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▁popular ▁culture <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Clark ' s ▁Min er ▁Be e ▁( And rena ▁cl ark ella ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁miner ▁be e ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁And ren idae . ▁Other ▁common ▁names ▁include ▁Clark ' s ▁And rena ▁and ▁Clar ke ' s ▁Min ing ▁Be e . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Europe ▁& ▁Northern ▁Asia ▁( ex cl uding ▁China ) ▁and ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : And ren ina e ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Trans c end ental ▁Youth ▁is ▁the ▁four teenth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Go ats . ▁The ▁album ▁focuses ▁on ▁out cast s , ▁re cl uses , ▁the ▁mentally ▁ill , ▁and ▁others ▁struggling ▁in ▁ordinary ▁society . ▁The ▁album ▁is ▁lo os ely ▁un ified ▁around ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁living ▁in ▁Washington ▁state . ▁At ▁least ▁one ▁character ▁is ▁confirmed ▁to ▁be ▁recur ring ▁from ▁All ▁H ail ▁West ▁Texas , ▁an ▁earlier ▁album . ▁ ▁Several ▁songs ▁were ▁performed ▁in ▁concert ▁with ▁a ▁cap ella ▁quart et ▁An onymous ▁ 4 ▁and ▁featured ▁arrangements ▁by ▁long - time ▁friend ▁Owen ▁Pal lett . ▁ ▁However , ▁An onymous ▁ 4 ▁and ▁Owen ▁Pal lett ▁do ▁not ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁official ▁studio ▁album . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁Mountain ▁Go ats ▁album ▁to ▁prom in ently ▁feature ▁a ▁horn
▁section , ▁contributed ▁and ▁arranged ▁by ▁fellow ▁musician ▁Matthew ▁E . ▁White , ▁who ▁opened ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁on ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁tour . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁pre orders ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁came ▁with ▁a ▁bonus ▁ 7 ", ▁containing ▁dem os ▁for ▁the ▁songs ▁" Ste al ▁Sm oked ▁Fish " ▁on ▁Side ▁A , ▁and ▁" In ▁the ▁Shadow ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Hills ," ▁which ▁was ▁originally ▁written ▁for ▁the ▁album , ▁on ▁Side ▁B . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁First ▁reported ▁by ▁John ▁D arn ielle ▁on ▁July ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁track ▁list ▁is : ▁ ▁Person nel ▁John ▁D arn ielle ▁– ▁vocals , ▁guitar , ▁piano , ▁lyrics , ▁composition ▁ ▁Peter ▁Hughes ▁– ▁bass , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Jon ▁W ur ster ▁– ▁drums , ▁per cussion ▁Matthew ▁E . ▁White ▁– ▁horn ▁arrangements ▁ ▁Bob ▁Miller ▁– ▁trump et ▁▁ ▁Bryan ▁H oot en ▁– ▁t rom bone ▁▁ ▁Reg gie ▁Chap man ▁– ▁bass ▁t rom bone ▁▁ ▁John ▁Lic ley ▁– ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one , ▁clar inet ▁▁ ▁Jason ▁Scott ▁– ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one , ▁clar inet , ▁fl ute ▁▁ ▁Phil ▁Cook ▁– ▁piano ▁on ▁" The ▁D iaz ▁Brothers " ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Scott ▁Sol ter ▁– ▁mixing , ▁" elect ron ics ▁and ▁atmosphere " ▁▁ ▁B rent ▁Lam bert ▁– ▁master ing , ▁vocals ▁on ▁the ▁song ▁"
Trans c end ental ▁Youth " ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : The ▁Mountain ▁Go ats ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Br andon ▁E gg l eston ▁Category : Merge ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁F atal ▁Past ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Australian ▁thr iller ▁film . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁F atal ▁Past ▁at ▁B FI ▁F atal ▁Past ▁at ▁Letter box ▁DVD ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁films ▁Category : Austral ian ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Austral ian ▁thr iller ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁N SS - 5 ▁( Form er ly ▁known ▁as ▁Int els at ▁ 8 0 3 ▁and ▁N SS - 8 0 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁communications ▁satellite ▁operated ▁by ▁Int els at ▁and ▁after ▁by ▁S ES ▁World ▁Sk ies . ▁La unched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁it ▁was ▁operated ▁in ▁ge ost ation ary ▁orbit ▁at ▁a ▁long itude ▁of ▁ 5 0 . 5 ▁degrees ▁east ▁for ▁around ▁ 1 4 ▁years . ▁ ▁Sat ell ite ▁The ▁third ▁of ▁six ▁Int els at ▁VIII ▁satell ites ▁to ▁be ▁launched , ▁N SS - 5 ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Lock he ed ▁Martin . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁space craft . ▁The ▁satellite ▁carried ▁a ▁ 2 x L ER OS - 1 B ▁ap og ee ▁motor ▁for ▁prop ulsion ▁and ▁was ▁equipped ▁with ▁ 3
8 ▁C ▁Band ▁trans pon ders ▁and ▁ 6 ▁Ku ▁band ▁trans pon ders , ▁powered ▁by ▁ 2 ▁solar ▁cells ▁more ▁batteries . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁a ▁fourteen - year ▁service ▁life . ▁ ▁La unch ▁The ▁launch ▁of ▁N SS - 5 ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁an ▁Ari ane ▁ 4 ▁rock et ▁flying ▁from ▁Gu iana ▁Space ▁Centre , ▁K our ou , ▁French ▁Gu iana . ▁The ▁launch ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁ 2 3 : 5 8 ▁UTC ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁space craft ▁entering ▁a ▁ge os ynchron ous ▁transfer ▁orbit . ▁N SS - 5 ▁subsequently ▁fired ▁its ▁ap og ee ▁motor ▁to ▁achieve ▁ge ost ation ary ▁orbit . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁in ▁space fl ight ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Int els at ▁satell ites ▁Category : SE S ▁satell ites ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁vi ad uct ▁near ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁mill ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Gate head ▁in ▁East ▁A yr shire , ▁Scotland , ▁about ▁ 5 m iles ▁( 8 km ) ▁west ▁of ▁Kil m arn ock . ▁It ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁world ' s ▁earliest ▁surviving ▁railway ▁vi ad uct ▁on ▁a ▁public ▁railway , ▁and ▁the ▁earliest ▁known ▁surviv or ▁of ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁multi - span ▁railway ▁structure ▁subsequently
▁adopted ▁univers ally . ▁ ▁The ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁restored ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 - 9 6 ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁Category ▁A ▁listed ▁structure ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁It ▁br idges ▁the ▁River ▁Ir v ine ▁which ▁forms ▁the ▁boundary ▁between ▁East ▁A yr shire ▁and ▁South ▁A yr shire . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁Kil m arn ock ▁and ▁Tro on ▁Railway , ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 ; ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁a ▁horse ▁drawn ▁plate way ▁( although ▁loc omot ive ▁tr action ▁was ▁tried ▁later ). ▁The ▁first ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁when ▁the ▁railway ▁line ▁was ▁real igned ▁to ▁ease ▁the ▁sharp ▁curve ▁for ▁loc omot ive ▁operation , ▁and ▁a ▁wooden ▁bridge ▁was ▁built ▁a ▁little ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁real igned ▁route . ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁turn ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁third ▁structure ▁further ▁south ▁again , ▁which ▁carries ▁trains ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁vi ad uct ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁constructed ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Kil m arn ock ▁and ▁Tro on ▁Railway , ▁which ▁opened ▁on ▁ 6 ▁July ▁ 1 8 1 2 . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁National ▁Grid ▁Reference ▁NS ▁ 3 8 3 4 ▁ 3 6 9 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁with ▁four ▁segment al ▁ar ches ▁of ▁ 1 2 . 3 m ▁( 4 0
fe et ) ▁span , ▁and ▁a ▁rise ▁of ▁one - third ▁span ; ▁the ▁vous so irs ▁were ▁ 6 1 0 mm ▁( 2 4 in ches ) ▁thick . ▁The ▁railway ▁was ▁carried ▁about ▁ 8 m ▁( 2 5 fe et ) ▁above ▁the ▁river ▁surface . ▁ ▁The ▁ar ches ▁were ▁of ▁local ▁fre estone ▁with ▁sand stone ▁as hl ar ▁fac ings ▁and ▁rounded ▁cut w aters : ▁these ▁were ▁later ▁extended ▁to ▁form ▁semi - circ ular ▁butt ress es . ▁Built ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁- ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁surviving ▁railway ▁vi ad uct ▁in ▁Scotland . ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁about ▁ 8 2 m ▁( 2 7 0 ft ) ▁long ▁by ▁ 5 . 8 m ▁( 1 9 ft ) ▁wide ▁over ▁all . ▁The ▁p iers ▁are ▁ 9 ft ▁( 2 . 7 m ) ▁wide . ▁Phot ograph s ▁taken ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁recent ▁restoration ▁show ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁without ▁par ap ets , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁these ▁were ▁provided . ▁ ▁The ▁engineer ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁line ▁was ▁William ▁Jess op , ▁and ▁the ▁resident ▁engineer ▁was ▁Thomas ▁Holl is , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁probably ▁allowed ▁considerable ▁aut onomy ▁by ▁Jess op . ▁The ▁st on em ason ▁was ▁probably ▁John ▁Sim pson , ▁who ▁had
▁been ▁extens ively ▁employed ▁by ▁Jess op ▁at ▁Ar d ross an ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁Cal ed on ian ▁Canal . ▁ ▁Holl is ▁was ▁refused ▁permission ▁to ▁dis m ant le ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁mill ▁dam ▁to ▁lower ▁water ▁level ▁for ▁pier ▁construction , ▁and ▁" in ▁July ▁ 1 8 0 9 ▁he ▁was ▁authorized ▁to ▁proceed ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁a ▁coff erd am , ▁involving ▁' very ▁little ▁more ▁expense ', ▁with ▁the ▁advantage ▁that ▁' the ▁stones ▁for ▁the ▁bridge ▁can ▁be ▁flo ated ▁down ▁on ▁a ▁punt ' ." ▁ ▁Pa xt on ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁original ▁standard ▁of ▁construction ▁was ▁poor : ▁ ▁This ▁util itarian , ▁medium - scale ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁designed ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁traditional ▁rather ▁than ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁state - of - the - art ▁practice . ▁It ▁did ▁not ▁incorporate ▁the ▁hollow ▁cross - t ied ▁sp and rel ▁improvement ▁then ▁being ▁adopted ▁with ▁increasing ▁frequency ▁by ▁leading ▁engineers . ▁If ▁this ▁had ▁been ▁adopted ▁here ▁instead ▁of ▁clay ▁fill , ▁it ▁would ▁have ▁ob vi ated ▁the ▁sp and rel ▁bul ging ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁stone ▁loss ▁that ▁occurred . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁vi ad uct ' s ▁stone ▁quality ▁and ▁some ▁work mans hip ▁at ▁the ▁west ▁end ▁were ▁only ▁just ▁adequate ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁... ▁but ▁the ▁flat - stone , ▁l ime - m ort ar - bed ded , ▁pier ▁heart ing ▁carried ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 . 5 m ▁above
▁arch ▁spring ing ▁was ▁an ▁effective ▁feature ▁which ▁had ▁probably ▁saved ▁the ▁p iers ▁from ▁collapse . ▁In ▁cross - section , ▁the ▁sp and rel s ▁presented ▁an ▁unusual ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁gravity ▁ret aining ▁wall . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁later ▁decades ▁of ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁had ▁fallen ▁into ▁an ▁ever - w ors ening ▁condition , ▁with ▁much ▁serious ▁er os ion ▁and ▁loss ▁of ▁fac ings ; ▁the ▁western ▁arch ▁had ▁sag ged ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁arch ▁had ▁h og ged ; ▁cr acks ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 0 mm ▁had ▁opened ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁extr ados ▁of ▁the ▁arch ▁rings . ▁It ▁had ▁become ▁obvious ▁that ▁the ▁structure ▁was ▁near ▁to ▁collapse , ▁and ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁the ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁Conserv ation ▁Project ▁was ▁formed . ▁It ▁is ▁described ▁below . ▁ ▁When ▁it ▁was ▁by - pass ed , ▁it ▁remained ▁in ▁place , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁foot way ▁and ▁possibly ▁for ▁cart age ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁pit ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁river , ▁Fair lie ▁Coll ier y ▁No . ▁ 3 . ▁ ▁Second ▁vi ad uct ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁the ▁propriet ors ▁determined ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁improve ▁their ▁railway ▁for ▁ordinary ▁loc omot ive ▁use . ▁Part ▁of ▁this ▁process ▁involved ▁eas ing ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁very ▁sharp ▁curves ▁on ▁the ▁line . ▁This ▁process ▁included ▁providing ▁a ▁new ▁vi ad uct
▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁River ▁Ir v ine , ▁a ▁little ▁distance ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁vi ad uct . ▁This ▁second ▁bridge ▁was ▁wooden ; ▁it ▁was ▁located ▁where ▁the ▁river ▁banks ▁were ▁lower ▁than ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁vi ad uct , ▁and ▁elev ated ▁approaches ▁were ▁needed . ▁Little ▁detail ▁of ▁this ▁second ▁vi ad uct ▁has ▁survived . ▁ ▁This ▁structure ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁in ▁place , ▁but ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁ab ut ments ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁River ▁Ir v ine ▁when ▁the ▁water ▁is ▁exception ally ▁low . ▁ ▁Third ▁vi ad uct ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁the ▁wooden ▁structure ▁was ▁itself ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁vi ad uct ▁further ▁south , ▁improving ▁the ▁alignment ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁once ▁more . ▁The ▁new ▁vi ad uct ▁remains ▁in ▁use ▁by ▁Network ▁Rail ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁day ; ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁Gate head ▁Vi ad uct . ▁ ▁The ▁Kil m arn ock ▁& ▁Tro on ▁Railway ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 7 ▁the ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁T itch field ▁( l ater ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Portland ) ▁commissioned ▁William ▁Jess op ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁railway ▁line ▁between ▁Kil m arn ock ▁and ▁Tro on . ▁Bent in ck ▁had ▁coal ▁p its ▁near ▁Kil m arn ock ▁and ▁was ▁construct ing ▁a ▁har bour ▁at ▁Tro on . ▁Much ▁of ▁his ▁coal ▁was ▁dest ined ▁for ▁Ireland ▁from ▁Tro on . ▁ ▁The ▁line ▁opened ▁in ▁
1 8 1 2 ; ▁it ▁was ▁made ▁as ▁a ▁double ▁track ▁line , ▁as ▁a ▁plate way , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁r ails ▁were ▁L - shaped ▁in ▁cross ▁section ; ▁w ag ons ▁with ▁plain ▁wheels ▁could ▁use ▁the ▁line . ▁The ▁railway ▁used ▁horses ▁for ▁tr action ; ▁a ▁loc omot ive ▁was ▁tried , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁too ▁heavy ▁and ▁broke ▁the ▁plates . ▁Pass engers ▁were ▁carried ▁by ▁independent ▁haul iers . ▁ ▁The ▁plate way ▁system ▁had ▁significant ▁limitations , ▁and ▁the ▁Company ▁converted ▁the ▁line ▁to ▁an ▁edge ▁railway ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 1 . ▁Loc omot ive ▁tr action ▁was ▁intended , ▁and ▁some ▁very ▁sharp ▁curves ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁line ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁e ased . ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁a ▁sharp ▁curve , ▁and ▁the ▁conversion ▁work ▁included ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁structure ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁The ▁Kil m arn ock ▁and ▁Tro on ▁Railway ▁was ▁a ▁local ▁line , ▁and ▁as ▁larger ▁concerns ▁extended ▁their ▁area ▁of ▁influence , ▁the ▁Glasgow , ▁P ais ley , ▁Kil m arn ock ▁and ▁A yr ▁Railway ▁( G PK & AR ) ▁le ased ▁the ▁line ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁and ▁built ▁connecting ▁lines ▁so ▁that ▁it ▁became ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁network . ▁The ▁alignment ▁at ▁the ▁second ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁was ▁still ▁uns atisf actory ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 6
5 ▁a ▁third ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁built ▁further ▁south . ▁The ▁G PK & AR ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁Glasgow ▁and ▁South ▁Western ▁Railway ▁and ▁the ▁line ▁remains ▁in ▁use ▁today ▁( 2 0 1 3 ), ▁owned ▁by ▁Network ▁Rail . ▁Pass enger ▁and ▁fre ight ▁trains ▁operate ▁over ▁the ▁route . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁project ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁the ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁Conserv ation ▁Project ▁was ▁formed , ▁with ▁the ▁objective ▁of ▁conserv ing ▁the ▁structure . ▁The ▁Project ▁did ▁not ▁necessarily ▁anticip ate ▁taking ▁on ▁ownership , ▁but ▁this ▁became ▁necessary ▁as ▁a ▁condition ▁of ▁funding , ▁and ▁Str ath c ly de ▁Regional ▁Council ▁agreed ▁to ▁let ▁and ▁over see ▁the ▁main ▁contract ▁for ▁restoration , ▁and ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁ownership ▁on ▁completion . ▁ ▁Own ership ▁proved ▁difficult ▁to ▁trace , ▁but ▁was ▁eventually ▁found ▁to ▁rest ▁with ▁ad join ing ▁farm ▁owners , ▁and ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁purchased ▁from ▁them ▁for ▁a ▁nom inal ▁sum . ▁ ▁Contract s ▁were ▁prepared ▁on ▁a ▁design ▁and ▁build ▁basis , ▁and ▁funding ▁was ▁obtained ▁from : ▁ ▁National ▁Heritage ▁Memorial ▁Fund : ▁£ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Historic ▁Scotland : ▁£ 2 7 7 , 3 0 0 ▁ ▁European ▁Union : ▁£ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Str ath c ly de ▁Regional ▁Council : ▁£ 6 3 , 0 0 0 , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁roads ▁and ▁planning
▁services ▁ ▁Kyle ▁& ▁Car rick ▁District ▁Council : ▁£ 6 5 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Kil m arn ock ▁& ▁L oud oun ▁District ▁Council : ▁£ 4 5 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Enterprise ▁A yr shire : ▁£ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁The ▁lowest ▁tender ▁for ▁execution ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁accepted ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁out - turn ▁was ▁£ 1 . 0 2 4 ▁million , ▁representing ▁ 9 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁funding ; ▁pre liminary ▁works ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 1 . 5 % ▁and ▁legal ▁costs ▁and ▁administration ▁for ▁ 3 . 5 %. ▁Barr ▁Construction ▁were ▁the ▁main ▁contract or . ▁ ▁Pa xt on ▁records ▁that ▁ ▁The ▁vi ad uct ▁had ▁become ▁frag ile ▁largely ▁because ▁of ▁cr umbling ▁of ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁stone , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁quality , ▁being ▁of ▁a ▁minut ely ▁f iss ured ▁weak ▁texture . ▁With ▁lack ▁of ▁maintenance , ▁veget ation ▁and ▁weather ▁effects ▁this ▁weakness ▁had ▁led ▁to ▁widespread ▁stone ▁loss ▁and ▁serious ▁under cut ting ▁to ▁all ▁p iers ▁at ▁or ▁near ▁water ▁level . ▁The ▁west ▁pier ▁was ▁seriously ▁cracked , ▁mainly ▁around ▁its ▁traditional ▁heart ing , ▁and ▁had ▁lost ▁about ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁its ▁ 2 . 9 m ▁thickness . ▁Some ▁movement ▁had ▁occurred ▁long ▁ago ▁causing ▁stret ching ▁and ▁h og ging ▁of ▁the ▁ar ches ▁ad join ing ▁the ▁west ▁pier . ▁...
