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▁old ▁and ▁had ▁fl own ▁ 3 7 ▁sort ies . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁April , ▁he ▁had ▁fl own ▁a ▁mission ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁and ▁came ▁back ▁feeling ▁ill . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁encouraged ▁not ▁to ▁fly ▁again ▁that ▁day ▁as ▁was ▁scheduled ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁ins istent ▁and ▁took ▁off ▁at ▁ 1 2 : 4 5 pm . ▁Gen et ▁and ▁his ▁wing man ▁were ▁to ▁fly ▁towards ▁St ▁Qu entin ▁at ▁an ▁alt itude ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁G erv ais ▁Ra oul ▁L uf bery , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁squad ron ▁and ▁an ▁ace ▁pilot , ▁flew ▁as ▁Gen et ' s ▁wing man . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁low - cloud , ▁they ▁desc ended , ▁which ▁made ▁them ▁a ▁target ▁for ▁anti - air craft ▁fire . ▁L uf bery ▁saw ▁Gen et ▁turn ▁but ▁lost ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁clouds . ▁After ▁L uf bery ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁base , ▁the ▁squad ron ▁received ▁a ▁call ▁that ▁Gen et ▁had ▁crashed ▁on ▁a ▁road ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁lines . ▁It ▁was ▁believed ▁that ▁Gen et ▁was ▁wounded ▁by ▁the ▁anti - air craft ▁fire ▁and ▁lost ▁consciousness . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁crash , ▁which ▁occurred ▁at ▁full - engine ▁power , ▁his ▁body ▁was ▁so ▁badly ▁damaged ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁un clear ▁if ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁wounded . ▁Since ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁complaining ▁of ▁feeling ▁ill , ▁he ▁might ▁have ▁lost ▁consciousness ▁due ▁to ▁that ▁rather ▁than ▁being ▁wounded . ▁
▁Gen et ▁was ▁buried ▁with ▁full ▁military ▁hon ors ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁c emetery ▁at ▁Ham , ▁Som me , ▁in ▁a ▁driving ▁snow storm . ▁ ▁His ▁final ▁wish ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁buried ▁wrapped ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁flag ▁and ▁have ▁his ▁coff in ▁be ▁covered ▁with ▁the ▁French ▁and ▁American ▁flags ▁to ▁" show ▁that ▁I ▁died ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁countries ". ▁After ▁the ▁war , ▁Gen et , ▁along ▁with ▁many ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁La f ay ette ▁Esc adr ille ▁were ▁re bur ied ▁at ▁the ▁La ▁F ay ette ▁Esc adr ille ▁Memorial ▁C emetery , ▁in ▁M arn es - la - Co qu ette , ▁outside ▁of ▁Paris . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁his ▁lie ▁about ▁his ▁age ▁to ▁the ▁pass port ▁officer , ▁his ▁command ing ▁officer ▁Georges ▁Then ault ▁believed ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁four ▁years ▁older ▁than ▁he ▁actually ▁was . ▁In ▁the ▁letter ▁to ▁Gen et ' s ▁mother , ▁he ▁expressed ▁shock ▁that ▁Gen et ▁was ▁actually ▁ 2 4 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁as ▁he ▁looked ▁so ▁young . ▁In ▁reality , ▁Gen et ▁died ▁at ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁American ▁entry ▁into ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 6 ▁April . ▁While ▁Gen et ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁military ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁he ▁is ▁widely ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁American ▁to ▁be ▁killed ▁after ▁the ▁declaration ▁of ▁war ▁between ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Status ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy
▁ ▁When ▁Gen et ▁left ▁for ▁France ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁he ▁had ▁left ▁the ▁Navy ▁without ▁permission . ▁This ▁decision ▁we ighed ▁heavily ▁on ▁him ▁as ▁time ▁wore ▁on , ▁since ▁he ▁could ▁be ▁classified ▁as ▁a ▁des er ter . ▁ ▁The ▁US ▁was ▁not ▁yet ▁formally ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁his ▁involvement ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁military ▁was ▁therefore ▁not ▁an ▁official ▁assignment ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁military . ▁While ▁the ▁Navy ▁did ▁not ▁attempt ▁to ▁seek ▁Gen et ▁out , ▁he ▁felt ▁unhappy ▁over ▁his ▁absence , ▁fear ing ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁his ▁citizens hip . ▁The ▁US ▁was ▁still ▁neutral , ▁being ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁considered ▁a ▁tre ason ous ▁act ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁direct ▁action ▁in ▁violation ▁of ▁US ▁neutral ity . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁his ▁stay ▁in ▁France , ▁Gen et , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Esc adr ille , ▁participated ▁in ▁social ▁events ▁hosted ▁by ▁many ▁American ▁supporters ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁who ▁lived ▁in ▁France . ▁He ▁was ▁particularly ▁celebrated , ▁since ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Cit izen ▁Gen et . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁prospect ▁of ▁American ▁involvement ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁grew , ▁he ▁became ▁increasingly ▁worried ▁and ▁hope ful ▁that ▁his ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Esc adr ille ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁sought ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁prominent ▁Americans ▁in ▁France ▁to ▁help ▁him ▁resolve ▁his ▁status . ▁Gen et ▁died ▁shortly ▁after ▁the
▁formal ▁entry ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁into ▁the ▁war . ▁Although ▁other ▁Americans ▁had ▁died ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Esc adr ille , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁one ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁after ▁the ▁US ▁declaration , ▁which ▁made ▁him ▁the ▁first ▁official ▁American ▁casual ty ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁US ▁had ▁not ▁yet ▁had ▁time ▁to ▁organize ▁or ▁send ▁any ▁actual ▁troops ▁to ▁Europe . ▁ ▁President ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁sent ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁cond ol ences ▁to ▁Gen et ' s ▁mother , ▁as ▁did ▁the ▁French ▁amb assador ▁and ▁the ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁Foreign ▁Rel ations ▁committee . ▁The ▁war ▁department ▁post hum ously ▁sent ▁his ▁family ▁a ▁letter ▁stating ▁that ▁his ▁service ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁considered ▁in ▁all ▁respect s ▁honor able . ▁Joseph us ▁Daniel s , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Navy , ▁wrote : ▁ ▁" Ed mond ▁Charles ▁Clinton ▁Gen et ▁may ▁properly ▁be ▁considered ▁as ▁having ▁honor ably ▁term inated ▁an ▁en list ment ▁with ▁an ▁al ly , ▁since ▁he ▁died ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁battle . ▁I , ▁myself , ▁am ▁hon ored ▁in ▁having ▁the ▁privilege ▁of ▁deciding ▁that ▁the ▁record ▁of ▁Ed mond ▁Gen et , ▁ordinary ▁se aman , ▁United ▁States ▁Navy , ▁shall ▁be ▁considered ▁in ▁every ▁respect ▁as ▁an ▁honor able ▁one ." ▁ ▁Post hum ous ▁collection ▁of ▁letters ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Gen et ' s ▁letters ▁from ▁France ▁were ▁collected ▁in ▁a ▁book , ▁edited ▁by ▁Grace ▁Ell
ery ▁Ch anning . ▁War ▁Let ters ▁of ▁Ed mond ▁Gen et : ▁The ▁First ▁American ▁A vi ator ▁K illed ▁F lying ▁the ▁Stars ▁and ▁St ri pes ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁Author ▁John ▁Jay ▁Chap man ▁wrote ▁the ▁introduction . ▁His ▁son , ▁Victor ▁Chap man , ▁served ▁with ▁Gen et ▁before ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁The ▁letters ▁were ▁written ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁and ▁his ▁last ▁letter ▁was ▁written ▁the ▁day ▁before ▁his ▁death . ▁Most ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁addressed ▁to ▁his ▁mother , ▁others ▁were ▁to ▁his ▁brothers ▁or ▁to ▁his ▁Leg ion ▁friend ▁David ▁Whe eler . ▁The ▁last ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁was ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁letters ▁written ▁after ▁Gen et ' s ▁death , ▁including ▁several ▁from ▁his ▁command ing ▁officers ▁that ▁were ▁addressed ▁to ▁his ▁mother . ▁A ▁few ▁letters ▁of ▁cond ol ences ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁one ▁from ▁President ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁book . ▁Reviews ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁were ▁quite ▁positive . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Americans ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Foreign ▁Leg ion ▁entry ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁O ss ining , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : A vi ators ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : L af ay ette ▁Esc adr ille ▁Category : American ▁military
▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Mil itary ▁personnel ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : S old iers ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Foreign ▁Leg ion ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Navy ▁personnel ▁Category : American ▁military ▁personnel ▁killed ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Cl inton ▁family ▁of ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁Frances ▁Brow ne ▁ ▁( 1 6 ▁January ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁August ▁ 1 8 7 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁poet ▁and ▁novel ist , ▁best ▁remembered ▁for ▁her ▁collection ▁of ▁short ▁stories ▁for ▁children , ▁Gr anny ' s ▁Wonder ful ▁Chair . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Str an or lar , ▁in ▁County ▁D one gal , ▁Ireland , ▁the ▁seventh ▁child ▁in ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁twelve ▁children . ▁She ▁was ▁blind ▁as ▁a ▁consequence ▁of ▁an ▁attack ▁of ▁small p ox ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 8 ▁months ▁old . ▁In ▁her ▁writ ings , ▁she ▁rec ount s ▁how ▁she ▁learned ▁by ▁heart ▁the ▁lessons ▁which ▁her ▁brothers ▁and ▁sisters ▁said ▁al oud ▁every ▁evening , ▁and ▁how ▁she ▁b ribed ▁them ▁to ▁read ▁to ▁her ▁by ▁doing ▁their ▁cho res . ▁She ▁then ▁worked ▁hard ▁at ▁memor ising ▁all ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁heard . ▁ ▁She ▁composed ▁her ▁first ▁poem , ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁" The ▁Lord ' s ▁Pray er ", ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁seven ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁First ▁publications ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 1 , ▁Brow ne ' s
▁first ▁poems ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Irish ▁Pen ny ▁Journal ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁London ▁At hen ae um . ▁One ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁Irish ▁Pen ny ▁Journal ▁was ▁the ▁ly ric ▁" S ongs ▁of ▁Our ▁Land ", ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁anth ologies ▁of ▁Irish ▁patri otic ▁verse . ▁She ▁published ▁a ▁complete ▁volume ▁of ▁poems ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 4 ▁and ▁a ▁second ▁volume ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 . ▁The ▁provincial ▁newspapers , ▁especially ▁the ▁B elf ast - based ▁Northern ▁Wh ig , ▁re print ed ▁many , ▁and ▁she ▁became ▁widely ▁known ▁as ▁' The ▁Bl ind ▁Po et ess ▁of ▁Ul ster '. ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁she ▁made ▁her ▁first ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁popular ▁magazine ▁Ch ambers ' s ▁Edinburgh ▁Journal , ▁for ▁which ▁she ▁wrote ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁ 2 5 ▁years . ▁The ▁first ▁story ▁of ▁hers ▁published ▁there , ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁was ▁" The ▁Lost ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁G ift ", ▁which ▁tells ▁of ▁a ▁poor ▁dress maker ▁in ▁London ▁and ▁exempl ifies ▁her ▁story - t elling ▁abilities . ▁ ▁She ▁also ▁contributed ▁short ▁stories ▁to ▁magazines ▁with ▁a ▁largely ▁female ▁read ership , ▁for ▁example , ▁a ▁number ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁Lad ies ' ▁Compan ion , ▁a ▁magazine ▁read ▁by ▁many ▁well - to - do ▁women ▁of ▁the ▁Victorian ▁era . ▁Stories ▁she ▁contributed ▁there ▁included ▁the ▁am
using ▁" M rs ▁Sl oper ' s ▁Sw an " ▁and ▁an ▁eer ie ▁tale ▁set ▁in ▁County ▁F erman agh , ▁called ▁" The ▁B other ation ▁of ▁B ally more ". ▁ ▁Em igration ▁to ▁Edinburgh ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 7 , ▁she ▁left ▁D one gal ▁for ▁Edinburgh ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁sisters ▁as ▁her ▁reader ▁and ▁am an u ensis . ▁She ▁quickly ▁established ▁herself ▁in ▁literary ▁circles , ▁and ▁wrote ▁essays , ▁reviews , ▁stories , ▁and ▁poems , ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁health ▁problems . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁London , ▁where ▁she ▁wrote ▁her ▁first ▁novel , ▁My ▁Share ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁( 1 8 6 1 ). ▁Her ▁best ▁known ▁work , ▁Gr anny ' s ▁Wonder ful ▁Chair , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁remains ▁in ▁print ▁to ▁this ▁day , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁several ▁languages . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁rich ly ▁imagin ative ▁collection ▁of ▁fair y ▁stories . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁that ▁her ▁third ▁volume ▁of ▁poetry ▁appeared ▁– ▁Pictures ▁and ▁Songs ▁of ▁Home . ▁This ▁was ▁directed ▁at ▁very ▁young ▁children ▁and ▁contains ▁beautiful ▁illustr ations . ▁The ▁poems ▁focus ▁on ▁her ▁childhood ▁experiences ▁in ▁County ▁D one gal ▁and ▁provide ▁ev oc ative ▁descriptions ▁of ▁its ▁countryside . ▁ ▁London ▁and ▁later ▁life ▁After ▁her ▁move ▁to ▁London , ▁Brow ne ▁wrote ▁frequently ▁for ▁the ▁Relig ious ▁T ract ▁Society '
s ▁period icals ▁The ▁Le isure ▁H our ▁and ▁The ▁Sunday ▁at ▁Home . ▁One ▁of ▁those ▁in ▁The ▁Le isure ▁H our ▁was ▁" 1 7 7 6 : ▁a ▁tale ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ", ▁which ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁that ▁event ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁describing ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁revolutionary ▁events , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁love ▁story ▁and ▁beautifully ▁illustrated . ▁Her ▁last ▁piece ▁of ▁writing ▁was ▁a ▁poem ▁called ▁" The ▁Children ' s ▁Day ", ▁which ▁appeared ▁in ▁The ▁Sunday ▁at ▁Home ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁ ▁Frances ▁Brow ne ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁August ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁at ▁ 1 9 ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Gro ve , ▁Richmond ▁upon ▁Th ames . ▁She ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁Richmond ▁C emetery ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁The ▁most ▁detailed ▁bi ography ▁is ▁The ▁Life ▁and ▁Works ▁of ▁Frances ▁Brow ne ▁by ▁Patrick ▁Bon ar , ▁self - published ▁c . ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁an ▁analysis ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁her ▁short ▁stories ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁D one gal ▁Annual : ▁" Fr ances ▁Brow ne ▁and ▁the ▁Leg ends ▁of ▁Ul ster " ▁by ▁Raymond ▁Bl air . ▁Bl air ▁also ▁edited ▁an ▁anth ology ▁of ▁her ▁poems , ▁short ▁stories ▁and ▁essays : ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Frances ▁Brow ne ▁( Lim
av ady : ▁R ath more ▁Books , ▁c . ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁Brow ne ' s ▁career ▁is ▁treated ▁by ▁Paul ▁March b anks ▁in ▁Irish ▁Women ▁Writ ers : ▁An ▁A - to - Z ▁Guide , ▁edited ▁by ▁Alexander ▁G . ▁Gon z ale z ▁( West port , ▁Con n .: ▁Green wood ; ▁Oxford : ▁Har court ▁Education , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Mc Lean ▁exam ines ▁her ▁longest ▁poem , ▁" The ▁Star ▁of ▁Att é gh é i ", ▁and ▁its ▁relationship ▁to ▁the ▁war ▁in ▁Circ ass ia ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁mon ograph , ▁The ▁Other ▁East ▁and ▁Nin ete enth - Cent ury ▁British ▁Liter ature . ▁ ▁A ▁brief ▁entry ▁on ▁Brow ne ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Irish ▁Biography , ▁published ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Irish ▁Academy . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gr anny ' s ▁Wonder ful ▁Chair ▁and ▁Its ▁T ales ▁of ▁Fair y ▁Times , ▁by ▁Frances ▁Brow ne , ▁introduced ▁and ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Kath ar ine ▁P yle . ▁New ▁York : ▁E . ▁P . ▁D utton ▁& ▁Co ., ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁Gr anny ' s ▁Wonder ful ▁Chair , ▁by ▁Frances ▁Brow ne , ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Florence ▁White ▁Williams . ▁New ▁York : ▁The ▁Sa alf ield ▁Publishing ▁Company , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ; ▁Ill ustr ation ▁copyright ▁not ▁renew
ed . ▁Bibli ography ▁of ▁Frances ▁Brow ne ' s ▁works ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : Bl ind ▁people ▁from ▁Ireland ▁Category : Ir ish ▁women ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : Ir ish ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : Ir ish ▁women ▁po ets ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Str an or lar ▁Category : Ir ish ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Irish ▁po ets ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Irish ▁novel ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Irish ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Irish ▁writers ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁Richmond ▁C emetery ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁short ▁story ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁molecular ▁bi ology , ▁complement arity ▁describes ▁a ▁relationship ▁between ▁two ▁structures ▁each ▁following ▁the ▁lock - and - key ▁principle . ▁In ▁nature ▁complement arity ▁is ▁the ▁base ▁principle ▁of ▁DNA ▁re plication ▁and ▁trans cription ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁property ▁shared ▁between ▁two ▁DNA ▁or ▁R NA ▁sequences , ▁such ▁that ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁aligned ▁ant ip ar allel ▁to ▁each ▁other , ▁the ▁nucle ot ide ▁bases ▁at ▁each ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁sequences ▁will ▁be ▁complement ary , ▁much ▁like ▁looking ▁in ▁the ▁mirror ▁and ▁seeing ▁the ▁reverse ▁of ▁things . ▁This ▁complement ary ▁base ▁pair ing ▁allows ▁cells ▁to ▁copy ▁information ▁from ▁one ▁generation ▁to ▁another ▁and ▁even ▁find ▁and ▁repair ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁information ▁stored ▁in
