text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
▁since ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁launch ing ▁of ▁scientific ▁satell ites ▁by ▁Sc out ▁rock ets ▁from ▁a ▁mobile ▁rigid ▁platform ▁located ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁equ ator . ▁This ▁station , ▁composed ▁of ▁ 3 ▁oil ▁platforms ▁and ▁two ▁log ist ical ▁support ▁boats , ▁was ▁installed ▁off ▁the ▁Kenya ▁coast , ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Mal indi . ▁ ▁Italy ▁would ▁later ▁launch ▁further ▁satell ites ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁( San ▁Marco ▁ 2 ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁San ▁Marco ▁ 3 ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁San ▁Marco ▁ 4 ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁and ▁San ▁Marco ▁D / L ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁) ▁using ▁the ▁American ▁Sc out ▁rock ets ▁like ▁the ▁original , ▁but ▁from ▁its ▁own ▁space port . ▁ ▁Co - operation ▁and ▁consolid ation ▁▁ ▁As ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁countries ▁to ▁be ▁engaged ▁in ▁space ▁exploration , ▁Italy ▁became ▁a ▁founder ▁and ▁key ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁La unch er ▁Development ▁Organ isation ▁( EL DO ) ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁Space ▁Research ▁Organ isation ▁( ES RO ), ▁established ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 9 ▁and ▁June ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁respectively . ▁Both ▁of ▁these ▁would ▁later ▁merge ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁European ▁Space ▁Agency ▁on ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Further ▁work ▁would ▁continue ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Research ▁Council ▁including ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁an |
▁ind igenous ▁tele com s / re search ▁satellite ▁called ▁S IR IO - 1 ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁A ▁planned ▁follow - up ▁mission ▁S IR IO - 2 ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁the ▁Ari ane ▁ 1 ▁L - 0 5 ▁launch ▁failure . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁it ▁became ▁clear ▁of ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁rational ise ▁and ▁strengthen ▁Italy ' s ▁position ▁in ▁space ▁research ▁and ▁so ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁Italian ▁Space ▁Agency ▁to ▁further ▁coordinate ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁space ▁activities . ▁ ▁Program mes ▁ ▁Rob otic ▁exploration ▁▁ ▁A SI ' s ▁first ▁large ▁scientific ▁satellite ▁mission ▁was ▁Be ppo SA X , ▁developed ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁N amed ▁after ▁Gi useppe ▁“ Be ppo ” ▁O c ch ial ini , ▁an ▁important ▁figure ▁in ▁Italian ▁high - energy ▁physics , ▁the ▁satellite ▁was ▁a ▁mission ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁universe ▁in ▁the ▁X - ray ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁spectrum . ▁ ▁Following ▁on ▁from ▁this ▁A SI ▁developed ▁another ▁high - energy ▁astronom ical ▁satellite , ▁AG ILE ▁for ▁g amma ▁ray ▁astr onomy , ▁launched ▁by ▁the ▁Indian ▁Space ▁Research ▁Organ isation ▁( IS RO ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁A ▁particular ▁innovation ▁was ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁instrument ▁to ▁measure ▁both ▁G amma ▁r ays ▁and ▁hard ▁X - r ays . ▁ ▁A SI ▁also ▁has ▁collabor ated |
▁on ▁many ▁major ▁international ▁space ▁exploration ▁missions ▁including ; ▁▁ ▁Cass ini - H uy gens , ▁a ▁joint ▁NASA / ES A / AS I ▁mission ▁to ▁the ▁Sat urn ▁system ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁The ▁mission ▁has ▁made ▁many ▁new ▁discover ies ▁and ▁increased ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁gas ▁giant ' s ▁environment , ▁particularly ▁Sat urn ' s ▁varied ▁mo ons . ▁A SI ▁supplied ▁Cass ini ' s ▁large ▁high - gain ▁anten na ▁and ▁radar ▁package ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁involvement ▁in ▁other ▁instruments . ▁ ▁IN TE GR AL , ▁E SA ' s ▁advanced ▁g amma ▁ray ▁observ atory ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Mars ▁Express , ▁the ▁first ▁Western ▁European ▁mission ▁to ▁Mars ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Through ▁A SI , ▁Italy ▁provided ▁two ▁important ▁instruments ▁for ▁the ▁mission ; ▁M AR S IS ▁a ▁radar ▁alt imeter ▁and ▁the ▁Plan etary ▁Fou rier ▁Spect rom eter ▁which ▁discovered ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁meth ane ▁in ▁the ▁Mart ian ▁atmosphere . ▁ ▁Ros etta , ▁an ▁ambitious ▁E SA ▁mission ▁to ▁orbit ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁history ▁land ▁a ▁probe ▁on ▁a ▁com et , ▁ 6 7 P / Ch ury um ov - G eras imen ko , ▁to ▁study ▁it ▁in ▁detail ▁as ▁it ▁enters ▁the ▁inner ▁solar ▁system . ▁This ▁long ▁duration ▁mission ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁its ▁destination ▁in ▁ 2 0 |
1 4 . ▁Ros etta ▁carries ▁the ▁Italian - built ▁V IR T IS ▁instrument ▁while ▁the ▁Phil ae ▁L ander ' s ▁sampling / dr illing ▁system , ▁SD 2 , ▁is ▁another ▁major ▁Italian ▁contribution . ▁ ▁Sw ift ▁G amma - Ray ▁Bur st ▁Mission , ▁a ▁NASA - led ▁international ▁mission ▁to ▁provide ▁rapid ▁detection ▁of ▁short - l ived ▁G amma - ray ▁Bur sts . ▁A SI ▁provides ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁station ▁facility ▁as ▁the ▁San ▁Marco ▁space port . ▁ ▁Mars ▁Re con naissance ▁Or b iter , ▁a ▁NASA ▁mission ▁to ▁Mars ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁SH AR AD ▁radar ▁was ▁supplied ▁by ▁Italy ▁using ▁experience ▁from ▁M AR S IS . ▁ ▁Ven us ▁Express , ▁the ▁sister - probe ▁to ▁Mars ▁Express ▁built ▁using ▁the ▁same ▁space craft ▁bus ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁Western ▁European ▁mission ▁to ▁Ven us . ▁La unched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁A SI ▁contributed ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁V IR T IS ▁spect rom eter . ▁ ▁Da wn , ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁NASA ▁mission ▁that ▁will ▁study ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁the ▁A ster oid ▁B elt ' s ▁objects , ▁the ▁aster oid ▁V esta ▁and ▁the ▁d warf ▁planet ▁C eres . ▁Italy ▁has ▁provided ▁V IR - MS , ▁another ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁V IR T IS ▁instrument . ▁ ▁Jun o , ▁contributed ▁the ▁J ov ian ▁In fr ared ▁Aur oral ▁Map |
per ▁on ▁this ▁mission ▁to ▁planet ▁J upiter . ▁ ▁Italy ' s ▁space ▁industry ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁many ▁other ▁scientific ▁missions ▁such ▁as ▁SO HO , ▁Cl uster ▁II , ▁ISO , ▁X MM - New ton ▁and ▁Plan ck . ▁ ▁The ▁technology ▁experiments ▁T SS - 1 ▁and ▁T SS - 1 R ▁were ▁also ▁conducted ▁in ▁partnership ▁with ▁NASA . ▁ ▁La unch er ▁development ▁▁ ▁Currently ▁A SI ▁is ▁a ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁Ari ane ▁ 5 ▁launch er ▁programme ▁and ▁more ▁recently ▁is ▁the ▁major ▁( 6 5 %) ▁back er ▁of ▁the ▁E SA ▁V ega ▁small ▁launch er , ▁capable ▁of ▁putting ▁a ▁payload ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 0 kg ▁to ▁low ▁Earth ▁orbit . ▁ ▁Earth ▁observation ▁▁ ▁A SI ▁is ▁a ▁participant ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁E SA ' s ▁program mes ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁Earth ▁Observ ation ▁such ▁as ▁E RS - 1 , ▁E RS - 2 , ▁EN VIS AT , ▁the ▁M ete os at ▁series ▁and ▁the ▁Gal ile o ▁satellite ▁navigation ▁system . ▁The ▁agency ▁has ▁also ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁other ▁European ▁and ▁international ▁partners ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sh utt le ▁Rad ar ▁Top ography ▁Mission ▁with ▁NASA . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁NASA ▁launched ▁L AGE OS - 2 ▁( follow ing ▁L AGE OS - 1 ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁in ▁cooperation ▁with ▁A SI . ▁A ▁passive ▁satellite , ▁it ▁is ▁a |
▁sphere ▁of ▁alumin ium ▁covered ▁with ▁retro reflect ors ▁to ▁reflect ▁laser ▁ranging ▁be ams ▁em itted ▁from ▁ground ▁stations ▁on ▁Earth . ▁The ▁primary ▁mission ▁goals ▁were ▁to ▁determine ▁accurately ▁Earth ' s ▁Ge oid ▁and ▁to ▁measure ▁T ect onic ▁plate ▁movement . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁A SI ' s ▁own ▁satellite , ▁L ARE S , ▁will ▁be ▁launched ▁using ▁the ▁V ega ▁rock et . ▁The ▁mission ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁similar ▁studies ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁L AGE OS ▁ 2 ▁but ▁with ▁much ▁greater ▁precision . ▁ ▁The ▁Italian ▁Space ▁Agency , ▁under ▁direction ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Research ▁and ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence , ▁developed ▁the ▁C OS MO - S ky Med ▁const ell ation ▁of ▁satell ites ▁for ▁both ▁military ▁and ▁civilian ▁use ▁in ▁a ▁broad ▁range ▁of ▁areas . ▁ ▁Human ▁space fl ight ▁▁ ▁Through ▁A SI , ▁the ▁Italian ▁space ▁industry ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁player ▁in ▁human ▁space fl ight ▁activities . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁Sh utt le ▁M PL M ▁cargo ▁containers ▁Leon ardo , ▁R aff a ello ▁and ▁Don at ello , ▁were ▁manufactured ▁at ▁the ▁Cann es ▁Mand el ieu ▁Space ▁Center ▁in ▁Tur in , ▁Italy ▁by ▁Al cat el ▁Al en ia ▁Space , ▁now ▁Th ales ▁Al en ia ▁Space . ▁They ▁provide ▁a ▁key ▁function ▁in ▁st oring ▁equipment ▁and ▁parts ▁for ▁transfer ▁to ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁I SS ▁modules ▁have ▁also |
▁been ▁made ▁in ▁Italy . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁E SA ' s ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station , ▁Al cat el ▁Al en ia ▁Space ▁manufactured ▁Tr anqu ility , ▁Harm ony ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Cup ola ▁observation ▁deck ▁for ▁NASA . ▁ ▁E SA ' s ▁Columb us ▁module , ▁Western ▁Europe ' s ▁primary ▁scientific ▁lab ▁on ▁board ▁the ▁I SS , ▁was ▁again ▁built ▁in ▁Tur in ▁based ▁on ▁Italy ' s ▁previous ▁experience ▁in ▁space ▁station ▁module ▁construction . ▁ ▁Italian ▁astr on aut s ▁▁ ▁As ▁an ▁E SA ▁member ▁heavily ▁involved ▁in ▁human ▁space fl ight , ▁A SI ▁spons ors ▁a ▁select ▁few ▁Italian ▁citizens ▁to ▁train ▁at ▁E SA ' s ▁European ▁Astr on aut ▁Corps ▁( E AC ) ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁country ▁on ▁missions . ▁Ital ians ▁to ▁have ▁fl own ▁in ▁space ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Franco ▁Mal er ba , ▁Italy ' s ▁first ▁astr on aut ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁not ▁to ▁fly ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁E AC . ▁He ▁flew ▁on ▁ST S - 4 6 ▁( J uly ▁ 3 1 ▁to ▁August ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁as ▁payload ▁specialist ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁T ether ed ▁Sat ell ite ▁System ▁mission . ▁ ▁U mber to ▁Gu id oni , ▁flew ▁on ▁ST S - 7 5 ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 2 2 ▁to ▁March ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁as ▁payload |
▁specialist ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁T ether ed ▁Sat ell ite ▁System ▁mission ▁- ▁T SS - 1 R . ▁He ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Italian ▁and ▁European ▁on ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station ▁during ▁ST S - 1 0 0 ▁( Apr il ▁ 1 9 ▁to ▁May ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ). ▁ ▁Maur izio ▁Che li , ▁flew ▁with ▁U mber to ▁Gu id oni ▁as ▁a ▁mission ▁specialist ▁on ▁ST S - 7 5 . ▁ ▁Roberto ▁V itt ori , ▁has ▁fl own ▁on ▁multiple ▁missions ▁to ▁the ▁I SS : ▁S oy uz ▁T M - 3 3 , ▁S oy uz ▁T M - 3 4 , ▁S oy uz ▁T MA - 5 , ▁S oy uz ▁T MA - 6 ▁and ▁ST S - 1 3 4 . ▁ ▁Pa olo ▁A . ▁N es pol i , ▁flew ▁on ▁ST S - 1 2 0 ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 3 ▁to ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ), ; ▁he ▁then ▁returned ▁two ▁more ▁times ▁on ▁the ▁I SS : ▁one ▁for ▁the ▁long ▁duration ▁Mag I SS tra ▁mission ▁( Ex ped ition ▁ 2 6 / 2 7 , ▁from ▁December ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁to ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁aboard ▁the ▁S oy uz ▁T MA - 2 0 ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁for ▁the ▁V ita ▁mission ▁( Ex ped ition ▁ |
5 2 / 5 3 ) ▁ ▁Luc a ▁P arm it ano , ▁selected ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁flew ▁aboard ▁S oy uz ▁T MA - 0 9 M ▁on ▁▁ 2 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁arriving ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station ▁the ▁following ▁day . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁earth ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁He ▁is ▁scheduled ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁I SS ▁on ▁board ▁the ▁S oy uz ▁MS - 1 3 ▁mission ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁will ▁serve ▁as ▁Flight ▁Engine er ▁on ▁Ex ped ition ▁ 6 0 ▁and ▁Commander ▁on ▁Ex ped ition ▁ 6 1 . ▁ ▁Sam anth a ▁Crist o fore tti , ▁also ▁selected ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁flew ▁to ▁the ▁International ▁Space ▁Station ▁aboard ▁S oy uz ▁T MA - 1 5 M ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Her ▁original ▁return ▁date ▁was ▁delayed ▁by ▁one ▁month ▁after ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁two ▁Russian ▁rock ets ▁extended ▁her ▁stay ▁in ▁space ▁past ▁the ▁European ▁astr on aut ▁and ▁female ▁astr on aut ▁end urance ▁records . ▁Her ▁return ▁to ▁Earth , ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁concluded ▁her ▁ 1 9 9 d ▁ 1 6 h ▁ 4 2 m ▁in ▁space . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁government ▁space ▁agencies ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁space |
▁agencies ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁Filip po ▁G raz iani , ▁La ▁Sc u ola ▁di ▁Sc u ola ▁In ge g ner ia ▁A er osp az iale ▁nell ’ ott antes imo ▁ann ivers ario ▁della ▁sua ▁fond azione ▁ ▁Ga et ano ▁Art uro ▁Cro cc o , ▁G iro ▁es pl or ativo ▁di ▁un ▁an no ▁Ter ra - Mar te - V en ere - T erra , ▁R end ic ont i ▁del ▁VII ▁Congress o ▁Intern az ionale ▁Astr on aut ica o , ▁Roma , ▁settembre ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁p agg . ▁ 2 0 1 - 2 2 5 ; ▁ ▁English ▁translation : ▁" One - Year ▁Expl oration - T rip ▁Earth - M ars - V en us - E arth , ▁" ▁Ga et ano ▁A . ▁Cro cc o , ▁paper ▁presented ▁at ▁the ▁S event h ▁Congress ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Astr on aut ical ▁Federation , ▁Rome , ▁Italy , ▁R end ic ont i ▁pp . ▁ 2 2 7 - 2 5 2 . ▁ ▁G ior gio ▁Di ▁Bern ardo , ▁N ella ▁ne bb ia ▁in ▁att esa ▁del ▁S ole , ▁Di ▁Ren zo ▁Edit ore ▁ ▁AA . ▁V V : , ▁Le ▁att iv ità ▁sp az ial i ▁ital iane ▁dal ▁dop og uer ra ▁all ’ ist it uzione ▁dell ’ A gen z ia ▁Sp az iale ▁Ital iana , ▁A |
gen z ia ▁Sp az iale ▁Europe a ▁ ▁A ure lio ▁Rob otti , ▁ 1 9 4 1 – 1 9 6 1 , ▁vent i ▁anni ▁di ▁st oria ▁miss il ist ica ▁in ▁Italia , ▁" Miss ili " ▁Ed izioni ▁Italian e , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁ ▁Giovanni ▁Cap r ara , ▁L ’ It alia ▁n ello ▁sp az io , ▁Val er io ▁Lev i ▁Edit ore , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁- ▁Doc uments ▁including ▁the ▁National ▁A eros pace ▁Plan ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Space ▁program ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : Space ▁agencies ▁Category : G overn ment ▁agencies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : S ci ence ▁and ▁technology ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁With am ▁( 1 6 6 7 – 1 7 3 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁college ▁head ▁and ▁b iblical ▁scholar . ▁ ▁Early ▁Years ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁sc ant ▁documentation ▁of ▁Robert ▁With am ’ s ▁early ▁life . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁large ▁and ▁committed ▁Catholic ▁family , ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁sons ▁to ▁be ▁ord ained ▁as ▁priests .’ ’ Since ▁Cath ol ics ▁were ▁not ▁allowed ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁study ▁in ▁England ▁for ▁the ▁p ries th ood , ▁the ▁With am ▁brothers ▁went ▁across ▁the ▁Channel ▁to ▁attend ▁the ▁English ▁College , ▁Dou ai ▁( cont emporary ▁English |
▁sp elling , ▁Dou ay ). ▁S ources ▁conflict ▁on ▁Robert ’ s ▁year ▁of ▁ord ination , ▁either ▁ 1 6 9 1 ▁or ▁ 1 6 9 4 . ▁He ▁remained ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁Dou ay ▁until ▁ 1 6 9 8 ▁or ▁ 1 6 9 9 , ▁and ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁England , ▁where ▁he ▁rose ▁quickly ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁hierarchy . ▁ ▁After ▁serving ▁in ▁his ▁hom et own ▁of ▁Cl iffe , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Vic ar ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁District ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 1 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁President ▁of ▁his ▁al ma ▁mater ▁at ▁Dou ay ▁and ▁assumed ▁the ▁office ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 5 . ▁ ▁Pres id ency ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁College ▁at ▁Dou ay ▁The ▁new ▁President ▁would ▁face ▁continuing ▁challenges ▁during ▁his ▁administration . ▁ ▁The ▁College ▁was ▁already ▁heavily ▁in ▁debt ▁and ▁would ▁soon ▁face ▁more ▁problems ▁with ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁Jacob ite ▁R ising ▁of ▁ 1 7 1 5 . ▁ ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁for fe iture ▁of ▁the ▁est ates ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁families ▁who ▁were ▁benef act ors ▁of ▁the ▁College . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 9 ▁by ▁devast ating ▁losses ▁from ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁B ubble ▁in ▁which ▁an ▁agent ▁of ▁the ▁College ▁had ▁unw isely ▁invested ▁College ▁funds . ▁ ▁The ▁College ▁buildings ▁were ▁in ▁a ▁bad ▁state ▁of ▁repair . ▁▁ ▁A ▁small |
p ox ▁epid emic ▁and ▁accus ations ▁of ▁mis management ▁by ▁critics ▁were ▁additional ▁problems . ▁However , ▁he ▁would ▁ultimately ▁prev ail ▁over ▁all ▁these ▁challenges . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 8 , ▁he ▁had ▁paid ▁off ▁the ▁College ▁debt , ▁increased ▁the ▁student ▁body , ▁staff ed ▁the ▁faculty ▁with ▁capable ▁masters , ▁and ▁modern ized ▁the ▁campus . ▁ ▁His ▁ 2 3 - year ▁administration ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁at ▁Dou ay ▁ ▁With am ’ s ▁New ▁Testament ▁English ▁speaking ▁Cath ol ics ▁had ▁long ▁rel ied ▁upon ▁the ▁ 1 5 8 2 ▁Rhe ims ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament . ▁ ▁However , ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁language ▁since ▁the ▁Elizabeth an ▁era ▁caused ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁an ▁updated ▁text . ▁ ▁An ▁Irish ▁Catholic ▁priest , ▁Corn el ius ▁N ary ▁( 1 6 5 8 - 1 7 3 8 ) ▁had ▁produced ▁a ▁new ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁with ▁ed itions ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 7 1 9 . ▁ ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁suspected ▁of ▁heter odox y , ▁so ▁his ▁Testament ▁failed ▁to ▁achieve ▁wide ▁acceptance , ▁with ▁With am ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁its ▁critics . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 7 ▁With am ▁published ▁a ▁pam ph let ▁that ▁critic ized ▁N ary ’ s ▁work ▁and ▁announced ▁his ▁own ▁forth coming ▁New ▁Testament . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 3 |
0 ▁his ▁“ An notations ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ” ▁ ▁appeared ▁with ▁a ▁complete ▁New ▁Testament ▁ ▁text ▁plus ▁an ▁extensive ▁body ▁of ▁apolog etic ▁an notations . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁To ▁the ▁Read er ▁introduction ▁he ▁pra ises ▁the ▁accuracy ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁Rhe ims ▁translation , ▁but ▁adds ▁that ▁it ▁“ per haps ▁follow ’ d ▁too ▁sc rup ulously ▁the ▁Latin ” ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁interven ing ▁years ▁“ many ▁words ▁and ▁Express ions ▁… .. [ have ] ▁become ▁ob solete , ▁and ▁no ▁longer ▁in ▁use .” ▁ ▁The ▁word ing ▁of ▁the ▁title ▁page ▁of ▁his ▁second ▁edition ▁published ▁later ▁the ▁same ▁year ( ill ustr ation ▁opposite ) ▁, ▁makes ▁it ▁clear ▁that ▁With am ▁intended ▁simply ▁to ▁update ▁the ▁Rhe ims ▁Version , ▁not ▁produce ▁a ▁new ▁translation . ▁ ▁A ▁recent ▁study ▁of ▁sample ▁cit ations ▁from ▁Matthew ▁▁ ▁shows ▁several ▁unique ▁changes ▁from ▁the ▁Rhe ims , ▁e . ▁g ., ▁Ad ul tery ▁for ▁for n ication ▁( 5 : 3 2 ), ▁Pro dig ies ▁for ▁w onders ▁( 2 4 : 2 4 ) ▁, ▁and ▁As pect ▁for ▁count en ance ▁( 2 8 : 0 3 ). ▁ ▁Despite ▁his ▁earlier ▁criticism ▁of ▁N ary , ▁With am ▁made ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁changes ▁from ▁Rhe ims , ▁e . g ., ▁Food ▁for ▁meat ▁( 0 3 : 0 4 ), ▁storm ▁for ▁temp est ▁( 1 6 : 0 3 ), ▁inner |
▁Ro oms ▁for ▁clos ets . ▁Some what ▁surprisingly ▁he ▁used ▁render ings ▁that ▁had ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁King ▁James ▁Version ▁that ▁he ▁must ▁have ▁known ▁would ▁be ▁controversial , ▁e . g ., ▁the ▁Lord ▁for ▁our ▁Lord . ▁( 0 2 : 1 9 ) ▁Although ▁that ▁change ▁was ▁even ▁repeated ▁by ▁Richard ▁Chall on er ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 7 4 9 ▁edition ▁and ▁hardly ▁seems ▁controversial ▁today , ▁it ▁caused ▁a ▁continuing ▁debate ▁among ▁Cath ol ics ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Another ▁controversial ▁rendering ▁was ▁cup ▁rather ▁than ▁ch al ice ▁( 2 6 : 3 9 ). ▁Cup ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁N ary ▁and ▁the ▁King ▁James ▁Version , ▁but ▁Chall on er ▁did ▁retain ▁the ▁ch al ice ▁rendering . ▁ ▁With am ’ s ▁Leg acy ▁ ▁With am ’ s ▁New ▁Testament ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁brief ▁period ▁of ▁success . ▁ ▁A ▁new , ▁more ▁elaborate ▁edition ▁with ▁copper pl ate ▁en grav ings ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 3 , ▁and ▁another , ▁after ▁his ▁death , ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 0 . ▁ ▁However , ▁a ▁new ▁series ▁of ▁ed itions ▁by ▁his ▁former ▁sub ord inate ▁Richard ▁Chall on er ▁would ▁eventually ▁sur pass ▁it ▁in ▁popularity . ▁ ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁With am ’ s ▁substantial ▁body ▁of ▁an notations ▁that ▁would ▁provide ▁his ▁most ▁lasting ▁legacy . ▁ ▁Several ▁B ibles ▁and ▁Test aments ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁century ▁would ▁make |
▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁them , ▁including ▁the ▁famous ▁Hay d ock ▁series ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁and ▁continuing ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁ ▁Works ▁With am ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of : ▁▁ ▁The ologia , ▁Dou ay , ▁ 1 6 9 2 , ▁the ▁the ses ▁which ▁he ▁maintained ▁on ▁being ▁created ▁D . D . ▁▁ ▁An notations ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ , ▁in ▁which , ▁ 1 . ▁The ▁literal ▁sense ▁is ▁explained ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Ex pos itions ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁F athers . ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁false ▁Inter pret ations , ▁both ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁and ▁modern ▁Writ ers , ▁which ▁are ▁contrary ▁to ▁the ▁received ▁Do ctrine ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁are ▁briefly ▁examined ▁and ▁dis pro ved . ▁ 3 . ▁With ▁an ▁Account ▁of ▁the ▁chief ▁differences ▁bet wi xt ▁the ▁Text ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁Latin ▁Version ▁and ▁the ▁Greek ▁in ▁the ▁printed ▁Ed itions ▁and ▁Man us cript s , ▁[ D ou ay ], ▁ 1 7 3 0 , ▁ 2 ▁vol s . ▁This ▁work ▁contains ▁a ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament . ▁The ▁pre face ▁was ▁re print ed ▁in ▁the ▁append ix ▁to ▁Rhe mes ▁and ▁Dow ay ▁( 1 8 5 5 ) ▁by ▁Henry ▁Cot ton , ▁the ▁an notations ▁at ▁Manchester ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁in ▁O sw ald ▁Sy ers ' s ▁Bible . ▁A ▁reply ▁appeared ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Pop ery ▁an |
▁En emy ▁to ▁Script ure ▁( 1 7 3 6 ), ▁ ▁by ▁James ▁Ser ces , ▁vic ar ▁of ▁Apple by , ▁Lincoln shire . ▁[ With am , ▁Robert ], ▁The ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁by ▁C [ orn el ius ] ▁N [ ary ] ▁C [ ons ult iss ima e ] ▁F [ ac ult atis ] ▁P [ ar isi ensis ] ▁D [ o ctor ] ▁an . ▁ 1 7 1 9 , ▁M . D CC . XX VI , ▁an on . ▁Dou ai . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁( The ▁Eight eenth ▁Century ▁& ▁The ▁Catholic ▁Rev ival ▁in ▁the ▁Nin ete enth ▁Century ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bur ton , ▁Ed win ▁H ., ▁The ▁Life ▁and ▁Times ▁of ▁Bishop ▁Chall on er , ▁Long mans ▁Green ▁and ▁Co ., ▁London ▁etc ., ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁Bur ton , ▁Ed win ▁H . ▁and ▁N olan , ▁Ed mond , ▁The ▁Dou ay ▁College ▁Di aries ▁The ▁S event h ▁Di ary ▁ 1 7 1 5 - 1 7 7 8 , ▁Tit us ▁Wilson ▁& ▁Son , ▁K end al , ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁Kirk , ▁John , ▁Bi ograph ies ▁of ▁English ▁Cath ol ics ▁in ▁the ▁Eight eenth ▁Century , ▁Burn s ▁& ▁O ates , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁Oh l hausen , ▁Sid ney ▁K ., ▁" With |
am ’ s ▁New ▁Testament : ▁A ▁Review ▁of ▁Its ▁Text ▁and ▁a ▁History ▁of ▁Ed itions ," ▁Rec us ant ▁History ▁Vol . 2 9 , ▁No . 1 , ▁May , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Att ribut ion ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Ed itions ▁of ▁With am ' s ▁New ▁Testament ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 3 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁College , ▁Dou ai ▁al umn i ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Catholic ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁English ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁priests ▁Category : 1 7 3 8 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁L je š nica ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B ij elo ▁Pol je ▁Municip ality , ▁in ▁northern ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁census , ▁the ▁village ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 2 7 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁B ij elo ▁Pol je ▁Municip ality ▁Category : Ser b ▁communities ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁cant on ▁of ▁Mul house - 3 ▁is ▁an ▁administrative ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁H aut - R hin ▁department , ▁nort he astern ▁France . ▁It ▁was ▁created ▁at ▁the ▁French ▁cant on ▁re organ isation ▁which ▁came ▁into ▁effect ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Its ▁seat ▁is ▁in ▁Mul house . ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁communes : |
▁Ill z ach ▁Mul house ▁( part ly ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C ant ons ▁of ▁H aut - R hin <0x0A> </s> ▁D oh onna ▁Mal ik ▁Scott ▁( born ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁box er , ▁known ▁as ▁" King " ▁or ▁" The ▁Nob le ▁Artist ". ▁He ▁holds ▁notable ▁wins ▁over ▁former ▁world ▁heavy weight ▁title ▁challeng ers ▁Alex ▁Le ap ai ▁and ▁Tony ▁Thompson . ▁ ▁Am ateur ▁career ▁Scott ▁started ▁box ing ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁stellar ▁amateur ▁career . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Junior ▁Olympics ▁Championships ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Scott ▁won ▁the ▁American ▁Box ing ▁Classic ▁title ▁and ▁the ▁" Under - 1 9 " ▁Junior ▁World ▁Championships ▁crown . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁National ▁A AU ▁Heavy weight ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁defe ating ▁world ▁champ ▁Michael ▁Bennett ▁and ▁Jason ▁E str ada ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁he ▁beat ▁Da Var ry l ▁William son ▁and ▁Mal colm ▁T ann ▁but ▁lost ▁to ▁E str ada ▁at ▁the ▁trials ▁and ▁then ▁Bennett ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁box - offs ▁and ▁therefore ▁did ▁not ▁qualify . ▁His ▁record ▁was ▁ 7 0 – 3 . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁Scott ▁turned ▁professional ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁has ▁only ▁two ▁defe ats ▁to ▁his ▁name |
. ▁His ▁wins ▁include ▁former ▁amateur ▁star ▁Terry ▁McG room ▁and ▁jour ne ym en ▁David ▁B ost ice ▁and ▁Louis ▁Mon aco , ▁he ▁took ▁a ▁big ▁step ▁up ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁defeated ▁former ▁cont ender ▁Charles ▁Sh uff ord . ▁ ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁fight ▁between ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁b ice p ▁injury . ▁He ▁has ▁since ▁recovered ▁from ▁the ▁injury ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁com eb ack ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Scott ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁tu ition ▁of ▁box ing ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁trainer ▁Jesse ▁Re id ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁when ▁the ▁pair ▁split ▁because ▁Scott ▁believed ▁Father ▁Time ▁was ▁catching ▁up ▁with ▁Re id , ▁Scott ▁then ▁reun ited ▁with ▁his ▁former ▁amateur ▁coach , ▁Fred ▁Jen kins . ▁Scott ▁is ▁promoted ▁by ▁Go oss en - T ut or . ▁Scott ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁fight ▁on ▁the ▁Paul ▁Williams ▁vs . ▁Nob uh iro ▁I sh ida ▁under card ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁Bank ▁Center , ▁Cor pus ▁Christ i , ▁Texas . ▁The ▁fight ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁opponent ▁was ▁heavy weight ▁jour ne yman ▁K end rick ▁Re le ford . ▁It ▁marked ▁Scott ' s ▁first ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁box ing ▁ring , ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁last ▁fight . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁Scott |
▁faced ▁Re le ford ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁as ▁they ▁fought ▁back ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁As ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁their ▁first ▁fight , ▁Scott ▁won ▁by ▁un anim ous ▁decision . ▁ ▁Scott ' s ▁second ▁fight ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁was ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁Sports men ' s ▁L odge , ▁Studio ▁City , ▁California . ▁He ▁faced ▁off ▁against ▁the ▁Mexican ▁heavy weight ▁box er , ▁Al var o ▁Mor ales . ▁Scott ▁won ▁by ▁a ▁un anim ous ▁decision . ▁He ▁won ▁by ▁ 6 0 – 5 4 ▁on ▁all ▁three ▁sc ire cards . ▁Scott ▁then ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁under card ▁of ▁Andre ▁Ward ▁vs . ▁Ch ad ▁Daw son ▁on ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁the ▁Oracle ▁Arena , ▁Oak land , ▁California . ▁It ▁was ▁against ▁T ong an ▁heavy weight ▁cont ender ▁B owie ▁T up ou . ▁Scott ▁won ▁the ▁fight ▁by ▁an ▁ 8 - round ▁T K O . ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Scott ▁would ▁face ▁off ▁against ▁un be aten ▁heavy weight ▁cont ender ▁V y ache sl av ▁Gl az kov . ▁The ▁fight ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁ended ▁in ▁a ▁draw , ▁the ▁first ▁b lem ish ▁on ▁Scott ' s ▁record . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 |
0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Scott ▁fought ▁D erek ▁Ch is ora ▁for ▁the ▁vac ant ▁W BO ▁International ▁Heavy weight ▁title . ▁The ▁fight ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁W em ble y ▁Arena ▁in ▁London , ▁England ▁and ▁Scott ▁suffered ▁his ▁first ▁defeat , ▁a ▁sixth ▁round ▁knock out . ▁Having ▁been ▁flo ored , ▁he ▁waited ▁until ▁the ▁ref eree ▁counted ▁to ▁nine ▁to ▁get ▁up , ▁but ▁was ▁adj ud ged ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁counted ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁rising . ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Scott ▁beat ▁Gro ver ▁Young ▁by ▁a ▁stop page ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round , ▁before ▁getting ▁knocked ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁by ▁De ont ay ▁Wild er ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Scott ▁then ▁fought ▁craft y ▁south p aw ▁veteran ▁and ▁somewhat ▁of ▁a ▁gate keeper , ▁Tony ▁Thompson , ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁The ▁fight ▁was ▁scheduled ▁for ▁ten ▁rounds ▁and ▁Scott ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁fight ▁via ▁un anim ous ▁decision ▁despite ▁being ▁knocked ▁down ▁in ▁the ▁nin th ▁round . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁fought ▁Cub an ▁box er ▁Luis ▁Ort iz ▁in ▁Mon aco . ▁Despite ▁claiming ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁perfect ▁camp , ▁the ▁bout ▁was ▁largely ▁une vent ful ▁and ▁disappoint ing . ▁Scott ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁back foot ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the |
▁fight ▁and ▁seemed ▁completely ▁unw illing ▁to ▁engage ▁with ▁Ort iz . ▁British ▁comment ator ▁Adam ▁Smith ▁l ament ed ▁the ▁bout ▁as ▁" the ▁worst ▁I ▁have ▁seen ▁in ▁many ▁years ". ▁Match room ▁promot er ▁Eddie ▁H ear n ▁was ▁also ▁vis ibly ▁disappointed ▁after ▁the ▁bout ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁" Sc ott ▁didn ` t ▁do ▁us ▁any ▁fav ours ▁tonight ". ▁The ▁official ▁score cards ▁were ▁ 1 2 0 – 1 0 5 , ▁ 1 2 0 – 1 0 6 , ▁and ▁ 1 1 9 – 1 0 6 ▁all ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁Ort iz . ▁ ▁Professional ▁box ing ▁record ▁ ▁| ▁style =" text - align : center ;" ▁col span =" 8 " | 3 8 ▁W ins ▁( 1 3 ▁knock outs ), ▁ 3 ▁Loss es ▁( 2 ▁knock outs ), ▁ 1 ▁Draw ▁| - ▁ ▁style =" text - align : center ; ▁background : # e 3 e 3 e 3 ;" ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Res . ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Record ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | O pp on ent ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Type ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | R d |
., ▁Time ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Date ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Location ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Not es ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 3 8 – 3 – 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Luis ▁Ort iz ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 8 – 2 – 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Tony ▁Thompson ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 7 – 2 – 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Alex ▁Le ap ai ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 3 6 – 2 – 1 ▁| align = left | ▁De ont ay ▁Wild er ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 6 – 1 – 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Gro ver ▁Young ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 3 5 – 1 – 1 ▁| align = left | ▁D ere ck |
▁Ch is ora ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| style =" background : # abc def ;" | Draw ▁| 3 5 – 0 – 1 ▁| align = left | ▁V y ache sl av ▁Gl az kov ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 5 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁B owie ▁T up ou ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 4 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Al var o ▁Mor ales ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 3 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁K end rick ▁Re le ford ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 2 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁R aph ael ▁Butler ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 1 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Arthur ▁Cook ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 0 – 0 ▁| align = left |
| ▁Dam ian ▁Nor ris ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 9 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Sed reck ▁Field s ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 8 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Charles ▁Sh uff ord ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 7 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Ram on ▁Hay es ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 6 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Andrew ▁Gree ley ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 5 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Marcus ▁McG ee ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 4 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁K end rick ▁Re le ford ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 3 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Dennis ▁McK in ney ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align |
= left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 2 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Sh ane ▁Sw art z ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 1 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁David ▁B ost ice ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 0 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Louis ▁Mon aco ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 9 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Dre x ie ▁James ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 8 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Carl ton ▁Johnson ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 7 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Ot is ▁T is dale ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 6 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁One bo ▁Max ime ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 5 – 0 |
▁| align = left | ▁Terry ▁McG room ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 4 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Ken ▁Murphy ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 3 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Bryan ▁Bl ak ely ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 2 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁L yle ▁Mc D ow ell ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 1 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Dan ▁Ward ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 0 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Br itt on ▁Thomas ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 9 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Curt is ▁Taylor ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 8 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Ram on ▁Hay es ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left |
| ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 7 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Louis ▁Mon aco ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 6 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Ron ▁Brown ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Tr acy ▁Williams ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Robert ▁Anderson ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Maurice ▁Whe eler ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Jackie ▁Be ard ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 – 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Tony ▁Foster ▁|| | ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁box ers ▁Category |