▁The ▁north ▁sp and rel ▁wall ▁had ▁suffered ▁extensive ▁stone ▁loss ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁and ▁some ▁pe eling ▁away ▁of ▁pier ▁bull - n oses . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁agent ▁had ▁shown ▁initiative ▁by ▁art ific ially ▁age ing ▁a ▁trial ▁area ▁of ▁new ▁stone ▁with ▁pe at ▁and ▁milk , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁insisted ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁stone ▁should ▁remain ▁unt reated ▁in ▁order ▁that ▁old ▁and ▁new ▁work ▁could ▁be ▁identified . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁vi ad uct ▁had ▁not ▁had ▁par ap ets ▁and ▁had ▁probably ▁never ▁had ▁hand ra ils , ▁which ▁were ▁now ▁essential ▁for ▁safety . ▁It ▁was ▁considered ▁appropriate ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁of ▁steel ▁in ▁an ▁authentic ▁period ▁style , ▁and ▁after ▁exam ining ▁photographs ▁of ▁the ▁cast ▁iron ▁rail ings ▁of ▁Ch irk ▁Aqu ed uct ▁and ▁other ▁early ▁examples , ▁m ason ry ▁cop ings ▁and ▁light - col oured ▁rail ings ▁were ▁provided . ▁The ▁preserv ation ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 0 0 mm ▁dist ortion ▁of ▁arch ▁ 2 ▁was ▁maintained ; ▁the ▁light ▁col oured ▁rail ings ▁are ▁un ob tr usive ▁vis ually ▁against ▁the ▁sky . ▁ ▁The ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁formally ▁re - op ened ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁handed ▁over ▁to ▁East ▁and ▁South ▁A yr shire ▁Coun c ils ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Ind ications ▁from ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁and
▁other ▁maps ▁ ▁John ▁A ins lie ' s ▁map ▁of ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁and ▁John ▁Thom son ' s ▁map ▁of ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁both ▁show ▁the ▁route ▁of ▁the ▁Kil m arn ock ▁& ▁Tro on ▁railway ▁and ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁vi ad uct ▁crossing ▁the ▁River ▁Ir v ine . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁shows ▁a ▁farm ▁track ▁crossing ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁by way ▁from ▁West ▁Gate head ▁farm ▁to ▁C ock hill ▁farm ▁and ▁the ▁Craig ▁estate . ▁The ▁new ▁wooden ▁vi ad uct ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁carries ▁the ▁railway . ▁The ▁new ▁bridge ▁required ▁emb ank ments ▁to ▁give ▁sufficient ▁height ▁over ▁the ▁river , ▁whereas ▁the ▁first ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁spr ung ▁from ▁higher ▁river ▁emb ank ments . ▁On ▁the ▁Tro on ▁side ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁track ▁has ▁been ▁ob liter ated ▁by ▁Fair lie ▁Coll ier y ▁( P it ▁No . 3 ) ▁and ▁its ▁spo il ▁he aps . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 8 – 1 9 0 4 ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁wooden ▁bridge ▁( the ▁second ▁structure ) ▁has ▁been ▁abandoned ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁bridge ▁built ▁further ▁up ▁river . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁marks ▁the ▁track bed ▁alignment ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁br idges , ▁whilst
▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁mineral ▁line ▁to ▁Thor nt oun ▁and ▁Gate head ▁coll ier ies ▁is ▁now ▁shown ▁as ▁a ▁foot path . ▁Fair lie ▁Coll ier y ▁( P it ▁No . 3 ) ▁is ▁still ▁active ▁with ▁several ▁sid ings ▁and ▁spo il ▁he aps . ▁No ▁track ▁or ▁lane ▁is ▁shown ▁running ▁to ▁West ▁Gate head ▁farm . ▁ ▁Mc N aught ' s ▁map ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁shows ▁the ▁coll ier y ▁s iding ▁and ▁indicates ▁the ▁access ▁over ▁the ▁old ▁vi ad uct ▁to ▁West ▁Gate head . ▁It ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁this ▁access ▁across ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁vi ad uct ▁to ▁the ▁coll ier y ▁allowed ▁coal ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁off ▁the ▁site ▁by ▁road ▁and ▁allowed ▁pedest rian ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁coll ier y . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 2 1 – 2 8 ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁shows ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁The ▁first ▁vi ad uct ▁is ▁still ▁clearly ▁shown ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁farm ▁track ▁to ▁C ock hill ▁farm ▁from ▁West ▁Gate head . ▁No ▁sign ▁of ▁the ▁wooden ▁vi ad uct ▁is ▁indicated ▁and ▁a ▁saw ▁mill ▁is ▁now ▁marked , ▁possibly ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁the ▁extra ▁definition ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁ 1 : 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁shows ▁the ▁inter - f
arm ▁route ▁as ▁still ▁intact ; ▁the ▁saw ▁mill ▁is ▁not ▁marked ; ▁and ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁mill ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁public ▁house . ▁The ▁emb ank ments ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁railway ▁line ▁that ▁ran ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁wooden ▁vi ad uct ▁are ▁however ▁shown ▁here . ▁ ▁Trad itions ▁and ▁local ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁vi ad uct ▁has ▁gone ▁by ▁several ▁alternative ▁names , ▁such ▁as ▁G ates ide ▁Vi ad uct , ▁Dry bridge ▁Vi ad uct , ▁West ▁Gate head ▁Vi ad uct ▁or ▁even ▁the ▁' w et ▁bridge ', ▁as ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁nearby ▁' D ry bridge '. ▁ ▁Gate head ▁railway ▁station ▁was ▁situated ▁nearby , ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁that ▁name . ▁It ▁closed ▁on ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁Gate head ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁from ▁the ▁turn pi ke ▁road ▁and ▁the ▁tool ▁bar . ▁A ▁' Gate head ▁T oll ▁Bar ' ▁is ▁still ▁marked ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁down ▁to ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁mill ▁and ▁the ▁Craig ▁house ▁estate ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁OS ▁map . ▁ ▁A ▁ham let ▁called ▁' M ilton ' ▁is ▁marked ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁and ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁maps , ▁but ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁not ▁marked ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁and ▁the ▁more ▁recent ▁OS ▁maps . ▁ ▁The ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁Dry bridge ▁railway ▁station ▁and ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁are ▁nearby
. ▁The ▁name ▁' D ry bridge ' ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁most ▁br idges ▁up ▁until ▁the ▁era ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways ▁were ▁built ▁over ▁water c ourses ▁and ▁were ▁therefore ▁' w et ▁br idges '. ▁A ▁' D ry ▁bridge ' ▁was ▁such ▁a ▁novel ty ▁that ▁the ▁name ▁has ▁survived ▁ever ▁since . ▁This ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁is ▁still ▁active ▁as ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Glasgow ▁South ▁Western ▁Line ▁( and ▁officially ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁' B urn s ▁Line ') ▁running ▁from ▁Kil m arn ock ▁to ▁Tro on . ▁ ▁View s ▁of ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Another ▁early ▁Scottish ▁railway ▁structure ▁The ▁Black hall ▁Bridge ▁in ▁P ais ley ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁- ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁as ▁an ▁aqu ed uct ▁for ▁the ▁Glasgow , ▁P ais ley ▁and ▁Ar d ross an ▁Canal . ▁It ▁was ▁converted ▁for ▁railway ▁use ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁and ▁currently ▁carries ▁the ▁P ais ley ▁Canal ▁branch ▁railway . ▁The ▁bridge ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁longest ▁span ▁m ason ry ▁aqu ed uct ▁of ▁the ▁canal ▁age ▁on ▁a ▁British ▁canal , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁earliest ▁br idges ▁carrying ▁a ▁public ▁railway . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁YouTube ▁video ▁of ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁ ▁YouTube ▁video ▁- ▁A yr shire ▁T ales ▁- ▁A
▁Rom antic ▁Tr aged y ▁ ▁Category : B rid ges ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁Category : P ed est rian ▁br idges ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : History ▁of ▁East ▁A yr shire ▁Category : List ed ▁br idges ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : Category ▁A ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁East ▁A yr shire ▁Category : Category ▁A ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁South ▁A yr shire ▁Category : R ail way ▁br idges ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : Vi ad uct s ▁in ▁Scotland <0x0A> </s> ▁Regional ▁Plant ▁Protection ▁Organization ▁( RP PO ) ▁is ▁an ▁inter govern ment al ▁organization ▁responsible ▁for ▁cooperation ▁in ▁plant ▁protection . ▁There ▁are ▁the ▁following ▁organizations ▁under ▁the ▁International ▁Plant ▁Protection ▁Convention ▁( IP PC ): ▁Asia ▁and ▁Pacific ▁Plant ▁Protection ▁Commission ▁( APP PC ) ▁Caribbean ▁Plant ▁Protection ▁Commission ▁( CP PC ) ▁Com ité ▁de ▁San idad ▁Ve get al ▁del ▁Con o ▁Sur ▁( CO SA VE ) ▁European ▁and ▁Mediterranean ▁Plant ▁Protection ▁Organization ▁( EP PO ) ▁Inter a fr ican ▁Ph yt os an itary ▁Council ▁( I AP SC ) ▁North ▁American ▁Plant ▁Protection ▁Organization ▁( N AP PO ) ▁Near ▁East ▁Plant ▁Protection ▁Organization ▁( NE P PO ) ▁Organ ismo ▁Intern acional ▁Regional ▁de ▁San idad ▁Ag ro pec u aria ▁( O IR SA ) ▁Pacific ▁Plant ▁Protection ▁Organization ▁( PP PO ) ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁IP PC , ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁R P PO ▁is ▁to : ▁function ▁as ▁the ▁coord inating ▁bodies ▁in ▁the ▁areas
▁covered , ▁shall ▁participate ▁in ▁various ▁activities ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁objectives ▁of ▁this ▁Convention ▁and , ▁where ▁appropriate , ▁shall ▁gather ▁and ▁disse min ate ▁information . ▁cooper ate ▁with ▁the ▁Secretary ▁in ▁achieving ▁the ▁objectives ▁of ▁the ▁Convention ▁and , ▁where ▁appropriate , ▁cooper ate ▁with ▁the ▁Secretary ▁and ▁the ▁Commission ▁in ▁developing ▁international ▁standards . ▁hold ▁regular ▁Technical ▁Consult ations ▁of ▁representatives ▁of ▁regional ▁plant ▁protection ▁organizations ▁to : ▁promote ▁the ▁development ▁and ▁use ▁of ▁relevant ▁international ▁standards ▁for ▁ph yt os an itary ▁measures ; ▁and ▁encourage ▁inter - reg ional ▁cooperation ▁in ▁promoting ▁harmon ized ▁ph yt os an itary ▁measures ▁for ▁controlling ▁p ests ▁and ▁in ▁preventing ▁their ▁spread ▁and / or ▁introduction . ▁ ▁Category : A gr icult ural ▁organizations <0x0A> </s> ▁Sn ors com be ▁is ▁a ▁ruined ▁ham let ▁south ▁of ▁Ever don ▁in ▁North ampton shire , ▁England , ▁whose ▁rural ▁location , ▁now ▁on ▁private ▁land , ▁makes ▁it ▁extremely ▁hard ▁to ▁access . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁ham let ▁was ▁once ▁a ▁th riving ▁community . ▁The ▁medieval ▁residents ▁would ▁have ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁local ▁Lord ▁under ▁the ▁man orial ▁system ▁and ▁cultiv ated ▁the ▁surrounding ▁land . ▁The ▁man or ▁at ▁Sn ors com be ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁a ▁Philip ▁Lov ell ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁King ▁John . ▁By ▁ 1 5 3 4 ▁it ▁had ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁Knight ley ▁family . ▁ ▁The ▁man or ▁house ▁was ▁a ▁farm house ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 th
▁century ▁and ▁all ▁that ▁was ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁that ▁farm , ▁a ▁water mill ▁and ▁a ▁cottage . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Ever don ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁North ampton shire ▁Category : D av entry ▁District ▁Category : H am lets ▁in ▁North ampton shire <0x0A> </s> ▁C erc op im or pha ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁m oth s ▁in ▁the ▁sub family ▁Ar ct i ina e . ▁The ▁genus ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Arthur ▁Gard iner ▁Butler ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁dol ens ▁( Sch aus , ▁ 1 9 0 5 ) ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁h off mann i ▁Z ern y , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁hom opter id ia ▁Butler , ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁met ery th ra ▁Ham pson , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁post fl av ida ▁( R oth sch ild , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ) ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁s yl va ▁Schaus , ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁t etr agon ia ▁Ham pson , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁ ▁Se lected ▁former ▁species ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁complex a ▁Ga ede , ▁ 1
9 2 6 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ar ct i ina e <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Law , ▁Cambridge ▁is ▁the ▁law ▁school ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge . ▁The ▁faculty ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁oldest ▁and ▁finest ▁law ▁schools , ▁renown ed ▁for ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁its ▁teaching ▁and ▁its ▁cutting - edge ▁legal ▁research , ▁particularly ▁in ▁international ▁law . ▁It ▁is ▁regularly ▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁law ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁by ▁major ▁national ▁league ▁tables . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁ranked ▁the ▁best ▁law ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁second ▁best ▁law ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Legal ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁faculty ▁sits ▁the ▁oldest ▁law ▁profess orship ▁in ▁the ▁English - spe aking ▁world , ▁the ▁Reg ius ▁Profess orship ▁of ▁Civil ▁Law , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 0 . ▁Today , ▁the ▁faculty ▁incorpor ates ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Crim in ology ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 1 1 ▁Research ▁Cent res , ▁including ▁the ▁world ' s ▁leading ▁research ▁inst itute ▁for ▁international ▁law , ▁The ▁L aut er p acht ▁Centre ▁for ▁International ▁Law . ▁The ▁faculty ▁has ▁ 3 1 ▁profess ors , ▁six ▁readers , ▁and ▁over ▁ 7 0 ▁other ▁university , ▁faculty ▁and ▁college ▁teaching ▁officers . ▁The ▁student ▁body ▁compris es ▁about ▁ 7 0 0 ▁under graduate ▁and ▁ 2 2
5 ▁graduate ▁students . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Law ▁Society , ▁the ▁largest ▁student - run ▁law ▁society ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁legal ▁education ▁in ▁Cambridge ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁century , ▁when ▁the ▁core ▁subjects ▁of ▁legal ▁study ▁in ▁all ▁European ▁universities ▁were ▁Civil ▁law ▁( the ▁law ▁of ▁ancient ▁Rome ) ▁and ▁the ▁Can on ▁law ▁of ▁the ▁Church . ▁Early ▁gradu ates ▁of ▁the ▁Cambridge ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Can on ▁Law ▁held ▁the ▁highest ▁jud icial ▁positions ▁in ▁Europe ▁in ▁the ▁R ota ▁at ▁Av ign on . ▁Not able ▁al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁faculty ▁include ▁William ▁Bat eman ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Fast olf , ▁who ▁wrote ▁the ▁first ▁known ▁law ▁reports ▁in ▁the ▁i us ▁commune ▁tradition , ▁and ▁William ▁Ly nd wood , ▁the ▁principal ▁comment ator ▁on ▁medieval ▁English ▁Can on ▁law . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁English ▁Re formation , ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁ordered ▁the ▁faculty ▁to ▁stop ▁teaching ▁canon ▁law ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 5 . ▁Non etheless , ▁the ▁faculty ▁received ▁some ▁compensation ▁when ▁the ▁same ▁king ▁appointed ▁Thomas ▁Smith ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Reg ius ▁Professor ▁of ▁Civil ▁Law ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 0 . ▁Academ ical ▁legal ▁learning ▁was ▁cosm opol itan ; ▁Cambridge ▁doctors ▁of ▁law ▁pract ised ▁in ▁the ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁and ▁adm iral ty ▁courts , ▁assist ed ▁the ▁nation ▁in ▁foreign ▁emb
ass ies , ▁and ▁disc ours ed ▁on ▁law , ▁justice ▁and ▁government ▁in ▁philosoph ical ▁and ▁compar ative ▁terms . ▁ ▁English ▁law ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁curriculum ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 , ▁with ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁Down ing ▁Profess orship ▁of ▁the ▁Law s ▁of ▁England . ▁Ex amin ations ▁in ▁law ▁for ▁the ▁B . A . ▁degree ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁faculty ▁grew ▁stead ily ▁in ▁size ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁its ▁interests . ▁The ▁other ▁established ▁chairs ▁in ▁the ▁faculty ▁are : ▁the ▁Whe well ▁( Intern ational ▁Law , ▁ 1 8 6 7 ), ▁the ▁R ouse ▁Ball ▁( English ▁Law , ▁ 1 9 2 7 ), ▁the ▁Wolf son ▁( C rim in ology , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ), ▁the ▁Arthur ▁Good h art ▁Vis iting ▁Profess orship ▁( 1 9 7 1 ), ▁the ▁Profess orship ▁of ▁Law ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁the ▁S . J . ▁Ber win ▁( Cor por ate ▁Law , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁the ▁Her chel ▁Smith ▁Profess orship ▁of ▁Intel lect ual ▁Property ▁Law ▁( 1 9 9 3 ), ▁and ▁the ▁Profess orship ▁of ▁European ▁Law ▁( 1 9 9 4 ). ▁ ▁Among ▁benef actions ▁received ▁by ▁the ▁faculty ▁to ▁support ▁study ▁and ▁research ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁Whe well ▁Trust ▁Fund ▁( 1 8 6 7 ), ▁for ▁scholar ships ▁in ▁international ▁law ; ▁Ed mund ▁Y or
ke ' s ▁be quest ▁( 1 8 7 3 ), ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁Y or ke ▁Prize ▁and ▁other ▁undert ak ings ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁law ; ▁the ▁M ait land ▁Memorial ▁Fund ▁( 1 9 0 6 ), ▁established ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁F . ▁W . ▁M ait land , ▁Down ing ▁Professor ▁and ▁renown ed ▁legal ▁historian , ▁for ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁research ▁and ▁instruction ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁law ▁and ▁of ▁legal ▁language ▁and ▁institutions ; ▁the ▁S quire ▁Sch olar ship ▁Fund , ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁trust ees ▁of ▁Miss ▁Rebecca ▁Fl ower ▁S quire ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁to ▁provide ▁scholar ships ▁and ▁grants ▁in ▁law ; ▁the ▁Wright ▁Rogers ▁be quest ▁( 1 9 6 6 ), ▁for ▁scholar ships ▁and ▁grants ; ▁the ▁H ers ch ▁L aut er p acht ▁Fund ▁( 1 9 6 7 ), ▁for ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁international ▁law ; ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁prize ▁funds . ▁Further ▁generous ▁support ▁was ▁provided ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁building . ▁ ▁C ourses ▁offered ▁ ▁The ▁faculty ▁offers ▁six ▁degrees ▁in ▁Law : ▁BA , ▁LL M , ▁M CL , ▁ML itt , ▁PhD ▁and ▁L LD . ▁In ▁addition , ▁it ▁offers ▁the ▁M Phil ▁in ▁Crim in ology , ▁the ▁M Phil ▁in ▁Crim in ological ▁Research , ▁the ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁Legal ▁Studies , ▁and ▁the ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁International ▁Law . ▁ ▁Rank ings ▁and ▁reputation ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁is ▁un
anim ously ▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁law ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁by ▁all ▁major ▁national ▁academic ▁league ▁tables . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁ranked ▁first ▁by ▁The ▁Guard ian , ▁The ▁Times / The ▁Sunday ▁Times ' ▁Good ▁University ▁Guide , ▁and ▁The ▁Complete ▁University ▁Guide . ▁Since ▁it ▁started ▁publishing ▁its ▁annual ▁rank ings ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁has ▁ranked ▁Cambridge ▁first ▁six ▁times ▁( 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 ). ▁The ▁Complete ▁University ▁Guide ▁has ▁given ▁the ▁top ▁spot ▁to ▁Cambridge ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁eight ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 1 ▁years . ▁The ▁Times ▁Good ▁University ▁Guide ▁law ▁rank ings ▁has ▁Cambridge ▁at op ▁its ▁league ▁table ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Q S ▁World ▁University ▁Rank ings ▁ranked ▁Cambridge ▁as ▁the ▁world ' s ▁third ▁best ▁university ▁for ▁law . ▁THE ▁ranked ▁Cambridge ▁as ▁the ▁world ' s ▁third ▁best ▁university ▁for ▁law ▁in ▁its ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁subject ▁rank ings . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁ ▁David ▁Williams ▁Building ▁ ▁The ▁faculty ▁is ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁David ▁Williams ▁Building ▁on ▁the ▁university ' s ▁Sid g wick ▁Site ▁in ▁Cambridge . ▁The ▁Building ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁University ' s ▁first ▁full - time ▁Vice