▁the ▁sequences . ▁ ▁The ▁degree ▁of ▁complement arity ▁between ▁two ▁nucle ic ▁acid ▁str ands ▁may ▁vary , ▁from ▁complete ▁complement arity ▁( each ▁nucle ot ide ▁is ▁across ▁from ▁its ▁opposite ) ▁to ▁no ▁complement arity ▁( each ▁nucle ot ide ▁is ▁not ▁across ▁from ▁its ▁opposite ) ▁and ▁determines ▁the ▁stability ▁of ▁the ▁sequences ▁to ▁be ▁together . ▁Furthermore , ▁various ▁DNA ▁repair ▁functions ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁regulatory ▁functions ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁base ▁pair ▁complement arity . ▁In ▁bi ote chn ology , ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁base ▁pair ▁complement arity ▁allows ▁the ▁generation ▁of ▁DNA ▁hy br ids ▁between ▁R NA ▁and ▁DNA , ▁and ▁opens ▁the ▁door ▁to ▁modern ▁tools ▁such ▁as ▁c D NA ▁libraries . ▁While ▁most ▁complement arity ▁is ▁seen ▁between ▁two ▁separate ▁strings ▁of ▁DNA ▁or ▁R NA , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁possible ▁for ▁a ▁sequence ▁to ▁have ▁internal ▁complement arity ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁sequence ▁binding ▁to ▁itself ▁in ▁a ▁folded ▁configuration . ▁ ▁DNA ▁and ▁R NA ▁base ▁pair ▁complement arity ▁▁ ▁Com plement arity ▁is ▁achieved ▁by ▁distinct ▁interactions ▁between ▁nucle ob ases : ▁ad en ine , ▁th ym ine ▁( ur ac il ▁in ▁R NA ), ▁gu an ine ▁and ▁c yt os ine . ▁A den ine ▁and ▁gu an ine ▁are ▁pur ines , ▁while ▁th ym ine , ▁c yt os ine ▁and ▁ur ac il ▁are ▁p yr im id ines . ▁Pur ines ▁are ▁larger ▁than ▁p yr im id ines . ▁Both ▁types ▁of
▁mole cules ▁complement ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁can ▁only ▁base ▁pair ▁with ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁type ▁of ▁nucle ob ase . ▁In ▁nucle ic ▁acid , ▁nucle ob ases ▁are ▁held ▁together ▁by ▁hydro gen ▁bond ing , ▁which ▁only ▁works ▁efficiently ▁between ▁ad en ine ▁and ▁th ym ine ▁and ▁between ▁gu an ine ▁and ▁c yt os ine . ▁The ▁base ▁complement ▁A = T ▁shares ▁two ▁hydro gen ▁bonds , ▁while ▁the ▁base ▁pair ▁G ≡ C ▁has ▁three ▁hydro gen ▁bonds . ▁All ▁other ▁configurations ▁between ▁nucle ob ases ▁would ▁h inder ▁double ▁hel ix ▁formation . ▁DNA ▁str ands ▁are ▁orient ed ▁in ▁opposite ▁directions , ▁they ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁ant ip ar allel . ▁ ▁A ▁complement ary ▁str and ▁of ▁DNA ▁or ▁R NA ▁ ▁may ▁be ▁constructed ▁based ▁on ▁nucle ob ase ▁complement arity . ▁Each ▁base ▁pair , ▁A = T ▁vs . ▁G ≡ C , ▁takes ▁up ▁roughly ▁the ▁same ▁space , ▁thereby ▁enabling ▁a ▁twisted ▁DNA ▁double ▁hel ix ▁formation ▁without ▁any ▁spatial ▁dist ort ions . ▁H ydro gen ▁bond ing ▁between ▁the ▁nucle ob ases ▁also ▁stabil izes ▁the ▁DNA ▁double ▁hel ix . ▁ ▁Com plement arity ▁of ▁DNA ▁str ands ▁in ▁a ▁double ▁hel ix ▁make ▁it ▁possible ▁to ▁use ▁one ▁str and ▁as ▁a ▁template ▁to ▁construct ▁the ▁other . ▁This ▁principle ▁plays ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁DNA ▁re plication , ▁setting ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁her ed ity ▁by ▁explaining ▁how ▁genetic ▁information ▁can ▁be ▁passed
▁down ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁generation . ▁Com plement arity ▁is ▁also ▁utilized ▁in ▁DNA ▁trans cription , ▁which ▁generates ▁an ▁R NA ▁str and ▁from ▁a ▁DNA ▁template . ▁ ▁DNA ▁repair ▁mechanisms ▁such ▁as ▁proof ▁reading ▁are ▁complement arity ▁based ▁and ▁allow ▁for ▁error ▁correction ▁during ▁DNA ▁re plication ▁by ▁removing ▁mism atched ▁nucle ob ases . ▁ ▁N uc le ic ▁ac ids ▁str ands ▁may ▁also ▁form ▁hy br ids ▁in ▁which ▁single ▁str anded ▁DNA ▁may ▁readily ▁an ne al ▁with ▁complement ary ▁DNA ▁or ▁R NA . ▁This ▁principle ▁is ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁commonly ▁performed ▁laboratory ▁techniques ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁poly mer ase ▁chain ▁reaction , ▁P CR . ▁ ▁Two ▁str ands ▁of ▁complement ary ▁sequence ▁are ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁sense ▁and ▁anti - s ense . ▁The ▁sense ▁str and ▁is , ▁generally , ▁the ▁transc ribed ▁sequence ▁of ▁DNA ▁or ▁the ▁R NA ▁that ▁was ▁generated ▁in ▁trans cription . ▁While ▁the ▁anti - s ense ▁str and ▁is ▁the ▁str and ▁that ▁is ▁complement ary ▁to ▁the ▁sense ▁sequence . ▁ ▁Self - com plement arity ▁and ▁hair pin ▁loops ▁▁ ▁Self - com plement arity ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁DNA ▁or ▁R NA ▁may ▁fold ▁back ▁on ▁itself , ▁creating ▁a ▁double - str and ▁like ▁structure . ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁how ▁close ▁together ▁the ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁sequence ▁are ▁that ▁are ▁self - com plement ary , ▁the ▁str and ▁may ▁form ▁hair pin ▁loops , ▁jun ctions
, ▁bul ges ▁or ▁internal ▁loops . ▁R NA ▁is ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁form ▁these ▁kinds ▁of ▁structures ▁due ▁to ▁base ▁pair ▁binding ▁not ▁seen ▁in ▁DNA , ▁such ▁as ▁gu an ine ▁binding ▁with ▁ur ac il . ▁ ▁Reg ul atory ▁functions ▁ ▁Com plement arity ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁between ▁short ▁nucle ic ▁acid ▁stret ches ▁and ▁a ▁coding ▁region ▁or ▁an ▁transc ribed ▁gene , ▁and ▁results ▁in ▁base ▁pair ing . ▁ ▁These ▁short ▁nucle ic ▁acid ▁sequences ▁are ▁commonly ▁found ▁in ▁nature ▁and ▁have ▁regulatory ▁functions ▁such ▁as ▁gene ▁sil encing . ▁ ▁Ant is ense ▁trans cript s ▁ ▁Ant is ense ▁trans cript s ▁are ▁stret ches ▁of ▁non ▁coding ▁m R NA ▁that ▁are ▁complement ary ▁to ▁the ▁coding ▁sequence . ▁Gen ome ▁wide ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁R NA ▁ant is ense ▁trans cript s ▁occur ▁commonly ▁within ▁nature . ▁They ▁are ▁generally ▁believed ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁coding ▁potential ▁of ▁the ▁genetic ▁code ▁and ▁add ▁an ▁overall ▁layer ▁of ▁complexity ▁to ▁gene ▁regulation . ▁So ▁far , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁gen ome ▁is ▁transc ribed ▁in ▁both ▁directions , ▁under lin ing ▁the ▁potential ▁significance ▁of ▁reverse ▁trans cription . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁complement ary ▁regions ▁between ▁sense ▁and ▁ant is ense ▁trans cript s ▁would ▁allow ▁generation ▁of ▁double ▁str anded ▁R NA ▁hy br ids , ▁which ▁may ▁play ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁gene ▁regulation . ▁For ▁example , ▁hyp ox
ia - ind uced ▁factor ▁ 1 α ▁m R NA ▁and ▁ β - secret ase ▁m R NA ▁are ▁transc ribed ▁bid irection ally , ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁ant is ense ▁trans cript ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁stabil izer ▁to ▁the ▁sense ▁script . ▁ ▁mi R N As ▁and ▁si R N As ▁▁ ▁mi R N As , ▁micro R NA , ▁are ▁short ▁R NA ▁sequences ▁that ▁are ▁complement ary ▁to ▁regions ▁of ▁a ▁transc ribed ▁gene ▁and ▁have ▁regulatory ▁functions . ▁Current ▁research ▁indicates ▁that ▁circul ating ▁mi R NA ▁may ▁be ▁utilized ▁as ▁novel ▁bi om ark ers , ▁hence ▁show ▁promising ▁evidence ▁to ▁be ▁utilized ▁in ▁disease ▁di agnostics . ▁Mi R N As ▁are ▁formed ▁from ▁longer ▁sequences ▁of ▁R NA ▁that ▁are ▁cut ▁free ▁by ▁a ▁D icer ▁en zym e ▁from ▁an ▁R NA ▁sequence ▁that ▁is ▁from ▁a ▁reg ulator ▁gene . ▁These ▁short ▁str ands ▁bind ▁to ▁a ▁R IS C ▁complex . ▁They ▁match ▁up ▁with ▁sequences ▁in ▁the ▁up stream ▁region ▁of ▁a ▁transc ribed ▁gene ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁complement arity ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁sil encer ▁for ▁the ▁gene ▁in ▁three ▁ways . ▁One ▁is ▁by ▁preventing ▁a ▁rib os ome ▁from ▁binding ▁and ▁initi ating ▁translation . ▁Two ▁is ▁by ▁de grad ing ▁the ▁m R NA ▁that ▁the ▁complex ▁has ▁bound ▁to . ▁And ▁three ▁is ▁by ▁providing ▁a ▁new ▁double - str anded ▁R NA ▁( ds R NA ) ▁sequence
▁that ▁D icer ▁can ▁act ▁upon ▁to ▁create ▁more ▁mi R NA ▁to ▁find ▁and ▁de grade ▁more ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁gene . ▁Small ▁inter fer ing ▁R N As ▁( si R N As ) ▁are ▁similar ▁in ▁function ▁to ▁mi R N As ; ▁they ▁come ▁from ▁other ▁sources ▁of ▁R NA , ▁but ▁serve ▁a ▁similar ▁purpose ▁to ▁mi R N As . ▁Given ▁their ▁short ▁length , ▁the ▁rules ▁for ▁complement arity ▁means ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁very ▁discrim inating ▁in ▁their ▁targets ▁of ▁choice . ▁Given ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁four ▁choices ▁for ▁each ▁base ▁in ▁the ▁str and ▁and ▁a ▁ 2 0 bp ▁- ▁ 2 2 bp ▁length ▁for ▁a ▁mi / si R NA , ▁that ▁leads ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ ▁possible ▁combinations . ▁Given ▁that ▁the ▁human ▁gen ome ▁is ▁~ 3 . 1 ▁billion ▁bases ▁in ▁length , ▁this ▁means ▁that ▁each ▁mi R NA ▁should ▁only ▁find ▁a ▁match ▁once ▁in ▁the ▁entire ▁human ▁gen ome ▁by ▁accident . ▁ ▁Kiss ing ▁hair p ins ▁ ▁Kiss ing ▁hair p ins ▁are ▁formed ▁when ▁a ▁single ▁str and ▁of ▁nucle ic ▁acid ▁complement s ▁with ▁itself ▁creating ▁loops ▁of ▁R NA ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁hair pin . ▁When ▁two ▁hair p ins ▁come ▁into ▁contact ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁in ▁v ivo , ▁the ▁complement ary ▁bases ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁str ands ▁form ▁up ▁and ▁begin ▁to ▁unw ind ▁the ▁hair p ins ▁until ▁a ▁double - str anded ▁R
NA ▁( ds R NA ) ▁complex ▁is ▁formed ▁or ▁the ▁complex ▁unw ind s ▁back ▁to ▁two ▁separate ▁str ands ▁due ▁to ▁mism at ches ▁in ▁the ▁hair p ins . ▁The ▁secondary ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁hair pin ▁prior ▁to ▁kiss ing ▁allows ▁for ▁a ▁stable ▁structure ▁with ▁a ▁relatively ▁fixed ▁change ▁in ▁energy . ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁these ▁structures ▁is ▁a ▁bal ancing ▁of ▁stability ▁of ▁the ▁hair pin ▁loop ▁vs ▁binding ▁strength ▁with ▁a ▁complement ary ▁str and . ▁Too ▁strong ▁an ▁initial ▁binding ▁to ▁a ▁bad ▁location ▁and ▁the ▁str ands ▁will ▁not ▁unw ind ▁quickly ▁enough ; ▁too ▁weak ▁an ▁initial ▁binding ▁and ▁the ▁str ands ▁will ▁never ▁fully ▁form ▁the ▁desired ▁complex . ▁These ▁hair pin ▁structures ▁allow ▁for ▁the ▁exposure ▁of ▁enough ▁bases ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁strong ▁enough ▁check ▁on ▁the ▁initial ▁binding ▁and ▁a ▁weak ▁enough ▁internal ▁binding ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁unf olding ▁once ▁a ▁favor able ▁match ▁has ▁been ▁found . ▁▁ ▁--- C ▁G --- ▁▁▁▁ ▁C ▁G ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁--- C ▁G --- ▁▁▁▁ ▁U ▁A ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ▁C ▁G ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁G ▁C ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ▁U ▁A ▁▁▁▁ ▁C ▁G ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ▁G ▁C ▁▁▁▁ ▁A ▁G ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ▁C ▁G ▁▁▁ ▁A ▁▁ ▁A ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁A ▁G ▁▁▁▁ ▁C ▁U ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁A ▁▁ ▁A ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁U ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁ ▁C U U ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁--- CC UG CA AC U U AG GC AG G --- ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁A ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁ ▁G AA ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁--- GG AC GU UG AA U CC GU
CC --- ▁▁▁▁ ▁G ▁A ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁U ▁▁ ▁U ▁▁▁ ▁U ▁▁ ▁U ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁U ▁▁ ▁C ▁▁▁▁ ▁U ▁C ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ▁G ▁C ▁▁▁▁ ▁G ▁C ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ▁C ▁G ▁▁▁▁ ▁C ▁G ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ▁A ▁U ▁▁▁▁ ▁A ▁U ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁ ▁G ▁C ▁▁▁▁ ▁G ▁C ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁--- G ▁C --- ▁ ▁--- G ▁C --- ▁ ▁Kiss ing ▁hair p ins ▁meeting ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁loops . ▁The ▁complement arity ▁▁ ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁heads ▁encour ages ▁the ▁hair pin ▁to ▁unf old ▁and ▁straight en ▁out ▁to ▁ ▁become ▁one ▁flat ▁sequence ▁of ▁two ▁str ands ▁rather ▁than ▁two ▁hair p ins . ▁ ▁Bio in format ics ▁ ▁Com plement arity ▁allows ▁information ▁found ▁in ▁DNA ▁or ▁R NA ▁to ▁be ▁stored ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁str and . ▁The ▁complement ing ▁str and ▁can ▁be ▁determined ▁from ▁the ▁template ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a ▁as ▁in ▁c D NA ▁libraries . ▁This ▁also ▁allows ▁for ▁analysis , ▁like ▁comparing ▁the ▁sequences ▁of ▁two ▁different ▁species . ▁Sh orth ands ▁have ▁been ▁developed ▁for ▁writing ▁down ▁sequences ▁when ▁there ▁are ▁mism at ches ▁( ambigu ity ▁codes ) ▁or ▁to ▁speed ▁up ▁how ▁to ▁read ▁the ▁opposite ▁sequence ▁in ▁the ▁complement ▁( amb ig ram s ). ▁ ▁c D NA ▁Library ▁▁ ▁A ▁c D NA ▁library ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁expressed ▁DNA ▁genes ▁that ▁are ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁useful ▁reference ▁tool ▁in ▁gene ▁identification ▁and ▁cl oning ▁processes . ▁c D NA ▁libraries
▁are ▁constructed ▁from ▁m R NA ▁using ▁R NA - dependent ▁DNA ▁poly mer ase ▁reverse ▁trans cript ase ▁( RT ), ▁which ▁transc rib es ▁an ▁m R NA ▁template ▁into ▁DNA . ▁Therefore , ▁a ▁c D NA ▁library ▁can ▁only ▁contain ▁ ▁in serts ▁that ▁are ▁meant ▁to ▁be ▁transc ribed ▁into ▁m R NA . ▁This ▁process ▁rel ies ▁on ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁DNA / R NA ▁complement arity . ▁The ▁end ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁libraries ▁ ▁is ▁double ▁str anded ▁DNA , ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁inserted ▁into ▁pl asm ids . ▁ ▁Hence , ▁c D NA ▁libraries ▁are ▁a ▁powerful ▁tool ▁in ▁modern ▁research . ▁ ▁Amb igu ity ▁codes ▁ ▁When ▁writing ▁sequences ▁for ▁systematic ▁bi ology ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁necessary ▁to ▁have ▁I UP AC ▁codes ▁that ▁mean ▁" any ▁of ▁the ▁two " ▁or ▁" any ▁of ▁the ▁three ". ▁The ▁I UP AC ▁code ▁R ▁( any ▁pur ine ) ▁is ▁complement ary ▁to ▁Y ▁( any ▁p yr im id ine ) ▁and ▁M ▁( am ino ) ▁to ▁K ▁( k eto ). ▁W ▁( weak ) ▁and ▁S ▁( strong ) ▁are ▁usually ▁not ▁sw apped ▁but ▁have ▁been ▁sw apped ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁by ▁some ▁tools . ▁W ▁and ▁S ▁denote ▁" weak " ▁and ▁" strong ", ▁respectively , ▁and ▁indicate ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁hydro gen ▁bonds ▁that ▁a ▁nucle ot ide ▁uses ▁to ▁pair ▁with ▁its ▁complement ing ▁partner . ▁A ▁partner ▁uses ▁the ▁same ▁number
▁of ▁the ▁bonds ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁complement ing ▁pair . ▁ ▁An ▁I UP AC ▁code ▁that ▁specifically ▁excl udes ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁nucle ot ides ▁can ▁be ▁complement ary ▁to ▁an ▁I UP AC ▁code ▁that ▁excl udes ▁the ▁complement ary ▁nucle ot ide . ▁For ▁instance , ▁V ▁( A , ▁C ▁or ▁G ▁- ▁" not ▁T ") ▁can ▁be ▁complement ary ▁to ▁B ▁( C , ▁G ▁or ▁T ▁- ▁" not ▁A "). ▁ ▁Amb ig ram s ▁▁ ▁Specific ▁characters ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁suitable ▁( amb ig raph ic ) ▁ ▁nucle ic ▁acid ▁notation ▁ ▁for ▁complement ary ▁bases ▁( i . e . ▁gu an ine ▁= ▁b , ▁c yt os ine ▁= ▁q , ▁ad en ine ▁= ▁n , ▁and ▁th ym ine ▁= ▁u ), ▁which ▁makes ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁complement ▁entire ▁DNA ▁sequences ▁by ▁simply ▁rot ating ▁the ▁text ▁" up side ▁down ". ▁ ▁For ▁instance , ▁with ▁the ▁previous ▁al phabet , ▁ ▁( GT CA ) ▁would ▁read ▁as ▁ ▁( T G AC , ▁reverse ▁complement ) ▁if ▁turned ▁up side ▁down . ▁ ▁Amb ig raph ic ▁not ations ▁readily ▁visual ize ▁complement ary ▁nucle ic ▁acid ▁stret ches ▁such ▁as ▁pal ind rom ic ▁sequences . ▁This ▁feature ▁is ▁enhanced ▁when ▁utilizing ▁custom ▁font s ▁or ▁symbols ▁rather ▁than ▁ordinary ▁A SC II ▁or ▁even ▁Un icode ▁characters . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Base ▁pair ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex
ternal ▁links ▁Re verse ▁complement ▁tool ▁Re verse ▁Com plement ▁Tool ▁@ ▁DNA . UT AH . ED U ▁ ▁Category : M ole cular ▁bi ology <0x0A> </s> ▁St odd ard ▁is ▁an ▁un inc or por ated ▁community ▁in ▁St odd ard ▁County , ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Missouri . ▁ ▁St odd ard ▁had ▁its ▁start ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁community ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁St odd ard ▁County . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Un inc or por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁St odd ard ▁County , ▁Missouri ▁Category : Un inc or por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Missouri ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 s ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Missouri <0x0A> </s> ▁Bel ar us ▁Ori ente ering ▁Federation ▁( ; ▁) ▁is ▁the ▁National ▁organisation ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁governing , ▁organisation ▁and ▁promotion ▁of ▁or iente ering ▁in ▁Bel ar us . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁full ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Ori ente ering ▁Federation . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁The ▁Congress ▁is ▁the ▁highest ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁Bel ar us ▁Ori ente ering ▁Federation . ▁It ▁g athers ▁once ▁in ▁four ▁years , ▁and ▁elect s ▁the ▁Pres id ium ▁of ▁the ▁Bel ar us ▁Ori ente ering ▁Federation ▁for ▁a ▁four - year ▁term . ▁The ▁Pres id ium ▁consists ▁of : ▁Chairman , ▁Vice - Ch air men , ▁Executive ▁Secretary , ▁Chief ▁Coach ▁of ▁National ▁Te ams , ▁and ▁Executive ▁Director . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁period ▁between
▁Congress es ▁the ▁Council ▁govern s ▁the ▁Bel ar us ▁Ori ente ering ▁Federation . ▁The ▁Council ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁representatives ▁from ▁each ▁or iente ering ▁club , ▁and ▁g athers ▁at ▁least ▁once ▁a ▁year . ▁Daily ▁business ▁is ▁handled ▁by ▁the ▁Executive ▁Secretary ▁and ▁the ▁Chairman . ▁ ▁Organization ▁structure ▁ ▁Chairman ▁ ▁Vice - Ch air men ▁ ▁Executive ▁Secretary ▁ ▁Chief ▁Coach ▁of ▁National ▁Te ams ▁ ▁Executive ▁Director ▁ ▁Sport ▁Technical ▁Commission ▁ ▁Map ▁Commission ▁ ▁Children ▁and ▁Youth ▁Commission ▁ ▁Student ▁Sport ▁Commission ▁ ▁Aud it ▁Commission ▁ ▁National ▁Controller ▁ ▁National ▁In spector ▁ ▁Press ▁Secretary ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁of ▁the ▁Bel ar us ▁Ori ente ering ▁Federation ▁ ▁Ori ente ering ▁Category : Intern ational ▁Ori ente ering ▁Federation ▁members ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁Bel ar us <0x0A> </s> ▁Grab owe ▁P ole ▁ ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Such y ▁D ą b , ▁within ▁G da ńsk ▁County , ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁northern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Such y ▁D ą b , ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁Pr usz cz ▁G da ński , ▁and ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁G da ńsk . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 2 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁History ▁of ▁P omer ania , ▁for ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁region
. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Grab owe ▁P ole <0x0A> </s> ▁Among ▁ancient ▁English ▁writers , ▁fr id st oll , ▁or ▁fr ith st ow , ▁sign ified ▁a ▁seat , ▁chair , ▁or ▁place ▁of ▁peace . ▁The ▁most ▁famous ▁surviving ▁examples ▁are ▁in ▁Bever ley ▁Min ster , ▁which ▁has ▁the ▁in scription ▁Ha ec ▁sed es ▁lap idea ▁F reed st oll ▁d icit ur , ▁i . e . ▁Pac is ▁Cat hed ra , ▁ad ▁qu am ▁re us ▁f ug iendo ▁per ven iens , ▁om nim od am ▁hab et ▁secur itat em ▁and ▁in ▁He x ham ▁Ab bey ▁. ▁ ▁Also , ▁fr ith - st ool ▁or ▁fr ith st ool , ▁O E ▁fr ith st ól , ▁f ry th st ól , ▁freed st ool , ▁fr id st ool , ▁meaning ▁( a ). ▁Old ▁English ▁only , ▁A ▁place ▁of ▁safety ; ▁a ▁refuge ; ▁( b ). ▁A ▁seat , ▁usually ▁of ▁stone , ▁formerly ▁placed ▁near ▁the ▁alt ar ▁in ▁some ▁churches , ▁which ▁afford ed ▁inv i ol able ▁protection ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁sought ▁privilege ▁of ▁sanct uary . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁also ▁sign ified ▁a ▁palace , ▁which ▁was ▁usually ▁a ▁privile ged ▁place . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁fr ith ▁gr ith ▁C ities ▁of ▁Ref uge ▁right ▁of ▁as yl um ▁sanct uary ▁sanct uary ▁city ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : S ocial ▁institutions ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in
▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Man ▁from ▁Button ▁Will ow ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁American ▁animated ▁western ▁film ▁about ▁the ▁adventures ▁of ▁Justin ▁E agle , ▁the ▁first ▁U . S . ▁Government ▁Agent . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 3 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Production ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁film ' s ▁press book , ▁Dale ▁Roberts on ▁provided ▁the ▁original ▁story ▁and ▁fin anced ▁the ▁film ▁though ▁his ▁company ▁United ▁Screen ▁Arts ▁that ▁released ▁the ▁film ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁appearing ▁in ▁the ▁live ▁action ▁pro log ue . ▁ ▁Voice ▁cast ▁ ▁Dale ▁Roberts on ▁as ▁Justin ▁E agle ▁ ▁Ed gar ▁Buch an an ▁as ▁Sorry ▁ ▁Howard ▁Ke el ▁as ▁V ocal ist ▁ ▁Barbara ▁Jean ▁W ong ▁as ▁Storm y ▁ ▁H ers chel ▁Bernard i ▁as ▁The ▁Captain , ▁Sal oon ▁Man ▁# 1 ▁ ▁P into ▁Col v ig ▁as ▁Ab ner ▁Haw kins , ▁Animal ▁Sounds , ▁Man ▁on ▁T rol ly , ▁L augh ing ▁Sal oon ▁man ▁ ▁Ross ▁Martin ▁as ▁Andy ▁S vens on ▁ ▁Cl iff ▁Edwards ▁as ▁Doc , The ▁Wh ip ▁ ▁V erna ▁Fel ton ▁as ▁Mrs . P om c roy , ▁Mother , ▁Lady ▁on ▁T rol ley ▁ ▁Th url ▁Rav ens cro ft ▁as ▁Re ver end , ▁Sal oon ▁Man # 2 ▁ ▁She p ▁Men ken ▁as ▁Shanghai ▁Kelly , ▁Chinese ▁S inger , ▁Sal oon ▁Man # 3 , ▁Con du ctor
▁ ▁John ▁H iest and ▁as ▁Old ▁Salt , ▁Mo at gom ere y ▁Bl aine ▁ ▁Cl aren ce ▁Nash ▁as ▁Senator ▁Fre eman , ▁Mountain ▁Lion ▁ ▁Edward ▁Pl att ▁as ▁The ▁Man ▁In ▁The ▁Black ▁Cape ▁ ▁Buck ▁Buch an an ▁as ▁News ▁Boy , ▁Boy ▁ ▁Original ▁Songs ▁" The ▁Man ▁From ▁Button ▁Will ow " ▁( Theme ▁Song ) ▁" Ex c use ▁Me , ▁Ma ' am " ▁" A ▁Bright ▁And ▁Early ▁Mor ing ▁On ▁The ▁Farm " ▁" By ▁G olly " ▁All ▁Songs ▁Wr itten ▁By ▁George ▁Br uns ▁and ▁Ph yll is ▁B ounds - Det ie ge ▁ ▁The ▁Art ists ▁Wr itten ▁For ▁the ▁Screen ▁and ▁Direct ed ▁By ▁David ▁Det ie ge ▁Produ ced ▁By ▁Ph yll is ▁B ounds ▁Det ie ge ▁Music ▁Com posed ▁and ▁Con du cted ▁By ▁George ▁St oll ▁Additional ▁Music ▁By ▁Robert ▁Van ▁E ps ▁Art ▁Director : ▁Er ni ▁Nord li ▁Film ▁Ed itors : ▁Ted ▁Baker , ▁Sam ▁H ort a , ▁Ralph ▁I ves ▁Anim ators : ▁Walt ▁Clinton , ▁John ▁D unn , ▁Ed ▁Fried man , ▁Morris ▁G oll ub , ▁Stan ▁Green , ▁Harry ▁Hol t , ▁Ken ▁H ult gren , ▁Don ▁L usk , ▁Am by ▁Pal iw oda , ▁George ▁Row ley , ▁John ▁Sp are y , ▁Don ▁T ows ley , ▁Gil ▁Turner , ▁Ben ny ▁W ash am ▁Layout : ▁Bruce ▁Bush man , ▁Don ▁Morgan , ▁Tony ▁River a ▁Background s
: ▁Ron ▁D ias , ▁Dick ▁K else y , ▁The l ma ▁W it mer ▁Sc ene ▁Planning : ▁Robert ▁Brown , ▁B uf ▁N er b ov ig , ▁Jane ▁Philip pi , ▁Kath rin ▁Victor ▁X er ography : ▁Mind y ▁Bag don , ▁Jim ▁Good now , ▁Ron ▁Hon than er , ▁Tom ▁Ram sey ▁P aint ▁Super visor : ▁Aur il ▁Thompson ▁Camera : ▁Max ▁Morgan ▁Production ▁Manager : ▁Bill ▁Red lin ▁Score ▁Or chestr ated ▁By ▁Leo ▁Ar na ud , ▁Albert ▁Send rey ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁American ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁American ▁animated ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁films ▁Category : Anim ated ▁western ▁( gen re ) ▁animation ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Georg ie ▁St oll ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁animated ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁Paul ▁J ing oz ian ▁( born ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁entrepreneur ▁and ▁political ▁activ ist ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁vice ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Liber t arian ▁Party ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁presidential ▁nom ination ▁of ▁the ▁Liber t arian ▁Party ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 .
▁ ▁Education ▁He ▁earned ▁a ▁BS ▁in ▁Econom ics ▁from ▁NY U ▁and ▁an ▁M BA ▁from ▁Bent ley ▁College . ▁ ▁Career ▁J ing oz ian ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁of ▁the ▁Free ▁and ▁Equ al ▁E lections ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁Angel V ision ▁Techn ologies , ▁a ▁marketing ▁and ▁sales ▁promotion ▁company , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Portland , ▁Oregon . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁American ▁Marketing ▁Association ▁of ▁Oregon ▁hon ored ▁J ing oz ian ▁as ▁Mark eter ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁and ▁presented ▁him ▁with ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁L if etime ▁A chie vement ▁Award . ▁ ▁J ing oz ian ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁RE SET ▁America , ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁seeks ▁reform ▁to ▁the ▁existing ▁two ▁party ▁system ▁in ▁American ▁politics . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁produced ▁a ▁video ▁titled ▁" K iss ▁Ball ot ▁Access ▁Good bye ." ▁The ▁video ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁T elly ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Internet ▁Commercial ▁for ▁Political ▁Iss ues , ▁the ▁W 3 ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Vir al ▁Marketing ▁Video ▁for ▁Activ ism , ▁the ▁Mar com ▁award ▁for ▁Best ▁Political ▁Web ▁Video ▁and ▁the ▁A va ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁New ▁Media ▁Political ▁Video . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁presidential ▁campaign ▁J ing oz ian ▁declared ▁his ▁candid acy ▁for ▁the ▁Liber t arian ▁Party ▁presidential ▁nom ination ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁and ▁sought ▁to ▁leverage ▁his
▁skills ▁as ▁a ▁established ▁marketing - commun ications ▁entrepreneur ▁to ▁deliver ▁his ▁campaign ▁messages . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : American ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : B ent ley ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Oregon ▁Category : C andid ates ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁United ▁States ▁presidential ▁election ▁Category : L iber t arian ▁National ▁Committee ▁vice ▁chairs ▁Category : New ▁York ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : O regon ▁Liber t arians ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Sher wood , ▁Oregon ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Water town , ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁As ikk adu ▁( Ah il van am ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁May il ad uth ur ai ▁tal uk , ▁May il ad uth ur ai ▁district , ▁state ▁of ▁T amil ▁Nad u , ▁India . ▁ ▁As ikk adu ▁is ▁located ▁ 5 . 7 km ▁from ▁its ▁tal uk ▁main ▁town ▁K utt al am , ▁▁ 9 . 8 km ▁from ▁its ▁district ▁headquarters ▁May il ad uth ur ai , ▁and ▁ 2 3 2 km ▁from ▁its ▁state ▁capital ▁Chen na i . ▁ ▁Near by ▁villages ▁are ▁Mar ai y ur ▁( 1 . 6 km ), ▁An aim el ag aram ▁( 2 . 4
km ), ▁Th olut hal ang udi ▁( 3 km ), ▁S ith ark adu ▁( 3 . 4 km ) ▁and ▁K oz h ai y ur ▁( 3 . 6 km ). ▁Ne arest ▁towns ▁are ▁K utt al am ▁( 5 . 7 km ), ▁May il ad uth ur ai ▁( 6 . 1 km ), ▁Sem ban ar ▁Ko il ▁( 1 4 . 5 km ) ▁and ▁S irk az hi ▁( 2 3 . 5 km ). ▁ ▁K utt al am , ▁Al ang udi , ▁An and han all ur , ▁A riv al ur , ▁As ikk adu ▁and ▁Ed ak udi ▁are ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁K utt al am ▁T alu . ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁May il ad uth ur ai ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Del ias ▁hyp om el as ▁is ▁a ▁butter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Pier idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Walter ▁Roth sch ild ▁and ▁Karl ▁Jordan ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁New ▁Gu inea . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁about ▁ 6 0 – 6 4 mm . ▁M ales ▁are ▁cream y - white ▁with ▁a ▁broad ▁black ▁dist al ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁and ▁a ▁narrow ▁black ▁margin ▁on ▁the ▁hind w ings . ▁The ▁black ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁reaches ▁the ▁disc oc ell ular s . ▁The ▁hind
w ings ▁have ▁the ▁cost a ▁yellow ▁at ▁the ▁base , ▁forming ▁a ▁well - defined ▁rounded ▁spot . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁white ▁subm arg inal ▁line , ▁broken ▁at ▁the ▁ve ins , ▁from ▁ve in ▁ 7 ▁to ▁ 2 ▁or ▁just ▁below ▁it , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁black ▁dis cal ▁patch , ▁just ▁entering ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁cell , ▁usually ▁lying ▁between ▁ve ins ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 5 ▁or ▁ 6 . ▁Fem ales ▁have ▁orange ▁sub ap ical ▁d ots ▁on ▁the ▁upper ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁and ▁traces ▁of ▁two ▁more , ▁and ▁the ▁pro x imal ▁area ▁on ▁both ▁wings ▁is ▁white . ▁ ▁Sub spec ies ▁D . ▁h . ▁hyp om el as ▁( Cent ral ▁High lands , ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ) ▁D . ▁h . ▁convers a ▁Jordan , ▁[ 1 9 1 2 ] ▁( Mount ▁G oli ath , ▁I rian ▁J aya ; ▁Western ▁Province , ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ) ▁D . ▁h . ▁rub ro stri ata ▁Jo ice y ▁& ▁Tal bot , ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁( W ey land ▁Mountains , ▁I rian ▁J aya ) ▁D . ▁h . ▁raw l ins oni ▁Tal bot , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁( Raw l inson ▁Mountains , ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ) ▁D . ▁h . ▁ful g ida ▁Ro ep ke , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁( s outh ▁of ▁I den
burg : ▁central - nor thern ▁I rian ▁J aya ) ▁D . ▁h . ▁lie ft in ck i ▁Ro ep ke , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁( I be le ▁Valley , ▁W am ena , ▁I rian ▁J aya ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Del ias ▁at ▁Mark ku ▁S avel a ' s ▁L ep id opter a ▁and ▁Some ▁Other ▁Life ▁Form s ▁ ▁hyp om el as ▁Category : But ter fl ies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁Category : End emic ▁fa una ▁of ▁New ▁Gu inea <0x0A> </s> ▁Welt f rei heit ▁(' World ▁Freedom ') ▁was ▁a ▁weekly ▁newspaper ▁published ▁from ▁Budapest , ▁Hung ary ▁between ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁Welt f rei heit ▁was ▁an ▁organ ▁of ▁the ▁Mag yar ors zá gi ▁F ö ld m unk ás ok ▁Or sz ág os ▁Sz ö v ets ég é be ▁(' National ▁Farm ▁Work ers ▁Union ▁of ▁Hung ary '). ▁It ▁replaced ▁the ▁newspaper ▁Der ▁F eld ar be iter . ▁It ▁carried ▁the ▁by - line ▁' Cent ral ▁Organ ▁of ▁the ▁Farm ▁Work ers ▁of ▁Hung ary '. ▁The ▁first ▁issue ▁was ▁published ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁German - language ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian - language ▁Vil á gs z ab ads ág . ▁Richard ▁Sch wart z ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁editor ▁of
▁Welt f rei heit . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁on ▁S atur days . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G erman - language ▁newspapers ▁published ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁Budapest ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁Category : 1 9 0 8 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁Category : S ocial ist ▁newspapers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Saint ▁Vincent ▁and ▁the ▁Gren ad ines ▁women ' s ▁national ▁vol ley ball ▁team ▁represents ▁Saint ▁Vincent ▁and ▁the ▁Gren ad ines ▁in ▁international ▁women ' s ▁vol ley ball ▁compet itions ▁and ▁friendly ▁matches . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Saint ▁Vincent ▁and ▁the ▁Gren ad ines ▁women ' s ▁national ▁vol ley ball ▁team ▁ ▁Category : National ▁women ' s ▁vol ley ball ▁teams ▁Vol ley ball ▁Category : Vol ley ball ▁in ▁Saint ▁Vincent ▁and ▁the ▁Gren ad ines ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁sport ▁in ▁Saint ▁Vincent ▁and ▁the ▁Gren ad ines <0x0A> </s> ▁Gast on ▁is ▁a ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁name ▁or ▁surn ame . ▁It ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Pl aces : ▁ ▁Gast on , ▁California , ▁an ▁un inc or por ated ▁community ▁ ▁Fort ▁Gast on , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 , ▁abandoned ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁ ▁Gast on , ▁Indiana , ▁a ▁town ▁ ▁Gast on , ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁a ▁town ▁ ▁Gast on ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁ ▁Gast on
, ▁Oregon , ▁a ▁city ▁ ▁Gast on , ▁South ▁Carolina , ▁a ▁town ▁ ▁Gast on , ▁West ▁Virginia , ▁an ▁un inc or por ated ▁community ▁ ▁A ▁variant ▁sp elling ▁of ▁Gast un , ▁present - day ▁Bag ras , ▁a ▁Cr us ader ▁castle ▁in ▁Turkey ▁ ▁Other ▁uses : ▁ ▁Gast on ▁( com ics ), ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁comic ▁strip ▁by ▁André ▁Fr anqu in ▁ ▁Gast on ▁( cl im bing ), ▁the ▁climbing ▁technique ▁named ▁after ▁Gast on ▁Ré buff at ▁ ▁Gast on ▁College , ▁a ▁community ▁college ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁ ▁Hur ricane ▁Gast on ▁ ▁T rop ical ▁Storm ▁Gast on ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁" G ast on " ▁( s ong ), ▁a ▁song ▁from ▁Disney ' s ▁Beaut y ▁and ▁the ▁Be ast <0x0A> </s> ▁El bow ▁Peak ▁is ▁a ▁peak ▁in ▁Ant ar ct ica , ▁ ▁high , ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁southern most ▁bend ▁of ▁the ▁Ber qu ist ▁Ridge ▁in ▁the ▁Ne pt une ▁Range ▁of ▁the ▁P ens ac ola ▁Mountains , ▁Ant ar ct ica . ▁It ▁was ▁mapped ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Ge ological ▁Survey ▁from ▁surveys ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁air ▁photos , ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 6 6 . ▁The ▁name ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁Advis ory ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Names ▁describes ▁the ▁peak ' s ▁position ▁along ▁the ▁r idge . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁Land
▁Category : P ens ac ola ▁Mountains <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁Cup ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁annual ▁season ▁of ▁Ukraine ' s ▁football ▁knock out ▁competition . ▁The ▁decision ▁on ▁a ▁schedule ▁of ▁compet itions ▁for ▁clubs ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁and ▁Second ▁League ▁and ▁amateur ▁le agues ▁composition ▁was ▁confirmed ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁at ▁a ▁session ▁of ▁Central ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁Professional ▁Football ▁League ▁of ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁Team ▁allocation ▁▁ ▁Th irty ▁nine ▁teams ▁entered ▁into ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁Cup ▁competition . ▁There ▁were ▁several ▁changes ▁implemented ▁for ▁the ▁competition . ▁Prior ▁to ▁each ▁round ' s ▁draw , ▁starting ▁from ▁the ▁competition ▁proper ▁( Round ▁of ▁ 3 2 ) ▁seed ings ▁were ▁introduced ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁team ' s ▁ranking ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁respective ▁league ▁competition . ▁The ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 , ▁quarter ▁fin als ▁and ▁semi ▁fin als ▁will ▁be ▁played ▁as ▁two ▁le gged ▁fi xtures . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁Round ▁and ▁draw ▁dates ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁schedule ▁ ▁Pre liminary ▁Round ▁( 1 / 6 4 ) ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁round ▁entered ▁ 4 ▁clubs ▁from ▁the ▁First ▁League , ▁ 8 ▁clubs ▁from ▁the ▁Second ▁League ▁and ▁the ▁final ists ▁of ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁Am ateur ▁Cup . ▁The ▁round ▁matches ▁were ▁played ▁on ▁ 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Notes : ▁▁ ▁M aki y iv v uh illy a
▁M aki y iv ka ▁did ▁not ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁competition ▁due ▁to ▁not ▁having ▁enough ▁funds ▁to ▁travel ▁outside ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁where ▁war ▁conditions ▁exist ▁in ▁Don et sk . ▁▁ ▁The ▁match ▁was ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁Stadium ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁State ▁Tax ation ▁Service ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁in ▁Ir pin . ▁▁ ▁The ▁match ▁was ▁played ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Round ▁of ▁ 3 2 ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁round ▁all ▁ 1 4 ▁teams ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁Premier ▁League , ▁ 1 1 ▁clubs ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁First ▁League ▁( except ▁D ynam o - 2 ▁Ky iv ) ▁and ▁ 7 ▁winners ▁from ▁the ▁Pre liminary ▁round ▁enter ▁this ▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁competition ▁which ▁also ▁includes ▁ 4 ▁teams ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁Second ▁League ▁and ▁last ▁season ' s ▁Ukrain ian ▁Am ateur ▁Cup ▁final ist . ▁The ▁draw ▁for ▁this ▁round ▁was ▁held ▁ 1 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Football ▁in ▁K iev . ▁ ▁The ▁round ▁matches ▁are ▁scheduled ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁{{ foot ball ▁box ▁coll aps ible ▁\| id ="" ▁ ▁\| date = ▁\| round = ▁\| time = ▁\| team 1 = ▁St al ▁Al che v sk ▁( 1 L
) ▁ ▁\| score = ▁w / o \| report = ▁▁ ▁\| team 2 = ▁ ▁( 1 L ) ▁St al ▁D n ip rod zer zh yn sk ▁\| go als 1 = ▁ ▁\| go als 2 = ▁ ▁\| stad ium = ▁\| att endance = ▁ ▁\| ref eree = ▁N / A ▁}} ▁ ▁Notes : ▁ ▁The ▁match ▁between ▁FC ▁T ern op il ▁and ▁FC ▁O le ks and ri ya ▁has ▁been ▁brought ▁forward ▁one ▁day ▁due ▁to ▁schedule ▁conflict ▁as ▁two ▁games ▁are ▁scheduled ▁at ▁T ern op il ▁City ▁Stadium ▁( the ▁other ▁being ▁between ▁Ny va ▁and ▁V ors k la ). ▁▁ ▁М atch ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁Stadium ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁State ▁Tax ation ▁Service ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁in ▁Ir pin , ▁since ▁Cha ika ' s ▁home ▁ground ▁K oz ak ▁Arena ▁in ▁Pet rop av liv sk ▁B orsch ah iv ka , ▁Ky iv - S vi at osh yn ▁Ra ion ▁is ▁un su itable ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁artificial ▁surface . ▁▁ ▁Match ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁August , ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁by ▁mutual ▁agreement ▁of ▁the ▁teams . ▁▁ ▁Match ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁August , ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁by ▁mutual ▁agreement ▁of ▁the ▁teams . ▁▁ ▁St al ▁Al che v sk ▁withd rew ▁from ▁the ▁competition . ▁St al ▁D n ip rod zer zh yn sk ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁round ▁of
▁the ▁competition . ▁ ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁round ▁ 1 3 ▁teams ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁Premier ▁League , ▁ 3 ▁clubs ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁First ▁League . ▁The ▁round ▁matches ▁are ▁played ▁in ▁two ▁legs . ▁The ▁first ▁leg ▁will ▁be ▁played ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁through ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁leg ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁draw ▁for ▁this ▁round ▁was ▁held ▁ 2 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Football ▁in ▁K iev . ▁ ▁First ▁leg ▁ ▁Second ▁leg ▁On ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁Administration ▁of ▁the ▁Premier ▁League ▁approved ▁dates ▁and ▁times ▁for ▁second ▁leg ▁games ▁of ▁the ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 . ▁ ▁Sh ak ht ar ▁won ▁ 9 – 2 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁ ▁D n ip ro ▁won ▁ 4 – 1 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁ ▁O limp ik ▁won ▁ 6 – 0 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁ ▁D ynam o ▁won ▁ 2 – 0 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁ ▁V ors k la ▁won ▁ 4 – 2 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁▁ 3 – 3 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁Ch orn om ore ts ▁won ▁ 4 – 2 ▁on ▁pen alties . ▁▁ 3 – 3 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁Metal ist ▁won
▁on ▁away ▁goals . ▁ ▁Z ory a ▁won ▁ 2 – 1 ▁on ▁aggregate . Not es : ▁Origin ally ▁scheduled ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁game ▁Sh ak ht ar ▁– ▁Pol t ava ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁earlier ▁date . ▁▁ ▁Origin ally ▁scheduled ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁games ▁D n ip ro ▁– ▁Vol yn , ▁D ynam o ▁– ▁Kar pat y , ▁and ▁Metal ist ▁– ▁H over la ▁were ▁moved ▁to ▁earlier ▁dates . ▁ ▁Quarter fin als ▁In ▁this ▁round ▁enter ▁the ▁eight ▁winners ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁round . ▁All ▁the ▁teams ▁are ▁from ▁the ▁Premier ▁League . ▁The ▁draw ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Football ▁in ▁K iev ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁The ▁first ▁leg ▁matches ▁were ▁scheduled ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁on ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁but ▁due ▁to ▁weather ▁conditions ▁the ▁Premier ▁League ▁has ▁res cheduled ▁the ▁match ▁to ▁the ▁spring ▁pending ▁confirmation ▁by ▁the ▁Football ▁Federation ▁of ▁Ukraine . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁Premier ▁League ▁administration ▁approved ▁dates ▁and ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁leg . ▁ ▁First ▁leg Not es :' ▁Origin ally ▁scheduled ▁on ▁ 4 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁game ▁Ch orn om ore ts ▁– ▁D n ip ro ▁was ▁post pon ed . ▁ ▁Second ▁leg O limp ik ▁won ▁ 1 –
0 ▁on ▁aggregate . D ynam o ▁won ▁ 4 – 1 ▁on ▁aggregate . Sh ak ht ar ▁won ▁ 3 – 0 ▁on ▁aggregate . D n ip ro ▁won ▁ 5 – 0 ▁on ▁aggregate . Sem if inals ▁In ▁this ▁round ▁enter ▁the ▁four ▁winners ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁round . ▁All ▁the ▁teams ▁are ▁from ▁the ▁Premier ▁League . ▁The ▁draw ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Football ▁in ▁K iev ▁on ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁First ▁leg ▁ ▁Second ▁leg D ynam o ▁won ▁ 4 – 1 ▁on ▁aggregate . Sh ak ht ar ▁won ▁ 2 – 1 ▁on ▁aggregate .' ' ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Top ▁goal sc or ers ▁The ▁competition ' s ▁top ▁ten ▁goal sc or ers ▁including ▁qual ification ▁rounds . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁Res erves ▁and ▁Under ▁ 1 9 ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁Ukrain ian ▁Second ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Cup ▁Ukrain ian ▁Cup ▁Category : U kr ain ian ▁Cup <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁E rie ▁Land ▁Light , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Old ▁Pres que ▁Is le ▁Light , ▁is ▁a ▁l ighth ouse ▁on ▁the ▁shore ▁of ▁Lake
▁E rie ▁in ▁E rie , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁l ighth ouses ▁in ▁E rie , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Pres que ▁Is le ▁Light ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁Pier ▁Light . ▁The ▁l ighth ouse ▁is ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁bl uffs ▁over looking ▁the ▁lake ▁in ▁L ighth ouse ▁Park ▁east ▁of ▁downtown ▁E rie . ▁ ▁The ▁l ighth ouse ▁was ▁originally ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁becoming ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁be ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes . ▁The ▁tower ▁was ▁replaced ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ; ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁poor ▁found ations ▁and ▁soil ▁quality , ▁it ▁sank ▁into ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁current ▁structure ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁service ▁until ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁re activ ated ▁five ▁years ▁later ▁before ▁being ▁permanently ▁de comm ission ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁Both ▁the ▁l enses ▁and ▁lan tern ▁were ▁eventually ▁removed . ▁The ▁E rie ▁Land ▁Light ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁E rie ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁and ▁was ▁documented ▁by ▁the ▁Historic ▁American ▁Build ings ▁Survey ▁( H AB S ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Design ▁ ▁The ▁E rie ▁Land ▁Light ▁consists
▁of ▁a ▁sand stone ▁tower ▁and ▁a ▁small , ▁one - story ▁building ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁tower ' s ▁southern ▁side ; ▁the ▁entire ▁structure ▁was ▁constructed ▁from ▁Bere a ▁sand stone ▁lined ▁with ▁brick . ▁The ▁l ighth ouse ▁tower ▁is ▁ ▁with ▁a ▁diameter ▁of ▁ ▁tap ering ▁to ▁. ▁The ▁interior ▁diameter ▁of ▁the ▁tower ▁is ▁ ▁and ▁contains ▁a ▁cast ▁iron , ▁sp iral ▁stair case ▁with ▁ 6 9 steps . ▁The ▁balcon y ▁where ▁the ▁lan tern ▁room ▁sits ▁is ▁ ▁wide . ▁The ▁structure ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁tower ▁is ▁ ▁wide , ▁ ▁long , ▁and ▁ ▁tall ; ▁it ▁is ▁separated ▁from ▁the ▁tower ▁by ▁ ▁steel ▁doors . ▁ ▁The ▁be acon ▁itself , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁operation , ▁was ▁fuel ed ▁by ▁mineral ▁oil ▁and ▁exhib ited ▁a ▁fixed , ▁white ▁light . ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁f ocal ▁plane ▁ ▁above ▁mean ▁lake ▁level ▁and ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁. ▁When ▁the ▁current ▁l ighth ouse ▁was ▁built ▁a ▁third - order ▁F res nel ▁lens ▁was ▁installed ; ▁the ▁lens ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁another ▁l ighth ouse ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁de activ ated . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁tower ▁is ▁equipped ▁with ▁a ▁modern ▁marine ▁navig ational ▁be acon . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 0 , ▁Congress ▁authorized ▁the ▁construction ▁and ▁appropri ated ▁$ 1 , 6 0 0 ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁l ighth ouses ▁on ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes ; ▁one ▁to ▁be ▁located ▁at ▁"
the ▁jun ction ▁of ▁Buffalo ▁Creek ▁and ▁Lake ▁E rie " ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁" on ▁or ▁near ▁". ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁of ▁land ▁over looking ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁channel ▁into ▁Pres que ▁Is le ▁Bay ▁was ▁c ed ed ▁by ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁John ▁Kel so ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁milit ia ▁on ▁April 2 , ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁for ▁the ▁l ighth ouse . ▁Both ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Buffalo ▁Main ▁Light ▁and ▁the ▁E rie ▁Land ▁Light ▁were ▁delayed ▁until ▁ 1 8 1 8 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 5 8 , ▁the ▁original , ▁square , ▁ ▁tower ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁sink ▁into ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁second ▁tower ▁was ▁a ▁, ▁cyl ind rical ▁tower ▁built ▁from ▁" Mil w au kee ▁brick ". ▁The ▁foundation ▁of ▁this ▁tower ▁was ▁also ▁unable ▁to ▁cope ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁replaced ▁again ▁by ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁An ▁investigation ▁found ▁that ▁a ▁layer ▁of ▁quick s and ▁was ▁below ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁E rie ▁Land ▁Light . ▁To ▁ensure ▁the ▁third ▁tower ▁remain ▁st ur dy , ▁unlike ▁its ▁predecess ors , ▁the ▁foundation ▁was ▁dug ▁ ▁deep . ▁Eight ▁courses ▁of ▁oak ▁tim bers ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁long ▁formed ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁foundation . ▁At op ▁the ▁tim ber ▁was ▁poured ▁ ▁of ▁Portland ▁cement ▁mixed ▁with ▁crushed ▁lim estone ; ▁stone ▁ ▁thick ▁was ▁laid ▁on ▁the ▁cement . ▁The ▁third ▁tower ▁was ▁built ▁from ▁sand stone
. ▁The ▁F res nel ▁lens ▁that ▁was ▁installed ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁tower ▁cost ▁$ 7 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁shipped ▁from ▁Paris , ▁France . ▁A ▁two - story , ▁salt box ▁light keeper ' s ▁house ▁was ▁also ▁built ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁the ▁naval ▁inspect or ▁for ▁the ▁l ighth ouse ▁district , ▁the ▁E rie ▁Land ▁Light ▁was ▁de activ ated ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 ; ▁it ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁$ 1 , 8 0 0 . ▁After ▁much ▁public ▁out c ry , ▁the ▁l ighth ouse ▁was ▁rep urch ased ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁for ▁double ▁the ▁amount ▁and ▁was ▁re activ ated ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁by ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁Congress . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 6 , ▁the ▁l ighth ouse ▁was ▁again ▁de comm ission ed , ▁though ▁care t akers ▁were ▁still ▁appointed ▁and ▁the ▁be acon ▁continued ▁to ▁operate ▁until De cember ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁finally ▁ex ting u ished . ▁The ▁l enses ▁were ▁removed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁and ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Mar ble head ▁Light ▁in ▁Ohio . ▁After ▁the ▁lan tern ▁room ▁was ▁removed , ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁tower ▁was ▁covered ▁in ▁tar ▁paper . ▁The ▁l ighth ouse ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁E rie ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁ ▁Modern ▁use ▁and ▁restoration ▁ ▁The ▁E rie
▁Land ▁Light ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁on ▁March 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁A ▁wooden ▁re plica ▁of ▁the ▁lan tern ▁room ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁tower ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁was ▁rel it ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁The ▁re plica ▁lan tern ▁room ▁was ▁eventually ▁blown ▁off ▁of ▁the ▁tower ▁on ▁May ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁during ▁a ▁wind storm . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁The ▁Pennsylvania ▁Department ▁of ▁Transport ation ▁and ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Historical ▁and ▁Museum ▁Commission ▁provided ▁$ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁grants ▁for ▁restoration ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁l ighth ouse . ▁The ▁l ighth ouses ▁interior ▁stairs ▁and ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 br icks ▁were ▁replaced , ▁and ▁a ▁ ▁copper ▁re plica ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁lan tern ▁room ▁was ▁built . ▁The ▁lan tern ▁was ▁ho isted ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁l ighth ouse ▁on ▁March 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁restoration ▁was ▁completed ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁E rie – W estern ▁Pennsylvania ▁Port ▁Authority ▁proposed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁take ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁Land ▁Light ▁from ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁increase ▁its ▁tour ism ▁potential , ▁and , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁to ▁assume ▁responsibility ▁for ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁the ▁grounds
▁surrounding ▁the ▁l ighth ouse . ▁The ▁l ighth ouse ▁is ▁opened ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁annually ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁as ▁a ▁fund ra iser ▁for ▁the ▁E rie ▁Play house . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁L ighth ouses ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁list ings ▁in ▁E rie ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁E rie ▁Land ▁( L ake ▁E rie ) ▁Light ▁( Am ateur ▁Radio ▁L ighth ouse ▁Society ) ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁E rie , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : L ighth ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁Category : L ighth ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁E rie , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : 1 8 6 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁E rie ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Transport ation ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁E rie ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : L ighth ouses ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁L akes <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ch ang he ▁A 6 ▁is ▁a ▁compact ▁sedan ▁produced ▁by ▁BA IC ▁under ▁the ▁Ch ang he ▁subs idi ary . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁The ▁Ch ang he ▁A 6 ▁compact ▁sedan ▁shares ▁the ▁same ▁platform ▁with ▁the ▁second ▁generation ▁Sen ova ▁D 5 0 , ▁and ▁the ▁engine ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁M its ub ishi - s our ced
▁ 1 . 5 ▁liter ▁producing ▁ 1 1 6 ▁h p ▁and ▁ 1 4 2 ▁N m ▁of ▁tor que ▁used ▁by ▁Sen ova ▁D 5 0 . ▁Pr ices ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ang he ▁A 6 ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 6 9 , 8 0 0 ▁to ▁ 9 9 , 8 0 0 ▁y uan . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁BA IC ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Ch ang he ▁vehicles ▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : Comp act ▁cars ▁Category : Front - wheel - drive ▁vehicles ▁Category : S ed ans ▁Category : V eh icles ▁with ▁C VT ▁transmission ▁Category : C ars ▁of ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁m anga ▁series ▁by ▁S ob or ou . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁serialized ▁in ▁K od ans ha ' s ▁seinen ▁m anga ▁magazine ▁Week ly ▁Young ▁Magazine ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁collected ▁in ▁ten ▁tank ō bon ▁volumes . ▁Each ▁volume ▁features ▁different ▁pairs ▁of ▁female ▁teachers ▁and ▁their ▁male ▁students ▁as ▁they ▁inev itably ▁end ▁up ▁in ▁awkward , ▁embarrass ing ▁situations . ▁An ▁anime ▁television ▁series ▁adaptation ▁by ▁T ear ▁Studio ▁a ired ▁from ▁April ▁ 8 ▁to ▁June ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Summary ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁follow ▁male ▁High ▁school ▁students ▁ ▁keeps ▁finding ▁them self ▁in ▁er otic ▁situations ▁with ▁their ▁female ▁teachers . ▁While ▁the ▁situ asion
▁is ▁often ▁hilar iously ▁funny , ▁there ' s ▁also ▁valuable ▁story ▁in ▁this ▁series . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁volumes , ▁the ▁recently ▁graduated ▁male ▁students ▁and ▁female ▁teachers ▁becoming ▁a ▁real ▁couple . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁Te achers ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁title ▁character ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁Japanese ▁language ▁teacher ▁at ▁ ▁who ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁ ▁to ▁many ▁students . ▁However , ▁when ▁she ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁Ich ir ō ▁Sat ō , ▁she ▁is ▁shy ▁and ▁cl um sy , ▁and ▁they ▁end ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁er otic ▁situations . ▁It ▁is ▁revealed ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁home ▁town ▁as ▁S ato ' s ▁mother . ▁As ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁student , ▁she ▁was ▁shy ▁and ▁wore ▁glasses , ▁but ▁was ▁encouraged ▁by ▁S ato ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁teacher . ▁Starting ▁in ▁volume ▁ 2 , ▁she ▁and ▁S ato ▁are ▁a ▁couple . ▁A ▁bonus ▁chapter ▁in ▁Volume ▁ 1 ▁shows ▁that ▁she ▁visits ▁him ▁often ▁while ▁he ▁is ▁in ▁college . ▁She ▁and ▁I chi ro ▁later ▁get ▁engaged ▁and ▁are ▁living ▁together ▁by ▁Volume ▁ 6 . ▁▁ ▁K aw an uma ▁West ▁art ▁teacher ▁and ▁student ▁council ▁adv iser . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁pet ite ▁woman ▁who ▁styles ▁her ▁hair ▁in ▁bra ids ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁well - end owed ▁chest . ▁She ▁is ▁well - lik ed ▁by ▁the ▁students ▁who ▁call ▁her ▁ ▁as ▁she ▁is ▁kind ▁and ▁gentle . ▁Like ▁K oj ima , ▁she ▁becomes ▁really
▁cl um sy ▁and ▁air - headed ▁when ▁she ' s ▁around ▁the ▁guy ▁she ▁likes , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁R in ▁Suz uki , ▁who ▁helped ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁trying ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁her ▁teacher ▁certification ▁exam ▁on ▁time . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁she ▁and ▁R in ▁Suz uki ▁get ▁married . ▁▁ ▁A ▁physical ▁education ▁teacher ▁from ▁K aw an uma ▁East . ▁She ▁is ▁m isch iev ous ▁and ▁free - spir ited , ▁and ▁is ▁liked ▁by ▁her ▁students . ▁She ▁adv ises ▁the ▁student ▁council ▁and ▁coaches ▁the ▁swim ▁team . ▁She ▁acts ▁very ▁casual ▁around ▁Tak ashi . ▁▁ ▁The ▁K aw an uma ▁East ▁school ▁nurse . ▁She ▁has ▁light ▁grey ▁hair . ▁Her ▁nick name ▁is ▁ ▁for ▁her ▁cold ▁and ▁expression less ▁attitude ▁towards ▁the ▁students . ▁Init ially ▁wanting ▁to ▁relate ▁better ▁with ▁students ▁in ▁general , ▁she ▁takes ▁a ▁lik ing ▁to ▁Ko ▁Tan aka , ▁and ▁has ▁no ▁issue ▁with ▁changing ▁her ▁clothes ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁him . ▁She ▁eventually ▁accepts ▁his ▁conf ession ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁volume ▁and ▁they ▁lose ▁their ▁vir gin ity ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁in ▁a ▁love ▁hotel ▁in ▁the ▁bonus ▁chapter . ▁She ▁and ▁Tan aka ▁become ▁a ▁married ▁couple ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁daughter ▁by ▁Volume ▁ 8 . ▁▁ ▁A ▁new ▁assistant ▁language ▁teacher ▁at ▁K aw an uma ▁West . ▁She ▁is ▁ 1 6 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁school mate ▁of ▁S aya ▁and ▁Y
