ▁ ▁In ▁later ▁life , ▁Holland ers ky ▁continued ▁to ▁meet ▁navy ▁officers ▁and ▁personnel ▁both ▁through ▁his ▁sale ▁of ▁newspapers ▁at ▁bases ▁and ▁at ▁naval ▁convent ions ▁and ▁reun ions . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁made ▁an ▁honor ary ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Batt les hip ▁Association ▁which ▁he ▁last ▁attended ▁in ▁Long ▁Beach ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁with ▁his ▁funeral ▁service ▁conducted ▁by ▁Rab |
bi ▁Mon roe ▁Lev ens ▁of ▁Cong regation ▁T ifer et ▁Israel . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁San ▁Diego ' s ▁Green wood ▁Memorial ▁Park , ▁ ▁as ▁was ▁his ▁wife ▁Fred a ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁He ▁left ▁no ▁children . ▁ ▁At ▁his ▁request , ▁his ▁tomb stone ▁was ▁headed ▁with ▁his ▁ring ▁name , ▁A be ▁the ▁New sb oy , ▁the ▁name ▁used ▁almost ▁exclusively ▁by ▁the ▁newspapers ▁that ▁covered ▁his ▁box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling ▁career . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁Mem ories ▁of ▁Holland ers ky ▁would ▁l inger ▁in ▁the ▁mind ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁box ing ' s ▁greatest . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁Hart ford ▁Cour ant , ▁A be ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁once ▁sold ▁a ▁paper ▁to ▁Jack ▁Johnson , ▁America ' s ▁first ▁Black ▁world ▁heavy weight ▁champion . ▁ ▁Bob ▁John ston , ▁of ▁John ston ' s ▁Sport ' s ▁Palace ▁in ▁San ▁Diego , ▁where ▁both ▁Holland ers ky ▁and ▁Jack ▁Johnson ▁would ▁live ▁and ▁visit , ▁claimed ▁ ▁to ▁have ▁once ▁hired ▁a ▁down ▁and ▁out ▁Johnson ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁to ▁shadow box ▁at ▁his ▁adjacent ▁Liberty ▁Theatre . ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Johnson , ▁the ▁am iable ▁champion ▁often ▁told ▁pat rons ▁as ▁he ▁entert ained ▁them ▁with ▁shadow ▁box ing ▁that ▁his ▁opponent ▁was ▁A be ▁the ▁New sb oy . ▁ ▁Th ous ands ▁of ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁aut |
obi ography ▁remain ▁in ▁print , ▁and ▁grace ▁the ▁shelves ▁of ▁public ▁ ▁libraries , ▁n aut ical ▁museum s , ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁U . S . ▁Naval ▁ship ' s ▁libraries . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Bl ady , ▁Ken , ▁The ▁Jewish ▁Box ers ' ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame , ▁( 1 9 8 8 ). ▁Sh apol sky ▁Publish ers , ▁Inc , ▁New ▁York , ▁, ▁pp . 7 1 – 7 6 . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky , ▁A be , ▁The ▁Life ▁Story ▁of ▁A be ▁the ▁New sb oy , ▁Hero ▁of ▁a ▁Th ous and ▁F ights ▁with ▁U . ▁S . ▁Navy , ▁( 1 9 5 8 ). ▁Published ▁by ▁Abraham ▁Holland ers ky , ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁Hoff man , ▁A be ▁( Fall , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ). ▁" Go ing ▁a ▁F ew ▁R ounds ▁with ▁A be ▁the ▁New sb oy ", ▁Western ▁States ▁Jewish ▁History , ▁Volume ▁ 3 6 , ▁p gs ▁ 3 – 3 3 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Professional ▁box ing ▁record ▁for ▁Jack ▁Or te ga ▁from ▁Box rec ▁ ▁www . find agr ave . com ▁ ▁www . j ew ish gen . org / Su walk L om za ▁Abraham ▁Holland ers ky ▁Phot ograph ▁Collection , ▁ 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 6 6 ▁MS ▁ 4 6 7 ▁held ▁by ▁Special ▁Collections ▁& ▁Archives , ▁N im |
itz ▁Library ▁at ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Se j ny ▁County ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Pod l ask ie ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁Category : Pol ish ▁Jews ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁Jews ▁Category : J ew ish ▁box ers ▁Category : Box ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Polish - J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : C ong ress ▁Poland ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : J ew ish ▁American ▁sports people ▁Category : W el ter weight ▁box ers ▁Category : American ▁male ▁box ers ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁New ▁London , ▁Connecticut ▁Category : Box ers ▁from ▁Connecticut <0x0A> </s> ▁Africa ▁ ▁Al m oh ad ▁Cal iph ate ▁– ▁Abu ▁Y aqu b ▁Y us uf ▁( 1 1 6 3 – 1 1 8 4 ) ▁ ▁Asia ▁ ▁China ▁( J in / J ur chen ▁dyn asty ) ▁- ▁Emperor ▁Sh iz ong ▁( 1 1 6 1 – 1 1 8 9 ) ▁China ▁( S ou thern ▁Song ▁dyn asty ) ▁- ▁Emperor ▁X ia oz ong ▁( 1 1 6 2 – 1 1 8 9 ) ▁Japan ▁( He ian ▁period ) ▁Mon arch ▁– ▁Emperor ▁R ok uj ō ▁( 1 1 6 5 – 1 1 6 8 ) ▁ ▁Reg ent ▁( S |
ess h ō ) ▁- ▁Fu ji w ara ▁no ▁Mot of usa , ▁S ess h ō ▁( 1 1 6 6 – 1 1 7 3 ); ▁Kamp aku ▁( 1 1 7 3 – 1 1 7 9 ) ▁ ▁de ▁fact o ▁- ▁T air a ▁no ▁K iy om ori ▁( 1 1 5 9 – 1 1 8 1 ) ▁K ara - K h itan ▁Khan ate ▁( W estern ▁L iao ) ▁- ▁Em press ▁Chen gt ian hou ▁( 1 1 6 4 – 1 1 7 8 ) ▁Korea ▁( G ory e o ▁Kingdom ) ▁– ▁Eu ij ong ( 1 1 4 6 – 1 1 7 0 ) ▁Western ▁X ia ▁– ▁Emperor ▁R enz ong ▁( 1 1 3 9 – 1 1 9 3 ) ▁S ultan ate ▁of ▁R û m ▁– ▁Kil ij ▁Ar sl an ▁II ▁( 1 1 5 6 – 1 1 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Europe ▁ ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Ar agon ▁– ▁Alf onso ▁II ▁( 1 1 6 2 – 1 1 9 6 ) ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Cast ile ▁– ▁Alf onso ▁VIII ▁( 1 1 5 8 – 1 2 1 4 ) ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁England ▁– ▁Henry ▁II ▁( 1 1 5 4 – 1 1 8 9 ) ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁France ▁– ▁Louis ▁VII ▁( 1 1 3 7 – 1 1 8 0 ) ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁– ▁Frederick ▁I ▁Bar bar oss a ▁( 1 1 |
5 5 – 1 1 9 0 ) ▁County ▁of ▁Holland ▁– ▁Flor is ▁III ▁( 1 1 5 7 – 1 1 9 0 ) ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁– ▁Stephen ▁III ▁( 1 1 6 3 – 1 1 7 2 ) ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Portugal ▁– ▁Af onso ▁I ▁( 1 1 3 9 – 1 1 8 5 ) ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Scotland ▁– ▁William ▁the ▁Lion ▁( 1 1 6 5 – 1 2 1 4 ) ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Sic ily ▁– ▁William ▁II ▁( 1 1 6 6 – 1 1 8 9 ) ▁Wales ▁( List ▁of ▁rul ers ▁of ▁Wales ) ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁G w yn ed d ▁– ▁O w ain ▁G w yn ed d , ▁Prince ▁of ▁G w yn ed d ▁( 1 1 3 7 – 1 1 7 0 ) ▁De he ub arth ▁- ▁Rh ys ▁ap ▁Gru ff y dd , ▁Prince ▁of ▁De he ub arth ▁( 1 1 5 5 – 1 1 9 7 ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Sul ay man ▁Ke eler ▁( born ▁Simon ▁Ke eler ) ▁is ▁a ▁Muslim ▁convert ▁and ▁leader ▁of ▁A hl us ▁S unn ah ▁wal ▁Jama ah , ▁a ▁British ▁Islam ist ▁organisation . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁Al - M uh aj ir oun , ▁a ▁banned ▁organisation ▁designated ▁as ▁a ▁terrorist ▁organisation , ▁and ▁led ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Con verts ▁to ▁Islam . ▁ ▁H ST oday ▁report ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁" first ▁time |
▁a ▁white ▁convert ▁has ▁been ▁inc ar cer ated ▁for ▁Islam ist ▁terror ▁charges ▁in ▁the ▁UK ." ' ▁ ▁Background ▁He ▁has ▁described ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁attacks ▁as ▁" m agn ific ent " ▁and ▁called ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁an ▁" en emy ▁of ▁Islam ▁and ▁Muslims ." ▁ ▁A ▁court ▁sent enced ▁Ke eler ▁to ▁twenty - eight ▁days ▁imprison ment ▁after ▁he ▁assault ed ▁a ▁police ▁officer ▁during ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁Years ▁later , ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁arrested ▁after ▁he ▁assault ed ▁British ▁National ▁Party ▁( BN P ) ▁members ▁at ▁a ▁rally . ▁ ▁Ke eler ▁held ▁a ▁press ▁conference ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁formally ▁' la unch ing ' ▁A hl us ▁S unn ah ▁wal ▁Jama ah . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁BBC ▁News , ▁Ke eler ▁expressed ▁his ▁opposition ▁to ▁democracy , ▁and ▁compared ▁British ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Tony ▁Bl air ▁to ▁Al - Q a eda ▁leader ▁Os ama ▁bin ▁L aden , ▁saying , ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁believe ▁in ▁democracy . ▁It ' s ▁man ▁made . ▁You ' re ▁talking ▁about ▁a ▁government ▁that ▁taxes ▁the ▁people ▁to ▁death . ▁It ▁opp ress es ▁many ▁millions ▁of ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁It ▁wouldn ' t ▁be ▁such ▁a ▁shame ▁to ▁have ▁them ▁over turn ed ... ▁Tony ▁Bl air ▁sends ▁a ▁bunch ▁of |
▁aircraft ▁into ▁Iraq , ▁bombs ▁a ▁bunch ▁of ▁people ... ▁Os ama ▁Bin ▁L aden , ▁who ▁sends ▁a ▁bunch ▁of ▁aer op lan es ▁into ▁America ▁and ▁bombs ▁a ▁bunch ▁of ▁people ▁- ▁what ▁is ▁the ▁difference ? ▁You ▁tell ▁me ." ▁ ▁On ▁Thursday ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Ke eler ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 6 ▁individuals ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁terror ▁related ▁off ences , ▁specifically ▁terrorist ▁fund raising . ▁The ▁others ▁found ▁guilty ▁at ▁King ston ▁Crown ▁Court ▁were ▁Abu ▁I zz ade en , ▁O mar ▁Za he er , ▁ 2 8 , ▁of ▁South all , ▁west ▁London , ▁Abd ul ▁Sale em , ▁ 3 2 , ▁of ▁Pop lar , ▁east ▁London , ▁and ▁J al al ▁H uss ain . ▁Two ▁others , ▁I bra him ▁Abd ull ah ▁H uss an , ▁ 2 5 , ▁from ▁Le y ton , ▁east ▁London , ▁and ▁Raj ib ▁K ahn , ▁ 2 9 , ▁from ▁L ut on ▁in ▁Bed ford shire , ▁were ▁released ▁after ▁the ▁jury ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁decide ▁a ▁ver dict . ▁Six ▁guilty ▁of ▁terror ism ▁support ▁- ▁BBC ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Andrew ▁I bra him ▁ ▁Abd ul - Az iz ▁ib n ▁My att ▁ ▁Abu ▁I zz ade en ▁ ▁An jem ▁Ch oud ary ▁ ▁Abu ▁U z air ▁ ▁Hass an ▁But t ▁ ▁K hal id ▁Kelly ▁ ▁Abu ▁Ham za ▁al - M as ri |
▁ ▁O mar ▁Bak ri ▁Muhammad ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁U PD ATED : ▁Craw ley ▁terrorist ▁c aged ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : I sl amic ▁terror ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Con verts ▁to ▁Islam ▁Category : English ▁Islam ists ▁Category : English ▁Sun ni ▁Muslims ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : People ▁imprison ed ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁terror ism <0x0A> </s> ▁Sw abi ▁District ▁( , ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁in ▁M ard an ▁Division ▁of ▁K hy ber ▁Pak ht unk h wa ▁province ▁in ▁Pakistan . ▁It ▁lies ▁between ▁the ▁Ind us ▁and ▁K abul ▁Rivers . ▁Before ▁becoming ▁a ▁district ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁te hs il ▁within ▁M ard an ▁District . ▁% ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁have ▁Pas ht o ▁as ▁their ▁first ▁language . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁Sw abi ▁district , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁census , ▁is ▁ 1 , 6 2 4 , 6 1 6 . ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁district ▁over ▁the ▁years ▁is ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁table ▁below . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Sw abi ▁District ▁is ▁now ▁home ▁to ▁many ▁excellent ▁educational ▁inst itutes . ▁But ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁public ▁sector ▁university ▁till ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁only ▁degree ▁award ing ▁institution ▁then ▁was ▁private ▁sector ▁Gh ul am ▁I sha q ▁Khan ▁Institute ▁of ▁Engineering ▁Sciences ▁and |
▁Technology , ▁which ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Government ▁of ▁K hy ber ▁Pak ht unk h awa ▁established ▁first ▁public ▁sector ▁university ▁in ▁Sw abi , ▁when ▁it ▁up graded ▁Abd ul ▁W ali ▁Khan ▁University ▁M ard an ▁Sw abi ▁campus ▁into ▁full - f lege ▁University ▁of ▁Sw abi ▁while ▁Women ▁University ▁Sw abi ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Sw abi ▁district ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁public ▁sector ▁medical ▁college ▁G aj ju ▁Khan ▁Medical ▁College ▁Sw abi , ▁which ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁also ▁has ▁ 2 ▁public ▁sector ▁Post graduate ▁degree ▁colleges : ▁Government ▁Post graduate ▁College ▁Sw abi ▁and ▁G ov t ▁Girls ▁Post ▁Grad uate ▁College ▁Man eri ▁Sw abi . ▁ ▁Administration ▁ ▁Sw abi ▁District ▁is ▁currently ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁ 4 ▁Te hs ils . ▁ ▁Sw abi ▁Te hs il ▁ ▁Top i ▁Te hs il ▁ ▁L ah or ▁Te hs il ▁ ▁R azz ar ▁Te hs il ▁ ▁New sp aper ▁in ▁Sw abi ▁ ▁Currently ▁there ▁are ▁couple ▁of ▁newspaper ▁publishing ▁in ▁Sw abi ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁Sw abi ▁Group ▁of ▁New sp apers . ▁ ▁Sw abi ▁Times , ▁a ▁weekly ▁publishing ▁newspaper ▁in ▁Ur du . ▁ ▁Sw abi ▁News , ▁a ▁daily ▁publishing ▁newspaper ▁in ▁Ur du . ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Naj ib ▁ad - D aw |
l ah ▁- ▁A ▁main ▁combat ant ▁ ▁of ▁Third ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pan ip at ▁ ▁M aul ana ▁F az al ▁Ali ▁Ha qq ani ▁- ▁Minister ▁of ▁Education ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁N W FP ▁Assembly ▁( then ) ▁now ▁K hy ber ▁Pak ht unk h wa ▁Assembly ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁N ig ar ▁Joh ar ▁- ▁Major ▁General , ▁Pakistan ▁Army ▁ ▁G aju ▁Khan ▁- ▁A ▁historical ▁pas ht un ▁rebel ▁chief ▁and ▁general ▁ ▁Jun aid ▁Khan ▁- ▁Cr ick eter ▁ ▁K arn al ▁Sher ▁Khan ▁- ▁Military ▁officer ▁ ▁Khan ▁R osh an ▁Khan ▁- ▁Histor ian ▁ ▁Muhammad ▁Ar sh ad ▁Khan ▁- ▁Artist ▁ ▁Shah ram ▁Khan ▁- ▁Polit ician ▁▁ ▁As ad ▁Q aiser ▁- ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁K P ▁Assembly ▁ ▁S ah ib z ada ▁Abd ul ▁Q ay y um ▁- ▁First ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁North - West ▁Front ier ▁Province ▁( in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ) ▁and ▁founder ▁of ▁Islam ia ▁College ▁University ▁ ▁Y as ir ▁Shah ▁- ▁Cr ick eter ▁ ▁Bush ra ▁G oh ar ▁- ▁Polit ician ▁and ▁Pas ht un ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁ ▁G ul al ai ▁Is mail ▁- ▁Pas ht un ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁K hy ber ▁Pak ht unk h wa <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cl ock ▁Tower ▁Museum ▁is ▁a ▁museum |
▁occup ies ▁the ▁top ▁four ▁floors ▁of ▁the ▁clock ▁tower ▁in ▁Mak k ah . ▁The ▁museum ▁that ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁in ▁Mak k ah ▁is ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁M isk ▁Foundation , ▁ ▁a ▁non - profit ▁organization ▁established ▁by ▁Crown ▁Prince ▁Muhammad ▁Bin ▁Sal man . ▁ ▁Dep art ments ▁ ▁The ▁museum ▁was ▁first ▁opened ▁to ▁visitors ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁It ▁has ▁four ▁floors ▁where ▁each ▁floor ▁represents ▁a ▁unique ▁topic . ▁The ▁first ▁floor ▁shows ▁the ▁Mak k ah ▁tower , ▁its ▁design ▁and ▁production ▁stages . ▁The ▁second ▁floor ▁exhib its ▁time ▁measurements ▁used ▁in ▁ancient ▁days . ▁The ▁third ▁floor ▁explains ▁how ▁the ▁sun , ▁the ▁moon , ▁and ▁the ▁earth ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁to ▁organize ▁life ▁and ▁activities . ▁The ▁fourth ▁floor ▁dep icts ▁details ▁of ▁space ▁and ▁planets . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁balcon y ▁with ▁a ▁pan or amic ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁Mos que . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁museum s ▁in ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁Saudi ▁Arabia ▁ ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Me cca <0x0A> </s> ▁" Love ▁of ▁a ▁L if etime " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁recorded ▁by ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁group ▁Larry ▁G at lin ▁and ▁the ▁G at lin ▁Brothers . ▁Wr itten ▁by ▁Larry ▁G at lin , ▁it ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁as ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁from ▁their |
▁album ▁Al ive ▁& ▁Well ... L iv in ' ▁in ▁the ▁Land ▁of ▁Dream s . ▁The ▁song ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁four ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁Country ▁Singles ▁chart . ▁It ▁was ▁their ▁last ▁top ▁ten ▁single . ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁songs ▁Category : L arry ▁G at lin ▁songs ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁Records ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Larry ▁G at lin <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁An ch orage ▁may oral ▁election ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁elect ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁An ch orage , ▁Alaska . ▁It ▁saw ▁re election ▁of ▁inc umb ent ▁mayor ▁Dan ▁Sull ivan . ▁ ▁Since ▁Sull ivan ▁obtained ▁a ▁ 4 5 % ▁plural ity ▁in ▁the ▁initial ▁round , ▁no ▁run off ▁was ▁necess itated . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁United ▁States ▁may oral ▁elections ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁Alaska ▁elections ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁bibli ography ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁published ▁works , ▁both ▁books ▁and ▁films , ▁about ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁ 4 3 rd ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁By ▁Bush ▁ ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁A ▁Ch arge ▁to ▁Keep ▁( 1 |