- Ch ancell or ▁and ▁Professor ▁of ▁Public ▁Law , ▁Professor ▁Sir ▁David ▁Williams . ▁The ▁Building ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Norman ▁Foster , ▁who ▁also ▁designed ▁the ▁terminal ▁building ▁at ▁Stan sted ▁Airport ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁St ▁Mary ▁A xe ▁( the ▁" G her kin " ▁in ▁London ). ▁The ▁building ▁suffered ▁serious ▁ac oustic ▁problems ▁( prim arily ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁consideration ▁of ▁ac oust ics ▁in ▁Foster ' s ▁design ), ▁with ▁its ▁form ▁ampl ifying ▁any ▁noise ▁from ▁the ▁lower ▁levels ▁and ▁causing ▁significant ▁disturb ance ▁at ▁higher ▁levels , ▁not ▁least ▁in ▁the ▁library . ▁This ▁was ▁fixed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁with ▁the ▁installation ▁of ▁a ▁gl azed ▁ac oustic ▁screen , ▁separ ating ▁quiet ▁areas ▁from ▁no isy ▁ones . ▁ ▁The ▁David ▁Williams ▁Building ▁contains ▁the ▁University ' s ▁S quire ▁Law ▁Library , ▁together ▁with ▁offices , ▁lecture ▁and ▁sem inar ▁rooms ▁and ▁common ▁room ▁facilities . ▁ ▁S quire ▁Law ▁Library ▁▁ ▁The ▁S quire ▁Law ▁Library , ▁which ▁occup ies ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁first , ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁floors ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁is ▁a ▁dependent ▁library ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Library . ▁It ▁contains ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁largest ▁legal ▁collections ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁volumes . ▁The ▁collection ▁is ▁very ▁strong ▁across ▁UK ▁law , ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁other ▁major ▁common ▁law ▁countries ▁( the ▁United ▁States
, ▁Australia , ▁Canada ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ), ▁and ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁France ▁and ▁Germany . ▁There ▁are , ▁additionally , ▁smaller ▁collections ▁for ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁many ▁other ▁countries . ▁The ▁library ▁provides ▁its ▁users ▁with ▁access ▁to ▁many ▁major ▁legal ▁dat abases . ▁ ▁The ▁library ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁at ▁first ▁with ▁only ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁volumes , ▁although ▁this ▁soon ▁increased . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁Se ele y ▁Historical ▁Library , ▁it ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁C ocker ell ▁Building ▁on ▁Senate ▁House ▁Pass age , ▁previously ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁Library ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 - 4 2 . ▁The ▁S quire ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁C ocker ell ▁Building ▁on ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁James ▁St irling ' s ▁building ▁for ▁the ▁history ▁library ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁S quire ' s ▁own ▁move ▁in ▁turn , ▁its ▁former ▁site ▁became ▁the ▁library ▁of ▁Gon ville ▁and ▁C ai us ▁College . ▁ ▁Most ▁individual ▁colleges ▁also ▁have ▁a ▁smaller ▁law ▁library ▁of ▁their ▁own . ▁ ▁Soc ieties ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁groups ▁and ▁societies ▁based ▁around ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Law : ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Law ▁Society ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁Soc ieties ▁at ▁the ▁In ns ▁of ▁Court ▁( G ray ' s ▁Inn , ▁Lincoln ' s ▁Inn , ▁and ▁Middle ▁Temple ) ▁
▁Grad uate ▁Law ▁Society ▁ ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Society ▁for ▁Women ▁Law yers ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Students ' ▁Pro ▁B ono ▁Society ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁Pro ▁B ono ▁Project ▁Most ▁colleges ▁also ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁law ▁societies . ▁ ▁Public ations ▁ ▁Not able ▁publications ▁produced ▁under ▁the ▁a eg is ▁of ▁the ▁faculty ▁include : ▁▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Law ▁Legal ▁Studies ▁Research ▁Paper ▁Series ▁▁ ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁Law ▁Journal ▁ ▁International ▁Law ▁Re ports ▁ ▁Cl are nd on ▁Studies ▁in ▁Crim in ology ▁( joint ▁venture ▁with ▁the ▁crim in ology ▁cent res ▁at ▁Oxford ▁and ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics ) ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁Studies ▁in ▁English ▁Legal ▁History ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁International ▁Law ▁Journal ▁ ▁Not able ▁persons ▁ ▁Al umn i ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁ ▁N amed ▁Ch airs ▁ ▁Down ing ▁Professor ▁of ▁the ▁Law s ▁of ▁England ▁( S ar ah ▁Wor thing ton ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Reg ius ▁Professor ▁of ▁Civil ▁Law ▁( David ▁I bb et son ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁R ouse ▁Ball ▁Professor ▁of ▁English ▁Law ▁( Lou ise ▁G ull ifer ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Whe well ▁Professor ▁of ▁International ▁Law ▁( E yal ▁Ben ven isti ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Professor ▁of ▁Law , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁( John ▁Bell ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Sir ▁David ▁Williams ▁Professor ▁of ▁Public ▁Law ▁( Al ison ▁Young ▁from
▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Others ▁ ▁T rev or ▁All an , ▁Professor ▁of ▁Jur isp rud ence ▁and ▁Public ▁Law ▁ ▁Catherine ▁Barn ard , ▁Professor ▁of ▁European ▁Union ▁Law ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁E il ís ▁Ferr an , ▁Professor ▁of ▁Company ▁and ▁Sec ur ities ▁Law ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Graham ▁Vir go , ▁Professor ▁of ▁English ▁Private ▁Law ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁S quire ▁Law ▁Library ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁ ▁Category : Norm an ▁Foster ▁buildings ▁Category : High - tech ▁architecture ▁Category : L attice ▁shell ▁structures ▁Law , ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Category : L aw ▁schools ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁College ▁Hall ▁is ▁a ▁fully ▁cater ed ▁hall ▁of ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁on ▁Mal et ▁Street ▁in ▁the ▁Bloom sb ury ▁district ▁of ▁London , ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁inter col leg iate ▁hall , ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁provides ▁accommodation ▁for ▁full - time ▁students ▁at ▁constitu ent ▁colleges ▁and ▁institutions ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁including ▁King ' s ▁College , ▁University ▁College , ▁Queen ▁Mary , ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁and ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Ori ental ▁and ▁African ▁Studies ▁amongst ▁others . ▁ ▁History ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁and ▁initially ▁located ▁in ▁By ng ▁Place , ▁College ▁Hall ▁was ▁incorporated ▁into ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁
1 9 1 0 . ▁It ▁moved ▁to ▁nearby ▁Mal et ▁Street ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁It ▁histor ically ▁cater ed ▁for ▁female ▁students ▁( h aving ▁been ▁co - found ed ▁by ▁educational ist ▁and ▁suff rag ist ▁Annie ▁Le igh ▁Brow ne , ▁Mary ▁Stewart ▁Kil g our , ▁Mary ▁Brow ne ▁( L ady ▁Lock yer ) ▁and ▁Hen riet ta ▁M üll er ) ▁but ▁today ▁wel comes ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁students ▁alike . ▁▁ ▁College ▁Hall ▁provides ▁ 3 5 7 ▁rooms ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁majority ▁are ▁ensuite . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁inter col leg iate ▁h alls ▁of ▁residence ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁a ▁Hall ▁Manager . ▁Every ▁hall ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁W arden ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁resident ▁Senior ▁Members . ▁The ▁Hall ▁Man agers ▁and ▁their ▁staff ▁work ▁full - time ▁during ▁office ▁hours , ▁while ▁the ▁Ward ens ▁and ▁Senior ▁Members , ▁commonly ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁W arden ial ▁staff , ▁are ▁part - time ▁staff ▁who ▁are ▁either ▁studying ▁or ▁working ▁in ▁academic ▁or ▁academic - related ▁roles ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Junior ▁Common ▁Room ▁( J CR ) ▁Committee , ▁elected ▁by ▁the ▁students , ▁provides ▁social ▁and ▁sport ing ▁activities . ▁ ▁Transport ▁The ▁nearest ▁underground ▁stations ▁are ▁Good ge ▁Street ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁E ust on ▁Square ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁Russell ▁Square ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Con n aught ▁Hall , ▁London ▁International ▁Hall
, ▁London ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁College ▁Hall , ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁( download able ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁web ▁page ) ▁ ▁College ▁Hall , ▁University ▁of ▁London : ▁Summer ▁H ousing ▁( download able ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁web ▁page ) ▁ ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁London ▁inter col leg iate ▁h alls ▁of ▁residence ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Bloom sb ury <0x0A> </s> ▁M ito ch ond rial ▁import ▁inner ▁membr ane ▁trans loc ase ▁sub unit ▁Tim 1 0 ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁that ▁in ▁humans ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁T IM M 1 0 ▁gene . ▁ ▁T IM M 1 0 ▁belongs ▁to ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁evolution arily ▁conserv ed ▁prote ins ▁that ▁are ▁organized ▁in ▁heter ool ig omer ic ▁complex es ▁in ▁the ▁mit och ond rial ▁inter mem br ane ▁space . ▁These ▁prote ins ▁med iate ▁the ▁import ▁and ▁insert ion ▁of ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁membr ane ▁prote ins ▁into ▁the ▁mit och ond rial ▁inner ▁membr ane .[ sup plied ▁by ▁O M IM ] ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading <0x0A> </s> ▁El bt al ▁is ▁a ▁community ▁in ▁Lim burg - We il burg ▁district ▁in ▁H esse , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Location ▁El bt al ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁W ester wald ’ s ▁southern ▁slope ▁above ▁the ▁L ahn ▁valley . ▁ ▁Const itu ent ▁communities ▁El bt al ’ s ▁Ort ste ile ▁are ▁Dor ch heim ▁( administr
ative ▁seat ), ▁El bg rund , ▁H angen me iling en , ▁und ▁He u chel heim . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁hills ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁El bb ach ▁were ▁already ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁the ▁New ▁Stone ▁Age , ▁as ▁shown ▁by ▁the ▁many ▁finds ▁of ▁stone ▁tools . ▁The ▁circular ▁ramp art ▁called ▁He iden h ä us chen ▁(" L ittle ▁He ath ▁House ") ▁near ▁H angen me iling en ▁has ▁been ▁dated ▁to ▁Hall st att ▁times ▁( 7 5 0 ▁to ▁ 4 5 0 ▁BC ). ▁ ▁He u chel heim ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁documentary ▁mention ▁in ▁ 7 7 2 ▁in ▁a ▁don ation ▁document ▁from ▁the ▁L orsch ▁Ab bey . ▁Wald mann sh aus en , ▁one ▁of ▁El bg rund ’ s ▁for er un ner ▁communities , ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁documentary ▁mention ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁October ▁ 1 1 3 8 ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁its ▁don ation ▁to ▁the ▁monaster y ▁at ▁St . ▁Go ar . ▁Dor ch heim ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁documentary ▁mention ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 5 ▁in ▁a ▁document ▁from ▁the ▁Maria ▁La ach ▁Ab bey ▁while ▁M ü hl bach , ▁El bg rund ’ s ▁other ▁for er un ner ▁community , ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 0 ▁in ▁a ▁don ation ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁N ass au ▁to ▁the ▁Te ut onic ▁Kn ights . ▁H angen me iling en ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁documentary ▁mention ▁on ▁
2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 3 3 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁still ▁preserved ▁mo ated ▁castle ▁of ▁Wald mann sh aus en ▁in ▁El bg rund ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁Wal p ode , ▁who ▁held ▁the ▁jud ici ary ▁over lord ship ▁in ▁the ▁surrounding ▁country . ▁The ▁building ▁work ▁compris es ▁a ▁Late ▁G oth ic ▁dw elling ▁house ▁with ▁two ▁round ▁tow ers ▁and ▁commercial ▁buildings , ▁which ▁are ▁still ▁used ▁today . ▁To ▁the ▁west ▁are ▁found ▁the ▁ru ins ▁of ▁an ▁older , ▁cross - shaped ▁castle . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁the ▁castle ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁prominent ▁Beth mann ▁banking ▁family ’ s ▁ownership . ▁After ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁it ▁was ▁quarters ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army . ▁Today ▁its ▁use ▁is ▁schol astic . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁is ▁the ▁Mar ienst ät ter ▁Hof ▁in ▁Dor ch heim , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁as ▁El bt al ’ s ▁town ▁hall . ▁Its ▁exact ▁building ▁year ▁is ▁unknown . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁still ▁preserved ▁est ates ▁that ▁belonged ▁to ▁Mar ienst att ▁Ab bey . ▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁mid ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁clay ▁and ▁bas alt ▁were ▁quar ried ▁in ▁M ü hl bach ’ s ▁municipal ▁area . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁the ▁communities ▁of ▁Dor ch heim , ▁H
angen me iling en ▁and ▁He u chel heim ▁merged ▁into ▁one ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁El bt al . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁then ▁still ▁autonom ous ▁community ▁of ▁El bg rund ▁also ▁joined , ▁after ▁itself ▁having ▁been ▁formed ▁in ▁a ▁mer ger ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁of ▁the ▁formerly ▁autonom ous ▁communities ▁of ▁M ü hl bach ▁and ▁Wald mann sh aus en . ▁ ▁Politics ▁ ▁Community ▁council ▁The ▁municipal ▁election ▁held ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁yield ed ▁the ▁following ▁results : ▁ ▁S ight see ing ▁ ▁Wald mann sh aus en ▁Castle ▁ ▁Kap elle ▁St . ▁Nik ol aus ▁(“ Saint ▁Nicholas ’ s ▁Chap el ”) ▁at ▁the ▁Dor ch heim ▁c emetery ▁Built ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁and ▁converted ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁it ▁has ▁central ▁pill ars ▁with ▁rich ▁car ving ▁and ▁a ▁sanct uary ▁with ▁a ▁painting ▁gallery . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁and ▁infrastructure ▁El bt al ▁is ▁a ▁residential ▁community . ▁Besides ▁the ▁tr ades ▁and ▁craft s ▁that ▁are ▁custom ary ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁place , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁industry . ▁ ▁Transport ▁The ▁community ▁lies ▁on ▁Bundes straße ▁ 5 4 ▁( S ie gen ▁- ▁Lim burg ) ▁and ▁is ▁thereby ▁well ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁long - distance ▁road ▁network . ▁ ▁Education ▁The ▁El bt als ch ule ▁in ▁Dor ch heim ▁serves ▁as ▁a
▁common ▁primary ▁school ▁for ▁the ▁community . ▁Near by ▁secondary ▁schools ▁are ▁the ▁Mittel p unk ts ch ule ▁St . ▁Bl as ius ▁in ▁Fr ick hof en ▁and ▁the ▁Für st ▁Johann ▁Ludwig ▁Sch ule ▁in ▁Had amar . ▁ ▁Public ▁institutions ▁ ▁Kinder g arten ▁El bt al ▁" S on nen bl ume " ▁in ▁Dor ch heim ▁ ▁Kinder g arten ▁El bt al ▁" St . ▁Josef " ▁in ▁Dor ch heim ▁ ▁Dor ch heim ▁Vol unte er ▁Fire ▁Brigade , ▁founded ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁( includes ▁Youth ▁Fire ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁El bg rund ▁Vol unte er ▁Fire ▁Brigade , ▁founded ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁( includes ▁Youth ▁Fire ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁H angen me iling en ▁Vol unte er ▁Fire ▁Brigade , ▁founded ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁( includes ▁Youth ▁Fire ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁He u chel heim ▁Vol unte er ▁Fire ▁Brigade , ▁founded ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁( includes ▁Youth ▁Fire ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Lim burg - We il burg <0x0A> </s> ▁Am al da ▁t ind all i ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ol iv idae , ▁the ▁ol ives . ▁ ▁The ▁tax onomy ▁status ▁is ▁uncertain . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : O liv idae ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁
1 8 9 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁high - speed ▁airport ▁rail ▁link ▁connecting ▁Os lo ▁Airport , ▁Gard erm oen ▁to ▁Os lo ▁Central ▁Station ▁in ▁ninete en ▁minutes . ▁Run ▁by ▁Fly t og et ▁AS ▁( former ly ▁NS B ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁AS ), ▁it ▁operates ▁on ▁the ▁high - speed ▁Gard erm oen ▁Line ▁using ▁sixteen ▁G MB ▁Class ▁ 7 1 ▁electric ▁trains . ▁ ▁Normal ▁service ▁frequency ▁is ▁once ▁every ▁ten ▁minutes , ▁with ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁services ▁each ▁hour ▁continuing ▁west wards ▁beyond ▁Os lo ▁Central . ▁The ▁extended ▁services ▁serve ▁nine ▁stops ▁within ▁Gre ater ▁Os lo ▁and ▁take ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 0 min utes . ▁ ▁Fly t og et ▁transport ed ▁ 5 . 4 mill ion ▁passengers ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁a ▁ 3 4 - percent ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁airport ▁ground ▁transport . ▁The ▁service , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁top ▁speed ▁of ▁, ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁service ▁in ▁Norway . ▁Construction ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁high - speed ▁trains ▁began ▁serving ▁Gard erm oen ▁Airport ▁from ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁its ▁opening ▁on ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁although ▁full ▁operation ▁using ▁the ▁ ▁Rom er ike ▁T unnel ▁had ▁to ▁wait ▁another ▁ten ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁months ▁after ▁severe ▁le aks ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁tunnel ' s ▁construction ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁partial ▁de pletion ▁of ▁two
▁l akes . ▁ ▁Form ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁as ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Norweg ian ▁State ▁Rail ways , ▁the ▁company ▁has ▁been ▁owned ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁by ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Trade ▁and ▁Industry . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Dec ision ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁airport ▁connection ▁When ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Norway ▁on ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁decided ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁new ▁central ▁airport ▁for ▁Eastern ▁Norway , ▁they ▁also ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁main ▁mode ▁of ▁ground ▁transport ▁should ▁be ▁by ▁rail . ▁While ▁the ▁previous ▁airport , ▁Os lo ▁Airport , ▁For ne bu , ▁was ▁located ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁city ▁limits , ▁the ▁new ▁airport , ▁Os lo ▁Airport , ▁Gard erm oen , ▁would ▁be ▁located ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁outside ▁the ▁reach ▁of ▁existing ▁public ▁transport . ▁The ▁principle ▁of ▁the ▁airport ▁construction ▁was ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁foot ed ▁by ▁the ▁tax ▁pay ers ; ▁the ▁entire ▁airport ▁would ▁be ▁built ▁with ▁borrow ed ▁money ▁through ▁Os lo ▁L uf th av n ▁AS , ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Airport ▁Administration . ▁The ▁same ▁principle ▁was ▁chosen ▁for ▁the ▁airport ▁rail ▁link — the ▁Norweg ian ▁State ▁Rail ways ▁( NS B ) ▁creating ▁the ▁limited ▁company ▁subs idi ary ▁NS B ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁AS , ▁founded ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁line
. ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁charge ▁train ▁operators ▁using ▁the ▁line , ▁channel ing ▁the ▁payments ▁to ▁cover ▁down ▁payments ▁and ▁interest ▁of ▁the ▁debt ▁used ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁railway . ▁Prof it ▁margin ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁ 7 . 5 %. ▁ ▁Construction ▁ ▁Os lo ▁Airport , ▁Gard erm oen , ▁is ▁not ▁on ▁the ▁Tr unk ▁Line ▁that ▁runs ▁north ▁from ▁Os lo . ▁With ▁heavy ▁traffic ▁and ▁many ▁small ▁stops ▁until ▁L ill estr ø m , ▁and ▁continuing ▁north ▁as ▁single ▁track , ▁the ▁Tr unk ▁Line ▁would ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁supplement ed ▁by ▁a ▁parallel ▁double ▁track ▁from ▁Os lo , ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁route ▁north ▁of ▁Kl ø ft a ▁to ▁E ids v oll ; ▁the ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁airport ▁allowing ▁trains ▁operating ▁on ▁the ▁D ov re ▁Line ▁to ▁L ille ham mer ▁and ▁Tr ond heim ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁airport . ▁The ▁ ▁line ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Gard ermo ▁Line . ▁ ▁The ▁Gard ermo ▁Line ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁attempt ▁to ▁build ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁in ▁Norway , ▁after ▁the ▁ ▁line ▁from ▁S ki ▁to ▁M oss ▁on ▁the ▁ Ø st fold ▁Line . ▁But ▁no ▁operation ▁speeds ▁exceed ing ▁ ▁are ▁achieved ▁there ▁due ▁to ▁short ▁distances ▁and ▁limitations ▁to ▁rolling ▁stock , ▁making ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁the ▁first ▁real ▁high - speed ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁Norway . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁dom ination ▁of ▁single ▁track ▁in ▁Norway , ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁Gard ermo
▁Line ▁increased ▁the ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁double ▁track ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom ▁by ▁two - third s . ▁ ▁Construction ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁An ▁agreement ▁for ▁purchase ▁of ▁sixteen ▁three - car ▁electric ▁multiple ▁units ▁was ▁signed ▁with ▁Ad tr anz ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Parliament ▁decided ▁on ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁that ▁the ▁construction ▁company ▁would ▁also ▁operate ▁the ▁new ▁train ▁service . ▁The ▁trains ▁were ▁delivered ▁between ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁cost ing ▁N OK 1 . 4 b illion . ▁ ▁Chall eng es ▁ ▁The ▁greatest ▁challenge ▁was ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁ ▁Rom er ike ▁railway ▁tunnel ▁– ▁Norway ' s ▁longest ▁– ▁beneath ▁the ▁ge ologically ▁highly ▁un stable ▁ Ø st mark a ▁area ▁between ▁Et ter stad , ▁close ▁to ▁Os lo ▁Central ▁Station , ▁and ▁L ill estr ø m . ▁During ▁construction , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁water ▁level ▁in ▁some ▁l akes ▁above ▁the ▁tunnel , ▁including ▁L ut v ann ▁and ▁Nord re ▁P utt j ern , ▁sank ▁dramatically . ▁After ▁the ▁le aks ▁were ▁discovered ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁san ctions ▁were ▁imposed ▁by ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Water ▁Resources ▁and ▁Energy ▁Director ate ▁requiring ▁the ▁elim ination ▁of ▁all ▁leak ages . ▁At ▁its ▁worst
, ▁the ▁tunnel ▁was ▁le aking ▁ ▁of ▁water ▁per ▁minute . ▁ ▁Rh oca - G il ▁seal ant ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁fix ▁the ▁le aks , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁work ▁properly . ▁Not ▁only ▁did ▁it ▁not ▁poly mer ise , ▁and ▁therefore ▁failed ▁to ▁sta unch ▁the ▁le aks , ▁but ▁it ▁also ▁poison ed ▁its ▁surroundings ▁with ▁ac ry lam ide . ▁Man ual ▁fixing ▁with ▁concrete ▁became ▁necessary ; ▁the ▁fixing ▁and ▁cleaning ▁up ▁of ▁the ▁to x in ▁delayed ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁tunnel ▁by ▁one ▁year . ▁Further ▁complic ations ▁a rose ▁due ▁to ▁conflicts ▁between ▁NS B ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁company , ▁Sc and in av ian ▁Rock ▁Group , ▁with ▁the ▁latter ▁at ▁one ▁instance ▁stopping ▁work ▁for ▁three ▁weeks ▁while ▁the ▁parties ▁quar rell ed ▁in ▁court . ▁ ▁Re ports ▁have ▁shown ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁inspection ▁and ▁reporting ▁procedures ▁during ▁incidents ▁that ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁addressed ▁– ▁but ▁were ▁never ▁taken ▁seriously ▁– ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Construction ▁of ▁the ▁tunnel ▁caused ▁damage ▁to ▁around ▁sixty ▁houses ▁and ▁an ▁evaluation ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Communications ▁showed ▁that ▁N OK ▁ 5 0 0 mill ion ▁was ▁spent ▁on ▁fixing ▁the ▁le aks ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁extent ▁an ▁unnecessary ▁expend iture ▁which ▁ ▁more ▁efficient ▁engineering ▁procedures ▁would ▁have ▁avoided . ▁The ▁report ▁also ▁critic ised ▁the ▁administrative ▁planning ▁and ▁organisation ▁of ▁the ▁overall
▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁railway . ▁ ▁Airport ▁Express ▁Tr ains ▁began ▁operating ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁airport ▁( and ▁the ▁L ill estr ø m ▁to ▁Gard erm oen ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁high - speed ▁line ) ▁opened ▁on ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 ; ▁however , ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ten ▁months ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁old ▁H oved b ane ▁( Tr unk ▁Line ) ▁between ▁Os lo ▁S ▁and ▁L ill estr ø m , ▁which ▁restricted ▁their ▁frequency ▁to ▁just ▁two ▁trains ▁per ▁hour . ▁Regular ▁operations ▁at ▁full ▁capacity , ▁using ▁the ▁Rom er ike ▁T unnel , ▁did ▁not ▁commence ▁until ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Re organ isation ▁ ▁Est im ates ▁for ▁the ▁project ▁costs ▁were ▁N OK 4 . 3 b illion , ▁± 2 0 %, ▁but ▁by ▁completion ▁they ▁had ▁ended ▁at ▁N OK 7 . 7 b illion , ▁of ▁which ▁N OK 1 . 3 b illion ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁leak ages . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁had ▁a ▁cost ▁exceed ings ▁of ▁N OK 0 . 4 b illion . ▁The ▁company ▁had ▁acquired ▁financial ▁costs ▁of ▁N OK 0 . 9 b illion , ▁so ▁the ▁company ▁o wed ▁N OK 1 0 . 0 b illion ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁including ▁money ▁spent ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁trains . ▁
▁The ▁first ▁steps ▁of ▁organis ational ▁re structure ▁were ▁taken ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁when ▁the ▁CEO ▁of ▁NS B , ▁O sm und ▁U eland , ▁was ▁fired ▁due ▁to ▁several ▁incidents ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁operations ▁of ▁NS B — not ▁just ▁the ▁Gard ermo ▁Line . ▁Ein ar ▁Eng er ▁took ▁over ▁as ▁new ▁CEO ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁debt ▁in ▁NS B ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁had ▁become ▁un man age able , ▁and ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁parliament ▁accepted ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁possible ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁Gard ermo ▁Line — with ▁the ▁current ▁structure — the ▁profitable ▁venture ▁predicted ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁From ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁company ▁changed ▁name ▁to ▁Fly t og et ▁AS , ▁ret aining ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁trains ▁and ▁operations ▁and ▁kept ▁as ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁NS B . ▁The ▁tracks ▁and ▁infrastructure ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁National ▁Rail ▁Administration ▁( ), ▁who ▁owns ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁railway ▁network . ▁All ▁debt ▁was ▁restored ▁and ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁a ▁vehicle ▁exc ise ▁duty ▁was ▁implemented ▁on ▁the ▁Gard ermo ▁Line ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁management ▁and ▁maintenance ▁of ▁the ▁line , ▁to ▁be ▁paid ▁by ▁all ▁users . ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁parliament ▁decided ▁that ▁Fly t
og et ▁AS ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁separate ▁railway ▁company ▁from ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁owned ▁directly ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Communications . ▁One ▁year ▁later ▁the ▁ownership ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Trade ▁and ▁Industry ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁cleanup ▁of ▁political ▁over ha ul ▁between ▁the ▁departments . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁process , ▁a ▁new ▁CEO , ▁Thomas ▁Hav neg jer de , ▁was ▁appointed ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁and ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁the ▁new ▁Chair , ▁End re ▁Sk j ø rest ad — who ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁position ▁form ▁NS B ' s ▁director ▁Ein ar ▁Eng er . ▁Hav neg jer de ▁announced ▁on ▁ 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁retire ▁from ▁his ▁job ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Linda ▁Bern ander ▁Sil set h ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁two ▁of ▁three ▁services ▁to ▁As ker ▁were ▁extended ▁to ▁Dr ammen . ▁This ▁followed ▁up grades ▁to ▁the ▁Dr ammen ▁Line , ▁including ▁the ▁L ier å sen ▁T unnel , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁parking ▁lot ▁at ▁Dr ammen ▁Station , ▁in ▁total ▁cost ing ▁N OK 2 0 mill ion . ▁ ▁Operations ▁ ▁Dep art ures ▁operate ▁every ▁ten ▁minutes ▁from ▁Os lo ▁Central ▁Station ▁( Os lo
S ) ▁to ▁the ▁airport ▁- ▁i . e . ▁six ▁trains ▁pr . ▁hour . ▁Half ▁of ▁the ▁trains ▁orig inate ▁in ▁Dr ammen , ▁making ▁five ▁intermediate ▁stops ▁before ▁Os lo S , ▁and ▁again ▁at ▁L ill estr ø m . ▁One ▁starts ▁from ▁Os lo S ▁and ▁go ▁directly ▁to ▁Gard erm oen ▁without ▁intermediate ▁stops . ▁Two ▁start ▁from ▁St ab ek k ▁and ▁calls ▁at ▁L ys aker , ▁Sk ø y en , ▁National the ater et ▁and ▁Os lo ▁S . ▁On ▁S atur days , ▁Sunday ▁m orn ings ▁and ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁July , ▁Fly t og et ▁does ▁not ▁operate ▁the ▁direct ▁trains ▁from ▁Os lo S ▁or ▁St ab ek k ▁— ▁only ▁the ▁ 2 0 - minute ▁head way ▁all - stop ▁trains . ▁While ▁the ▁services ▁nort heast ▁from ▁Os lo S ▁to ▁the ▁airport ▁use ▁the ▁high - speed ▁Gard ermo ▁Line , ▁those ▁west wards ▁towards ▁As ker ▁use ▁the ▁Dr ammen ▁Line ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 – 7 2 ▁and ▁the ▁As ker ▁Line ; ▁so ▁while ▁the ▁ ▁from ▁Os lo S ▁to ▁the ▁airport ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁in ▁ 1 9 min utes , ▁the ▁ ▁from ▁As ker ▁to ▁Os lo S ▁takes ▁ 2 6 min utes . ▁The ▁latter ▁does ▁however ▁include ▁stops ▁at ▁five ▁stations : ▁National the at ret , ▁Sk ø y en , ▁L ys
aker , ▁Sand v ika ▁and ▁As ker . ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁is ▁offered ▁from ▁other ▁means ▁of ▁ground ▁transport ▁and ▁by ▁NS B ▁who ▁operate ▁trains ▁from ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁airport . ▁This ▁includes ▁one ▁hour ly ▁departure ▁with ▁line ▁L 1 2 ▁of ▁the ▁Os lo ▁Comm uter ▁Rail ▁north ▁to ▁E ids v oll ▁and ▁south ▁to ▁Os lo , ▁Dr ammen ▁and ▁Kong s berg ; ▁two ▁regional ▁trains ▁( line ▁R 1 0 ▁and ▁R 1 1 ) ▁hour ly ▁north ▁to ▁E ids v oll ▁and ▁L ille ham mer ▁and ▁south ▁to ▁Dr ammen ▁and ▁V est fold ; ▁and ▁five ▁daily ▁express ▁trains ▁to ▁D omb å s ▁and ▁Tr ond heim ▁calling ▁Os lo ▁Airport ▁Station , ▁including ▁one ▁night ▁train ▁( although ▁the ▁express ▁trains ▁to ▁Tr ond heim ▁do ▁not ▁accept ▁passengers ▁only ▁travelling ▁between ▁Os lo ▁and ▁Gard erm oen ). ▁ ▁The ▁price ▁of ▁a ▁ticket ▁to ▁Os lo ▁is ▁N OK 1 8 0 , ▁though ▁higher ▁if ▁depart ing ▁from ▁Sand v ika , ▁As ker ▁and ▁Dr ammen . ▁Red uced ▁fa res ▁with ▁ 5 0 % ▁discount ▁are ▁offered ▁to ▁senior ▁citizens , ▁children , ▁youth ▁under ▁ 2 1 ▁years , ▁students , ▁benefit ▁recip ients ▁and ▁military ▁personnel . ▁Fly t og et ▁tickets ▁are ▁not ▁valid ▁on ▁NS B ▁trains , ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁NS B ▁tickets ▁are ▁generally ▁cheaper , ▁though ▁not ▁for ▁some ▁groups ▁with ▁reduced ▁fare
; ▁for ▁instance ▁students ▁are ▁granted ▁a ▁greater ▁discount ▁with ▁Fly t og et ▁than ▁with ▁NS B . ▁T icket ▁can ▁either ▁be ▁bought ▁at ▁v ending ▁machines ▁or ▁as ▁e - tick ets ; ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁seat ▁reserv ation . ▁ ▁Fly t og et ▁transport ed ▁ 5 . 4 mill ion ▁passengers ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁a ▁ 3 4 % ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁airport ▁ground ▁transport . ▁Fly t og et ▁bo asts ▁a ▁high ▁service ▁quality , ▁with ▁ 9 6 % ▁of ▁depart ures ▁arriving ▁within ▁ 3 min utes ▁of ▁schedule ▁and ▁only ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁of ▁depart ures ▁cancel ed . ▁Part ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁airport ▁express ▁trains ▁receiving ▁priority ▁over ▁other ▁trains ▁in ▁the ▁limited ▁capacity ▁around ▁Os lo . ▁Fly t og et ▁was ▁announced ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁most ▁satisfied , ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁most ▁loyal ▁customers ▁of ▁all ▁Norweg ian ▁companies ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁by ▁the ▁customer ▁satisfaction ▁survey ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁School ▁of ▁Management . ▁The ▁same ▁year ▁Fly t og et ▁was ▁declared ▁the ▁best ▁place ▁of ▁work ▁in ▁Norway ▁by ▁Great ▁Place ▁to ▁Work . ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁recruit ment ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁educated ▁train ▁divers ▁chose ▁Fly t og et ▁over ▁NS B , ▁mostly ▁due ▁to ▁higher ▁wages . ▁ ▁St ations ▁ ▁Inc idents ▁ ▁Several ▁deaths ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁route
, ▁but ▁only ▁one ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁accident . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁an ▁employee ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Rail ▁Administration ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁train ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁operating ▁at ▁ ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁temporarily ▁reduced ▁limit ▁of ▁; ▁Fly t og et ▁was ▁fin ed ▁for ▁not ▁inform ing ▁the ▁engineer ▁of ▁the ▁speed ▁limit ▁reduction . ▁Several ▁other ▁deaths ▁on ▁the ▁line ▁have ▁been ▁classified ▁as ▁su ic ides , ▁and ▁so ▁are ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁accident ▁statistics ; ▁they ▁do ▁however ▁cause ▁del ays ▁on ▁all ▁services ▁for ▁hours ▁after ▁the ▁incident ▁takes ▁place . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 0 1 , ▁Fly t og et ▁experienced ▁three ▁der ail ments ▁with ▁empty ▁trains ▁at ▁Gard erm oen ; ▁one ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁engineer ▁falling ▁asleep ▁and ▁two ▁by ▁the ▁train ▁passing ▁a ▁red ▁light . ▁No ▁more ▁such ▁accidents ▁occurred ▁after ▁automatic ▁Train ▁Control ▁was ▁installed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Del ays ▁have ▁been ▁experienced ▁many ▁times ▁by ▁travel ers ▁due ▁to ▁technical ▁problems ▁on ▁the ▁infrastructure . ▁In ▁particular ▁the ▁old ▁line ▁west ▁of ▁Os lo ▁causes ▁much ▁delay , ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Rail ▁Administration ▁performed ▁during ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁a ▁N OK 1 0 0 mill ion ▁upgrade ▁to ▁the ▁Os lo ▁T unnel ▁to ▁ensure ▁better ▁performance . ▁But ▁problems ▁also ▁in cur ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁sections , ▁regularly ▁delay ing ▁service ▁or ▁capacity , ▁and ▁forcing ▁Fly t og et
▁to ▁operate ▁fewer ▁depart ures . ▁In ▁total ▁ 9 6 % ▁of ▁depart ures ▁arrived ▁within ▁ 3 min utes ▁of ▁schedule ▁and ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁of ▁depart ures ▁were ▁cancel ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Pick p ocket ing ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁problem ▁since ▁the ▁start ; ▁even ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police ▁in ▁Os lo ▁has ▁been ▁ro bb ed ▁on ▁the ▁train . ▁The ▁train ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁the ▁target ▁of ▁sab ot age , ▁and ▁em be zz lement ▁for ▁N OK 1 mill ion ▁by ▁an ▁employed ▁ticket ▁sales man , ▁who ▁found ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁print ▁two ▁tickets ▁with ▁the ▁system ▁only ▁charging ▁for ▁one , ▁by ▁turning ▁off ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁ticket ▁printer . ▁ ▁When ▁Al ▁G ore ▁came ▁to ▁Os lo ▁to ▁receive ▁his ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁on ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁used ▁the ▁Airport ▁Express ▁Train ▁to ▁make ▁his ▁journey ▁as ▁environment ally ▁friendly ▁as ▁possible . ▁The ▁company ▁has ▁initiated ▁a ▁program ▁to ▁ensure ▁better ▁diet ▁for ▁the ▁employees ; ▁this ▁had ▁made ▁several ▁lose ▁weight ▁and ▁has ▁reduced ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁sick ▁leave ▁from ▁ 1 2 ▁to ▁ 8 %. ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 7 , ▁a ▁program ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁energy ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁trains ▁through ▁sm arter ▁operation ▁reduced ▁energy ▁consumption ▁by ▁ 1 5 %. ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁vol c ano ▁air
▁travel ▁dis ruption , ▁the ▁Gard erm oen ▁airport ▁was ▁closed ▁for ▁a ▁period , ▁and ▁the ▁Fly t og et ▁trains ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁NS B ▁instead , ▁to ▁give ▁extra ▁train ▁capacity ▁for ▁long - distance ▁routes . ▁ ▁Roll ing ▁stock ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁operates ▁sixteen ▁Class ▁ 7 1 ▁three - car ▁electric ▁multiple ▁units ▁delivered ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 9 8 , ▁and ▁built ▁dom est ically ▁by ▁Ad tr anz ▁at ▁Str ø m men ▁based ▁on ▁carb od ies ▁built ▁in ▁Ad tr anz ▁factory ▁in ▁Kal mar . ▁They ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Swedish ▁X 2 ▁operated ▁by ▁S J ▁in ▁their ▁X ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁inter city ▁service , ▁and ▁developed ▁by ▁Kal mar ▁Ver k stad ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁The ▁Class ▁ 7 1 ▁are ▁nearly ▁identical ▁to ▁the ▁NS B ▁Class ▁ 7 3 , ▁save ▁the ▁ 7 1 - series ▁lacking ▁one ▁car ▁and ▁til ting ▁mechanism , ▁and ▁a ▁different ▁interior . ▁Both ▁have ▁chosen ▁to ▁not ▁use ▁the ▁original ▁loc omot ive ▁design , ▁instead ▁install ing ▁one ▁powered ▁bog ie ▁in ▁each ▁car . ▁The ▁ 7 1 - series ▁is ▁built ▁for ▁a ▁maximum ▁operating ▁speed ▁of ▁, ▁but ▁has ▁achieved ▁higher ▁speeds ▁in ▁test ▁runs . ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁features ▁are ▁pressure - t ight ▁cab ins ▁to ▁allow ▁comfortable ▁travel ▁through ▁tunn els ▁at ▁high ▁speeds , ▁and ▁step - free ▁access ▁to
▁the ▁cars . ▁Instead , ▁steps ▁are ▁inside ▁the ▁trains ; ▁this ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁non - con formance ▁with ▁public ▁access ibility ▁policy . ▁The ▁multiple ▁units ▁can ▁only ▁operate ▁in ▁fixed ▁sets ▁of ▁three ▁cars , ▁but ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁sets ▁can ▁be ▁run ▁in ▁multiple . ▁Fly t og et ▁regularly ▁uses ▁double ▁sets ▁to ▁create ▁six - car ▁trains . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 , ▁all ▁units ▁will ▁be ▁ref it ▁with ▁an ▁additional ▁middle ▁car ▁by ▁Bomb ard ier ▁Transport ation , ▁increasing ▁capacity ▁by ▁ 4 0 % ▁to ▁ 2 4 4 ▁seats . ▁ ▁Unlike ▁the ▁Class ▁ 7 1 , ▁the ▁sister ▁trains ▁in ▁service ▁with ▁NS B ▁were ▁pr one ▁to ▁trouble , ▁having ▁to ▁operate ▁on ▁hundred - year - old ▁infrastructure ▁on ▁cross - mount ain ▁services ; ▁the ▁Class ▁ 7 1 ▁has ▁more ▁len ient ▁operating ▁conditions ▁thanks ▁to ▁better ▁infrastructure . ▁The ▁only ▁incident ▁to ▁ground ▁all ▁the ▁BM 7 1 ▁trains ▁occurred ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁at ▁Nel aug ▁when ▁a ▁Class ▁ 7 3 ▁train ▁operated ▁by ▁NS B ▁der ailed ▁because ▁of ▁stress ▁on ▁the ▁ax le . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁NS B ▁trains , ▁the ▁airport ▁express ▁trains ▁were ▁back ▁in ▁service ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁while ▁the ▁ 7 3 - series ▁had ▁to ▁wait ▁another ▁month . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 4