or ito . ▁She ▁had ▁sk ipped ▁a ▁few ▁grades , ▁studied ▁abroad ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁university , ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Japan . ▁She ▁likes ▁Y or ito ▁and ▁hopes ▁to ▁win ▁his ▁aff e ctions . ▁▁▁ ▁A ▁ge ography ▁and ▁history ▁teacher ▁at ▁As a oka ▁Private ▁Senior ▁High , ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁pet ite ▁woman ▁with ▁long ▁dark ▁hair ▁who ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" st alk er ▁ghost " ▁for ▁appearing ▁suddenly ▁near ▁students ▁and ▁revealing ▁their ▁personal ▁information , ▁which ▁she ▁studied ▁so ▁she ▁could ▁become ▁closer ▁with ▁her ▁students . ▁▁▁ ▁A ▁young ▁woman ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁prominent ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁Japanese ▁id ol ▁girl ▁group ▁called ▁. ▁She ▁and ▁Yam ato ▁are ▁childhood ▁friends ▁that ▁Yam ato ▁calls ▁her ▁Sak ura - ne e - chan . ▁She ▁is ▁secret ly ▁a ▁very ▁serious ▁person ▁who ▁studies ▁all ▁the ▁time , ▁and ▁becomes ▁a ▁student ▁teacher ▁at ▁As a oka ▁High ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁O u ka ▁Ok am oto ▁and ▁we ars ▁glasses ▁and ▁has ▁plain ▁black ▁hair . ▁ ▁Students ▁▁▁ ▁An ▁ 1 8 ▁year ▁old ▁K aw an uma ▁West ▁High ▁School ▁student ▁in ▁his ▁third ▁year ▁who ▁continues ▁to ▁find ▁himself ▁involved ▁in ▁embarrass ing ▁situations ▁with ▁his ▁teacher ▁K ana ▁K oj ima . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁student ▁who ▁is ▁ready ▁to ▁graduate ▁and ▁move ▁on ▁to ▁university . ▁In ▁Volume ▁ 2 , ▁he ▁reveals ▁to ▁his ▁friend ▁R in ▁Suz uki ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁K ana ▁are
▁dating . ▁In ▁the ▁Volume ▁ 1 ▁bonus ▁chapter , ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁university ▁student ▁who ▁is ▁frequently ▁visited ▁by ▁K ana . ▁▁▁ ▁A ▁second - year ▁student ▁at ▁K aw an uma ▁West . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁scary ▁appearance ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁size ▁and ▁his ▁eyes , ▁but ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Sat ō ▁since ▁junior ▁high . ▁Sat ō ▁asks ▁R in ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁make ▁new ▁friends ▁since ▁he ▁is ▁gradu ating ▁and ▁spending ▁more ▁time ▁with ▁K ana . ▁R in ▁struggles ▁in ▁that ▁aspect , ▁but ▁more ▁often ▁than ▁not , ▁he ▁finds ▁himself ▁in ▁embarrass ing ▁situations ▁with ▁teacher ▁May u ▁M ats uk aze . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁he ▁and ▁May u ▁get ▁married . ▁▁ ▁May u ' s ▁younger ▁sister , ▁a ▁high ▁school ▁student ▁at ▁K aw an uma ▁West ▁and ▁the ▁student ▁council ▁tre as urer . ▁She ▁we ars ▁glasses , ▁and ▁is ▁more ▁sensible ▁than ▁her ▁air - headed ▁sister . ▁She ▁later ▁becomes ▁the ▁student ▁council ▁president . ▁▁ ▁A ▁first - year ▁student ▁at ▁K aw an uma ▁East ▁and ▁the ▁student ▁council ▁tre as urer . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁neighbor ▁to ▁Haz ak ura - s ense i , ▁whom ▁he ▁calls ▁H ika , ▁but ▁is ▁always ▁being ▁treated ▁like ▁a ▁kid ▁by ▁her . ▁▁ ▁A ▁third - year ▁student ▁at ▁K aw an uma ▁East , ▁and ▁friend ▁of ▁S ato ▁and ▁Suz uki ▁from ▁junior ▁high . ▁He ▁was ▁a
▁student ▁council ▁president . ▁Three ▁months ▁prior ▁to ▁gradu ating , ▁he ▁sw ears ▁he ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁girlfriend , ▁but ▁ends ▁up ▁in ▁embarrass ing ▁situations ▁with ▁T ach ib ana . ▁His ▁love ▁conf ession ▁is ▁eventually ▁accepted ▁after ▁he ▁gradu ates . ▁▁ ▁A ▁first - year ▁student ▁at ▁K aw an uma ▁West ▁when ▁S aya ▁becomes ▁a ▁third - year . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁crush ▁on ▁S aya , ▁but ▁more ▁often ▁than ▁not , ▁finds ▁himself ▁in ▁embarrass ing ▁situations ▁with ▁Frances ca ▁Hom ura . ▁▁▁ ▁A ▁third - year ▁high ▁school ▁student ▁at ▁As a oka ▁High ▁who ▁doesn ' t ▁go ▁to ▁school ▁but ▁sp ends ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁working . ▁He ▁ends ▁up ▁being ▁with ▁In ok awa - s ense i ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁situations . ▁He ▁starts ▁dating ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁bonus ▁chapter . ▁▁▁ ▁He ▁is ▁childhood ▁friends ▁with ▁Sak ura ▁Ok am oto , ▁who ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁famous , ▁and ▁is ▁shocked ▁to ▁discover ▁she ▁has ▁become ▁his ▁teacher . ▁He ▁is ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁track ▁team . ▁ ▁Media ▁ ▁M anga ▁ ▁Why ▁the ▁Hell ▁are ▁You ▁Here , ▁Te acher ! ? ▁is ▁written ▁and ▁illustrated ▁by ▁S ob or ou . ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁initially ▁published ▁in ▁K od ans ha ' s ▁Week ly ▁Young ▁Magazine ▁as ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁one - shots ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁Golden ▁Times . ▁It ▁began ▁serial ization ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁magazine ▁on ▁April ▁ 2
4 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁N ine ▁tank ō bon ▁volumes ▁of ▁the ▁m anga ▁have ▁been ▁released ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁An ime ▁ ▁An ▁anime ▁television ▁series ▁adaptation ▁was ▁announced ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 4 th ▁issue ▁of ▁Week ly ▁Young ▁Magazine ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁T osh ik ats u ▁Tok oro ▁and ▁animated ▁by ▁T ear ▁Studio . ▁Character ▁designs ▁for ▁the ▁series ▁were ▁done ▁by ▁Kaz uh iko ▁Tam ura . ▁Y ū ki ▁Tak ab ay ashi ▁and ▁Y uri ▁F uj im aru ▁handled ▁the ▁series ▁composition , ▁while ▁Hir aku ▁Kan ek o ▁served ▁as ▁chief ▁director ▁and ▁G in ▁composed ▁the ▁music . ▁The ▁series ▁a ired ▁from ▁April ▁ 8 ▁to ▁June ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁on ▁Tokyo ▁M X , ▁BS 1 1 , ▁and ▁AT - X . ▁Sum ire ▁U es aka ▁performed ▁the ▁series ' ▁opening ▁theme ▁song ▁. ▁The ▁series ' ▁ending ▁theme ▁is ▁, ▁with ▁U es aka , ▁Y ū ko ▁Got ō , ▁Sh iz u ka ▁I sh ig ami , ▁and ▁No z omi ▁Yam am oto ▁each ▁performing ▁a ▁version ▁as ▁their ▁respective ▁characters . ▁S ent ai ▁Film works ▁licensed ▁the ▁series ▁for ▁worldwide ▁regions , ▁excl uding ▁Asia . ▁The ▁series ▁ran ▁for ▁ 1 2 ▁episodes . ▁An ▁una ired ▁episode ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁anime ' s ▁Bl
u - ray ▁box , ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁On ▁July ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁S ent ai ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁producing ▁a ▁dub ▁for ▁the ▁series . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁An ime ▁News ▁Network ▁review ers ▁had ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁about ▁the ▁anime ▁show . ▁James ▁Beck ett ▁wrote , ▁" This ▁isn ' t ▁a ▁' good ' ▁show , ▁but ▁God ▁help ▁me , ▁I ▁chuck led ▁a ▁little ▁at ▁just ▁how ▁un ash amed ▁it ▁was ." ▁Lyn ze e ▁L over idge ▁wrote ▁that ▁" it ' s ▁edited ▁porn ▁air ing ▁on ▁a ▁Japanese ▁satellite ▁station ." ▁Nick ▁C ream er ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁episode ▁" def initely ▁knows ▁how ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁sex ually ▁charged ▁scene , ▁and ▁even ▁has ▁the ▁production ▁values ▁to ▁make ▁its ▁characters ▁look ▁genuinely ▁attractive ." ▁Th eron ▁Martin ▁wrote ▁" If ▁you ▁find ▁supp os itories ▁and ▁someone ▁holding ▁in ▁pe e ▁to ▁be ▁sexy ▁then ▁you ▁might ▁like ▁this ▁one , ▁but ▁it ' s ▁definitely ▁aimed ▁only ▁at ▁a ▁certain ▁kind ▁of ▁k ink ." ▁ ▁Allen ▁M ood y ▁of ▁THE M ▁An ime ▁Reviews ▁gave ▁the ▁anime ▁show ▁ 1 ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 ▁stars , ▁not icing ▁the ▁" t ires om ely ▁repet itive ▁fan service ▁formula ▁in ▁use " ▁and ▁heavy ▁c ensor ing ▁that ▁" None ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁really ▁funny - ▁as ▁presented
, ▁it ' s ▁not ▁sexy ▁either - " ▁He ▁found ▁the ▁g rop ing ▁scenes ▁to ▁be ▁end lessly ▁repet itive , ▁and ▁" al ong ▁with ▁all ▁the ▁related ▁hum iliation ▁and ▁embarrass ment ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁here , ▁that ▁finally ▁completely ▁wore ▁out ▁my ▁patience ". ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Works ▁cited ▁▁▁ ▁" Ch ." ▁is ▁short ened ▁form ▁for ▁chapter ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁chapter ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁Why ▁the ▁Hell ▁are ▁You ▁Here , ▁Te acher ! ? ▁m anga ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : An ime ▁series ▁based ▁on ▁m anga ▁Category : K od ans ha ▁m anga ▁Category : Rom antic ▁comedy ▁anime ▁and ▁m anga ▁Category : Se inen ▁m anga ▁Category : Sent ai ▁Film works ▁Category : S ex ▁comedy ▁anime ▁and ▁m anga ▁Category : T ear ▁Studio <0x0A> </s> ▁Andrew ▁( And y ) ▁Miller ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁professional ▁rugby ▁player ▁from ▁New ▁Zealand ▁who ▁played ▁fly ▁half ▁and ▁represented ▁the ▁Japan ▁national ▁rugby ▁union ▁team . ▁ ▁Miller ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁Bay ▁of ▁Pl enty ▁and ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Super ▁ 1 2 ▁season ▁for ▁the ▁Can ter bury ▁Cr us aders , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Japan ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁the ▁K ob el co ▁Steel ers . ▁ ▁After ▁qual ifying ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁ ▁through ▁resid ency , ▁Miller ▁made ▁his ▁international
▁debut ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁against ▁. ▁Graham ▁Henry ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁have ▁pushed ▁for ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁All ▁Black s ▁side . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁Japan ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Rug by ▁World ▁Cup . ▁where ▁he ▁kept ▁the ▁leading ▁Japanese ▁points ▁sc orer ▁of ▁all ▁time ▁Ke iji ▁H iro se ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁and ▁was ▁cred ited ▁with ▁helping ▁them ▁to ▁some ▁cred ible ▁performances ▁and ▁was ▁noted ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁Japan ' s ▁best ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁tournament . ▁He ▁notably ▁scored ▁a ▁ 5 2 - met re ▁drop ▁goal ▁against ▁ ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁longest ▁in ▁Rug by ▁World ▁Cup ▁history . ▁ ▁He ▁didn ' t ▁play ▁again ▁for ▁Japan ▁after ▁the ▁World ▁Cup ▁after ▁they ▁briefly ▁made ▁a ▁policy ▁not ▁to ▁select ▁foreign ▁born ▁players ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁and ▁Miller ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁South land . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Miller ' s ▁career ▁bl oss oms ▁after ▁Japan ▁move ▁- ▁Rug by ▁Heaven , ▁ 1 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Japan ▁show ▁size ▁is ▁not ▁everything ▁- ▁Elect ronic ▁Tele graph , ▁ 2 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Andy ▁J . ▁Miller ▁profile ▁- ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Rug by ▁History ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁Category : K ob
el co ▁Steel ers ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : J apan ▁international ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁exp atri ate ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Bay ▁of ▁Pl enty ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁Category : South land ▁St ags ▁players ▁Category : C rus aders ▁( rug by ▁union ) ▁players ▁Category : Super ▁Rug by ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁former ▁competitive ▁figure ▁sk ater . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Four ▁Contin ents ▁silver ▁medal ist , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Four ▁Contin ents ▁bronze ▁medal ist , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Final ▁bronze ▁medal ist , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Asian ▁Winter ▁Games ▁champion , ▁and ▁a ▁three - time ▁( 2 0 0 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁Japanese ▁national ▁bronze ▁medal ist . ▁Nak ano ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁nine ▁female ▁sk aters ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁triple ▁Ax el ▁in ▁international ▁competition . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Y uk ari ▁Nak ano ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁in ▁K ō nan , ▁A ichi ▁P ref ect ure . ▁She ▁has ▁two ▁elder ▁siblings , ▁a ▁brother ▁and ▁sister . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Nak ano ▁en rolled ▁at ▁W ased a ▁University
▁in ▁Tokyo . ▁She ▁earned ▁her ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁from ▁W ased a , ▁having ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Grad uate ▁School ▁of ▁Human ▁Sciences . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁she ▁began ▁working ▁for ▁Fu ji ▁Television ' s ▁Sports ▁Division , ▁becoming ▁a ▁director ▁and ▁journalist . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Nak ano ▁married ▁her ▁long time ▁boyfriend . ▁ ▁Career ▁Nak ano ▁started ▁sk ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁at ▁the ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Tok ai ▁Figure ▁Sk ating ▁Club , ▁where ▁Mach iko ▁Yam ada ▁was ▁coaching . ▁Nak ano ▁met ▁Mid ori ▁I to ▁there , ▁who ▁inspired ▁her ▁to ▁take ▁her ▁sk ating ▁seriously . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁junior ▁level , ▁Nak ano ▁won ▁two ▁IS U ▁Junior ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁events ▁and ▁earned ▁the ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁World ▁Junior ▁Championships . ▁ ▁At ▁her ▁first ▁senior ▁international ▁event , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Sk ate ▁America , ▁Nak ano ▁became ▁the ▁third ▁female ▁sk ater ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁sport ▁to ▁land ▁a ▁triple ▁ax el ▁in ▁an ▁IS U ▁san ction ed ▁competition , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁have ▁done ▁so ▁in ▁ten ▁years . ▁She ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁land ▁a ▁triple ▁ax el - double ▁toe ▁loop ▁combinations ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Japanese ▁Nation als , ▁the ▁West ▁Japan ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁K anto ▁G ak use i ▁Fre
esk ating ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Nak ano ▁won ▁her ▁first ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁med als ▁in ▁her ▁fourth ▁season ▁on ▁the ▁circuit : ▁bronze ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Sk ate ▁Canada ▁International ▁and ▁gold ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁N H K ▁Tro phy . ▁She ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁Figure ▁Sk ating ▁Final ▁where ▁she ▁took ▁the ▁bronze . ▁She ▁landed ▁triple ▁ax els ▁in ▁five ▁consecutive ▁compet itions ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁( Y aman ashi ▁K ok ut ai ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁K anto ▁G ak use i ▁Fre esk ating ▁Championships , ▁Tokyo ▁Figure ▁Sk ating ▁Championships , ▁Sk ate ▁Canada ▁International , ▁and ▁Asian ▁Figure ▁Sk ating ▁Championships ). ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Sk ate ▁Canada , ▁she ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁land ▁a ▁triple ▁ax el ▁under ▁the ▁IS U ▁Jud ging ▁System ▁in ▁IS U ▁Senior ▁level ▁competition . ▁She ▁placed ▁ 5 th ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁Nation als , ▁missing ▁a ▁ber th ▁on ▁the ▁Olympic ▁team . ▁At ▁the ▁World ▁Championships ▁she ▁finished ▁ 5 th ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 5 th ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁ 4 th ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁season , ▁Nak ano ▁won
▁the ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Sk ate ▁America ▁and ▁the ▁bronze ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁N H K ▁Tro phy . ▁She ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁Figure ▁Sk ating ▁Final , ▁where ▁she ▁placed ▁fifth . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁Japan ▁Figure ▁Sk ating ▁Championships , ▁Nak ano ▁led ▁after ▁the ▁short ▁program ▁but ▁three ▁of ▁her ▁j umps ▁were ▁down graded ▁in ▁the ▁free ▁sk ate , ▁resulting ▁in ▁her ▁placing ▁ 6 th ▁in ▁the ▁long ▁program ▁and ▁ 5 th ▁overall . ▁She ▁did ▁not ▁qualify ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁world ▁team . ▁ ▁At ▁her ▁assigned ▁events ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁series , ▁Nak ano ▁won ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Tro ph ée ▁Eric ▁B omp ard ▁and ▁finished ▁fourth ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁N H K ▁Tro phy . ▁Although ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ▁Japan ▁Championships , ▁she ▁was ▁not ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Olympic ▁team ; ▁fourth - place ▁fin isher ▁M iki ▁And o ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁first ▁Olympic ▁spot ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁highest ▁placement ▁as ▁a ▁Japanese ▁female ▁sk ater ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Final , ▁along ▁with
▁gold ▁and ▁silver ▁Japanese ▁medal ists ▁M ao ▁As ada ▁and ▁Ak iko ▁Suz uki . ▁ ▁Nak ano ▁retired ▁from ▁competitive ▁sk ating ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁injury ▁to ▁her ▁left ▁shoulder . ▁ ▁Tri ple ▁ax el ▁and ▁signature ▁moves ▁In ▁her ▁regional ▁competition ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season , ▁Nak ano ▁landed ▁her ▁first ▁clean ▁triple ▁ax el ▁in ▁two ▁years . ▁She ▁consistently ▁attempted ▁the ▁triple ▁ax el ▁that ▁season , ▁receiving ▁credit ▁for ▁it ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Sk ate ▁Canada ▁International , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Cup ▁of ▁Russia , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Final . ▁ ▁Nak ano ' s ▁signature ▁move ▁is ▁the ▁don ut ▁spin . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁leg ▁wrap ▁when ▁she ▁j umps . ▁ ▁Program s ▁ ▁Compet itive ▁highlights ▁GP : ▁Grand ▁Prix ; ▁J GP : ▁Junior ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁ ▁Det ailed ▁results ▁ ▁Post – 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁Pre – 2 0 0 2 ▁▁ ▁Q R ▁= ▁Qual ifying ▁round ; ▁SP ▁= ▁Short ▁program ; ▁F S ▁= ▁Free ▁sk ating ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : J apan ese ▁female ▁single ▁sk aters ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁K ō nan , ▁A ichi ▁Category : S
ports people ▁from ▁A ichi ▁P ref ect ure ▁Category : F our ▁Contin ents ▁Figure ▁Sk ating ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁Category : World ▁Junior ▁Figure ▁Sk ating ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁figure ▁sk ating ▁Category : Figure ▁sk aters ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Asian ▁Winter ▁Games ▁Category : Figure ▁sk aters ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Asian ▁Winter ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Japan ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Japan ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Asian ▁Winter ▁Games ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Asian ▁Winter ▁Games ▁Category : Univers i ade ▁medal ists ▁in ▁figure ▁sk ating ▁Category : Univers i ade ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Japan ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Winter ▁Univers i ade <0x0A> </s> ▁Sk ar vs nes ▁Fore land ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁extensive ▁fore land ▁sur mount ed ▁by ▁bare ▁rock ▁peaks ▁and ▁ind ented ▁by ▁several ▁c oves , ▁pro tr uding ▁into ▁the ▁east ▁part ▁of ▁L utz ow - Hol m ▁Bay , ▁Ant ar ct ica . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁mapped ▁by ▁Norweg ian ▁cart ograph ers ▁from ▁air ▁photos ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁Lars ▁Christ ensen ▁Ex ped ition ▁( L CE ) ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 6 – 3 7 . ▁Its ▁name ▁means ▁" bar ren ▁mountain ▁head