: Box ers ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : W inners ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Championship ▁for ▁amateur ▁box ers ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : American ▁male ▁box ers ▁Category : He avy weight ▁box ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Quinn ▁Lake ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁lake ▁south ▁of ▁Cor b ett ▁in ▁Full er ▁H ollow . ▁It ▁dr ains ▁south ▁via ▁an ▁un named ▁c reek ▁that ▁flows ▁through ▁Stuart ▁Lake ▁before ▁conver ging ▁with ▁the ▁East ▁Branch ▁Del aware ▁River . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁l akes ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁Del aware ▁County , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁Corn wall ▁Land ▁District ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁twenty ▁land ▁districts ▁of ▁T as mania ▁which ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁C adas tr al ▁divisions ▁of ▁T as mania . ▁It ▁contains ▁most ▁of ▁La unc eston . ▁It ▁was ▁formerly ▁Corn wall ▁County , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁count ies ▁of ▁T as mania ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁eleven ▁pro claimed ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁then ▁south western ▁county ▁of ▁England . ▁ ▁An ▁earlier ▁Corn wall ▁County ▁existed ▁from ▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁until ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁as ▁an ▁administrative ▁division ▁whilst ▁Van ▁D iem en ' s ▁Land ▁was ▁administer ed ▁as ▁two ▁units . ▁It ▁was ▁defined |
▁as ▁all ▁of ▁Van ▁D iem en ' s ▁Land ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 2 nd ▁parallel ▁( now ▁between ▁T rial ▁Har bour ▁and ▁Friend ly ▁Be aches ), ▁and ▁governed ▁by ▁William ▁Pat erson . ▁Buck ingham ▁County ▁occupied ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁b ordered ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁E sk ▁River , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁the ▁South ▁E sk ▁River . ▁While ▁most ▁of ▁La unc eston ▁is ▁in ▁it , ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁include ▁subur bs ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁E sk ▁such ▁as ▁May field ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁Dor set ; ▁and ▁subur bs ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁E sk ▁such ▁as ▁T rev ally n , ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁Dev on . ▁It ▁goes ▁east ▁to ▁the ▁T as man ▁Sea , ▁including ▁St ▁Hel ens ▁and ▁St ▁Mary s . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁En cycl op æ d ia ▁Brit ann ica ▁ment ions ▁La unc eston ▁as ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁county . ▁ ▁There ▁was , ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁a ▁state ▁elect oral ▁division ▁of ▁Corn wall ▁occup ying ▁a ▁similar ▁area ▁to ▁the ▁district . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁par ishes ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁George ▁Arthur , ▁the ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁of ▁the ▁Island ▁of ▁Van ▁D iem en ' s ▁Land ▁pro claimed , ▁via ▁The ▁Hob art ▁Town ▁Cou rier , ▁the ▁first ▁count ies |
▁and ▁par ishes ▁to ▁be ▁survey ed ▁in ▁the ▁colony . ▁▁ ▁The ▁County ▁of ▁Corn wall , ▁bounded ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁the ▁river ▁North ▁E sk , ▁and ▁by ▁a ▁line ▁connecting ▁that ▁river ▁with ▁George ' s ▁river ▁and ▁by ▁George ' s ▁river ; ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁the ▁Pacific ▁ocean ▁; ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁the ▁South ▁E sk ▁river ▁and ▁by ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁river , ▁and ▁by ▁an ▁east line ▁from ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁river ▁to ▁the ▁sea ▁coast , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁the ▁South ▁E sk . ▁This ▁county ▁to ▁include ▁all ▁islands ▁situ ate ▁between ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁George ' s ▁river ▁and ▁the ▁south ▁extrem ity ▁of ▁the ▁county . ▁ ▁H undred s ▁and ▁par ishes ▁pro claimed ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁were : ▁The ▁hundred ▁of ▁La unc eston ▁La unc eston ▁parish ▁Bra ed al b ane ▁ ▁( l ater ▁corrected ▁to ▁B read al b ane ) ▁Per th ▁Ev and ale ▁The ▁hundred ▁of ▁L ym ington ▁L ym ington ▁D ed ding ton ▁Bever ley ▁another ▁parish ▁at ▁present ▁un named ▁The ▁hundred ▁of ▁Av oca ▁Av oca ▁T ref us is ▁St . ▁Aub yn ▁Mal vern ▁ ▁The ▁town ships ▁of ▁La unc eston , ▁Had sp en , ▁Per th , ▁Av oca ▁( port ion ▁of ) ▁were ▁del im ited ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁pro clam ation . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : |
Land ▁District s ▁of ▁T as mania <0x0A> </s> ▁Sur ro gate ▁data ▁testing ▁( or ▁the ▁method ▁of ▁sur ro gate ▁data ) ▁is ▁a ▁statistical ▁proof ▁by ▁contrad iction ▁technique ▁and ▁similar ▁to ▁param etric ▁boot str apping ▁used ▁to ▁detect ▁non - line arity ▁in ▁a ▁time ▁series . ▁The ▁technique ▁basically ▁involves ▁spec ifying ▁a ▁null ▁hypothesis ▁ ▁describing ▁a ▁linear ▁process ▁and ▁then ▁generating ▁several ▁sur ro gate ▁data ▁sets ▁according ▁to ▁ ▁using ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁methods . ▁A ▁discrim inating ▁stat istic ▁is ▁then ▁calculated ▁for ▁the ▁original ▁time ▁series ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁sur ro gate ▁set . ▁If ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁stat istic ▁is ▁significantly ▁different ▁for ▁the ▁original ▁series ▁than ▁for ▁the ▁sur ro gate ▁set , ▁the ▁null ▁hypothesis ▁is ▁rejected ▁and ▁non - line arity ▁assumed . ▁ ▁The ▁particular ▁sur ro gate ▁data ▁testing ▁method ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁is ▁directly ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁null ▁hypothesis . ▁Usually ▁this ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁following : ▁The ▁data ▁is ▁a ▁realization ▁of ▁a ▁station ary ▁linear ▁system , ▁whose ▁output ▁has ▁been ▁possibly ▁measured ▁by ▁a ▁mon oton ically ▁increasing ▁possibly ▁non linear ▁( but ▁static ) ▁function . ▁Here ▁linear ▁means ▁that ▁each ▁value ▁is ▁line arly ▁dependent ▁on ▁past ▁values ▁or ▁on ▁present ▁and ▁past ▁values ▁of ▁some ▁independent ▁ident ically ▁distributed ▁( i . i . d .) ▁process , ▁usually ▁also ▁Gaussian . ▁This ▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁process ▁is ▁AR MA ▁type . ▁In ▁case ▁of |
▁flux es ▁( contin uous ▁m appings ), ▁linear ity ▁of ▁system ▁means ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁expressed ▁by ▁a ▁linear ▁differential ▁equation . ▁In ▁this ▁hypothesis , ▁the ▁static ▁measurement ▁function ▁is ▁one ▁which ▁depends ▁only ▁on ▁the ▁present ▁value ▁of ▁its ▁argument , ▁not ▁on ▁past ▁ones . ▁ ▁Method s ▁▁ ▁Many ▁algorithms ▁to ▁generate ▁sur ro gate ▁data ▁have ▁been ▁proposed . ▁They ▁are ▁usually ▁classified ▁in ▁two ▁groups : ▁ ▁Typ ical ▁real izations : ▁data ▁series ▁are ▁generated ▁as ▁outputs ▁of ▁a ▁well - f itted ▁model ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁data . ▁ ▁Con str ained ▁real izations : ▁data ▁series ▁are ▁created ▁directly ▁from ▁original ▁data , ▁generally ▁by ▁some ▁suitable ▁transformation ▁of ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁sur ro gate ▁data ▁methods ▁do ▁not ▁depend ▁on ▁a ▁particular ▁model , ▁nor ▁on ▁any ▁parameters , ▁thus ▁they ▁are ▁non - param etric ▁methods . ▁These ▁sur ro gate ▁data ▁methods ▁are ▁usually ▁based ▁on ▁preserv ing ▁the ▁linear ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁series ▁( for ▁instance , ▁by ▁preserv ing ▁the ▁aut oc or relation ▁function , ▁or ▁equival ently ▁the ▁period ogram , ▁an ▁estimate ▁of ▁the ▁sample ▁spectrum ). ▁Among ▁constr ained ▁real izations ▁methods , ▁the ▁most ▁widely ▁used ▁( and ▁thus ▁could ▁be ▁called ▁the ▁classical ▁methods ) ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Al gorithm ▁ 0 , ▁or ▁R S ▁( for ▁Random ▁Sh uffle ): ▁New ▁data ▁are ▁created ▁simply ▁by ▁random ▁per mut ations ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁series . ▁The |
▁per mut ations ▁guarantee ▁the ▁same ▁amplitude ▁distribution ▁than ▁the ▁original ▁series , ▁but ▁destroy ▁any ▁linear ▁correlation . ▁This ▁method ▁is ▁associated ▁to ▁the ▁null ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁the ▁data ▁being ▁un cor related ▁noise ▁( poss ibly ▁Gaussian ▁and ▁measured ▁by ▁a ▁static ▁non linear ▁function ). ▁▁ ▁Al gorithm ▁ 1 , ▁or ▁R P ▁( for ▁Random ▁Ph ases ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁FT , ▁for ▁Fou rier ▁Trans form ): ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁linear ▁correlation ▁( the ▁period ogram ) ▁of ▁the ▁series , ▁sur ro gate ▁data ▁are ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁inverse ▁Fou rier ▁Trans form ▁of ▁the ▁modules ▁of ▁Fou rier ▁Trans form ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁data ▁with ▁new ▁( uniform ly ▁random ) ▁phases . ▁If ▁the ▁sur rog ates ▁must ▁be ▁real , ▁the ▁Fou rier ▁phases ▁must ▁be ▁ant is ym metric ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁central ▁value ▁of ▁data . ▁ ▁Al gorithm ▁ 2 , ▁or ▁AA FT ▁( for ▁Am plit ude ▁Ad just ed ▁Fou rier ▁Trans form ): ▁This ▁method ▁has ▁approximately ▁the ▁advantages ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁previous ▁ones : ▁it ▁tries ▁to ▁preserve ▁both ▁the ▁linear ▁structure ▁and ▁the ▁amplitude ▁distribution . ▁This ▁method ▁consists ▁of ▁these ▁steps : ▁ ▁Scal ing ▁the ▁data ▁to ▁a ▁Gaussian ▁distribution ▁( Ga ussian ization ). ▁ ▁Per forming ▁a ▁R P ▁transformation ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁data . ▁ ▁Finally ▁doing ▁a ▁transformation ▁inverse ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁one ▁( de - Ga ussian ization ). ▁The ▁draw back ▁of |
▁this ▁method ▁is ▁precisely ▁that ▁the ▁last ▁step ▁changes ▁somewhat ▁the ▁linear ▁structure . ▁ ▁Iter ative ▁algorithm ▁ 2 , ▁or ▁I AA FT ▁( for ▁Iter ative ▁Am plit ude ▁Ad just ed ▁Fou rier ▁Trans form ): ▁This ▁algorithm ▁is ▁an ▁iter ative ▁version ▁of ▁AA FT . ▁The ▁steps ▁are ▁repeated ▁until ▁the ▁aut oc or relation ▁function ▁is ▁sufficiently ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁original , ▁or ▁until ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁amplit udes . ▁ ▁Many ▁other ▁sur ro gate ▁data ▁methods ▁have ▁been ▁proposed , ▁some ▁based ▁on ▁optim izations ▁to ▁achieve ▁an ▁aut oc or relation ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁one , ▁some ▁based ▁on ▁wave let ▁transform ▁and ▁some ▁capable ▁of ▁dealing ▁with ▁some ▁types ▁of ▁non - station ary ▁data . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Res am pling ▁( stat istics ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Non linear ▁time ▁series ▁analysis ▁Category : Stat ist ical ▁tests <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁W . ▁We bb ▁Jr . ▁( Apr il ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁Republican ▁Party ▁politician ▁from ▁Es sex ▁County , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁ ▁Biography ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁graduate ▁of ▁Orange ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁book keeper ▁in ▁the ▁New ark ▁law ▁offices ▁of ▁George ▁S . ▁Hob art , ▁a ▁former ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁General ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁He |
▁filed ▁a ▁certificate ▁of ▁cl erk ship ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁and ▁read ▁law ▁at ▁Hob art ▁and ▁Min ard ▁( under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁George ▁Hob art , ▁a ▁former ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁General ▁Assembly ) ▁until ▁passing ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁bar ▁exam ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁and ▁a ▁two - day ▁written ▁counsel ors ▁exam ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁Governor ▁Alfred ▁Dr isc oll ▁appointed ▁him ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁Es sex ▁County ▁Pro secut or . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁confirmation ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁Senate , ▁he ▁took ▁office ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁served ▁until ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁We bb ▁became ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁State ▁Senate ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁seeking ▁to ▁challenge ▁inc umb ent ▁Don al ▁C . ▁Fox , ▁a ▁Democrat ▁who ▁was ▁seeking ▁re - election ▁to ▁a ▁second ▁term . ▁ ▁We bb ▁ran ▁on ▁the ▁Es sex ▁Republican ▁organization ▁line ▁with ▁the ▁backing ▁of ▁County ▁Chairman ▁William ▁Ye om ans , ▁but ▁faced ▁a ▁strong ▁opponent ▁in ▁the ▁G OP ▁primary : ▁former ▁State ▁Senator ▁Alfred ▁C . ▁Cl app , ▁who ▁agreed ▁to ▁lead ▁a ▁sl ate ▁of ▁reform ▁candidates ▁opposed ▁to ▁Ye om ans . ▁Cl app ▁defeated ▁We bb ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁votes , |
▁ 3 1 , 5 5 1 ▁( 7 2 %) ▁to ▁ 1 2 , 1 7 7 ▁( 2 8 %) ▁and ▁his ▁" Clean ▁Government " ▁sl ate ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁Assembly ▁candidates ▁all ▁won ▁the ▁primary ▁against ▁the ▁organization ▁ticket . ▁ ▁We bb ' s ▁loss ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁primary ▁p aved ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁former ▁Congress man ▁Robert ▁W . ▁Ke an ▁to ▁ou st ▁Ye om ans ▁in ▁a ▁race ▁for ▁Es sex ▁County ▁Republican ▁Chairman ▁one ▁week ▁later . ▁ ▁After ▁losing ▁the ▁Senate ▁race , ▁We bb ▁started ▁a ▁law ▁firm , ▁We bb , ▁Mc D erm ott ▁& ▁McG ee , ▁which ▁specialized ▁in ▁medical ▁mal p ract ice ▁defense . ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Rose mary ▁T . ▁W ies el ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁until ▁her ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁month ▁after ▁his ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁birthday . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁East ▁Orange , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : New ▁Jersey ▁Republicans ▁Category : New ▁Jersey ▁lawyers ▁Category : American ▁prosecut ors ▁Category : Count y ▁officials ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : American ▁cent en arians <0x0A> </s> ▁Miche al ene ▁Crist |
ini ▁Ris ley ▁is ▁an ▁award - winning ▁writer , ▁director ▁and ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ist . ▁She ▁ran ▁for ▁the ▁Americans ▁Elect ▁nom ination ▁for ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Background ▁Ris ley ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Cl aw son , ▁Michigan , ▁before ▁spending ▁her ▁teen age ▁years ▁in ▁T roy , ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁She ▁graduated ▁from ▁Bishop ▁F ole y ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁graduate ▁from ▁Michigan ▁State ▁University ▁with ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁Tele commun ications ▁and ▁min ors ▁in ▁English ▁and ▁Ad vert ising . ▁ ▁She ▁spent ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁years ▁in ▁Hollywood ▁for ▁such ▁companies ▁as ▁Disney , ▁Am bl in ▁and ▁Matt el . ▁While ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Production ▁for ▁Marvel ' s ▁animation ▁unit ▁she ▁was ▁recru ited ▁by ▁SE GA ▁of ▁America ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁consumer ▁products ▁and ▁entertainment ▁division . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁SE GA ▁was ▁at ▁less ▁than ▁ 4 % ▁market ▁share . ▁The ▁Cons umer ▁Products ▁division ▁was ▁an ▁incredible ▁team ▁that ▁turned ▁Son ic ▁the ▁H edge h og ▁until ▁a ▁billion ▁dollar ▁consumer ▁products ▁brand . ▁The ▁team ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁two ▁top ▁animation ▁facilities ▁and ▁created ▁two ▁Son ic ▁animated ▁series ▁simultaneously . ▁Both ▁shows , ▁the ▁Network ▁series ▁and ▁the ▁synd ication ▁series ▁were ▁# 1 ▁hits . ▁Creat ing ▁two ▁simultane ous ▁hit ▁shows ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁character ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁done ▁since . ▁Miche al ene |
▁left ▁SE GA ▁to ▁start ▁her ▁own ▁for ▁profit ▁and ▁not ▁for ▁profit ▁company . ▁She ▁has ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁top ▁athletes ▁and ▁sports ▁companies ▁after ▁SE GA ▁S PORT S ▁and ▁was ▁hired ▁by ▁N ike ▁to ▁entertain ▁building ▁a ▁gaming ▁division ▁for ▁N ike ▁or ▁lic ensing ▁out ▁their ▁ro ster ▁of ▁athletes ▁to ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁sector . ▁She ▁recommended ▁to ▁N ike ▁that ▁they ▁stick ▁to ▁their ▁core ▁business ▁and ▁license ▁out ▁those ▁characters . ▁Within ▁her ▁new ▁company , ▁Fresh ▁Water ▁Sp ig ot , ▁she ▁took ▁N ike ' s ▁athletes ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁technology ▁sector ▁for ▁lic ensing . ▁This ▁included ▁Ron al do , ▁Brazil ▁Soc cer ▁and ▁T iger ▁Woods . ▁The ▁T iger ▁Woods / ▁Elect ronic ▁Arts ▁deal ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁deal ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁sector ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ris ley ' s ▁non ▁profit ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁Fresh water ▁Haven . ▁The ▁focus ▁of ▁that ▁non ▁profit ▁was ▁to ▁use ▁med ial ▁to ▁create ▁social ▁change . ▁Within ▁this ▁non ▁profit , ▁Ris ley ▁is ▁noted ▁for ▁her ▁work ▁as ▁the ▁writer , ▁producer ▁and ▁director ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁T apest ries ▁of ▁Hope , ▁which ▁follows ▁social ▁activ ist ▁Bet ty ▁Mak oni ▁in ▁her ▁efforts ▁to ▁help ▁sex ually ▁ab used ▁young ▁women ▁in ▁Z imb ab we ▁through ▁her ▁foundation ▁the ▁Girl ▁Child ▁Network . ▁ ▁Ris ley ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁and ▁then ▁deport ed ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁by ▁the |
▁Z imb ab we an ▁government ▁for ▁the ▁footage ▁she ▁shot ▁during ▁her ▁time ▁with ▁Mak oni ▁and ▁the ▁Girl ▁Child ▁Network . ▁ ▁After ▁being ▁safely ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Ris ley ▁became ▁a ▁large ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁push ▁for ▁the ▁passing ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Vi olence ▁Against ▁Women ▁Act ▁by ▁creating ▁grass ro ots ▁efforts ▁with ▁over ▁ 4 5 ▁other ▁human ▁rights ▁groups . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁premier ed ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁over ▁ 1 0 5 ▁the aters ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Ris ley ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁V P ▁of ▁Production , ▁Development ▁and ▁Cons umer ▁products ▁for ▁Marvel ▁Com ics . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁she ▁founded ▁Fresh ▁Water ▁Haven , ▁a ▁ 5 0 1 ( c )( 3 ) ▁organization ▁that ▁writes , ▁produces , ▁develop s ▁and ▁brings ▁to ▁market ▁films , ▁document aries ▁and ▁books ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁raising ▁awareness ▁about ▁global ▁issues ▁that ▁are ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁reform . ▁ ▁A ▁frequent ▁H uff ington ▁Post ▁editorial ▁writer , ▁Ris ley ▁is ▁a ▁noted ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Spe aker . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Ris ley ▁wrote , ▁directed ▁and ▁produced ▁Flash cards , ▁a ▁short ▁film ▁on ▁child ▁sexual ▁abuse ▁which ▁won ▁numerous ▁awards ▁and ▁a ired ▁on ▁P BS ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁Ris ley ▁co - auth ored ▁the ▁best - selling ▁book ▁This ▁Is ▁Not ▁the |
▁Life ▁I ▁Order ed , ▁alongside ▁Deb or ah ▁Collins ▁Step hens , ▁Jan ▁Y ane h iro , ▁and ▁Jackie ▁Spe ier , ▁which ▁has ▁sold ▁over ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁( the ▁book ▁details ▁the ▁friendship ▁of ▁these ▁four ▁women ▁and ▁the ▁up s ▁and ▁down s ▁they ▁faced ▁in ▁their ▁lives ). ▁After ▁Running ▁Marvel s ▁animation ▁unit ▁Miche al ene ▁was ▁recru ited ▁by ▁S ega ▁of ▁America ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁lic ensing ▁and ▁Entertainment ▁division ▁from ▁scratch . ▁As ▁Senior ▁Director ▁of ▁Entertainment / Consumer ▁Products ▁at ▁SE GA ▁of ▁America , ▁she ▁recru ited ▁and ▁built ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁in ▁Bever ly ▁Hills , ▁California ▁and ▁eventually ▁moved ▁the ▁whole ▁team ▁up ▁to ▁S ega ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Northern ▁California --- where ▁she ▁became ▁fasc inated ▁with ▁the ▁tech ▁world ▁and ▁has ▁never ▁left ▁Sil icon ▁Valley . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Ris ley ▁founded ▁Fresh ▁Water ▁Sp ig ot , ▁a ▁lic ensing ▁and ▁creative ▁services ▁agency ▁special izing ▁in ▁consumer ▁products ▁categories ; ▁she ▁also ▁con ceived , ▁developed , ▁and ▁launched ▁the ▁first ▁Ad idas - br anded ▁m atern ity ▁product ▁line , ▁The ▁Power ▁of ▁Two , ▁LLC . ▁Miche al ene ▁was ▁also ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Games ▁at ▁Z y ng a , ▁a ▁San ▁Francisco - based ▁mobile ▁games ▁company .. ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁CEO ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁tech ▁start - ups ▁in ▁entertainment ▁sector . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 |
9 ▁a ▁rev ised ▁version ▁of ▁" This ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁life ▁I ▁ordered : ▁was ▁released . ▁Miche al ene ▁is ▁currently ▁building ▁a ▁new ▁entertainment ▁company , ▁called ▁AM MA ▁produ ctions ▁and ▁helping ▁a ▁start - up ▁G 5 ▁Part ners , ▁LLC , ▁deliver ▁P PE ▁product ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁to ▁al lev iate ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁COVID - 1 9 . ▁ ▁Activ ism ▁As ▁an ▁passionate ▁activ ist ▁on ▁issues ▁of ▁rape , ▁abuse ▁and ▁human ▁traff icking . ▁Miss ▁Ris ley ▁has ▁been ▁thrown ▁in ▁prison ▁in ▁Z imb ab we , ▁received ▁death ▁attempts ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁while ▁writing ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Larry ▁N ass ar ▁story ▁for ▁television ▁and ▁hosting ▁a ▁Human ▁traff icking ▁event ▁through ▁Operation ▁Big ▁Sister , ▁her ▁L Y FT ▁vehicle ▁was ▁hij acked ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 4 1 ▁gang s ▁that ▁do ▁human ▁traff icking . ▁ ▁She ▁had ▁to ▁fle e ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁recover ▁from ▁PT SD . ▁She ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁grass ▁roots ▁level ▁on ▁these ▁issues . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁- ▁Contin ental ▁Who ' s ▁Who ▁List ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁- ▁Top ▁Writer ▁Qu ora ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁Sil icon ▁Valley ▁Women ▁of ▁In flu ence ▁award ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁Mon aco ▁Film ▁Festival ▁– ▁Special ▁M ention ▁for ▁Insp iration ▁and ▁Strong ▁Message ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– |
▁Director ▁F inder ▁Series ▁– ▁The ▁Director ’ s ▁G uild ▁of ▁America ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁– ▁W IF TS ▁( The ▁Women ▁in ▁Film ▁& ▁Television ▁Sym pos ium ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Best ▁Director ▁– ▁W IF TS ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁A lo ha ▁Acc ol ade ▁Award ▁– ▁Hon ol ulu ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Award ▁of ▁Mer it ▁– ▁Acc ol ade ▁Film ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁– ▁Louis ville ▁International ▁Festival ▁of ▁Film ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Award ▁of ▁Excell ence ▁– ▁The ▁Ind ie ▁Fest ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁– ▁New ▁Communications ▁Review ▁" A ward ▁of ▁Excell ence " ▁for ▁live ▁blogs ▁during ▁her ▁film ing ▁and ▁inc ar cer ation ▁in ▁Z imb ab we ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Miche al ene 2 0 1 2 ▁official ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁presidential ▁campaign ▁site ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁documentary ▁film makers ▁Category : American ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : F em ale ▁United ▁States ▁presidential ▁candidates ▁Category : M ich igan ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C andid ates ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁United ▁States ▁presidential ▁election ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁politicians ▁Category : |
People ▁from ▁Cl aw son , ▁Michigan ▁Category : People ▁from ▁T roy , ▁Michigan ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : W omen ▁documentary ▁film makers <0x0A> </s> ▁Soul ▁B ub bles ▁is ▁a ▁puzzle ▁video ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁Nintendo ▁DS ▁hand held ▁console . ▁It ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁studio ▁M ek ens leep , ▁and ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁E idos ▁Inter active ▁in ▁the ▁P AL ▁regions ▁and ▁North ▁America ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁Inter channel ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁. ▁ ▁Game play ▁The ▁core ▁game play ▁involves ▁transport ing ▁" spir its " ▁within ▁protective ▁bub bles ▁through ▁varying ▁environments . ▁B ub bles ▁are ▁moved ▁by ▁being ▁blown ▁by ▁the ▁main ▁" sp irit ▁her der " ▁character ▁based ▁on ▁st yl us ▁stro kes ▁on ▁the ▁DS ▁touch ▁screen . ▁B ub bles ▁may ▁be ▁created , ▁joined , ▁split , ▁def late ▁and ▁burst ▁using ▁animal ▁" mask s ", ▁worn ▁by ▁the ▁spirit ▁her der , ▁again ▁using ▁the ▁touch ▁screen . ▁These ▁mechanics ▁are ▁then ▁used ▁to ▁navigate ▁through ▁levels ▁featuring ▁wind ▁current s , ▁enemies , ▁water , ▁fire , ▁g ases , ▁sp ikes , ▁stick y ▁surfaces , ▁and ▁further ▁complex ities . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁there ▁are ▁collect ible ▁" st ard ust " ▁items ▁that ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁player ' s ▁end - of - level |