9 9 9 ), ▁ ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁We ▁will ▁prev ail : ▁President ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁on ▁war , ▁terror ism , ▁and ▁freedom ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁ ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁on ▁God ▁and ▁on ▁Country : ▁The ▁President ▁Spe aks ▁Out ▁About ▁Faith , ▁Pr incip le , ▁and ▁Patri ot ism ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁Dec ision ▁Points ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁ ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁ 4 1 : ▁A ▁Port rait ▁of ▁My ▁Father ▁( 2 0 1 4 ), ▁ ▁About ▁Bush ▁▁▁ ▁David ▁A ik man , ▁A ▁Man ▁of ▁Faith ▁: ▁The ▁Spirit ual ▁Jour ney ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁Eric ▁Al ter man ▁and ▁Mark ▁J . ▁Green , ▁The ▁Book ▁on ▁Bush : ▁How ▁George ▁W . ▁( M is ) le ads ▁America ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁Ken ▁A ule tta ▁( Jan uary ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ). ▁Fort ress ▁Bush : ▁How ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁Ke eps ▁the ▁Press ▁Under ▁Control , ▁The ▁New ▁York er , ▁L XX IX , ▁ 5 3 ▁ ▁Bruce ▁Bart lett , ▁Imp oster : ▁How ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁Bank rupted ▁America ▁and ▁Bet rayed ▁the ▁Reagan ▁Leg acy ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁▁ ▁W . ▁( 2 0 0 |
8 ), ▁a ▁bi ographical ▁film ▁about ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush . ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Oliver ▁Stone . ▁ ▁Paul ▁Beg ala , ▁Is ▁Our ▁Children ▁Learning ?: ▁The ▁Case ▁Against ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 0 ), ▁▁ ▁Paul ▁Beg ala , ▁It ' s ▁Still ▁the ▁Econom y , ▁St upid : ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁The ▁G OP ' s ▁CEO ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁▁ ▁John ▁Bon if az , ▁War rior ▁King : ▁The ▁Case ▁for ▁Im pe aching ▁George ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁ ▁James ▁B ov ard , ▁The ▁Bush ▁Bet ray al ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁Russell ▁S . ▁Bow en , ▁The ▁Im mac ulate ▁De ception : ▁The ▁Bush ▁Crime ▁Family ▁Ex posed ▁( 1 9 9 1 ), ▁ ▁Robert ▁Bry ce , ▁C ron ies : ▁Oil , ▁The ▁Bus hes , ▁and ▁the ▁R ise ▁of ▁Texas , ▁America ' s ▁Super state ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Vincent ▁Bug li osi , ▁The ▁Pro secut ion ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁for ▁Mur der ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), ▁▁ ▁Robert ▁C . ▁By rd , ▁Los ing ▁America : ▁Con front ing ▁a ▁Re ck less ▁and ▁Ar rog ant ▁Pres id ency ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Richard ▁Clar ke , ▁Against ▁All ▁En em ies : ▁Inside ▁America ' s ▁War ▁on ▁T error ▁( 2 |
0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁David ▁Corn , ▁The ▁L ies ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush : ▁Master ing ▁the ▁Politics ▁of ▁De ception ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁ ▁John ▁W . ▁Dean , ▁W orse ▁Th an ▁Water gate : ▁The ▁Secret ▁Pres id ency ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Robert ▁S . ▁Dev ine , ▁Bush ▁Vers us ▁the ▁Environment ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁Ma ure en ▁Dow d , ▁Bush world : ▁Enter ▁at ▁Your ▁Own ▁R isk ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Robert ▁D rap er , ▁Dead ▁Certain : ▁The ▁Pres id ency ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 7 ), ▁▁ ▁Dr . ▁Justin ▁A . ▁Frank , ▁Bush ▁on ▁the ▁C ouch : ▁Inside ▁the ▁Mind ▁of ▁the ▁President ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁Reg an ▁Books . ▁▁ ▁Al ▁Frank en , ▁L ies ▁and ▁the ▁L ying ▁Li ars ▁Who ▁Tell ▁The m : ▁A ▁Fair ▁and ▁Bal anced ▁Look ▁at ▁the ▁Right ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁▁ ▁Jacob ▁We is berg , ▁Still ▁More ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush isms : ▁Neither ▁in ▁French ▁nor ▁in ▁English ▁nor ▁in ▁Mexican ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁ ▁Ben ▁F ritz , ▁Bryan ▁K ee fer ▁& ▁Brend an ▁Ny han , ▁All ▁the ▁President ' s ▁Sp in : ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush , ▁the ▁Media , ▁and ▁the ▁Truth ▁( 2 0 0 |
4 ), ▁▁ ▁David ▁Fr um , ▁The ▁Right ▁Man ▁: ▁An ▁Inside ▁Account ▁of ▁the ▁Bush ▁White ▁House ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁▁ ▁James ▁Hat field , ▁Fort unate ▁Son : ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁and ▁the ▁Making ▁of ▁an ▁American ▁President ▁( 1 9 9 9 ), ▁▁ ▁Jack ▁Hub erman , ▁The ▁Bush - H aters ▁Hand book : ▁A ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁Most ▁App alling ▁Pres id ency ▁of ▁the ▁Past ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Years ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁ ▁Molly ▁Iv ins , ▁Bush wh acked ▁: ▁Life ▁in ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ' s ▁America ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁▁ ▁Molly ▁Iv ins ▁and ▁Lou ▁Dub ose , ▁Sh rub : ▁The ▁Short ▁but ▁Happy ▁Political ▁Life ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 0 ), ▁ ▁Patrick ▁S . ▁John ston , ▁Mission ▁Acc om pl ished ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁▁ ▁William ▁K arel , ▁The ▁World ▁According ▁to ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁documentary ▁Robert ▁F . ▁Kennedy ▁Jr ., ▁Cr imes ▁Against ▁Nature : ▁How ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁and ▁His ▁Corpor ate ▁P als ▁Are ▁Pl und ering ▁the ▁Country ▁and ▁Hij acking ▁Our ▁Democr acy ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁Ronald ▁K ess ler , ▁A ▁M atter ▁Of ▁Character : ▁Inside ▁The ▁White ▁House ▁Of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Brad ▁K op low itz , ▁Our ▁Br ave |
▁New ▁World ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Mans field , ▁The ▁Faith ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁▁ ▁Anthony ▁March ion da , ▁Jr ., ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁UN BO UND ▁[ Kind le ▁Edition ] ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁AS IN ▁B 0 0 7 2 Y TX C 8 ▁ ▁Mark ▁Cris pin ▁Miller , ▁The ▁Bush ▁D ys lex icon : ▁Observ ations ▁on ▁a ▁National ▁Dis order ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁ ▁Mark ▁Cris pin ▁Miller , ▁Cru el ▁and ▁Un us ual : ▁Bush / Che ney ' s ▁New ▁World ▁Order ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Richard ▁Min iter , ▁Shadow ▁War : ▁The ▁U nt old ▁Story ▁of ▁How ▁Bush ▁Is ▁Win ning ▁the ▁War ▁on ▁T error ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Bill ▁Min ut ag lio , ▁First ▁Son : ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁and ▁the ▁Bush ▁Family ▁D yn asty ▁( 1 9 9 9 ), ▁ ▁-- ▁this ▁work ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁bi ography ▁of ▁Bush ▁ ▁M cc le ll an ▁Scott , ▁What ▁H app ened : ▁Inside ▁the ▁Bush ▁White ▁House ▁and ▁Washington ' s ▁Culture ▁of ▁De ception ▁( 2 0 0 9 ), ▁▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁Mitchell , ▁W : ▁Rev enge ▁of ▁the ▁Bush ▁D yn asty ▁( 2 0 0 0 ), ▁▁ ▁Michael ▁Moore , ▁D ude , ▁Where ' s ▁My ▁Country ? ▁( 2 |
0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Michael ▁Moore , ▁St upid ▁White ▁Men ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Michael ▁Moore , ▁F ahren heit ▁ 9 / 1 1 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁motion ▁picture ▁ ▁Jack ▁N arg und kar , ▁The ▁Bush ▁Di aries : ▁A ▁Cit izen ' s ▁Review ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Term ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁▁ ▁Peg gy ▁No on an , ▁We ▁Will ▁Pre v ail : ▁President ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁on ▁War , ▁T error ism ▁and ▁Freedom ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁Kevin ▁Phillips , ▁American ▁D yn asty : ▁Arist ocr acy , ▁Fort une , ▁and ▁the ▁Politics ▁of ▁De ce it ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁John ▁Pod h oret z , ▁Bush ▁Country : ▁How ▁Dub ya ▁B ec ame ▁a ▁Great ▁President ▁While ▁D riving ▁Liber als ▁Ins ane ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Carl ▁Pope , ▁Strateg ic ▁Ign or ance ▁: ▁Why ▁the ▁Bush ▁Administration ▁Is ▁Re ck lessly ▁Dest ro ying ▁a ▁Century ▁of ▁Environmental ▁Progress ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Gabriel ▁Range , ▁Death ▁of ▁a ▁President ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁motion ▁picture ▁Web ster ▁Griff in ▁Tar ple y ▁and ▁Anton ▁Ch ait kin , ▁George ▁Bush : ▁The ▁Un authorized ▁Biography ▁() ▁ ▁Michael ▁Sche uer ▁( orig . ▁pub . ▁under ▁" An onymous "), ▁Imperial ▁Hub ris : ▁Why ▁the |
▁West ▁is ▁Los ing ▁the ▁War ▁on ▁T error ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁Bill ▁Sam mon , ▁Fight ing ▁Back : ▁The ▁War ▁on ▁T error ism ▁from ▁Inside ▁the ▁Bush ▁White ▁House ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁ ▁Bill ▁Sam mon , ▁Mis under est imated : ▁The ▁President ▁Batt les ▁T error ism , ▁John ▁K erry , ▁and ▁the ▁Bush ▁H aters ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁Glen n ▁W ▁Smith , ▁Un fit ▁Commander : ▁Tex ans ▁for ▁Truth ▁Take ▁on ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁ ▁Ron ▁Sus kind , ▁The ▁Way ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁ ▁Jackson ▁Th ore au , ▁Born ▁to ▁Che at : ▁How ▁Bush , ▁Che ney , ▁R ove ▁& ▁Co . ▁Bro ke ▁the ▁Rules ▁- ▁From ▁the ▁Sand lot ▁to ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁ ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Craig ▁U ng er , ▁House ▁of ▁Bush , ▁House ▁of ▁Saud : ▁The ▁Secret ▁Rel ationship ▁Between ▁the ▁World ' s ▁Two ▁Most ▁Power ful ▁D yn ast ies ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Paul ▁Wald man , ▁Fra ud : ▁The ▁Str ategy ▁Behind ▁the ▁Bush ▁L ies ▁and ▁Why ▁the ▁Media ▁Didn ' t ▁Tell ▁You ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Ian ▁Williams , ▁Des er ter : ▁George ▁Bush ' s ▁War ▁on ▁Military ▁Famil ies , ▁Veter ans , ▁and ▁His ▁Past ▁( 2 |
0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Cl int ▁Will is , ▁The ▁I ▁H ate ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁Read er : ▁Why ▁Dub ya ▁Is ▁Wr ong ▁About ▁Abs olutely ▁Everything ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Bob ▁Wood ward , ▁State ▁of ▁Den ial ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Bob ▁Wood ward , ▁Bush ▁At ▁War ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁▁ ▁Bob ▁Wood ward , ▁Plan ▁of ▁Att ack ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁John ▁Ji amb al vo , ▁Sm irk : ▁A ▁Nov el ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁I vo ▁H . ▁Da al der ▁and ▁James ▁M . ▁Lind say , ▁America ▁Un bound : ▁The ▁Bush ▁Revolution ▁in ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁▁ ▁Dennis ▁L oy ▁Johnson ▁and ▁Val erie ▁Mer ians ▁( eds ), ▁What ▁We ▁Do ▁Now ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁K itty ▁Kel ley , ▁The ▁Family : ▁The ▁Real ▁Story ▁of ▁the ▁Bush ▁D yn asty ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Michael ▁Lind , ▁Made ▁In ▁Texas : ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁and ▁the ▁Southern ▁Take over ▁of ▁American ▁Politics ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁▁ ▁Alexander ▁Mo ens , ▁The ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush : ▁Val ues , ▁Str ategy ▁And ▁L oyal ty ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁James ▁C . ▁Moore ▁and ▁Wayne ▁Sl ater , ▁Bush ' s ▁Br ain : ▁How ▁Karl ▁R ove |
▁Made ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁President ial ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁▁ ▁Colonel ▁B . ▁Wayne ▁Qu ist ▁and ▁Dr . ▁David ▁F . ▁D rake , ▁Win ning ▁the ▁War ▁on ▁T error : ▁A ▁Tri umph ▁of ▁American ▁Val ues ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁▁ ▁Peter ▁S inger , ▁The ▁President ▁of ▁Good ▁and ▁Ev il : ▁The ▁Eth ics ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Gene ▁Stone , ▁The ▁Bush ▁Sur v ival ▁Bible : ▁ 2 5 0 ▁W ays ▁to ▁Make ▁it ▁Through ▁the ▁Next ▁Four ▁Years ▁Without ▁Mis under est im ating ▁the ▁D angers ▁A head , ▁and ▁Other ▁Sub lim in able ▁ ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁▁▁ ▁Jacob ▁We is berg , ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush isms : ▁The ▁Sl ate ▁Book ▁of ▁The ▁Acc idental ▁W it ▁and ▁Wis dom ▁of ▁our ▁ 4 3 rd ▁President ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁▁ ▁Jacob ▁We is berg , ▁More ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush isms : ▁More ▁of ▁Sl ate ' s ▁Acc idental ▁W it ▁and ▁Wis dom ▁of ▁Our ▁ 4 3 rd ▁President ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁▁ ▁Jacob ▁We is berg , ▁The ▁Del ux e ▁E lection ▁Edition ▁Bush isms : ▁The ▁First ▁Term , ▁in ▁His ▁Own ▁Special ▁W ords ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Jacob ▁We is berg , ▁The ▁Bush ▁Tr aged y ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), |
▁▁ ▁Jean ▁Edward ▁Smith , ▁Bush ▁( 2 0 1 6 ), ▁▁▁ ▁Books ▁about ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁elections ▁▁ ▁Vincent ▁Bug li osi , ▁The ▁Bet ray al ▁of ▁America : ▁How ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁Und erm ined ▁the ▁Constitution ▁and ▁Ch ose ▁Our ▁President ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁▁ ▁Alan ▁M . ▁D ers how itz , ▁Supreme ▁In just ice : ▁How ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁Hij acked ▁E lection ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁▁ ▁Bob ▁F itr ak is , ▁Did ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁Ste al ▁America ' s ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁E lection ? ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁▁ ▁Steve ▁Fre eman ▁and ▁Joel ▁B le if uss , ▁Was ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁President ial ▁E lection ▁St olen ?: ▁Ex it ▁Poll s , ▁E lection ▁Fra ud , ▁and ▁the ▁Official ▁Count ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁▁ ▁H . ▁Gill man , ▁The ▁Votes ▁That ▁Count ed : ▁How ▁the ▁Court ▁Dec ided ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁President ial ▁E lection ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁▁ ▁An ita ▁Miller , ▁What ▁W ent ▁Wr ong ▁In ▁Ohio : ▁The ▁Con yers ▁Report ▁On ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁President ial ▁E lection ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁▁ ▁Mark ▁Cris pin ▁Miller , ▁F ool ed ▁Again ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), |
▁▁ ▁Ellen ▁Nak ash ima , ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post , ▁et ▁al ., ▁Dead lock : ▁The ▁Inside ▁Story ▁of ▁America ' s ▁Cl os est ▁E lection ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁ 3 6 ▁Days : ▁The ▁Complete ▁Chron icle ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁President ial ▁E lection ▁Cris is ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁▁ ▁David ▁North , ▁The ▁Cris is ▁of ▁American ▁Democr acy : ▁The ▁President ial ▁E lections ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁▁ ▁Richard ▁A . ▁Pos ner , ▁Break ing ▁the ▁Dead lock : ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁E lection , ▁the ▁Constitution , ▁and ▁the ▁Cour ts ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁▁ ▁Jack ▁N . ▁R ak ove ▁( ed .), ▁The ▁Un finished ▁E lection ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁▁ ▁Larry ▁J . ▁Sab ato , ▁Over time ! ▁The ▁E lection ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Th r iller ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁▁ ▁Jake ▁T ap per , ▁Down ▁and ▁D irty : ▁The ▁Plot ▁to ▁Ste al ▁the ▁Pres id ency ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁▁ ▁Jeff rey ▁To ob in , ▁Too ▁Close ▁to ▁Call : ▁The ▁Th irty - S ix - Day ▁Battle ▁to ▁Dec ide ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁E lection '' ▁( 2 |
0 0 2 ), ▁▁ ▁Bush , ▁George ▁W ▁Bush , ▁George ▁W . ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁bibli ograph ies ▁Category : B ibli ograph ies ▁of ▁people ▁Category : C ultural ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Norweg ian ▁Union ▁of ▁Paper ▁Industry ▁Work ers ▁() ▁was ▁a ▁trade ▁union ▁in ▁Norway , ▁organized ▁under ▁the ▁national ▁Norweg ian ▁Confeder ation ▁of ▁Trade ▁Un ions . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁it ▁was ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Union ▁of ▁Cl othing ▁Work ers , ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Union ▁of ▁Iron ▁and ▁Metal workers , ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Union ▁of ▁Building ▁Industry ▁Work ers ▁and ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Union ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁and ▁Land ▁Work ers ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁United ▁Federation ▁of ▁Trade ▁Un ions . ▁It ▁had ▁about ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁members ▁before ▁the ▁mer ger . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁trade ▁un ions ▁of ▁Norway ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁Confeder ation ▁of ▁Trade ▁Un ions ▁ ▁Category : Tr ade ▁un ions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁Category : Tr ade ▁un ions ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : P aper ▁industry ▁trade ▁un ions <0x0A> </s> ▁J ans sen - F rit sen ▁Gym n ast ics ▁b . v . ▁is |
