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▁fear ▁of ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁re per cuss ions ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁had ▁done , ▁saying ▁" I ▁couldn ' t ▁survive ▁knowing ▁what ▁I ▁have ▁done ") ▁and ▁Sab re to oth . ▁The ▁rein version ▁was ▁successful ▁with ▁every ▁person ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁in version ▁except ▁the ▁three ▁a fore ment ioned . ▁After ▁the ▁spell , ▁the ▁still - in verted ▁Hav ok ▁used ▁the ▁Was p ▁as ▁a ▁leverage ▁to ▁escape . ▁Mag net o ▁soon ▁realized ▁that ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁dist raction , ▁Iron ▁Man , ▁Doctor ▁Do om , ▁and ▁the ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁had ▁escaped . ▁ ▁T ie - Ins ▁ ▁A X IS : ▁Carn age ▁Carn age ▁having ▁been ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁in version ▁now ▁feels ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁do ▁good ▁while ▁also ▁controlling ▁his ▁murder ous ▁desires . ▁He ▁saves ▁a ▁prost itute ▁from ▁a ▁man ▁by ▁punch ing ▁him ▁and ▁accidentally ▁punch ing ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁man ' s ▁eyes ▁out . ▁Then ▁another ▁man ▁runs ▁at ▁Carn age ▁with ▁a ▁knife ▁only ▁to ▁have ▁his ▁hand ▁cut ▁off ▁by ▁Carn age . ▁The ▁woman ▁attacks ▁Carn age ▁much ▁to ▁his ▁surprise ▁and ▁she ▁points ▁out ▁the ▁second ▁man ▁was ▁her ▁p imp . ▁Decl aring ▁her ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁criminal ▁to ▁Carn age ▁gently ▁kn ocks ▁her ▁unconscious . ▁But ▁a ▁crowd ▁g athers ▁saying ▁that ▁he ▁attacked ▁her ▁despite ▁his ▁protests ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁saving ▁her . ▁Meanwhile , ▁a ▁new ▁Sin - E ater ▁is ▁murder ing ▁journalists |
, ▁which ▁un sc rup ulous ▁reporter ▁Alice ▁Gle ason ▁uses ▁to ▁try ▁and ▁boost ▁her ▁popularity . ▁She ▁also ▁points ▁out ▁she ▁wants ▁the ▁super ▁hero ▁beat ▁an ▁earlier , ▁now ▁dead , ▁reporter ▁had . ▁But ▁she ▁can ▁only ▁get ▁it ▁if ▁she ▁" gets ▁someone ▁with ▁a ▁c ape ". ▁Carn age ▁watches ▁her ▁on ▁TV ▁outside ▁a ▁store . ▁He ▁watches ▁her ▁tear ful ▁display ▁about ▁the ▁murdered ▁reporters ▁and ▁says ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁person ▁and ▁can ▁teach ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁good . ▁When ▁she ▁arrives ▁at ▁her ▁home ▁Sin - E ater ▁is ▁waiting ▁for ▁her . ▁She ▁tries ▁to ▁offer ▁him ▁fame ▁and ▁fortune ▁but ▁he ▁ref uses ▁and ▁then ▁Carn age ▁burst s ▁in ▁singing ▁his ▁own ▁version ▁of ▁Sp ider - Man ' s ▁theme ▁song . ▁He ▁then ▁bl ows ▁off ▁Sin - e ater ' s ▁head ▁and ▁takes ▁away ▁the ▁faint ed ▁Alice . ▁Sin - E ater ▁recon struct s ▁his ▁head , ▁a ▁gl owing ▁green ▁skull , ▁a ▁watches ▁Carn age ▁swing ▁away . ▁When ▁Alice ▁w akes ▁up , ▁Carn age ▁has ▁we bb ed ▁her ▁under ▁a ▁bridge ▁and ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁that ▁she ▁will ▁teach ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁good ▁hero . ▁ ▁A X IS : ▁Hob g ob lin ▁Following ▁his ▁in version , ▁R oder ick ▁Kings ley ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁found ▁himself ▁happ ier ▁with ▁his ▁in version , ▁although ▁still ▁motivated ▁by ▁greed ▁rather ▁than ▁al tr u |
ism . ▁He ▁re activ ated ▁his ▁franch ises ▁where ▁he ▁le ases ▁the ▁personas ▁and ▁cost umes ▁of ▁dece ased ▁or ▁retired ▁super her oes ▁to ▁ordinary ▁people , ▁but ▁remained ▁a ▁wanted ▁criminal . ▁He ▁also ▁en fr anch ised ▁his ▁Hob g ob lin ▁persona ▁to ▁various ▁people ▁to ▁perform ▁hero ic ▁de eds ▁as ▁Hob g ob lin ▁and ▁published ▁a ▁comic ▁about ▁them ▁for ▁promotion . ▁Among ▁those ▁who ▁answered ▁an ▁ad ▁are ▁Lily ▁Holl ister ▁( who ▁was ▁rendered ▁am nes iac ▁after ▁a ▁bot ched ▁rescue ▁from ▁the ▁police ▁by ▁G ob lin ▁King ) ▁and ▁an ▁under em ployed ▁teenager ▁named ▁John ▁My ers . ▁He ▁set ▁a ▁three ▁phase ▁program ▁including ▁a ▁book ▁and ▁various ▁articles ▁with ▁his ▁brand ▁and ▁underground ▁spe e ches ▁named ▁after ▁Ned ▁Le eds ▁for ▁people ▁to ▁make ▁their ▁own ▁franch ises ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁a ▁share ▁of ▁their ▁profits ▁Hob g ob lin ▁debut ed ▁his ▁Hob - H ero es ▁which ▁consisted ▁of ▁Lily ▁Holl ister ▁as ▁Queen ▁Cat , ▁John ▁My ers ▁as ▁Miss ile ▁M ate , ▁Fl ower ▁Girl , ▁Le ather boy , ▁R ocket ▁Head , ▁and ▁Water ▁W izard . ▁When ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁confront ed ▁R oder ick ▁Kings ley ▁in ▁his ▁headquarters , ▁Queen ▁Cat ▁came ▁to ▁his ▁defense . ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁recognized ▁Lily ▁Holl ister ▁as ▁Queen ▁Cat , ▁but ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁recognize ▁him . ▁Following ▁the ▁attack , ▁Miss ile ▁M ate ▁was |
▁convinced ▁by ▁U rich ' s ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁Hob g ob lin ▁would ▁soon ▁abandon ▁the ▁heroes ▁he ▁had ▁trained . ▁Miss ile ▁M ate ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁G ob lin ▁Under ground ' s ▁headquarters ▁and ▁asked ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁to ▁join ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁super v ill ain . ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁was ▁reluct ant , ▁but ▁Miss ile ▁M ate ▁soon ▁showed ▁him ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁also ▁gathered ▁to ▁join ▁his ▁cause ▁all ▁the ▁super v ill ains ▁that ▁Hob g ob lin ▁had ▁" ab andon ed " ▁( cons isting ▁of ▁ 8 - B all ▁III , ▁K iller ▁Sh rike ▁II , ▁Mel ter ▁III , ▁T iger ▁Sh ark ▁II , ▁Un ic orn ▁IV ) ▁after ▁becoming ▁a ▁good ▁guy . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁celebration ▁of ▁a ▁Hob g ob lin ▁Day ▁was ▁being ▁held ▁with ▁a ▁par ade ▁in ▁R oder ick ▁Kings ley ' s ▁honor , ▁Miss ile ▁M ate ▁bet rayed ▁Hob g ob lin ▁and ▁attempted ▁to ▁murder ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁G ob lin ▁King . ▁R oder ick ▁had ▁already ▁expected ▁the ▁betray al ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁using ▁a ▁h olog ram ▁dec oy ▁which ▁took ▁Miss ile ▁M ate ' s ▁blow . ▁As ▁soon ▁as ▁R oder ick ▁King l sey ▁confront ed ▁Miss ile ▁M ate , ▁the ▁G ob lin ▁King ▁appeared ▁with ▁his ▁G ob lin ▁Nation ▁and ▁attacked ▁the ▁celebration . ▁Hob g ob lin |
▁best ed ▁U rich ▁in ▁combat ▁and ▁left ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁authorities . ▁After ▁exc using ▁himself ▁from ▁the ▁authorities , ▁Hob g ob lin ▁was ▁approached ▁by ▁Steve ▁Rogers ▁to ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁Av engers ▁with ▁the ▁objective ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁in verted ▁X - Men ▁from ▁det on ating ▁a ▁gene ▁bomb ▁which ▁would ' ve ▁killed ▁everyone ▁on ▁the ▁Earth ▁who ▁wasn ' t ▁a ▁mut ant . ▁ ▁Av engers ▁World ▁Following ▁his ▁in version , ▁a ▁now ▁al tr u istic ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁seeks ▁red em ption ▁for ▁his ▁crimes . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁combat ▁a ▁now - ev il ▁Scar let ▁W itch ▁when ▁she ▁inv ades ▁Lat ver ia , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Val eria , ▁Do om ▁forms ▁his ▁own ▁team ▁of ▁Av engers ▁consisting ▁of ▁ 3 D ▁Man , ▁El sa ▁Blood stone , ▁St ing ray , ▁V alk y rie , ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Agent . ▁It ▁is ▁later ▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁fight ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁Do om ▁to ▁power ▁a ▁device ▁to ▁put ▁right ▁his ▁previous ▁mistakes ; ▁however , ▁forced ▁to ▁choose ▁only ▁one ▁act ▁to ▁repair , ▁he ▁cho oses ▁to ▁resur rect ▁the ▁super her oine ▁St ature , ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁murdered ▁in ▁Av engers : ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁Cr us ade . ▁ ▁Dead pool ▁Mag net o ▁man ages ▁to ▁recruit ▁Dead pool ▁to ▁help ▁fight ▁Red ▁On sl aught . ▁After ▁the ▁in version ▁spell |
▁was ▁cast , ▁Dead pool ▁had ▁his ▁pac if ist ▁personality ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁his ▁mind ▁and ▁body . ▁Thus , ▁he ▁becomes ▁Zen pool . ▁ ▁Mag net o ▁Mag net o ▁goes ▁around ▁to ▁recruit ▁some ▁super v ill ains ▁to ▁help ▁fight ▁Red ▁On sl aught . ▁When ▁Mag net o ▁arrived ▁to ▁recruit ▁Hob g ob lin , ▁he ▁attacked ▁Mag net o ▁and ▁was ▁sub j ug ated ▁and ▁forced ▁to ▁join ▁Mag net o ' s ▁team . ▁He ▁approached ▁Carn age ▁in ▁his ▁self - con fin ement ▁and ▁convinced ▁C let us ▁to ▁join ▁him ▁as ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁nothing ▁more ▁cha otic ▁than ▁him ▁saving ▁the ▁world . ▁Mag net o ▁destroyed ▁the ▁Do omb ots ▁which ▁guard ing ▁a ▁palace ▁door ▁and ▁enter ▁the ▁castle . ▁There , ▁he ▁finds ▁Doctor ▁Do om , ▁L oki , ▁Ver ity , ▁and ▁Val eria . ▁He ▁offers ▁an ▁alliance ▁with ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁and ▁L oki ▁against ▁with ▁the ▁Red ▁On sl aught , ▁which ▁Do om ▁agrees ▁to . ▁Thanks ▁to ▁L oki ' s ▁help , ▁Mag net o ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁get ▁En chant ress ▁to ▁help ▁fight ▁Red ▁On sl aught . ▁ ▁G ather ed ▁on ▁the ▁battle field , ▁Red ▁On sl aught ▁has ▁un le ashed ▁chaos ▁on ▁the ▁city : ▁the ▁in version ▁spell ▁has ▁fl ipped ▁personal ities ▁and ▁psych ic ▁attacks ▁are ▁controlling ▁beings ▁for ▁his ▁cause . ▁Mag net o , ▁because ▁of |
▁his ▁helmet , ▁and ▁select ▁other ▁magical ▁beings ▁are ▁immune . ▁Am id st ▁battle , ▁Mag net o ▁has ▁the ▁idea ▁to ▁bring ▁Professor ▁X ' s ▁conscious ▁to ▁the ▁fore front ▁of ▁Red ▁On sl aught , ▁using ▁Doctor ▁Str ange ▁and ▁Scar let ▁W itch . ▁Doctor ▁Str ange ▁is ▁incap ac itated , ▁and ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁steps ▁in . ▁Red ▁On sl aught ▁becomes ▁aware ▁of ▁this ▁and ▁sends ▁Carn age ▁to ▁stop ▁them . ▁While ▁Carn age ▁is ▁attacking ▁Mag net o , ▁they ▁successfully ▁cast ▁their ▁spell ▁and ▁the ▁battle ▁ends . ▁Mag net o ▁stands ▁away ▁in ▁the ▁distance ▁and ▁the ▁psych ic ▁form ▁of ▁Professor ▁X ▁appears . ▁Mag net o ▁tries ▁to ▁explain ▁that ▁Professor ▁X ▁was ▁right ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁will ▁meaning fully ▁pursue ▁protecting ▁mut ants ▁like ▁Professor ▁X ▁wanted . ▁Professor ▁X ▁reveals ▁that ▁Mag net o ▁was ▁right ▁all ▁along ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁wrong . ▁Mag net o ▁walks ▁off ▁to ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁young ▁captured ▁mut ants , ▁f rees ▁them , ▁and ▁ass ures ▁their ▁ut most ▁safety . ▁A ▁German ▁officer ▁is ▁seen ▁watching ▁and ▁smiling ▁in ▁the ▁background . ▁ ▁Nova ▁Kl uh ▁was ▁eventually ▁confront ed ▁by ▁Nova ▁attempting ▁to ▁bite ▁off ▁Nova ' s ▁arm ▁before ▁being ▁bl asted ▁up ▁the ▁nose . ▁Ir rit ated , ▁Kl uh ▁hit ▁Nova ▁so ▁hard ▁he ▁crossed ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁and ▁crashed ▁head - first ▁into ▁the ▁E iff el ▁Tower . ▁Kl uh ▁res |
umed ▁his ▁ramp age . ▁ ▁After math ▁In ▁the ▁wake ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁is ▁being ▁re built ▁for ▁what ▁was ▁an ▁estimate ▁of ▁months . ▁The ▁press ▁receives ▁a ▁video ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁the ▁in verted ▁vill ains ▁before ▁the ▁battle ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁bl amed ▁the ▁recent ▁crisis ▁on ▁themselves ▁calling ▁themselves ▁the ▁" Axis ▁of ▁Ev il ." ▁Steve ▁Rogers ▁is ▁recover ing ▁from ▁the ▁wounds ▁suffered ▁during ▁the ▁battle . ▁Iron ▁Man ▁has ▁returned ▁to ▁St ark ▁Island ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁Hav ok ▁returned ▁to ▁Cycl ops ' s ▁X - Men . ▁Dead pool ▁and ▁Ev an ▁Sab ahn ur ▁have ▁gone ▁into ▁hiding . ▁Thor ▁is ▁still ▁dealing ▁with ▁no ▁longer ▁being ▁worthy . ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁has ▁ab du cted ▁the ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁and ▁is ▁holding ▁him ▁prisoner . ▁The ▁Av engers ▁Un ity ▁Division ▁has ▁reform ed . ▁Peter ▁Parker ▁is ▁building ▁the ▁r hin estone ▁statue ▁Carn age ▁made ▁Sp ider - Man ▁promise ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁when ▁he ▁sacrific ed ▁himself . ▁Sab re to oth ▁is ▁imprison ed ▁promising ▁to ▁follow ▁a ▁better ▁path ▁in ▁life ▁similar ▁to ▁W olver ine ' s ▁path ▁now ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁permanently ▁in verted . ▁ ▁Super ior ▁Iron ▁Man ▁Iron ▁Man ▁was ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁On sl aught ' s ▁concentration ▁camp ▁when ▁the ▁Scar let ▁W itch ▁cast ▁the ▁in version ▁spell ▁that ▁finally ▁defeated ▁him . ▁The ▁day ▁was ▁saved , |
▁but ▁now , ▁he ▁sees ▁things ▁differently . ▁F lying ▁over ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁he ▁del ivers ▁a ▁mobile ▁device ▁app ▁that ▁gives ▁the ▁user ▁free ▁access ▁to ▁Ext rem is ▁ 3 . 0 , ▁along ▁with ▁instructions ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁use ▁it ▁to ▁change ▁your ▁body ▁into ▁whatever ▁you ▁want . ▁One ▁week ▁later , ▁Iron ▁Man ▁teams ▁up ▁with ▁She - H ul k ▁on ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁A ▁kid ▁has ▁been ▁exposed ▁to ▁g amma ▁radiation , ▁gained ▁a ▁mon st rous ▁vis age ▁and ▁some ▁super - stre ngth , ▁and ▁has ▁started ▁wreck ing ▁the ▁street ▁and ▁calling ▁himself ▁" Te en ▁Ab om ination " ▁( who ▁re semb les ▁a ▁teen age ▁version ▁of ▁Ab om ination ). ▁Iron ▁Man ▁starts ▁lect uring ▁the ▁new ▁vill ain ▁about ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁brand ing , ▁but ▁he ▁is ▁met ▁with ▁a ▁blow ▁that ▁takes ▁his ▁head ▁clean ▁off ▁only ▁for ▁Iron ▁Man ▁to ▁reveal ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁controlling ▁the ▁armor ▁remot ely . ▁Te en ▁Ab om ination ▁is ▁st unned ▁by ▁the ▁revel ation ▁long ▁enough ▁for ▁Iron ▁Man ▁to ▁incap ac itate ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁un i - be am . ▁In ▁the ▁after math , ▁She - H ul k ▁lect ures ▁Iron ▁Man ▁about ▁using ▁too ▁much ▁force , ▁and ▁voc ally ▁dis appro ves ▁of ▁his ▁call ous ▁behavior . ▁From ▁his ▁swimming ▁pool , ▁Tony ▁sends ▁a ▁remote ▁recall ▁signal ▁and ▁the ▁armor ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁lab |
. ▁P epper ▁Pot ts ▁comes ▁to ▁the ▁pool ▁and ▁tells ▁Tony ▁that ▁she ▁needs ▁to ▁talk ▁to ▁him ▁in ▁private . ▁Tony ▁says ▁he ▁will ▁meet ▁her ▁inside . ▁An ▁hour ▁later , ▁he ▁sa un ters ▁in ▁rather ▁than ▁immediately . ▁P epper ▁not ices ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁started ▁drinking ▁again . ▁Tony ▁shows ▁her ▁the ▁latest ▁Iron ▁Man ▁suit , ▁which ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁Model ▁ 4 2 : ▁the ▁End o - Sym ▁Arm or . ▁A ▁liquid ▁smart - met al ▁design , ▁it ▁util izes ▁elements ▁of ▁sym bi otes ▁and ▁its ▁boot ▁process ▁is ▁fully ▁ps ion ic . ▁P epper ▁cuts ▁out ▁his ▁sp iel ▁about ▁its ▁aesthetic ▁appeal ▁by ▁acc using ▁him ▁of ▁not ▁considering ▁the ▁ram ifications ▁of ▁giving ▁everyone ▁with ▁a ▁smart phone ▁access ▁to ▁Ext rem is . ▁Everyone ▁who ▁had ▁no ▁way ▁of ▁access ing ▁the ▁app ▁is ▁the ▁city ' s ▁new ▁under class , ▁while ▁everyone ▁who ▁had ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁app ▁has ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁wave ▁of ▁org i astic ▁ir respons ibility ▁that ▁has ▁swept ▁the ▁city . ▁On ▁a ▁street ▁corner , ▁a ▁gang ▁of ▁Ext rem is - enh anced ▁urban ites ▁corner ▁a ▁homeless ▁woman ▁and ▁acc use ▁her ▁of ▁b lem ishing ▁their ▁perfect ▁future . ▁Before ▁the ▁second ▁punch ▁is ▁thrown ▁though , ▁they ▁are ▁acc ost ed ▁by ▁D are dev il ▁who ▁promises ▁violence ▁if ▁they ▁don ' t ▁dis per se . ▁Suddenly , ▁the |
▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁mob ▁ke els ▁over ▁in ▁pain . ▁People ▁around ▁the ▁city ▁do ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁Tony ▁explains ▁to ▁P epper ▁the ▁second ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁strategy ▁to ▁leverage ▁Ext rem is ▁to ▁provide ▁St ark ▁Indust ries ▁( as ▁he ▁still ▁calls ▁it ) ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁money . ▁Every ▁single ▁Ext rem is ▁enh anc ile ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁writ hes ▁on ▁the ▁p ave ment ▁as ▁their ▁bi ology ▁sub t ly ▁re writ es ▁itself ▁to ▁default . ▁Every ▁single ▁mobile ▁device ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁p ings ▁explaining ▁through ▁a ▁new ▁message ▁that ▁their ▁trial ▁period ▁has ▁exp ired , ▁and ▁that ▁to ▁continue , ▁they ▁must ▁pay ▁$ 9 9 . 9 9 ▁per ▁day . ▁Put ting ▁on ▁his ▁End o - Sym ▁Arm or , ▁Tony ▁decides ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁good ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁city ▁from ▁the ▁air . ▁That ▁night , ▁P epper ▁discuss es ▁Tony ' s ▁condition ▁with ▁someone . ▁She ▁says ▁that ▁years ▁ago , ▁Tony ▁said ▁his ▁greatest ▁fear ▁was ▁not ▁that ▁someone ▁would ▁take ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁use ▁it ▁against ▁him , ▁but ▁rather ▁that ▁something ▁would ▁take ▁his ▁mind , ▁and ▁use ▁him ▁to ▁destroy ▁his ▁life . ▁P epper ▁believes ▁that ▁this ▁has ▁happened ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁co - con spir ator ▁need ▁to ▁activate ▁" the ▁conting ency ." ▁Her ▁al ly ▁steps ▁from ▁the ▁shadows ▁revealing ▁that ▁the ▁un named ▁person ▁is ▁wearing ▁an ▁early ▁Iron ▁Man |
▁suit ▁as ▁he ▁agrees ▁with ▁her . ▁ ▁Tit les ▁involved ▁ ▁Col lected ▁ed itions ▁ ▁Re ception ▁I GN ▁gave ▁the ▁story ▁and ▁the ▁overall ▁graphic ▁novel ▁a ▁negative ▁review ▁of ▁ 4 . 5 ▁with ▁the ▁ver dict ▁" AX IS ▁stands ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁disappoint ments ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Despite ▁the ▁top - t ier ▁creat ors ▁involved ▁and ▁the ▁ped ig ree ▁of ▁Un c anny ▁Av engers , ▁this ▁event ▁just ▁didn ' t ▁come ▁together . ▁Only ▁sp or ad ic ▁moments ▁of ▁fun ▁crop ▁up ▁during ▁the ▁barr age ▁of ▁rushed ▁art ▁and ▁poor ▁character ization . ▁And ▁while ▁the ▁overall ▁p acing ▁does ▁benefit ▁slightly ▁in ▁this ▁collected ▁format , ▁the ▁hard cover ' s ▁lack ▁of ▁extr as ▁and ▁poor ▁paper ▁quality ▁make ▁the ▁high ▁cover ▁price ▁a ▁hard ▁pill ▁to ▁swallow ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁A X IS ▁at ▁Marvel ▁W iki ▁ ▁Hard cover ▁Edition ▁at ▁Amazon . com ▁ ▁Category : Mar vel ▁Com ics ▁story lines ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁com ics ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁com ics ▁end ings ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁com ics ▁Category : Super hero ▁com ics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice ▁is ▁the ▁longest - running ▁literary ▁arts ▁journal ▁focused ▁on ▁H mong ▁art ▁and ▁culture , ▁containing ▁original ▁literary ▁and ▁visual ▁artwork ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁criticism . ▁ |
▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁its ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁support ▁H mong ▁writers ▁and ▁artists ▁by ▁providing ▁a ▁community ▁forum ▁to ▁foster ▁H mong ▁writing ▁and ▁art , ▁thus ▁n urt uring ▁the ▁contin ual ▁growth ▁and ▁celebration ▁of ▁H mong ▁heritage . ▁ ▁The ▁purpose ▁is ▁to ▁blend ▁the ▁old ▁with ▁new ▁documentation ▁techniques ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁artistic ▁soul ▁of ▁the ▁H mong ▁community . ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice ’ s ▁project ▁goals ▁include : ▁Building ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁H mong ▁writers ▁and ▁artists , ▁promoting ▁writing ▁by ▁H mong ▁writers ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁writing ▁about ▁the ▁H mong , ▁and ▁creating ▁a ▁community ▁forum ▁to ▁engage ▁in ▁discussions ▁on ▁issues ▁that ▁affect ▁the ▁H mong , ▁and ▁to ▁celebrate ▁and ▁affirm ▁H mong ▁writers ▁in ▁public ▁read ings . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice ▁initially ▁began ▁as ▁a ▁youth ▁project ▁of ▁H mong ▁American ▁Part nership ▁before ▁its ▁organiz ers ▁began ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁new ▁organization , ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁H mong ▁Arts ▁And ▁Tal ent ▁in ▁Saint ▁Paul , ▁Minnesota . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice ▁ed itors ▁and ▁staff ▁left ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁H mong ▁Arts ▁and ▁Tal ent ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁program ▁under ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁H mong ▁American ▁Institute ▁for ▁Learning . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Historical ▁Society ▁Press ▁published ▁an ▁anth ology ▁collecting ▁both ▁original ▁and ▁previously ▁published ▁examples |
▁of ▁work ▁from ▁contributors ▁to ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice ▁called ▁B amb oo ▁Among ▁the ▁O aks , ▁which , ▁despite ▁initial ▁ske ptic ism ▁quickly ▁sold ▁out ▁its ▁first ▁printing ▁within ▁a ▁year . ▁It ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁taught ▁in ▁several ▁class rooms ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁The ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice ▁has ▁changed ▁formats ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁Origin ally ▁it ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 2 - page ▁collection ▁of ▁tab lo id - sized ▁phot oc op ies , ▁but ▁eventually ▁grew ▁into ▁a ▁saddle - st itched ▁journal ▁with ▁card stock ▁covers ▁during ▁the ▁later ▁years ▁at ▁H mong ▁American ▁Part nership . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁when ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice ▁became ▁a ▁project ▁under ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁H mong ▁Arts ▁and ▁Tal ent , ▁the ▁journal ▁became ▁a ▁full - sized , ▁perfect ▁bound ▁magazine ▁with ▁a ▁gl oss y ▁full - color ▁cover . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁H mong ▁American ▁Institute ▁for ▁Learning ▁introduced ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice ▁in ▁a ▁new , ▁perfect - bound , ▁digest - sized ▁format . ▁ ▁Staff ▁An ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁writers ▁appear ▁in ▁each ▁issue . ▁The ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice ▁typically ▁comes ▁out ▁twice ▁a ▁year . ▁Since ▁the ▁initial ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁P aj ▁N ta ub ▁Voice , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁highly ▁active ▁writers ▁and ▁artists |
▁have ▁emerged , ▁including ▁May ▁Lee ▁Yang , ▁Mai ▁N eng ▁M ou a , ▁Ka ▁V ang , ▁Soul ▁V ang , ▁Cy ▁Th ao , ▁Lee ▁V ang , ▁Peter ▁Yang , ▁Be e ▁Cha , ▁D ia ▁Cha , ▁P acy inz ▁Ly f ou ng , ▁Y eng ▁Lor , ▁K ou ▁V ang , ▁Song ▁Yang , ▁Sh ou a ▁Lee , ▁May ▁P ah ou ▁Ly , ▁T ou ▁Sa iko ▁Lee , ▁Nou k ou ▁Th ao , ▁Sand i ▁Ci ▁M ou a , ▁Gary ▁Y ia ▁Lee ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁H mong ▁National ▁Development , ▁Inc . ▁H mong ▁American ▁Institute ▁for ▁Learning ▁ ▁Category : American ▁literary ▁magazines ▁Category : American ▁b ian n ual ▁magazines ▁Category : H mong - American ▁culture ▁and ▁history ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁published ▁in ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁Be zz ia ▁nob ilis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁bit ing ▁mid ges ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer at op og on idae . ▁It ▁is ▁widely ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁Be zz ia ▁species ; ▁it ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁E uras ian ▁regions , ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Central ▁America , ▁and ▁even ▁into ▁South ▁American ▁countries ▁like ▁Brazil . ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁seem ▁to ▁prefer ▁aqu atic ▁environments ; ▁they ▁are ▁commonly ▁observed ▁in ▁st agn ant ▁water ▁pool s ▁in ▁E |
uras ia ▁regions ▁and ▁mars hes ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁United ▁States . ▁Adult s ▁of ▁this ▁species ▁are ▁easily ▁distinguished ▁by ▁their ▁black ▁and ▁yellow ▁stri ped ▁legs . ▁P up ae ▁are ▁recognized ▁by ▁their ▁brown ▁bodies , ▁ab dom inal ▁sp ines , ▁and ▁resp ir atory ▁horn s . ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁l ar va e ▁are ▁distinguished ▁by ▁brown ▁heads ▁and ▁white ▁bodies . ▁Little ▁information ▁is ▁known ▁on ▁their ▁life ▁cycle ▁or ▁m ating ▁habits . ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁is ▁a ▁pre dat ory ▁species . ▁While ▁some ▁research ▁suggests ▁they ▁mainly ▁feed ▁on ▁l ar va e ▁of ▁other ▁insect ▁species , ▁experiments ▁suggest ▁they ▁prefer ▁imm obile , ▁easy ▁prey ▁such ▁as ▁dead ▁adult ▁flies , ▁bacteria , ▁and ▁proto zo a . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Adult s ▁ ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁is ▁a ▁medium - sized ▁Be zz ia ▁species ▁with ▁wing ▁lengths ▁ranging ▁from ▁ 1 . 5 mm ▁to ▁ 2 . 6 mm . ▁Their ▁wings ▁are ▁white ▁but ▁contain ▁thin ▁yellow ▁ve ins ▁that ▁may ▁give ▁the ▁wings ▁a ▁yellow ish ▁t int . ▁Their ▁legs ▁have ▁distinct ▁stri pes , ▁with ▁thick ▁altern ating ▁bands ▁of ▁yellow ▁and ▁black . ▁These ▁black ▁bands ▁are ▁located ▁specifically ▁on ▁the ▁bases ▁and ▁ap ices ▁of ▁the ▁fem urs ▁and ▁t ib ia ▁of ▁adult ▁flies . ▁Black ▁set ae ▁cover ▁the ▁legs , ▁particularly ▁occurring ▁on ▁the ▁black ▁bands ▁at ▁the ▁ap ices ▁of ▁the ▁t ib |
ia ▁and ▁fem urs . ▁These ▁set ae ▁are ▁more ▁numerous ▁in ▁males ▁than ▁females . ▁Adult ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁flies ▁generally ▁have ▁th or ax es ▁with ▁colors ▁varying ▁by ▁segment ▁and ▁sex . ▁ ▁Fem ales ▁ ▁Fem ale ▁adult ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁flies ▁have ▁cur ved ▁cl aws . ▁While ▁upper ▁portions ▁of ▁their ▁body , ▁like ▁the ▁head ▁and ▁anten na e , ▁are ▁a ▁dark er ▁brown ▁or ▁gray ▁color , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁females ' ▁ab dom ens ▁are ▁lightly ▁colored ▁with ▁a ▁range ▁from ▁white ▁to ▁yellow ▁and ▁covered ▁in ▁fine ▁black ▁set ae . ▁They ▁have ▁one ▁pair ▁of ▁long ▁yellow ▁g land ▁ro ds ▁running ▁along ▁their ▁body . ▁Adult ▁females ▁have ▁two ▁asym met rical ▁s per mat he ca e ▁ch ambers ▁that ▁collect ▁and ▁store ▁s perm , ▁reach able ▁through ▁a ▁short ▁passage . ▁ ▁M ales ▁ ▁Male ▁adult ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁flies ▁have ▁been ▁described ▁in ▁less ▁detail ▁than ▁females . ▁Their ▁ab dom ens ▁are ▁brown , ▁but ▁existing ▁descriptions ▁focus ▁lies ▁on ▁their ▁re product ive ▁organ ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ab dom en : ▁the ▁ade ag us . ▁A de agi ▁of ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁males ▁are ▁ar ched , ▁small ▁and ▁st out , ▁tap ering ▁into ▁a ▁bl unt ▁dist ist yle , ▁a ▁blade - shaped ▁access ory ▁on ▁the ▁ade ag us . ▁M ales , ▁like ▁females , ▁have ▁anten na e ▁on ▁their ▁heads , |
▁but ▁they ▁also ▁sport ▁yellow , ▁fan - like ▁pl um age . ▁ ▁P up ae ▁ ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁pup ae ▁are ▁ 3 . 5 mm ▁- ▁ 4 . 0 mm ▁long . ▁They ▁have ▁resp ir atory ▁horn s ▁ 0 . 2 2 mm ▁to ▁ 0 . 2 7 mm ▁long . ▁The ▁body ▁of ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁pup a ▁is ▁brown ▁in ▁color ▁and ▁covered ▁in ▁short ▁ab dom inal ▁sp ines . ▁ ▁Lar va e ▁ ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁l ar va e ▁are ▁approximately ▁ 7 . 0 mm ▁in ▁length . ▁Their ▁brown ▁colored ▁heads ▁are ▁long , ▁thin , ▁and ▁tap ered , ▁with ▁a ▁cur ved ▁mand ible ▁and ▁to pped ▁by ▁two ▁eyes . ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁l ar va e ▁have ▁white ▁bodies , ▁and ▁unlike ▁adults ▁have ▁very ▁few ▁set ae . ▁The ▁only ▁set ae ▁are ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁last ▁body ▁segment ▁where ▁there ▁are ▁eight ▁long ▁ones ▁neat ly ▁arranged ▁in ▁pairs . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁is ▁widely ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁of ▁all ▁Be zz ia ▁species . ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁across ▁extensive ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁occup ying ▁regions ▁of ▁E uras ia , ▁covering ▁North ▁and ▁Central ▁America , ▁and ▁even ▁being ▁found ▁as ▁southern ▁as ▁Brazil ▁and ▁U rugu ay . ▁This ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁distributions ▁of ▁all |
▁Be zz ia ▁species , ▁covering ▁a ▁much ▁greater ▁area ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁most ▁other ▁species ▁within ▁the ▁genus . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁▁ ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁flies ▁are ▁often ▁found ▁living ▁in ▁sand y ▁and ▁mud dy ▁areas . ▁They ▁are ▁especially ▁associated ▁with ▁al ga e ▁that ▁grow ▁near ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁shallow ▁pool s ▁of ▁water . ▁ ▁In ▁European ▁regions , ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁l ar va e ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁sand ▁or ▁sand - s ilt ▁that ▁surround ▁l akes , ▁or ▁st agn ant ▁pool s ▁of ▁water ▁in ▁wood y ▁areas . ▁Adult ▁flies ▁have ▁been ▁observed ▁to ▁mate ▁in ▁br ack ish ▁water . ▁In ▁the ▁southern ▁United ▁States , ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁mars hes ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁Ever gl ades ▁National ▁Park . ▁ ▁Life ▁history ▁ ▁Though ▁the ▁specific s ▁describing ▁the ▁life ▁cycle ▁of ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁are ▁mostly ▁unknown ▁and ▁research ▁is ▁lacking ▁compared ▁to ▁many ▁other ▁D ip tera ▁species , ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁life ▁stages , ▁suggest ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁follows ▁a ▁life ▁cycle ▁similar ▁to ▁other ▁D ip ter ans . ▁Physical ▁descriptions ▁of ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁exist ▁for ▁l ar va , ▁pup a , ▁and ▁adults ▁indicating ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁at ▁least ▁moves ▁through ▁these ▁three ▁stages ▁in ▁life ▁as ▁many ▁other ▁flies ▁do . ▁ ▁Food ▁resources ▁ ▁Pred ation ▁on ▁other ▁flies ▁ ▁The ▁feeding ▁habits ▁of ▁Be zz ia |
▁species ▁are ▁widely ▁unknown , ▁but ▁the ▁little ▁research ▁available ▁suggests ▁B . ▁nob ilis , ▁and ▁other ▁closely ▁related ▁species ▁are ▁pre dat ory , ▁re lying ▁on ▁other ▁adults ▁or ▁l ar va e ▁of ▁other ▁species ▁as ▁food ▁sources . ▁The ▁br ine ▁fly ▁E ph yd ra ▁therm oph y lla ▁was ▁observed ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁prey ▁item ▁for ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁flies ▁living ▁in ▁hot ▁spring s . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁research ▁available ▁suggests ▁l ar va e ▁of ▁multiple ▁Be zz ia ▁species ▁including ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁seem ▁to ▁especially ▁rely ▁on ▁mos qu ito ▁l ar va e ▁as ▁prey . ▁An ▁experiment ▁revealed ▁that ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁l ar va e ▁easily ▁gave ▁up ▁when ▁mos qu ito ▁l ar va e ▁fought ▁back . ▁They ▁did ▁not ▁observe ▁any ▁successful ▁consumption ▁of ▁the ▁mos qu ito ▁l ar va e ▁during ▁this ▁experiment , ▁instead ▁their ▁lack ▁of ▁aggress ion ▁led ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁l ar va e ▁to ▁fail ▁in ▁pre ying ▁on ▁mos qu ito ▁l ar va e , ▁unlike ▁another ▁closely ▁related ▁species , ▁Be zz ia ▁sp . ▁nr . ▁exp ol ita . ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁l ar va e ▁did ▁not ▁successfully ▁pup ate ▁when ▁only ▁given ▁mos qu ito ▁or ▁other ▁l ar va e ▁to ▁prey ▁upon , ▁but ▁they ▁did ▁successfully ▁survive ▁on ▁bacteria , ▁proto zo a , ▁or ▁dead ▁adult ▁flies . ▁These ▁observations ▁suggest ▁that |
▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁are ▁pre dat ory ▁in ▁nature ▁but ▁prefer ▁easy ▁and ▁imm obile ▁prey . ▁ ▁Fe eding ▁behavior ▁ ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁l ar va e ▁failed ▁to ▁reach ▁pup ation ▁on ▁mos qu ito ▁l ar va e ▁alone . ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁l ar va e ▁were ▁observed ▁feeding ▁on ▁dead ▁adult ▁insect s . ▁To ▁do ▁this , ▁they ▁bur row ed ▁into ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁the ▁adults ▁and ▁formed ▁a ▁bol us ▁that ▁they ▁then ▁swallowed . ▁When ▁forming ▁this ▁bol us , ▁the ▁l ar va e ▁exhib ited ▁consistent ▁behavior ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁rhythm ic ▁mot ions . ▁They ▁gently ▁moved ▁their ▁heads ▁side - to - side , ▁and ▁once ▁this ▁motion ▁stopped , ▁switched ▁to ▁using ▁their ▁mand ibles ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁bol us ▁before ▁bringing ▁it ▁into ▁their ▁mouth s . ▁ ▁M ating ▁behavior ▁ ▁Though ▁there ▁is ▁little ▁research ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁m ating ▁habits ▁of ▁B . ▁nob ilis , ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁observed ▁to ▁mate ▁in ▁br ack ish ▁water . ▁ ▁Fem ales ▁ ▁The ▁an at omy ▁of ▁female ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁flies ▁includes ▁two ▁asym metric ▁s per mat he ca e ▁ch ambers . ▁S per mat he ca e ▁are ▁structures ▁common ▁to ▁D ip ter an ▁species ▁in ▁which ▁females ▁are ▁capable ▁of ▁st oring ▁s perm . ▁Fl ies ▁with ▁s per mat he ca e ▁often ▁allocate ▁this ▁s perm ▁to ▁eggs ▁at ▁some |
▁time ▁after ▁cop ulation ▁has ▁occurred . ▁ ▁M ales ▁ ▁The ▁physical ▁description ▁of ▁male ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁is ▁less ▁detailed ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁female ▁adults ▁and ▁focuses ▁on ▁re product ive ▁structures . ▁Male ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁adults ▁have ▁short , ▁st out ▁ade agi , ▁that ▁seem ▁to ▁complement ▁the ▁short ▁chamber ▁from ▁which ▁females ' ▁s per mat he ca e ▁are ▁accessible . ▁Their ▁ade agi ▁are ▁external , ▁and ▁located ▁on ▁their ▁ab dom ens , ▁and ▁only ▁males ▁of ▁B . ▁nob ilis ▁have ▁yellow ▁pl um age ▁on ▁their ▁heads . ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁this ▁pl um age ▁may ▁hint ▁at ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁male ▁competition ▁for ▁female ▁m ates , ▁as ▁throughout ▁animal ▁species , ▁bright ▁pl um age ▁on ▁males ▁is ▁often ▁involved ▁in ▁m ating ▁rit uals . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : C er at op og on idae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Wy att ▁Davis ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁offensive ▁guard ▁who ▁currently ▁plays ▁for ▁the ▁Ohio ▁State ▁Buc key es . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁high ▁school ▁Davis ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Bell fl ower , ▁California ▁and ▁attended ▁St . ▁John ▁Bos co ▁High ▁School . ▁Davis ▁was ▁rated ▁a ▁five - star ▁recruit ▁by ▁R ivals , ▁ 2 4 7 S ports ▁and ▁Sc out ▁and ▁committed ▁to |
▁play ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Ohio ▁State ▁over ▁offers ▁from ▁Alabama , ▁Michigan , ▁Not re ▁D ame , ▁Stanford , ▁U CL A , ▁US C ▁and ▁Washington . ▁ ▁College ▁career ▁Davis ▁red shirt ed ▁his ▁true ▁fresh man ▁season . ▁Origin ally ▁a ▁reserve ▁guard ▁during ▁his ▁red shirt ▁fresh man ▁season , ▁Davis ▁started ▁the ▁final ▁two ▁games ▁of ▁the ▁Buc key es ▁season , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Football ▁Championship ▁Game ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Rose ▁Bowl , ▁and ▁played ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 4 1 ▁total ▁sn aps . ▁As ▁a ▁red shirt ▁soph om ore , ▁Davis ▁was ▁named ▁first ▁team ▁All - Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁and ▁a ▁first ▁team ▁All - American ▁by ▁the ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁and ▁the ▁Sport ing ▁News . ▁ ▁Personal ▁Davis ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁actor ▁Du ane ▁Davis ▁and ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁NFL ▁Hall ▁of ▁F amer ▁Will ie ▁Davis . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ohio ▁State ▁Buc key es ▁bio ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁offensive ▁guards ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buc key es ▁football ▁players ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Bell fl ower , ▁California ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁California ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁County , ▁California ▁Category : All - American ▁college ▁football ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Ed mund ▁T anner ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 2 6 – 1 5 |
7 9 ▁in ▁Ireland ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁Jes uit , ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Bishop ▁of ▁C ork ▁and ▁C lo y ne , ▁Ireland , ▁from ▁ 1 5 7 4 ▁to ▁ 1 5 7 9 . ▁ ▁Life ▁T anner ' s ▁early ▁life ▁is ▁unknown ; ▁he ▁left ▁Ireland ▁by ▁ 1 5 5 9 , ▁and ▁reached ▁Italy ▁via ▁Spain . ▁In ▁ 1 5 6 5 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁Catholic ▁priest ▁in ▁Rome , ▁and ▁entered ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Jesus . ▁After ▁a ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁Roman ▁College ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁D illing en ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 7 , ▁and ▁became ▁doctor ▁of ▁div inity . ▁His ▁health , ▁however , ▁failed ▁and ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 1 5 7 4 ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁at ▁Rome , ▁and ▁the ▁See ▁of ▁C ork ▁and ▁C lo y ne ▁being ▁vac ant , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁it , ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 5 7 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁con sec rated ▁at ▁Rome . ▁ ▁In ▁May , ▁ 1 5 7 5 , ▁T anner ▁set ▁out ▁for ▁Ireland ▁with ▁exceptional ▁fac ult ies ▁for ▁his ▁own ▁di oc ese ▁and ▁for ▁those ▁of ▁Cas hel , ▁Dublin , ▁and ▁its ▁suff r agan ▁sees ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁their ▁respective ▁pre l ates . ▁Not ▁long ▁after ▁his ▁reaching ▁Ireland ▁he ▁was ▁captured ▁while ▁exerc ising ▁his ▁functions ▁at ▁Cl on mel , ▁and ▁was ▁thrown ▁into ▁prison |