▁score , ▁and ▁" cal ab ash " ▁that ▁unlock ▁additional ▁levels . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁player ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁sh aman ▁app rent ice , ▁whose ▁duty ▁is ▁to ▁care ▁for ▁lost ▁souls . ▁The ▁player ▁must ▁create ▁protective ▁bub bles ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁souls ▁safe . ▁The ▁game ▁contains ▁eight ▁worlds ▁and ▁ 4 0 ▁levels . ▁ ▁The ▁player ▁has ▁to ▁complete ▁each ▁level ▁by ▁moving ▁all ▁the ▁spirits ▁to ▁the ▁Gate way ▁C ube , ▁where ▁the ▁souls ▁will ▁forever ▁rest , ▁while ▁collecting ▁st ard ust ▁and ▁Cal ab ash . ▁ ▁Development ▁The ▁team ▁responsible ▁for ▁final ▁game ▁design ▁consists ▁of ▁Ol iv ier ▁Le j ade ▁and ▁O mar ▁Corn ut , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁experienced ▁game ▁developer ▁Fr éd ér ick ▁Ray nal . ▁Ray nal ▁left ▁the ▁team ▁in ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁to ▁start ▁working ▁with ▁U b iso ft . ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁initially ▁released ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁exclusively ▁through ▁To ys ▁" R " ▁Us ▁retail ▁stores . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁a ▁demo ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁was ▁made ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁DS ▁Download ▁Service ▁of ▁the ▁W ii ▁Nintendo ▁Channel . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁received ▁" gener ally ▁favor able ▁reviews " ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁review ▁aggreg ation ▁website ▁Met ac rit ic . ▁N - Europe ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁" w onder fully ▁cal ming " ▁game ▁and ▁feels ▁like ▁the ▁" title ▁the ▁DS |
▁was ▁built ▁for ". ▁In ▁Japan , ▁F am its u ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁all ▁four ▁se vens ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁a ▁nom ine e ▁for ▁several ▁Nintendo ▁DS - specific ▁I GN ▁awards , ▁including ▁Best ▁P uzz le ▁Game , ▁Best ▁New ▁IP , ▁and ▁Most ▁Innov ative ▁Design . ▁It ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁Annual ▁Game ▁Develop ers ▁Choice ▁Awards ▁" Best ▁Deb ut " ▁award ▁and ▁the ▁British ▁Academy ▁of ▁Film ▁and ▁Television ▁Arts ▁Video ▁Game ▁Awards ▁" Hand held " ▁category . ▁It ▁was ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁G amas ut ra ' s ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁top ▁ 5 ▁overlook ed ▁games . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : E idos ▁Inter active ▁games ▁Category : N intendo ▁DS ▁games ▁Category : N intendo ▁DS - only ▁games ▁Category : P uzz le ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Pop ▁Princess es ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁is ▁a ▁compilation ▁album ▁featuring ▁pop ▁singles ▁from ▁female ▁artists , ▁a ▁sequ el ▁to ▁the ▁earlier ▁Pop ▁Princess es ▁album . ▁The ▁songs ▁date ▁from ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁songs ▁have ▁made ▁it ▁into ▁the ▁UK ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁except ▁Free . ▁There ▁are |
▁a ▁few ▁debut ▁singles , ▁" Free " ▁by ▁artist ▁Dan i ▁Har mer , ▁" Just ▁Dance " ▁by ▁Lady ▁G aga ▁and ▁" S weet ▁About ▁Me " ▁by ▁Gab ri ella ▁Cl imi . ▁The ▁singles ▁released ▁in ▁Pop ▁Princess es ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁are ▁as ▁followed : ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁CD ▁ ▁Lady ▁G aga ▁– ▁" Just ▁Dance " ▁( feat . ▁Col by ▁O ' Don is ) ▁- ▁# 1 ▁ ▁Girls ▁Al oud ▁– ▁" The ▁Promise " ▁- ▁# 1 ▁ ▁The ▁S atur days ▁– ▁" Iss ues " ▁- ▁# 4 ▁ ▁Pink ▁– ▁" So ▁What " ▁- ▁# 1 ▁ ▁R ih anna ▁– ▁" Dist urb ia " ▁- ▁# 3 ▁ ▁A les ha ▁D ixon ▁– ▁" The ▁Boy ▁Does ▁Nothing " ▁- ▁# 5 ▁ ▁The ▁T ing ▁T ings ▁– ▁" Sh ut ▁Up ▁and ▁Let ▁Me ▁Go " ▁- ▁# 6 ▁ ▁Brit ney ▁Spe ars ▁– ▁" P iece ▁of ▁Me " ▁- ▁# 2 ▁ ▁The ▁P ussy cat ▁D oll s ▁– ▁" I ▁H ate ▁This ▁Part " ▁- ▁# 1 2 ▁ ▁Jord in ▁Sp arks ▁– ▁" T atto o " ▁- ▁# 2 4 ▁ ▁D uffy ▁– ▁" Mer cy " ▁- ▁# 1 ▁ ▁S ug ab ab es ▁– ▁" No ▁Can ▁Do " ▁- ▁# 2 3 ▁ ▁Christ ina ▁A gu il era ▁– ▁" Ke eps ▁Get t |
in ' ▁Better " ▁- ▁# 1 4 ▁ ▁Jennifer ▁Hudson ▁– ▁" Sp ot light " ▁- ▁# 1 1 ▁ ▁Sol ange ▁– ▁" S and castle ▁Dis co " ▁- ▁# 1 4 9 ▁ ▁Dan i ▁Har mer ▁– ▁" Free " ▁- ▁did ▁not ▁chart ▁ ▁Jo Jo ▁– ▁" Too ▁Little ▁Too ▁Late " ▁- ▁# 4 ▁ ▁Sara ▁B are illes ▁– ▁" Love ▁Song " ▁- ▁# 4 ▁ ▁Gab ri ella ▁C il mi ▁– ▁" S weet ▁About ▁Me " ▁- ▁# 6 ▁ ▁C asc ada ▁– ▁" Because ▁the ▁Night " ▁- ▁# 8 ▁ ▁Kelly ▁Row land ▁– ▁" Work " ▁- ▁# 4 ▁ ▁DVD ▁ ▁Lady ▁G aga ▁– ▁" Just ▁Dance " ▁( feat . ▁Col by ▁O ' Don is ) ▁ ▁Girls ▁Al oud ▁– ▁" The ▁L oving ▁Kind " ▁ ▁The ▁S atur days ▁– ▁" Iss ues " ▁ ▁Pink ▁– ▁" So ▁What " ▁ ▁Brit ney ▁Spe ars ▁– ▁" P iece ▁of ▁Me " ▁ ▁Jord in ▁Sp arks ▁– ▁" T atto o " ▁ ▁Jennifer ▁Hudson ▁– ▁" Sp ot light " ▁ ▁The ▁T ing ▁T ings ▁– ▁" Sh ut ▁Up ▁and ▁Let ▁Me ▁Go " ▁ ▁The ▁P ussy cat ▁D oll s ▁– ▁" I ▁H ate ▁This ▁Part " ▁ ▁Christ ina ▁A gu il era ▁– ▁" Ke eps ▁Get t in ' ▁Better " ▁ ▁Gab ri ella ▁Cl imi |
▁– ▁" S weet ▁About ▁Me " ▁ ▁A les ha ▁D ixon ▁– ▁" The ▁Boy ▁Does ▁Nothing " ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁compilation ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁E str one ▁sul f ate ▁( E 1 S ) ▁is ▁an ▁est rogen ▁medication ▁and ▁naturally ▁occurring ▁ster oid ▁horm one . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁men op aus al ▁horm one ▁therapy ▁among ▁other ▁indic ations . ▁As ▁the ▁sod ium ▁salt ▁( s od ium ▁est r one ▁sul f ate ), ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁major ▁est rogen ▁component ▁of ▁conj ug ated ▁est rog ens ▁( P rem arin ) ▁and ▁es ter ified ▁est rog ens ▁( E str at ab , ▁Men est ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁used ▁on ▁its ▁own ▁as ▁the ▁pi per azine ▁salt ▁est rop ip ate ▁( pi per azine ▁est r one ▁sul f ate ; ▁O gen ). ▁The ▁compound ▁also ▁occurs ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁and ▁important ▁met abol ite ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁and ▁est r one . ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁most ▁commonly ▁taken ▁by ▁mouth , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁Prem arin ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁taken ▁by ▁p aren ter al ▁routes ▁such ▁as ▁trans der mal , ▁vag inal , ▁and ▁injection . ▁ ▁Medical ▁uses ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁men op aus al ▁horm one ▁therapy ▁among ▁other ▁indic ations . ▁ ▁Ph arm ac ology ▁ ▁Ph arm ac od ynamics |
▁ ▁E 1 S ▁itself ▁is ▁essentially ▁bi ologically ▁in active , ▁with ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁relative ▁binding ▁aff inity ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁for ▁the ▁est rogen ▁re cept ors ▁( ER s ), ▁ER α ▁and ▁ER β . ▁The ▁compound ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁prod rug ▁of ▁est r one ▁and ▁more ▁importantly ▁of ▁est rad i ol , ▁the ▁latter ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁pot ent ▁ag on ist ▁of ▁the ▁ER s . ▁Hence , ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁an ▁est rogen . ▁ ▁Ph arm ac ok inet ics ▁ ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁cle aved ▁by ▁ster oid ▁sul f at ase ▁( also ▁called ▁est rogen ▁sul f at ase ) ▁into ▁est r one . ▁Sim ultane ously , ▁est rogen ▁sul f ot r ans fer ases ▁transform ▁est r one ▁back ▁into ▁E 1 S , ▁which ▁results ▁in ▁an ▁equilibrium ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁ster oids ▁in ▁various ▁t issues . ▁E 1 S ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁serve ▁both ▁as ▁a ▁rapidly - act ing ▁prod rug ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁and ▁also ▁as ▁a ▁long - last ing ▁reserv oir ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁in ▁the ▁body , ▁which ▁serves ▁to ▁greatly ▁extend ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁when ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁medication . ▁ ▁When ▁est rad i ol ▁is ▁administer ed ▁or ally , ▁it ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁extensive ▁first - pass ▁met abol ism ▁( 9 5 %) ▁in ▁the |
▁int est ines ▁and ▁liver . ▁A ▁single ▁administer ed ▁dose ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁is ▁absorbed ▁ 1 5 % ▁as ▁est r one , ▁ 2 5 % ▁as ▁E 1 S , ▁ 2 5 % ▁as ▁est rad i ol ▁gl u cur on ide , ▁and ▁ 2 5 % ▁as ▁est r one ▁gl u cur on ide . ▁Form ation ▁of ▁est rogen ▁gl u cur on ide ▁conj ug ates ▁is ▁particularly ▁important ▁with ▁oral ▁est rad i ol ▁as ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁est rogen ▁gl u cur on ide ▁conj ug ates ▁in ▁circulation ▁is ▁much ▁higher ▁with ▁oral ▁ing est ion ▁than ▁with ▁p aren ter al ▁est rad i ol . ▁E str one ▁gl u cur on ide ▁can ▁be ▁recon verted ▁back ▁into ▁est rad i ol , ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁circul ating ▁pool ▁of ▁est rogen ▁gl u cur on ide ▁and ▁sul f ate ▁conj ug ates ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁long - last ing ▁reserv oir ▁of ▁est rad i ol ▁that ▁effectively ▁extends ▁its ▁terminal ▁half - life ▁of ▁oral ▁est rad i ol . ▁To ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁first - pass ▁met abol ism ▁and ▁the ▁est rogen ▁conj ug ate ▁reserv oir ▁in ▁the ▁pharm ac ok inet ics ▁of ▁est rad i ol , ▁the ▁terminal ▁half - life ▁of ▁oral ▁est rad i ol ▁is ▁ 1 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 h ours ▁whereas ▁with ▁intr aven ous ▁injection |
▁its ▁terminal ▁half - life ▁is ▁only ▁about ▁ 1 ▁to ▁ 2 h ours . ▁ ▁Chem istry ▁ ▁E 1 S , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁est r one ▁ 3 - s ulf ate ▁or ▁as ▁est ra - 1 , 3 , 5 ( 1 0 )- tri en - 1 7 - one ▁ 3 - s ulf ate , ▁is ▁a ▁naturally ▁occurring ▁est r ane ▁ster oid ▁and ▁a ▁derivative ▁of ▁est r one . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁est rogen ▁conj ug ate ▁or ▁es ter , ▁and ▁is ▁specifically ▁the ▁C 3 ▁sul f ate ▁es ter ▁of ▁est r one . ▁Sal ts ▁of ▁E 1 S ▁include ▁sod ium ▁est r one ▁sul f ate ▁and ▁est rop ip ate ▁( pi per azine ▁est r one ▁sul f ate ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁ ▁Category : E str anes ▁Category : Est rog ens ▁Category : E str one ▁es ters ▁Category : H uman ▁drug ▁met abol ites ▁Category : P hen ol ▁es ters ▁Category : Pro dru gs ▁Category : S ulf ate ▁es ters <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gulf ▁ru pe e ▁( Ar ab ic : ▁ ر و ب ي ه ▁or ▁ ر و ب ي ه ▁ خ ل ي ج ي ه ) ▁was ▁the ▁official ▁currency ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁prote ctor ates ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen insula ▁that ▁are ▁around ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁Gulf ▁between ▁ 1 9 |
5 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁These ▁areas ▁today ▁form ▁the ▁countries ▁of ▁Ku wait , ▁B ahr ain , ▁Q atar , ▁O man , ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates . ▁It ▁was ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁India ▁and ▁the ▁Reserve ▁Bank ▁of ▁India ▁and ▁was ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e . ▁ ▁History ▁To ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁currency ▁in ▁the ▁em ir ates ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁Arab ian ▁Pen insula ▁namely ▁Ku wait , ▁B ahr ain , ▁Q atar , ▁the ▁Tru cial ▁States , ▁and ▁O man . ▁That ▁meant , ▁in ▁effect , ▁that ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁was ▁the ▁common ▁currency ▁in ▁those ▁territor ies ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁India . ▁The ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁was ▁peg ged ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁pound ▁at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 3 ⅓ ▁Indian ▁ru pe es ▁= ▁ 1 ▁pound . ▁ ▁The ▁Government ▁of ▁India ▁had ▁complained ▁of ▁gold ▁traff ick ers ▁in ▁the ▁g ulf ▁region ▁whose ▁base ▁of ▁operations ▁was ▁constantly ▁being ▁broad ened , ▁especially ▁in ▁Ku wait , ▁B ahr ain ▁and ▁Dub ai . ▁Sm ug gl ers ▁used ▁to ▁take ▁gold ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁sub - contin ent ▁and ▁return ▁with ▁Indian ▁ru pe es ▁which ▁were ▁valid ▁for ▁circulation ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁were ▁ex changed ▁for ▁more ▁valuable ▁foreign ▁cur ren cies |
▁to ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁sm ug gl ers ▁to ▁buy ▁more ▁gold . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁gold ▁traff icking ▁had ▁become ▁so ▁large ▁that ▁it ▁inev itably ▁precip itated ▁a ▁serious ▁de pletion ▁in ▁the ▁foreign ▁cash ▁reserves ▁at ▁the ▁Indian ▁Reserve ▁Bank ▁and ▁was ▁causing ▁economic ▁damage ▁ar ising ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁sm ug gling ▁operations . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁strain ▁on ▁India ' s ▁foreign ▁reserves , ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁the ▁Indian ▁government ▁created ▁the ▁Gulf ▁ru pe e , ▁initially ▁at ▁par ▁with ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e . ▁It ▁was ▁introduced ▁as ▁a ▁replacement ▁for ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁for ▁circulation ▁exclusively ▁outside ▁the ▁country . ▁Effect ively , ▁the ▁common ▁currency ▁area ▁now ▁did ▁not ▁include ▁India . ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁India ▁de val ued ▁the ▁Gulf ▁ru pe e ▁against ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e . ▁Following ▁the ▁de val uation , ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁states ▁still ▁using ▁the ▁Gulf ▁ru pe e ▁adopted ▁their ▁own ▁cur ren cies . ▁Ku wait ▁had ▁adopted ▁the ▁Ku wait i ▁din ar ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁peg ged ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e , ▁which ▁was ▁still ▁peg ged ▁to ▁the ▁pound ▁stir ling . ▁B ahr ain ▁created ▁the ▁B ahr ain i ▁din ar ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁rate |
▁of ▁ 1 ▁din ar ▁= ▁ 1 0 ▁ru pe es . ▁Q atar ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Tru cial ▁States ▁( after ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates ) ▁adopted ▁the ▁Q atar ▁and ▁Dub ai ▁ri yal , ▁which ▁was ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁Gulf ▁ru pe e ▁prior ▁to ▁its ▁de val uation , ▁effectively ▁the ▁Indian ▁ru pe e ▁value . ▁Abu ▁D hab i ▁used ▁the ▁B ahr ain i ▁din ar ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁O man ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Gulf ▁ru pe e ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁with ▁the ▁government ▁backing ▁the ▁currency ▁at ▁its ▁old ▁peg ▁to ▁the ▁pound , ▁when ▁it ▁adopted ▁the ▁O man i ▁ri al . ▁ ▁Bank notes ▁Notes ▁were ▁issued ▁in ▁denom inations ▁of ▁ 1 ▁ru pe e ▁by ▁the ▁Indian ▁government ▁and ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ru pe es ▁by ▁the ▁Reserve ▁Bank ▁of ▁India . ▁The ▁notes ▁were ▁in ▁designs ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁standard ▁Indian ▁notes ▁but ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁different ▁colours . ▁While ▁the ▁ 1 ▁ru pe e ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁ru pe e ▁notes ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁red , ▁the ▁ 5 ▁ru pe e ▁notes ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁orange ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ru pe e ▁notes ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁green . ▁The ▁serial ▁numbers ▁of ▁the ▁bank notes ▁issued ▁in ▁all ▁denom inations ▁were ▁pre fixed ▁by ▁a |
▁Z . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Bank ▁Notes ▁of ▁the ▁Q atar ▁and ▁Dub ai ▁Cur rency ▁Board ▁Gulf ▁Ru pe es ▁- ▁A ▁History ▁ ▁style =" height : 4 0 px " ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁Category : Cur ren cies ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : Cur ren cies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Mod ern ▁ob solete ▁cur ren cies ▁Category : Cur ren cies ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁Category : Cur ren cies ▁of ▁Ku wait ▁Category : Cur ren cies ▁of ▁B ahr ain ▁Category : Cur ren cies ▁of ▁O man ▁Category : Cur ren cies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ar im ▁District ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁I bb ▁Governor ate , ▁Y emen . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁district ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 7 5 , 0 1 4 ▁inhabitants . ▁ ▁U z al ▁( sub - d istrict s ) ▁of ▁Y ar im ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 1 ▁ <0xCA> <0xBD> U z al ▁( sub - d istrict s ) ▁in ▁Y ar im . ▁▁ ▁Y ar im ▁ ▁Kh aw ▁ ▁Ra <0xCA> <0xBD> in ▁▁ <0xCA> <0xBD> U b ay d ah ▁▁ <0xCA> <0xBD> Or as ▁ ▁B ani ▁O mar ▁ ▁b ani ▁S aba ' ▁ ▁B ani ▁Muslim ▁ ▁Kh ud an ▁ ▁B ani ▁Mun ab ah ▁ ▁A ry ab ▁ |
▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁Y emen ▁Category : I bb ▁Governor ate <0x0A> </s> ▁R as ht abad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁R as ht ā b ā d ▁and ▁Res ht abad ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Q are h ▁Pos ht el u - e ▁Pain ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Q are h ▁Pos ht el u ▁District , ▁Z an jan ▁County , ▁Z an jan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 2 8 , ▁in ▁ 2 3 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Z an jan ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Guy ▁Geoff roy ▁( born ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁in ▁Paris ) ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁wrest ler . ▁ ▁He ▁represents ▁the ▁Seine - et - Mar ne ▁department , ▁ ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁for ▁a ▁Popular ▁Movement . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Paris ▁Category : The ▁Republicans ▁( Fr ance ) ▁politicians ▁Category : Un ited ▁Republic ▁politicians ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁places ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Che val iers ▁of ▁the ▁L ég ion ▁d ' hon neur ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁( Fr ance ) ▁Category : Dep ut ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 |
2 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fifth ▁Republic ▁Category : Dep ut ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fifth ▁Republic ▁Category : Dep ut ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fifth ▁Republic <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁" J im " ▁Lewis ▁( 2 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁football er . ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁amateur ▁football ers ▁of ▁his ▁generation . ▁ ▁Lewis , ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Mon oux ▁School , ▁W alth am st ow , ▁began ▁his ▁football ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 6 - year - old ▁with ▁the ▁famous ▁amateur ▁side ▁W alth am st ow ▁Avenue ▁( his ▁father ▁had ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁them ) ▁and ▁in ▁three ▁st int s ▁with ▁the ▁club ▁scored ▁ 4 2 3 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 5 2 2 ▁appearances , ▁mainly ▁as ▁a ▁centre ▁forward . ▁He ▁had ▁briefly ▁left ▁W alth am st ow ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁Le y ton ▁O rient , ▁but ▁after ▁playing ▁as ▁an ▁amateur ▁in ▁ 4 ▁League ▁games ▁he ▁rejected ▁their ▁contract ▁terms . ▁Lewis ▁was ▁a ▁key ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁W alth am st ow ▁side ▁which ▁reached ▁the ▁FA ▁Cup ▁fourth ▁round ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁beating ▁sides ▁such ▁as ▁Stock port ▁County ▁and ▁Wat ford ▁and ▁drawing ▁ 1 |
– 1 ▁with ▁Manchester ▁United ▁at ▁Old ▁Tra ff ord , ▁before ▁losing ▁ 5 – 2 ▁in ▁the ▁re play . ▁Just ▁days ▁later , ▁Lewis ▁received ▁a ▁telephone ▁call ▁from ▁Chelsea ▁manager ▁Ted ▁D rake , ▁and ▁prompt ly ▁signed ▁for ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁days ▁when ▁the ▁dispar ity ▁between ▁the ▁pay ▁of ▁amateur ▁and ▁professional ▁football ers ▁was ▁minimal , ▁Lewis ▁never ▁turned ▁professional , ▁although ▁his ▁Chelsea ▁team mate ▁D erek ▁Sau nd ers , ▁who ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁W alth am st ow , ▁did . ▁He ▁jug g led ▁his ▁playing ▁time ▁with ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁sales man ▁for ▁Th erm os ▁fl ask s ▁which , ▁unlike ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁fellow ▁players , ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁car . ▁With ▁Roy ▁Bent ley ▁established ▁as ▁the ▁Chelsea ' s ▁centre ▁forward , ▁Lewis ▁was ▁switched ▁to ▁either ▁outside ▁or ▁inside ▁left . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Chelsea ▁debut ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁against ▁Charl ton ▁Athlet ic ▁and ▁scored ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw . ▁ ▁His ▁most ▁not ew orth y ▁contribution ▁to ▁Chelsea ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁their ▁ 1 9 5 4 – 5 5 ▁championship - winning ▁side . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁ 1 7 ▁league ▁games ▁that ▁season , ▁and ▁scored ▁ 6 ▁goals , ▁including ▁crucial ▁goals ▁in ▁wins ▁over ▁Bol ton ▁W ander ers , ▁She ff ield ▁United ▁and ▁Tot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur . ▁Chelsea ' |
s ▁professional ▁players ▁each ▁received ▁a ▁suit ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁success , ▁but ▁Lewis ▁instead ▁received ▁an ▁ill um inated ▁address ▁from ▁the ▁club . ▁Lewis ▁remained ▁with ▁Chelsea ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁and ▁scored ▁ 4 0 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 9 5 ▁appearances ▁for ▁the ▁club . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁representative ▁London ▁XI ▁which ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Inter - C ities ▁F airs ▁Cup ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 – 0 ▁second - leg ▁loss ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁against ▁FC ▁Barcelona . ▁ ▁Lewis ▁won ▁ 4 9 ▁caps ▁for ▁the ▁England ▁amateur ▁national ▁side , ▁and ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Great ▁Britain ▁football ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : C hel sea ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : L ey ton ▁O rient ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : W alth am st ow ▁Avenue ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁football ers |
▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁H ack ney , ▁London ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : London ▁XI ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Tan ▁rab bit ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁fancy ▁breed ▁of ▁rab bit ▁shown ▁throughout ▁ ▁the ▁world . ▁While ▁originally ▁from ▁England , ▁in ▁recent ▁years ▁it ▁has ▁gained ▁popularity ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁T ans ▁come ▁in ▁four ▁varieties : ▁black , ▁blue , ▁chocolate ▁and ▁l il ac . ▁Full ▁grown ▁T ans ▁weigh ▁ 4 - 6 p ounds . ▁ ▁About ▁T ans ▁ ▁T ans ▁originally ▁come ▁from ▁England ▁where ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 0 0 s . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁accepted ▁adult ▁weight ▁ranges ▁are : ▁ ▁Does ▁( fem ales ): ▁ 4 ▁- ▁ 6 ▁pounds ▁ ▁Buck s ▁( m ales ): ▁ 4 ▁- ▁ 5 ½ ▁pounds ▁ ▁T ans ▁are ▁a ▁full ▁ar ched ▁breed . ▁Rab bits ▁with ▁this ▁type ▁show ▁an ▁arch ▁starting ▁at ▁the ▁n ape ▁of ▁their ▁neck , ▁running ▁smoothly ▁over ▁their ▁shoulders , ▁mid section ▁and ▁hips . ▁T ans ▁have ▁a ▁very ▁lean , ▁compact , ▁well ▁balanced ▁body . ▁T ans ▁should ▁be ▁short ▁and ▁deep ▁in ▁body ▁type . ▁They ▁are ▁vis ually ▁striking ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁unique ▁mark ings , ▁contrast ▁and ▁intensity ▁of ▁their ▁color ation . ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁varieties ▁( colors ) |
▁in ▁the ▁Tan ▁breed : ▁black , ▁blue , ▁chocolate ▁and ▁l il ac . ▁All ▁four ▁varieties ▁have ▁identical ▁pattern ed ▁mark ings . ▁The ▁Tan ▁color ation ▁is ▁an ▁intense , ▁deep ▁red ▁color ▁that ▁is ▁should ▁be ▁even ▁from ▁the ▁chest ▁to ▁tail . ▁ ▁Fe eding ▁Young ▁rab bits ▁are ▁often ▁free ▁fed ▁a ▁pel lets ▁and ▁grass ▁hay . ▁Adult ▁rab bits ▁can ▁be ▁given ▁un limited ▁grass ▁hay , ▁but ▁pel lets ▁must ▁be ▁r ation ed . ▁T ans ▁typically ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁an ▁issue ▁with ▁going ▁over ▁the ▁ideal ▁maximum ▁weight , ▁so ▁ob es ity ▁is ▁less ▁of ▁a ▁concern ▁than ▁it ▁is ▁with ▁other ▁breed s . ▁Most ▁breed ers ▁recommend ▁a ▁he aping ▁half ▁cup ▁of ▁pel lets ▁once ▁a ▁day . ▁ ▁H ousing ▁ ▁T ans ▁are ▁a ▁fairly ▁small ▁rab bit ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁hous ed ▁in ▁a ▁cage ▁as ▁small ▁as ▁ 2 4 " ▁X ▁ 1 8 " ▁ ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁they ▁receive ▁regular ▁exercise . ▁C ages ▁prefer ably ▁should ▁be ▁all - wire ▁otherwise ▁as ▁this ▁helps ▁prevent ▁resp ir atory ▁disease . ▁If ▁the ▁rab bit ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁hous ed ▁in ▁a ▁h utch ▁with ▁solid ▁sides ▁and ▁a ▁solid ▁roof , ▁at ▁least ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁cage ▁should ▁be ▁made ▁of ▁wire ▁to ▁promote ▁vent ilation . ▁ ▁Ex ercise ▁ ▁Being ▁an ▁active ▁animal , ▁T ans ▁need ▁regular ▁exercise . ▁They ▁should ▁never ▁be ▁allowed ▁to ▁ro am |
▁an ▁area ▁outside ▁their ▁cage ▁un att ended . ▁All ▁areas ▁they ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁explore ▁should ▁first ▁be ▁rab bit - proof ed . ▁Rab bit ▁safe ▁toys ▁are ▁good ▁to ▁keep ▁in ▁their ▁cage . ▁ ▁B reed ing ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁varieties ▁( colors ) ▁in ▁the ▁Tan ▁breed : ▁black , ▁chocolate , ▁blue ▁and ▁l il ac . ▁While ▁T ans ▁are ▁shown ▁by ▁variety , ▁not ▁group , ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁color ▁gen etics ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁basic ▁inform al ▁color ▁groups : ▁black / blue ▁and ▁chocolate / l il ac . ▁ ▁Blue ▁is ▁the ▁rec ess ive ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁l il ac ▁is ▁the ▁rec ess ive ▁of ▁chocolate . ▁Many ▁recommend ▁breed ers ▁who ▁are ▁just ▁starting ▁out ▁to ▁stay ▁within ▁one ▁color ▁group ▁until ▁you ▁become ▁more ▁familiar ▁with ▁color ▁gen etics . ▁This ▁means ▁breed ing ▁black ▁to ▁black ▁or ▁black ▁to ▁blue ▁or ▁chocolate ▁to ▁chocolate ▁or ▁chocolate ▁to ▁l il ac . ▁It ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁not ▁recommended ▁to ▁breed ▁a ▁rec ess ive ▁color ▁to ▁another ▁rec ess ive ▁color ▁( i . e . ▁blue ▁to ▁blue ), ▁but ▁such ▁cross es ▁can ▁occasionally ▁be ▁successful ▁for ▁the ▁advanced ▁breed er . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁average ▁Tan ▁litter ▁is ▁around ▁ 4 ▁babies , ▁litter ▁sizes ▁can ▁certainly ▁vary . ▁T ans ▁are ▁not ▁known ▁for ▁having ▁common ▁genetic ▁defect s . ▁In ▁general , ▁most ▁Tan ▁babies ▁will ▁be ▁born ▁healthy . ▁However , |