▁a ▁unit ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁out ▁of ▁service ▁due ▁to ▁smoke ▁from ▁a ▁stressed ▁bearing — with in ▁days ▁the ▁bear ings ▁were ▁replaced ▁on ▁all ▁units . ▁ ▁Future ▁ ▁New ▁tracks ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁As ker ▁Line ▁opened ▁between ▁Sand v ika ▁and ▁As ker , ▁with ▁new ▁double ▁track ▁running ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁Dr ammen ▁Line , ▁allowing ▁quick er ▁travel ▁times ▁to ▁As ker . ▁The ▁second ▁section , ▁between ▁L ys aker ▁and ▁Sand v ika , ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁reduced ▁travel ▁time ▁west ▁of ▁L ys aker ▁by ▁about ▁seven ▁minutes . ▁The ▁project ▁also ▁included ▁a ▁full ▁upgrade ▁of ▁L ys aker ▁Station . ▁There ▁are ▁plans ▁to ▁build ▁two ▁more ▁tracks ▁from ▁L ys aker ▁to ▁Os lo ▁Central ▁Station , ▁including ▁a ▁new ▁tunnel ▁under ▁central ▁Os lo . ▁This ▁project ▁is ▁not ▁decided . ▁ ▁New ▁EM Us ▁Fly t og et ▁has ▁ordered ▁eight ▁new ▁ 4 - car ▁C AF ▁O aris ▁EM Us ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁manufacturer ▁C AF . ▁The ▁trains ▁are ▁planned ▁to ▁start ▁operation ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁and ▁be ▁named ▁class ▁ 7 8 . ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁EM U ' s ▁maximum ▁speed ▁is ▁, ▁the ▁infrastructure ▁limits ▁the ▁speed ▁to ▁. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : High - speed ▁rail ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : R ail way ▁companies ▁of
▁Norway ▁Category : R ail way ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁Ak ers hus ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁Bus ker ud ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁Os lo ▁ ▁Fly t og et ▁Category : Air port ▁rail ▁links ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : R ail way ▁services ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Category : Os lo ▁Airport , ▁Gard erm oen <0x0A> </s> ▁A be ▁" The ▁New sb oy " ▁Holland ers ky ▁( De cember ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁– ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁became ▁the ▁second ▁American ▁box er ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁Heavy weight ▁Title ▁when ▁he ▁defeated ▁Cal iforn ian ▁Jack ▁Or te ga ▁in ▁nine ▁rounds ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁American ▁congress men , ▁Naval ▁personnel , ▁and ▁canal ▁workers ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁crowd ▁of ▁nearly ▁two ▁thousand ▁who ▁watched ▁Holland ers ky ▁gain ▁victory ▁over ▁an ▁opponent ▁who ▁out we ighed ▁him ▁by ▁over ▁thirty - five ▁pounds . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁announced ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁best ▁known ▁win ▁the ▁following ▁morning . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁reput ed ▁to ▁have ▁fought ▁an ▁unpre ced ented ▁ 1 , 0 3 9 ▁box ing ▁matches ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 5 – 1 8
, ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 3 8 7 ▁wrest ling ▁matches . ▁ ▁The ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 0 3 9 ▁b outs ▁from ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁aut obi ography ▁was ▁featured ▁for ▁decades ▁in ▁the ▁Gu in ness ▁Book ▁of ▁World ▁Records , ▁R ip ley ' s ▁Bel ieve ▁it ▁or ▁Not , ▁The ▁Ring ▁Record ▁Book , ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁short ▁newspaper ▁articles ▁made ▁available ▁as ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁fill ers , ▁appearing ▁most ▁frequently ▁between ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁fight ▁total ▁cited ▁by ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁ 1 0 3 9 , ▁but ▁as ▁A be ▁fought ▁additional ▁exhib itions ▁he ▁increased ▁the ▁count , ▁thus ▁a ▁few ▁sources ▁that ▁interviewed ▁him ▁after ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁his ▁book ▁quote ▁higher ▁tot als . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁news boy ▁to ▁the ▁Navy ▁he ▁met , ▁worked ▁or ▁correspon ded ▁with ▁four ▁Pres idents , ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁Secretary s ▁of ▁the ▁Navy , ▁and ▁many ▁high ▁ranking ▁adm ir als , ▁while ▁document ing ▁his ▁meetings ▁and ▁correspondence . ▁ ▁Several ▁sources ▁also ▁credit ▁him ▁with ▁taking ▁an ▁American ▁or ▁World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Wrest ling ▁Championship ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁claim ▁to ▁the ▁championship ▁was ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁victory ▁over ▁" You ng ▁R oe ber " ▁who ▁wrest led ▁frequently ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁held ▁several ▁wrest ling ▁weight ▁division
▁titles . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁Jewish ▁parents ▁Charles ▁and ▁Cel ia ▁Holland ers ky ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁of ▁Ber ż n iki , ▁in ▁Nort he astern ▁Poland ▁bord ering ▁on ▁L ith u ania , ▁then ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Su w ał ki , ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Like ▁many ▁Jewish ▁families ▁in ▁their ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁the ▁Holland ers k ys ▁struggled ▁to ▁survive ▁in ▁the ▁gri ps ▁of ▁poverty ▁with ▁little ▁opportunity ▁to ▁improve ▁their ▁fate . ▁ ▁A be ▁held ▁memories ▁of ▁his ▁mother ▁washing ▁clothes ▁bare foot ▁in ▁the ▁snow ▁of ▁Ber zn iki . ▁ ▁Though ▁his ▁book ▁and ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁manifest ▁from ▁his ▁first ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁give ▁his ▁birth ▁year ▁as ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁Holland ers ky ▁cited ▁December ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁as ▁his ▁birth ▁date ▁in ▁his ▁pass port ▁application , ▁and ▁other ▁official ▁documents . ▁ ▁The ▁ship ' s ▁manifest ▁for ▁his ▁arrival ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁likely ▁gives ▁the ▁more ▁accurate ▁birth ▁date ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁his ▁mother ▁on ▁entry ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁when ▁A be ▁was ▁ 1 1 . ▁ ▁A be ' s ▁mother ▁Cel ia , ▁raised ▁by ▁a ▁religious ▁leader , ▁created ▁strong ▁Old ▁Testament ▁values ▁in ▁A be ▁that ▁were ▁reflected ▁in ▁the ▁moral ▁tone ▁of
▁much ▁of ▁his ▁aut obi ography . ▁ ▁Cel ia ' s ▁father , ▁M ow za ▁( M oses ) ▁F ink iel sz te j n , ▁was ▁a ▁" Pod sk ol nik ", ▁a ▁part - time ▁temple ▁leader ▁who ▁could ▁fill ▁in ▁as ▁a ▁Rab bi ▁or ▁teach ▁He brew . ▁ ▁P og rom s , ▁fam ine , ▁restrictions ▁on ▁career ▁opportunities , ▁the ▁in ability ▁to ▁own ▁or ▁purchase ▁property , ▁and ▁highly ▁limited ▁access ▁to ▁public ▁secondary ▁education ▁caused ▁by ▁Ts ar ▁Alexander ▁III ' s ▁May ▁Law s ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁encouraged ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁leave ▁Russia . ▁According ▁to ▁A be ' s ▁aut obi ography , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁Ber zn iki ▁were ▁ev icted ▁from ▁their ▁homes ▁by ▁ed ict ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁government ▁if ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁prove ▁they ▁were ▁land ▁owners . ▁ ▁Flight ▁from ▁Russia , ▁arrival ▁in ▁America ▁According ▁to ▁gene al og ist ▁Mar lene ▁Silver man , ▁F alk ▁Holland ers ky , ▁A be ' s ▁Uncle , ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁America ▁at ▁age ▁forty - three , ▁arriving ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁around ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁accompanied ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Sarah ▁F ey ga ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁married ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁ceremony ▁in ▁Ber zn ick i ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁F alk ▁far med ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁winter ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁largely ▁hand ▁made ▁gar ment
▁and ▁tail oring ▁shop ▁in ▁Che ster field , ▁Connecticut , ▁special izing ▁in ▁pants . ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁in ▁New ▁London , ▁he ▁opened ▁a ▁tail oring ▁and ▁clothing ▁shop ▁with ▁his ▁son - in - law ▁Simon ▁Pl att us ▁that ▁eventually ▁included ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁quality ▁fur ▁co ats ▁he ▁often ▁made ▁himself . ▁ ▁Four ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁siblings , ▁two ▁boys ▁and ▁two ▁girls , ▁died ▁of ▁mal nut rition ▁in ▁Ber zn iki ▁prior ▁to ▁A be ' s ▁departure . ▁ ▁Dep art ing ▁Russia ▁around ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁nine ▁or ▁ten , ▁Holland ers ky ▁headed ▁to ▁Berlin , ▁Germany ▁and ▁than ▁Manchester , ▁England ▁with ▁his ▁mother ▁Cel ia ▁and ▁older ▁brother ▁Sol . ▁ ▁In ▁Manchester , ▁Cel ia ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁text ile ▁industry ▁to ▁raise ▁money ▁for ▁passage ▁to ▁America . ▁ ▁Manchester ▁was ▁a ▁natural ▁choice ▁as ▁her ▁cousin ▁Sol omon ▁Holland ers ky , ▁Uncle ▁F alk ' s ▁son , ▁had ▁already ▁em igr ated ▁there ▁before ▁coming ▁to ▁America . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁father ▁Charles , ▁a ▁tail or , ▁had ▁preced ed ▁him ▁to ▁America ▁around ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁to ▁find ▁work , ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁p lying ▁his ▁trade ▁with ▁his ▁brother ▁F alk ▁in ▁New ▁England . ▁ ▁Charles ▁sent ▁money ▁from ▁New ▁England ▁to ▁A be ' s ▁mother ▁so ▁his ▁family ▁could ▁eventually ▁afford ▁passage ▁to ▁America , ▁but ▁became ▁blind
▁before ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁leave ▁Ber zn iki . ▁Uncle ▁F alk ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Sarah ▁F ey ga ▁provided ▁parent al ▁support ▁to ▁A be ▁at ▁times ▁in ▁his ▁youth . ▁ ▁F alk ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁wife ▁Sarah ▁and ▁A be ' s ▁mother ▁Cel ia ▁were ▁sisters , ▁daughters ▁of ▁assistant ▁Rab bi ▁M ow za ▁( M oses ) ▁F ink iel sz te j n ▁( born ▁c . ▁ 1 8 1 2 ). ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁sisters ▁in ▁turn ▁married ▁the ▁Holland ers ky ▁brothers ▁F alk ▁and ▁Charles . ▁ ▁A be , ▁his ▁mother ▁Cel ia , ▁and ▁brother ▁Sol ▁first ▁arrived ▁in ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁arrived ▁with ▁little ▁or ▁no ▁public ▁school ing . ▁ ▁He ▁took ▁box ing ▁training ▁at ▁a ▁local ▁Y M CA , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁sell ▁newspapers ▁as ▁a ▁youth , ▁having ▁begun ▁by ▁selling ▁them ▁in ▁Manchester , ▁England , ▁around ▁age ▁eight ▁or ▁nine . ▁ ▁Youth ful ▁tres pass ing ▁offense ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁By ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁sevent een , ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁wrest ling ▁profession ally ▁in ▁New ▁London , ▁and ▁at ▁sixteen , ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁was ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁tres pass ing ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁York , ▁New ▁Haven , ▁and ▁New ▁London ▁Rail road . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁London ▁judge ▁found ▁A be ▁was ▁the ▁" ring le ader ▁of ▁a ▁gang
▁of ▁boys ▁who ▁made ▁themselves ▁a ▁nu is ance ▁by ▁hanging ▁around ▁the ▁station ," ▁and ▁they ▁may ▁have ▁hit ched ▁the ▁occasional ▁ride ▁on ▁the ▁box c ars . ▁For ▁a ▁boy ▁who ▁chose ▁box ing ▁as ▁a ▁profession , ▁this ▁was ▁a ▁minor ▁offense , ▁but ▁Holland ers ky ▁may ▁have ▁suffered ▁from ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁adult ▁super vision ▁having ▁never ▁attended ▁public ▁school , ▁and ▁having ▁a ▁blind ▁father ▁who ▁was ▁limited ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁he ▁could ▁take ▁in ▁his ▁up b ring ing . ▁The ▁following ▁month , ▁according ▁to ▁The ▁Day , ▁Holland ers ky ▁headed ▁South west ▁to ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁family . ▁ ▁En counter ▁with ▁President ▁Roosevelt ▁▁ ▁After ▁he ▁tried ▁to ▁sell ▁a ▁newspaper ▁to ▁Ted dy ▁Roosevelt ▁aboard ▁the ▁presidential ▁y acht ▁USS ▁May fl ower ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁Roosevelt ▁had ▁Admiral ▁Rob ley ▁D . ▁Evans , ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁Fleet , ▁create ▁the ▁official ▁un paid ▁title ▁" New sb oy ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ," ▁for ▁Holland ers ky , ▁giving ▁him ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁sell ▁papers ▁to ▁any ▁Navy ▁ship ▁and ▁travel ▁to ▁any ▁destination ▁on ▁U . ▁S . ▁Naval ▁vessels . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁aut obi ography , ▁their ▁meeting ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁Roosevelt ' s ▁President ial ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁Naval ▁fleet ▁in ▁New ▁York ' s ▁O yster ▁Bay , ▁off ▁Long ▁Island , ▁September ▁ 2 – 4 ,
▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁p iv otal ▁point ▁in ▁A be ' s ▁career . ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁a ▁busy ▁box ing ▁schedule ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁that ▁year ▁which ▁kept ▁him ▁near ▁O yster ▁Bay , ▁and ▁Roosevelt ▁had ▁likely ▁come ▁from ▁his ▁home ▁off ▁the ▁Bay . ▁▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁and ▁the ▁President ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁brief ▁and ▁friendly ▁exchange ▁of ▁light ▁bl ows ▁after ▁Roosevelt ▁waved ▁off ▁his ▁Secret ▁Service ▁body gu ards . ▁ ▁Their ▁meeting ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁Star board ▁deck ▁of ▁the ▁President ial ▁y acht ▁after ▁Roosevelt ▁saw ▁A be ' s ▁c aul if lower ▁ear , ▁and ▁asked ▁if ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁box er . ▁ ▁The ▁President ▁had ▁box ed ▁compet it ively ▁at ▁Harvard , ▁and ▁took ▁a ▁sinc ere ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁eighteen ▁year ▁old ▁news boy ▁who ▁was ▁keen ▁on ▁selling ▁his ▁papers ▁to ▁the ▁fleet . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁Abraham ▁Hoff man , ▁Charles ▁J . ▁Bon ap arte , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Navy , ▁several ▁Secret ▁Service ▁body gu ards , ▁Ed ith ▁Roosevelt , ▁the ▁President ' s ▁wife , ▁and ▁the ▁well ▁known ▁entrepreneur ▁Corn el ius ▁V ander b ilt ▁were ▁also ▁aboard ▁the ▁May fl ower ▁during ▁Roosevelt ' s ▁September ▁fleet ▁review . ▁ ▁A ▁signed ▁letter ▁from ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁book ▁authentic ates ▁a ▁relationship ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁President ▁Roosevelt . ▁ ▁The ▁letter ▁extends ▁an ▁invitation ▁from ▁the ▁President ▁for ▁A
be ▁to ▁visit ▁him ▁at ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁ ▁Cor respond ence ▁also ▁is ▁documented ▁from ▁Roosevelt ' s ▁wife ▁Ed ith . ▁Around ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁while ▁selling ▁papers , ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁board ed ▁one ▁of ▁Admiral ▁Evans ' ▁old ▁commands , ▁the ▁, ▁flag ship ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁White ▁Fleet , ▁while ▁Roosevelt ▁was ▁again ▁aboard . ▁After ▁meeting ▁Roosevelt , ▁Holland ers ky ▁box ed ▁aboard ▁the ▁President ial ▁y acht ▁May fl ower ▁to ▁entertain ▁members ▁of ▁Congress , ▁and ▁later ▁briefly ▁met ▁President ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁aboard ▁the ▁May fl ower ▁off ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁Naval ▁contacts ▁and ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ▁▁ ▁During ▁his ▁early ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁Navy , ▁A be ▁sold ▁newspapers ▁to ▁ships ▁off ▁the ▁New ▁London ▁har bor . ▁While ▁serving ▁U . ▁S . ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁Mid ship men ▁during ▁their ▁annual ▁summer ▁cruise ▁from ▁Ann apolis ▁in ▁July ▁and ▁August ▁in ▁New ▁London ' s ▁Gard iner ▁Bay , ▁he ▁met ▁many ▁future ▁Ad mir als . ▁Around ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁A be ▁met ▁Captain ▁George ▁Fried ▁who ▁would ▁become ▁famous ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁for ▁the ▁val iant ▁resc ues ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁ship ▁Ant ino e ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁fre ighter ▁Florida ▁while ▁he ▁commanded ▁ocean ▁lin ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁L ines . ▁ ▁When ▁they ▁first ▁met , ▁ ▁Fried ▁was ▁a ▁young ▁fled gling ▁sail or ▁serving
▁his ▁first ▁Naval ▁assignment ▁aboard ▁the ▁old ▁civil ▁war ▁era ▁sch oon er ▁USS ▁Hart ford , ▁where ▁he ▁learned ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁navigation . ▁ ▁Fried ▁and ▁Holland ers ky ▁maintained ▁an ▁acqu aint ance ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁ ▁Admiral ▁J . ▁M . ▁Re eves , ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Naval ▁air ▁war fare , ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁high - rank ing ▁officers ▁who ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁sold ▁newspapers ▁by ▁Holland ers ky ▁very ▁early ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁and ▁throughout ▁his ▁very ▁distinguished ▁years ▁of ▁service . ▁ ▁Future ▁Com mod ore ▁Harry ▁As her ▁Bad t ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁mid ship man ▁who ▁met ▁A be ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁during ▁the ▁Academy ' s ▁annual ▁summer ▁cruise ▁from ▁Ann apolis . ▁Bad t ▁was ▁aboard ▁the ▁USS ▁C hes ape ake , ▁a ▁three - m asted , ▁wooden - h ull ed , ▁fully ▁rig ged ▁ship , ▁renamed ▁the ▁USS ▁Sever n ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁ ▁A be ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁again ▁sold ▁papers ▁aboard ▁the ▁Sever n ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁port ▁near ▁An con , ▁Pan ama ▁around ▁late ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁Bad t ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Naval ▁Academy ' s ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁year book ▁the ▁L ucky ▁Bag , ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁when ▁Lieutenant ▁William ▁D . ▁Le ah
y ▁was ▁beginning ▁his ▁Naval ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁teaching ▁assistant ▁in ▁Phys ics ▁and ▁Elect rical ▁Engineering . ▁ ▁Twenty - five ▁years ▁later , ▁Admiral ▁Le ah y , ▁while ▁serving ▁as ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁to ▁Franklin ▁Roosevelt , ▁would ▁write ▁a ▁brief ▁review ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁book ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁on ▁December ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁would ▁sign ▁his ▁Award ▁of ▁Mer it ▁for ▁recru iting ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁men ▁for ▁the ▁Navy ▁in ▁the ▁ramp ▁up ▁for ▁W W II . ▁Le ah y ▁had ▁formerly ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Naval ▁Operations ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 7 – 3 9 . ▁Also ▁signing ▁the ▁award ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁were ▁Fleet ▁Admiral ▁C . W . ▁N im itz , ▁largely ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁Navy ' s ▁success ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mid way ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁and ▁James ▁For rest al , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Navy . ▁ ▁Both ▁would ▁send ▁photographs ▁to ▁A be ▁for ▁his ▁book , ▁with ▁Admiral ▁N im itz ' s ▁photo ▁dep ict ing ▁him ▁pos ing ▁with ▁A be ▁before ▁a ▁map . ▁ ▁Fight ing ▁a ▁k ang ar oo ▁and ▁bear ▁A be ▁box ed ▁a ▁huge ▁m uzz led ▁bear ▁named ▁" C uster " ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁at ▁Hub er ' s ▁D ime ▁Museum ▁on ▁ 1 4 th ▁Street ▁in ▁New