▁a ▁manufacturer ▁of ▁professional ▁gym n ast ics ▁equipment ▁and ▁appar atus , ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁J ans sen - F rit sen ▁has ▁supplied ▁equipment ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁world , ▁European ▁and ▁contin ental ▁championship s , ▁and ▁four ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s ▁the ▁company ▁pione ered ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁vault ing ▁table , ▁a ▁replacement ▁for ▁the ▁pom mel ▁horse - like ▁appar atus ▁used ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁international ▁compet itions . ▁The ▁vault ing ▁table , ▁first ▁introduced ▁at ▁the ▁international ▁level ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁World ▁Art istic ▁Gym n ast ics ▁Championships , ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁Gym n ast ics ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁The ▁switch ▁in ▁appar atus ▁has ▁made ▁the ▁sport ▁safer ▁and ▁enabled ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁more ▁spectacular ▁vault s , ▁including ▁Y ur chen ko - style ▁vault s . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G ym n ast ics ▁equipment ▁manufacturers ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : Priv ately ▁held ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands <0x0A> </s> ▁F ag us ▁fer rug inea ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁be ech ▁species : ▁▁ ▁F ag us ▁fer rug inea ▁Dry and ., ▁a ▁syn onym ▁for ▁F ag us ▁grand if olia ▁sub sp . ▁grand if olia ▁( American ▁be |
ech ) ▁ ▁F ag us ▁fer rug inea ▁var . ▁car olin iana ▁L oud on , ▁also ▁a ▁syn onym ▁for ▁F ag us ▁grand if olia ▁sub sp . ▁grand if olia ▁ ▁F ag us ▁fer rug inea ▁Sie bold ▁( Invalid ), ▁a ▁syn onym ▁for ▁F ag us ▁c ren ata ▁Bl ume ▁( J apan ese ▁be ech ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁F ag us ▁fer rug inea ▁The ▁Plant ▁List . <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Alex andra , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Alex , ▁is ▁a ▁theatre ▁on ▁S uff olk ▁Queens way ▁in ▁Birmingham , ▁England . ▁ ▁Construction ▁of ▁the ▁theatre ▁comm enced ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁and ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁The ▁architect s ▁were ▁Owen ▁& ▁Ward ▁and ▁the ▁theatre ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁as ▁the ▁Ly ce um ▁Theatre ▁on ▁John ▁Bright ▁Street . ▁Init ially ▁it ▁attracted ▁few ▁theatre ▁go ers ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁to ▁bring ▁in ▁a ▁star . ▁For ▁ten ▁weeks ▁from ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁H . ▁A . ▁S aints bury ▁tro d ▁the ▁boards ▁as ▁the ▁theatre ' s ▁leading ▁man , ▁playing ▁in ▁costume ▁dram as . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁disappoint ingly ▁low ▁returns ▁the ▁new ▁theatre ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Les ter ▁Coll ing wood ▁for ▁£ 4 , 0 0 0 , ▁who ▁renamed ▁it ▁the ▁Alex andra ▁Theatre |
▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁Coll ing wood ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁road ▁traffic ▁accident ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁Leon ▁Sal berg , ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁his ▁office ▁at ▁the ▁theatre ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁His ▁ghost ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁inhabit ▁the ▁theatre . ▁Other ▁ghost ly ▁sight ings ▁include ▁that ▁by ▁a ▁clean er ▁of ▁a ▁woman ▁dressed ▁in ▁grey ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁theatre ▁was ▁re built ▁with ▁a ▁fine ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁aud itor ium ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁a ▁design ▁by ▁Roland ▁S atch well . ▁Upon ▁Leon ▁Sal berg ' s ▁death , ▁D erek ▁Sal berg ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁running ▁of ▁the ▁theatre . ▁The ▁Sal berg ▁family ▁ran ▁the ▁theatre ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁Following ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁theatre ▁became ▁well ▁patron ised ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁population ▁- ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁season ▁ticket ▁hold ers ▁lived ▁within ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁Birmingham . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁main ▁entrance ▁was ▁originally ▁situated ▁on ▁John ▁Bright ▁Street , ▁a ▁new ▁main ▁entrance ▁block ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁S uff olk ▁Street ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 6 9 ▁to ▁a ▁design ▁by ▁the ▁John ▁Mad in ▁Design ▁Group , ▁with ▁a ▁wide ▁bridge ▁link ing ▁the ▁two ▁- ▁from ▁the ▁inside , ▁the ▁appearance |
▁is ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁building . ▁S atch well ' s ▁interior ▁was ▁ref urb ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁by ▁the ▁Se ym our ▁Harris ▁Part nership . ▁The ▁Alex ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁A pol lo ▁Le isure ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁D erek ▁Sal berg ' s ▁aut obi ography ▁" M uch ▁Ad o ▁About ▁Theatre " ▁had ▁its ▁fore word ▁written ▁by ▁Lauren ce ▁Ol iv ier . ▁Under ▁Leon ▁Sal berg , ▁the ▁Alex ▁was ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁pant om imes ▁such ▁as ▁" M other ▁Go ose ". ▁ ▁The ▁theatre ▁currently ▁seats ▁ 1 , 3 7 1 ▁and ▁hosts ▁a ▁busy ▁programme ▁of ▁tour ing ▁drama , ▁West ▁End ▁shows ▁and ▁stand - up ▁comedy . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁D ' O y ly ▁Car te ▁Opera ▁Company ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Nev ille ▁Chamber l ain ▁delivered ▁a ▁speech ▁at ▁the ▁theatre ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁Dad ' s ▁Army ▁star ▁Arthur ▁L owe ▁collapsed ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁stroke ▁in ▁his ▁dressing ▁room ▁in ▁the ▁theatre ▁before ▁a ▁performance ▁of ▁Home ▁at ▁Seven , ▁and ▁later ▁died ▁in ▁hospital ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁aged ▁ 6 6 . ▁ ▁Recent ▁history ▁On ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁then ▁Alex andra ▁Theatre ▁was ▁taken ▁over |
▁by ▁the ▁multi - n ational ▁organisation ▁the ▁A pol lo ▁Le isure ▁Group . ▁The ▁new ▁owners ▁who ▁ran ▁many ▁West ▁End ▁the at res ▁brought ▁many ▁large ▁scale ▁West ▁End ▁produ ctions ▁to ▁the ▁Alex ▁including ▁Cop ac ab ana , ▁Great ▁Expect ations , ▁Gre ase ▁and ▁Summer ▁Hol iday ▁star ring ▁Dar ren ▁Day . ▁A ▁crit ically ▁ac claimed ▁production ▁of ▁West ▁Side ▁Story ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁End ▁for ▁a ▁successful ▁run . ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁ownership ▁of ▁A pol lo ▁Le isure , ▁the ▁Alex ▁saw ▁major ▁investment ▁including ▁improvements ▁to ▁the ▁stage ▁area ▁and ▁front ▁of ▁house ▁areas , ▁this ▁then ▁enabled ▁the ▁theatre ▁to ▁stage ▁first - rate ▁produ ctions ▁including ▁two ▁produ ctions ▁from ▁Cameron ▁Mack int osh , ▁Oliver ! ▁star ring ▁Gary ▁Wil mot , ▁and ▁Les ▁Mis ér ables ▁- ▁the ▁first ▁produ ctions ▁to ▁try ▁out ▁the ▁new ▁facilities . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁the ▁A pol lo ▁Le isure ▁Group ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁American ▁entertainment ▁company ▁S FX ▁Entertainment ▁for ▁around ▁£ 1 6 0 ▁million . ▁ ▁Under ▁S FX ▁management ▁the ▁theatre ▁saw ▁increased ▁entertainment ▁value , ▁still ▁wel coming ▁West ▁End ▁produ ctions ▁such ▁as ▁Doctor ▁Dol ittle , ▁and ▁in ▁Christmas ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁saw ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁pant om ime ▁to ▁the ▁theatre , ▁with ▁a ▁sell ▁out ▁season ▁of ▁Peter ▁Pan ▁star ring ▁Les lie ▁Gr anth am ▁and ▁Joe ▁Pas qu ale . ▁ ▁In ▁ |
2 0 0 1 , ▁S FX ▁merged ▁with ▁Clear ▁Channel ▁Entertainment , ▁making ▁them ▁the ▁largest ▁UK ▁theatre ▁operator , ▁including ▁three ▁West ▁End ▁the at res . ▁Under ▁the ▁ownership ▁of ▁Clear ▁Channel ▁the ▁theatre ▁continued ▁to ▁provide ▁and ▁attract ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁entertainment , ▁including ▁musical s , ▁comedy , ▁plays , ▁opera ▁and ▁conc erts . ▁ ▁Com ed ians ▁including ▁Stewart ▁Lee , ▁Se ann ▁Wal sh , ▁Jack ▁De e ▁and ▁M icky ▁Fl an agan ▁have ▁all ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁theatre ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁the ▁Alex andra ▁Theatre ▁changed ▁management ▁once ▁again , ▁to ▁be ▁managed ▁by ▁Live ▁Nation , ▁a ▁company ▁that ▁special ised ▁in ▁concert ▁promotion ▁and ▁large ▁venue ▁operations . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Amb assador ▁Theatre ▁Group , ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁minor ▁ref urb ishment ▁the ▁group ▁renamed ▁the ▁theatre ▁the ▁New ▁Alex andra ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁West life ▁lead ▁vocal ist ▁Sh ane ▁Fil an ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁theatre ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁artist ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁theatre ▁was ▁rel a unched ▁as ▁The ▁Alex andra ▁following ▁a ▁£ 6 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ref urb ishment ▁and ▁corporate ▁re - brand ▁to ▁the ▁venue ▁which ▁will ▁be ▁un ve iled ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁for ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁Mot own ▁The ▁Mus ical ▁UK ▁tour . ▁ |
▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁Category : The at res ▁in ▁Birmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁Category : The at res ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : Art ▁Dec o ▁architecture ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Per formance ▁art ▁ven ues <0x0A> </s> ▁Football ▁Club ▁L orient - B ret agne ▁Sud ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁association ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁L orient , ▁Br itt any . ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 / 1 7 ▁campaign ▁they ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁compet itions : ▁L igue ▁ 1 , ▁Coupe ▁de ▁France , ▁Coupe ▁de ▁la ▁L igue . ▁ ▁Compet itions ▁ ▁L igue ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Results ▁summary ▁ ▁Results ▁by ▁match day ▁ ▁Mat ches ▁ ▁Re leg ation ▁Play ▁Off ▁ ▁Coupe ▁de ▁France ▁ ▁Coupe ▁de ▁la ▁L igue ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁L orient ▁ 2 0 1 6 - 1 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Running ▁Out ▁of ▁Luck ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁ ▁American ▁adventure ▁film ▁directed ▁ ▁by ▁▁ <0x09> J ul ien ▁Temple ▁ ▁and ▁star ring ▁ ▁M ick ▁J agger . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁M ick ▁( M ick ▁J agger ) ▁is ▁in ▁Rio ▁shooting ▁a ▁video . ▁He ▁is ▁with ▁his ▁wife / girl friend ▁played ▁by ▁Jerry ▁Hall . ▁M ick ▁performs ▁Half ▁a ▁Lo af ▁while ▁the ▁director ▁played ▁by ▁Dennis ▁Hop per ▁scream s ▁and ▁y ells ▁at ▁M ick ▁who ▁is ▁drunk . ▁M |
ick ▁and ▁Jerry ▁Hall ▁are ▁trying ▁to ▁make ▁each ▁other ▁jealous . ▁Jerry ▁starts ▁making ▁out ▁with ▁a ▁cab ana ▁boy ▁which ▁makes ▁M ick ▁dist urbed . ▁M ick ▁picks ▁up ▁three ▁girls ▁and ▁inv ites ▁them ▁to ▁his ▁trailer . ▁On ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁trailer , ▁M ick ▁starts ▁feeling ▁up ▁the ▁girls ▁and ▁real izes ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁girls , ▁and ▁the ▁three ▁female ▁imp ost ers ▁beat ▁up ▁and ▁rob ▁M ick ▁and ▁throw ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁a ▁truck . ▁Jerry ▁Hall ▁leaves ▁Rio ▁alone ▁and ▁meets ▁a ▁rich ▁man ▁in ▁first ▁class ▁while ▁M ick ▁has ▁found ▁himself ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁countryside ▁of ▁Brazil , ▁seeing ▁mir ages ▁and ▁going ▁crazy ▁from ▁the ▁heat . ▁ ▁M ick ▁is ▁found ▁by ▁a ▁plant ation ▁owner ▁woman ▁who ▁resc ues ▁him ▁and ▁puts ▁him ▁to ▁work . ▁She ▁also ▁uses ▁M ick ▁as ▁her ▁sex ▁slave . ▁A ▁truck load ▁of ▁prost itutes ▁come ▁to ▁visit ▁the ▁plant ation ▁workers ▁and ▁M ick ▁offers ▁his ▁shoes ▁to ▁a ▁man ▁who ▁is ▁rough ing ▁up ▁a ▁prost itute ▁played ▁by ▁R ae ▁Da wn ▁Ch ong ▁( Tom my ▁Ch ong ▁of ▁Che ech ▁& ▁Ch ong ▁fame ' s ▁daughter ). ▁M ick ▁esc apes ▁the ▁plant ation ▁by ▁dressing ▁up ▁in ▁drag ▁and ▁getting ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁truck ▁when ▁the ▁prost itutes ▁leave . ▁ ▁They ▁try ▁to ▁get ▁money ▁by ▁che ating ▁at ▁a ▁casino ▁back ▁in ▁Rio , ▁and ▁M |
ick ▁got ▁caught ▁and ▁thrown ▁in ▁jail . ▁R ae ▁helps ▁him ▁escape ▁by ▁dru gg ing ▁the ▁w arden ▁and ▁M ick ▁goes ▁back ▁to ▁London . ▁Although ▁everyone ▁thinks ▁M ick ▁is ▁dead , ▁the ▁press ▁catch ▁on ▁to ▁his ▁return ▁as ▁he ▁makes ▁new ▁music ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁band ▁upstairs ▁in ▁a ▁pub . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁M ick ▁J agger ▁as ▁M ick ▁ ▁R ae ▁Da wn ▁Ch ong ▁as ▁Sl ave ▁Girl ▁ ▁Dennis ▁Hop per ▁as ▁Video ▁Director ▁ ▁Jerry ▁Hall ▁as ▁H ers elf ▁▁▁ ▁Norm a ▁Beng ell ▁ ▁Grande ▁Ot elo ▁ ▁Jim ▁Broad b ent ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁adventure ▁films ▁ ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁adventure ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Jul ien ▁Temple <0x0A> </s> ▁B oc ula ▁sam ar inda ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁E reb idae ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Jeremy ▁Daniel ▁H ollow ay ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Bor neo . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁about ▁ 2 0 mm . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R iv ul ina e <0x0A> </s> ▁Le ah ▁Daniel s ▁( born ▁December ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁country ▁music ▁singer ▁and ▁song writer . ▁She ▁is ▁an ▁independent ▁recording ▁artist . ▁Her ▁self - t itled ▁debut ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 |
0 1 1 ▁and ▁her ▁debut ▁single ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁She ▁released ▁her ▁first ▁music ▁video ▁titled ▁" S us pic ious ▁Mind s " ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁on ▁C MT , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Le ah ▁Daniel s ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁a ▁small ▁farm ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Ontario . ▁Daniel s ▁was ▁constantly ▁surrounded ▁by ▁music ▁and ▁singing . ▁She ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁music ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age ▁by ▁a ▁grandfather ▁who ▁taught ▁her ▁how ▁to ▁y od el ▁and ▁an ▁uncle ▁who ▁school ed ▁her ▁in ▁classic ▁rock . ▁She ▁began ▁to ▁write ▁songs ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 2 ▁prefer ring ▁music ▁that ▁incorporated ▁a ▁country ▁pop ▁music ▁sound . ▁ ▁Daniel s ▁began ▁performing ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁girl ▁in ▁cho irs ▁and ▁singing ▁compet itions . ▁Her ▁first ▁exposure ▁to ▁country ▁music ▁came ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 0 ▁singing ▁at ▁the ▁C NE ▁Open ▁Country ▁singing ▁contest . ▁While ▁attending ▁school ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Ontario ▁Le ah ▁began ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁musical s . ▁She ▁performed ▁roles ▁as ▁Eliz a ▁D ool ittle ▁in ▁" My ▁Fair ▁Lady ", ▁Sandy ▁in ▁" Gre ase " ▁and ▁An ita ▁in ▁" West ▁Side ▁Story ". ▁Her ▁first ▁professional ▁singing ▁job ▁was ▁at ▁a ▁dinner ▁theatre ▁called , ▁" Al ▁Cap one ’ s ▁Birth day ". ▁Soon ▁after ▁this ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁Le ah ▁was ▁hired ▁to |
▁work ▁as ▁a ▁singer / d ancer ▁in ▁the ▁shows ▁" Sch ool ▁of ▁Rock " ▁and ▁" Tw ist in ’ ▁to ▁the ▁Si xt ies " ▁at ▁a ▁theme ▁park ▁called ▁Canada ’ s ▁Wonder land . ▁Here ▁Le ah ▁met ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁sing ▁with ▁the ▁musicians ▁who ▁form ▁her ▁current ▁band . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Daniel s ▁studied ▁musical ▁theatre ▁at ▁Sher idan ▁College ▁and ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁she ▁studied ▁voice ▁at ▁H umber ▁College . ▁At ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Le ah ▁left ▁school ▁to ▁pursue ▁her ▁amb ition ▁of ▁writing , ▁recording ▁and ▁releasing ▁her ▁own ▁original ▁music . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁she ▁recorded ▁and ▁released ▁her ▁first ▁ 3 - s ong ▁Dem o ▁" No ▁E scape ". ▁It ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁mostly ▁pop / R & B ▁but ▁one ▁song ▁" Per fect ▁World " ▁stood ▁out ▁as ▁almost ▁having ▁a ▁country ▁flav our . ▁The ▁positive ▁feedback ▁to ▁" Per fect ▁World " ▁inspired ▁Le ah ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁country ▁music ▁writing ▁at ▁this ▁point . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Daniel s ▁began ▁to ▁perform ▁regularly ▁as ▁a ▁country ▁artist . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁Dur ham ▁Region ▁Music ▁Award ▁for ▁Country ▁Artist ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁She ▁also ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁H avel ock ▁Country ▁J amb ore e ▁alongside ▁such ▁music ▁leg ends ▁as ▁D w ight ▁Y o ak am ▁and ▁T anya |