land ." ▁Most ▁other ▁features ▁on ▁the ▁fore land ▁were ▁mapped ▁and ▁named ▁by ▁L CE ▁personnel , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁others ▁mapped ▁from ▁surveys ▁and ▁air ▁photos ▁by ▁Japanese ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Research ▁Ex ped ition ▁( J ARE ) ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 7 – 6 2 . ▁Unless ▁otherwise ▁specified , ▁the ▁following ▁features ▁were ▁mapped ▁and ▁named ▁by ▁L CE ▁personnel . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁rock ▁peaks ▁are ▁situated ▁on ▁Sk ar vs nes ▁Fore land . ▁The ▁bare ▁rock ▁summit ▁Kn appen ▁Peak ▁(" button ▁peak ") ▁stands ▁ ▁high ▁near ▁O sen ▁C ove ▁at ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁head land . ▁Sk j eg get ▁Peak ▁(" the ▁bar b ") ▁stands ▁ ▁high ▁at ▁the ▁north west ▁extrem ity ▁of ▁the ▁head land . ▁On ▁the ▁south - cent ral ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁head land ▁is ▁Mount ▁Sur ib achi , ▁a ▁con ical ▁hill ▁named ▁des cript ively ▁by ▁J ARE . ▁At ▁the ▁fore land ' s ▁southern ▁extrem ity ▁is ▁Mount ▁Tem py o , ▁which ▁stands ▁ ▁high . ▁Its ▁name , ▁apparently ▁des cript ive ▁of ▁the ▁feature , ▁was ▁given ▁by ▁J ARE ▁Head quarters ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁▁ ▁N arrow ▁Tor inos u ▁C ove ▁(" bird ' s ▁nest ▁c ove ") ▁ind ents ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁Sk ar vs nes ▁Fore land , ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Mount ▁Sur ib achi . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁by ▁J ARE ▁in ▁
1 9 7 3 . ▁Lake - like ▁O sen ▁C ove , ▁whose ▁name ▁means ▁" the ▁out let ," ▁ind ents ▁the ▁north ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁head land . ▁K iz ah ashi ▁Beach ▁sits ▁at ▁its ▁head . ▁Its ▁name , ▁meaning ▁" st air ▁beach ", ▁was ▁assigned ▁by ▁J ARE ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁A ▁small ▁island ▁called ▁Os ø ya ▁sits ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁c ove . ▁O sen ▁C ove ▁opens ▁onto ▁By v å gen ▁Bay ▁(" town ▁bay "), ▁a ▁small ▁bay ▁tucked ▁between ▁Sk ar vs nes ▁Fore land ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁the ▁By v åg å s ane ▁Pe aks ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁On ▁the ▁north west ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁head land ▁is ▁Lang poll en ▁C ove ▁(" long ▁bay "), ▁a ▁long , ▁narrow ▁c ove . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Head lands ▁of ▁Queen ▁M aud ▁Land ▁Category : Pr ince ▁Har ald ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁Hard t ▁is ▁an ▁Orts geme inde ▁– ▁a ▁community ▁belonging ▁to ▁a ▁Ver bands geme inde ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁W ester wald kreis ▁in ▁Rh in eland - Pal at inate , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Location ▁The ▁community ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁W ester wald ▁between ▁Lim burg ▁and ▁Sie gen . ▁The ▁river , ▁N ister , ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Sie g ▁drain age ▁bas in , ▁flows ▁east ▁to ▁west ▁through ▁the ▁municipal ▁area . ▁Hard t
▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁Ver bands geme inde ▁of ▁Bad ▁Mar ien berg , ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁collective ▁municip ality . ▁Its ▁seat ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁like - named ▁town . ▁ ▁Politics ▁ ▁Community ▁council ▁The ▁council ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 8 ▁council ▁members ▁who ▁were ▁elected ▁in ▁a ▁majority ▁vote ▁in ▁a ▁municipal ▁election ▁on ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁and ▁infrastructure ▁ ▁Transport ▁The ▁nearest ▁Aut ob ahn ▁inter changes ▁are ▁Mont ab aur ▁on ▁the ▁A 3 ▁( C olog ne – Fr ank furt ), ▁some ▁ 2 7 km ▁away , ▁and ▁Ha iger / B urb ach ▁on ▁the ▁A 4 5 ▁( D ort mund – H an au ), ▁some ▁ 2 5 km ▁away . ▁The ▁nearest ▁Inter City Express ▁stop ▁is ▁the ▁railway ▁station ▁at ▁Mont ab aur ▁on ▁the ▁C olog ne - Fr ank furt ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁line . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Hard t ▁in ▁the ▁collective ▁municip ality ’ s ▁Web ▁pages ▁▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁Rh in eland - Pal at inate ▁Category : W ester wald kreis <0x0A> </s> ▁Stephen ▁Holmes ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Steven ▁Hall ) ▁is ▁a ▁CIA ▁officer ▁who , ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁was ▁the ▁Station ▁Chief ▁at ▁the ▁Emb assy ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁Moscow , ▁the ▁top ▁U . S . ▁intelligence ▁representative
▁with ▁Russia . ▁Holmes ' s ▁identity ▁was ▁revealed ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁F SB ▁in ▁ret ali ation ▁for ▁Ryan ▁F ogle ' s ▁alleged ▁attempts ▁to ▁recruit ▁agents ▁for ▁the ▁US . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁CIA ▁Station ▁Ch iefs ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Intelligence ▁Agency <0x0A> </s> ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ▁were ▁African ▁Americans ▁who ▁escaped ▁slavery ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁and ▁settled ▁in ▁Nova ▁Scot ia , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick , ▁and ▁Tr in idad . ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁Canada ▁for ▁those ▁who ▁settled ▁in ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁and ▁New ▁Brun sw ick . ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁most ▁numerous ▁of ▁the ▁African ▁Americans ▁who ▁sought ▁freedom ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 . ▁The ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ▁were ▁the ▁second ▁group ▁of ▁African ▁Americans , ▁after ▁the ▁Black ▁L oyal ists , ▁to ▁fle e ▁American ▁en slave ment ▁in ▁w art ime ▁and ▁settle ▁in ▁Canada . ▁They ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁single ▁immigration ▁source ▁for ▁today ' s ▁African ▁Nova ▁Scot ian ▁communities . ▁During ▁the ▁ante bell um , ▁however , ▁an ▁estimated ▁ten ▁to ▁thirty ▁thousand ▁African - American ▁refugees ▁reached ▁freedom ▁in ▁Canada , ▁often ▁traveling ▁alone ▁or ▁in ▁small ▁family ▁groups .
▁▁ ▁Those ▁who ▁settled ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁were ▁generally ▁from ▁Virginia ▁and ▁Maryland , ▁and ▁Georgia ▁and ▁Spanish ▁Florida , ▁via ▁B erm uda , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁evac uated ▁on ▁British ▁ships ▁from ▁the ▁East ▁Coast . ▁Some ▁were ▁settled ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 . ▁Those ▁African ▁Americans ▁who ▁bore ▁arms ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁Corps ▁of ▁Col onial ▁Mar ines , ▁recru ited ▁from ▁the ▁younger ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁refugees , ▁settled ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁where ▁they ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Mer ik ins ▁( also ▁sp elled ▁as ▁Mer ik ens ). ▁ ▁Background ▁During ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁and ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Vice ▁Admiral ▁Warren ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁receive ▁aboard ▁his ▁ships ▁any ▁blacks ▁who ▁might ▁petition ▁him ▁for ▁assistance . ▁These ▁he ▁was ▁to ▁receive ▁as ▁free ▁men , ▁not ▁as ▁slaves , ▁and ▁send ▁them ▁to ▁any ▁of ▁several ▁of ▁His ▁Maj esty ' s ▁colon ies . ▁Captain ▁Robert ▁Bar rie ▁of ▁ ▁reported ▁to ▁Admiral ▁Warren ▁" there ▁is ▁no ▁doubt ▁but ▁the ▁blacks ▁of ▁Virginia ▁and ▁Maryland ▁would ▁cheer fully ▁take ▁up ▁arms ▁and ▁join ▁us ▁against ▁the ▁Americans ." ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁the ▁Admiral ty ▁received ▁the ▁report , ▁they ▁had ▁already ▁decided ▁to ▁order ▁Warren ' s ▁success or , ▁Vice - Ad m iral ▁Sir
▁Alexander ▁Co chr ane , ▁to ▁encourage ▁em igration ▁of ▁African - American ▁slaves . ▁ ▁As ▁with ▁the ▁preced ents ▁of ▁Lord ▁Dun more ' s ▁Pro clam ation ▁of ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 7 7 5 ▁and ▁the ▁Phil ips burg ▁Pro clam ation , ▁Co chr ane ▁issued ▁a ▁Pro clam ation ▁in ▁partial ▁implementation ▁of ▁instructions ▁from ▁his ▁super iors . ▁He ▁made ▁no ▁explicit ▁mention ▁of ▁slaves , ▁although ▁he ▁presum ed ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁read ▁as ▁encouraging ▁them ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁British : ▁▁ ▁' A ▁Pro clam ation ▁▁ ▁Where as ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁represented ▁to ▁me ▁that ▁many ▁persons ▁now ▁resident ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁have ▁expressed ▁a ▁desire ▁to ▁withdraw ▁there from ▁with ▁a ▁view ▁to ▁entering ▁into ▁His ▁Maj esty ' s ▁service , ▁or ▁of ▁being ▁received ▁as ▁free ▁sett lers ▁into ▁some ▁of ▁His ▁Maj esty ' s ▁colon ies . ▁▁ ▁This ▁is ▁therefore ▁to ▁give ▁notice ▁that ▁all ▁persons ▁who ▁may ▁be ▁dis posed ▁to ▁migr ate ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁will ▁with ▁their ▁families , ▁be ▁received ▁on ▁board ▁of ▁His ▁Maj esty ' s ▁ships ▁or ▁vessels ▁of ▁War , ▁or ▁at ▁the ▁military ▁posts ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁established ▁upon ▁or ▁near ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁when ▁they ▁will ▁have ▁their ▁choice ▁of ▁either ▁entering ▁into ▁His ▁Maj esty ' s ▁sea ▁or ▁land ▁forces , ▁or ▁of ▁being ▁sent ▁as ▁free ▁sett lers ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁poss essions ▁in ▁North
▁America ▁or ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁where ▁they ▁will ▁meet ▁with ▁due ▁encour agement . ▁▁ ▁Given ▁under ▁my ▁hand ▁at ▁B erm uda ▁this ▁second ▁day ▁of ▁April , ▁ 1 8 1 4 , ▁by ▁command ▁of ▁Vice ▁Admiral . ▁▁ ▁Alex ▁Co chr ane ' ▁ ▁Co chr ane ' s ▁pro clam ation ▁made ▁no ▁mention ▁of ▁slaves , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁widely ▁mis interpret ed ▁by ▁some ▁American ▁slave holders ▁as ▁an ▁inc it ement ▁to ▁violent ▁revol t ▁by ▁their ▁slaves . ▁ ▁The ▁flow ▁of ▁African - American ▁refugees ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁considerable . ▁Co chr ane ' s ▁action ▁did ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁confirm ▁what ▁had ▁been ▁happening ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁year . ▁Some ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁arrival ▁in ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Ref uge es , ▁a ▁plan ▁was ▁proposed ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Col ony ▁of ▁Fre et own , ▁Sierra ▁Le one . ▁Near ly ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁of ▁their ▁African - American ▁bre th ren ▁had ▁rel oc ated ▁there ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁and ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁ruling ▁elite , ▁but ▁the ▁plan ▁was ▁only ▁partly ▁ful filled . ▁For ▁the ▁most ▁part ▁the ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ▁remained ▁in ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁and ▁New ▁Brun sw ick . ▁A ▁small ▁group ▁responded ▁to ▁a ▁related ▁invitation ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁Tr in idad . ▁ ▁To ▁a ▁limited ▁extent ▁like ▁the ▁Black ▁L oyal ists
, ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ' ▁names ▁were ▁recorded ▁in ▁a ▁document ▁called ▁the ▁Hal if ax ▁List : ▁Return ▁of ▁American ▁Ref uge e ▁Negro es ▁who ▁have ▁been ▁received ▁into ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America ▁between ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁ 1 8 1 8 . ▁This ▁list ▁took ▁no ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁considerable ▁number ▁of ▁African ▁Americans ▁who ▁had ▁arrived ▁earlier . ▁ ▁Out come ▁In ▁total , ▁about ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁Afr icans ▁escaped ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy , ▁the ▁largest ▁group ▁em anc ip ation ▁of ▁African ▁Americans ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁About ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁settled ▁in ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁and ▁about ▁ 4 0 0 ▁settled ▁in ▁New ▁Brun sw ick . ▁Together ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁largest ▁single ▁source ▁of ▁African - American ▁immigrants , ▁whose ▁descend ants ▁formed ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁African ▁Canad ians . ▁ ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ▁in ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁were ▁first ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁prisoner - of - war ▁camp ▁on ▁Mel ville ▁Island . ▁After ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁adapted ▁as ▁an ▁immigration ▁facility . ▁From ▁Mel ville ▁Island , ▁they ▁moved ▁to ▁settlement s ▁around ▁Hal if ax ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Ann apolis ▁Valley . ▁These ▁settlement s ▁were ▁given ▁as ▁licensed ▁property ▁for ▁the ▁refugees
▁entering ▁Nova ▁Scot ia . ▁While ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁land ▁they ▁owned ▁completely , ▁it ▁gave ▁the ▁refugees ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁start ▁communities ▁of ▁their ▁own . ▁The ▁passengers ▁on ▁the ▁ship w reck ed ▁H MS ▁At al ante ▁( 1 8 0 8 ) ▁included ▁twenty ▁American ▁refuge e ▁slaves ▁from ▁the ▁James ▁River ▁in ▁Virginia . ▁They ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁the ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁to ▁reach ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Other ▁black ▁refugees ▁were ▁settled ▁in ▁Tr in idad , ▁most ▁having ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Corps ▁of ▁Col onial ▁Mar ines . ▁They ▁included ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 ▁refugees ▁from ▁Louisiana ▁and ▁East ▁and ▁West ▁Florida . ▁The ▁community ▁in ▁Tr in idad ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Mer ik ins ▁and ▁their ▁villages , ▁established ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁different ▁companies , ▁still ▁exist . ▁ ▁Desc end ants ▁The ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁largest ▁single ▁source ▁of ▁ancestors ▁for ▁Black ▁Nova ▁Scot ians ▁and ▁formed ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁African ▁Nova ▁Scot ian ▁communities ▁and ▁churches ▁that ▁still ▁exist ▁today . ▁But ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁refugees ▁arrived ▁individually ▁or ▁in ▁small ▁family ▁groups ▁during ▁the ▁ante bell um ▁years , ▁seeking ▁freedom ▁from ▁slavery ▁along ▁the ▁Under ground ▁Rail road ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁▁ ▁Large ▁numbers ▁of ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ▁settled ▁in ▁North ▁and ▁East ▁Prest on ,
▁Nova ▁Scot ia , ▁where ▁their ▁descend ants ▁still ▁live . ▁Many ▁other ▁Black ▁refugees ▁settled ▁in ▁smaller ▁communities , ▁such ▁as ▁Ham mond s ▁Pl ains , ▁Be ech ville , ▁Wind sor ▁and ▁communities ▁throughout ▁the ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ' s ▁Ann apolis ▁Valley . ▁Some ▁Black ▁Ref uge e ▁families ▁moved ▁closer ▁to ▁Hal if ax ▁for ▁employment ▁opportunities ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s , ▁forming ▁the ▁Hal if ax ▁community ▁of ▁Afr ic ville . ▁▁ ▁The ▁migration ▁included ▁the ▁religious ▁leader ▁and ▁abol ition ist ▁Richard ▁Prest on , ▁who ▁established ▁the ▁first ▁African ▁Bapt ist ▁church ▁in ▁Hal if ax , ▁and ▁the ▁parents ▁of ▁William ▁Hall , ▁one ▁of ▁Canada ' s ▁first ▁winners ▁of ▁a ▁Victoria ▁Cross . ▁The ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ▁in ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁were ▁largely ▁from ▁Virginia ▁and ▁Maryland , ▁and ▁they ▁brought ▁basket - making ▁skills ▁from ▁the ▁C hes ape ake ▁Region . ▁These ▁are ▁still ▁pract iced ▁by ▁their ▁descend ants . ▁These ▁b ask ets ▁are ▁very ▁distinct ▁in ▁style ▁from ▁the ▁existing ▁Mi ' k ma w ▁and ▁Ac ad ian ▁basket - making ▁styles ▁by ▁other ▁ethnic ▁groups ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Black ▁Nova ▁Scot ians ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁The ▁immigration ▁and ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁refugees ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁in ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁and ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁Harvey ▁A man i ▁Whit field , ▁Black s
▁on ▁the ▁B order : ▁The ▁Black ▁Ref uge es ▁in ▁British ▁North ▁America , ▁ 1 8 1 5 - 1 8 6 0 , ▁University ▁of ▁Verm ont ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁" A fr ic ville ; ▁Canada ’ s ▁Most ▁F amous ▁Black ▁Community ", ▁Da Cost a ▁ 4 0 0 ▁Harvey ▁A man i ▁Whit field , ▁" The ▁Development ▁of ▁Black ▁Ref uge e ▁Identity ▁in ▁Nova ▁Scot ia : ▁ 1 8 1 3 - 1 8 5 0 " ▁" Black ▁Ref uge es ", ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁Archives ▁and ▁Records ▁Management ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Flight ▁to ▁Freedom : ▁S la very ▁and ▁the ▁Under ground ▁Rail road ▁in ▁Maryland ▁ ▁Category : Mil itary ▁history ▁of ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁Category : History ▁of ▁immigration ▁to ▁Canada ▁Category : American ▁rebel ▁slaves ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁di as por a ▁Category : Black ▁L oyal ists ▁Category : Black ▁Ref uge es ▁from ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁Category : S la very ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Ab ous s ie ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁municipal ▁park ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁city ' s ▁smallest ▁park , ▁with ▁less ▁than ▁. ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁The ▁park ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 1 3 th ▁Street ▁and ▁Lyn ch ▁Street ▁in ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Soul ard . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁land