▁York ▁City . ▁Harry ▁H oud ini ▁would ▁later ▁perform ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁Hub er ' s . ▁With ▁his ▁friend , ▁Irish ▁heavy weight ▁box er ▁and ▁ex - N avy ▁man ▁Tom ▁Shar key ▁acting ▁as ▁ref eree , ▁A be ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁knocked ▁out ▁the ▁bear , ▁who ▁fell ▁from ▁the ▁ring ▁dam aging ▁a ▁grand ▁piano , ▁inf uri ating ▁the ▁Museum ' s ▁manager ▁and ▁amazing ▁the ▁large ▁audience ▁who ▁included ▁several ▁T amm any ▁Hall ▁politicians . ▁ ▁Shar key ▁had ▁held ▁the ▁World ▁Heavy weight ▁Championship ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 6 – 9 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁arg u ably ▁the ▁greatest ▁box er ▁the ▁Navy ▁produced ▁at ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁century . ▁A be ▁box ed ▁or ▁wrest led ▁a ▁k ang ar oo ▁in ▁an ▁exhibition ▁in ▁Australia ▁during ▁his ▁first ▁world ▁cruise ▁with ▁the ▁Navy ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 7 - 8 , ▁but ▁was ▁thrown ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁ring ▁by ▁a ▁swing ▁of ▁the ▁animal ' s ▁tail . ▁ ▁These ▁incidents ▁were ▁described ▁with ▁humor ▁and ▁detail ▁in ▁A be ' s ▁book ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁much ▁later ▁being ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁noted ▁sports ▁writer ▁Harold ▁Ros ent hal ' s ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁article ▁on ▁A be ▁in ▁Sports ▁Ill ustr ated . ▁They ▁added ▁a ▁certain ▁color ▁to ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁which ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁newspaper ▁reporters ▁that ▁wrote ▁about ▁him ▁in ▁brief ▁bi ograph ies . ▁ ▁Much
▁of ▁his ▁early ▁box ing ▁experience ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁as ▁his ▁family ▁kept ▁a ▁residence ▁there ▁until ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁while ▁A be ' s ▁father ▁maintained ▁an ▁apartment ▁on ▁ 1 6 7 ▁East ▁Broadway . ▁As ▁a ▁young ▁New ▁York ▁club ▁fighter ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁A be ▁fought ▁the ▁better ▁known ▁box ers ▁Tod o ▁Mor an , ▁P ats y ▁Con n ors , ▁Harry ▁Green house ▁and ▁" Buff alo " ▁Eddie ▁Kelly . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁Spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁in ▁a ▁sm o key ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁box ing ▁club ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Lion ' s ▁Palace , ▁talented ▁fe ather weight ▁" Buff alo " ▁Eddie ▁Kelly ▁took ▁only ▁ten ▁seconds ▁to ▁knock ▁an ▁in exper i enced ▁eighteen ▁year ▁old ▁A be ▁to ▁the ▁canvas ▁for ▁a ▁full ▁count . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁Kelly ▁would ▁challenge ▁the ▁legendary ▁Jewish ▁box er ▁A be ▁Att ell ▁three ▁times ▁for ▁the ▁Fe ather weight ▁Championship ▁of ▁the ▁World . ▁ ▁B out ▁with ▁Maurice ▁Lem oine , ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁not ▁long ▁after ▁his ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Cru ise ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁White ▁Fleet ▁at ▁only ▁twenty , ▁Holland ers ky ▁fought ▁a ▁close ▁six - round ▁match ▁with ▁Maurice ▁Lem oine ▁at ▁the ▁Grand ▁Opera ▁House ▁in ▁New ▁Haven , ▁Connecticut
. ▁Though ▁New ▁London ' s ▁The ▁Day ▁gave ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁Lem oine , ▁the ▁prest igious ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁felt ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁the ▁better ▁of ▁the ▁bout ," winning ▁on ▁points ", ▁and ▁" b attering ▁Lem oine ▁in ▁the ▁sixth ▁and ▁last ▁round ". ▁The ▁widely ▁covered ▁fight ▁was ▁a ▁pre liminary ▁to ▁a ▁World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Title ▁match ▁between ▁reign ing ▁Jewish ▁World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion ▁Harry ▁Lewis , ▁and ▁his ▁frequent ▁opponent ▁Will ie ▁Lewis . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁two ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁close ▁bout ▁with ▁Lem oine , ▁A be , ▁with ▁excessive ▁self - conf idence , ▁challenged ▁former ▁World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion ▁H oney ▁M ell ody ▁to ▁a ▁bout ▁by ▁posting ▁a ▁challenge ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁London ▁Day . ▁M ell ody ' s ▁handler ' s ▁declined ▁to ▁respond . ▁Two ▁weeks ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁challenge , ▁M ell ody ▁had ▁knocked ▁out ▁A be ' s ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁opponent ▁Lem oine , ▁and ▁drew ▁against ▁him ▁four ▁months ▁later ▁in ▁a ▁bout ▁in ▁Web ster , ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁used ▁M ell ody ' s ▁matching ▁with ▁Lem oine , ▁a ▁box er ▁he ▁may ▁have ▁beaten , ▁as ▁an ▁indication ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁skills ▁to ▁face ▁the ▁ex - World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion . ▁ ▁New ▁England ▁opponents ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁best ▁known ▁opponents ▁in ▁New ▁England ▁included ▁Austin
▁Rice , ▁Dave ▁Pal itz , ▁Al ▁Rogers , ▁Italian ▁Joe ▁G ans , ▁and ▁Tommy ▁Te ague . ▁ ▁Te ague ▁was ▁a ▁Navy ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion ▁from ▁the ▁USS ▁Michigan ▁when ▁they ▁fought ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁and ▁later ▁an ▁un successful ▁opponent ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Jewish ▁box er ▁Al ▁McC oy ▁four ▁days ▁before ▁McC oy ▁became ▁the ▁youngest ▁box er ▁at ▁sevent een ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁World ▁Middle weight ▁Championship . ▁McC oy ▁and ▁Holland ers ky ▁would ▁later ▁both ▁appear ▁in ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁Picture ' s ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁The ▁B ower y . ▁Fellow ▁wel ter weight ▁box er ▁Al ▁Rogers ▁had ▁decis ively ▁beaten ▁ex - World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion ▁H oney ▁M ell ody ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁in ▁Baltimore ▁just ▁two ▁weeks ▁before ▁beating ▁A be ▁in ▁an ▁important ▁fifteen ▁round ▁bout ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁city ' s ▁Empire ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁fought ▁fellow ▁New ▁London er ▁Austin ▁Rice ▁and ▁Connecticut ▁wel ter weight ▁Dave ▁Pal itz ▁on ▁more ▁than ▁five ▁occasions ▁each . ▁Rice ▁had ▁shown ▁enormous ▁box ing ▁promise ▁at ▁age ▁thirty ▁as ▁a ▁cont ender ▁for ▁the ▁Fe ather weight ▁Championship ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁against ▁Young ▁Cor b ett ▁II ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁Holland ers ky ▁fought ▁Rice , ▁who ▁was ▁twelve ▁years ▁older ▁and ▁s idel ined ▁as ▁a
▁car p enter , ▁in ▁both ▁paid ▁and ▁exhibition ▁b outs ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Rice ' s ▁box ing ▁career . ▁Fellow ▁New ▁London er ▁M ose y ▁King , ▁an ▁early ▁New ▁England ▁Light weight ▁Champion ▁and ▁Yale ▁box ing ▁coach ▁for ▁forty ▁years , ▁is ▁included ▁in ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁list ▁of ▁fights ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁as ▁a ▁" Win ". ▁King , ▁who ▁like ▁A be ▁was ▁of ▁Jewish ▁ancest ry ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁a ▁close ▁family , ▁was ▁Connecticut ' s ▁first ▁box ing ▁commission er ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 1 – 2 3 , ▁and ▁reput ed ▁to ▁have ▁given ▁tips ▁to ▁any ▁box er ▁looking ▁to ▁improve ▁his ▁game . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁likely ▁opponent ▁of ▁Holland ers ky ▁at ▁least ▁in ▁a ▁sp ar ring ▁or ▁exhibition ▁match , ▁as ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁with ▁A be . ▁According ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁source , ▁Rice , ▁King , ▁and ▁Holland ers ky ▁shared ▁Jimmy ▁Nelson ▁as ▁an ▁early ▁coach ▁and ▁sp ar ring ▁partner ▁as ▁youth s ▁in ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁The ▁legend ▁goes ▁that ▁Nelson ▁had ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁corner ▁man ▁for ▁und efe ated ▁World ▁Light weight ▁Champion ▁Jack ▁Mc A ul iffe ▁before ▁coming ▁to ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁Work ▁with ▁the ▁Navy ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁long ▁career ▁with ▁the ▁Navy ▁included ▁work ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁supply ▁boat ▁operator ▁or ▁" bum ▁bo ater " ▁from ▁which
▁he ▁sold ▁magazines ▁and ▁newspapers ▁to ▁the ▁fleet . ▁His ▁boat ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁motor ized ▁d ing y ▁that ▁was ▁rum ored ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁given ▁to ▁him ▁by ▁Admiral ▁Rob ley ▁Evans . ▁ ▁Early ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁A be ▁saved ▁several ▁people ▁from ▁d rowning ▁and ▁resc ued ▁str anded ▁boats ▁in ▁Gard iner ▁Bay ▁off ▁the ▁d ocks ▁of ▁New ▁London ▁while ▁" bum ▁bo ating " ▁for ▁the ▁Navy . ▁" B um ▁bo ating " ▁consisted ▁of ▁taking ▁a ▁small ▁launch ▁out ▁to ▁naval ▁vessels ▁and ▁selling ▁newspapers , ▁magazines , ▁and ▁small ▁supplies ▁to ▁Navy ▁personnel . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁small ▁launch , ▁he ▁also ▁performed ▁tasks ▁such ▁as ▁delivering ▁mail ▁to ▁naval ▁ships . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁mid - care er ▁with ▁the ▁Navy , ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁box ing ▁instructor ▁for ▁sail ors ▁at ▁the ▁pier ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁W WI , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁recru iter ▁of ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 ▁naval ▁personnel ▁in ▁W W II ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁living ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁He ▁also ▁gave ▁box ing ▁exhib itions ▁and ▁training , ▁and ▁sold ▁newspapers ▁to ▁Naval ▁ships ▁during ▁his ▁world ▁cru ises . ▁ ▁After ▁cru ising ▁to ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁A be ▁helped ▁the ▁Navy ▁provide ▁relief ▁for ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁earthqu ake ▁that ▁struck ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁raised ▁War
▁B onds ▁in ▁W W II , ▁occasionally ▁capital izing ▁on ▁his ▁contacts ▁with ▁former ▁box ers , ▁and ▁entertain ers , ▁such ▁as ▁Jimmy ▁Durante , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁movie . ▁He ▁later ▁assist ed ▁the ▁Navy ▁in ▁providing ▁relief ▁following ▁the ▁March ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁area ▁earthqu ake ▁that ▁had ▁an ▁epic enter ▁near ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁his ▁news ▁stand . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁earthqu ake ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁it ▁struck , ▁and ▁narrow ly ▁escaped ▁injury . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁the ▁Navy ▁best owed ▁on ▁A be ▁the ▁" A ward ▁of ▁Mer it " ▁ ▁for ▁his ▁recru iting ▁of ▁both ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁for ▁W W II . ▁ ▁Four ▁cru ises ▁with ▁the ▁fleet ▁Holland ers ky ▁took ▁four ▁long ▁voy ages ▁that ▁included ▁cru ises ▁on ▁Naval ▁vessels ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁marriage . ▁ ▁A be ▁took ▁a ▁cruise ▁sometime ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 6 – 8 ▁that ▁followed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Cru ise ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁White ▁Fleet ▁to ▁Australia , ▁and ▁possibly ▁Japan ▁and ▁China , ▁and ▁a ▁second ▁long ▁box ing ▁cruise ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁from ▁New ▁London ▁to ▁Jama ica , ▁Pan ama , ▁E cu ador , ▁Peru ▁and ▁Chile ▁that ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁His ▁third ▁trip ▁was ▁a ▁voyage ▁that ▁included ▁primarily ▁land ▁travel ▁from ▁New ▁London
, ▁Connecticut ▁to ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁and ▁his ▁fourth ▁cruise ▁around ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁went ▁via ▁sea ▁from ▁New ▁London ▁to ▁Cuba ▁than ▁over land ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Coast , ▁before ▁following ▁the ▁Trans - P ac ific ▁" Good ▁Will ▁Cru ise " ▁from ▁San ▁Francisco ▁to ▁Hon ol ulu ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁cru ises , ▁A be ▁often ▁box ed ▁and ▁wrest led ▁matches ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁training ▁and ▁entertainment ▁of ▁the ▁troops ▁and ▁fought ▁a ▁few ▁land - based ▁professional ▁b outs ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁His ▁primary ▁function ▁was ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁news boy ▁to ▁the ▁crew , ▁making ▁stops ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁English ▁newspapers ▁at ▁most ▁major ▁ports . ▁ ▁Cru ise ▁with ▁Great ▁White ▁Fleet , ▁ 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 0 8 ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁voyage ▁to ▁Australia ▁occurred ▁not ▁long ▁after ▁he ▁met ▁Theod ore ▁Roosevelt , ▁early ▁in ▁his ▁box ing ▁career , ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 6 – 0 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Cru ise ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁White ▁Fleet . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁fourteen - month ▁cruise , ▁much ▁of ▁which ▁included ▁A be , ▁rout ed ▁sixteen ▁state - of - the - art ▁coal ▁burning ▁American ▁battles hip s ▁with ▁white ▁painted ▁h ull s ▁from ▁the ▁California ▁coast ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁Australia , ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁Japan , ▁and
▁China . ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Japan ▁was ▁already ▁threatening ▁as ▁a ▁naval ▁power ▁and ▁President ▁Roosevelt , ▁architect ▁of ▁the ▁cruise , ▁intended ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁fleet ▁to ▁both ▁all ied ▁countries ▁and ▁potential ▁enemies . ▁Holland ers ky ▁s ailed ▁aboard ▁the ▁USS ▁K ears arge ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁her ▁news boy ▁as ▁she ▁circ umn av ig ated ▁the ▁globe ▁and ▁d ocked ▁at ▁the ▁Navy ' s ▁most ▁exotic ▁ports . ▁▁ ▁The ▁p inn acle ▁of ▁naval ▁technology ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁K ears arge ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁flag ship ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁fleet ▁through ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁ ▁Both ▁heavily ▁armed ▁and ▁arm ored , ▁she ▁carried ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁ 5 5 0 , ▁and ▁could ▁cruise ▁at ▁a ▁top ▁speed ▁of ▁twenty ▁miles ▁per ▁hour . ▁ ▁She ▁d ocked ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁along ▁with ▁close ▁to ▁a ▁thousand ▁sail ors ▁from ▁the ▁fifteen ▁other ▁Naval ▁vessels ▁who ▁flo oded ▁the ▁streets ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁warm ▁reception ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Sydney . ▁ ▁A be ▁would ▁have ▁had ▁time ▁to ▁take ▁primarily ▁the ▁Australian ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁cruise . ▁ ▁He ▁likely ▁stopped ▁at ▁A uk land , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁and ▁possibly ▁the ▁Philippines ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁absent ▁from ▁New ▁London ▁through ▁much ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁six ▁months ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁and ▁nine ▁months ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁period
▁when ▁the ▁K ears arge ▁arrived ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁August . ▁ ▁His ▁rig orous ▁box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling ▁schedule ▁pre cluded ▁him ▁from ▁traveling ▁continuously ▁for ▁the ▁full ▁fourteen ▁months ▁of ▁the ▁cruise . ▁ ▁Chief ▁Harry ▁Sim mon ▁Morris , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁Ord inary ▁Se aman ▁and ▁bug ler ▁on ▁the ▁ ▁during ▁the ▁cruise ▁with ▁A be , ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁lif el ong ▁friends . ▁ ▁A ▁Tor ped o ' s ▁M ate ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁career , ▁Morris ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁longest - serv ing ▁en listed ▁man ▁in ▁U . ▁S . ▁Naval ▁history ▁at ▁ 5 5 ▁years , ▁serving ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 3 – 5 8 . ▁ ▁After ▁returning ▁to ▁New ▁London ▁from ▁his ▁travels ▁around ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁A be ▁decided ▁to ▁meet ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁fleet ▁on ▁their ▁return ▁to ▁America . ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁broken ▁his ▁record ▁for ▁newspaper ▁sales ▁when ▁he ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁news ies ▁contract ed ▁to ▁him ▁sold ▁thousands ▁of ▁papers ▁to ▁the ▁returning ▁sail ors , ▁off ▁Ham pton ▁Road s , ▁near ▁Nor folk , ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁The ▁Ham pton ▁Road s ▁ceremony ▁for ▁the ▁returning ▁fleet ▁included ▁a ▁speech ▁by ▁President ▁Theod ore ▁Roosevelt ▁aboard ▁the ▁USS ▁Connecticut , ▁flag ship ▁of ▁the ▁cruise , ▁during ▁the ▁third ▁week ▁of ▁February , ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁his ▁book , ▁Holland ers
ky ▁personally ▁sold ▁a ▁paper ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁Admiral ▁Evans ▁on ▁their ▁return ▁from ▁the ▁cruise . ▁ ▁Second ▁cruise , ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁America ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 1 4 ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁a ▁busy ▁box ing ▁schedule ▁throughout ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁used ▁his ▁naval ▁privile ges ▁in ▁combination ▁with ▁commercial ▁vessels ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁to ▁sail ▁south ▁from ▁his ▁hom et own ▁of ▁New ▁London , ▁selling ▁newspapers ▁to ▁the ▁fleet ▁while ▁stopping ▁to ▁fight ▁box ing ▁matches ▁in ▁Cuba , ▁Jama ica , ▁Pan ama , ▁Chile , ▁and ▁later ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁He ▁arrived ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁from ▁Chile , ▁ending ▁his ▁South ▁American ▁travels ▁in ▁early ▁December ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁and ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁taking ▁a ▁commercial ▁vessel ▁South , ▁he ▁fought ▁several ▁b outs ▁and ▁wrest led ▁at ▁or ▁near ▁the ▁base ▁in ▁Gu ant an amo , ▁Cuba , ▁while ▁the ▁fleet ▁was ▁on ▁man eu vers . ▁He ▁served ▁briefly ▁as ▁news boy ▁for ▁the ▁ ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁Cuba ▁in ▁January . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Trib une ▁of ▁March , ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁reported ▁" A be ▁has ▁been ▁with ▁the ▁fleet ▁at ▁Gu ant an amo ▁all ▁winter ▁and ▁has ▁won ▁several ▁b outs ▁with
▁ease ▁against ▁the ▁best ▁the ▁island ▁aff ords ." ▁The ▁Re ver end ▁W . ▁H . ▁" I rons ides " ▁Re an ey ▁was ▁a ▁box ing ▁ment or ▁to ▁A be ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁Cuba , ▁and ▁helped ▁arrange ▁his ▁Cub an ▁b outs ▁during ▁morning ▁breakfast s ▁aboard ▁the ▁ill - f ated ▁battles hip ▁USS ▁Utah . ▁ ▁Re an ey ▁helped ▁ref eree ▁a ▁few ▁ship board ▁fights , ▁and ▁had ▁box ed ▁in ▁his ▁earlier ▁days . ▁The ▁USS ▁Utah ▁had ▁been ▁constructed ▁the ▁previous ▁August , ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁and ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁sh aked own ▁cruise ▁ending ▁in ▁Gu ant an amo . ▁Though ▁ob solete ▁by ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁she ▁would ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁ships ▁lost ▁at ▁Pearl ▁Harbor . ▁ ▁A be ▁cred ited ▁Re an ey ▁with ▁helping ▁him ▁to ▁find ▁matches ▁in ▁Jama ica ▁and ▁for ▁encouraging ▁him ▁to ▁seek ▁his ▁fortune ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁A be ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁states ▁via ▁steam ship ▁from ▁Cuba , ▁res umed ▁his ▁box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling ▁career , ▁and ▁resc ued ▁a ▁woman ▁from ▁a ▁sub way ▁m ish ap ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁that ▁August . ▁ ▁He ading ▁South ▁the ▁following ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁A be ▁defeated ▁talented ▁black ▁box ers ▁T . ▁K . ▁W int , ▁b illed ▁as ▁Young