▁T ucker . ▁She ▁followed ▁this ▁with ▁a ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁appearance ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Artist ▁Show case ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁CC MA ▁Music ▁Week . ▁ ▁She ▁began ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁motivated ▁fan ▁base ▁on ▁Facebook , ▁Twitter ▁and ▁YouTube ▁recording ▁several ▁music ▁videos ▁and ▁posting ▁them . ▁Le ah ▁also ▁began ▁to ▁write ▁and ▁record ▁her ▁debut ▁CD ▁with ▁friend , ▁musician ▁and ▁producer ▁Sam ▁Ell is . ▁Sam ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Hunter ▁Hay es ▁Band . ▁The ▁recording ▁was ▁finished ▁in ▁mid - 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁song / video , ▁" S us pic ious ▁Mind s " ▁was ▁released ▁to ▁C MT ▁Canada ▁and ▁YouTube ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 .' S us pic ious ▁Mind s " ▁was ▁a ▁rem ake ▁of ▁the ▁El vis ▁Pres ley ▁classic ▁song ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁title . ▁ ▁Le ah ▁made ▁her ▁debut ▁TV ▁appearance ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 rd ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁on ▁the ▁C TV ▁S ask at che wan ▁Tele mir acle ▁broadcast . ▁Le ah ▁Daniel s ▁released ▁her ▁second ▁song / video , ▁" One ▁Night " ▁to ▁C MT ▁Canada ▁and ▁YouTube ▁June ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 .' ▁ ▁One ▁song ▁from ▁her ▁new ▁CD , ▁" St ill " ▁has ▁been ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁C MT ▁( Can ada ) ▁show ▁" Un stable ". ▁ ▁Other ▁projects ▁Daniel s ▁performed |
▁with ▁the ▁tour ▁act ▁God ▁Made ▁Me ▁F unk y ▁during ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁She ▁still ▁performs ▁occasionally ▁with ▁them . ▁Le ah ▁recorded ▁on ▁the ▁group ' s ▁ 4 th ▁album ▁" W elcome ▁to ▁N uf unk ton ia ", ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁she ▁performed ▁and ▁tou red ▁with ▁a ▁" H ann ah ▁Mont ana " ▁t ribute ▁show . ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁she ▁also ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁background ▁vocal ist ▁for ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Band , ▁Ill Sc ar lett ▁for ▁their ▁performance ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Studio ▁albums ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Music ▁videos ▁ ▁Other ▁album ▁appearances ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nom inations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Le ah ▁Daniel s ▁music ▁video , ▁" We ▁Got ▁Snow " ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁U x bridge , ▁Ontario ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁female ▁country ▁sing ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁country ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁multi - in strument al ists ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Ontario ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁multi - in strument al ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁guitar ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian |
▁guitar ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁country ▁guitar ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁sing ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁pop ▁guitar ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁pian ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁pian ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁pop ▁pian ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁women ▁pian ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁women ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Water gate ▁is ▁a ▁ham let ▁in ▁the ▁civil ▁parish ▁of ▁Advent ▁in ▁Corn wall , ▁England , ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁ham let ▁called ▁Water gate ▁in ▁the ▁civil ▁parish ▁of ▁P ely nt ▁in ▁Corn wall . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : H am lets ▁in ▁Corn wall <0x0A> </s> ▁Christopher ▁B ono ▁() ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁composer , ▁producer , ▁and ▁song writer . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁amb ient ▁post - rock ▁band ▁Ghost ▁Against ▁Ghost , ▁experimental ▁ensemble ▁NO US , ▁and ▁arts ▁collective ▁and ▁record ▁label ▁Our ▁Sil ent ▁Can vas . ▁B ono ▁began ▁playing ▁the ▁guitar ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 2 1 ▁after ▁being ▁injured ▁while ▁playing ▁baseball ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁For ▁several ▁years ▁he ▁tou red , ▁recorded , ▁and ▁performed ▁in |
▁an ▁alternative ▁roots - rock ▁style . ▁In ▁his ▁mid - 2 0 s , ▁he ▁made ▁the ▁choice ▁to ▁learn ▁classical ▁composition ▁techniques ▁and ▁for ▁seven ▁years , ▁in ▁nearly ▁her metic ▁isolation , ▁he ▁taught ▁himself ▁to ▁read ▁music , ▁and ▁studied ▁composition ▁independently ▁with ▁Ju ill i ard ▁professor ▁K end all ▁Brig gs ▁and ▁at ▁La ▁S cola ▁Cant orum ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁B ono ▁began ▁the ▁independent ▁label , ▁Our ▁Sil ent ▁Can vas , ▁a ▁non - profit ▁multi - media ▁arts ▁collective . ▁Our ▁Sil ent ▁Can vas ▁organ izes ▁performances ▁and ▁events ▁featuring ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁contemporary ▁compos ers ▁and ▁visual ▁artists . ▁" The ▁asp iration ▁is ▁to ▁offer ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁artists , ▁musicians , ▁and ▁compos ers ▁to ▁reach ▁a ▁more ▁diverse ▁audience ▁through ▁alternative ▁ven ues ▁and ▁environments ." ▁Our ▁Sil ent ▁Can vas ▁works ▁to ▁encourage ▁exploration ▁of ▁the ▁complete ▁sens ory ▁experience , ▁by ▁developing ▁performances ▁featuring ▁a ▁collaboration ▁of ▁these ▁various ▁arts . ▁ ▁Inv oc ations ▁ ▁B ono ’ s ▁first ▁classical ▁album , ▁Inv oc ations , ▁a ▁chamber ▁music ▁collection , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁fall ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁on ▁vin yl ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Inv oc ations ▁features ▁music ▁for ▁string ▁tri o , ▁string ▁quart et , ▁and ▁chamber ▁ensemble , ▁enhanced ▁with ▁electron ics ▁and ▁field ▁record ings . ▁Gram oph one ▁magazine ▁declared , ▁“ |
If ▁you ▁like ▁Michael ▁N yman , ▁you ’ ll ▁probably ▁like ▁Christopher ▁B ono .” ▁ ▁New Music Box ▁writer ▁Frank ▁O ter i ▁wrote , ▁“ While ▁much ▁of ▁ 2 1 st - century ▁contemporary ▁composition ▁is ▁not ▁beh old en ▁to ▁any ▁rules , ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁that ▁I ▁could ▁probably ▁claim ▁everyone ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁‘ outs ider ’ ▁in ▁some ▁ways , ▁B ono ’ s ▁music ▁sounds ▁as ▁though ▁everything ▁he ▁writes ▁is ▁something ▁he ▁is ▁discover ing ▁for ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁time , ▁even ▁if ▁there ▁are ▁clear ▁reference ▁points ▁throughout ▁to ▁the ▁sound ▁worlds ▁of ▁other ▁compos ers ▁from ▁both ▁our ▁own ▁time ▁and ▁other ▁er as .” ▁ ▁The ▁Une x cell ed ▁Man tra ▁& ▁Un ity ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Christopher ▁B ono ▁released ▁record ings ▁of ▁two ▁ch oral ▁works , ▁The ▁Une x cell ed ▁Man tra ▁and ▁Un ity , ▁performed ▁by ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁V irt u oso ▁Sing ers ▁led ▁by ▁music ▁director ▁Harold ▁Rosen ba um . ▁The ▁record ings ▁were ▁made ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Let ters ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁by ▁Gram my - winning ▁producer ▁Sil as ▁Brown . ▁ ▁The ▁Une x cell ed ▁Man tra ▁is ▁a ▁setting ▁of ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁Heart ▁S ut ra , ▁a ▁sacred ▁text ▁in ▁Mah ay ana ▁Budd h ism ▁on ▁practicing ▁Sh un y ata , ▁or ▁Em pt iness , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁obtain |
▁N ir v ana . ▁The ▁man tra ▁reads ▁“ g at é ▁g at é ▁par ag at é ▁paras am g at é ▁bod hi ▁sv aha ,” ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁translated ▁as ▁“ Go , ▁go , ▁go ▁beyond , ▁go ▁totally ▁beyond , ▁be ▁ro oted ▁in ▁the ▁ground ▁of ▁en light en ment .” ▁ ▁B AR DO ▁ ▁Christopher ’ s ▁next ▁album ▁release ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁B AR DO , ▁incorpor ates ▁a ▁vast ▁source ▁of ▁mult icult ural ▁influences ▁including ▁- The ▁Tibet an ▁Book ▁Of ▁The ▁Dead , ▁various ▁ar che ty pal ▁symbol ism ▁and ▁characters ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁Tar ot ▁system , ▁sound ▁healing , ▁and ▁sacred ▁geometry . ▁This ▁sur real ▁musical ▁drama ▁narr ates ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁“ The ▁F ool ,” ▁a ▁character ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Tar ot ▁system , ▁as ▁he ▁experiences ▁a ▁spiritual ▁journey ▁through ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁loss , ▁despair , ▁inspiration , ▁destruction , ▁death , ▁the ▁after life , ▁and ▁reb irth . ▁ ▁The ▁recording ▁of ▁B AR DO ▁features ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Phil harm onic ▁Orchestra ▁and ▁the ▁Pr ague ▁Phil harm onic ▁conducted ▁by ▁Ted dy ▁A br ams . ▁The ▁sessions ▁were ▁recorded ▁at ▁the ▁legendary ▁D vor ák ▁Hall ▁in ▁Pr ague , ▁and ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁Christopher ▁B ono ▁with ▁Gram my ▁Award - w inners ▁Adam ▁Ab es house ▁and ▁Sil as ▁Brown . ▁ ▁B AR DO ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁site |
- specific ▁work ▁commissioned ▁by ▁Sym ph o ▁Con cert s ▁and ▁was ▁premier ed ▁to ▁a ▁capacity ▁crowd ▁at ▁the ▁Ann ▁Hamilton ▁Tower ▁in ▁G ey serv ille , ▁CA ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Per form ers ▁and ▁audience ▁members ▁were ▁positioned ▁along ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁structure ▁on ▁double - hel ix ▁interior ▁stair cases . ▁This ▁vertical ▁plane ▁was ▁taken ▁into ▁consideration ▁for ▁the ▁compos itional ▁process , ▁and ▁then ▁was ▁translated ▁onto ▁a ▁horizontal ▁level ▁for ▁a ▁larger ▁or chestra . ▁ ▁Up coming ▁Re le ases ▁and ▁Project s ▁ ▁Christopher ▁B ono ▁& ▁Anthony ▁Mol ina ▁( Mer cury ▁Rev , ▁White ▁Light ▁Rec ording ) ▁are ▁at ▁work ▁finishing ▁B ono ' s ▁electro ▁amb ient , ▁post - ▁rock ▁project ▁Ghost ▁Against ▁Ghost . ▁ Ο ί α , ▁will ▁be ▁released ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁with ▁an ▁accompanying ▁US ▁and ▁European ▁tour . ▁ ▁Coll abor ations ▁ ▁N ous ▁( pr on ounced ▁( / ˈ nu ː s / )) ▁is ▁an ▁experimental ▁music ▁project ▁exploring ▁ritual ▁and ▁spont ane ity ▁within ▁music . ▁N ous ▁featured ▁what ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁called ▁" a ▁wise , ▁post category , ▁electric ▁and ▁ac oustic ▁ 1 2 - person ▁crew ." ▁The ▁inaug ural ▁public ▁performances ▁by ▁N ous ▁were ▁on ▁at ▁the ▁Bas il ica ▁Hudson ▁in ▁Hudson , ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁at ▁Baby ’ s ▁All ▁Right ▁in ▁William sburg , |
▁New ▁York . ▁These ▁shows ▁followed ▁a ▁five - day ▁recording ▁sessions ▁ ▁with ▁producer ▁and ▁engineer ▁Kevin ▁Mc M ah on ▁( Sw ans , ▁Tit us ▁And ronic us , ▁Real ▁Estate ) ▁at ▁Dream land ▁Rec ording ▁Studio ▁in ▁Wood stock , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁▁ ▁Ten ▁Sen ators ▁and ▁the ▁Reb el ▁Son ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Digital , ▁CD ▁▁ ▁Inv oc ations ▁( ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Digital , ▁CD , 1 8 0 g ▁Special ▁Edition ▁Vin yl ▁LP ▁ ▁Un ity ▁and ▁The ▁Une x cell ed ▁Man tra ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Digital , ▁Special ▁edition ▁ 7 ” ▁vin yl ▁▁ ▁B ardo ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Digital , ▁CD , ▁Double ▁Vin yl ▁LP ▁ ▁still ▁love - G host ▁Against ▁Ghost ▁( primary ▁composer ▁and ▁producer ) ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Digital , ▁CD , ▁Double ▁Vin yl ▁LP ▁ ▁Up coming ▁Re le ases ▁ ▁NO US , ▁NO US ▁I : ▁A ▁Mus ical ▁R ite ▁( 2 0 1 4 ), ▁Digital , ▁CD , ▁Vin yl ▁LP ▁▁ ▁Ghost ▁Against ▁Ghost , ▁Check point ▁Charlie ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Digital , ▁Limited ▁Edition ▁Vin yl ▁ 1 2 ▁▁ ▁Ghost ▁Against ▁Ghost , ▁Z uru ück kom men ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Single ▁▁ ▁Ghost ▁Against ▁Ghost , ▁ Ο ί α ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁Digital , |
▁Double ▁Length ▁CD , ▁Vin yl ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Our ▁Sil ent ▁Can vas ▁- ▁Music ▁Label ▁Christopher ▁B ono ▁- B AR DO ▁Christopher ▁B ono ▁- ▁C red its ▁- ▁All Music ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁compos ers ▁Category : American ▁record ▁producers ▁Category : American ▁male ▁song writ ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁male ▁musicians <0x0A> </s> ▁Friend ship ▁was ▁a ▁merchant ▁brig ▁built ▁in ▁Scar borough , ▁England , ▁and ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 . ▁She ▁is ▁most ▁notable ▁for ▁her ▁transport ▁of ▁conv icts ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁First ▁Fleet . ▁Due ▁to ▁problems ▁man ning ▁her , ▁her ▁crew ▁sc utt led ▁her ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 8 . ▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁mention ▁of ▁Friend ship ▁in ▁Lloyd ' s ▁Register , ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 , ▁gave ▁her ▁master ' s ▁name ▁as ▁F ow ler ▁and ▁her ▁trade ▁as ▁St ▁Peters burg ▁to ▁Li eth . ▁She ▁then ▁disappeared ▁from ▁Lloyd ' s ▁Register ▁before ▁re appe aring ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 8 7 ▁volume . ▁ ▁V oy age ▁to ▁Australia ▁ ▁Friend ship ▁left ▁Port sm outh ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 1 7 8 7 ; ▁she ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁smallest ▁of ▁the ▁trans ports . |
▁Her ▁master ▁was ▁Francis ▁Wal ton ▁and ▁her ▁sur geon ▁was ▁Thomas ▁Ar nd ell . ▁She ▁was ▁carrying ▁ 7 6 ▁male ▁and ▁ 2 1 ▁female ▁conv icts , ▁but ▁the ▁record ▁of ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁persons ▁aboard ▁her ▁varies . ▁David ▁Collins ▁gave ▁the ▁following ▁details ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁An ▁Account ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁Col ony ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales : ▁" The ▁Friend ship , ▁... ▁of ▁ 2 2 8 ▁tons , ▁had ▁on ▁board ▁ 7 6 ▁male ▁and ▁ 2 1 ▁female ▁conv icts ; ▁ 1 ▁captain , ▁ 2 ▁lie uten ants , ▁ 2 ▁ser ge ants , ▁ 3 ▁corpor als , ▁ 1 ▁drum mer , ▁and ▁ 3 6 ▁priv ates , ▁with ▁ 1 ▁assistant ▁sur geon ▁to ▁the ▁colony ." ▁The ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Marine ▁Corps , ▁a ▁unit ▁especially ▁created ▁for ▁the ▁First ▁Fleet , ▁provided ▁the ▁guards . ▁ ▁Some ▁ten ▁or ▁twelve ▁of ▁the ▁female ▁conv icts ▁were ▁particularly ▁un ru ly , ▁and ▁prom is cu ous . ▁Wal ton ▁transferred ▁all ▁the ▁women ▁to ▁other ▁trans ports ▁at ▁the ▁Cape ▁of ▁Good ▁Hope ▁to ▁make ▁room ▁for ▁liv est ock ▁purchased ▁there . ▁Friend ship ▁arrived ▁at ▁Port ▁Jackson , ▁Sydney , ▁Australia , ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 1 7 8 8 . ▁Two ▁of ▁her ▁female ▁conv icts ▁had ▁died ▁on ▁the ▁journey , ▁one ▁before ▁the ▁brig ' s ▁arrival ▁in ▁Rio , ▁and ▁one ▁after ▁transfer ▁to ▁Lady |
▁Pen rh yn . ▁ ▁The ▁collection ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Mar itime ▁Museum ▁at ▁Green wich ▁includes ▁a ▁comm emor ative ▁coin ▁featuring ▁an ▁image ▁of ▁Friend ship ▁and ▁the ▁in scription ▁" Success ▁to ▁the ▁Friend ship . ▁ 1 7 8 7 ." ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁reverse , ▁the ▁in scription ▁" F . W .", ▁the ▁initial s ▁of ▁Francis ▁Wal ton ▁master ▁of ▁Friend ship . ▁ ▁F ate ▁Friend ship ▁left ▁Port ▁Jackson ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁in ▁company ▁with ▁. ▁The ▁two ▁vessels ▁were ▁sail ing ▁to ▁C anton ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁a ▁cargo ▁of ▁tea ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁East ▁India ▁Company . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁way ▁sc ur vy ▁badly ▁affected ▁the ▁cre ws ▁of ▁both ▁ships . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁vessels ▁were ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Bor neo ▁there ▁only ▁remained ▁enough ▁healthy ▁sail ors ▁to ▁work ▁one ▁ship , ▁and ▁her ▁crew ▁sc utt led ▁Friend ship ▁in ▁the ▁Str ait s ▁of ▁Mak ass ar ▁() ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 7 8 8 . ▁ ▁Legal ▁action ▁The ▁owners ▁took ▁legal ▁action ▁against ▁the ▁Government ▁for ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁ship , ▁which ▁took ▁many ▁years . ▁ ▁Comm em oration ▁ ▁An ▁Urban ▁Trans it ▁Authority ▁First ▁Fleet ▁fer ry ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Friend ship ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁conv icts ▁on ▁the ▁First ▁Fleet ▁Jour nals ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Fleet ▁ ▁Cit ations |
▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Gill en , ▁M oll ie , ▁The ▁Found ers ▁of ▁Australia : ▁A ▁Bi ographical ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Fleet , ▁Sydney : ▁Library ▁of ▁Australian ▁History , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁[ CC - By - SA ] ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 8 4 ▁ships ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Ship s ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Fleet ▁Category : Ship w re cks ▁in ▁the ▁Cele bes ▁Sea ▁Category : Mar itime ▁incidents ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sp as ▁Gy uro v ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Bulgar ian ▁road ▁bicy cle ▁rac er . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁the ▁Men ' s ▁road ▁race , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁finish . ▁ ▁Major ▁results ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁U 2 3 ▁National ▁Road ▁Race ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ 3 rd ▁National ▁Road ▁Race ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁▁ 2 nd ▁National ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ 1 st ▁ ▁National ▁Time ▁T rial ▁Championships ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Overall ▁Tour ▁of ▁Bulgar ia ▁▁ 3 rd ▁National ▁Road ▁Race ▁Championships ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Bul gar ian ▁male ▁cycl ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁cycl ists ▁of ▁Bulgar ia ▁Category : C ycl ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 |
1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁P az ard zh ik <0x0A> </s> ▁P hen az ep am ▁( also ▁known ▁in ▁Russia ▁as ▁b rom d ih ydro ch lor p hen yl ben z od iaz ep ine ) ▁is ▁a ▁ben z od iaz ep ine ▁drug , ▁which ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁and ▁now ▁produced ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁some ▁C IS ▁countries . ▁P hen az ep am ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁various ▁mental ▁disorders ▁such ▁as ▁psychiat ric ▁sch iz oph ren ia ▁and ▁anxiety . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁pre med ication ▁before ▁surgery ▁as ▁it ▁aug ments ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁an est het ics . ▁ ▁Finland , ▁Sweden , ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Ind ications ▁ ▁Ne uro sis , ▁neuro sis - like , ▁psych opath ic ▁( person ality ▁disorder ), ▁psych opath ic - like ▁and ▁other ▁conditions ▁accompanied ▁by ▁fear , ▁anxiety , ▁increased ▁irrit ability , ▁and ▁emotional ▁l ability ▁ ▁B rief ▁re active ▁psych osis ▁and ▁hyp och ond ri asis - sen est opath ic ▁syndrome ▁ ▁Ve get ative ▁dys function ▁and ▁veget ative ▁l ability ▁ ▁Ins om nia ▁ ▁Al cohol ▁withdrawal ▁syndrome ▁ ▁T empor al ▁l obe ▁ep ile psy ▁and ▁my oc l onic ▁ep ile psy ▁( used ▁only ▁occasionally ▁as ▁better ▁options |
▁exist ) ▁ ▁Hy per k ines ia ▁and ▁t ics ▁ ▁Mus cle ▁sp astic ity ▁ ▁Usually , ▁a ▁course ▁of ▁treatment ▁with ▁phen az ep am ▁should ▁not ▁normally ▁exceed ▁ 2 ▁weeks ▁( in ▁some ▁cases ▁therapy ▁may ▁be ▁prolong ed ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 ▁months ) ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁drug ▁abuse ▁and ▁dependence . ▁To ▁prevent ▁withdrawal ▁syndrome , ▁it ▁is ▁necessary ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁dose ▁gradually . ▁ ▁Side ▁effects ▁Side ▁effects ▁include ▁h ic cup s , ▁d izz iness , ▁loss ▁of ▁coord ination ▁and ▁d rows iness , ▁along ▁with ▁an ter og rade ▁am nes ia ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁quite ▁pronounced ▁at ▁high ▁dos es . ▁As ▁with ▁other ▁ben z od iaz ep ines , ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁abrupt ▁dis contin uation ▁following ▁prolong ed ▁use , ▁severe ▁withdrawal ▁symptoms ▁may ▁occur ▁including ▁rest lessness , ▁anxiety , ▁ins om nia , ▁seiz ures , ▁conv uls ions ▁and ▁death , ▁though ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁intermediate ▁half - life ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁its ▁active ▁met abol ites , ▁these ▁withdrawal ▁symptoms ▁may ▁take ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁days ▁to ▁manifest . ▁ ▁Con train d ications ▁and ▁special ▁caution ▁Ben z od iaz ep ines ▁require ▁special ▁prec aut ion ▁if ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁elderly , ▁during ▁pregnancy , ▁in ▁children , ▁alcohol ▁or ▁drug - dependent ▁individuals ▁and ▁individuals ▁with ▁com or bid ▁psychiat ric ▁disorders . ▁ ▁P hen az ep am ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁taken |
▁with ▁alcohol ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁C NS ▁depress ants . ▁P hen az ep am ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁used ▁ther apeut ically ▁for ▁periods ▁of ▁longer ▁than ▁one ▁month ▁including ▁tap ering ▁on ▁and ▁off ▁the ▁drug ▁as ▁recommended ▁for ▁any ▁ben z od iaz ep ine ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁national ▁form ul ary . ▁Some ▁patients ▁may ▁require ▁longer ▁term ▁treatment . ▁ ▁P hen az ep am ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁component ▁in ▁some ▁her bal ▁inc ense ▁mi xtures ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁namely ▁" K ronic ". ▁The ▁particular ▁product ▁variety ▁was ▁withd rawn ▁shortly ▁from ▁the ▁market ▁after ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁form ulation . ▁ ▁Sy nt hesis ▁ ▁First , ▁ 2 -( o - ch lor ob enz oy lam ino )- 5 - b rom o - 2 - ch lor ob enz op hen one ▁is ▁prepared ▁by ▁ac y lation ▁of ▁p - b rom o an il ine ▁with ▁o - ch lor ob en zo ic ▁acid ▁ac yl ▁ch lor ide ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁z inc ▁ch lor ide ▁catal yst . ▁This ▁is ▁hydro ly sed ▁with ▁a que ous ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁to ▁yield ▁ 2 - am ino - 5 - b rom o - 2 ' - ch lor ob enz op hen one , ▁which ▁is ▁then ▁ac yl ated ▁with ▁hydro ch lor ide ▁of ▁am ino ac etic ▁acid |
▁ac yl ▁ch lor ide ▁in ▁ch lor o form ▁to ▁form ▁ 2 -( amin om eth yl kar b ony lam ino )- 5 - b rom o - 2 - ch lor ob enz op hen one ▁hydro ch lor ide , ▁which ▁is ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁base ▁with ▁a que ous ▁am mon ia ▁and ▁then ▁therm ally ▁cycl ized ▁to ▁b rom od ih ydro ch lor op hen yl ben z od iaz ep ine ▁( p hen az ep am ). ▁ ▁H ydro ch lor ide ▁of ▁am ino ac etic ▁acid ▁ac yl ▁ch lor ide ▁is ▁prepared ▁by ▁chemical ▁treating ▁g ly c ine ▁with ▁ph osph orus ▁pent ach lor ide ▁( PCI ₅ ) ▁in ▁ch lor o form . ▁ ▁This ▁method ▁of ▁P hen az ep am ▁synt hesis ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁at ▁the ▁Phys ico - C hem ical ▁Institute ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁of ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁S SR . ▁ ▁D etection ▁in ▁biological ▁flu ids ▁P hen az ep am ▁may ▁be ▁measured ▁in ▁blood ▁or ▁plasma ▁by ▁chrom at ographic ▁methods . ▁Blood ▁phen az ep am ▁concentr ations ▁are ▁typically ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 0 ▁ μ g / L ▁during ▁ther apeut ic ▁usage , ▁but ▁have ▁frequently ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 – 6 0 0 ▁ μ g / L ▁range ▁in ▁autom otive ▁vehicle ▁operators ▁arrested ▁for ▁imp aired |
▁driving ▁ability . ▁ ▁Legal ▁status ▁ ▁China ▁As ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁phen az ep am ▁is ▁a ▁controlled ▁substance ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Under ▁federal ▁United ▁States ▁law , ▁phen az ep am ▁is ▁not ▁currently ▁classified ▁as ▁a ▁controlled ▁substance , ▁as ▁the ▁Federal ▁Anal og ▁Act ▁only ▁provides ▁for ▁automatic ▁assumed ▁classification ▁of ▁chemicals ▁" sub stant ially ▁similar " ▁to ▁existing ▁Schedule ▁I ▁or ▁Schedule ▁II ▁drugs , ▁whereas ▁all ▁controlled ▁ben z od iaz ep ines ▁under ▁the ▁Cont rolled ▁Sub stances ▁Act ▁are ▁classified ▁as ▁Schedule ▁IV . ▁Although ▁phen az ep am ▁is ▁currently ▁not ▁controlled , ▁sale ▁for ▁human ▁use ▁remains ▁illegal ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Sup pliers ▁attempt ▁to ▁circum vent ▁this ▁regulation ▁by ▁placing ▁a ▁" Not ▁for ▁human ▁use " ▁disclaimer ▁on ▁the ▁product ' s ▁label . ▁ ▁Individual ▁states ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁often ▁ban ▁these ▁analog ▁drugs ▁by ▁name ▁as ▁they ▁appear . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Louisiana ▁has ▁classified ▁phen az ep am ▁as ▁a ▁controlled ▁dangerous ▁substance . ▁This ▁ban ▁affects ▁several ▁products , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁sold ▁at ▁retail ▁stores ▁under ▁the ▁gu ise ▁of ▁air ▁fres hen er ▁or ▁similar , ▁containing ▁phen az ep am ▁yet ▁claiming ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁for ▁human ▁use . ▁This ▁legislation ▁was ▁introduced ▁after ▁one ▁such ▁product , ▁brand ed ▁as ▁" Z ann ie " ▁and ▁market ed ▁as ▁an ▁air ▁fres hen er ▁rapidly ▁gained |
▁public ity ▁as ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁numerous ▁media ▁reports , ▁attract ing ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁officials . ▁The ▁en su ing ▁investigation ▁effort , ▁led ▁by ▁Senator ▁Fred ▁M ills ▁and ▁Louisiana ▁Po ison ▁Center ▁Director ▁Mark ▁Ryan , ▁posit ively ▁identified ▁the ▁active ▁ingred ient ▁of ▁" Z ann ie " ▁as ▁phen az ep am . ▁According ▁to ▁Ryan , ▁chemical ▁analysis ▁identified ▁the ▁active ▁ingred ient ▁as ▁" 1 0 0 ▁percent ▁phen az ep am ". ▁ ▁Paul ▁Hal vers on , ▁director ▁and ▁state ▁health ▁officer ▁for ▁the ▁Arkansas ▁Department ▁of ▁Health , ▁approved ▁an ▁emergency ▁rule ▁to ▁ban ▁the ▁sale ▁and ▁distribution ▁of ▁phen az ep am ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁Louisiana ▁ban . ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁P hen az ep am ▁is ▁a ▁class ▁C ▁drug ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁The ▁UK ▁home ▁office ▁banned ▁import ation ▁of ▁phen az ep am ▁on ▁Friday ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁while ▁it ▁draft ed ▁legislation , ▁released ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁become ▁law ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁bill ▁was ▁qu ashed ▁following ▁advice ▁from ▁the ▁A CMD ▁as ▁it ▁included ▁two ▁non - ab us able ▁ster oids . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁new ▁discussion ▁about ▁its ▁fate ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁bill ▁would ▁be ▁re written ▁and ▁phen az ep am ▁would ▁still ▁be ▁banned . ▁ |
▁It ▁was ▁eventually ▁banned ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁as ▁a ▁class ▁C , ▁schedule ▁II ▁drug . ▁ ▁El se where ▁P hen az ep am ▁was ▁classified ▁as ▁a ▁n arc otic ▁in ▁Finland ▁in ▁July , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁P hen az ep am ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁n arc otic ▁in ▁Norway , ▁as ▁per ▁a ▁March ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Health ▁Department ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁Regular ▁N arc otic ▁List . ▁ ▁In ▁Russia , ▁while ▁the ▁drug ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁prescription ▁medication ▁( but ▁not ▁a ▁controlled ▁one , ▁as ▁all ▁other ▁ben z od iaz ep ines ▁except ▁to f is op am ), ▁some ▁pharm acies ▁sell ▁it ▁without ▁pres criptions ▁required . ▁ ▁In ▁Est onia , ▁phen az ep am ▁is ▁a ▁Schedule ▁IV ▁substance ▁under ▁the ▁N arc otic ▁Dru gs ▁and ▁Psych ot ropic ▁Sub stances ▁Act . ▁Schedule ▁IV ▁is ▁the ▁lowest ▁classification ▁of ▁psy cho active ▁sub stances ▁in ▁Est onia . ▁It ▁includes ▁presc rib able ▁drugs , ▁including ▁other ▁ben z od iaz ep ines . ▁ ▁UN ▁Single ▁Convention ▁on ▁N arc otic ▁Dru gs ▁On ▁ 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁at ▁its ▁ 5 9 th ▁Session , ▁the ▁Commission ▁on ▁N arc otic ▁Dru gs ▁( C ND ) ▁added ▁P hen az ep am ▁to ▁relevant ▁sched ules ▁of ▁the ▁Single ▁Convention ▁on ▁N arc otic |
▁Dru gs ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁Trade ▁names ▁R U : ▁ ▁« Ф е на зе па м « ▁( P hen az ep am ) ▁table ts ▁ 0 . 5 , ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 . 5 mg , ▁solution ▁for ▁intr am us cular ▁and ▁intr aven ous ▁injection ▁ 1 mg / m L ▁( 0 . 1 %) ▁ ▁« Э л зе па м » ▁( El z ep am ) ▁table ts ▁ 0 . 5 ▁and ▁ 1 mg , ▁solution ▁for ▁intr am us cular ▁and ▁intr aven ous ▁injection ▁ 1 mg / m L ▁( 0 . 1 %) ▁ ▁« Ф ен зи та т » ▁( P hen z itat ) ▁table ts ▁ 0 . 5 ▁and ▁ 1 mg ▁ ▁« Ф е но ре ла кс ан » ▁( P hen ore l ax an ) ▁table ts ▁ 0 . 5 ▁and ▁ 1 mg , ▁solution ▁for ▁intr am us cular ▁and ▁intr aven ous ▁injection ▁ 1 mg / m L ▁( 0 . 1 %) ▁ ▁« Т ран к ве зи па м » ▁( Tr ank ve zip am ) ▁table ts ▁ 0 . 5 ▁and ▁ 1 mg , ▁solution ▁for ▁intr am us cular ▁and ▁intr aven ous ▁injection ▁ 1 mg / m L ▁( 0 . 1 %) ▁ ▁« Ф |
е зи па м » ▁( P he zip am ) ▁table ts ▁ 0 . 5 ▁and ▁ 1 mg ▁( not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁« Ф е за м » ▁( P he z am ) ▁which ▁contains ▁c inn ar iz ine / p ir ac et am ) ▁ ▁« Ф е за не ф » ▁( P he z an ef ) ▁table ts ▁ 1 mg ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ben z od iaz ep ine ▁ 3 - H ydro x yp hen az ep am — an ▁active ▁met abol ite ▁and ▁a ▁designer ▁drug ▁Del or az ep am — 7 - ch lor inated ▁analog ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : B enz od iaz ep ines ▁Category : Ch lor o aren es ▁Category : Organ ob rom ides ▁Category : L act ams ▁Category : Design er ▁drugs ▁Category : R ussian ▁drugs ▁Category : G AB AA ▁re ceptor ▁positive ▁all oster ic ▁mod ul ators ▁Category : D ru gs ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union <0x0A> </s> ▁Jo anne ▁Louise ▁Whit field ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁is ▁the ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁of ▁Co - op ▁Food . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Pres c ot , ▁then ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire . ▁ ▁She ▁took ▁A - level s ▁( including ▁English ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Politics ) ▁at ▁W id nes ▁& ▁Run c orn ▁Six th ▁Form |
▁College ▁( now ▁Rivers ide ▁College , ▁Hal ton ). ▁She ▁attended ▁A ston ▁University ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 9 1 , ▁studying ▁Management . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Northern ▁Food s ▁She ▁worked ▁for ▁Northern ▁Food s ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁M atal an ▁She ▁worked ▁for ▁M atal an ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 0 8 . ▁ ▁As da ▁She ▁joined ▁As da ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Co - op ▁She ▁joined ▁the ▁Co - op ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁as ▁Finance ▁Director ▁for ▁Co - op ▁Food ▁and ▁Ret ail . ▁She ▁became ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁of ▁Co - op ▁Food ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁making ▁her ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁CEO ▁fo ▁a ▁British ▁food ▁retail er . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁she ▁received ▁the ▁Ve uve ▁C lic quot ▁business woman ▁of ▁te h ▁year ▁award ▁for ▁her ▁work ▁on ▁improving ▁the ▁stores ' ▁sales ▁and ▁s ut ain able ▁practices . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁She ▁lives ▁in ▁Tra ff ord ▁b orough , ▁in ▁Al tr inch am . ▁She ▁married ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁in ▁Manchester . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Jo ▁Whit field ▁profile ▁at ▁Co - Op ▁ ▁Jo ▁Whit field ▁profile ▁at ▁Bloom berg . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : Al umn |
i ▁of ▁A ston ▁University ▁Category : B rit ish ▁retail ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : B rit ish ▁women ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : English ▁business people ▁in ▁retail ing ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Al tr inch am ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Pres c ot ▁Category : The ▁Co - oper ative ▁Group ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ê na ie - des - Î les - Fin lay ▁Ec ological ▁Reserve ▁is ▁an ▁ec ological ▁reserve ▁of ▁Quebec , ▁Canada . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁from ▁Government ▁of ▁Qu é bec ▁ ▁Category : N ature ▁reserves ▁in ▁Out a ou ais ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Quebec <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁R ally ▁Catal un ya , ▁formally ▁ 4 7 è ▁R ally ▁R ACC ▁Catal un ya ▁– ▁Costa ▁D aur ada ▁and ▁the ▁denoted ▁R ACC ▁R ally ▁de ▁España , ▁was ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁World ▁R ally ▁Championship ▁season . ▁The ▁rally ▁took ▁place ▁over ▁ 2 1 – 2 3 ▁October , ▁and ▁was ▁based ▁in ▁Sal ou , ▁Catal onia . ▁The ▁rally ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁e ighth ▁and ▁final ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁Super ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁World ▁R ally ▁Championship , ▁and ▁the ▁sixth ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁Production ▁World |
▁R ally ▁Championship . ▁ ▁The ▁rally ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁championship ▁leader ▁Sé bast ien ▁Lo eb , ▁who ▁took ▁his ▁fifth ▁victory ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁and ▁the ▁ 6 7 th ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁after ▁taking ▁the ▁lead ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁day ' s ▁running ▁and ▁held ▁on ▁to ▁extend ▁his ▁championship ▁lead ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁round ▁in ▁Wales . ▁In ▁doing ▁so , ▁he ▁also ▁secured ▁a ▁seventh ▁manufacturers ' ▁title ▁for ▁Cit ro ë n . ▁Lo eb ' s ▁title ▁rival ▁Mik ko ▁Hir v onen ▁finished ▁second ▁after ▁team - mate ▁J ari - M atti ▁Lat val a , ▁who ▁finished ▁third , ▁in cur red ▁a ▁two - minute ▁time ▁penalty ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁gain ▁as ▁many ▁points ▁as ▁possible ▁for ▁Hir v onen ' s ▁title ▁challenge . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁SW RC , ▁Ju ho ▁H än n inen ▁finished ▁at ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁in ▁t enth ▁overall , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁secured ▁the ▁SW RC ▁title , ▁ahead ▁of ▁Ott ▁T än ak . ▁In ▁the ▁P W RC , ▁Pat rik ▁Fl od in ▁just ▁f ended ▁off ▁a ▁challenge ▁from ▁Mich ał ▁Ko ści usz ko ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁rally , ▁with ▁Fl od in ▁coming ▁out ▁on ▁top ▁by ▁just ▁two ▁seconds . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Event ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Special ▁stages ▁ ▁Power ▁Stage ▁The ▁" Power ▁stage " ▁was ▁a ▁live , ▁telev ised ▁ ▁stage |
▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁rally , ▁held ▁near ▁Pr ad ell ▁de ▁la ▁Te ix eta . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Results ▁at ▁e W RC . com ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁of ▁R ACC ▁R ally ▁Catal un ya ▁ ▁Catal un ya ▁Category : R ally ▁Catal un ya ▁Catal un ya ▁R ally <0x0A> </s> ▁Pen insula ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Pen insula ▁Sym phony ▁American ▁sym phony ▁or chestra ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Pen insula ▁Pen insula ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁merged ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁Virginia ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra <0x0A> </s> ▁St ▁Helen ' s ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁heritage - listed ▁former ▁school , ▁experimental ▁farm , ▁private ▁residence ▁and ▁gu es th ouse ▁and ▁now ▁hom est ead ▁located ▁at ▁St ▁Hel ens ▁Park ▁Drive , ▁St ▁Hel ens ▁Park , ▁City ▁of ▁Campbell town , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁George ▁Allen ▁Mans field ▁and ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁by ▁George ▁L usted . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁St . ▁Helen ' s ▁Park ▁and ▁Egypt ▁Farm . ▁The ▁property ▁is ▁priv ately ▁owned . ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Campbell town ▁The ▁original ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁area ▁were ▁mostly ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Th ar aw al ▁( s ometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as |
▁D har aw al ) ▁people , ▁who ▁r anged ▁from ▁the ▁coast ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁the ▁Georges ▁River ▁in ▁the ▁west , ▁north ▁to ▁Bot any ▁Bay ▁and ▁south ▁to ▁Now ra . ▁However ▁Campbell town ▁was ▁a ▁meeting ▁point ▁with ▁the ▁D har ug ▁language ▁group ▁( wh ose ▁area ▁extended ▁across ▁the ▁Blue ▁Mountains ) ▁and ▁early ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁includes ▁references ▁to ▁both ▁peoples . ▁ ▁With ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁conv ict ▁colony ▁in ▁Sydney ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁the ▁displ acement ▁of ▁Ab original ▁people ▁began . ▁A ▁small p ox ▁epid emic ▁dec imated ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁coastal ▁cl ans , ▁but ▁was ▁less ▁destruct ive ▁amongst ▁the ▁in land ▁peoples . ▁ ▁Esc aped ▁cattle ▁from ▁the ▁conv ict ▁settlement ▁moved ▁south ▁and ▁b red ▁in ▁the ▁Campbell town / Cam den ▁area ▁and ▁after ▁their ▁( re -) ▁discovery ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 5 , ▁the ▁area ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" C ow ▁Past ures " ▁( or ▁Cow p ast ure ). ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 5 ▁Jon ▁Mac arth ur ▁obtained ▁a ▁grant ▁of ▁ ▁( l ater ▁expanded ▁to ▁) ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁graz ing ▁land ▁then ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁colony . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 0 9 , ▁ 3 4 ▁sett lers ▁had ▁received ▁grants ▁in ▁the ▁newly ▁named ▁M into ▁district ▁( named ▁after ▁Gilbert ▁Ell iot - M ur ray - K yn yn m |
ound , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁M into , ▁the ▁Governor - General ▁of ▁India ) ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁portion ▁of ▁Campbell town . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁Irish , ▁including ▁survey or ▁James ▁M ee han , ▁who ▁allocated ▁himself ▁a ▁generous ▁portion ▁( now ▁Mac qu ar ie ▁Field s ). ▁Prom inent ▁sett lers ▁included ▁Charles ▁Th ros by , ▁who ▁was ▁allocated ▁ ▁( now ▁Glen field ), ▁William ▁Red fer n ▁( Camp bell field ), ▁John ▁Town son ▁( Var ro ville ▁( hom est ead )) ▁and ▁Richard ▁Brook s ▁( Den ham ▁Court ). ▁ ▁Though ▁peaceful , ▁the ▁Th ar aw al ▁people ▁bore ▁the ▁br unt ▁of ▁a ▁pun itive ▁expedition ▁led ▁by ▁Captain ▁James ▁Wall is ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 . ▁At ▁least ▁ 1 4 ▁Th ar aw al ▁people ▁were ▁mass ac red ▁at ▁the ▁App in ▁Mass acre , ▁to ▁the ▁distress ▁of ▁sym pathetic ▁sett lers ▁such ▁as ▁Th ros by ▁of ▁Glen field . ▁Cor rob ore es ▁and ▁other ▁ceremon ies ▁continued ▁under ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁the ▁Mac arth urs ▁of ▁Cam den ▁Park , ▁though ▁numbers ▁stead ily ▁declined . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁district ▁became ▁more ▁dens ely ▁settled ▁a ▁town ▁was ▁needed ▁further ▁south ▁than ▁Liverpool . ▁Campbell town ▁was ▁formally ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁and ▁named ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁Mac qu ar ie ' s ▁maid en ▁name , ▁Campbell . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 |
6 ▁the ▁town ▁plan ▁was ▁formal ised . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁district ▁became ▁more ▁dens ely ▁settled ▁a ▁town ▁was ▁needed ▁further ▁south ▁than ▁Liverpool . ▁Campbell town ▁was ▁formally ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁and ▁named ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁Mac qu ar ie ' s ▁maid en ▁name , ▁Campbell . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁the ▁town ▁plan ▁was ▁formal ised . ▁ ▁St . ▁Helen ' s ▁Park ▁( hom est ead ) ▁Cop ies ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁de eds ▁of ▁grant ▁dated ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁signed ▁by ▁L ach lan ▁Mac qu ar ie ▁and ▁witnessed ▁by ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ant ill ▁and ▁Joseph ▁Cow g ill ▁granted ▁respectively ▁ ▁to ▁Samuel ▁L ark in ▁and ▁ ▁to ▁John ▁Wild . ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁for ▁a ▁quit ▁rent ▁of ▁two ▁sh ill ings ▁and ▁the ▁ ▁for ▁three ▁sh ill ings , ▁the ▁L ark in ▁land ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁Amb ar v ale ▁and ▁the ▁Wild ▁land ▁Egypt ▁Farm . ▁Success ive ▁grants ▁and ▁trans fers ▁contain ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁Samuel ▁Hard ing , ▁David ▁Now land , ▁and ▁William ▁Pe aton . ▁ ▁Then ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁John ▁Ed mund ▁Wild ▁transferred ▁ ▁to ▁George ▁Charles ▁West g arth . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁West g arth ▁also ▁acquired ▁a ▁further ▁par cel ▁of ▁land ▁from ▁George ▁Henry ▁Graham ▁which ▁included ▁part ▁of ▁the |
▁original ▁grant ▁to ▁Samuel ▁L ark in . ▁ ▁St ▁Helen ' s ▁Park ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁architect ▁George ▁Allen ▁Mans field , ▁it ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁Sydney ▁sol it ic itor , ▁George ▁West g arth ▁as ▁a ▁wedding ▁present , ▁after ▁he ▁married ▁Mans field ' s ▁daughter , ▁Lucy . ▁The ▁contract or ▁was ▁George ▁L usted . ▁George ▁West g arth ▁was ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁a ▁Sydney - based ▁law ▁firm . ▁ ▁Then ▁at ▁an ▁auction ▁of ▁Crown ▁lands ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁George ▁Charles ▁West g arth ▁purchase ▁the ▁ ▁described ▁as ▁Port ion ▁ 2 9 6 , ▁on ▁which ▁he ▁later ▁built ▁a ▁dam ▁across ▁Spring ▁Creek ▁to ▁ensure ▁the ▁hom est ead ' s ▁water ▁supply . ▁ ▁Var ious ▁uses ▁for ▁the ▁property , ▁apart ▁from ▁its ▁original ▁and ▁present ▁role ▁as ▁a ▁country ▁house , ▁have ▁been ▁as ▁a ▁school , ▁a ▁gu es th ouse ▁and ▁an ▁experimental ▁farm . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁uses ▁include ▁Campbell town ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁and ▁Commercial ▁College , ▁a ▁F ries ian ▁cattle ▁stud ▁and ▁an ▁exclusive ▁gu es th ouse . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁its ▁im pending ▁sale ▁an ▁Inter im ▁Conserv ation ▁Order ▁was ▁placed ▁over ▁the ▁property ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁A ▁P erman ent ▁Conserv ation ▁Order ▁was ▁placed ▁over ▁the ▁property ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁May |
▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Garden ▁ ▁House ▁St ▁Helen ' s ▁Park ▁is ▁an ▁elaborate ▁two ▁store y ▁ne o ▁G oth ic ▁m ansion , ▁with ▁" J erk in head " ▁g ables , ▁massive ▁chim neys ▁and ▁decor ative ▁f ret work ▁b arge boards . ▁The ▁found ations ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁cut ▁from ▁sand stone ▁quar ried ▁on ▁the ▁property ▁and ▁the ▁blocks ▁to ▁have ▁come ▁from ▁Men angle . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁symmet rical ▁in ▁plan ▁and ▁fac ade , ▁with ▁an ▁extensive ▁ver and ah ▁to ▁three ▁sides ▁being ▁supported ▁on ▁cast ▁iron ▁columns . The ▁g abled ▁roof ▁is ▁covered ▁in ▁sl ate , ▁the ▁roof ▁line ▁being ▁given ▁interest ▁by ▁many ▁dorm er ▁window ▁g ables , ▁massive ▁chim neys ▁and ▁f ret work ▁b arge ▁boards . ▁ ▁Ont o ▁the ▁flag ged ▁ver and ah ▁open ▁either ▁French ▁doors ▁or ▁large ▁double ▁hung ▁windows , ▁all ▁screen ed ▁by ▁var n ished ▁l ouver ed ▁shut ters . ▁The ▁four ▁pan elled ▁front ▁door ▁is ▁gl azed ▁with ▁matching ▁s idel ights , ▁above ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁West g arth ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁and ▁mot to ▁" M ens ▁Con cia ▁Rect i " ▁displayed ▁in ▁lead light ▁above ▁the ▁l intel , ▁in ▁the ▁trans ome ▁light , ▁and ▁repeated ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁landing . ▁ |
▁Internal ▁join ery ▁is ▁of ▁c ed ar ▁being ▁un p ainted ▁except ▁to ▁skirt ings ▁and ▁arch itr aves ▁with ▁fine ▁built - in ▁cup boards ▁to ▁bedroom s . ▁There ▁are ▁seven ▁large ▁marble ▁chim ney ▁pieces ▁each ▁of ▁a ▁different ▁colour ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁original ▁f itt ings ▁and ▁glass work . ▁A ▁small ▁stone ▁d airy ▁and ▁tim ber ▁st ables ▁of ▁late ▁Victorian ▁design ▁are ▁some ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁house . ▁ ▁Single ▁store y ▁service ▁wing ▁at ▁rear ▁contains ▁original ▁kitchen . ▁Out build ings ▁include ▁original ▁stone ▁cool ▁room , ▁carriage ▁shed ▁and ▁barn . ▁ ▁Condition ▁▁ ▁As ▁at ▁ 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁physical ▁condition ▁is ▁good ▁and ▁highly ▁intact . ▁ ▁Further ▁information ▁▁ ▁A ▁sand stone ▁dam , ▁histor ically ▁linked ▁with ▁St . ▁Hel ens ▁Park ▁is ▁situated ▁across ▁Spring ▁Creek . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁listing ▁ ▁As ▁at ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁St ▁Helen ' s ▁Park ▁is ▁an ▁elaborate ▁two ▁store y ▁ne o ▁G oth ic ▁m ansion ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁for ▁the ▁wealthy ▁Sydney ▁West g arth ▁family ▁and ▁designed ▁by ▁architect ▁George ▁Allen ▁Mans field . ▁It ▁is ▁well ▁detailed ▁and ▁generally ▁intact . ▁Its ▁distinctive ▁mass ing ▁and ▁architect ural ▁character ▁and ▁its ▁position , ▁make ▁it ▁a ▁prominent ▁feature ▁in ▁the ▁landscape ▁viewed ▁from ▁the ▁App in ▁Road ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁past ▁rural ▁estate ▁character ▁of ▁the ▁out sk irts ▁of |
▁Campbell town . ▁ ▁St ▁Helen ' s ▁Park ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Australian ▁residential ▁architect ural ▁styles ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Att ribut ion ▁▁ ▁Category : New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : St ▁Hel ens ▁Park , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Sydney ▁Category : F arms ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : Def unct ▁schools ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : Art icles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register <0x0A> </s> ▁Che vi ot ▁Hills ▁Military ▁Academy ▁operated ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁as ▁a ▁K ▁through ▁ 9 th ▁grade ▁military ▁school . ▁Found ed ▁by ▁Frank ▁J . ▁Br ick ▁on ▁the ▁prem ises ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁Pacific ▁Military ▁Academy ▁in ▁C ul ver ▁City , ▁California , ▁the ▁school ▁ran ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁Cad et ▁Corps . ▁ ▁During ▁its ▁short ▁life , ▁the ▁school ▁aver aged ▁approximately ▁ 1 5 0 ▁students ▁spread ▁among ▁the ▁ 1 0 ▁grades . ▁Most ▁of ▁them ▁board ed ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁but ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁conting ent ▁of ▁daily ▁commut ers . ▁Military ▁style ▁uniform s ▁were ▁required ▁of ▁all ▁students ▁while ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁and ▁military ▁structure ▁dict ated ▁the ▁daily ▁rout ines ▁such ▁as ▁march ing ▁to ▁classes , ▁meals |
, ▁rec ess ▁and ▁daily ▁ins pe ctions . ▁ ▁From ▁reve ille ▁to ▁t aps , ▁a ▁bug le ▁announced ▁the ▁task ▁at ▁hand . ▁ ▁This ▁Fl orent ine ▁structure , ▁designed ▁by ▁noted ▁architect ▁Wallace ▁Ne ff , ▁was ▁originally ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁as ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Military ▁Academy ▁by ▁C ul ver ▁City ▁Found er , ▁Harry ▁C ul ver . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁building ▁served ▁as ▁military ▁barr acks ▁for ▁the ▁Army ' s ▁First ▁M otion ▁Picture ▁Unit . ▁This ▁Army ▁unit ▁used ▁the ▁Hal ▁Ro ach ▁Studios ▁also ▁located ▁in ▁C ul ver ▁City . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁film ▁footage ▁still ▁in ▁existence ▁which ▁shows ▁young ▁officer ▁Ronald ▁Reagan ▁lined ▁up ▁for ▁lunch ▁at ▁the ▁caf eter ia ▁in ▁the ▁basement ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁building . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁the ▁property ▁at ▁ 9 6 0 1 ▁C att ar aug us ▁Ave . ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁a ▁Catholic ▁order , ▁the ▁Marian ists ▁( S oc iety ▁of ▁Mary ) ▁to ▁become ▁Ch amin ade ▁High ▁School ▁For ▁Boys . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁the ▁address ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁its ▁back ▁street , ▁Bever ly ▁Drive . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁Ch amin ade ▁Pre par atory , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁known , ▁moved ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁West ▁Hills ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Fernando ▁Valley , ▁and , ▁after ▁sale ▁to ▁developers , |
▁the ▁grand ▁old ▁building ▁was ▁demol ished ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁residential ▁homes . ▁▁ ▁Bever ly ▁Drive ▁was ▁extended ▁through ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁property ▁down ▁to ▁C att ar aug us ▁Avenue . ▁ ▁Today , ▁only ▁four ▁palm ▁trees ▁remain , ▁as ▁found ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁yards ▁of ▁homes ▁along ▁Bever ly ▁Drive . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁top ▁picture ▁with ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁at ▁the ▁center , ▁the ▁laundry ▁and ▁staff ▁resid ences ▁are ▁on ▁the ▁left , ▁the ▁horse ▁cor r als ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁and ▁the ▁athlet ic ▁field ▁house ▁on ▁the ▁right . ▁The ▁class rooms ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁story ▁building ▁behind ▁the ▁main ▁structure . ▁They ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁inspection ▁picture . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁is ▁b ordered ▁by ▁C att ar aug us ▁on ▁the ▁south , ▁Castle ▁He ights ▁on ▁the ▁west , ▁Bever ly wood ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁S . ▁Bever ly ▁Drive ▁on ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁main ▁building ▁stood ▁on ▁Bever ly wood ▁Street ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁S . ▁Bever ly ▁Dr . ▁The ▁northern ▁property ▁line ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁northern ▁property ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁homes ▁bord ering ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁Bever ly wood . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ 1 9 5 1 – 1 9 5 2 ▁CH MA ▁Hill top ▁School ▁Ann uals ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁C ul ver ▁City , ▁California ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Pacific ▁Military ▁Academy ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Ch amin ade ▁High |