▁ad join ing ▁the ▁highway ▁that ▁was ▁built ▁through ▁the ▁neighborhood . ▁ ▁Sur round ing ▁areas ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁People ▁and ▁culture ▁of ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁Missouri ▁Ne ighbor hood s ▁of ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Park s ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis , ▁Missouri ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Park ▁Division : ▁Park ▁Des criptions ▁ ▁Category : Culture ▁of ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Missouri <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁L ith uan ian ▁Super cup ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁football ▁match ▁cont ested ▁between ▁the ▁champions ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁A ▁Ly ga ▁season ▁and ▁the ▁hold ers ▁of ▁the ▁L ith uan ian ▁Football ▁Cup . ▁It ▁is ▁organ ised ▁by ▁and ▁named ▁after ▁L ith uan ian ▁Football ▁Federation ▁and ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁For ▁spons orship ▁reasons , ▁it ▁is ▁currently ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁L FF ▁B ets a fe ▁Super cup . ▁ ▁Until ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁if ▁the ▁L ith uan ian ▁championship ▁and ▁the ▁Cup ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁team , ▁the ▁match ▁was ▁not ▁held ▁and ▁the ▁Super cup ▁was ▁awarded ▁automatically ▁to ▁the ▁winning ▁team . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁the ▁format ▁was ▁changed ▁and ▁double ▁winners ▁then ▁play ▁the ▁league ▁run ners - up . ▁ ▁The ▁tro phy ▁has ▁been ▁cont ested ▁since ▁ 1 9 9
5 ▁with ▁ 4 ▁inter ru ptions . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁hold ers ▁are ▁Ž alg ir is ▁who ▁defeated ▁S ū du va ▁Mar ij amp ol ė ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁L ith uan ian ▁Super cup . ▁ ▁S pons orship ▁Since ▁competition ▁rules ▁changed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁title ▁spons orship ▁deals ▁were ▁signed ▁with ▁two ▁companies . ▁Bet sson ▁is ▁current ▁tournament ▁partner , ▁having ▁signed ▁a ▁four - year ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁L ith uan ian ▁Football ▁Federation ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁competition . ▁ ▁Past ▁winners ▁ ▁Performance ▁by ▁club ▁ ▁Club s ▁in ▁ital ics ▁are ▁def unct . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁L ith u ania ▁ 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Khan ew al ▁( ), ▁is ▁a ▁sub div ision ▁( te hs il ) ▁of ▁Khan ew al ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Pun j ab ▁province ▁of ▁Pakistan . ▁It ▁is ▁administr atively ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁ 2 5 ▁Union ▁Coun c ils , ▁six ▁of ▁which ▁form ▁the ▁te hs il ▁capital ▁Khan ew al . ▁ ▁Administration ▁The ▁te hs il ▁of ▁Khan ew al ▁ ▁is ▁administr atively ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁ 2 5 ▁ ▁Union ▁Coun c ils , ▁these ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Pir row al ▁▁▁ ▁ch ak ▁no ▁ 1 4 ▁Bat ian ▁W ala ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 1 2 / AH ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 1 7 1 / 1
0 - R ▁▁▁ ▁ch ak ▁no ▁ 6 7 . 1 0 R ▁Bat ian ▁W ala ▁▁▁ ▁ch ak ▁no ▁ 1 8 . AH ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 4 / AH ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 3 0 / 1 0 . R ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 3 6 / 1 0 . R ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 4 3 / 1 0 - R ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 5 8 / 1 0 - R ( ▁Ch ak ▁Shah ana ▁) ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 7 0 / 1 0 - R ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 7 6 / 1 0 - R ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 8 0 / 1 0 - R ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 8 1 - 8 2 / 1 0 - R ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 8 8 / 1 0 - R ▁▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No . ▁ 9 2 / 1 0 - R ▁▁ ▁Khan ew al ▁K oh na ▁▁ ▁Khan ew al - I ▁▁ ▁Khan ew al - II ▁▁ ▁Khan ew al - III ▁▁ ▁Khan ew al - IV ▁▁ ▁Khan ew al - V ▁▁ ▁Khan ew al - VI ▁▁ ▁Ch ak ▁no . ▁ 3 4 / 1 0 - R ▁ ▁Ch ak ▁No ▁ 7 / v ▁( ▁Bast i ▁Su k her a ) ▁ ▁Language ▁Pun j abi ▁is
▁the ▁predomin ant ▁language . ▁H ary an vi , ▁Sara iki ▁and ▁Ur du ▁are ▁also ▁widely ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁te hs il . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : K han ew al ▁District ▁Category : Te hs ils ▁of ▁Pun j ab , ▁Pakistan <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sun ▁Never ▁Sets ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁American ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Row land ▁V . ▁Lee ▁and ▁star ring ▁Douglas ▁Fair b anks ▁Jr ., ▁Bas il ▁R ath bone ▁and ▁Barbara ▁O ' Ne il . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁Rand olph ▁family ▁have ▁a ▁tradition ▁of ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁colonial ▁service . ▁Cl ive ▁comes ▁home ▁from ▁a ▁mission ▁in ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁of ▁Africa ▁accompanied ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Helen . ▁He ▁disco vers ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁John , ▁who ▁is ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁Ph yll is ▁is ▁not ▁keen ▁on ▁following ▁in ▁his ▁foot steps . ▁ ▁John ▁is ▁persu aded ▁to ▁try ▁colonial ▁service ▁by ▁his ▁grandfather ▁Sir ▁John . ▁John ▁goes ▁to ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast . ▁He ▁is ▁accompanied ▁by ▁Cl ive ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁sent ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁radio ▁broadcast s ▁that ▁are ▁se wing ▁un rest ▁throughout ▁the ▁world . ▁These ▁may ▁be ▁linked ▁to ▁Hugo ▁Z uro f , ▁a ▁man ▁plot ting ▁to ▁rule ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Cl ive ▁leaves ▁his ▁pregnant ▁wife ▁Helen ▁behind ▁to ▁go ▁on ▁a ▁mission . ▁Z uro f ▁tricks ▁John ▁into ▁calling ▁his ▁brother ▁back , ▁causing ▁Cl
ive ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁home ▁in ▁dis gr ace , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Cl ive ▁and ▁Helen ' s ▁child ▁dies ▁in ▁child b irth . ▁▁ ▁John ▁goes ▁to ▁Z uro f ' s ▁base ▁and ▁in fil tr ates ▁it ▁by ▁pret ending ▁to ▁be ▁drunk . ▁He ▁man ages ▁to ▁broadcast ▁a ▁code ▁to ▁his ▁family . ▁Cl ive ▁leads ▁a ▁bomb ing ▁mission ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁base . ▁John ▁surv ives ▁it . ▁Z uro f ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁are ▁killed . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Douglas ▁Fair b anks ▁Jr . ▁as ▁John ▁Rand olph ▁▁▁ ▁Bas il ▁R ath bone ▁as ▁Cl ive ▁Rand olph ▁▁▁ ▁Barbara ▁O ' Ne il ▁as ▁Helen ▁Rand olph ▁▁▁ ▁Lion el ▁At will ▁as ▁Z uro f ▁▁▁ ▁Virginia ▁Field ▁as ▁Ph yll is ▁▁▁ ▁C . ▁Aub rey ▁Smith ▁as ▁Sir ▁John ▁Rand olph ▁▁▁ ▁Mel ville ▁Cooper ▁as ▁C ose y ▁▁ ▁Mary ▁For bes ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Rand olph ▁▁▁ ▁John ▁Bur ton ▁as ▁Simon ▁▁▁ ▁Arthur ▁Mull iner ▁as ▁Uncle ▁Ger ald ▁▁ ▁Theod ore ▁von ▁El tz ▁as ▁Del af ons ▁▁▁ ▁Douglas ▁Wal ton ▁as ▁Car p enter ▁▁▁ ▁Cec il ▁K ell away ▁as ▁Col onial ▁Official ▁▁ ▁Lion el ▁Bel more ▁as ▁Third ▁Selection ▁Board ▁Member ▁▁ ▁Sid ney ▁Br ace y ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁Col onial ▁Affairs ▁▁▁ ▁Jess ▁Lee ▁Brook s ▁as ▁Ang ry ▁- ▁Heavy set ▁Chief ▁▁▁ ▁Russell ▁Bur rough s ▁as ▁Young ▁Candidate ▁▁▁ ▁Frederick ▁Clar ke
▁as ▁Dr . ▁Anderson ▁▁▁ ▁Harry ▁C ording ▁as ▁Z uro f ▁Camp ▁Guard ▁▁▁ ▁Jack ▁De ery ▁as ▁Command ▁B om ber ▁Pil ot ▁▁▁ ▁Al ▁D uv all ▁as ▁Kim ▁K ro o ▁▁▁ ▁James ▁E agles ▁as ▁Assistant ▁Oper ator ▁▁▁ ▁Mary ▁Field ▁as ▁M aid ▁▁▁ ▁Lawrence ▁Grant ▁as ▁Second ▁Selection ▁Board ▁Member ▁▁▁ ▁Eddie ▁Hall ▁as ▁Hen ch man ▁Bring ing ▁John ▁Rand olph ▁Through ▁Sl iding ▁Do ors ▁▁▁ ▁Holmes ▁Herbert ▁as ▁Col onial ▁Official ▁▁▁ ▁Claude ▁H ort on ▁as ▁Sir ▁Walter ▁R ale igh ▁▁▁ ▁Philip ▁Hur lic ▁as ▁T upp ence ▁- ▁Native ▁Boy ▁▁ ▁Br andon ▁Hur st ▁as ▁A ▁Doctor ▁▁▁ ▁Ol af ▁Hy tt en ▁as ▁States man ▁▁▁ ▁Edward ▁Ke ane ▁as ▁D N XY ▁Radio ▁Oper ator ▁▁▁ ▁Robert ▁Em met t ▁Ke ane ▁as ▁Hen ch man ▁Care ira ▁▁▁ ▁Walter ▁McG ra il ▁as ▁Hen ch man ▁Da Cost a ▁▁▁ ▁Lew ▁Pay ton ▁as ▁Village ▁Chief ▁▁ ▁H ilda ▁Pl ow right ▁as ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁▁▁ ▁Nap ier ▁Ra ikes ▁as ▁First ▁Selection ▁Board ▁Member ▁▁▁ ▁Hass an ▁S aid ▁as ▁' P ala ver ' ▁Trans l ator ▁▁ ▁C . ▁Mont ague ▁Shaw ▁as ▁Col onial ▁Affairs ▁Official ▁▁▁ ▁Ivan ▁F . ▁Sim pson ▁as ▁A ▁Doctor ▁▁ ▁Eric ▁Snow den ▁as ▁The ▁Rand olph ▁Man serv ant ▁▁▁ ▁Eric ▁Wil ton ▁as ▁Col onial ▁Affairs ▁Official ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁film ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁development ▁and ▁Universal ▁" on ▁and ▁off " ▁for ▁three
▁years . ▁Eventually ▁Row land ▁V . ▁Lee ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁direct ▁and ▁Bas il ▁R ath bone ▁to ▁star . ▁( The ▁two ▁men ▁had ▁just ▁made ▁Son ▁of ▁Frank en stein ▁together .) ▁In ▁February ▁Douglas ▁Fair bank ▁signed ▁to ▁co ▁star . ▁ ▁The ▁script ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁W . P . ▁L ips comb ▁who ▁said ▁the ▁film ▁wanted ▁to ▁pay ▁t ribute ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁colonial ▁service . ▁We ▁attacked ▁it ▁by ▁telling ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁one ▁family , ▁typical ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁families ▁who ▁dev ote ▁their ▁lives ▁to ▁" the ▁service ." ▁We ▁show ▁human ▁beings ▁and ▁human ▁emotions ▁involved ▁in ▁affairs ▁greater ▁than ▁themselves ., ▁and ▁watch ▁how ▁they ▁react . ▁' ▁They ▁are ▁not ▁conscious ▁heroes ; ▁they ▁make ▁bad ▁mistakes ▁and ▁cause ▁intense ▁suffering - ▁If ▁they ▁worry ▁through , ▁it ▁is ▁by ▁keeping ▁their ▁sense ▁of ▁hum our ▁in ▁desperate ▁circumstances ▁and ▁trust ing ▁that ▁doing ▁one ' s ▁best , ▁although ▁one ▁can ' t ▁see ▁the ▁end ▁in ▁sight , ▁may ▁sometimes ▁bring ▁unexpected ▁results . ▁That ▁is ▁a ▁trait ▁common ▁to ▁all ▁people ▁in ▁" the ▁service " ▁and ▁is ▁particularly ▁true ▁of ▁English men ▁whose ▁ability ▁to ▁take ▁on ▁a ▁big ▁job , ▁face ▁difficulties ▁and ▁meet ▁them ▁with ▁good ▁hum our ▁when ▁' th ings ▁go ▁badly , ▁is ▁accepted ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁finest ▁traditions ▁of ▁their ▁national ▁character . ▁Fil ming ▁began ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁L ips comb
▁was ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Virginia ▁Field ▁and ▁wrote ▁her ▁into ▁the ▁movie . ▁ ▁Douglas ▁Fair b anks ▁Jr ▁says ▁C ▁Aub rey ▁Smith ▁walked ▁up ▁to ▁him ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁of ▁film ing ▁and ▁said , ▁" Rot ten ▁title . ▁It ▁already ▁has ▁set ." ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Fair b anks ▁Jr ▁said ▁the ▁film ▁" did ▁nothing ▁at ▁the ▁bo ▁[ box ▁office ] ▁because ▁Americans ▁were ▁realizing ▁we ' d ▁soon ▁be ▁at ▁war ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Dick , ▁Bernard ▁F . ▁The ▁Star - Sp angled ▁Screen : ▁The ▁American ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Film . ▁University ▁Press ▁of ▁Kentucky , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Sun ▁Never ▁Sets ▁at ▁Letter box ▁DVD ▁The ▁Sun ▁Never ▁Sets ▁at ▁T CM DB ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Row land ▁V . ▁Lee ▁Category : Univers al ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Africa ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Frank ▁Sk inner <0x0A> </s> ▁Gian pa olo ▁Do z zo ▁( Qu into ▁di ▁Tre vis o , ▁ 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ven et ist ▁politician ▁and ▁leading ▁member ▁of
▁the ▁Liga ▁Ven eta – L ega ▁Nord . ▁ ▁Do z zo ▁joined ▁Liga ▁Ven eta ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁seven ▁years ▁before ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁L ega ▁Nord , ▁and ▁was ▁first ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Dep ut ies ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁re - e lected ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁League ' s ▁longest - serv ing ▁MP s . ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Do z zo ▁was ▁under - secret ary ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁in ▁Ber l us con i ▁II ▁and ▁III ▁Cab in ets . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Do z zo ▁was ▁appointed ▁floor ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁party ▁in ▁the ▁Chamber , ▁the ▁first ▁Ven et ian ▁in ▁that ▁role . ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁stand ▁for ▁re - election ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : V en et ian ▁politicians ▁Category : V en et ist ▁politicians ▁Category : People ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Tre vis o ▁Category : L ega ▁Nord ▁politicians ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Dep ut ies ▁( It aly ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Italian ▁politicians ▁Category : 2
1 st - century ▁Italian ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁O ' B rien ▁ ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁sports man ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁League ▁of ▁Ireland ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁also ▁played ▁G ael ic ▁football ▁and ▁cricket . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁nick name ▁G inger . ▁ ▁O ' B rien ▁had ▁a ▁short ▁spell ▁at ▁centre ▁forward ▁for ▁Bo he mi ans , ▁making ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁against ▁Sh am rock ▁Ro vers ▁at ▁Dal ym ount ▁Park . ▁Boh s ▁won ▁ 2 – 0 , ▁a ▁result ▁which ▁denied ▁Ro vers ▁the ▁league ▁title . ▁He ▁also ▁represented ▁Shel bourne ▁amongst ▁others . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁G ael ic ▁football ▁for ▁O ' Tool es ▁G AA ▁and ▁played ▁for ▁Dublin ▁at ▁right - half - forward . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : Bo hem ian ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : D ub lin ▁inter - count y ▁G ael ic ▁football ers ▁Category : G ael ic ▁football ers ▁who ▁switched ▁code ▁Category : O ' Tool es ▁G ael ic ▁football ers ▁Category : S hel bourne ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Le ague ▁of ▁Ireland ▁players ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Rep ublic
▁of ▁Ireland ▁association ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Qual ification ▁rounds ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁met re ▁back stroke ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁European ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September . ▁The ▁final ▁was ▁held ▁the ▁next ▁day . ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 9 ▁participants ▁in ▁the ▁competition . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Qual ifications ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁in ▁sports <0x0A> </s> ▁Clinton ▁McK inn on ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Clinton ▁McK inn on ▁( mus ician ) ▁Clinton ▁D . ▁McK inn on , ▁politician <0x0A> </s> ▁Theod ore ▁As en ov ▁Us he v ▁( , ▁born ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Bulgar ian ▁anim ator , ▁graphic ▁designer , ▁illustr ator ▁and ▁mult imedia ▁artist ▁in ▁Montreal , ▁Quebec , ▁Canada . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Film ▁Board ▁of ▁Canada , ▁including ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Oscar - nom inated ▁Bl ind ▁V ays ha . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁in ▁Ky ust end il , ▁Bulgar ia , ▁and ▁graduated ▁stage ▁decor ation , ▁animation , ▁and ▁make - up ▁at ▁Pl ov div ' s ▁School ▁of ▁Sc en ic ▁Arts . ▁He ▁obtained ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁graphic ▁design ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁Sof
ia . ▁He ▁first ▁made ▁a ▁name ▁as ▁a ▁poster ▁and ▁graphic ▁designer , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Montreal ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁There ▁he ▁quickly ▁gained ▁a ▁reputation ▁as ▁an ▁animation ▁film maker ▁with ▁for ▁the ▁National ▁Film ▁Board ▁of ▁Canada ▁( N FB ), ▁with ▁films ▁such ▁as ▁Vert ical , ▁The ▁Man ▁Who ▁Wait ed , ▁Tower ▁B aw her , ▁T z art it za , ▁Sou ▁and ▁Dru x ▁Fl ux , ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Film ▁Institute ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Canadian ▁An imation ▁at ▁the ▁Ott awa ▁International ▁An imation ▁Festival . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁completed ▁a ▁short ▁animated ▁documentary ▁about ▁Arthur ▁Lip set t , ▁entitled ▁Lip set t ▁Di aries . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Lip set t ▁Di aries ▁received ▁the ▁Gen ie ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁An imated ▁Short ▁at ▁the ▁ 3 1 st ▁Gen ie ▁Awards . ▁ ▁He ▁created ▁live ▁show ▁mult imedia ▁and ▁prom o ▁anim ations ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁band ▁Public ▁Sym phony ▁and ▁David ▁Gil m our ’ s ▁“ In ▁an ▁Island ” ▁album ▁and ▁live ▁tour , ▁and ▁the ▁illustr ations ▁for ▁Chris ▁Robinson ' ▁book ▁" B all ad ▁of ▁a ▁Th in ▁Man : ▁In ▁Search ▁of ▁Ryan ▁L ark in " ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁film ▁from ▁his ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁tr il ogy ▁- ▁Gl oria ▁Victoria ▁was ▁named ▁Most ▁Well ▁L
ik ed ▁An imated ▁Short ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁a ▁survey ▁of ▁fifteen ▁respected ▁festival ▁program mers ▁and ▁critics ▁who ▁were ▁each ▁asked ▁to ▁name ▁the ▁best ▁animated ▁shorts ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁film ▁that ▁came ▁out ▁on ▁top ▁was ▁Gl oria ▁Victoria . ▁Produ ced ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Film ▁Board ▁of ▁Canada , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁ 1 1 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁people ▁survey ed . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁got ▁a ▁nom ination ▁at ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Hollywood ' s ▁Annie ▁Awards . ▁ ▁Bl ind ▁V ays ha ▁ ▁Bl ind ▁V ays ha ▁won ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Canadian ▁Cin ema ▁and ▁Television ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁An imated ▁Short ▁at ▁ 5 th ▁Canadian ▁Screen ▁Awards . ▁It ▁received ▁the ▁J ury ▁Award ▁and ▁Junior ▁J ury ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁Anne cy ▁International ▁An imated ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁had ▁its ▁North ▁American ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁it ▁received ▁the ▁Cart oon ▁Network ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁N arr ative ▁Short ▁An imation ▁and ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Film ▁Institute ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Canadian ▁An imation ▁at ▁the ▁ 4 0 th ▁Ott awa ▁International ▁An imation ▁Festival . ▁Bl ind ▁V ays ha ▁was ▁also ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁" Can ada ' s ▁Top ▁Ten " ▁shorts ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁selected ▁by ▁a ▁panel ▁of