▁Jack ▁Johnson , ▁" W el ter weight ▁Champion ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies ," ▁and ▁Young ▁Joe ▁Jean ette ▁in ▁ten ▁round ▁b outs ▁in ▁King ston , ▁Jama ica . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁headed ▁directly ▁to ▁Pan ama ▁to ▁face ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁heavy weight ▁champion ▁Jack ▁Or te ga . ▁ ▁Pan aman ian ▁Heavy ▁Title , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁ ▁His ▁historic ▁first ▁bout ▁for ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁Heavy weight ▁Title ▁with ▁Cal iforn ian ▁Jack ▁Or te ga ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁featured ▁an ▁audience ▁of ▁nearly ▁two ▁thousand ▁and ▁included ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁an ▁American ▁congress ional ▁party ▁in ▁Pan ama , ▁there ▁to ▁view ▁the ▁final ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁A be , ▁the ▁congress men ▁had ▁s ailed ▁there ▁on ▁the ▁President ial ▁y acht ▁May fl ower . ▁ ▁Or te ga , ▁the ▁reign ing ▁Pan aman ian ▁heavy weight ▁champion , ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁deliver ▁knock out ▁pun ches ▁and ▁his ▁size ▁made ▁him ▁a ▁form id able ▁opponent . ▁▁ ▁A be ▁entered ▁the ▁ring ▁to ▁an ▁ov ation ▁and ▁a ▁heart y ▁round ▁of ▁appl ause , ▁as ▁Or te ga ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁crowd ▁who ▁knew ▁him ▁from ▁previous ▁fights . ▁ ▁The ▁match ▁ended ▁in ▁an ▁e ighth ▁round ▁foul ▁when , ▁by ▁most ▁accounts
, ▁A be ▁was ▁having ▁the ▁better ▁of ▁the ▁bout , ▁landing ▁more ▁frequent ▁and ▁strategic ▁bl ows , ▁if ▁less ▁powerful ▁than ▁his ▁opponent ' s . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁around ▁twenty - five ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁prime ▁of ▁his ▁box ing ▁career , ▁while ▁Or te ga ▁was ▁around ▁thirty - six , ▁and ▁out we ighed ▁Holland ers ky ▁by ▁at ▁least ▁thirty - five ▁or ▁forty ▁pounds . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁power , ▁and ▁strength , ▁but ▁lack ed ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁his ▁younger ▁opponent . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁newspaper , ▁after ▁Or te ga ▁pushed ▁him ▁onto ▁the ▁ro pes ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁round , ▁" A be ▁was ▁partly ▁in ▁the ▁ring ▁and ▁partly ▁out ▁of ▁it , ▁spect ators ▁in ▁the ▁crowd ▁trying ▁to ▁prevent ▁his ▁falling ▁from ▁the ▁platform ▁and ▁Or te ga , ▁without ▁really ▁realizing ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁doing ▁but ▁fighting ▁mad ly , ▁swung ▁low ▁and ▁landed ▁on ▁A be ' s ▁gro in ". ▁ ▁The ▁article ▁continues , ▁" A be , ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁fall ▁when ▁the ▁blow ▁was ▁delivered , ▁walked ▁to ▁his ▁corner ▁across ▁the ▁ring ▁and ▁then ▁laid ▁down ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁to ▁recover ▁from ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁punch . ▁The ▁injury ▁he ▁received ▁was ▁apparent ▁to ▁all ▁who ▁were ▁close ▁to ▁see ▁him ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁und ressed ▁by ▁his ▁seconds . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁some ▁fifteen ▁minutes ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁ring ." ▁Holland ers ky ▁in
ferred ▁in ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁the ▁foul ▁was ▁probably ▁intent ional , ▁particularly ▁the ▁one ▁that ▁ended ▁his ▁rem atch ▁with ▁Or te ga ▁later ▁in ▁August . ▁ ▁The ▁foul ▁ended ▁the ▁bout , ▁and ▁made ▁Holland ers ky ▁Heavy weight ▁Champion ▁of ▁Pan ama . ▁ ▁Taking ▁home ▁the ▁pr inc ely ▁sum ▁of ▁$ 9 0 0 ▁for ▁the ▁bout , ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁used ▁$ 6 0 0 ▁of ▁his ▁w innings ▁for ▁a ▁down ▁payment ▁on ▁a ▁home ▁for ▁his ▁blind ▁father ▁Charles ▁in ▁New ▁London , ▁likely ▁at ▁ 2 5 1 ▁Hun ting ton ▁Avenue . ▁ ▁That ▁night , ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁promised ▁a ▁Heavy weight ▁Championship ▁belt ▁at ▁a ▁ban quet ▁in ▁his ▁honor ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City , ▁and ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁meet ▁with ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Pan ama , ▁Bel is ario ▁Por ras ▁Bar ah ona . ▁ ▁A be ▁spoke ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁dign it aries , ▁gam bl ers , ▁and ▁fellow ▁box ers ▁about ▁his ▁victory . ▁ ▁Pan aman ian ▁heavy weight ▁rem atch , ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁successfully ▁def ended ▁his ▁Pan aman ian ▁Heavy weight ▁Title ▁only ▁once , ▁in ▁an ▁ 1 8 ▁of ▁ 4 5 ▁round ▁rem atch ▁with ▁Jack ▁Or te ga ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁August ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Sports ▁Arena ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City . ▁After ▁a
▁morning ▁rain , ▁the ▁length y ▁match ▁took ▁place ▁out doors ▁beneath ▁the ▁tropical ▁sun , ▁beginning ▁around ▁four ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon . ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁trained ▁for ▁a ▁full ▁month , ▁making ▁a ▁training ▁camp ▁on ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁Pacific ▁island ▁of ▁Tab oga , ▁while ▁Or te ga ▁had ▁trained ▁more ▁dil ig ently ▁than ▁he ▁had ▁for ▁his ▁first ▁bout . ▁ ▁The ▁initial ▁rounds ▁of ▁the ▁match ▁went ▁slowly ▁and ▁une vent fully , ▁followed ▁by ▁several ▁rounds ▁where ▁Or te ga ▁clin ched ▁frequently ▁using ▁his ▁weight ▁advantage ▁to ▁wear ▁down ▁his ▁opponent . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁later ▁rounds , ▁Holland ers ky ▁landed ▁frequent ▁bl ows ▁to ▁the ▁chest , ▁probably ▁lacking ▁the ▁reach ▁to ▁connect ▁often ▁with ▁the ▁head ▁or ▁chin ▁and ▁w ary ▁of ▁expos ing ▁himself ▁to ▁an ▁opponent ▁with ▁greater ▁reach ▁and ▁power . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁did ▁on ▁occasion ▁connect ▁with ▁a ▁stiff ▁left ▁j ab ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁Or te ga . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁the ▁match , ▁Or te ga ▁used ▁back handed ▁bl ows ▁from ▁his ▁glo ve ▁to ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁face ▁and ▁jaw . ▁ ▁With ▁Or te ga ▁in ▁pain , ▁exhausted , ▁struggling , ▁and ▁suffering ▁from ▁a ▁blow ▁to ▁the ▁chin , ▁he ▁struck ▁A be ▁below ▁the ▁belt ▁in ▁round ▁ 1 8 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁aut obi ography , ▁Or te ga , ▁" back ed ▁away , ▁le ered ▁at ▁me
, ▁and ▁then ▁deliberately ▁raised ▁his ▁leg ▁and ▁kicked ▁me ▁in ▁the ▁belly ". ▁ ▁One ▁account ▁indicates ▁the ▁blow ▁was ▁from ▁a ▁raised ▁knee . ▁ ▁After ▁calling ▁a ▁foul ▁for ▁the ▁low ▁blow , ▁the ▁ref eree ▁ended ▁the ▁bout , ▁and ▁Holland ers ky ▁retained ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁Heavy weight ▁Title . ▁ ▁Or te ga ▁would ▁be ▁arrested ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City ▁only ▁one ▁week ▁later ▁for ▁fixing ▁a ▁fight ▁by ▁taking ▁a ▁first ▁round ▁dive ▁against ▁the ▁Pittsburgh ▁box er ▁Buck ▁C rou se . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁fight . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁Or te ga ▁had ▁been ▁convicted ▁of ▁assault ing ▁an ▁eleven - year - old ▁girl ▁in ▁San ▁Jose , ▁California ▁and ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁in ▁San ▁Qu entin . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁only ▁around ▁twelve ▁years ▁before ▁traveling ▁to ▁Pan ama . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁his ▁arrest ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁he ▁had ▁once ▁brut ally ▁kicked ▁an ▁opponent ▁in ▁the ▁ring ▁during ▁a ▁prize - f ight ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁separate ▁incident ▁been ▁arrested ▁for ▁battery . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁in ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁that ▁Or te ga ▁had ▁sent ▁env o ys ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁b ribe ▁him ▁to ▁lose ▁their ▁second ▁bout , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁once ▁attempted ▁armed ▁assault ▁against ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁Pan aman ian
▁bar . ▁ ▁Pan aman ian ▁Title ▁loss , ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁ ▁Five ▁months ▁after ▁taking ▁the ▁championship ▁from ▁Or te ga , ▁Holland ers ky ▁lost ▁his ▁Pan aman ian ▁heavy weight ▁title , ▁but ▁lasted ▁for ▁twenty - five ▁gru eling ▁rounds ▁against ▁the ▁young ▁and ▁gift ed , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁American ▁" Col ored " ▁World ▁Light ▁Heavy weight ▁Champion , ▁William ▁Ward , ▁known ▁as ▁Kid ▁Nor folk . ▁ ▁F ew ▁in ▁the ▁crowd ▁believed ▁that ▁Holland ers ky ▁would ▁last ▁ten ▁rounds ▁with ▁the ▁future ▁Box ing ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁champion , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁four - inch ▁height ▁advantage ▁and ▁out we ighed ▁him ▁by ▁over ▁twenty - five ▁pounds . ▁ ▁A be ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁go ▁the ▁limit ▁with ▁Nor folk , ▁seemed ▁more ▁impressive ▁when ▁considering , ▁" from ▁eleven ▁until ▁two ▁o ' clock ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁battle , ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁at ▁Col on ▁Harbor ▁selling ▁newspapers ▁to ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁on ▁the ▁USS ▁Minnesota , ▁only ▁two ▁hours ▁before ▁stepping ▁into ▁the ▁ring ▁with ▁Kid ▁Nor folk ▁at ▁four ▁that ▁afternoon ". ▁ ▁The ▁match ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁a ▁Sk ating ▁R ink ▁in ▁An con , ▁Pan ama , ▁on ▁Sunday ▁afternoon , ▁January ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁before ▁a ▁sold - out ▁crowd . ▁ ▁New ▁London ' s ▁The ▁Day ▁wrote ▁that ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁the ▁edge ▁in ▁only ▁three
▁of ▁the ▁rounds , ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁when ▁Nor folk ▁" b eg an ▁batter ing ▁A be ▁around ▁the ▁ring ▁and ▁trying ▁hard ▁for ▁a ▁knock out ". ▁ ▁The ▁Pan aman ian ▁crowd ▁vo iced ▁their ▁approval ▁of ▁the ▁New sb oy ' s ▁ten acity , ▁and ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁final ▁bell ▁sounded ▁to ▁end ▁the ▁long ▁contest , ▁they ▁" storm ed ▁the ▁ring ▁and ▁carried ▁the ▁little ▁fellow ▁( A be ) ▁off ▁on ▁their ▁shoulders ." ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁he ▁was ▁paid ▁ten ▁dollars ▁a ▁round ▁for ▁the ▁Nor folk ▁bout , ▁and ▁an ▁additional ▁sevent een ▁hundred ▁dollars ▁that ▁he ▁shared ▁from ▁the ▁w innings ▁of ▁his ▁sail or ▁friends , ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁had ▁bet ▁on ▁him ▁to ▁last ▁ten ▁rounds . ▁ ▁This ▁brought ▁the ▁total ▁earnings ▁for ▁his ▁evening ' s ▁work ▁to ▁$ 1 , 9 5 0 , ▁roughly ▁two ▁years ▁salary ▁for ▁many ▁Americans ▁in ▁that ▁era . ▁ ▁Box ing ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁after ▁title ▁The ▁better ▁known ▁opponents ▁Holland ers ky ▁fought ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁after ▁his ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁included ▁Jerry ▁Cole , ▁" Ste amb o at " ▁Bill ▁Scott , ▁Tommy ▁Con n ors , ▁and ▁Eddie ▁Ryan ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁Pan ama ▁Joe ▁G ans . ▁Pan ama ▁Joe ▁had ▁such ▁legendary ▁speed ▁and ▁skill ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁sp ar ring ▁partner ▁to ▁prepare ▁Jack
▁D emp sey ▁for ▁his ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Heavy weight ▁Title ▁bout ▁with ▁Hall ▁of ▁F amer ▁Billy ▁Mis ke ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁D emp sey ' s ▁earlier ▁bout ▁when ▁he ▁first ▁took ▁the ▁Heavy weight ▁Championship ▁from ▁Jess ▁Will ard ▁in ▁Tol edo . ▁ ▁The ▁ 5 ' ▁ 4 " ▁wel ter weight ▁Holland ers ky ▁lost ▁to ▁Pan ama ▁Joe , ▁the ▁younger ▁and ▁stronger ▁Pan aman ian ▁Light ▁and ▁Middle weight ▁champion , ▁and ▁the ▁accomplished ▁middle weight ▁Con n ors ▁of ▁Sc rant on , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁five - inch ▁height ▁advantage . ▁ ▁But ▁he ▁gave ▁a ▁closer ▁fight ▁to ▁the ▁Seattle ▁wel ter weight ▁Ryan ▁before ▁an ▁impressive ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁at ▁the ▁Sav ann ah ▁Club ▁in ▁An con , ▁Pan ama ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁Pan aman ian ▁fans ▁vo iced ▁their ▁dis appro val ▁of ▁the ▁ref eree ' s ▁Draw ▁ruling ▁as ▁Holland ers ky ▁appeared ▁to ▁have ▁landed ▁more ▁bl ows . ▁The ▁Nor wich ▁Bul let in ▁felt ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁the ▁edge ▁in ▁the ▁Ryan ▁bout ▁which ▁they ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁" W el ter weight ▁Championship ▁of ▁the ▁Ist h mus ." ▁Perhaps ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁A be ' s ▁fight ▁records ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁and ▁Nat ▁Fle ischer ' s ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁Ring ▁Record
▁Book ▁referred ▁to ▁Holland ers ky ▁as ▁a ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion ▁of ▁Pan ama , ▁though ▁his ▁actual ▁title ▁was ▁heavy weight ▁champion . ▁ ▁Box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling , ▁ 1 9 1 4 – 1 8 ▁After ▁his ▁loss ▁to ▁Jerry ▁Cole ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁Holland ers ky ▁s ailed ▁South ▁from ▁Pan ama ▁to ▁E cu ador ▁and ▁Peru , ▁and ▁spent ▁the ▁Fourth ▁of ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁on ▁a ▁snow - covered ▁peak ▁in ▁the ▁And es . ▁In ▁August ▁and ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁he ▁fought ▁Chile an ▁Val er iano ▁Din amar ca ▁and ▁black ▁middle weight ▁William ▁D aly ▁several ▁times ▁near ▁the ▁coast ▁in ▁Val par ais o , ▁Chile ▁receiving ▁a ▁badly ▁broken ▁nose ▁from ▁a ▁blow ▁by ▁D aly . ▁Their ▁brutal ▁September ▁bout , ▁scheduled ▁for ▁six ▁rounds , ▁ended ▁in ▁a ▁third - round ▁dis qual ification ▁when ▁A be ▁accidentally ▁head - but ted ▁D aly . ▁On ▁a ▁substantial ▁bet , ▁heading ▁in land ▁to ▁Santiago , ▁Chile , ▁A be ▁fought ▁a ▁j iu - j its u ▁wrest ling ▁match ▁with ▁a ▁Count ▁S ako , ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁Japanese ▁wrest ling ▁tro op . ▁A be ▁claimed ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁cur s ory ▁knowledge ▁of ▁certain ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁including ▁j iu - j its u . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁match , ▁which ▁included ▁three ▁sets , ▁the ▁first ▁J iu
▁J its u , ▁the ▁second ▁catch - as - catch - can ▁or ▁mixed ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁American ▁style ▁Gre co - R oman . ▁He ▁lost ▁only ▁the ▁first ▁J iu ▁J its u ▁set ▁to ▁his ▁Japanese ▁opponent ▁who ▁was ▁clearly ▁more ▁skilled ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁mart ial ▁art . ▁ ▁A be ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁states ▁by ▁sea . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁giving ▁up ▁five ▁inches ▁in ▁reach , ▁A be ▁lost ▁a ▁twenty - round ▁bout ▁to ▁ 5 ' ▁ 9 " ▁El ▁Pas o ▁wel ter weight ▁Frank ie ▁F ow ser ▁in ▁A gu a ▁Pri etta , ▁Mexico , ▁a ▁border ▁town ▁near ▁Douglas , ▁Arizona . ▁He ▁made ▁a ▁brief ▁appearance ▁in ▁El ▁Pas o ▁then ▁spent ▁early ▁March ▁through ▁early ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁in ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas , ▁arr anging ▁wrest ling ▁b outs , ▁including ▁two ▁with ▁Jimmy ▁P app as ▁in ▁April , ▁winning ▁one . ▁He ▁ref ere ed ▁a ▁free ▁box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling ▁exhibition ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 7 , ▁wrest led ▁an ▁exhibition ▁with ▁Joe ▁G ens , ▁a ▁Russian ▁Jewish ▁immigr ant , ▁and ▁shadow ▁box ed ▁at ▁a ▁benefit ▁for ▁the ▁Jewish ▁Community ▁of ▁Fort ▁W orth ' s ▁Y M HA , ▁that ▁drew ▁over ▁three ▁hundred ▁guests . ▁ ▁Loss es ▁to ▁Dave ▁Pal itz , ▁ 1 9 1 5 – 1 6 ▁Perhaps ▁the ▁single ▁fight ▁that
▁most ▁influenced ▁the ▁" New sb oy " ▁to ▁retire ▁was ▁his ▁brutal ▁loss ▁to ▁wel ter weight ▁Dave ▁" K O " ▁Pal itz ▁on ▁September ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁in ▁Lawrence ▁Hall ▁in ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁An ▁accomplished ▁wel ter weight , ▁Pal itz ▁would ▁un success fully ▁challenge ▁Lou ▁Hol tz ▁for ▁the ▁Connecticut ▁State ▁Wel ter weight ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁During ▁a ▁box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling ▁tour ▁in ▁the ▁South west ▁and ▁Mexico ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁suffered ▁from ▁an ▁illness ▁of ▁several ▁weeks ▁which ▁may ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁his ▁lack ▁of ▁condition ing ▁for ▁the ▁bout . ▁ ▁The ▁Spring field ▁Cou rier ▁said ▁of ▁the ▁twenty ▁round ▁battle ▁that ▁" K . ▁O . ▁Pal itz ▁of ▁this ▁city ▁handed ▁A be ▁the ▁worst ▁trim ming ▁a ▁man ▁ever ▁received ▁in ▁a ▁local ▁ring , ▁though ▁the ▁news boy ▁was ▁on ▁his ▁feet ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁bout ". ▁ ▁New ▁London ' s ▁The ▁Day , ▁not icing ▁A be ' s ▁p uffy ▁face , ▁sw ollen ▁ears , ▁and ▁black ened ▁eye ▁after ▁the ▁fight , ▁wrote ▁" he ▁looked ▁as ▁if ▁his ▁dem ise ▁were ▁near ▁at ▁hand ." ▁The ▁following ▁February , ▁Pal itz ▁defeated ▁A be ▁again ▁in ▁a ▁less ▁brutal ▁ten - round ▁match ▁which ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁st aged ▁and ▁promoted . ▁ ▁The
▁day ▁of ▁box ing ▁featured ▁box ers ▁Joe ▁Az ev edo , ▁an ▁exceptional ▁light weight , ▁Young ▁Terry , ▁and ▁Char ley ▁Cur ley . ▁Though ▁Holland ers ky ▁continued ▁to ▁find ▁matches , ▁and ▁even ▁returned ▁to ▁Pan ama ▁for ▁several ▁luc r ative ▁b outs ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁he ▁may ▁have ▁sens ed ▁his ▁days ▁as ▁a ▁competitive ▁prize ▁fighter ▁fighting ▁top ▁talent ▁were ▁number ed . ▁ ▁Prom oting ▁Batt ling ▁Lev insky ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁Holland ers ky ▁promoted ▁a ▁fight ▁between ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁Phil adelph ian ▁Jewish ▁box er ▁Batt ling ▁Lev insky , ▁and ▁S ail or ▁Jack ▁Car roll ▁sponsored ▁by ▁the ▁Green wood ▁Athlet ic ▁Club , ▁fought ▁in ▁Lawrence ▁Hall ▁in ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁Lev insky , ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁ten ▁round ▁bout , ▁would ▁take ▁the ▁World ▁Light ▁Heavy weight ▁Championship ▁only ▁seven ▁months ▁later , ▁and ▁hold ▁it ▁for ▁four ▁years . ▁ ▁Like ▁A be , ▁the ▁far ▁more ▁accomplished ▁Lev insky , ▁born ▁B ery l ▁Leb row itz , ▁was ▁a ▁pro l ific ▁New ▁York ▁based ▁Jewish ▁box er , ▁who ▁may ▁have ▁fought ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁five ▁hundred ▁b outs . ▁During ▁his ▁career , ▁Lev insky ▁fought ▁many ▁of ▁box ing ' s ▁greatest ▁including ▁Jack ▁D emp sey , ▁Gene ▁Tun ney , ▁Billy ▁Mis ke , ▁and ▁French ▁box er ▁George ▁Car pent ier . ▁ ▁Exhib itions
▁with ▁A be ▁Att ell , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁A be ▁faced ▁off ▁against ▁his ▁best ▁known ▁exhibition ▁opponent , ▁A be ▁Att ell , ▁the ▁brilliant ▁but ▁flaw ed ▁former ▁World ▁Fe ather weight ▁Champion , ▁suspected ▁of ▁betting ▁on ▁several ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁fights ▁and ▁later ▁accused ▁of ▁helping ▁to ▁fix ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁White ▁S ox ▁vs . ▁Red s ▁World ▁Series ▁with ▁gang ster ▁Arnold ▁Roth stein . ▁K nown ▁as ▁the ▁Black ▁S ox ▁Sc andal , ▁the ▁event ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁fore front ▁the ▁corruption ▁of ▁American ▁sports ▁as ▁it ▁approached ▁the ▁ro aring ▁ 2 0 s . ▁ ▁A be ▁met ▁Att ell ▁in ▁four ▁three ▁round ▁exhibition ▁matches ▁at ▁Empire ▁Theatre ▁while ▁Att ell ▁was ▁giving ▁speaking ▁performances ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁box ing ▁career . ▁ ▁A be ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁fought ▁what ▁was ▁likely ▁a ▁sp ar ring ▁match ▁with ▁Canadian ▁Heavy weight ▁champion ▁Arthur ▁Pel key , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁Pan aman ian ▁national ▁heavy weight ▁title ▁cont ender ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁at ▁Pan ama ' s ▁Santa ▁Anna ▁Pl aza ▁against ▁Kid ▁Nor folk , ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁period ▁A be ▁was ▁fighting ▁b outs ▁at ▁the ▁Pl aza ▁with ▁Pan ama ▁Joe ▁G ans ▁and ▁Will ie ▁Barn es . ▁ ▁Pan aman ian ▁Wel ter ▁championship ▁In ▁his ▁last ▁prize ▁fight ▁in