; ▁here , ▁as ▁Hol ing ▁tells , ▁he ▁was ▁visited ▁by ▁a ▁Protest ant ▁b ishop ▁whom ▁he ▁reconc iled ▁to ▁the ▁Church . ▁A ▁few ▁days ▁later ▁he ▁was ▁himself ▁released ▁through ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁a ▁noble ▁e arl . ▁ ▁There after ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁venture ▁into ▁his ▁own ▁di oc ese ▁but ▁as ▁Comm iss ary ▁A post olic ▁he ▁travers ed ▁the ▁other ▁districts ▁assigned ▁him , ▁administer ing ▁the ▁sac ram ents ▁and ▁dis charg ing ▁in ▁secret ▁the ▁other ▁duties ▁of ▁his ▁office . ▁After ▁four ▁years ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁O ss ory , ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 1 5 7 9 . ▁Anthony ▁Bru od in ▁states ▁that ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁Dublin ▁Castle ▁after ▁eighteen ▁months ▁of ▁imprison ment ▁and ▁torture . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁Fen ness y ▁in ▁the ▁Oxford ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁National ▁Biography ▁writes ▁that ▁he ▁died ▁at ▁C ull ah ill , ▁where ▁his ▁host ▁was ▁Barn aby ▁Fitz pat rick . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁H ogan , ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Irish men ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁Century ▁( London , ▁ 1 8 9 4 ); ▁Br ady , ▁Ep isc op al ▁Success ion ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland ▁( R ome , ▁ 1 8 7 6 – 1 8 7 7 ); ▁Mor an , ▁Sp ic ile g ium ▁O ss ori ense , ▁I ▁( D ub lin , ▁ 1 8 7 4 ); ▁Bru |
od in , ▁Prop ug n ac ulum ▁c ath olic œ ▁ver itat is ▁( Pr ague , ▁ 1 6 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 7 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : Ir ish ▁Jes uits ▁Category : People ▁from ▁County ▁K ild are ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁of ▁C ork ▁and ▁C lo y ne ▁Category : People ▁of ▁Elizabeth an ▁Ireland ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁English ▁b ish ops ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Irish ▁people ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Jes uits <0x0A> </s> ▁Ire ne usz ▁is ▁a ▁Polish ▁male ▁given ▁name ▁that ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁e ire na ios . ▁ ▁Ire ne usz ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Ire ne usz ▁Ci ur zy ński , ▁Polish ▁sprint ▁can oe ist ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s ▁Ire ne usz ▁J ele ń ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 1 ), ▁Polish ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁right - w inger ▁or ▁stri ker ▁Ire ne usz ▁K ros ny ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 8 ), ▁Polish ▁actor ▁and ▁m ime ▁artist ▁Ire ne usz ▁K wie ci ński , ▁Polish ▁jud oka ▁Ire ne usz ▁Marc ink owski ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁Polish ▁football er ▁Ire ne usz ▁Pal i ński ▁( 1 9 3 2 – |
2 0 0 6 ), ▁Polish ▁weight lif ter ▁Ire ne usz ▁Ra ś ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 2 ), ▁Polish ▁politician ▁Ire ne usz ▁So cha ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁drum mer , ▁composer ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁I ren ae us ▁Ire ne os <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁football ▁player . ▁He ▁plays ▁for ▁FC ▁Tokyo . ▁ ▁Career ▁Tak uy a ▁U ch ida ▁joined ▁FC ▁Tokyo ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 4 , ▁he ▁debut ed ▁in ▁J 3 ▁League ▁( v ▁G ain are ▁T ott ori ). ▁ ▁Club ▁statistics ▁Updated ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Res erves ▁performance ▁ ▁Last ▁Updated : ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Profile ▁at ▁FC ▁Tokyo ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁people ▁from ▁Ch iba ▁P ref ect ure ▁Category : J apan ese ▁football ers ▁Category : J 1 ▁League ▁players ▁Category : J 3 ▁League ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Tokyo ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Tokyo ▁U - 2 3 ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁G BL A - 1 ▁( G il git - I ) ▁is ▁a ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁Gil git - B alt istan ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁which ▁is ▁currently ▁represented ▁by ▁the ▁J aff ar |
▁U ll ah ▁Khan ▁of ▁Pakistan ▁Muslim ▁League ▁( N aw az ) ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁Deputy ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁Gil git - B alt istan ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁Members ▁of ▁Assembly ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁G BL A - 1 ▁( G il git - I ) ▁ ▁E lection ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Sy ed ▁R azi udd in ▁R iz vi ▁an ▁independent ▁politician ▁became ▁member ▁of ▁assembly ▁by ▁getting ▁ 1 0 9 2 4 ▁votes . ▁ ▁E lection ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁J af ar ull ah ▁Khan ▁of ▁Pakistan ▁Muslim ▁League ▁( N ) ▁won ▁by ▁getting ▁ 7 1 7 1 ▁votes ▁and ▁became ▁Deputy ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G il git - B alt istan ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁constitu encies <0x0A> </s> ▁C argo ▁Air ways ▁International ▁was ▁a ▁cargo ▁air line ▁based ▁in ▁Dou ala , ▁Cam ero on . ▁Its ▁main ▁base ▁is ▁Dou ala ▁International ▁Airport . ▁ ▁Fleet ▁, ▁the ▁C argo ▁Air ways ▁International ▁fleet ▁includes ▁the ▁following ▁aircraft : ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁a irlines ▁of ▁Cam ero on ▁Category : Def unct ▁cargo ▁a irlines ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Dou ala <0x0A> </s> ▁Tar ja ▁K all io - T am min en ▁( b . ▁Hy v ink ä ä ) ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁research er ▁of ▁philosophy , ▁academic |
▁lect urer ▁and ▁science ▁writer . ▁She ▁has ▁studied ▁nuclear ▁physics ▁and ▁theoretical ▁philosophy . ▁Her ▁doctor al ▁thesis ▁was ▁about ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁quantum ▁mechanics . ▁She ▁has ▁written ▁about ▁the ▁con ception ▁of ▁reality , ▁found ations ▁of ▁quantum ▁physics ▁and ▁the ▁philosophy ▁of ▁mind . ▁K all io - T am min en ▁is ▁the ▁Chief ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁online ▁philosoph ical ▁magazine ▁E ko . fi , ▁which ▁is ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Green ▁Cultural ▁Association . ▁K all io - T am min en ▁was ▁also ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁association ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁works ▁ ▁Quant um ▁Met aph ys ics : ▁The ▁Role ▁of ▁Human ▁Be ings ▁within ▁the ▁Parad ig ms ▁of ▁Class ical ▁and ▁Quant um ▁Phys ics ▁Academ ic ▁Dis sert ation , ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁University ▁of ▁H els ink i , ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Arts , ▁Department ▁of ▁Philosoph y , ▁The oret ical ▁Philosoph y . ▁O it m ä ki : ▁Tar ja ▁K all io - T am min en , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁▁ ▁K v ant til ain en ▁tod ell is u us : ▁F ys i ik ka ▁ja ▁fil os of ia ▁ma ail m ank uv an ▁mu ok ka aj ina . ▁H els ink i : ▁Y li op ist op ain o , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁S |
ources ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Home ▁page ▁ ▁Category : F inn ish ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : F inn ish ▁women ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Hy v ink ä ä ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Phil osoph ers ▁of ▁mind ▁Category : Phil osoph y ▁of ▁physics ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁August in ▁A im able ▁Dum on - D um ort ier ▁( 4 ▁December ▁ 1 7 9 1 ▁– ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 8 5 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁industrial ist , ▁diplom at ▁and ▁liberal ▁politician . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁Born ▁at ▁L ille , ▁he ▁was ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Senate ▁from ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁until ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁governor ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁H ain aut ▁and ▁b urg om aster ▁of ▁Tour na i . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁env oy ▁to ▁congr at ulate ▁William ▁III ▁upon ▁his ▁coron ation . ▁This ▁was ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Revolution , ▁which ▁had ▁made ▁an ▁end ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁che val ier ▁de ▁l ' ord re ▁de ▁Leop old , ▁and ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Dutch ▁grand - cro ix ▁de ▁l ' ord re ▁de ▁la ▁Cour onne ▁de |
▁Ch ê ne . ▁ ▁Dum on - D um ort ier ▁died ▁at ▁Tour na i ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁▁▁ 1 8 4 9 : ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Oak ▁Crown . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁ ▁Liberal ism ▁in ▁Belgium ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁, ▁An nu aire ▁statist ique ▁et ▁histor ique ▁bel ge , ▁Br uss el ▁- ▁Leip zig , ▁ 1 8 5 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 3 1 3 - 3 1 5 . ▁August in ▁Dum on - D um ort ier ▁( D ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁H ain aut ▁( prov ince ) ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁business people ▁Category : Gr and ▁Cross es ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Oak ▁Crown ▁Category : People ▁from ▁L ille ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁( Bel g ium ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Clay ton ▁Be zer ra ▁Le ite ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Clay ton , ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Sport ▁Ben fica ▁e ▁Cast elo ▁Br anco . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁Seg unda ▁Liga ▁for ▁Fe ire n se ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁against ▁Bel en |
enses . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁São ▁Paulo ▁( state ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁football ers ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : S à i ▁G ò n ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C . D . ▁Fe ire n se ▁players ▁Category : U . D . ▁Ol ive ire n se ▁players ▁Category : G . D . ▁Ch aves ▁players ▁Category : Ac adém ico ▁de ▁V ise u ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : S port ▁Ben fica ▁e ▁Cast elo ▁Br anco ▁players ▁Category : V . Le ague ▁ 2 ▁players ▁Category : L iga Pro ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Vietnam ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Vietnam ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Portugal <0x0A> </s> ▁Sm ok in ' ▁O . P .' s ▁is ▁the ▁fifth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁rock ▁singer - s ong writer ▁Bob ▁Seg er , ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁( see ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁music ). ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁re iss ued ▁on ▁CD ▁by ▁Cap itol ▁Records ▁in ▁ 2 0 |
0 5 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁earliest ▁Bob ▁Seg er ▁album ▁available ▁on ▁CD . ▁The ▁cover ▁art ▁is ▁a ▁par ody ▁of ▁the ▁L ucky ▁St rike ▁cigarette ▁logo . ▁Sm ok in ' ▁O . P .' s ▁refers ▁to ▁Sm ok in ' ▁Other ▁People ' s ▁Songs , ▁a ▁deriv ation ▁on ▁the ▁sl ang ▁phrase ▁" Sm oking ▁O . P .' s " ▁meaning ▁to ▁smoke ▁other ▁people ' s ▁cig arettes ▁exclusively ▁( never ▁purchasing ▁your ▁own ▁for ▁consumption ). ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁tracks ▁on ▁this ▁release ▁are ▁covers ▁of ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁other ▁artists . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁cover ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Thomas ▁L er oy ▁W esch ler , ▁who ▁was ▁Seg er ' s ▁road ▁manager ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁The ▁cover ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁an ▁advertis ement ▁for ▁L ucky ▁St rike ▁cig arettes . ▁ ▁Tom ▁W esch ler ▁also ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁co - write ▁Travel ing ▁Man : ▁On ▁the ▁Road ▁& ▁Behind ▁the ▁Sc enes ▁with ▁Bob ▁Seg er . ▁ ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Bob ▁Seg er ▁– ▁guitar , ▁piano , ▁vocals ▁Jack ▁Ash ford ▁– ▁per cussion , ▁tamb our ine ▁Eddie ▁" B ongo " ▁Brown ▁– ▁per cussion , ▁con ga ▁Mike ▁Bruce ▁– ▁guitar ▁Jim ▁Bru zz ese ▁– ▁tamb our ine ▁Cry stal ▁Jen kins ▁– ▁vocals , ▁background ▁vocals ▁Skip ▁Kn ape ▁– ▁organ , ▁bass ▁guitar , ▁piano , ▁keyboard |
▁David ▁Te eg arden ▁– ▁drums , ▁mar ac as , ▁mar im ba ▁Pam ▁Todd ▁– ▁vocals , ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Production ▁Produ cer : ▁P unch ▁Andrew s ▁Engine er : ▁Jim ▁Bru zz ese ▁Assistant ▁engineer : ▁Greg ▁Miller ▁Mix ing : ▁Jim ▁Cass ily , ▁M abel ▁Louise ▁Smith , ▁Thomas ▁W esch ler ▁Phot ography : ▁Thomas ▁W esch ler , ▁Peter ▁L um etta ▁Cover ▁Design : ▁Thomas ▁W esch ler ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁Album ▁– ▁Bill board ▁( N orth ▁America ) ▁ ▁Singles ▁– ▁Bill board ▁( N orth ▁America ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁P unch ▁Andrew s ▁Category : B ob ▁Seg er ▁albums ▁Category : Co vers ▁albums ▁Category : Rep rise ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Nap ery ▁( from ▁Old ▁French ▁n aper ie ▁) ▁is ▁l inen ▁used ▁for ▁household ▁purposes , ▁such ▁as ▁table ▁l inen . ▁Histor ically ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁office ▁in ▁a ▁medieval ▁household ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁washing ▁and ▁storage ▁of ▁these ▁items . ▁It ▁was ▁headed ▁by ▁a ▁n aper er . ▁This ▁office ▁worked ▁closely ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁offices ▁of ▁the ▁laundry ▁( w ashing ▁and ▁storage ▁of ▁clothing ) ▁and ▁the ▁e w ery ▁( water ▁and ▁the ▁vessels ▁for ▁drinking ▁or ▁washing ▁of ▁the ▁person ), ▁and ▁the ▁three ▁could ▁be ▁con current ▁in ▁smaller ▁households . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Nap ier ▁( s urn ame ) ▁ |
▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Med ieval ▁occup ations <0x0A> </s> ▁Moh amm ad ▁Re za ▁" A j ir " ▁Am eli ▁Te hr ani ▁() ▁was ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁physician ▁and ▁pan - I ran ist ▁politician . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁minister ▁in ▁the ▁cabin ets ▁of ▁J af ar ▁Shar if - Em ami ▁and ▁G hol am - Re za ▁Az h ari . ▁He ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁by ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁Court , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁executed ▁on ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Am eli ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Te hr an ' s ▁Medical ▁College . ▁Then ▁he ▁completed ▁his ▁resid ency ▁special izing ▁in ▁an est hes i ology . ▁He ▁began ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁University ’ s ▁Medical ▁College ▁faculty . ▁ ▁T rial ▁and ▁execution ▁The ▁Islamic ▁Revolution ary ▁Trib unal ▁of ▁Te hr an ▁found ▁Moh amm ad ▁Re za ▁Am eli ▁Te hr ani , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 2 0 ▁other ▁individuals , ▁“ cor rupt or ▁on ▁earth ” ▁and ▁condem ned ▁him ▁to ▁death . ▁These ▁ 2 1 ▁persons ▁were ▁executed ▁by ▁a ▁firing ▁squad ▁in ▁Te hr an ▁on ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : Pan - I ran ist ▁Party |
▁politicians ▁Category : R ast akh iz ▁Party ▁politicians ▁Category : G overn ment ▁minister s ▁of ▁Iran ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁by ▁Iran ▁by ▁firing ▁squad ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁executed ▁during ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Revolution ▁Category : I ran ian ▁physician - polit icians ▁Category : I ran ian ▁national ists ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 2 nd ▁Iran ian ▁Maj l is ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Iran ian ▁Maj l is <0x0A> </s> ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁or ▁De ir ▁el - Q asi ▁( ), ▁was ▁a ▁Palestinian ▁Arab ▁village ▁located ▁ 2 6 km ▁nort heast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁A cre , ▁which ▁was ▁ ▁dep op ulated ▁during ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab - Is rael i ▁war . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁The ▁village ▁was ▁located ▁ 2 6 km ▁nort heast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁A cre , ▁on ▁a ▁rock y ▁hill ▁about ▁ 5 km ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Leb an ese ▁border . ▁It ▁was ▁linked ▁by ▁a ▁p aved ▁road ▁to ▁ ▁F ass uta ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁Tar sh i ha ▁in ▁the ▁south west . ▁ ▁The ▁road ▁divided ▁the ▁town ▁into ▁an ▁eastern ▁and ▁one ▁western ▁quarter , ▁or ▁har as , ▁the ▁eastern ▁quarter ▁being ▁higher ▁up . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁name , ▁Day r ▁(" mon aster y ") ▁suggest ▁that ▁the ▁village ▁might ▁have |
▁had ▁a ▁monaster y ▁and ▁a ▁Christian ▁population . ▁However , ▁in ▁modern ▁times ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁Muslim . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁village , ▁ancient ▁art ifacts ▁from ▁the ▁C ana an ite , ▁Israel ite ▁and ▁Roman ▁period ▁were ▁une art hed ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁and ▁British ▁Mand ate ▁period . ▁ ▁Cer am ics ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁Roman ▁and ▁the ▁By z antine ▁er as ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁here . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Cr us ader ▁era ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Cass ie , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 1 8 3 ▁it ▁was ▁noted ▁that ▁ ▁God f rey ▁de ▁Tor ▁sold ▁ ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁ ▁to ▁Jos cel in ▁III . ▁In ▁ 1 2 2 0 ▁ ▁J oc ely n ▁III ' s ▁daughter ▁Beat rix ▁de ▁Cour ten ay ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁Otto ▁von ▁Bot en la ub en , ▁Count ▁of ▁Hen ne berg , ▁ ▁sold ▁ ▁their ▁land , ▁including ▁Cass ie , ▁to ▁the ▁Te ut onic ▁Kn ights . ▁ ▁Rem ains ▁from ▁the ▁ ▁M aml uk ▁era ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Ott oman ▁era ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁incorporated ▁into ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 7 ▁and ▁it ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁ ▁nah i ya ▁( sub d istrict ) ▁ ▁of ▁J ira , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Saf ad ▁San j ak ▁( D istrict ▁of ▁Saf ed ). ▁In |