▁School ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Che vi ot ▁Hills ▁Military ▁Academy ▁ ▁F . M . P . U . ▁home page ▁ ▁Category : Mil itary ▁academ ies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Def unct ▁United ▁States ▁military ▁academ ies ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Def unct ▁schools ▁in ▁California ▁Category : First ▁M otion ▁Picture ▁Unit ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur ▁Championship , ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁is ▁the ▁men ' s ▁amateur ▁golf ▁championship ▁of ▁Canada . ▁It ▁is ▁st aged ▁annually ▁by ▁Golf ▁Canada . ▁It ▁was ▁played ▁at ▁match ▁play ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁went ▁to ▁stroke ▁play ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁and ▁re verted ▁to ▁match ▁play ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁It ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁stroke ▁play ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Found ing ▁and ▁early ▁years ▁The ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Golf ▁Association ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁at ▁a ▁meeting ▁held ▁in ▁Ott awa ▁by ▁ten ▁char ter ▁member ▁clubs , ▁hosted ▁by ▁the ▁Ott awa ▁Golf ▁Club ▁( l ater ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ott awa ▁Golf ▁Club ), ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁organization ▁was ▁granted ▁the ▁prefix ▁' R oyal ' ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁In ▁conj unction |
▁with ▁the ▁meeting , ▁the ▁first ▁men ' s ▁amateur ▁championship ▁was ▁st aged , ▁at ▁match ▁play , ▁with ▁the ▁Governor ▁General , ▁Lord ▁Aber de en , ▁don ating ▁a ▁tro phy , ▁the ▁Aber de en ▁Cup , ▁to ▁the ▁champion . ▁Thomas ▁Har ley ▁of ▁King ston , ▁Ontario ▁won ▁the ▁first ▁championship . ▁ ▁This ▁makes ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur ▁slightly ▁older ▁than ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Am ateur , ▁which ▁was ▁first ▁st aged ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁and ▁hence ▁the ▁third ▁oldest ▁national ▁amateur ▁championship ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁after ▁the ▁British ▁Am ateur ▁Championship , ▁which ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁Australian ▁Am ateur ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁Aber de en ▁Cup ▁was ▁granted ▁in ▁perpet uity ▁to ▁George ▁Ly on , ▁after ▁he ▁won ▁three ▁straight ▁titles ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁The ▁original ▁cup ▁was ▁retained ▁by ▁Ly on , ▁but ▁was ▁eventually ▁lost . ▁A ▁new ▁tro phy ▁was ▁then ▁provided , ▁the ▁Earl ▁Grey ▁Cup . ▁Ly on ▁would ▁win ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁eight ▁Canadian ▁titles , ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁record , ▁and ▁he ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁golf ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁held ▁annually ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁inclusive , ▁but ▁then ▁was ▁cancelled ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 5 |
▁to ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁because ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁It ▁res umed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁and ▁then ▁was ▁st aged ▁annually ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁inclusive , ▁being ▁cancelled ▁again ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁because ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁held ▁annually ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁Will ing don ▁Cup ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁the ▁inter prov inc ial ▁team ▁matches , ▁which ▁had ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁and ▁held ▁ 2 7 ▁times ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁between ▁teams ▁from ▁Ontario ▁and ▁Quebec , ▁but ▁then ▁dropped , ▁were ▁res umed ▁with ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Will ing don ▁Cup ▁competition , ▁playing ▁for ▁a ▁cup ▁don ated ▁by ▁the ▁Governor ▁General , ▁Lord ▁Will ing don . ▁The ▁Will ing don ▁Cup ▁features ▁teams ▁of ▁four ▁top ▁players ▁from ▁each ▁province , ▁and ▁is ▁held ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur , ▁which ▁are ▁also ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁days ▁for ▁the ▁balance ▁of ▁the ▁tournament . ▁The ▁Will ing don ▁Cup ▁was ▁also ▁not ▁played ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 0 - 4 5 . ▁ ▁Rot ation ▁around ▁country ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur ▁stayed ▁in ▁Ontario ▁and ▁Quebec ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁when ▁it ▁went ▁to ▁Man it oba . ▁It ▁went ▁to ▁Alber ta ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time |
▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁to ▁British ▁Columbia ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁to ▁Atlantic ▁Canada ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁and ▁to ▁S ask at che wan ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁Since ▁then , ▁it ▁has ▁rot ated ▁around ▁the ▁country ' s ▁top ▁courses , ▁with ▁the ▁current ▁format ▁allowing ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁six ▁major ▁golf ▁regions ▁( At l antic ▁Canada , ▁Quebec , ▁Ontario , ▁Man it oba ▁and ▁S ask at che wan , ▁Alber ta , ▁and ▁British ▁Columbia ) ▁to ▁have ▁its ▁turn ▁on ▁approximately ▁a ▁six - year ▁cycle . ▁Among ▁Canada ' s ▁ten ▁provin ces , ▁only ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab rad or ▁has ▁yet ▁to ▁host ▁it . ▁ ▁Domin ant ▁players ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur ▁was ▁dominated ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁by ▁Ross ▁Som erv ille , ▁who ▁won ▁six ▁titles , ▁finished ▁runner - up ▁four ▁times , ▁and ▁had ▁several ▁more ▁near - miss es . ▁M oe ▁Norman ▁won ▁back - to - back ▁titles ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁Nick ▁Wes lock ▁waited ▁until ▁age ▁ 4 0 ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁his ▁four ▁titles ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁Although ▁Gary ▁Cow an ▁was ▁consistently ▁the ▁best ▁Canadian ▁amateur ▁from ▁the ▁late |
▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁into ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s , ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁win ▁only ▁one ▁Canadian ▁title , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁but ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁fin als ▁four ▁more ▁times , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁finishing ▁runner - up ▁twice ▁in ▁stroke ▁play . ▁Doug ▁R ox burgh ▁won ▁his ▁first ▁of ▁four ▁crow ns ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁Jim ▁N elf ord ▁won ▁two ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 7 6 , ▁then ▁narrow ly ▁missed ▁a ▁third ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁when ▁he ▁lost ▁to ▁Rod ▁Sp ittle , ▁who ▁won ▁two ▁in ▁a ▁row . ▁B rent ▁Franklin ▁won ▁three ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 1 9 8 7 , ▁a ▁feat ▁not ▁seen ▁since ▁Ly on ▁did ▁it ▁some ▁eight y ▁years ▁earlier . ▁Richard ▁Scott ▁won ▁the ▁Canadian ▁title ▁in ▁three ▁years ▁out ▁of ▁four ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Cam ▁Bur ke ▁won ▁two ▁straight ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur ▁often ▁attracted ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁American ▁am ateurs , ▁several ▁of ▁whom ▁carried ▁the ▁tro phy ▁south , ▁including ▁Dick ▁Chap man , ▁Frank ▁Str an ahan , ▁Don |
▁Cher ry , ▁Har v ie ▁Ward , ▁Allen ▁Miller , ▁Dick ▁S ider ow f , ▁and ▁George ▁Burn s . ▁Other ▁leading ▁Americans ▁who ▁competed ▁but ▁fell ▁short ▁include ▁William ▁C . ▁Campbell , ▁Jay ▁Sig el , ▁and ▁Nathan iel ▁C ros by . ▁The ▁Canadian ▁title ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁won ▁by ▁South ▁African ▁Reg ▁Taylor ▁( 1 9 6 2 ), ▁New ▁Zealand ers ▁Stuart ▁Jones ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁and ▁G are th ▁P add ison ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁Mexican ▁Raf ael ▁Al ar con ▁( 1 9 7 9 ), ▁and ▁Australian ▁Gary ▁Sim pson ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁ ▁To ▁date , ▁four ▁players ▁have ▁won ▁both ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Am ateur ▁and ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur ▁titles : ▁Ross ▁Som erv ille , ▁Dick ▁Chap man , ▁Har v ie ▁Ward , ▁and ▁Gary ▁Cow an . ▁Chap man ▁and ▁Ward ▁also ▁won ▁The ▁Am ateur ▁Championship ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁a ▁title ▁which ▁no ▁Canadian ▁has ▁yet ▁taken . ▁ ▁W inners ▁who ▁won ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁events ▁To ▁date , ▁eleven ▁players ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur ▁have ▁also ▁won ▁events ▁on ▁the ▁P GA ▁Tour . ▁These ▁eleven ▁( in ▁chron ological ▁order ▁of ▁their ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur ▁wins ) ▁are : ▁Fred ▁Ha as , ▁Ken ▁Black , ▁Frank ▁Str an ahan , ▁B unk y ▁Henry , ▁Allen ▁Miller , ▁George ▁Burn s ▁( g ol fer ), ▁Richard ▁Z ok |
ol , ▁Gar rett ▁Will is , ▁D ill ard ▁P ru itt , ▁Nick ▁Taylor , ▁and ▁Mack enz ie ▁Hughes . ▁ ▁Rod ▁Sp ittle , ▁Canadian ▁Am ateur ▁champion ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁later ▁won ▁an ▁event ▁on ▁the ▁Champions ▁Tour , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁AT & T ▁Championship ▁in ▁San ▁Antonio . ▁ ▁Most ▁championship s ▁hosted ▁The ▁Toronto ▁Golf ▁Club ▁( 1 8 9 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 3 , ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ott awa ▁Golf ▁Club ▁( 1 8 9 5 , ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁have ▁each ▁hosted ▁nine . ▁Next ▁are ▁Royal ▁Montreal ▁Golf ▁Club ▁with ▁seven ▁( 1 8 9 7 , ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 1 ) ▁and ▁Hamilton ▁Golf |
▁and ▁Country ▁Club ▁with ▁six ▁( 1 9 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 4 ). ▁ ▁W inners ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Am ateur ▁golf ▁tour naments ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁Susan ▁M eld ▁Shell ▁( born ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁philos opher ▁and ▁Professor ▁and ▁Chair ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Political ▁Science ▁at ▁Boston ▁College . ▁She ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁research ▁on ▁K ant ian ▁philosophy . ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁K ant ▁and ▁the ▁Lim its ▁of ▁Aut onomy ▁( Har vard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Emb od iment ▁of ▁Re ason : ▁K ant ▁on ▁Spirit , ▁Generation ▁and ▁Community ▁( Univers ity ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Rights ▁of ▁Re ason : ▁A ▁Study ▁of ▁K ant ' s ▁Philosoph y ▁and ▁Politics ▁( Univers ity ▁of ▁Toronto ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁ ▁America ▁at ▁R isk : ▁Th reat s ▁to ▁Liberal ▁Self - G overn ment ▁in ▁an ▁Age ▁of ▁Un c ertain ty , ▁edited ▁by ▁Susan ▁Shell ▁and ▁Robert ▁K . ▁F aul k ner ▁( Univers ity ▁of ▁Michigan ▁Press , ▁ 2 |
0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁K ant ' s ▁' Observ ations ' ▁and ▁' Rem arks ': ▁A ▁Crit ical ▁Guide , ▁edited ▁by ▁Susan ▁Shell ▁and ▁Richard ▁Vel k ley ▁( C amb ridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Susan ▁Shell ▁at ▁Boston ▁College ▁ ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : M oral ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : K ant ▁scholars ▁Category : Phil osoph y ▁academ ics ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C orn ell ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : B oston ▁College ▁faculty ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : C ath olic ▁University ▁of ▁America ▁faculty ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁End ow ment ▁for ▁the ▁Human ities ▁Category : B rad ley ▁Foundation ▁F ell ows ▁Category : AC LS ▁F ell ows ▁Category : American ▁women ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : E ar h art ▁Foundation ▁F ell ows <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁A . ▁Williams ▁is ▁the ▁president ▁and ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁Gen es ys ▁Works . ▁Pre viously , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁of ▁Make - A - W ish ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁Education ▁Williams ▁graduated ▁from ▁Dallas ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Bloom sburg ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁with ▁a ▁B BA ▁and ▁later ▁attended ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Houston |
▁( B auer ▁College ▁of ▁Business ), ▁where ▁he ▁earned ▁an ▁M BA . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Williams ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Houston , ▁Texas ▁after ▁gradu ating ▁college ▁to ▁work ▁for ▁Shell ▁Oil ▁Company . ▁In ▁Houston , ▁he ▁earned ▁a ▁masters ▁of ▁business ▁administration ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Houston . ▁He ▁worked ▁for ▁Shell ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁before ▁going ▁into ▁the ▁non - profit ▁sector . ▁ ▁Williams ▁began ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁non profit ▁sector ▁by ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁the ▁Houston ▁Food ▁Bank . ▁He ▁then ▁worked ▁for ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁at ▁Hab itat ▁for ▁Human ity ▁International ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁chief ▁operating ▁officer . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Hel ping ▁to ▁En h ance ▁the ▁L ivel ihood ▁of ▁People ▁( HE LP ) ▁Around ▁the ▁Gl obe ▁Commission ▁by ▁President ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : American ▁non profit ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Houston ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁chief ▁operating ▁officers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁K iw uri ▁( A ym ara ▁ ▁can ine ▁tooth ▁or ▁t usk , ▁- ri ▁a ▁suffix , ▁ ▁also ▁sp elled ▁K ib uri , ▁Qu ib uri ) ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁And es ▁of ▁Bol ivia . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁O ru ro |
▁Department , ▁San ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Tot ora ▁Province . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁O ru ro ▁Department <0x0A> </s> ▁W ren ▁Day , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁W ren ' s ▁Day , ▁Day ▁of ▁the ▁W ren , ▁or ▁Hunt ▁the ▁W ren ▁Day ▁( ), ▁is ▁celebrated ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁December , ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁Day ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁countries ▁across ▁Europe . ▁The ▁tradition ▁consists ▁of ▁" h unting " ▁a ▁fake ▁w ren ▁and ▁putting ▁it ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁a ▁decorated ▁pole . ▁Then ▁the ▁crowds ▁of ▁mum mers , ▁or ▁straw boys , ▁celebrate ▁the ▁w ren ▁( also ▁pronounced ▁wr an ) ▁by ▁dressing ▁up ▁in ▁masks , ▁straw ▁suits , ▁and ▁colour ful ▁mot ley ▁clothing . ▁They ▁form ▁music ▁bands ▁and ▁par ade ▁through ▁towns ▁and ▁villages . ▁These ▁crowds ▁are ▁sometimes ▁called ▁w ren boys . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁past ▁times ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁an ▁actual ▁bird ▁was ▁h unted ▁by ▁w ren boys ▁on ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁Day . ▁The ▁captured ▁w ren ▁was ▁tied ▁to ▁the ▁w ren boy ▁leader ' s ▁staff ▁or ▁a ▁net ▁would ▁be ▁put ▁on ▁a ▁pitch f ork . ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁sometimes ▁kept ▁alive , ▁as ▁the ▁popular ▁mum mers ' ▁par ade ▁song ▁states , ▁" A ▁pen ny ▁or ▁tu pp ence ▁would ▁do ▁it ▁no ▁harm ". ▁The ▁song , ▁of ▁which ▁there ▁are ▁many |
▁variations , ▁asked ▁for ▁don ations ▁from ▁the ▁town spe ople . ▁One ▁variation ▁sung ▁in ▁Ed mond st own , ▁County ▁Dublin ▁ran ▁as ▁such ; ▁ ▁" The ▁w ren ▁the ▁w ren ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁all ▁birds / ▁St ▁Stephen ' s ▁Day ▁was ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁fur ze / ▁Her ▁clothes ▁were ▁all ▁torn - ▁her ▁shoes ▁were ▁all ▁worn / ▁Up ▁with ▁the ▁k ett le ▁and ▁down ▁with ▁the ▁pan / ▁Give ▁us ▁a ▁pen ny ▁to ▁b ury ▁the ▁" wr an " / ▁If ▁you ▁haven ' t ▁a ▁pen ny ▁a ▁half pen ny ▁will ▁do / ▁If ▁you ▁haven ' t ▁a ▁half pen ny / ▁God ▁bless ▁you ! ". ▁Often ▁the ▁boys ▁gave ▁a ▁fe ather ▁from ▁the ▁bird ▁to ▁pat rons ▁for ▁good ▁luck . ▁The ▁money ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁host ▁a ▁dance ▁or ▁" W ren ▁Ball " ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁on ▁a ▁night ▁in ▁January . ▁W ren boys ▁would ▁go ▁from ▁house ▁to ▁house ▁in ▁the ▁countryside ▁collecting ▁money ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁towns ▁the ▁groups ▁were ▁more ▁organ ised ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁often ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁f action - f ight ing . ▁In ▁both ▁cases ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁W ren ▁Captain , ▁usually ▁wearing ▁a ▁c ape ▁and ▁carrying ▁a ▁sword ; ▁musicians ; ▁straw boys ▁and ▁others ▁dressed ▁as ▁old ▁women ▁or ▁other ▁things . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁day ▁of ▁wild ▁revel ry ▁and ▁people ▁usually ▁conce al ▁their ▁ident ities ▁so ▁they ▁can |