▁film makers ▁and ▁industry ▁professionals ▁organized ▁by ▁T I FF . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁also ▁nominated ▁for ▁Best ▁An imated ▁Short ▁at ▁the ▁ 8 9 th ▁Academy ▁Awards . ▁Us he v ▁stated ▁that ▁with ▁ 1 6 ▁films ▁to ▁his ▁credit ▁to ▁date , ▁he ▁had ▁given ▁up ▁hope ▁of ▁ever ▁being ▁nominated ▁for ▁an ▁Oscar ▁because ▁he ▁worried ▁that ▁his ▁films ▁might ▁be ▁" too ▁abstract , ▁too ▁avant ▁gar de , ▁too ▁el it ist , ▁too ▁dark " ▁for ▁the ▁Academy . ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁upon ▁hearing ▁the ▁news ▁of ▁his ▁Oscar ▁nom ination , ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁emotional ▁reaction : ▁" When ▁I ▁heard ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁my ▁film , ▁I ▁just ▁stopped ▁watching , ▁because ▁I ▁faint ed ... ▁I ▁cried . ▁At ▁first ▁I ▁laughed ▁and ▁then ▁I ▁cried ▁again . ▁It ' s ▁out ▁of ▁control .... ▁It ' s ▁all ▁strange ▁and ▁exciting ." ▁ ▁Install ation ▁works ▁His ▁keen ▁interest ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁visual ▁forms ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁experiments ▁with ▁install ations , ▁interactive ▁works ▁on ▁public ▁spaces ▁and ▁virtual ▁reality . ▁His ▁last ▁works ▁are ▁" Di agon ales " ▁on ▁the ▁fac ade ▁of ▁Montreal ▁Public ▁Library , ▁the ▁installation ▁Third ▁page ▁from ▁the ▁Sun ▁and ▁the ▁film - action ▁ 1 0 0 ▁prints ▁of ▁Norman . ▁Er ased . ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁er ases ▁prints ▁of ▁the ▁animation ▁legend ▁Norman ▁Mc L aren ▁during ▁ 1 0 ▁days ▁in ▁an ▁aqu arium ▁at ▁the ▁Museum ▁of
▁Civil isation ▁in ▁Quebec . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁I MD b ▁ ▁N FB ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁graphic ▁designers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁illustr ators ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁experimental ▁film makers ▁Category : Bul gar ian ▁anim ators ▁Category : Bul gar ian ▁artists ▁Category : Fil m ▁directors ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁anim ators ▁Category : Bul gar ian ▁animated ▁film ▁directors ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁animated ▁film ▁directors ▁Category : Bul gar ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Canada ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁people ▁of ▁Bulgar ian ▁descent ▁Category : N at ural ized ▁citizens ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : National ▁Film ▁Board ▁of ▁Canada ▁people ▁Category : Direct ors ▁of ▁Gen ie ▁and ▁Canadian ▁Screen ▁Award ▁winners ▁for ▁Best ▁An imated ▁Short ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ky ust end il <0x0A> </s> ▁" T at long ▁H ener asy on ▁ng ▁S ip ag ▁at ▁T iy aga " ▁( English : ▁" Three ▁Gener ations ▁of ▁Hard ▁Work ▁and ▁Per se ver ance ") ▁is ▁the ▁sixth ▁episode ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁of ▁the ▁Filip ino ▁drama ▁anth ology ▁series ▁Mag p ak ail an man . ▁Wr itten ▁by ▁G ina ▁Mar issa ▁Tag asa - G il ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Mark ▁A . ▁Re yes , ▁it ▁a ired ▁on ▁G MA
▁Network ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁on ▁February ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁The ▁episode ▁dep icts ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁three ▁generations ▁of ▁the ▁A gu ilar ▁family , ▁which ▁includes ▁File mon ▁A gu ilar ▁and ▁C yn th ia ▁Vill ar . ▁ ▁The ▁episode ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁controversy ▁due ▁to ▁it ▁air ing ▁while ▁C yn th ia ▁Vill ar ▁was ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Philipp ine ▁Senate ▁election ; ▁" T at long ▁H ener asy on " ▁was ▁broadcast ▁three ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁official ▁campaign ▁period ▁for ▁the ▁candidates ▁began , ▁taking ▁advantage ▁of ▁a ▁lo oph ole ▁in ▁the ▁b anning ▁of ▁any ▁media ▁port ray als ▁of ▁candidates ▁during ▁the ▁campaign ▁period . ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁The ▁episode ▁was ▁first ▁reported ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁By ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁the ▁official ▁Twitter ▁account ▁of ▁Mag p ak ail an man ▁announced ▁the ▁episode , ▁providing ▁the ▁basic ▁plot ▁but ▁not ▁the ▁people ▁it ▁will ▁dep ict . ▁On ▁February ▁ 6 , ▁G MA ▁announced ▁the ▁episode ' s ▁story , ▁director , ▁and ▁writer . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁On ▁the ▁Saturday ▁it ▁a ired , ▁" T at long ▁H ener asy on ▁ng ▁S ip ag ▁at ▁T iy aga " ▁received ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁ 1 4 . 1 % ▁according ▁to ▁K ant ar ▁Media , ▁behind ▁another ▁weekend ▁anth ology ▁program ▁Ma ala ala ▁Mo
▁K aya , ▁which ▁received ▁ 2 5 . 0 % ▁for ▁its ▁episode ▁about ▁another ▁then - current ▁sen ator ial ▁candidate , ▁Christopher ▁" B ong " ▁Go . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁television ▁episodes <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁en zym ology , ▁a ▁nucle os ide ▁de oxy rib os yl transfer ase ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁that ▁catal y zes ▁the ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁▁ 2 - de oxy - D - rib os yl - base 1 ▁+ ▁base 2 ▁▁ 2 - de oxy - D - rib os yl - base 2 ▁+ ▁base 1 ▁ ▁Thus , ▁the ▁two ▁substr ates ▁of ▁this ▁en zym e ▁are ▁ 2 - de oxy - D - rib os yl - base 1 ▁and ▁base 2 , ▁whereas ▁its ▁two ▁products ▁are ▁ 2 - de oxy - D - rib os yl - base 2 ▁and ▁base 1 . ▁ ▁This ▁en zym e ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁g ly cos yl transfer ases , ▁specifically ▁the ▁pent os yl transfer ases . ▁ ▁The ▁systematic ▁name ▁of ▁this ▁en zym e ▁class ▁is ▁nucle os ide : pur ine ( py rim id ine ) ▁de oxy - D - rib os yl transfer ase . ▁Other ▁names ▁in ▁common ▁use ▁include ▁pur ine ( py rim id ine ) ▁nucle os ide : pur ine ( py rim id ine ) ▁de oxy rib os yl ,
▁transfer ase , ▁de oxy rib ose ▁transfer ase , ▁nucle os ide ▁trans - N - de oxy rib os yl ase , ▁trans - de oxy rib os yl ase , ▁trans - N - de oxy rib os yl ase , ▁trans - N - gly cos id ase , ▁nucle os ide ▁de oxy rib os yl transfer ase ▁I ▁( pur ine ▁nucle os ide : pur ine , ▁de oxy rib os yl transfer ase : ▁strictly ▁specific ▁for ▁transfer ▁between , ▁pur ine ▁bases ), ▁nucle os ide ▁de oxy rib os yl transfer ase ▁II ▁[ pur ine ( py rim id ine ), ▁and ▁nucle os ide : pur ine ( py rim id ine ) ▁de oxy rib os yl transfer ase ]. ▁ ▁This ▁en zym e ▁particip ates ▁in ▁p yr im id ine ▁met abol ism . ▁ ▁Struct ural ▁studies ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ 1 2 ▁structures ▁have ▁been ▁solved ▁for ▁this ▁class ▁of ▁en zym es , ▁with ▁P DB ▁acc ession ▁codes ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : EC ▁ 2 . 4 . 2 ▁Category : En zym es ▁of ▁known ▁structure <0x0A> </s> ▁D urb uy ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Wall oon ▁city ▁and ▁municip ality ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁province ▁of ▁Luxem bourg . ▁The ▁total ▁area ▁is ▁ 1 5 6 . 6
1 km ² , ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁sub - m unicip al ities : ▁D urb uy ▁proper , ▁Bar v aux , ▁B ende , ▁B om al , ▁Bor lon , ▁Grand han , ▁He yd , ▁Iz ier , ▁Se pton , ▁T oh og ne , ▁Vill ers - S ainte - G er tr ude , ▁and ▁W ér is . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁the ▁municip ality ▁had ▁ 1 1 , 3 7 4 ▁inhabitants ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁pop ulous ▁town ▁of ▁the ▁municip ality ▁being ▁Bar v aux ▁not ▁D urb uy ▁itself ▁which ▁is ▁known ▁in ▁Belgium ▁as ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁smallest ▁city . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁medieval ▁times , ▁D urb uy ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁centre ▁of ▁commerce ▁and ▁industry . ▁In ▁ 1 3 3 1 , ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁city ▁by ▁John ▁I , ▁Count ▁of ▁Luxem burg , ▁and ▁King ▁of ▁Bo hem ia . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 2 8 ▁An thon ie ▁II ▁Sche tz ▁obt ains ▁the ▁Se igne ur ie ▁of ▁D urb uy , ▁by ▁permission ▁of ▁Fel ipe ▁IV ▁of ▁Spain . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁L ancel ot ▁II : ▁Charles ▁Hub ert ▁August in ▁Sche tz , ▁( 1 6 6 2 - 1 7 2 6 ), ▁Count ▁of ▁D urb uy . ▁In ▁ 1 7
5 6 ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Sche tz ▁obtain ▁the ▁Castle . ▁Since ▁then ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Ur sel ▁res ides ▁in ▁the ▁Castle . ▁The ▁current ▁castle ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Our the ▁river ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁Tour ism ▁and ▁rec reation ▁are ▁its ▁main ▁activities ▁now adays . ▁D urb uy ▁is ▁often ▁presented ▁and ▁promoted ▁as ▁' the ▁smallest ▁city ▁of ▁the ▁world .' ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁protected ▁heritage ▁sites ▁in ▁D urb uy ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁D urb uy ▁municip ality , ▁official ▁site : ▁tour ism ▁section ▁available ▁in ▁English ▁ ▁Town ▁of ▁D urb uy , ▁official ▁site ▁Award ed ▁" ED EN ▁- ▁European ▁Dest inations ▁of ▁Excell ence " ▁non ▁traditional ▁tourist ▁destination ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sub - m unicip al ities ▁of ▁D urb uy ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁Luxem bourg ▁( Bel g ium ) ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Luxem bourg ▁( Bel g ium ) ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Belgium <0x0A> </s> ▁Larry ▁Be as ley , ▁CM ▁( born ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁internation ally - known ▁urban ▁pl anner . ▁Former ly ▁Co - Direct or ▁of ▁Planning ▁for ▁the ▁City ▁Of ▁Vancouver ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada , ▁he ▁is ▁largely ▁cred ited ▁with ▁the
▁transformation ▁of ▁its ▁downtown ▁core ▁along ▁New ▁Urban ism ▁lines , ▁known ▁as ▁Vancouver ism ▁or ▁" The ▁Vancouver ▁Model ". ▁ ▁Career ▁Be as ley ▁moved ▁to ▁Vancouver ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁He ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁neighbour hood ▁pl anner , ▁over see ing ▁large ▁developments ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁in ▁recognition ▁for ▁having ▁" play ed ▁a ▁leading ▁role ▁in ▁transform ing " ▁Vancouver ' s ▁" d ow nt own ▁core ▁into ▁a ▁vibr ant , ▁liv able ▁urban ▁community ". ▁Since ▁ret iring ▁from ▁public ▁service , ▁Be as ley ▁has ▁been ▁engaged ▁in ▁community ▁initiatives , ▁including ▁the ▁Institute ▁for ▁Canadian ▁Cit iz ens hip , ▁an ▁organization ▁created ▁by ▁former ▁Governor ▁General ▁Ad ri enne ▁Clark son ▁following ▁her ▁term ▁of ▁office . ▁ ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁he ▁became ▁chair ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Capital ▁Commission ' s ▁advis ory ▁committee ▁on ▁planning , ▁design ▁and ▁real ty ▁in ▁Ott awa , ▁and ▁held ▁that ▁position ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Larry ▁Be as ley ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁Rot ter dam ▁as ▁a ▁guest ▁urban ▁critic ▁by ▁the ▁Van ▁der ▁Lee uw k ring , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Rot ter dam - based ▁project ▁developers ▁aim ing ▁to ▁make ▁public ▁life ▁benefit ▁from ▁their ▁private
▁investments . ▁Be as ley ▁gives ▁talks ▁internation ally ▁about ▁the ▁urban ▁planning , ▁and ▁has ▁also ▁provided ▁planning ▁advice ▁to ▁the ▁Abu ▁D hab i ▁government . ▁ ▁With ▁Jonathan ▁Barn ett ▁he ▁co - auth ored ▁the ▁book ▁E codes ign ▁for ▁C ities ▁and ▁Sub ur bs ▁ ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁by ▁Island ▁Press . ▁ ▁Be as ley ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ' s ▁School ▁of ▁Community ▁and ▁Regional ▁Planning . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Be as ley ▁was ▁hired ▁by ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Br ampton , ▁Ontario , ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁plan ▁for ▁future ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁spraw ling ▁met ropol is . ▁ ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 - page ▁document ▁describing ▁his ▁vision ▁of ▁Br ampton ▁in ▁ 2 0 4 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Larry ▁Be as ley ▁at ▁The ▁Canadian ▁En cycl op edia ▁Fac ulty ▁page ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁ ▁at ▁Institute ▁for ▁Canadian ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁ ▁Larry ▁Be as ley ▁at ▁the ▁Van ▁der ▁Lee uw k ring ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁urban ▁pl anners ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁King ▁Cre ole ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁by ▁Ch r ister ▁S j ö gren , ▁released ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6
. ▁The ▁albums ▁consists ▁of ▁record ings ▁of ▁songs ▁previously ▁recorded ▁by ▁El vis ▁Pres ley . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁King ▁Cre ole ▁Burn ing ▁Love ▁Love ▁Me ▁You ' ll ▁Never ▁Walk ▁Al one ▁I ▁Need ▁Your ▁Love ▁Ton ight ▁Blue ▁S ued e ▁Sh oes ▁Kiss ▁Me ▁Quick ▁There ▁Go es ▁My ▁Everything ▁You ▁G ave ▁Me ▁a ▁Mountain ▁B oss a ▁Nova ▁Baby ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Don ' t ▁St uck ▁on ▁You ▁Ted dy ▁Bear ▁Let ▁it ▁Be ▁Me ▁H ound ▁Dog ▁H urt ▁I ' ll ▁Remember ▁You ▁How ▁Great ▁Th ou ▁Art ▁ ▁Contribut ors ▁Ch r ister ▁S j ö gren ▁- ▁vocals ▁Per ▁Lind v all ▁- ▁drums , ▁per cussion ▁R ut ger ▁G unn ar sson ▁- ▁bass ▁Peter ▁L j ung ▁- ▁piano , ▁keyboard ▁L Ö asse ▁Well ander ▁- ▁guitar ▁Sebastian ▁N yl und ▁- ▁guitar ▁Le if ▁Lind wall ▁- ▁trump et ▁L enn art ▁S j ö holm ▁- ▁producer ▁S ve a ▁Str ings ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁albums ▁Category : Ch r ister ▁S j ö gren ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Sp ark assen ▁Cup ▁( ten nis ) ▁was ▁a ▁women ' s ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁indoor ▁hard ▁courts ▁in ▁Leip zig , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁T ier ▁II ▁category ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁W TA ▁Tour . ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁held ▁from ▁ 2
4 ▁September ▁until ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁First - seed ed ▁Kim ▁C lij sters ▁won ▁the ▁singles ▁title ▁and ▁earned ▁$ 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁first - p ri ze ▁money . ▁ ▁Singles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁K v ě ta ▁H rd lick ova ▁▁ ▁J ana ▁K and arr ▁▁ ▁I va ▁Maj oli ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁singles ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Daniel a ▁H ant uch ová ▁▁ ▁Tat iana ▁Pan ova ▁▁ ▁Barbara ▁R itt ner ▁▁ ▁Barbara ▁Sch wart z ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁as ▁lucky ▁los ers ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁An ast asia ▁M ysk ina ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁The ▁following ▁pairs ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁dou bles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Mart ina ▁M üll er ▁/ ▁ ▁Sil v ija ▁Tal aja ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁pairs ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁singles ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Mart a ▁Mar r ero ▁/ ▁ ▁Frances ca ▁Sch i av one ▁ ▁Fin als ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁▁ ▁Kim ▁C lij sters ▁defeated ▁ ▁Mag dal ena ▁Male eva , ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁ 6 – 1 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁▁▁ ▁El ena ▁L ikh ov t se va ▁/ ▁ ▁N
ath alie ▁T au zi at ▁defeated ▁ ▁K v ě ta ▁H rd lick ova ▁/ ▁ ▁Barbara ▁R itt ner , ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁IT F ▁tournament ▁edition ▁details ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Sp ark assen ▁Cup ▁draws ▁ ▁Sp ark assen ▁Cup ▁Category : Sp ark assen ▁Cup ▁( ten nis ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Mon ika ▁Ma št al í ř ová ▁( born ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Czech ▁former ▁professional ▁tennis ▁player . ▁ ▁Ma št al í ř ová ▁reached ▁a ▁career ▁high ▁singles ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 4 1 2 , ▁competing ▁in ▁IT F ▁Circ uit ▁tour naments , ▁with ▁all ▁of ▁her ▁W TA ▁Tour ▁main ▁draw ▁appearances ▁coming ▁in ▁dou bles . ▁She ▁won ▁ 1 0 ▁IT F ▁dou bles ▁titles ▁during ▁her ▁career . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Ma št al í ř ová ▁played ▁college ▁tennis ▁at ▁Lyn n ▁University ▁in ▁B oca ▁R aton , ▁Florida . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Lyn n ' s ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁NC AA ▁Division ▁II ▁Championship ▁winning ▁team ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁was ▁named ▁S SC ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁ ▁IT F ▁fin als ▁ ▁Singles : ▁ 4 ▁( 1 – 3 ) ▁ ▁Dou bles : ▁ 1 8 ▁( 1
0 – 8 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : C zech ▁female ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : L yn n ▁Fight ing ▁Kn ights ▁women ' s ▁tennis ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Nor al vis ▁de ▁las ▁Her as ▁is ▁a ▁Par al ym p ian ▁ath lete ▁from ▁Cuba ▁competing ▁mainly ▁in ▁category ▁F 4 2 - 4 6 ▁throwing ▁events . ▁ ▁Nor al vis ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics ▁in ▁At hens ▁winning ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁F 4 2 - 4 6 ▁shot ▁put t ▁and ▁finishing ▁outside ▁the ▁med als ▁in ▁the ▁disc us ▁and ▁j avel in . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁las ▁Her as & f name = N oral vis & gender = all ▁profile ▁on ▁par al ym pic . org ▁ ▁Category : Par al ym pic ▁athletes ▁of ▁Cuba ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics ▁Category : Par al ym pic ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Cuba ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Par al ym p ics ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Ren ault ▁is ▁a ▁manufacturer ▁of ▁C ogn ac , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 3
5 ▁by ▁Jean - Ant on in ▁Ren ault ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁C ogn ac , ▁France . ▁Jean ▁Anton in ▁Ren ault ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁voy ager , ▁and ▁he ▁started ▁to ▁sell ▁cogn ac ▁during ▁his ▁travels ▁to ▁Sc and in avia , ▁Germany , ▁Eastern ▁Europe , ▁I cel and , ▁the ▁Amer icas , ▁and ▁Asia . ▁Ren ault ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁cogn ac ▁maker ▁to ▁ship ▁his ▁cogn ac ▁in ▁bottles ▁( inst ead ▁of ▁barrel s ) ▁which ▁guaranteed ▁the ▁preserv ation ▁of ▁original ▁taste ▁and ▁uniform ▁quality . ▁ ▁The ▁corporation ▁has ▁merged ▁with ▁Cast illon ▁and ▁Bis qu it ▁Dub ouch é , ▁and ▁is ▁based ▁at ▁Rou ill ac , ▁Ch aren te , ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁near ▁Ch âteau ▁de ▁L ign ères . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Finn ish ▁Alt ia ▁Pl c ▁acquired ▁the ▁Ren ault ▁brand . ▁ ▁A ▁well - known ▁product ▁with ▁international ▁distribution ▁is ▁" R en ault ▁Car te ▁No ir ". ▁The ▁icon ic ▁Car te ▁No ire ▁blend ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁making ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁cogn ac ▁recipes ▁still ▁in ▁use . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . c ogn ac ren ault . com / ▁Company ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Dist iller ies ▁in ▁France ▁Category : C ogn ac <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pr incip als ▁Athlet ic ▁Conference ▁( P AC - 7 ) ▁is ▁an

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