▁the ▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁tax ▁records ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁Muslim ▁household ; ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 1 3 2 ▁persons . ▁The ▁vill agers ▁paid ▁a ▁fixed ▁tax - rated ▁of ▁ 2 5 % ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁crops , ▁including ▁wheat ▁and ▁bar ley , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on ▁go ats ▁and ▁be eh ives ; ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 4 5 ▁ak ç e . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁a ▁fort ified ▁village ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁she ikh ▁( ch ief ) ▁named ▁Abd ▁al - K h ali q ▁Sal ih . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 0 , ▁She ikh ▁Z ah ir ▁al - U mar , ▁an ▁Arab ▁mut as all im ▁( tax ▁col lector ) ▁from ▁the ▁al - Z ay ad ina ▁clan ▁whose ▁strength ▁was ▁growing ▁throughout ▁the ▁Gal ile e , ▁struggled ▁to ▁gain ▁control ▁of ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁he ▁made ▁the ▁village ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁domain ▁by ▁mar rying ▁She ikh ▁Sal ih ' s ▁daughter , ▁thereby ▁se aling ▁an ▁alliance ▁with ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁clan . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 7 6 7 , ▁Z ah ir ' s ▁son ▁Ali ▁of ▁Saf ad ▁requested ▁control ▁of ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁from ▁his ▁father ▁after ▁his ▁request |
▁for ▁Day r ▁H anna ▁was ▁rejected . ▁Z ah ir ▁refused ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁entered ▁into ▁an ▁armed ▁conflict , ▁which ▁Z ah ir ▁won . ▁Non etheless , ▁Z ah ir ▁p ard oned ▁Ali ▁and ▁ultimately ▁c ed ed ▁the ▁village ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁De ir ▁el - K asy ▁was ▁noted ▁as ▁a ▁Muslim ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁El ▁J eb el ▁district , ▁located ▁west ▁of ▁ ▁Saf ad . ▁ ▁Victor ▁Gu ér in ▁visited ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁and ▁he ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁village ▁had ▁ 3 5 0 ▁Muslim ▁inhabitants . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁P EF ' s ▁Survey ▁of ▁Western ▁Palest ine ▁( SW P ) ▁as ▁being ▁situated ▁on ▁a ▁r idge , ▁enc ir cl ed ▁by ▁fig ▁trees , ▁olive ▁trees ▁and ▁ar able ▁land . ▁It ▁then ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 . ▁ ▁A ▁population ▁list ▁from ▁about ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁showed ▁ ▁De ir ▁el ▁K asy ▁to ▁have ▁ ▁about ▁ 9 4 5 ▁inhabitants , ▁all ▁Muslims . ▁ ▁British ▁Mand ate ▁period ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁census ▁of ▁Palest ine ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁ ▁British ▁Mand ate , ▁D air ▁Wal ▁Q asi ▁ ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁▁ |
6 6 3 , ▁ ▁all ▁Muslims , ▁increasing ▁in ▁ ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁census , ▁when ▁De ir ▁el ▁Q asi ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 8 6 5 , ▁still ▁all ▁Muslims , ▁living ▁in ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 6 9 ▁houses . ▁ ▁Later , ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁mostly ▁Muslim ▁but ▁had ▁a ▁large ▁Palestinian ▁Christian ▁minority . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁census ▁ ▁it ▁had ▁ 1 , 2 5 0 ▁inhabitants ; ▁ 3 7 0 ▁Christians ▁and ▁ 8 8 0 ▁Muslims . ▁ ▁Together ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁villages ▁of ▁F ass uta ▁( ex istent ) ▁and ▁al - M ans ura , ▁the ▁ ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 , 3 0 0 ▁and ▁their ▁ ▁total ▁land ▁area ▁was ▁ 3 4 , 0 1 1 ▁dun ums . ▁▁ 1 , 6 0 7 ▁dun ams ▁were ▁plant ations ▁and ▁ir rig able ▁land , ▁ 6 , 4 7 5 ▁used ▁for ▁cere als , ▁while ▁ 2 4 7 ▁ ▁dun ams ▁were ▁built - up ▁( ur ban ) ▁land . ▁ ▁Israel ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab - Is rael i ▁War ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁was ▁def ended ▁by ▁the ▁Arab ▁Liber ation ▁Army ▁but ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁captured ▁by ▁the ▁Israeli ▁Army ▁during ▁its ▁offensive ▁Operation ▁Hir am ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 |
. ▁The ▁village ' s ▁residents ▁were ▁exp elled ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁most ▁migr ated ▁north ▁into ▁Leb anon . ▁By ▁June , ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁whole ▁northern ▁area ▁had ▁been ▁" J ud ais ed ", ▁including ▁Tar sh i ha , ▁Su hm ata , ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i , ▁ ▁Tar b ik ha , ▁ ▁Me iron , ▁ ▁Al - Sam mu ' i , ▁Saf s af ▁and ▁Al - R as ▁al - Ah mar . ▁ ▁El k osh , ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁occup ies ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁site . ▁Net u ' a , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁Matt at , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁Ab ir im , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁are ▁also ▁on ▁village ▁land . ▁Net u ' a ▁is ▁near ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁village ▁of ▁al - M ans ura . ▁ ▁The ▁Palestinian ▁historian , ▁Wal id ▁K hal idi , ▁described ▁the ▁remaining ▁structures ▁on ▁the ▁village ▁land ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁" A ▁few ▁stone ▁houses ▁still ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁resid ences ▁or ▁ware h ouses ▁by ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁El q osh . ▁The ▁debris ▁of ▁destroyed ▁houses ▁is ▁stre wn ▁over ▁the ▁site . ▁The ▁school ▁building ▁stands ▁desert ed . ▁Fig ▁and ▁olive |
▁trees ▁and ▁c act uses ▁grow ▁on ▁the ▁site ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁were ▁removed ▁by ▁mechanical ▁equipment ▁during ▁exc av ations ▁by ▁the ▁Israel ▁Ant iqu ities ▁Authority . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁a ▁book ▁about ▁the ▁village ▁history ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁I bra him ▁K hal il ▁U th man . ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁N abil ▁Mar ou f , ▁Palestinian ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Canada , ▁born ▁in ▁Day r ▁al - Q ass i ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Arab ▁towns ▁and ▁villages ▁dep op ulated ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab - Is rael i ▁War ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Palest ine ▁Remember ed ▁- ▁Day r ▁al - Q asi ▁▁ ▁Day r ▁al - Q asi , ▁ ▁Z och rot ▁Survey ▁of ▁Western ▁Palest ine , ▁Map ▁ 4 : ▁▁ ▁I AA , ▁Wik imedia ▁comm ons ▁ ▁Day r ▁Al - Q asi ▁from ▁the ▁K hal il ▁Sak ak ini ▁Cultural ▁Center ▁ ▁Der ▁al - Q asi , ▁from ▁Dr . ▁Mos li h ▁K ana ane h ▁ ▁Category : D istrict ▁of ▁A cre ▁Category : Ar ab ▁villages ▁dep op ulated ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab – Is rael i ▁War ▁Category : Form er ▁pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : 1 9 4 |
8 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁Israel <0x0A> </s> ▁Kel p ▁Bank ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁sh o al , ▁covered ▁with ▁k el p , ▁lying ▁ ▁nort heast ▁of ▁Cape ▁Cre we , ▁off ▁the ▁north ▁coast ▁of ▁South ▁Georgia . ▁The ▁name ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁first ▁used ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁British ▁Admiral ty ▁chart . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Bar rier ▁islands ▁of ▁Ant ar ct ica <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁Alan ▁Bar cl ay ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁pupp ete er ▁who ▁had ▁worked ▁on ▁some ▁projects ▁of ▁The ▁Jim ▁H enson ▁Company . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁at ▁the ▁cutting ▁edge ▁of ▁anim at ronic ▁pupp etry ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Bar cl ay , ▁who ▁h ails ▁from ▁London , ▁is ▁a ▁Master ▁P upp ete er , ▁An imat ronic ▁Design er ▁and ▁Super visor , ▁a ▁C G ▁key ▁frame ▁Anim ator , ▁and ▁Director ▁and ▁Produ cer ▁of ▁anim at ronic ▁and ▁animation ▁projects ▁for ▁film ▁and ▁television . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Bar cl ay ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁a ▁Scottish ▁mother ▁and ▁an ▁English ▁father . ▁At ▁age ▁four , ▁he ▁performed ▁mar ion ettes , ▁glo ve ▁and ▁rod ▁pupp ets ▁with ▁his ▁parents , ▁Ann ▁and ▁Michael ▁who ▁formed ▁P ex ▁P upp et ▁Theatre ▁focusing ▁their ▁acting ▁talents ▁on ▁live ▁pupp etry . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁seven , ▁Bar cl ay ▁performed ▁traditional ▁P unch ▁and ▁Jud y ▁at ▁the ▁British ▁P upp et ▁G uild |
, ▁for ▁documentary ▁cameras . ▁Throughout ▁his ▁childhood , ▁he ▁designed ▁built ▁and ▁performed ▁dozens ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁pupp ets ▁and ▁continued ▁performing ▁P unch ▁and ▁Jud y ▁into ▁his ▁late ▁teens . ▁He ▁worked ▁for ▁other ▁live ▁pupp et ▁companies , ▁J act ito , ▁directors ▁James ▁and ▁Joan ▁Bart on , ▁and ▁Cap ▁and ▁B ells , ▁director ▁V iolet ▁Phil p ott . ▁His ▁first ▁work ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁camera ▁was ▁a ▁brief ▁appearance ▁as ▁a ▁large ▁dog ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁classic ▁comedy ▁series ▁The ▁More cam be ▁and ▁W ise ▁Christmas ▁Show . ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁for ▁Th ames ▁TV . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁make ▁up ▁assistant ▁working ▁for ▁Stuart ▁Free born ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁Star ▁Wars ▁film ▁The ▁Empire ▁St rik es ▁Back . ▁The ▁main ▁challenge ▁was ▁a ▁state - of - the - art ▁hand ▁pupp et ▁named ▁Y oda , ▁and ▁Bar cl ay ▁assist ed ▁building ▁duplicate ▁parts , ▁se aming ▁the ▁foam ▁late x ▁head ▁sk ins , ▁etc ., ▁but ▁when ▁Wend y ▁Mid ener ▁F roud ▁became ▁allerg ic ▁to ▁something ▁on ▁the ▁set , ▁he ▁was ▁draft ed ▁in ▁as ▁a ▁pupp ete er . ▁Dave ▁performed ▁the ▁cable ▁controlled ▁facial ▁movements ▁for ▁Mu pp et ▁master ▁Frank ▁Oz , ▁the ▁chief ▁pupp ete er . ▁When ▁Oz ▁had ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁to ▁shoot ▁S es ame ▁Street , ▁as ▁the ▁production |
▁had ▁run ▁over , ▁Oz ▁nominated ▁Bar cl ay ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁as ▁chief ▁pupp ete er ▁for ▁Y oda . ▁Bar cl ay ▁was ▁then ▁invited ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁first ▁British ▁pupp et ▁maker ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁advent ur ous ▁project ▁by ▁Jim ▁H enson ▁and ▁Frank ▁Oz , ▁The ▁Dark ▁Cry stal . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁a ▁handful ▁of ▁H enson ' s ▁American ▁pupp et ▁m akers , ▁to ▁develop ▁pupp ets ▁that ▁would ▁finally ▁become ▁the ▁entire ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁movie . ▁And ▁so ▁started ▁the ▁long ▁term ▁relationship ▁and ▁desire ▁to ▁push ▁the ▁envelope ▁in ▁anim at ronic ▁performance ▁art . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Alice ▁in ▁Wonder land ▁- ▁The ▁D orm ouse ▁( pu pp ete er ), ▁G ry ph on ▁( pu pp ete er ) ▁ ▁Are ▁We ▁There ▁Yet ? ▁- ▁Sat chel ▁Pa ige ▁Bob ble head ▁ ▁Lab yr inth ▁- ▁Did ym us ▁( pu pp ete er ), ▁Fire y ▁ 1 ▁( pu pp ete er ) ▁ ▁Snow ▁Dog s ▁- ▁Dem on ▁( anim at ronic ▁perform er ) ▁ ▁Return ▁of ▁the ▁J edi ▁- ▁J ab ba ▁the ▁H utt ▁( pu pp ete er ) ▁ ▁The ▁Mu pp et ▁Christmas ▁Carol ▁- ▁Additional ▁Mu pp et ▁Per former ▁ ▁The ▁Mu pp ets ▁- ▁Additional ▁Mu pp et ▁Per former ▁ ▁The ▁Od ys sey ▁- ▁Pol yp hem us ▁( face ▁perform er |
) ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Studio ▁DC : ▁Almost ▁Live ▁- ▁Additional ▁Mu pp ets ▁ ▁Fr ag gle ▁Rock ▁- ▁S pro ck et ▁( B rit ish ▁and ▁French ▁versions ), ▁Tr av elling ▁Matt ▁( F rench ▁and ▁German ▁versions ) ▁ ▁The ▁Story t eller ▁- ▁Dev il ▁(" The ▁Story t eller ▁and ▁Death ," ▁pupp ete er ) ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁The ▁Mu pp ets ▁Take ▁the ▁Bowl ▁- ▁Additional ▁Mu pp et ▁Per former ▁( Live ▁show ▁at ▁the ▁Hollywood ▁Bowl , ▁Sept . ▁ 8 – 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁C rew ▁work ▁ ▁C ats ▁& ▁Dog s ▁- ▁An imat ron ics ▁Effect s ▁Super visor , ▁Lead ▁Performance ▁Coord inator ▁ ▁C ats ▁& ▁Dog s : ▁The ▁Rev enge ▁of ▁K itty ▁Gal ore ▁- ▁An imat ron ics ▁Effect s ▁Super visor , ▁P upp ete er ▁ ▁Dream child ▁- ▁P upp et ▁M aker ▁ ▁Little ▁Shop ▁of ▁Hor rors ▁- ▁Pr incipal ▁Plant ▁Per former ▁ ▁Lo oney ▁T unes : ▁Back ▁in ▁Action ▁- ▁P upp ete er , ▁Technical ▁Consult ant ▁ ▁Lost ▁in ▁Space ▁- ▁" Bl aw p " ▁An imation ▁Unit ▁ ▁S co oby - D oo ! ▁The ▁Myst ery ▁Beg ins ▁- ▁Digital ▁P upp ete er ▁ ▁The ▁Empire ▁St rik es ▁Back ▁- ▁Assistant ▁P upp ete er ▁ ▁Stuart ▁Little ▁ 2 ▁- ▁An imat ron ics ▁Super visor ▁ ▁Team |
▁America : ▁World ▁Police ▁- ▁P upp ete er ▁ ▁The ▁Fl int st ones ▁in ▁V iva ▁Rock ▁Vegas ▁- ▁Chief ▁P upp ete er ▁ ▁The ▁Never End ing ▁Story ▁III ''' ▁- ▁Key ▁P upp ete er ▁ ▁Where ▁the ▁Wild ▁Things ▁Are ▁- ▁P upp ete er ▁ ▁Who ▁Fr amed ▁Roger ▁Rab bit '' ▁- ▁Chief ▁P upp ete er ▁( UK ▁version ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁pupp ete ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁W ilt se ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁David ▁W ilt se ▁( b . ▁? ▁), ▁American ▁play wright ▁Hal ▁W ilt se ▁( 1 9 0 3 - 1 9 8 3 ), ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁Hook s ▁W ilt se ▁( Ge orge ▁L er oy ▁W ilt se ) ▁( 1 8 7 9 - 1 9 5 9 ), ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁Mark ▁W ilt se ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 8 8 ), ▁American ▁soccer ▁( foot ball ) ▁player ▁Sn ake ▁W ilt se ▁( L ew is ▁De W itt ▁W ilt se ) ▁( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 2 8 ), ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁D ott ie ▁W ilt se ▁Collins ▁( D or othy ▁W ilt se ▁Collins ) ▁( 1 9 2 3 - 2 0 0 8 ), ▁American ▁professional ▁baseball |
▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁Kol ath ur ▁block ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁revenue ▁block ▁of ▁Sal em ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁T amil ▁Nad u . ▁This ▁revenue ▁block ▁consist ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁p anch ay at ▁villages . ▁They ▁are , ▁ ▁Al amar ath up atti ▁ ▁Ch ith ira ip att ip ud ur ▁ ▁D h inn ap atti ▁ ▁K ann am oo chi ▁ ▁Kar ung all ur ▁ ▁K aver ip ur am ▁ ▁Kol na icken p atti ▁ ▁L ak kamp atti ▁ ▁M ool ak k adu ▁ ▁Nav ap atti ▁ ▁Pal am al ai ▁ ▁P ann av adi ▁ ▁S amp all i ▁ ▁Sing ir ip atti ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R even ue ▁blocks ▁of ▁Sal em ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Roberto ▁Gar za ▁( born ▁March ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁center . ▁He ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Fal cons ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁round ▁( 9 9 th ▁overall ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁NFL ▁D raft , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁joined ▁the ▁Chicago ▁B ears , ▁spending ▁ten ▁seasons ▁with ▁the ▁team . ▁ ▁High ▁school ▁years ▁Gar za ▁attended ▁Rio ▁H ondo ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Rio ▁H ondo , ▁Texas ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁letter man ▁in ▁football ▁and ▁track ▁and ▁field . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁the ▁school ' s ▁National |
▁Honor ▁Society . ▁ ▁Post - high ▁school ▁The ▁son ▁of ▁Roberto ▁Gar za ▁Sr ., ▁and ▁Of elia ▁Gar za ▁from ▁Mexico , ▁Gar za ▁was ▁encouraged ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁after ▁high ▁school . ▁ ▁A ▁Marine ▁recru iter ▁interested ▁in ▁Gar za ▁ridic ul ed ▁his ▁desire ▁to ▁play ▁professional ▁football , ▁alleg edly ▁stating ▁that , ▁" M ex icans ▁do ▁not ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁NFL ". ▁ ▁Roberto ▁was ▁not ▁discour aged , ▁and ▁worked ▁toward ▁his ▁goal ▁by ▁being ▁encouraged ▁by ▁his ▁younger ▁cousin ▁Pay ton ▁Gar za . ▁He ▁ended ▁up ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁Texas ▁A & M ▁University - K ings ville ▁J avel inas ▁as ▁a ▁" walk - on ". ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁playing ▁football , ▁Roberto ▁worked ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁school . ▁ ▁Gar za ' s ▁hom et own ▁of ▁Rio ▁H ondo , ▁Texas ▁established ▁December ▁ 2 ▁as ▁" R ober to ▁Gar za , ▁Jr . ▁Day ", ▁and ▁subsequently ▁named ▁a ▁street ▁after ▁him . ▁He ▁is ▁fl uent ▁in ▁Spanish . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁originally ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Fal cons ▁with ▁the ▁ 9 9 th ▁overall ▁pick ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁NFL ▁D raft ▁from ▁Texas ▁A & M ▁University - K ings ville . ▁Gar za ▁played ▁with ▁the ▁Fal cons ▁up ▁until ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁season ▁when ▁his ▁contract ▁was ▁up . ▁He ▁signed ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Chicago ▁B |
ears ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁and ▁he ▁signed ▁a ▁six - year ▁contract ▁extension ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁In ▁that ▁season , ▁the ▁B ears ▁reached ▁a ▁ 3 9 – 1 4 ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁S aints , ▁which ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁N FC ▁Championship ▁and ▁advance ▁to ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁X LI . ▁However , ▁they ▁fell ▁short ▁of ▁the ▁championship , ▁losing ▁ 2 9 – 1 7 ▁to ▁the ▁Indian apolis ▁Col ts . ▁Among ▁the ▁almost ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁season , ▁Gar za ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁ 1 9 ▁His pan ics . ▁Gar za ▁became ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁season , ▁but ▁was ▁resigned ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 - year ▁contract ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Gar za ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁the ▁B ears , ▁ending ▁a ▁ten - year ▁ten ure . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁media ▁He ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁cover ▁ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁version ▁of ▁M add en ▁ 0 9 ▁En ▁Esp añ ol . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gar za , ▁along ▁with ▁team mate ▁and ▁defensive ▁end ▁Henry ▁Mel ton ▁were ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁Today ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁All - J oe |
▁Team . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁sid eline ▁reporter ▁for ▁Fox ▁De port es ' ▁broadcast ▁of ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁X L V III . ▁Gar za ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁comment ator ▁for ▁ESP N ▁De port es ' ▁broadcast ▁of ▁Super ▁Bowl ▁ 5 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁Model o ▁Be er ▁commercial ▁alongside ▁fellow ▁former ▁His panic ▁football ▁players ▁Tony ▁Gon z ale z ▁and ▁Anthony ▁Mun oz . ▁ ▁Char itable ▁work ▁Gar za ▁is ▁a ▁supp orter ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Way , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁char itable ▁organizations ▁dedicated ▁to ▁helping ▁less ▁fortunate ▁children ▁and ▁elderly . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gar za ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Chicago ▁B ears ' ▁nom ine e ▁for ▁the ▁Walter ▁Pay ton ▁Man ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁previously ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁Em pty ▁Stock ing ▁Fund , ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Fal cons ' ▁Fe ed ▁The ▁Hom eless ▁Campaign , ▁and ▁the ▁Hall ▁County ▁Boys ▁& ▁Girls ▁Club . ▁He ▁also ▁supports ▁Big ▁Brothers ▁Big ▁Sister s ▁of ▁Met ropolitan ▁Chicago . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Official ▁Chicago ▁B ears ▁bio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Cameron ▁County , ▁Texas ▁Category : At l anta ▁Fal cons ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁B ears ▁players ▁Category : Tex as ▁A & M – K ings ville ▁J avel inas |