▁Pan ama ▁City ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁Holland ers ky ▁lost ▁to ▁Pat ▁K iley ▁in ▁an ▁un successful ▁ 1 5 ▁round ▁attempt ▁at ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁Wel ter weight ▁Title . ▁ ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁his ▁last ▁recognized ▁championship ▁bout . ▁ ▁Le aving ▁Pan ama ▁in ▁July , ▁he ▁would ▁stop ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁to ▁help ▁accompany ▁his ▁father ▁Charles , ▁who ▁was ▁ill , ▁to ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁Perhaps ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁his ▁loss ▁to ▁K iley ▁in ▁his ▁last ▁championship ▁bout , ▁and ▁his ▁previous ▁brutal ▁loss ▁to ▁Dave ▁Pal itz ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁A be ▁prem ature ly ▁announced ▁his ▁retirement ▁from ▁box ing ▁to ▁his ▁local ▁paper ▁on ▁Christmas ▁Eve ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁continued ▁with ▁exhibition ▁matches , ▁including ▁those ▁on ▁ship ▁and ▁on ▁bases ▁to ▁assist ▁with ▁the ▁training ▁of ▁sail ors , ▁but ▁subsequently ▁faced ▁very ▁few ▁opponents ▁in ▁actual ▁prize ▁fights . ▁ ▁Return ing ▁to ▁New ▁London ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁from ▁Pan ama ▁City ▁after ▁his ▁loss ▁to ▁K iley , ▁A be ▁was ▁not ▁permitted ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Navy ▁for ▁W WI ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁eyes ight , ▁but ▁was ▁fortunate ▁enough ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁position ▁as ▁a ▁Naval ▁box ing ▁instructor ▁at ▁a ▁base ▁near ▁the ▁New ▁London ▁Pier . ▁ ▁Fight ing ▁training ▁matches ▁for ▁the ▁instruction ▁of ▁naval ▁troops ▁often ▁daily , ▁his ▁personal ▁t ally ▁of
▁fights ▁continued ▁to ▁climb ▁rapidly . ▁ ▁Exhib ition ▁with ▁champion ▁Joe ▁Wal cott ▁ ▁F acing ▁another ▁well ▁known ▁opponent ▁in ▁an ▁exhibition ▁match ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Holland ers ky ▁met ▁the ▁former ▁light ▁and ▁wel ter weight ▁ ▁world ▁champion ▁Joe ▁Wal cott ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁for ▁a ▁four - round ▁match ▁to ▁benefit ▁the ▁United ▁War ▁Work ers ▁of ▁America . ▁The ▁bout ▁show c ased ▁intense ▁box ing ▁strategy , ▁though ▁Wal cott ▁was ▁well ▁past ▁his ▁prime . ▁ ▁Appe aring ▁as ▁the ▁head lin er ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁was ▁Larry ▁Williams , ▁a ▁light ▁heavy weight ▁of ▁considerable ▁skill , ▁who ▁would ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁sp ar ring ▁partner ▁for ▁Jack ▁D emp sey ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁and ▁later ▁for ▁D emp sey ' s ▁success or ▁as ▁world ▁heavy weight ▁champion , ▁Gene ▁Tun ney . ▁ ▁Williams ▁would ▁appear ▁with ▁A be ▁in ▁M GM ' s ▁The ▁Crow d ▁Ro ars ▁( 1 9 3 8 ). ▁A ▁photograph ▁of ▁Holland ers ky ▁with ▁Williams ▁and ▁Gene ▁Tun ney , ▁likely ▁taken ▁at ▁a ▁box ing ▁benefit ▁or ▁training ▁match , ▁appear ▁in ▁most ▁ed itions ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁book . ▁ ▁Third ▁cruise ▁ 1 9 1 9 - 2 2 , ▁to ▁California ▁ ▁A be ▁took ▁his ▁second ▁cruise ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 0 – 2 2 . ▁ ▁Though ▁he ▁definitely ▁traveled ▁from ▁New ▁London
▁to ▁the ▁Naval ▁base ▁in ▁San ▁Pedro ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁London ▁via ▁a ▁land ▁route , ▁little ▁is ▁known ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁of ▁any ▁additional ▁Naval ▁travels , ▁as ▁even ▁in ▁pe ac etime ▁he ▁was ▁reluct ant ▁to ▁record ▁the ▁movement ▁of ▁Navy ▁ships ▁in ▁his ▁bi ography . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁he ▁spent ▁time ▁delivering ▁papers , ▁giving ▁box ing ▁training , ▁and ▁performing ▁odd ▁jobs ▁aboard ▁the ▁USS ▁Cam den ▁( AS - 6 ), ▁a ▁four ▁hundred ▁foot ▁armed , ▁slow - m oving ▁submar ine ▁tender ▁with ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁around ▁ 3 0 0 , ▁conf isc ated ▁from ▁the ▁German ▁Navy ▁in ▁W WI . ▁ ▁She ▁s ailed ▁from ▁her ▁home ▁port ▁at ▁New ▁London ' s ▁submar ine ▁base ▁to ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁where ▁she ▁arrived ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Ex am iner ▁noted ▁that ▁A be ▁took ▁a ▁world ▁cruise ▁during ▁this ▁period , ▁but ▁recorded ▁no ▁ports ▁of ▁call , ▁though ▁England , ▁France , ▁and ▁western ▁Europe ▁seem ▁likely ▁stops ▁as ▁his ▁book ▁notes ▁he ▁went ▁there , ▁and ▁previous ▁cru ises ▁om itted ▁these ▁dest inations . ▁Prior ▁to ▁his ▁cruise , ▁he ▁wrote ▁to ▁and ▁met ▁briefly ▁with ▁ ▁Theod ore ▁Roosevelt ▁Jr ., ▁then ▁Assistant ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Navy , ▁to ▁gain ▁rights ▁of ▁passage ▁to ▁the ▁coast . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁the ▁Secretary
▁thank ed ▁Holland ers ky ▁for ▁his ▁visit ▁and ▁mentioned ▁he ▁was ▁aware ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁plans ▁to ▁visit ▁the ▁West ▁Coast . ▁Holland ers ky ▁box ed ▁sail or ▁Billy ▁Cap elle ▁in ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁California , ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁Cap elle , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁Will ie ▁C app elli ▁or ▁C app elle , ▁was ▁an ▁accomplished ▁wel ter weight ▁from ▁San ▁Pedro ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁box ing ▁career . ▁Lieutenant ▁John ▁" Jack " ▁F . ▁Kennedy , ▁a ▁gun ner y ▁officer ▁on ▁the ▁USS ▁Mississippi , ▁was ▁a ▁good ▁friend ▁who ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁ref eree ▁for ▁several ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁ship board ▁b outs ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁ref ere ed ▁his ▁bout ▁with ▁Cap elle . ▁Both ▁A be ▁and ▁Kennedy ▁had ▁worked ▁extens ively ▁with ▁Navy ▁box ing ▁teams . ▁ ▁Kennedy , ▁whose ▁photograph ▁appeared ▁with ▁A be ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁books , ▁test ified ▁for ▁the ▁defense ▁at ▁Jack ▁D emp sey ' s ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁draft ▁ev asion ▁trial ▁in ▁California ▁and ▁was ▁considered ▁as ▁the ▁ref eree ▁for ▁the ▁World ▁Heavy weight ▁Championship ▁between ▁Jack ▁D emp sey , ▁and ▁Jess ▁Will ard ▁in ▁Tol edo , ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁After ▁arriving ▁in ▁San ▁Pedro ▁from ▁New ▁London , ▁A be ▁went ▁to ▁San ▁Francisco ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁stopped ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁wrest ling ▁b outs , ▁and ▁then ▁headed
▁over land ▁to ▁El ▁Pas o , ▁Texas , ▁to ▁meet ▁friends ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 8 , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Connecticut . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁inter mission ▁of ▁a ▁fight ▁fought ▁by ▁his ▁frequent ▁opponent ▁Dave ▁Pal itz ▁in ▁Myst ic , ▁Connecticut , ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁A be ▁announced ▁to ▁the ▁audience ▁he ▁had ▁just ▁returned ▁from ▁a ▁world ▁cruise . ▁ ▁" Good ▁Will " ▁cruise , ▁to ▁Hawaii , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁As ▁was ▁often ▁his ▁habit ▁before ▁long ▁cru ises , ▁Holland ers ky ▁first ▁visited ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁ ▁Before ▁his ▁cruise ▁to ▁Hawaii , ▁he ▁met ▁President ▁Cal vin ▁Cool idge ▁and ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁staff ▁in ▁late ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁ ▁While ▁there , ▁Cool idge ▁likely ▁discussed ▁ship ▁movements ▁and ▁A be ' s ▁rights ▁to ▁sell ▁papers ▁to ▁the ▁Trans - P ac ific ▁fleet ▁that ▁would ▁begin ▁their ▁voyage ▁the ▁following ▁summer . ▁ ▁Ho over ▁also ▁provided ▁an ▁aut ograp hed ▁photo ▁which ▁appeared ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁books . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁he ▁s ailed ▁from ▁New ▁England ▁to ▁Cuba ▁to ▁sell ▁papers ▁to ▁the ▁fleet ▁and ▁visit ▁the ▁Roosevelt ▁Memorial ▁in ▁Santiago . ▁He ▁received ▁a ▁reference ▁letter ▁that ▁February ▁to ▁assist ▁him ▁in ▁his ▁journey ▁from ▁Commander ▁H . ▁G . ▁G earing ▁of ▁the ▁, ▁near ▁Gu ant an amo , ▁and
▁then ▁made ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ▁over land ▁by ▁that ▁spring ▁making ▁a ▁stop ▁in ▁El ▁Pas o ▁on ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁California . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁his ▁travel ▁to ▁San ▁Francisco ▁that ▁Spring ▁was ▁by ▁train . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁his ▁plan ▁that ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁to ▁sell ▁hundreds ▁of ▁papers ▁to ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 7 ▁vessels ▁of ▁the ▁combined ▁Atlantic ▁and ▁Pacific ▁fle ets ▁depart ing ▁from ▁ports ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁and ▁San ▁Pedro ▁and ▁heading ▁for ▁Hawaii , ▁and ▁Australia ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁Trans - P ac ific ▁" Good ▁Will " ▁cruise . ▁He ▁depart ed ▁San ▁Francisco ▁for ▁Hawaii ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁aboard ▁the ▁commercial ▁vessel ▁Mat son ia ▁ahead ▁of ▁nearly ▁all ▁the ▁fleet , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁accompany ▁the ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁cruise ▁to ▁Australia ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁there ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁cruise ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁assembly ▁of ▁American ▁Naval ▁vessels ▁bound ▁for ▁a ▁world ▁tour ▁since ▁the ▁cruise ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁White ▁Fleet ▁sevent een ▁years ▁earlier . ▁ ▁A be ▁received ▁permission ▁to ▁sell ▁papers ▁to ▁the ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁Trans - P ac ific ▁Cru ise ▁from ▁Admiral ▁Robert ▁Co ont z , ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁cruise ' s ▁flag ship ▁USS ▁Washington . ▁Holland ers ky ▁arrived ▁in ▁Hon ol ulu , ▁Hawaii , ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1
9 2 5 , ▁six ▁days ▁after ▁depart ing . ▁ ▁That ▁summer , ▁he ▁fought ▁his ▁last ▁professional ▁fight ▁in ▁Hon ol ulu ▁attended ▁by ▁territor ial ▁Governor ▁Wallace ▁Far ring ton ▁and ▁cruise ▁commander ▁Admiral ▁Robert ▁Co ont z . ▁ ▁The ▁bout ▁was ▁most ▁likely ▁fought ▁on ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁at ▁the ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁Arena , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁matches ▁attended ▁by ▁five ▁thousand ▁sail ors ▁and ▁mar ines , ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Good ▁Will ▁Cru ise . ▁ ▁The ▁primary ▁box ing ▁participants ▁were ▁a ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁Cru ise ' s ▁Sc outing ▁Fleet ▁who ▁box ed ▁against ▁a ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁Cru ise ' s ▁Batt les hip ▁fleet . ▁ ▁Far ring ton ▁had ▁worked ▁as ▁Editor ▁for ▁the ▁Hon ol ulu ▁Star - Bul let in ▁prior ▁to ▁becoming ▁governor , ▁and ▁A be ▁was ▁given ▁several ▁stories ▁in ▁the ▁large ▁local ▁paper . ▁ ▁He ▁left ▁Hon ol ulu ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁after ▁a ▁working ▁vacation ▁of ▁three ▁months , ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁San ▁Francisco ▁via ▁commercial ▁l iner ▁in ▁mid - Aug ust , ▁attending ▁the ▁Diamond ▁J ub ile e , ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁California ▁state hood . ▁ ▁While ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁he ▁met ▁with ▁Mayor ▁James ▁Rol ph ▁who ▁assured ▁him ▁he ▁could ▁continue ▁his ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁movie ▁extra ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles
▁should ▁he ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Coast . ▁ ▁A be ▁had ▁had ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁brief ▁movie ▁role ▁while ▁living ▁in ▁New ▁England . ▁Rol ph ▁had ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁movies ▁himself . ▁He ading ▁north , ▁he ▁helped ▁the ▁Navy ▁with ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁earthqu ake . ▁ ▁While ▁in ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁area ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁he ▁pos ed ▁for ▁a ▁photograph ▁with ▁heavy weight ▁world ▁champion ▁Jack ▁D emp sey ▁and ▁fly weight ▁champion ▁F idel ▁La Bar ba ▁who ▁had ▁several ▁b outs ▁scheduled ▁there ▁late ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁W earing ▁gloves ▁and ▁box ing ▁shoes ▁in ▁the ▁photo , ▁D emp sey ▁was ▁likely ▁on ▁a ▁break ▁from ▁a ▁sp ar ring ▁session . ▁ ▁D emp sey ▁would ▁meet ▁and ▁get ▁to ▁know ▁A be ▁on ▁several ▁occasions , ▁particularly ▁after ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁book . ▁Besides ▁appearing ▁in ▁A be ' s ▁books , ▁several ▁newspapers ▁ran ▁the ▁photo ▁under ▁the ▁c aption , ▁" F amous ▁Box ing ▁Champions ▁Meet ▁Again ," ▁though ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁celebr ity ▁could ▁hardly ▁compare ▁to ▁D emp sey ' s . ▁ ▁Besides ▁his ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁American ▁travels ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 1 9 1 7 , ▁his ▁cru ises ▁with ▁the ▁Navy ▁took ▁him ▁to ▁locations ▁as ▁af ar ▁as ▁Japan , ▁China , ▁C
airo , ▁Melbourne , ▁Br uss els , ▁Paris , ▁Rome ▁and ▁London . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁t ally ▁of ▁fights ▁Nat ▁Fle ischer ' s ▁Ring ▁Record ▁Book ▁for ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁listed ▁around ▁ 4 5 0 ▁of ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁b outs , ▁but ▁these ▁were ▁drawn ▁from ▁a ▁nearly ▁identical ▁listing ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁aut obi ography ▁and ▁are ▁mostly ▁un ver ified . ▁ ▁They ▁appear ▁to ▁contain ▁frequent ▁errors ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁the ▁b outs ▁took ▁place ▁and ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁rounds ▁when ▁compared ▁with ▁his ▁Box Rec ▁record . ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁his ▁fights ▁were ▁exhib itions ▁st aged ▁for ▁entertainment ▁and ▁training ▁on ▁Navy ▁ships ▁and ▁bases , ▁and ▁included ▁non - n avy ▁exhib itions ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁sp ar ring ▁matches . ▁Dis pute ▁will ▁probably ▁continue ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁exact ▁number ▁of ▁box ing ▁matches ▁Holland ers ky ▁fought , ▁as ▁his ▁Box Rec ▁record ▁lists ▁only ▁around ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁However , ▁these ▁by ▁definition ▁exclude ▁all ▁his ▁Naval ▁and ▁land ▁based ▁exhib itions , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁sp ar ring ▁and ▁training ▁matches ▁which ▁he ▁often ▁included ▁in ▁his ▁personal ▁t ally . ▁ ▁Benef its ▁and ▁exhib itions ▁ ▁A ▁small ▁sampling ▁of ▁around ▁twenty ▁of ▁the ▁matches ▁he ▁box ed ▁for ▁benefits ▁and ▁exhib itions ▁include : ▁ ▁George ▁D ixon ▁Memorial ▁Fund ▁at ▁B ower ' s ▁Min ery ▁Theatre ,
▁New ▁York , ▁January ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁ ▁Austin ▁Rice , ▁former ▁World ▁Championship ▁Fe ather weight ▁cont ender , ▁exhibition ▁for ▁" N est ▁of ▁O w ls ▁order ▁ 1 3 8 2 ", ▁New ▁London ▁CT . ▁January ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁ ▁Young ▁Sher man ▁of ▁Myst ic , ▁CT ., ▁exhibition ▁at ▁El ks ▁L odge , ▁New ▁London , ▁May ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁ ▁P addy ▁F ent on , ▁aging ▁former ▁wel ter weight ▁cont ender , ▁New ▁London ▁County ▁Fair , ▁six ▁rounds , ▁circa ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁ ▁Dave ▁Pal itz , ▁ 6 ▁round ▁exhibition , ▁for ▁Bart ender ' s ▁Local ▁ 3 5 6 , ▁Rich ards ▁Gro ve , ▁Gro ton , ▁Connecticut , ▁August ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁ ▁Terry ▁Mitchell , ▁S par ring ▁R ounds , ▁A be ▁said ▁he ▁had ▁box ed ▁Mitchell ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁the ▁Hart ford ▁Cour ant ▁dated ▁December ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁fight ▁may ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁circa ▁November ▁ 8 , ▁or ▁December ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁when ▁Mitchell ▁was ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁to ▁fight ▁Dave ▁Pal itz . ▁A be ▁had ▁a ▁fight ▁with ▁Phil ▁Harrison ▁in ▁Lawrence ▁Hall ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁night ▁Mitchell ▁fought ▁Dave ▁Pal itz ▁on ▁December
▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁ ▁USS ▁Denver ▁exhibition , ▁off ▁Pan ama ▁City , ▁box ed ▁sail ors ▁M uss bel , ▁Med ino , ▁K och , ▁and ▁J ir an , ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁ ▁Bill ▁Scott , ▁ 4 ▁round ▁exhibition ▁at ▁the ▁Var ied ades ▁Theatre ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City , ▁May ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁ ▁A be ▁Att ell , ▁legendary ▁ex - Fe ather weight ▁Ch amp , ▁four ▁ 3 ▁round ▁exhib itions , ▁Empire ▁Theatre , ▁New ▁London , ▁May ▁ 2 – 3 , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁ ▁W WI ▁War ▁Veter ans ▁Benef it , ▁ 3 ▁rounds ▁with ▁future ▁Connecticut ▁State ▁Wel ter weight ▁Championship ▁cont ender ▁Dave ▁Pal itz , ▁Ch ic ope e , ▁MA , ▁December ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁ ▁Frank ▁Ryan , ▁ 4 ▁rounds ▁with ▁the ▁Navy ▁Wel ter weight , ▁in ▁New ▁London , ▁May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁State ▁Pier ▁ ▁Joe ▁Wal cott , ▁former ▁world ▁wel ter weight ▁champion , ▁ 4 ▁rounds ▁to ▁benefit ▁the ▁United ▁War ▁Work ers ▁Campaign , ▁New ▁London , ▁CT ., ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁ ▁S ail or ▁Billy ▁Cap elle ▁of ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁Lost ▁ 4 – 6 ▁round ▁professional ▁bout , ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9
2 2 , ▁at ▁Pe ck ' s ▁Pav il ion , ▁Point ▁F erm in ▁Park , ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁California ▁ ▁Jimmy ▁Wood ru ff , ▁a ▁naval ▁chief ▁pet ty ▁officer , ▁fought ▁a ▁benefit ▁for ▁the ▁Navy ▁Rel ief ▁Society ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Pal ms ▁in ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁on ▁September ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁ ▁Navy ▁Flo od ▁Rel ief , ▁fought ▁sail or ▁Mike ▁H ector , ▁who ▁had ▁box ed ▁aboard ▁the ▁USS ▁Tennessee , ▁Long ▁Beach ▁Municipal ▁Aud itor ium , ▁February ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁ ▁" N ight ▁of ▁Mem ories " ▁benefit ▁for ▁box ing ▁promot er ▁W ad ▁W ad ham s , ▁Hollywood ▁Leg ion ▁Stadium , ▁October ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁featuring ▁box ers ▁Henry ▁Arm strong , ▁Jack ▁Silver , ▁Jimmy ▁Mc L arn in , ▁Jackie ▁Field s , ▁and ▁more . ▁ ▁Aut obi ography , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁▁ ▁During ▁one ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁few ▁White ▁House ▁visits ▁on ▁November ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁just ▁a ▁few ▁weeks ▁after ▁the ▁great ▁stock ▁market ▁crash , ▁Holland ers ky ▁ ▁met ▁briefly ▁with ▁President ▁Herbert ▁Ho over ▁who ▁signed ▁a ▁photograph ▁for ▁A be ' s ▁aut obi ography . ▁Holland ers ky ▁may ▁have ▁received ▁rights ▁of ▁passage ▁for ▁travel ▁from ▁the ▁President ial ▁staff , ▁camp a igned ▁for ▁other ▁signed ▁photographs
, ▁and ▁asked ▁for ▁book ▁endorse ments ▁from ▁Navy ▁brass ▁who ▁advised ▁the ▁President . ▁He ▁soon ▁would ▁return ▁to ▁his ▁home ▁and ▁newspaper ▁shop ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁A be ▁had ▁traveled ▁to ▁the ▁East ▁Coast ▁and ▁New ▁York ▁to ▁complete ▁his ▁bi ography , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁only ▁four ▁months ▁after ▁his ▁White ▁House ▁visit . ▁ ▁Former ▁New ▁York ▁column ist , ▁and ▁incon oc l astic ▁author ▁C . ▁L . ▁Ed son ▁gave ▁serious ▁assistance ▁to ▁writing ▁A be ' s ▁aut obi ography . ▁ ▁Both ▁A be ▁and ▁Ed son ▁were ▁acqu aint ances ▁of ▁Jewish ▁journalist ▁Walter ▁Win chell . ▁▁ ▁A be ' s ▁book ▁had ▁had ▁previous ▁ghost writ ers ▁attempt ▁to ▁assist ▁with ▁the ▁publication ▁with ▁less ▁success . ▁ ▁While ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁Holland ers ky ▁dict ated ▁the ▁great ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁to ▁Ed son , ▁and ▁large ▁portions ▁of ▁the ▁text ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁copied ▁ver bat im ▁from ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁dict ation . ▁Holland ers ky ▁used ▁newspaper ▁articles ▁from ▁his ▁vast ▁collection ▁of ▁clip p ings ▁as ▁research , ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁written ▁small ▁portions ▁of ▁the ▁text , ▁including ▁his ▁box ing ▁record , ▁himself . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁Abraham ▁Hoff man , ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁of ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁printed . ▁ ▁These ▁included ▁nearly ▁annual ▁new ▁ed itions

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