▁play ▁tricks ▁on ▁their ▁friends . ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁behaviour ▁is ▁typical ▁of ▁Celt ic ▁fest ivals ▁as ▁a ▁sort ▁of ▁pur ge . ▁The ▁band ▁of ▁young ▁boys ▁has ▁expanded ▁to ▁include ▁girls , ▁and ▁adults ▁often ▁join ▁in . ▁The ▁money ▁collected ▁from ▁the ▁town spe ople ▁is ▁usually ▁don ated ▁to ▁a ▁school ▁or ▁charity . ▁ ▁Similar ▁traditions ▁of ▁hunting ▁the ▁w ren ▁have ▁been ▁performed ▁in ▁P em bro k esh ire , ▁Wales ▁on ▁Tw elf th ▁Day ▁( 6 ▁January ) ▁and , ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁Sunday ▁of ▁December ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁Southern ▁France , ▁including ▁Car c ass onne . ▁The ▁custom ▁has ▁been ▁rev ived ▁in ▁S uff olk ▁by ▁Pete ▁Jenn ings ▁and ▁the ▁Old ▁Gl ory ▁Molly ▁D ancers ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁M idd leton ▁every ▁Box ing ▁Day ▁evening ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁A ▁tradition ▁of ▁Hun ting ▁the ▁W ren ▁happens ▁on ▁the ▁Is le ▁of ▁Man ▁every ▁St ▁Stephen ' s ▁Day ▁( 2 6 ▁December ) ▁at ▁various ▁locations ▁around ▁the ▁Island . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁circle ▁dance , ▁music ▁and ▁song , ▁taken ▁around ▁the ▁streets . ▁A ▁stuffed ▁w ren ▁or ▁substitute ▁is ▁placed ▁at ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁a ▁tall ▁ho oped ▁pole ▁decorated ▁with ▁rib b ons ▁and ▁gre ener y . ▁Then ▁a ▁l ively ▁circle ▁dance ▁takes ▁place ▁around ▁it , ▁to ▁live ▁musicians ▁playing ▁the ▁tune , ▁and ▁from ▁time ▁to ▁time ▁the |
▁song ▁is ▁sung . ▁The ▁words ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁on ▁the ▁Island ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Dublin ▁variation ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁Wales ▁version . ▁ ▁Origin ▁ ▁The ▁Celt ic ▁theory ▁The ▁w ren ▁celebration ▁may ▁have ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Celt ic ▁myth ology . ▁Ult imately , ▁the ▁origin ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁Sam h ain ▁or ▁mid w inter ▁sacrifice ▁or ▁celebration , ▁as ▁Celt ic ▁myth ology ▁considered ▁the ▁w ren ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁year ▁( the ▁European ▁w ren ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁habit ▁of ▁singing ▁even ▁in ▁mid - w inter , ▁and ▁its ▁name ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁" w inter ▁king ," ▁reflects ▁this ); ▁Celt ic ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁w ren ▁( d ra ou enn ig , ▁dre an , ▁dre athan , ▁dry w ▁etc .) ▁also ▁suggest ▁an ▁association ▁with ▁dru id ic ▁rit uals . ▁ ▁L le u ▁L law ▁Gy ff es , ▁a ▁Celt ic ▁hero , ▁wins ▁his ▁name ▁by ▁hitting ▁or ▁killing ▁a ▁w ren . ▁He ▁strikes ▁a ▁w ren ▁" between ▁the ▁tend on ▁and ▁the ▁bone ▁of ▁its ▁leg ", ▁causing ▁A rian rh od , ▁his ▁mother , ▁to ▁say ▁" it ▁is ▁with ▁a ▁skill ful ▁hand ▁that ▁the ▁fair - ha ired ▁one ▁has ▁hit ▁it ". ▁At ▁that ▁G w yd ion , ▁his ▁foster ▁father , ▁reveals ▁himself , ▁saying ▁L le u ▁L law ▁Gy ff es ; ▁" the ▁fair - ha ired ▁one ▁with |
▁the ▁skill ful ▁hand " ▁is ▁his ▁name ▁now ". ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Is le ▁of ▁Man , ▁the ▁hunting ▁of ▁the ▁w ren ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁an ▁ancient ▁en chant ress ▁or ▁' que en ▁of ▁the ▁fair ies ' ▁( or ▁god dess ) ▁named ▁' Te hi ▁T eg i ' ▁which ▁transl ates ▁to ▁something ▁like ▁' be aut iful ▁gather er ' ▁in ▁Bry thon ic ▁( the ▁Man x ▁spoke ▁Bry thon ic ▁before ▁they ▁switched ▁to ▁G ael ic ). ▁Te hi ▁T eg i ▁was ▁so ▁beautiful ▁that ▁all ▁the ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁Island ▁followed ▁her ▁around ▁in ▁hope ▁of ▁mar rying ▁her , ▁and ▁neg lected ▁their ▁homes ▁and ▁fields . ▁Te hi ▁T eg i ▁led ▁her ▁suit ors ▁to ▁the ▁river ▁and ▁then ▁d rowned ▁them . ▁She ▁was ▁confront ed , ▁but ▁turned ▁into ▁a ▁w ren ▁and ▁escaped . ▁She ▁was ▁ban ished ▁from ▁the ▁Island ▁but ▁returns ▁once ▁a ▁year , ▁when ▁she ▁is ▁h unted . ▁ ▁The ▁Christian ▁theory ▁The ▁myth ▁most ▁commonly ▁told ▁in ▁Ireland ▁to ▁explain ▁the ▁festival ▁is ▁as ▁follows ; ▁God ▁wished ▁to ▁know ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁all ▁birds ▁so ▁he ▁set ▁a ▁challenge . ▁The ▁bird ▁who ▁flew ▁highest ▁and ▁fur the st ▁would ▁win . ▁The ▁birds ▁all ▁began ▁together ▁but ▁they ▁dropped ▁out ▁one ▁by ▁one ▁until ▁none ▁were ▁left ▁but ▁the ▁great ▁e agle . ▁The ▁e agle ▁eventually ▁grew ▁tired ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁drop ▁lower ▁in |
▁the ▁sky . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁the ▁tre acher ous ▁w ren ▁emerged ▁from ▁beneath ▁the ▁e agle ' s ▁wing ▁to ▁so ar ▁higher ▁and ▁further ▁than ▁all ▁the ▁others . ▁This ▁belief ▁is ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁song ▁that ▁begins : ▁ ▁" The ▁w ren , ▁the ▁w ren , ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁All ▁Bird s , ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁Night ▁got ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁fur ze ." ▁ ▁This ▁also ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁hunting ▁the ▁w ren ▁on ▁Christmas ▁Day ▁( St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁Eve / N ight ). ▁ ▁The ▁Nor se ▁theory ▁The ▁tradition ▁may ▁also ▁have ▁been ▁influenced ▁by ▁Sc and in av ian ▁sett lers ▁during ▁the ▁V iking ▁invas ions ▁of ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁to ▁ 1 0 th ▁centuries ▁though ▁it ▁is ▁usually ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁" Christ ian ising " ▁of ▁old ▁pag an ▁fest ivals ▁by ▁s aints ▁to ▁ease ▁the ▁transition ▁and ▁promote ▁conversion . Var ious ▁associated ▁leg ends ▁exist , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁w ren ▁being ▁responsible ▁for ▁betray ing ▁Irish ▁soldiers ▁who ▁fought ▁the ▁V iking ▁inv aders ▁by ▁beating ▁its ▁wings ▁on ▁their ▁shield s , ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 nd ▁mill enn ia , ▁and ▁for ▁betray ing ▁the ▁Christian ▁mart yr ▁Saint ▁Stephen , ▁after ▁whom ▁the ▁day ▁is ▁named . ▁This ▁myth ological ▁association ▁with ▁tre ach ery ▁is ▁a ▁possible ▁reason ▁the ▁bird ▁was ▁h unted ▁by ▁w ren |
boys ▁on ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁Day , ▁or ▁why ▁a ▁pag an ▁sac r ificial ▁tradition ▁was ▁continued ▁into ▁Christian ▁times . ▁Despite ▁the ▁abandon ment ▁of ▁killing ▁the ▁w ren , ▁devoted ▁w ren boys ▁continue ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁G ael ic ▁tradition ▁of ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁w ren ▁continues , ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁widespread . ▁ ▁Central ▁Europe ▁ ▁Spain ▁In ▁Gal icia , ▁Spain , ▁the ▁C acer ia ▁del ▁re y ▁Char lo ▁( Ch ase ▁of ▁King ▁Charles ) ▁was ▁performed . ▁The ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁Vil an ova ▁de ▁Lou ren za ▁would ▁chase ▁down ▁a ▁w ren ▁and , ▁after ▁t ying ▁it ▁to ▁a ▁pole , ▁would ▁par ade ▁it ▁and ▁show ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁ab bot ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁monaster y , ▁who ▁would ▁then ▁offer ▁them ▁food ▁and ▁drink ▁and ▁appoint ▁two ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁town ▁council ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁candidates ▁proposed ▁by ▁towns men . ▁This ▁tradition ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁The ▁sources ▁are ▁somewhat ▁mis leading ▁about ▁the ▁day , ▁since ▁they ▁call ▁it ▁" New ▁Year ' s ▁Day " ▁but ▁might ▁mean ▁" The ▁day ▁after ▁Christmas ", ▁which ▁was ▁regarded ▁then ▁as ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁France ▁James ▁George ▁Fra zer ▁describes ▁in ▁his ▁The ▁Golden ▁B ough ▁a ▁w ren - h unting ▁ritual ▁in ▁southern ▁France ▁( at ▁Car c ass onne ). ▁The ▁F ête ▁du ▁R oi ▁de |
▁l ' O ise au , ▁first ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 4 ▁at ▁P uy - en - Vel ay , ▁is ▁still ▁active . ▁ ▁Songs ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁L iam ▁Cl ancy ▁recorded ▁" The ▁W ran ▁Song " ▁(" The ▁W ren ▁Song "), ▁which ▁was ▁sung ▁in ▁Ireland ▁by ▁w ren boys . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Ste ele ye ▁Span ▁recorded ▁" The ▁King " ▁on ▁Please ▁to ▁See ▁the ▁King , ▁which ▁also ▁reflects ▁the ▁tradition . ▁They ▁made ▁another ▁version , ▁" The ▁Cut ty ▁W ren ", ▁on ▁their ▁album ▁Time . ▁" H unting ▁the ▁W ren " ▁is ▁on ▁John ▁Kirk pat rick ' s ▁album ▁W ass ail ! . ▁The ▁Ch ie ft ains ▁made ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁w ren boy ▁t unes ▁on ▁The ▁B ells ▁of ▁Dublin . ▁In ▁the ▁song ▁" The ▁Boys ▁of ▁Barr ▁na ▁S rá ide ", ▁which ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁poem ▁by ▁Sig erson ▁Cl iff ord , ▁the ▁w ren ▁hunt ▁is ▁also ▁prominent . ▁L ank um ' s ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁album ▁The ▁L ivel ong ▁Day ▁includes ▁a ▁track ▁called ▁" H unting ▁the ▁W ren " ▁that ▁references ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁leg ends ▁and ▁practices ▁connected ▁with ▁W ren ▁Day . ▁ ▁" The ▁W ren ▁[ W ran ] ▁Song " ▁is ▁also ▁on ▁the ▁Cl ancy ▁Brothers ▁and ▁Tommy ▁Mak em ' s ▁ 1 9 |
9 5 ▁album ▁A in ' t ▁It ▁Grand ▁Boys : ▁A ▁Collection ▁of ▁Un iss ued ▁G ems , ▁as ▁the ▁last ▁song ▁in ▁" Children ' s ▁Med ley ". ▁The ▁spoken ▁introduction ▁tells ▁how ▁as ▁boys ▁they ▁would ▁go ▁out ▁on ▁Christmas ▁Day ▁and ▁kill ▁a ▁w ren , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁Day , ▁they ▁would ▁go ▁from ▁house ▁to ▁house ▁singing ▁this ▁song ▁and ▁asking ▁for ▁money ▁" to ▁b ury ▁the ▁w ren ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁Day ▁J unk ano o ▁Cut ty ▁W ren ▁Mum mer ' s ▁Day ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Arch ived ▁audio ▁recording ▁of ▁The ▁W ren ▁Song , ▁sung ▁by ▁Will ▁Murphy , ▁Coll iers , ▁New found land ▁ ▁Dis cuss ions ▁about ▁the ▁W ren ▁song ▁ ▁Hunt ▁the ▁W ren ▁in ▁the ▁Is le ▁of ▁Man ▁ ▁Hand book ▁of ▁Bird s ▁of ▁the ▁World : ▁W ren s ▁family ▁account ▁ ▁Hun ting ▁the ▁W ren ▁on ▁the ▁D ingle ▁pen insula ▁- ▁An ▁excellent ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁origins , ▁history , ▁contemporary ▁aspects ▁and ▁international ▁connections ▁of ▁the ▁w ren . ▁ ▁The ▁We ird ▁Side ▁of ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁day ▁in ▁Ireland ▁& ▁El se where ▁( F ust ar . info ) ▁ ▁W ren ▁Boy ▁Festival ▁ ▁W ren ▁Day ▁ ▁W ren ▁Day ▁Songs ▁ ▁Hun ting ▁the ▁W ren , ▁b |
bc . co . uk , ▁ 2 3 ▁Dec ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Category : Ir ish ▁myth ology ▁Category : De cember ▁observ ances ▁Category : Ir ish ▁fol kl ore ▁Category : Intern ational ▁observ ances ▁Category : Public ▁holidays ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Ir ish ▁culture ▁Category : W inter ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland <0x0A> </s> ▁Missouri ▁elected ▁its ▁member ▁August ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 2 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁elections ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁Missouri ▁▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁Missouri ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁vector ▁calcul us , ▁the ▁surface ▁gradient ▁is ▁a ▁vector ▁differential ▁operator ▁that ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁conventional ▁gradient . ▁ ▁The ▁distinction ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁surface ▁gradient ▁takes ▁effect ▁along ▁a ▁surface . ▁ ▁For ▁a ▁surface ▁ ▁in ▁a ▁scalar ▁field ▁, ▁the ▁surface ▁gradient ▁is ▁defined ▁and ▁not ated ▁as ▁▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁unit ▁normal ▁to ▁the ▁surface . ▁Ex am ining ▁the ▁definition ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁surface ▁gradient ▁is ▁the ▁( con vent ional ) ▁gradient ▁with ▁the ▁component ▁normal ▁to ▁the ▁surface ▁removed ▁( sub tract ed ), ▁hence ▁this ▁gradient ▁is ▁tang ent ▁to ▁the ▁surface . ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁the ▁surface ▁gradient ▁is ▁the ▁orth ographic ▁projection ▁of ▁the ▁gradient ▁onto ▁the ▁surface . ▁ ▁The ▁surface ▁gradient |
▁ar ises ▁whenever ▁the ▁gradient ▁of ▁a ▁quantity ▁over ▁a ▁surface ▁is ▁important . ▁In ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁cap ill ary ▁surfaces ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁gradient ▁of ▁spat ially ▁varying ▁surface ▁tension ▁doesn ' t ▁make ▁much ▁sense , ▁however ▁the ▁surface ▁gradient ▁does ▁and ▁serves ▁certain ▁purposes . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Vector ▁calcul us <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cord ill era ▁Central ▁p á ram o ▁( NT 1 0 0 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁e core g ion ▁containing ▁p á ram o ▁( high ▁mo or land ) ▁veget ation ▁above ▁the ▁tre eline ▁in ▁the ▁And es ▁mountain ▁range ▁of ▁northern ▁Peru ▁and ▁southern ▁E cu ador . ▁Due ▁to ▁its ▁isolation ▁there ▁are ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁end em ism . ▁Despite ▁many ▁human ▁settlement s ▁and ▁some ▁destruction ▁of ▁habitat ▁by ▁agriculture ▁and ▁mining , ▁the ▁e core g ion ▁is ▁relatively ▁intact . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Location ▁ ▁The ▁Cord ill era ▁Central ▁p á ram o ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁And es ▁in ▁northern ▁Peru ▁and ▁southern ▁E cu ador . ▁The ▁e core g ion ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁p á ram o ▁covers ▁rid ges ▁and ▁mountains ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁bas ins ▁of ▁the ▁Pi ura ▁and ▁C aj amar ca ▁regions ▁of ▁Peru ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁E cu ador . ▁The ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁e core g ion ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Cord ill era ▁Real ▁mont ane ▁forests |
▁e core g ion . ▁Further ▁south ▁it ▁ad jo ins ▁or ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁T umb es - Pi ura ▁dry ▁forests , ▁Mar añ ón ▁dry ▁forests , ▁Per uv ian ▁Y ung as , ▁U c ay ali ▁moist ▁forests , ▁Se ch ura ▁Des ert ▁and ▁Central ▁And e an ▁wet ▁pun a . ▁ ▁Terr ain ▁ ▁The ▁Cord ill era ▁Central ▁p á ram o ▁begins ▁at ▁the ▁tre eline ▁around ▁ ▁of ▁elev ation ▁and ▁extends ▁upward ▁to ▁the ▁permanent ▁snow line ▁at ▁about ▁. ▁Some ▁mountains ▁are ▁vol can ic ▁in ▁origin ▁from ▁the ▁T ert i ary ▁period , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁P ale oz o ic ▁ ▁met am orph ic ▁and ▁sed iment ary ▁rocks , ▁P ale oc ene ▁bath ol ith s ▁and ▁areas ▁of ▁Prec amb rian ▁rock . ▁Terr ain ▁includes ▁steep ▁sl opes ▁on ▁the ▁high ▁peaks , ▁and ▁flat ▁or ▁rolling ▁table lands ▁cut ▁by ▁deep ▁val le ys ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁climate ▁is ▁mild er . ▁So ils ▁are ▁wet ▁or ▁mar sh y , ▁with ▁rock y ▁regions ▁and ▁rock ▁out cro pp ings . ▁The ▁p á ram o ▁is ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁many ▁streams ▁that ▁run ▁down ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁sl opes ▁of ▁the ▁And es ▁and ▁provide ▁an ▁important ▁source ▁of ▁water ▁to ▁the ▁human ▁populations ▁lower ▁down . ▁In ▁Peru ▁it ▁supplies ▁the ▁Qu ir ós , ▁Hu anc ab amba ▁and ▁Ch inch ipe ▁rivers . ▁ |
▁Cl imate ▁ ▁The ▁Kö ppen ▁climate ▁classification ▁is ▁" C fb ": ▁warm ▁temper ate , ▁fully ▁hum id , ▁warm ▁summer . ▁The ▁climate ▁is ▁cold , ▁wet ▁and ▁very ▁cloud y , ▁with ▁high ▁rain fall . ▁ ▁Tem per atures ▁generally ▁fall ▁below ▁free zing ▁at ▁night . ▁ ▁Ec ology ▁ ▁The ▁Cord ill era ▁Central ▁p á ram o ▁e core g ion ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁ne ot rop ical ▁realm , ▁in ▁the ▁mont ane ▁grass lands ▁and ▁shr ub lands ▁bi ome . ▁The ▁wet ▁shr ub lands ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁southern ▁group ▁of ▁p á ram os ▁in ▁the ▁Ne ot rop ical ▁realm . ▁The ▁great ▁Hu anc ab amba ▁Dep ression ▁lies ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁e core g ion , ▁a ▁barrier ▁that ▁prevents ▁fl ora ▁and ▁fa una ▁from ▁migr ating ▁between ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁And es ▁mountains . ▁ ▁The ▁e core g ion ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁And e an ▁P á ram o ▁global ▁e core g ion , ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁Cord ill era ▁Central ▁p á ram o , ▁Santa ▁Mart a ▁p á ram o , ▁Cord ill era ▁de ▁Mer ida ▁p á ram o ▁and ▁Northern ▁And e an ▁p á ram o ▁ter rest rial ▁e core g ions . ▁The ▁plants ▁and ▁animals ▁are ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁cold , ▁dry ▁conditions ▁of ▁the ▁high ▁peaks . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁local ▁end em ism , |
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