▁football ▁players ▁Category : American ▁football ▁offensive ▁guards ▁Category : American ▁football ▁centers ▁Category : American ▁players ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁of ▁Mexican ▁descent ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁J & T ▁Bank a ▁Pr ague ▁Open ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁tennis ▁tour naments ▁played ▁on ▁outdoor ▁clay ▁courts . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁and ▁its ▁second ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁category ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁W TA ▁Tour . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Sp arta ▁Pr ague ▁T ennis ▁Club ▁in ▁Pr ague , ▁Czech ▁Republic , ▁from ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Points ▁distribution ▁ ▁Singles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁J ana ▁Č ep el ová ▁▁ ▁J el ena ▁J ank ović ▁▁ ▁Mark éta ▁V ond rou š ová ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Mon a ▁Bart hel ▁▁ ▁Beat riz ▁H add ad ▁Ma ia ▁▁ ▁Luc ie ▁H rade ck á ▁▁ ▁Natal ia ▁Vik h ly ant se va ▁ ▁With draw als ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁tournament ▁▁ ▁M andy ▁Min ella ▁→ ▁replaced ▁by ▁ ▁Cam ila ▁G ior gi |
▁▁ ▁Na omi ▁Os aka ▁→ ▁replaced ▁by ▁ ▁Ev gen i ya ▁Rod ina ▁▁ ▁Louis a ▁Ch ir ico ▁→ ▁replaced ▁by ▁ ▁D anka ▁K ov ini ć ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁tournament ▁▁ ▁Luc ie ▁Š af á ř ová ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁pairs ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁T ere za ▁M ih al í k ová ▁/ ▁ ▁Ch antal ▁Š k aml ová ▁▁ ▁T ere za ▁S mit k ová ▁/ ▁ ▁An ast asia ▁Z ary ck á ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁▁▁ ▁Mon a ▁Bart hel ▁def . ▁ ▁Krist ý na ▁Pl í š k ová ▁ 2 – 6 , ▁ 7 – 5 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁▁▁▁ ▁Anna - L ena ▁Gr ö ne feld ▁/ ▁ ▁K v ě ta ▁P esch ke ▁def . ▁ ▁Luc ie ▁H rade ck á ▁/ ▁ ▁Kate ř ina ▁S ini ak ová ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 7 – 6 ( 7 – 3 ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁J & T ▁Bank a ▁Pr ague ▁Open ▁J & T ▁Bank a ▁ 2 0 1 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁T . ▁Campbell ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁historian . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁History ▁at ▁Stanford ▁University |
. ▁ ▁Life ▁Campbell ▁graduated ▁from ▁Yale ▁University , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁and ▁from ▁Stanford ▁University , ▁with ▁a ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Campbell ▁taught ▁at ▁North western ▁University ▁and ▁at ▁Brown ▁University . ▁ ▁Campbell ▁teaches ▁at ▁Stanford ▁University . ▁ ▁Campbell ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Susan ▁S mu ly an ▁of ▁Brown , ▁and ▁Er nie ▁Lim bo ▁of ▁T ou gal oo ▁College ▁in ▁creating ▁the ▁" F reedom ▁Now !" ▁website . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Mark ▁Ly nt on ▁History ▁Prize ▁for ▁Middle ▁Pass ages : ▁African ▁American ▁Jour neys ▁to ▁Africa , ▁ 1 7 8 7 - 2 0 0 5 ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Compar ative ▁Study ▁of ▁Race ▁and ▁Eth nic ity ▁Fellow , ▁Stanford ▁University ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 1 ▁Charles ▁Warren ▁Center ▁for ▁American ▁History ▁Fellow , ▁Harvard ▁University ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Frederick ▁Jackson ▁Turner ▁Award , ▁Organization ▁of ▁American ▁Histor ians , ▁for ▁Songs ▁of ▁Z ion : ▁The ▁A . M . E . ▁Church ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁South ▁Africa ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Carl ▁Sand burg ▁Liter ary ▁Award ▁for ▁Non - F iction ▁for ▁Songs ▁of ▁Z ion ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 3 ▁F ul b right ▁African ▁Regional ▁Research ▁Fellow ship , ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁National ▁End |
ow ment ▁for ▁the ▁Human ities ▁summer ▁st ip end ▁ ▁Works ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( paper back ▁edition ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁" F reedom ▁Now ! ", ▁T ou gal oo ▁College ▁and ▁Brown ▁University '' ▁ ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁histor ians ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : St an ford ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : N orth western ▁University ▁faculty ▁Category : B rown ▁University ▁faculty ▁Category : St an ford ▁University ▁Department ▁of ▁History ▁faculty ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Hart ley v ale ▁Stadium ▁is ▁a ▁field ▁hockey ▁stadium ▁in ▁Observ atory , ▁Cape ▁Town , ▁South ▁Africa . ▁It ▁was ▁previously ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁soccer ▁stadium ▁by ▁Cape ▁Town ▁City ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁era , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁by ▁H ellen ic ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁hockey ▁stadium , ▁with ▁smaller ▁fields ▁nearby ▁still ▁used ▁for ▁soccer ▁by ▁local ▁amateur ▁club ▁sides . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Cape ▁Town ▁Category : Field ▁hockey ▁ven ues ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : S oc cer ▁ven ues ▁in ▁South ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Duke ▁Street ▁Hospital ▁was ▁a ▁health ▁facility ▁on ▁Duke ▁Street ▁in ▁Glasgow , ▁Scotland . ▁ ▁History ▁Duke ▁Street ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁Poor ▁Law ▁hospital , ▁commissioned ▁by ▁the ▁Glasgow ▁Par |
ish ▁Council . ▁ ▁The ▁facility , ▁which ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Alfred ▁H ess ell ▁T ilt man ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Rena issance ▁style , ▁was ▁opened ▁as ▁the ▁Eastern ▁District ▁Hospital ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁A ▁new ▁m atern ity ▁unit ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁it ▁joined ▁the ▁National ▁Health ▁Service ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁Phys i otherapy ▁and ▁prem ature ▁baby ▁units ▁were ▁added ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁When ▁m atern ity ▁services ▁transferred ▁to ▁R uther gl en ▁M atern ity ▁Hospital ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁the ▁hospital ▁became ▁a ▁ger iat ric ▁facility . ▁After ▁services ▁had ▁transferred ▁to ▁Park head ▁Hospital , ▁it ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁The ▁main ▁building , ▁which ▁is ▁Category ▁B ▁listed , ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁residential ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁having ▁l ain ▁empty ▁for ▁some ▁years . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : H osp itals ▁in ▁Glasgow ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : H osp itals ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Category : H ospital ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : Def unct ▁hospitals ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : E ld er ly ▁care ▁Category : M atern ity ▁hospitals ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category |
: N HS ▁Scotland ▁hospitals ▁Category : Category ▁B ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁Glasgow ▁Category : H osp itals ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Michel ▁Gust ave ▁É d ou ard ▁Mayor ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swiss ▁ast ro phys ic ist ▁and ▁professor ▁emer it us ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gen eva ' s ▁Department ▁of ▁Astr onomy . ▁He ▁formally ▁retired ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁but ▁remains ▁active ▁as ▁a ▁research er ▁at ▁the ▁Observ atory ▁of ▁Gen eva . ▁He ▁is ▁co - la ure ate ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁in ▁Phys ics ▁along ▁with ▁Jim ▁Pe eb les ▁and ▁Did ier ▁Qu el oz , ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Vik tor ▁Amb art sum ian ▁International ▁Prize , ▁and ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Ky oto ▁Prize . ▁ ▁Together ▁with ▁Did ier ▁Qu el oz ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁he ▁discovered ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi ▁b , ▁the ▁first ▁extr as olar ▁planet ▁orbit ing ▁a ▁sun - like ▁star , ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi . ▁For ▁this ▁achievement , ▁they ▁were ▁awarded ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁in ▁Phys ics ▁" for ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁an ▁ex op lan et ▁orbit ing ▁a ▁solar - type ▁star ". ▁Related ▁to ▁the ▁discovery , ▁Mayor ▁noted ▁that |
▁humans ▁will ▁never ▁migr ate ▁to ▁such ▁ex op lan ets ▁since ▁they ▁are ▁" m uch , ▁much ▁too ▁far ▁away ▁... ▁[ and ▁would ▁take ] ▁hundreds ▁of ▁millions ▁of ▁days ▁using ▁the ▁means ▁we ▁have ▁available ▁today ". ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁discover ies ▁by ▁Mayor , ▁searching ▁for ▁extr ater rest rial ▁communications ▁from ▁ex op lan ets ▁may ▁now ▁be ▁a ▁more ▁practical ▁consideration ▁than ▁thought ▁earlier . ▁ ▁Mayor ▁holds ▁MS ▁in ▁Phys ics ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁La us anne ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁and ▁PhD ▁in ▁Astr onomy ▁from ▁the ▁Gen eva ▁Observ atory ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁His ▁thesis ▁also ▁had ▁an ▁article ▁called ▁" E ss ay ▁on ▁the ▁kin emat ical ▁properties ▁of ▁stars ▁in ▁the ▁solar ▁vic inity : ▁possible ▁relation ▁with ▁the ▁gal actic ▁sp iral ▁structure ." ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁research er ▁at ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Astr onomy ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁Sub sequently , ▁he ▁spent ▁sab bat ical ▁sem es ters ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Southern ▁Observ atory ▁( ES O ) ▁in ▁northern ▁Chile ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Institute ▁for ▁Astr onomy ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Hawaii ▁system . ▁ ▁Career ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 1 – 8 4 , ▁Mayor ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁associate ▁at ▁the ▁Observ atory ▁of ▁Gen eva , ▁which ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁astr onomy ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gen eva . ▁He ▁became ▁an ▁associate ▁professor ▁at |
▁the ▁university ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁university ▁named ▁him ▁a ▁full ▁professor , ▁a ▁position ▁he ▁held ▁until ▁his ▁retirement ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Mayor ▁was ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Observ atory ▁of ▁Gen eva ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁professor ▁emer it us ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gen eva . ▁ ▁Research ▁ ▁Mayor ' s ▁research ▁interests ▁include ▁extr as olar ▁planets ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁ex op lan ets ), ▁instrument ation , ▁statistical ▁properties ▁of ▁double ▁stars , ▁glob ular ▁cluster ▁dynamics , ▁gal actic ▁structure ▁and ▁kin emat ics . ▁Mayor ' s ▁doctor al ▁thesis ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gen eva ▁was ▁devoted ▁to ▁the ▁sp iral ▁structure ▁of ▁galaxies . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁associate , ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁strong ▁interest ▁in ▁developing ▁photo elect ric - based ▁Dop pler ▁spect rom eters ▁to ▁obtain ▁more ▁accurate ▁measurements ▁of ▁radial ▁veloc ities ▁of ▁stellar ▁objects ▁compared ▁to ▁existing ▁photograph ic ▁methods . ▁Following ▁pre liminary ▁work ▁by ▁Roger ▁Griff in ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁feas ibility ▁of ▁photo elect ric ▁measurements ▁of ▁radial ▁veloc ities , ▁Mayor ▁worked ▁with ▁André ▁Bar anne ▁at ▁the ▁Mar se ille ▁Observ atory ▁to ▁develop ▁CO RE VAL , ▁a ▁photo elect ric ▁spect rom eter ▁capable ▁of ▁highly ▁accurate ▁radial ▁velocity ▁measurements , ▁which ▁allow ▁measurement ▁of |
▁star ▁movements , ▁orb ital ▁periods ▁of ▁binary ▁stars , ▁and ▁even ▁the ▁rot ational ▁speed ▁of ▁stars . ▁ ▁This ▁research ▁led ▁to ▁various ▁fields ▁of ▁interest , ▁including ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁statistical ▁characteristics ▁of ▁solar - type ▁binary ▁stars . ▁With ▁fellow ▁research er ▁Ant oine ▁Du qu enn oy , ▁they ▁examined ▁the ▁radial ▁veloc ities ▁of ▁several ▁systems ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁binary ▁stars ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁Their ▁results ▁found ▁that ▁a ▁subset ▁of ▁these ▁may ▁in ▁fact ▁be ▁single ▁star ▁systems ▁with ▁subst ell ar ▁secondary ▁objects . ▁Des iring ▁more ▁accurate ▁radial ▁velocity ▁measurements , ▁Mayor , ▁along ▁with ▁Bar anne ▁at ▁Mar se ille , ▁and ▁with ▁graduate ▁student ▁Did ier ▁Qu el oz , ▁developed ▁E LO DI E , ▁a ▁new ▁spect ro graph ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁C OR AV EL , ▁which ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁accuracy ▁of ▁ 1 5 m / s ▁for ▁bright ▁stars , ▁improving ▁upon ▁the ▁ 1 km / s ▁from ▁C OR AV EL . ▁E LO DI E ▁was ▁developed ▁with ▁the ▁specific ▁intent ▁to ▁determine ▁if ▁the ▁subst ell ar ▁secondary ▁objects ▁were ▁brown ▁d warf ▁stars ▁or ▁potentially ▁giant ▁planets . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁E LO DI E ▁was ▁operational ▁at ▁Gen eva ▁and ▁Mayor ▁and ▁Qu el oz ▁began ▁their ▁survey ▁of ▁Sun - like ▁systems ▁with ▁suspected ▁subst ell ar ▁secondary ▁objects . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 |
9 5 , ▁the ▁pair ' s ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi ▁aff irmed ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁ex op lan et ▁orbit ing ▁it , ▁identified ▁as ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi ▁b ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁classified ▁as ▁a ▁Hot ▁J upiter - type ▁planet . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁ex op lan et ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁orbit ing ▁a ▁main ▁sequence ▁star , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁planets ▁that ▁orb ited ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁a ▁star . ▁Mayor ' s ▁and ▁Qu el oz ' s ▁discovery ▁of ▁an ▁ex op lan et ▁launched ▁great ▁interest ▁is ▁searching ▁for ▁other ▁ex op lan ets ▁since . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁there ▁are ▁at ▁least ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁confirmed ▁ex op lan et ▁discover ies ▁with ▁several ▁more ▁potential ▁candidates . ▁ ▁Mayor ' s ▁work ▁focused ▁more ▁on ▁improving ▁instrument ation ▁for ▁radial ▁velocity ▁measurements ▁to ▁improve ▁detect ing ▁ex op lan ets ▁and ▁measuring ▁their ▁properties . ▁Mayor ▁led ▁a ▁team ▁to ▁further ▁improve ▁E LO DI E ▁to ▁increase ▁velocity ▁measurement ▁accuracy ▁to ▁ 1 m / s ▁via ▁the ▁High ▁Acc ur acy ▁Rad ial ▁Vel ocity ▁Plan et ▁Search er ▁( H AR PS ) ▁installed ▁on ▁the ▁E SO ▁ 3 . 6 ▁m ▁T eles cope ▁at ▁La ▁S illa ▁Observ atory ▁in ▁Chile ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Mayor ▁led ▁the ▁team ▁that ▁used ▁H AR PS ▁to ▁seek ▁out ▁other ▁ex op |
lan ets . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Mayor ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁European ▁scientists ▁who ▁discovered ▁Gl ies e ▁ 5 8 1 c , ▁the ▁first ▁extr as olar ▁planet ▁in ▁a ▁star ' s ▁hab itable ▁zone , ▁from ▁the ▁E SO ▁teles cope . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Mayor ▁and ▁his ▁team ▁discovered ▁the ▁light est ▁ex op lan et ▁ever ▁detected ▁around ▁a ▁main ▁sequence ▁star : ▁Gl ies e ▁ 5 8 1 e . ▁Non etheless , ▁Mayor ▁noted ▁that ▁humans ▁will ▁never ▁migr ate ▁to ▁such ▁ex op lan ets ▁since ▁they ▁are ▁" m uch , ▁much ▁too ▁far ▁away ▁... ▁[ and ▁would ▁take ] ▁hundreds ▁of ▁millions ▁of ▁days ▁using ▁the ▁means ▁we ▁have ▁available ▁today ". ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁discover ies ▁by ▁Mayor , ▁searching ▁for ▁extr ater rest rial ▁communications ▁from ▁ex op lan ets ▁may ▁now ▁be ▁a ▁more ▁practical ▁consideration ▁than ▁thought ▁earlier . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁dist in ctions ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Mayor ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Marcel ▁Ben o ist ▁Prize ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁and ▁its ▁significance ▁for ▁human ▁life . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁trust ees . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁Prix ▁J ules ▁J ans sen ▁from ▁the ▁Soci été ▁astronom ique ▁de ▁France ▁( F rench ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . |
▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Bal z an ▁Prize . ▁Four ▁years ▁later , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Albert ▁Einstein ▁Medal . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Shaw ▁Prize ▁in ▁Astr onomy , ▁along ▁with ▁American ▁ast ro phys ic ist ▁Geoff rey ▁Mar cy . ▁Mayor ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁kn ight ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Leg ion ▁d ' H on neur ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Pierre - Y ves ▁Fre i , ▁Mayor ▁wrote ▁a ▁book ▁in ▁French ▁called ▁Les ▁Nou ve aux ▁mond es ▁du ▁Cos mos ▁( Se u il , ▁ 2 6 0 ▁pages ), ▁which ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Liv re ▁de ▁l ' astr onom ie ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁prize ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁Astr onomy ▁Festival ▁H aute ▁Maur ienne . ▁ ▁Mayor ▁has ▁received ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁degrees ▁from ▁eight ▁universities : ▁Kath ol ie ke ▁Univers ite it ▁Le u ven ▁( Bel g ium ), ▁ 2 0 0 1 ; ▁Swiss ▁Federal ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁at ▁La us anne ▁( EP FL ) ▁( 2 0 0 2 ); ▁Federal ▁University ▁of ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁do ▁N orte ▁( B raz il ), ▁ 2 0 0 6 ; ▁U pp s ala ▁University ▁( Sw eden ), ▁ 2 0 0 7 ; ▁Paris ▁Observ atory ▁( Fr ance ), ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁Univers ité |
▁Lib re ▁de ▁Bru x elles ▁( Bel g ium ), ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁University ▁of ▁Prov ence ▁( Mar se ille , ▁France ), ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁Univers ité ▁Joseph ▁Fou rier ▁( G ren ob le , ▁France ), ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Mayor ▁has ▁received ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁BB VA ▁Foundation ▁Front iers ▁of ▁Know ledge ▁Award ▁of ▁Basic ▁Sciences ▁( t ogether ▁with ▁his ▁former ▁student ▁Did ier ▁Qu el oz ) ▁for ▁developing ▁new ▁astronom ical ▁instruments ▁and ▁experimental ▁techniques ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁observation ▁of ▁planets ▁around ▁Sun - like ▁stars . ▁A ster oid ▁ 1 2 5 0 7 6 Mic hel may or , ▁discovered ▁by ▁Swiss ▁amateur ▁astronom er ▁Michel ▁O ry ▁at ▁the ▁J ura ▁Observ atory ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honor . ▁The ▁official ▁ ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Minor ▁Plan et ▁Center ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Wolf ▁Prize ▁in ▁Phys ics . ▁He ▁and ▁Did ier ▁Qu el oz ▁( also ▁from ▁Switzerland ) ▁were ▁awarded ▁one ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁in ▁Phys ics ▁for ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁ex op |
lan et ▁ 5 1 ▁Peg asi ▁b . ▁ ▁Particip ation ▁in ▁professional ▁associations ▁ ▁Pub lisher ▁and ▁organ izer ▁of ▁nine ▁Sa as - F ee ▁Advanced ▁C ourses ▁of ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Society ▁of ▁Ast ro phys ics ▁and ▁Astr onomy ▁ ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁editorial ▁board ▁of ▁Euro phys ics ▁News , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 9 0 ▁ ▁Swiss ▁delegate ▁for ▁the ▁European ▁Space ▁Agency ▁( ES A )' s ▁Astr onom ical ▁Working ▁Group , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 7 ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Astr onom ical ▁Union ▁( IA U )' s ▁Commission ▁ 3 3 ▁on ▁the ▁" Structure ▁and ▁dynamics ▁of ▁the ▁gal actic ▁system , ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 9 1 ▁ ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Southern ▁Observ atory ' s ▁Scient ific ▁Technical ▁Committee , ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 9 2 ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Society ▁of ▁Ast ro phys ics ▁and ▁Astr onomy ▁( SA AS ), ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 3 ▁ ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁organ izing ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁I AU ▁Commission ▁on ▁Bio astr onomy , ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Swiss ▁delegate ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁Southern ▁Observ atory ▁( ES O ) ▁Council , ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 7 ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁I AU ▁commission ▁on ▁extra - s olar ▁planets , ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 9 ▁ ▁Foreign |
▁Associ ate ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁( Ac adém ie ▁des ▁sciences ), ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Honor ary ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Astr onom ical ▁Society ▁( UK ), ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Foreign ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁( US ), ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Foreign ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Sciences , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Michel ▁Mayor ' s ▁profile ▁on ▁University ▁of ▁Gen eva ▁website ▁▁ ▁including ▁his ▁Nob el ▁lecture ▁Sunday ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁" Pl ural ity ▁of ▁World s ▁in ▁the ▁Cos mos : ▁A ▁Dream ▁of ▁Ant iqu ity , ▁A ▁Modern ▁Re ality ▁of ▁Ast ro phys ics " ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁La us anne ▁Category : Sw iss ▁astronom ers ▁Category : Al bert ▁Einstein ▁Medal ▁recip ients ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁astronom ers ▁Category : K y oto ▁la ure ates ▁in ▁Basic ▁Sciences ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : Foreign ▁associ ates ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : Dis cover ers ▁of ▁ex op lan ets ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Gen eva ▁faculty ▁Category : N ob el ▁la ure ates ▁in ▁Phys ics ▁Category : Sw iss ▁Nob el ▁la ure ates <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Se |
al ▁N un at aks ▁are ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁islands ▁called ▁nun at aks ▁emerging ▁from ▁the ▁Lars en ▁Ice ▁Shel f ▁east ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land , ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Pen insula . ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un at aks ▁have ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁separate ▁vol can ic ▁v ents ▁of ▁ages ▁ranging ▁from ▁Mi oc ene ▁to ▁Ple ist oc ene . ▁There ▁are ▁un conf irmed ▁reports ▁of ▁Hol oc ene ▁vol can ic ▁activity . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁and ▁ge omorph ology ▁▁ ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un at aks ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land ▁and ▁were ▁embedded ▁within ▁the ▁Lars en ▁Ice ▁Shel f ▁until ▁its ▁northern ▁margin ▁collapsed ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁rising ▁from ▁about ▁ ▁below ▁sea ▁level . ▁They ▁were ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Carl ▁Anton ▁Lars en ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁who ▁also ▁identified ▁them ▁as ▁vol c ano es ▁and ▁named ▁them ▁Se al ▁Islands . ▁The ▁Argentina ▁Base ▁A é rea ▁Ten iente ▁Benj am ín ▁Mat ien zo ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Se al ▁N un at aks . ▁ ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un at aks ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁vol can ic ▁province ▁in ▁West ▁Ant ar ct ica ▁which ▁extends ▁over ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Pen insula , ▁Marie ▁By rd ▁Land ▁and ▁Ross ▁Island . ▁In ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Pen insula , ▁Alexander ▁Island , ▁James ▁Ross ▁Island ▁and ▁the |
▁Se al ▁N un at aks ▁form ▁this ▁vol can ic ▁province . ▁Alexander ▁Island ▁was ▁active ▁between ▁ 4 8 ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁million ▁years ▁ago . ▁James ▁Ross ▁Island ▁lies ▁about ▁ ▁nort heast ▁of ▁the ▁Se al ▁N un at aks . ▁ ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un at aks ▁vol can ic ▁group ▁contains ▁at ▁least ▁sixteen ▁vol can ic ▁con es , ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁ ▁high ▁Mur do ch ▁N un at ak . ▁From ▁north ▁to ▁south ▁they ▁are ▁Lind en berg ▁island , ▁Lars en ▁N un at ak , ▁Ev ensen ▁N un at ak , ▁D all mann ▁and ▁Mur do ch ▁N un at ak , ▁A ker l und h , ▁Bruce ▁and ▁Bull ▁N un at ak , ▁Donald , ▁Poll ux ▁and ▁Christ ensen ▁N un at ak , ▁Ar ct owski ▁and ▁Gray ▁N un at ak , ▁O ce ana ▁N un at ak , ▁Her tha ▁N un at ak ▁and ▁Cast or ▁N un at ak . ▁The ▁nun at aks ▁consist ▁of ▁rid ges ▁with ▁lengths ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁fl anked ▁with ▁sc ree ▁depos its ▁and ▁occasionally ▁by ▁primary ▁vol can ic ▁features . ▁According ▁to ▁Otto ▁Nord ensk j ö ld ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 - 1 9 0 3 , ▁Christ ensen ▁N un at ak ▁features ▁a ▁cr ater . ▁Cast or , ▁Christ ensen ▁and ▁Her tha ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁v ents ▁which |
▁show ▁evidence ▁of ▁sub a erial ▁activity ▁in ▁form ▁of ▁l ava ▁flows ; ▁elsewhere ▁the ▁nun at aks ▁are ▁constructed ▁by ▁hy al oc last ite ▁and ▁pillow ▁lav as ▁which ▁form ▁beneath ▁ice . ▁The ▁vol c ano es ▁appear ▁to ▁align ▁along ▁north west - st rik ing ▁lines . ▁ ▁Ge ology ▁▁ ▁The ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Pen insula ▁was ▁a ▁site ▁of ▁sub du ction ▁from ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁until ▁ 4 ▁million ▁years ▁ago , ▁when ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁spreading ▁rid ges ▁coll ided ▁with ▁the ▁sub du ction ▁zone ▁starting ▁from ▁ 5 0 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁at ▁Alexander ▁Island ▁and ▁caused ▁it ▁to ▁ce ase . ▁The ▁vol can ic ▁arc ▁became ▁in active ; ▁however ▁vol can ic ▁activity ▁continued ▁in ▁different ▁form ▁over ▁the ▁entire ▁pen insula . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁Se al ▁N un at aks , ▁vol can ism ▁comm enced ▁immediately ▁after ▁sub du ction ▁had ▁ce ased ▁and ▁was ▁probably ▁facil itated ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁fract ure ▁zones ▁in ▁the ▁already ▁sub du cted ▁sl ab . ▁Altern atively , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁sl ab ▁window ▁may ▁have ▁a ided ▁in ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁vol can ism . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁only ▁little ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁basement ▁at ▁Roberts on ▁Island , ▁where ▁sed iments ▁of ▁C ret ace ous ▁age ▁crop ▁out . ▁The ▁t ect onic ▁structure ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁r ift ▁b |
ordered ▁by ▁Roberts on ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁south , ▁the ▁Lars en ▁R ift . ▁ ▁Com position ▁▁ ▁The ▁Se al ▁N un at aks ▁consist ▁of ▁bas alt , ▁bas alt ▁which ▁contains ▁clin opy ro x ene , ▁ol iv ine ▁and ▁pl ag ioc l ase . ▁X en ol ith s ▁consisting ▁of ▁l her z ol ite ▁and ▁spin el ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁at ▁Se al ▁N un at aks . ▁Their ▁ge oc hem istry ▁implies ▁that ▁the ▁mag mas ▁are ▁primitive ▁mant le - der ived ▁mel ts ▁which ▁under w ent ▁only ▁a ▁little ▁fraction al ▁cryst all ization . ▁ ▁E rupt ive ▁history ▁▁ ▁Pot ass ium - arg on ▁dating ▁has ▁yield ed ▁ages ▁between ▁ 4 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁and ▁" re cent " ▁for ▁the ▁rocks ▁in ▁the ▁vol can ic ▁field , ▁but ▁the ▁reli ability ▁of ▁the ▁dates ▁decre ases ▁the ▁younger ▁they ▁are . ▁P ill ow ▁lav as ▁are ▁usually ▁about ▁ 1 . 5 ▁million ▁years ▁old ▁while ▁sub a erial ▁activity ▁occurred ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁The ▁youngest ▁dates ▁were ▁obtained ▁on ▁Donald ▁and ▁Gray , ▁the ▁dates ▁being ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁Gl ac ial ▁err at ics ▁on ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁nun at aks ▁imply ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁covered ▁with ▁gl ac iers ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁ ▁The ▁discover er ▁Captain ▁Lars en ▁observed |
▁vol can ic ▁activity ▁on ▁Christ ensen ▁N un at ak ▁and ▁Lind en berg ▁Island , ▁but ▁the ▁reli ability ▁of ▁these ▁reports ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁un clear . ▁F um ar oles ▁have ▁been ▁observed ▁on ▁Christ ensen , ▁D all man ▁and ▁Mur do ch , ▁and ▁er u ptions ▁were ▁reported ▁on ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁This ▁activity ▁consisted ▁of ▁the ▁possible ▁formation ▁of ▁l ava ▁flows ▁and ▁a ▁py ro cl astic ▁cone , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁vol c ano es ▁in ▁Ant ar ct ica ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Vol c ano es ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land ▁Category : Py ro cl astic ▁con es ▁Category : Land forms ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁Graham ▁Land ▁Category : O scar ▁II ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁Lisa ▁L ack ner ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁professional ▁racing ▁cycl ist ▁who ▁r ides ▁for ▁V ital og ic ▁Ast ro kal b ▁Rad union ▁N ö . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁U CI ▁Women ' s ▁Te ams ▁and ▁r iders ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A ust rian ▁female ▁cycl ists ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Out ▁of ▁Many ... One |
▁ ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁album ▁by ▁Jama ican ▁singer ▁T ami ▁Ch yn n . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁through ▁Universal ▁M ow town ▁Records ▁and ▁S RC ▁Records ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁August ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁The ▁album ▁pe aked ▁at ▁# 4 1 ▁on ▁the ▁Japanese ▁O ric on ▁charts ▁with ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁sold ▁there ▁in ▁total . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Japanese ▁edition ▁bonus ▁tracks ▁ 1 6 . ▁" Hy per vent il ating " ▁ ▁( T . O . K . ▁rem ix ) ▁▁ ▁( T . Ch yn n , ▁T . Ch in , ▁C . C unning ham , ▁C . F orte , ▁Michael ▁Jar rett , ▁C . Mar sh , ▁Del ano ▁Thomas ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 1 9 ▁▁ 1 7 . ▁" Look y ▁Look y " ▁ ▁( T ony ▁Kelly ▁Rem ix ) ▁▁ ▁( T . Ch yn n , ▁T . Ch in , ▁C . F orte , ▁T . Jack son , ▁K . K and ek ore , ▁Tony ▁Kelly ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 0 9 ▁ ▁Credit ▁Produ cer : ▁T ami ▁Ch yn n , ▁K w ame ▁K and ek ore , ▁Ty ▁" Ty ja e " ▁Jackson , ▁Neil ▁Case ▁and ▁T ess anne ▁Ch in |
▁Executive ▁Produ cer : ▁Con roy ▁Fort e ▁and ▁K w ame ▁K and ek ore ▁Mix ing ▁Produ cer : ▁Esc o ▁ ▁Release ▁history ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T ami ▁Ch yn n ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁debut ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁was ▁a ▁rul er ▁of ▁La ▁Mar , ▁an ▁ancient ▁May a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁state ▁of ▁Chi ap as . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁asc ended ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁of ▁La ▁Mar ▁in ▁ 7 2 5 ▁AD . ▁An ▁important ▁mention ▁of ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁St ela ▁ 1 2 ▁at ▁P ied ras ▁Neg ras . ▁The ▁monument ▁details ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁" star ▁wars ", ▁or ▁wars ▁planned ▁to ▁coinc ide ▁with ▁key ▁astronom ical ▁events , ▁that ▁P ied ras ▁Neg ras ▁carried ▁out ▁against ▁its ▁rival ▁Pom ona . ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁is ▁named ▁as ▁an ▁al ly ▁to ▁K ' in ich ▁Y at ▁Ah k ▁II , ▁the ▁aj aw ▁of ▁P ied ras ▁Neg ras ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁is ▁also ▁mentioned ▁on ▁Th r one ▁ 1 ▁at ▁P ied ras ▁Neg ras , ▁and ▁is ▁shown ▁as ▁a ▁small ▁child ▁on ▁Panel ▁ 3 . ▁Due ▁to ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ' s ▁name ▁appearing ▁on ▁Th r one ▁ 1 ' s ▁back — being ▁" a ▁literal ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁king "— |
May an ist ▁Stephen ▁D . ▁Houston ▁supposed ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁that ▁the ▁art ifact ▁was ▁commissioned ▁by ▁Par rot ▁Cha ak ▁and ▁given ▁to ▁K ' in ich ▁Y at ▁Ah k ▁II ▁as ▁a ▁gift . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Category : 8 th ▁century ▁in ▁Gu atem ala ▁Category : May a ▁rul ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Pad ma ▁Sach dev ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁poet ▁and ▁novel ist . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁woman ▁poet ▁of ▁the ▁Dog ri ▁language . ▁She ▁also ▁writes ▁in ▁Hind i . ▁She ▁has ▁published ▁several ▁poetry ▁collections , ▁including ▁Mer i ▁K av ita ▁M ere ▁Ge et ▁( My ▁Po ems , ▁My ▁Songs ), ▁which ▁won ▁the ▁S ah ity a ▁Ak adem i ▁Award ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁received ▁the ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri , ▁India ' s ▁fourth ▁highest ▁civilian ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁Kab ir ▁Sam man ▁for ▁poetry ▁for ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 0 8 ▁given ▁by ▁Government ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Pad ma ▁Sach dev ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ ▁Pur m andal , ▁Jam mu ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁of ▁three ▁children ▁of ▁a ▁S ansk rit ▁scholar , ▁professor ▁J ai ▁Dev ▁Bad u , ▁who ▁was ▁later ▁killed ▁during ▁the ▁partition |
▁of ▁India ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁She ▁first ▁married ▁famous ▁Dog ri ▁poet ▁V ed pal ▁Deep ▁and ▁later ▁married ▁singer ▁Sur inder ▁Singh ▁of ▁the ▁musical ▁du o ▁" Sing h ▁Band hu " ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁She ▁lives ▁in ▁New ▁Delhi . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Sach dev ▁worked ▁in ▁All ▁India ▁Radio , ▁Jam mu ▁as ▁an ▁announ cer ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁Here ▁she ▁met ▁Sur inder ▁Singh , ▁Hind ust ani ▁vocal ist ▁of ▁the ▁Singh ▁Band hu ▁musical ▁du o , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁duty ▁officer ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁she ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁All ▁India ▁Radio , ▁M umb ai . ▁▁ ▁She ▁wrote ▁the ▁lyrics ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁' M era ▁ch h ota ▁sa ▁g har ▁ba ar ' ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Hind i ▁film ▁by ▁V ed ▁Rah i ▁" P rem ▁Par bat " ▁which ▁had ▁music ▁by ▁Ja ide v . ▁There after , ▁she ▁wrote ▁the ▁lyrics ▁of ▁two ▁songs ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁Hind i ▁film ▁" A ank hin ▁D ek hi ", ▁which ▁had ▁music ▁by ▁J . P . ▁Ka ush ik ▁including ▁the ▁famous ▁du et ▁" S ona ▁re , ▁t uj he ▁k aise ▁mil oo " ▁sung ▁by ▁Moh d ▁Raf i ▁and ▁Sul ak sh ana ▁Pand it . ▁She ▁also ▁wrote ▁the ▁lyrics ▁along ▁with ▁Y og esh ▁for |
▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Hind i ▁film ▁" Sa ah as ", ▁which ▁had ▁music ▁by ▁A me en ▁S ange et . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Mer i ▁K av ita ▁M ere ▁Ge et ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁T avi ▁Te ▁Ch an han ▁( R ivers ▁T awi ▁and ▁Chen ab , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁▁ ▁N her i yan ▁G ali yan ▁( Dark ▁L anes , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁ ▁P ota ▁P ota ▁N im bal ▁( F ing ert ip ful ▁Cloud less ▁Sky , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁ ▁U tt ar ▁V ah ini ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁▁ ▁T ain th ian ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁ ▁Am rai ▁( H indi ▁Inter views ) ▁ ▁Di w ank h ana ▁( Inter views ) ▁ ▁Ch ith ▁Che te ▁( Mem oirs ) ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Din u ▁Bh ai ▁P ant ▁Life ▁Time ▁A chie vement ▁Award , 2 0 1 7 ▁by ▁D . B . ▁P ant ▁Memorial ▁Trust , ▁Jam mu , J & K ▁ ▁Kr ut it ava ▁Sm agra ▁Sam man , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁by ▁B har ati ya ▁B hash a ▁Par ish ad , ▁West ▁Beng al ▁▁ ▁Sar as w ati ▁Sam man ▁, ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁for ▁her ▁aut obi ography ▁" Ch itt - Che te " ▁in ▁Dog |
ri ▁language ▁ ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁Award . ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁S ah ity a ▁Ak adem i ▁Award ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁Kab ir ▁Sam man ▁for ▁poetry . ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 0 8 ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Na ush in . ▁Kit ab gh ar , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Main ▁Ka ht i ▁Hun ▁An k hin ▁D ek hi ▁( Tr avel ogue ). ▁B har ati ya ▁G yan p ith , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁* B hat ko ▁nah in ▁D han anj ay . ▁B har ati ya ▁G yan p ith , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁. ▁ ▁Am rai . ▁Raj k am al ▁Pr ak ash an , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁. ▁ ▁Jam mu ▁Jo ▁Kab hi ▁S ah ara ▁Th a ▁( N ov el ). ▁B har ati ya ▁J nan ap ith , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁. ▁Ph ira ▁k y ā ▁h u ā ?, ▁with ▁J n ane ś var a , ▁and ▁Par tha ▁Sen agu pt a . ▁National ▁Book ▁Trust , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁. ▁ ▁Trans l ations ▁▁ ▁Where ▁Has ▁My ▁G ull a ▁G one ▁( An th ology ). ▁Pr ab hat ▁Pr ak ash an , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁. ▁ ▁A ▁Drop ▁in ▁the ▁Ocean : ▁An ▁Aut |
obi ography . ▁tr . ▁by ▁U ma ▁Vas ude v , ▁J y ots na ▁Singh . ▁National ▁Book ▁Trust , ▁India , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Indian ▁writers ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Indian ▁po ets ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Mother ▁of ▁Modern ▁Dog ri ▁Po etry : ▁A ▁Liter ary ▁Profile ▁of ▁Pad ma ▁Sach dev ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁( city ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁po ets ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁novel ists ▁Category : D og ri ▁language ▁Category : H indi - language ▁writers ▁Category : Ind ian ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : Ind ian ▁aut obi ograph ers ▁Category : Ind ian ▁women ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁in ▁literature ▁& ▁education ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁S ah ity a ▁Ak adem i ▁Award ▁in ▁Hind i ▁Category : Ind ian ▁women ▁po ets ▁Category : W omen ▁aut obi ograph ers ▁Category : Po ets ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Category : W omen ▁writers ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Indian ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Indian |
▁novel ists ▁Category : N ov el ists ▁from ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁is ▁a ▁document ▁from ▁officials ▁of ▁a ▁port ▁of ▁departure ▁indicating ▁to ▁the ▁officials ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁arrival ▁which ▁indicates ▁whether ▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁the ▁ship ▁is ▁carrying ▁a ▁cont ag ious ▁disease , ▁either ▁literally ▁on - board ▁or ▁via ▁its ▁crew men ▁or ▁passengers . ▁ ▁As ▁defined ▁in ▁a ▁cons ul ' s ▁hand book ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 9 : ▁ ▁A ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁is ▁a ▁document ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁cons ul ▁or ▁the ▁public ▁authorities ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁which ▁a ▁ship ▁s ails ▁from , ▁des cript ive ▁of ▁the ▁health ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁vessel ' s ▁clear ance . ▁A ▁clean ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁cert ifies ▁that ▁at ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁its ▁issue ▁no ▁infect ious ▁disease ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁exist ▁either ▁in ▁the ▁port ▁or ▁its ▁neighbour hood . ▁A ▁suspected ▁or ▁touched ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁reports ▁that ▁rum ours ▁were ▁in ▁circulation ▁that ▁an ▁infect ious ▁disease ▁had ▁appeared ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁rum our ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁confirmed ▁by ▁any ▁known ▁cases . ▁A ▁foul ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁or ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁a ▁clean ▁bill ▁of ▁health ▁implies ▁that ▁the ▁place ▁the ▁vessel ▁cleared ▁from ▁was ▁infected ▁with ▁a ▁cont ag ious ▁disease . ▁The ▁two ▁latter ▁cases ▁would ▁render ▁the ▁vessel ▁li able ▁to ▁quar antine . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Qu ar antine |
▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Pre vention ▁Category : In fect ious ▁diseases ▁Category : Mar itime ▁transport <0x0A> </s> ▁Frederick ▁C . ▁" F ritz " ▁Mac key ▁( Apr il ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁– ▁July ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁and ▁baseball ▁player ▁and ▁coach . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁football ▁coach ▁at ▁Butler ▁University ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁comp iling ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 0 – 1 1 – 2 . ▁Mac key ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁head ▁baseball ▁coach ▁at ▁Ohio ▁Wes ley an ▁University ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁and ▁at ▁his ▁al ma ▁mater , ▁Ohio ▁State ▁University , ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁t ally ing ▁a ▁career ▁college ▁baseball ▁coaching ▁mark ▁of ▁ 1 0 – 1 1 – 2 . ▁ ▁Mac key ▁played ▁football ▁and ▁baseball ▁at ▁Ohio ▁State , ▁before ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁assistant ▁football ▁coach ▁at ▁Ohio ▁State ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁staff ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁championship - winning ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁Ohio ▁State ▁Buc key es ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁coaching , ▁Mac key ▁worked ▁for ▁an ▁act uary ▁firm . ▁ |
▁He ▁retired ▁around ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁Sun ▁City , ▁Arizona , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Head ▁coaching ▁record ▁ ▁Football ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : Base ball ▁catch ers ▁Category : But ler ▁Bul ld ogs ▁football ▁coaches ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buc key es ▁baseball ▁coaches ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buc key es ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buc key es ▁football ▁coaches ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buc key es ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Oh io ▁Wes ley an ▁Batt ling ▁B ish ops ▁baseball ▁coaches ▁Category : Oh io ▁Wes ley an ▁Batt ling ▁B ish ops ▁football ▁coaches <0x0A> </s> ▁Mark ▁Philip ▁D ix ie ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁serial ▁rap ist ▁and ▁murder er ▁who ▁was ▁convicted ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁of ▁murder ing ▁ 1 8 - year - old ▁singer ▁and ▁model ▁Sally ▁Anne ▁Bow man ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁in ▁South ▁Cro yd on , ▁London . ▁He ▁has ▁ 1 7 ▁other ▁criminal ▁conv ictions . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁by ▁various ▁pseud ony ms . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Stre ath am , ▁South ▁London . ▁His ▁parents ▁separated ▁when ▁he |
▁was ▁ 1 8 ▁months ▁old . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁eight , ▁his ▁mother ▁rem ar ried ; ▁she ▁had ▁two ▁sons ▁by ▁her ▁new ▁husband . ▁He ▁adm its ▁to ▁having ▁been ▁a ▁heavy ▁drink er ▁and ▁user ▁of ▁cannab is ▁and ▁coc aine ▁for ▁years . ▁ ▁Crim inal ▁record ▁and ▁deport ation ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁criminal ▁record . ▁His ▁first ▁conviction ▁was ▁for ▁rob bery ▁– ▁he ▁m ug ged ▁a ▁woman ▁at ▁kn if ep oint ▁in ▁Stock well ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁six ▁weeks ' ▁det ention . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Sid cup ▁and ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁bur gl ary ▁and ▁rob bery . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁inde cent ▁assault ▁and ▁inde cent ▁exposure ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁two ▁years ' ▁prob ation . ▁Later ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁inde cent ▁assault ▁and ▁assault ▁occasion ing ▁actual ▁bod ily ▁harm . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁inde cent ▁exposure ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 8 0 ▁hours ' ▁community ▁service . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁assault ing ▁a ▁police ▁officer . ▁ ▁D ix ie ▁lived ▁in ▁Australia ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁over st ay ed ▁his ▁visa . ▁He ▁was ▁deport ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 |
▁after ▁being ▁convicted ▁of ▁a ▁sex ▁off ence , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁fin ed . ▁ ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁a ▁sexual ▁assault ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁he ▁mast urb ated ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁woman ▁in ▁a ▁telephone ▁booth . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁prosecut ed ▁for ▁this . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁D ix ie ▁has ▁three ▁sons . ▁ ▁Mur der ▁conviction ▁Sally ▁Anne ▁Bow man ▁was ▁stab bed ▁to ▁death ▁yards ▁from ▁her ▁home ▁after ▁a ▁night ▁out ▁with ▁friends . ▁D ix ie ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Ye ▁Old ▁Six ▁B ells ▁in ▁Hor ley , ▁Sur rey . ▁His ▁DNA ▁was ▁taken ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁town ▁Craw ley , ▁West ▁Sus sex , ▁after ▁being ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁fight ▁in ▁a ▁pub ▁while ▁watching ▁a ▁World ▁Cup ▁football ▁match ▁almost ▁a ▁year ▁later , ▁and ▁matched ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁Bow man ' s ▁killer . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁D ix ie ' s ▁DNA ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Western ▁Australia ▁to ▁be ▁tested ▁against ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁DNA ▁evidence ▁in ▁the ▁Cl are mont ▁serial ▁killer ▁case ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁kill ings , ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁committed ▁them . ▁At ▁his ▁trial ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁Sally ▁Anne ▁Bow man , ▁an ▁un named ▁Th ai ▁woman |
▁gave ▁evidence ▁that ▁D ix ie ▁had ▁stab bed ▁and ▁rap ed ▁her ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ; ▁D ix ie ▁has ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁formally ▁charged ▁with ▁this ▁attack , ▁though ▁a ▁DNA ▁sample ▁from ▁the ▁woman ' s ▁under wear ▁has ▁been ▁matched ▁to ▁him . ▁▁ ▁D ix ie ▁denied ▁the ▁murder ▁but , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁defence , ▁claimed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁spent ▁the ▁night ▁on ▁drink ▁and ▁drugs ▁and ▁had ▁gone ▁out ▁to ▁buy ▁more ▁coc aine . ▁He ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁come ▁across ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁Bow man , ▁murdered , ▁he ▁said , ▁by ▁a ▁third ▁party , ▁and ▁had ▁sex ▁with ▁her ▁after ▁she ▁was ▁killed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁D ix ie ' s ▁DNA ▁was ▁matched ▁to ▁the ▁rape ▁of ▁a ▁woman ▁in ▁Fu eng i rol a , ▁Spain , ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁A ▁Dutch man ▁– ▁Rom ano ▁van ▁der ▁D ussen ▁– ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 5 ▁years ▁in ▁prison ▁for ▁this ▁rape ▁and ▁two ▁sexual ▁assault s ▁that ▁were ▁committed ▁nearby ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁as ▁the ▁rape . ▁As ▁late ▁as ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁van ▁der ▁D ussen ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁prison ▁and ▁D ix ie ▁not ▁yet ▁charged ▁with ▁the ▁rape ▁▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁Dutch ▁newspaper ▁the ▁Volk sk rant ▁reported ▁that ▁D ix ie ▁conf essed |
▁to ▁this ▁rape , ▁but ▁not ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁sexual ▁assault s . ▁van ▁der ▁D ussen ▁was ▁finally ▁ex on er ated ▁and ▁freed ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁after ▁spending ▁over ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁in ▁prison . ▁▁ ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁Bow man ' s ▁murder ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁at ▁the ▁Old ▁Ba iley , ▁where ▁Judge ▁Ger ald ▁Gordon ▁recommended ▁that ▁D ix ie ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁released ▁for ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁ 3 4 ▁years , ▁by ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁ 7 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁This ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁longest ▁minimum ▁terms ▁ever ▁imposed ▁upon ▁a ▁single ▁murder er . ▁ ▁Following ▁D ix ie ' s ▁conviction , ▁Detect ive ▁Super int endent ▁Stuart ▁C und y , ▁who ▁had ▁led ▁the ▁Bow man ▁investigation , ▁said : ▁" It ▁is ▁my ▁opinion ▁that ▁a ▁national ▁DNA ▁register ▁– ▁with ▁all ▁its ▁appropriate ▁saf egu ards ▁– ▁could ▁have ▁identified ▁Sally ▁Anne ' s ▁murder er ▁within ▁ 2 4 ▁hours . ▁Instead ▁it ▁took ▁nearly ▁nine ▁months ▁before ▁Mark ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁identified , ▁and ▁almost ▁two - and - a - half ▁years ▁for ▁justice ▁to ▁be ▁done ." ▁The ▁calls ▁for ▁such ▁a ▁register ▁were , ▁however , ▁turned ▁down ▁by ▁minister s ▁and ▁other ▁politicians ▁who ▁claimed ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁raise ▁practical ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁civil ▁libert ies |
▁issues . ▁D ix ie ▁conf essed ▁to ▁the ▁murder ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁R ape ▁conv ictions ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁D ix ie ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁two ▁rap es ▁- ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁happened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁He ▁received ▁two ▁life ▁sentences . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁crim inals ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁English ▁crim inals ▁Category : B rit ish ▁people ▁convicted ▁of ▁bur gl ary ▁Category : English ▁people ▁convicted ▁of ▁inde cent ▁assault ▁Category : B rit ish ▁people ▁convicted ▁of ▁rob bery ▁Category : C rim inals ▁from ▁London ▁Category : English ▁che fs ▁Category : English ▁people ▁convicted ▁of ▁murder ▁Category : English ▁people ▁convicted ▁of ▁rape ▁Category : English ▁prisoners ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁Category : English ▁sex ▁off enders ▁Category : N ec ro ph iles ▁Category : People ▁convicted ▁of ▁assault ▁occasion ing ▁actual ▁bod ily ▁harm ▁Category : People ▁convicted ▁of ▁murder ▁by ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁Category : People ▁deport ed ▁from ▁Australia ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Stre ath am ▁Category : Pr ison ers ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁by ▁England ▁and ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁And ile ▁Y en ana ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁African ▁pian ist . ▁He ▁made ▁an ▁ind el ible |
▁mark ▁by ▁switching ▁from ▁teaching ▁to ▁studying ▁jazz . ▁He ▁has ▁produced ▁and ▁worked ▁ ▁with ▁many ▁South ▁African ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁international ▁artists . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁in ▁King ▁William ' s ▁Town , ▁And ile ' s ▁love ▁for ▁music ▁was ▁triggered ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age . ▁He ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁household ▁where ▁music ▁was ▁really ▁loved . ▁His ▁father , ▁Felix ▁Th ams an qa ▁Y en ana , ▁had ▁a ▁huge ▁collection ▁of ▁music , ▁ranging ▁from ▁jazz ▁to ▁Mot own , ▁and ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁urban ▁black ▁music ▁and ▁this ▁had ▁a ▁huge ▁influence ▁in ▁And ile ' s ▁life . ▁And ile ▁took ▁up ▁music ▁studies ▁under ▁D arius ▁Br ube ck ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Natal ' s ▁School ▁of ▁Jazz ▁and ▁Popular ▁Music ▁It ▁was ▁here ▁that ▁he ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁sa x oph on ist ▁Z im ▁Ng q aw ana ▁and ▁trump eter ▁F ey a ▁F aku . ▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁Z im ▁Ng q aw ana ' s ▁quart et ▁and ▁worked ▁with ▁Z im ▁Ng q aw ana ▁on ▁all ▁ 5 ▁of ▁his ▁albums , ▁including ▁San ▁Song ▁recorded ▁with ▁B j orn ▁O le ▁Sol burg ▁and ▁his ▁Norweg ian ▁San ▁En semble . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁pan - A fr ican ▁music ▁project ▁Mah ube ▁with ▁sa x oph on ist ▁Steve ▁D yer ▁and ▁others . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁arr anger ▁for ▁S |
ib ong ile ▁Kh um alo , ▁Gl oria ▁Bos man ▁and ▁S uth uk azi ▁A ros i . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Standard ▁Bank ▁Young ▁Artist ▁for ▁Jazz . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁We ▁Used ▁To ▁Dance ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Who ' s ▁Got ▁The ▁Map ? ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : South ▁African ▁pian ists ▁Category : South ▁African ▁jazz ▁musicians ▁Category : People ▁from ▁King ▁William ' s ▁Town ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁pian ists <0x0A> </s> ▁G in ▁G in ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁heritage - listed ▁railway ▁station ▁at ▁Mul gr ave ▁Street , ▁G in ▁G in , ▁Bund ab erg ▁Region , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁to ▁. ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁G in ▁G in ▁Railway ▁Station , ▁Good s ▁S hed ▁& ▁Ref resh ment ▁Ro oms . ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁town ship ▁of ▁G in ▁G in ▁was ▁gaz ett ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁consisting ▁of ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁some ▁three ▁thousand ▁acres ▁on ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁run . ▁G in ▁G in ▁was ▁an ▁original ▁station ▁of ▁the ▁first |
▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁line ▁which ▁opened ▁from ▁North ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁M ool bol aman ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁explo itation ▁of ▁the ▁mineral ▁resources ▁of ▁Queensland ▁was ▁recognised ▁by ▁political ▁interests ▁in ▁Queensland ▁as ▁being ▁closely ▁linked ▁with ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁railway ▁system ▁from ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 6 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 8 7 0 s . ▁This ▁connection ▁between ▁political ▁decisions ▁and ▁economic ▁development ▁was ▁further ▁linked ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁decision ▁taken ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁to ▁construct ▁mineral ▁rail ways ▁running ▁from ▁Town s ville ▁to ▁Char ters ▁Tow ers , ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁and ▁Mary borough ▁to ▁Gym pie . ▁As ▁well ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁railway ▁line ▁from ▁War wick ▁to ▁Stan th or pe ▁was ▁approved ▁along ▁with ▁extensions ▁to ▁Roma ▁and ▁Emer ald ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Parliament , ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁ 1 8 7 7 . ▁The ▁decision ▁to ▁construct ▁separate ▁railway ▁systems ▁with ▁no ▁connection ▁to ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Railway ▁system ▁was ▁to ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁pro lifer ation ▁of ▁separate ▁rail ways ▁throughout ▁Queensland , ▁( up ▁to ▁eleven ▁by ▁ 1 8 9 1 ). ▁The ▁system ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁un ified ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁with ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Coast ▁railway ▁line ▁between ▁Br is b ane ▁and ▁C air ns . ▁ ▁The ▁Mount |
▁Perry ▁railway ▁( origin ally ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Bund ab erg ▁Railway ) ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Government . ▁The ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁service ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁copper ▁mines . ▁Cop per ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁nineteenth ▁century . ▁Min ing ▁activities ▁led ▁to ▁ag itation ▁for ▁a ▁link ▁between ▁the ▁mines ▁of ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁region ▁and ▁a ▁port . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁proposals ▁of ▁a ▁private ▁railway ▁line ▁were ▁considered , ▁and ▁both ▁Mary borough ▁and ▁Bund ab erg ▁v ied ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁line . ▁These ▁plans ▁were ▁never ▁executed ▁however . ▁Rather , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁a ▁state - owned ▁line ▁would ▁be ▁constructed . ▁Th orn loe ▁Smith , ▁engineer ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁Railway ▁Sur ve ys , ▁conducted ▁a ▁survey ▁from ▁North ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁Th orn loe ' s ▁survey ▁noted ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁rug ged , ▁and ▁event ual ▁surve ying ▁plans ▁called ▁for ▁a ▁tunnel ▁to ▁pier ce ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁B ool bo onda ▁Range . ▁The ▁first ▁section , ▁North ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁M ool bool aman , ▁was ▁constructed ▁by ▁Over end ▁and ▁Co . ▁and ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 8 8 1 , ▁although ▁tim ber ▁special s ▁had ▁run ▁for ▁some ▁months ▁previously . ▁The ▁second ▁section , ▁including ▁the ▁B ool bo onda ▁tunnel ▁works , ▁was ▁approved ▁in |
▁November ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 5 0 ▁men ▁were ▁employed ▁on ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁line . ▁ ▁T enders ▁had ▁been ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁goods ▁shed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁A ▁loading ▁bank ▁was ▁provided ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁tim ber ▁loading ▁facilities ▁were ▁constructed ▁indicating ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁tim ber ▁and ▁saw m illing ▁operations ▁for ▁the ▁railway ▁line . ▁A ▁new ▁goods ▁shed , ▁and ▁combined ▁shelter ▁shed ▁and ▁station ▁office ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 / 8 9 . ▁A ▁refresh ment ▁room ▁was ▁provided ▁from ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁The ▁shed ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁fire ▁on ▁ 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁the ▁complex ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁station ▁building , ▁lamp ▁room , ▁truck ing ▁( c attle ▁handling ) ▁yards , ▁goods ▁shed ▁with ▁ ▁cr ane , ▁tri ke ▁she ds ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁master ' s ▁residence . ▁G in ▁G in ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁major ▁regional ▁transport ▁centre ▁within ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Burn ett ▁area , ▁and ▁a ▁major ▁transport ▁centre ▁within ▁the ▁region . ▁Given ▁that ▁G in ▁G in ▁was ▁also ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁main ▁highway ▁link ▁between ▁Br is b ane ▁and ▁C |
air ns ▁( the ▁Bruce ▁Highway ), ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁road ▁competition ▁was ▁to ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁event ual ▁dw ind ling ▁of ▁revenue ▁fre ight ▁carried ▁on ▁the ▁line . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁to ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁the ▁copper ▁mines ▁which ▁had ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁line ▁had ▁closed ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁financial ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁mines . ▁The ▁copper ▁mines ▁re op ened ▁around ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁nineteenth - tw entieth ▁centuries ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁sm el ter , ▁operated ▁until ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁ 5 0 ▁years ▁the ▁main ▁traffic ▁generated ▁on ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁line ▁was ▁mainly ▁from ▁d air ying , ▁liv est ock ▁and ▁tim ber ▁traffic , ▁with ▁sugar ▁traffic ▁from ▁G in ▁G in ▁east ▁to ▁the ▁Gib son ▁and ▁How es ▁mill . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁was ▁closed ▁beyond ▁T ir ro an , ▁due ▁to ▁decl ining ▁revenue . ▁The ▁railway ▁beyond ▁T ir ro an ▁was ▁dis m ant led ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁After ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁sugar ▁can e ▁traffic ▁from ▁the ▁W ata wa ▁plant ation ▁area ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁to ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁Central ▁Sugar ▁Mill ▁at ▁Wall av ille ▁there ▁was ▁little ▁traffic ▁beyond ▁G in ▁G in ▁other ▁than ▁stock ▁special |
s ▁to ▁the ▁cattle ▁loading ▁rail head ▁at ▁T ir ro an . ▁The ▁section ▁of ▁line ▁from ▁T ir ro an ▁to ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁removed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁due ▁to ▁decl ining ▁traffic ▁reven ues . ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁to ▁T ir ro an ▁section ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁The ▁final ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Bund ab erg ▁Railway , ▁beyond ▁the ▁Vers atile ▁To ft ▁s iding ▁( N orth ▁Bund ab erg ▁to ▁G in ▁G in ), ▁closed ▁officially ▁to ▁traffic ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁although ▁services ▁had ▁been ▁suspended ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁The ▁line ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁removal , ▁with ▁rail ▁being ▁sold ▁off ▁to ▁local ▁sugar ▁mill s ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁their ▁tram ▁networks . ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁right - of - way ▁has ▁been ▁adapted ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁B ing era ▁Mill ▁for ▁its ▁sugar ▁tram way . ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁station ▁complex ▁was ▁le ased ▁to ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁and ▁District ▁Historical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁following ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁railway . ▁The ▁complex ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁Kol an ▁Sh ire ▁Council ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁Other ▁buildings ▁have ▁been ▁transport ed ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁site ▁by ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁and ▁District |
▁Historical ▁Society ▁including ▁a ▁school ▁house , ▁and ▁police ▁residence , ▁barn ▁and ▁ind igenous ▁museum ▁( h ous ed ▁within ▁the ▁former ▁goods ▁shed ). ▁The ▁additional ▁buildings ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁rel oc ated ▁to ▁the ▁immediate ▁vic inity ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁railway ▁yard , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁do ▁not ▁det ract ▁from ▁the ▁visual ▁appeal ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁complex ▁Within ▁the ▁former ▁station ▁yard ▁the ▁track work , ▁turn outs ▁and ▁roads ▁have ▁been ▁retained ▁ext ant . ▁Don ated ▁items ▁from ▁Queensland ▁Rail ways ▁including ▁a ▁BB V ▁guards ▁van , ▁camp ▁wagon , ▁and ▁a ▁flat ▁wagon ▁and ▁water ▁g in , ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁platform ▁road ▁at ▁the ▁station ▁building , ▁and ▁other ▁roads ▁within ▁the ▁complex . ▁At ▁the ▁T ir ro an ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁a ▁former ▁G in ▁G in ▁Central ▁Sugar ▁Mill ▁tram way ▁ 0 - 6 - 0 ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁has ▁been ▁placed ▁on ▁display ▁on ▁a ▁dual - g auge ▁ ▁track . ▁ ▁Built ▁as ▁a ▁low - cost ▁development ▁railway , ▁the ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁features ▁two ▁major ▁surviving ▁structures ▁entered ▁permanently ▁in ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register : ▁the ▁B ool bo onda ▁T unnel ▁( now ▁open ▁to ▁road ▁traffic ) ▁and ▁S plit ters ▁Creek ▁Railway ▁Bridge ▁at ▁Sh aron . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁complex ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁building ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁representative ▁late ▁Victorian ▁building ▁with ▁cur ved ▁and ▁ch am fer ed |
▁br ack ets ▁to ▁the ▁shade ▁and ▁distingu ishing ▁porch ▁with ▁fre tt ed ▁g able . ▁It ▁is ▁of ▁comparable ▁appearance ▁to ▁E sk , ▁Bund amba ▁and ▁North ▁Bund ab erg ▁railway ▁stations . ▁Acc om mod ation ▁is ▁provided ▁with ▁ladies ▁water ▁closet , ▁waiting ▁room , ▁lamp ▁store , ▁shelter ▁shed ▁and ▁office . ▁Book ing ▁windows ▁face ▁the ▁shelter ▁area ▁and ▁the ▁platform ▁and ▁central ▁shelter ▁area ▁post ▁has ▁cur ved ▁decor ative ▁br ack ets ▁facing ▁three ▁directions . ▁Station ▁name boards ▁are ▁ext ant ▁on ▁the ▁platform ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁goods ▁shed ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁tim ber - fr amed ▁weather board ▁cl ad ▁building ▁with ▁out ▁shade ▁and ▁with ▁windows ▁sealed ▁through ▁board ing . ▁It ▁has ▁one ▁sliding ▁door ▁mounted ▁on ▁opposite ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁shed , ▁and ▁the ▁loading ▁platform ▁has ▁been ▁partly ▁demol ished . ▁Good s ▁cr ane ▁is ▁a ▁one - ton ▁wh ip ▁cr ane ▁bearing ▁a ▁manufacturing ▁plate ▁of ▁S arge ant ▁engineers , ▁Br is b ane . ▁ ▁The ▁former ▁Station ▁Masters ▁house ▁is ▁a ▁simply ▁detailed ▁building ▁elev ated ▁with ▁a ▁cor rug ated ▁iron ▁h ipped ▁roof ▁and ▁ver and ah ▁post ▁br ack ets . ▁The ▁building ▁at ▁present ▁is ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁G in ▁G in ▁and ▁District ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁listing ▁ ▁G in ▁G in ▁Railway ▁Station ▁and ▁Complex ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁having ▁satisfied |
▁the ▁following ▁criteria . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁evolution ▁or ▁pattern ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁major ▁railway ▁lines ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Parliament ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁gold ▁and ▁copper ▁fields ▁of ▁Queensland ▁from ▁the ▁ports ▁of ▁Mary borough , ▁Town s ville ▁and ▁Bund ab erg . ▁The ▁complex , ▁by ▁its ▁ret ention ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁Sh ire ▁Council , ▁allows ▁for ▁an ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁construction , ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁North ▁Bund ab erg - Mount ▁Perry ▁railway ▁line , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁network ▁of ▁branch ▁lines ▁cent red ▁on ▁Bund ab erg . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁demonstr ates ▁rare , ▁un common ▁or ▁end ang ered ▁aspects ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁cultural ▁heritage . ▁ ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁Railway ▁Station ▁and ▁Complex ▁is ▁important ▁as ▁a ▁substant ially ▁intact ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁country ▁branch line ▁station ▁and ▁its ▁associated ▁buildings ▁and ▁infrastructure . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁principal ▁characteristics ▁of ▁a ▁particular ▁class ▁of ▁cultural ▁places . ▁ ▁The ▁G in ▁G in ▁Railway ▁Station ▁and ▁Complex ▁is ▁important ▁as ▁a ▁substant ially ▁intact ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁country ▁branch line ▁station ▁and ▁its ▁associated ▁buildings ▁and ▁infrastructure . ▁ ▁Its ▁survival ▁as ▁a ▁relatively ▁intact ▁group ▁of ▁railway ▁buildings ▁dating ▁from ▁various ▁periods ▁allows ▁for ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Railway ▁network ▁in ▁the |
▁economic ▁development ▁of ▁rural ▁Queensland . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁or ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁community ▁or ▁cultural ▁group ▁for ▁social , ▁cultural ▁or ▁spiritual ▁reasons . ▁ ▁Its ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁museum ▁also ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁and ▁its ▁significance ▁to ▁the ▁local ▁community . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Att ribut ion ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Que ens land ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : G in ▁G in , ▁Queensland ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : Art icles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Category : 1 8 8 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Italian ▁Space ▁Agency ▁( ; ▁A SI ) ▁is ▁a ▁government ▁agency ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁fund , ▁reg ulate ▁and ▁coordinate ▁space ▁exploration ▁activities ▁in ▁Italy . ▁The ▁agency ▁cooper ates ▁with ▁numerous ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁entities ▁who ▁are ▁active ▁in ▁a eros pace ▁research ▁and ▁technology . ▁ ▁Nation ally , ▁A SI ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁both ▁draft ing ▁the ▁National ▁A eros pace ▁Plan ▁and ▁ensuring ▁it ▁is ▁carried ▁out . ▁To ▁do ▁this ▁the ▁agency ▁operates ▁as ▁the ▁owner / coord inator ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Italian ▁space ▁research ▁agencies ▁and ▁assets ▁such ▁as ▁C IR A ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁organ ising ▁the ▁calls ▁and ▁opportunities |
▁process ▁for ▁Italian ▁industrial ▁contract ors ▁on ▁space fl ight ▁projects . ▁Intern ation ally , ▁the ▁A SI ▁provides ▁Italy ' s ▁deleg ation ▁to ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Space ▁Agency ▁and ▁to ▁its ▁sub ord inate ▁bodies ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁representing ▁the ▁country ' s ▁interests ▁in ▁foreign ▁collabor ations . ▁ ▁A SI ' s ▁main ▁headquarters ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁Rome , ▁Italy , ▁and ▁the ▁agency ▁also ▁has ▁direct ▁control ▁over ▁three ▁operational ▁cent res . ▁The ▁Centre ▁for ▁Space ▁Ge odes y ▁( C GS ) ▁located ▁in ▁M ater a ▁ ▁in ▁Italy . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁these ▁A SI ▁has ▁access ▁to ▁its ▁own ▁space port , ▁the ▁Bro gl io ▁Space ▁Centre ▁( former ly ▁the ▁San ▁Marco ▁Equ ator ial ▁Range ) ▁on ▁the ▁coastal ▁sub l itt oral ▁of ▁Kenya , ▁currently ▁used ▁only ▁as ▁a ▁communications ▁ground ▁station . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁A SI ' s ▁annual ▁ ▁reven ues ▁budget ▁was ▁approximately ▁€ 1 . 6 b illion ▁ ▁and ▁directly ▁employed ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 ▁workers . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Early ▁Italian ▁a eros pace ▁▁ ▁Activ ities ▁started ▁officially ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁but ▁the ▁agency ▁drew ▁extens ively ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁earlier ▁national ▁organisations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁consolid ated ▁experience ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁Italian ▁scientists ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁investig ating ▁space ▁and ▁astr on aut ics ▁since ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁Some |
▁of ▁the ▁most ▁outstanding ▁names ▁in ▁Italian ▁space ▁exploration ▁since ▁its ▁in ception ▁were ▁the ▁following : ▁▁ ▁Gi ul io ▁Cost an zi ▁( 1 8 7 5 – 1 9 6 5 ), ▁his ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁writing ▁of ▁space ▁navigation ▁and ▁nuclear ▁prop ulsion ▁are ▁considered ▁the ▁first ▁Italian ▁contribution ▁to ▁astr on aut ics . ▁ ▁Lu igi ▁G uss all i ▁( 1 8 8 5 – 1 9 5 0 ), ▁astr on aut ics ▁pione er ▁since ▁the ▁‘ 2 0 s , ▁correspon ded ▁with ▁international ▁space ▁scientists ▁such ▁as ▁Ober th ▁and ▁God d ard . ▁He ▁invented ▁a ▁double - re action ▁jet ▁engine , ▁developed ▁multi - stage ▁rock ets , ▁suggested ▁a ▁Moon ▁mission ▁and ▁solar ▁radiation ▁powered ▁spaces hip s . ▁ ▁Ga et ano ▁Art uro ▁Cro cc o ▁( 1 8 7 7 - 1 9 6 8 ), ▁a eron aut ics ▁and ▁astr on aut ics ▁pione er , ▁invented ▁the ▁first ▁all - It al ian ▁liquid - fu elled ▁comb ust ion ▁chamber ▁and ▁a ided ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁gravity ▁assist ▁technique ▁for ▁use ▁on ▁planet ary ▁fly - by ’ s ▁by ▁space ▁prob es . ▁ ▁Lu igi ▁Cro cc o ▁( 1 9 0 9 - 1 9 8 6 ), ▁son ▁of ▁Ga et ano ▁Art uro , ▁an ▁internation ally ▁renown ed ▁scientist ▁in ▁aer od ynamics ▁theory ▁and ▁jet ▁prop ulsion . ▁ ▁A |
ure lio ▁Rob otti , ▁expert ▁on ▁rock et ▁liquid ▁fu els , ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Italian ▁liquid - fu elled ▁rock et , ▁AR 3 . ▁ ▁Lu igi ▁Bro gl io ▁( 1 9 1 1 - 2 0 0 1 ), ▁the ▁un anim ously ▁recognized ▁father ▁of ▁Italian ▁astr on aut ics , ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁“ It al ian ▁von ▁Bra un ”. ▁Under ▁his ▁guide ▁Italy ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁a ▁satellite ▁in ▁orbit ▁around ▁the ▁Earth ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁country ▁to ▁deploy ▁an ▁equ ator ial ▁launch ing ▁pad , ▁the ▁San ▁Marco , ▁and ▁to ▁experiment ▁successful ▁launch ing ▁from ▁it . ▁ ▁Carlo ▁Bu ong i orno , ▁Bro gl io ' s ▁pup il ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁director ▁general ▁of ▁A SI . ▁ ▁San ▁Marco ▁programme ▁▁ ▁Early ▁Italian ▁space ▁efforts ▁during ▁the ▁Space ▁Race ▁era ▁were ▁built ▁around ▁cooperation ▁between ▁the ▁Italian ▁Space ▁Commission ▁( a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Research ▁Council ) ▁and ▁NASA ▁supported ▁primarily ▁by ▁the ▁Cent ro ▁R icer che ▁A er osp az ial i , ▁the ▁a eros pace ▁research ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Rome ▁La ▁S ap ien za . ▁This ▁plan , ▁con ceived ▁by ▁Lu igi ▁Bro gl io , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁San ▁Marco ▁programme ▁of ▁Italian - built ▁satell ites ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁first ▁satellite , ▁San ▁Marco ▁ 1 , ▁from ▁Wall ops ▁Island . ▁ ▁The ▁San ▁Marco ▁project |
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