▁T ans ▁are ▁a ▁very ▁hyper active ▁breed ▁and ▁sometimes ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁they ▁will ▁have ▁babies ▁outside ▁the ▁nest ▁box ▁or ▁have ▁them ▁inside ▁the ▁nest ▁box ▁but ▁in ad vert ently ▁step ▁on ▁the ▁babies ▁as ▁they ▁jump ▁in ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box . ▁These ▁problems ▁are ▁more ▁common ▁with ▁new ▁mom s ▁and ▁nervous ▁and / or ▁uns oc ialized ▁rab bits . ▁These ▁issues ▁can ▁be ▁reduced ▁by ▁not ▁allowing ▁strangers ▁in ▁the ▁barn ▁and ▁keeping ▁a ▁calm , ▁stress ▁free ▁environment ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁week ▁or ▁so ▁following ▁kind ling ▁( b irth ). ▁Additionally , ▁T ans ▁that ▁are ▁raised ▁from ▁birth ▁with ▁constant ▁handling ▁will ▁be ▁less ▁stressed ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁humans ▁when ▁they ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁babies . ▁ ▁All ▁T ans ▁are ▁born ▁with ▁the ▁pattern ed ▁mark ing . ▁In ▁that ▁sense , ▁you ▁will ▁not ▁get ▁any ▁" m ism ark ed " ▁in ▁a ▁litter ▁like ▁is ▁common ▁with ▁other ▁marked ▁breed s ▁such ▁as ▁Dutch , ▁English ▁Sp ots , ▁Hot ots , ▁etc . ▁While ▁mark ing , ▁type ▁and ▁color ▁quality ▁will ▁vary , ▁typically ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁babies ▁produced ▁will ▁at ▁meet ▁the ▁minimum ▁requirements ▁to ▁be ▁shown ▁at ▁an ▁AR BA ▁san ction ed ▁show . ▁Although ▁all ▁her d ▁are ▁different , ▁in ▁general ▁but ting ▁teeth ▁and ▁split ▁penis ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁genetic ▁dis qual ifications ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁show ▁table . ▁B reed ers ▁should ▁be ▁extra ▁vig |
il ant ▁of ▁these ▁issues ▁when ▁evalu ating ▁potential ▁show ▁stock . ▁R ipped / pull ed ▁teeth , ▁ripped / pull ed ▁to en ails ▁and ▁broken ▁t ails ▁are ▁common ▁dis qual ifications ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁genetic ▁in ▁nature ▁and ▁should ▁not ▁affect ▁one ' s ▁decision ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁the ▁rab bit ▁should ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁breed ing . ▁ ▁Dep ending ▁upon ▁location , ▁the ▁most ▁difficult ▁part ▁of ▁working ▁with ▁T ans ▁may ▁be ▁finding ▁stock . ▁The ▁American ▁Tan ▁Rab bit ▁Special ty ▁Club ▁( AT R SC ) ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Tan ▁Rab bit ▁Club ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁both ▁maintain ▁lists ▁of ▁club ▁members ▁on ▁their ▁websites . ▁Some ▁breed ers ▁will ▁ship ▁rab bits ▁if ▁the ▁buyer ▁is ▁not ▁within ▁driving ▁distance . ▁ ▁Many ▁individuals ▁throughout ▁the ▁world ▁attend ▁the ▁annual ▁American ▁Rab bit ▁B reed ers ▁Association ▁( AR BA ) ▁National ▁Convention ▁to ▁buy ▁rab bits ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁available ▁locally . ▁The ▁AR BA ▁National ▁Convention ▁is ▁held ▁each ▁fall ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁American ▁Tan ▁Rab bit ▁Special ty ▁Club ▁( AT R SC ) ▁also ▁hosts ▁a ▁Tan ▁National ▁Show ▁each ▁spring ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁location ▁within ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Show ing ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁AR BA ▁Standard ▁of ▁Per fection ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁publication ▁that ▁out lines ▁the ▁show ▁requirements ▁for ▁each ▁breed . ▁" All ▁breed " ▁shows ▁are |
▁held ▁in ▁various ▁locations ▁throughout ▁the ▁country ▁nearly ▁every ▁weekend . ▁At ▁these ▁shows ▁all ▁AR BA ▁accepted ▁breed s ▁compete ▁within ▁their ▁respective ▁breed ▁for ▁the ▁Best ▁of ▁B reed ▁honor . ▁Among st ▁all ▁Best ▁of ▁B reed s ▁a ▁Best ▁in ▁Show ▁winner ▁is ▁selected . ▁Sometimes ▁there ▁are ▁awards ▁given ▁to ▁other ▁top ▁animals ▁at ▁the ▁show , ▁such ▁as ▁Reserve ▁Best ▁in ▁Show ▁or ▁Best ▁of ▁Group . ▁▁ ▁T ans ▁are ▁jud ged ▁as ▁a ▁full - arch ▁" running ▁breed " ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁This ▁means ▁they ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁move ▁freely ▁on ▁the ▁show ▁table ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁evaluated ▁by ▁the ▁judge ▁to ▁best ▁evaluate ▁the ▁type , ▁color ▁and ▁mark ings ▁of ▁the ▁animal . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁the ▁British ▁Rab bit ▁Council ▁( B RC ) ▁determines ▁the ▁show ▁criteria ▁for ▁their ▁san ction ed ▁shows . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rab bit ▁breed s ▁ ▁Brown ▁Che st nut ▁of ▁L orr aine ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( AR BA ) ▁▁ ▁( AT R SC ) ▁▁ ▁( B RC ) ▁ ▁Category : R ab bit ▁breed s ▁origin ating ▁in ▁England ▁Category : R ab bits ▁as ▁pets <0x0A> </s> ▁Peter ▁L ender ink ▁( born ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁former ▁road ▁cycl ist . ▁As ▁a ▁junior ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 |
▁U CI ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁the ▁Men ' s ▁junior ▁road ▁race . ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁sport ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁after ▁competing ▁profession ally ▁for ▁four ▁years . ▁ ▁Major ▁results ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ 1 st ▁Overall ▁Intern ationale ▁Juni oren ▁D ried a ag se ▁van ▁Ax el ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Road ▁race , ▁U CI ▁Junior ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁▁ 6 th ▁Overall ▁Paris – Arr as ▁Tour ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁cycl ists ▁Category : D utch ▁male ▁speed ▁sk aters ▁Category : People ▁from ▁H arden berg ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Over ij ss el ▁Category : U CI ▁Road ▁World ▁Championships ▁cycl ists ▁for ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Winter ▁Youth ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁M add ik era ▁Ag rah aram ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁in ▁M add ik era ▁mand al , ▁K urn ool ▁District , ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ▁State ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁K urn ool ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁H utch ings ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Michael ▁H utch ings ▁( mat hem atic ian ) ▁Michael ▁H utch ings ▁( che f ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Invest ment ▁AB ▁Ö res und ▁is |
▁a ▁Swedish ▁investment ▁company ▁controlled ▁by ▁M ats ▁Q v iber g ▁and ▁S ven ▁H ag str ö mer . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁original ▁company ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁as ▁S j ö för s ä k rings akt ie bol ag et ▁Ö res und . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁re organ ised ▁and ▁ ▁AB ▁S j ö - Ö res und ▁became ▁the ▁main ▁company ▁in ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁insurance ▁companies . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁these ▁subs idi aries ▁were ▁sold ▁to ▁Sk and ia . ▁Sk and ia ▁paid ▁in ▁cash ▁and ▁in ▁shares . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁company ▁became ▁an ▁investment ▁company ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁Invest ment ▁AB ▁Ö res und . ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁stock ▁exchange ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁Under ▁H ag str ö mer ▁and ▁Q v iber g ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Ö res und ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁S ven ▁H ag str ö mer ▁and ▁M ats ▁Q v iber g . ▁They ▁had ▁started ▁building ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁companies ▁around ▁H ag str ö mer ▁& ▁Q v iber g . ▁Ö res und ▁became ▁their ▁weapon ▁in ▁an ▁assault ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Swedish ▁companies , ▁including ▁AB ▁C ust os . ▁Many ▁more ▁traditional ist ▁Swedish ▁business men ▁were ▁upset ▁by ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁business men . ▁Per cy ▁Bar ne vik ▁served ▁on ▁the |
▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁of ▁C ust os ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁when ▁Ö res und ▁started ▁acqu iring ▁shares ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁bitter ly ▁upset ▁with ▁their ▁actions . ▁ ▁List ed ▁hold ings ▁Ö res und ' s ▁largest ▁hold ings ▁are ▁real ▁estate ▁company ▁F abe ge ▁( pre viously ▁known ▁as ▁W ih lb org s , ▁ 1 6 % ▁of ▁Ö res und ' s ▁portfolio ), ▁Nob ia ▁and ▁major ▁Vol vo ▁retail er ▁B ilia ▁( both ▁ 1 0 % ). ▁Other ▁large ▁hold ings ▁include ▁shares ▁of ▁Invest or ▁AB ▁( 5 % ), ▁Al fa ▁L aval ▁( 3 %) ▁and ▁of ▁course ▁H ag str ö mer ▁& ▁Q v iber g ▁( 5 % ). ▁ ▁In ▁total ▁the ▁company ▁controls ▁almost ▁ 8 ▁billion ▁k ron a ▁worth ▁of ▁stock . ▁ ▁Organ isation ▁and ▁ownership ▁S ven ▁H ag str ö mer ▁is ▁the ▁chairman ▁and ▁largest ▁share holder ▁with ▁ 1 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Q v iber g ▁serves ▁as ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁and ▁owns ▁ 1 3 % ▁of ▁Ö res und . ▁Despite ▁its ▁name , ▁all uding ▁to ▁the ▁Ö res und ▁Region , ▁the ▁company ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁Stockholm . ▁ ▁Category : Fin ancial ▁services ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁Category : In vest ment ▁companies ▁of ▁Sweden <0x0A> </s> ▁Se yy ed abad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Se yy ed ā b ā |
d ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K ah riz ak ▁R ural ▁District , ▁K ah riz ak ▁District , ▁Ray ▁County , ▁Te hr an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁existence ▁was ▁noted , ▁but ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁not ▁reported . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Ray ▁County , ▁Iran <0x0A> </s> ▁B j ör n ▁V enn str öm ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁molecular ▁bi ologist . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁at ▁U pp s ala ▁University ▁with ▁a ▁thesis ▁on ▁R NA ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁was ▁appointed ▁ ▁Professor ▁of ▁Development al ▁Bi ology ▁at ▁the ▁Kar ol ins ka ▁Institute . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁molecular ▁bi ology ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁institution . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Swedish ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences , ▁ ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁G ör an ▁Gust af sson ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ ▁has ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Committee ▁for ▁Phys i ology ▁or ▁Medicine ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 6 , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁While ▁at ▁the ▁E MB L ▁in ▁He idel berg ▁he ▁cl oned ▁the ▁c - er b A ▁gene ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁demonstrated ▁in ▁ |
1 9 8 6 ▁that ▁the ▁c - er b A ▁gene ▁enc odes ▁a ▁high ▁aff inity ▁thy roid ▁horm one ▁re ceptor . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sw edish ▁scientists ▁Category : U pp s ala ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : K ar ol ins ka ▁Institute ▁faculty ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Swedish ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : Sw edish ▁bi ologists ▁Category : M ole cular ▁bi ologists <0x0A> </s> ▁Mal czy ce ▁ ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁C ew ice , ▁within ▁L ę b ork ▁County , ▁P omer an ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁northern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁C ew ice , ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁L ę b ork , ▁and ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁G da ńsk . ▁ ▁For ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁region , ▁see ▁History ▁of ▁P omer ania . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Mal czy ce <0x0A> </s> ▁R ū pa ▁G os v ā min ' s ▁ ▁( H ans a - d uta , ▁ ह ं स द ू त ) ▁or ▁Sw an ▁Mess enger ▁was ▁composed ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century ▁CE . ▁In ▁ ▁romantic ▁and ▁religious ▁love ▁are ▁combined , ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁poem ▁that ▁sh ines ▁with ▁the ▁intensity ▁of ▁love ▁for ▁Kr |
ish na , ▁the ▁god head . ▁It ▁was ▁composed ▁in ▁Beng al ▁by ▁R ū pa ▁G os v ā min , ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁po ets ▁of ▁the ▁G aud i ya ▁sam pr ad ā ya ▁established ▁by ▁his ▁contemporary , ▁Ch ait anya . ▁The ▁G aud iy as ▁were ▁dev ote es ▁of ▁Kr ish na . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ ▁Kr ish na ▁has ▁left ▁V r ind avan ▁for ▁Math ura , ▁abandon ing ▁the ▁many ▁cow her d ▁girls ▁who ▁ad ore ▁him . ▁Chief ▁among ▁them ▁was ▁R ā dh ā , ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁dist ra ug ht . ▁Her ▁friend ▁L al it ā ▁meets ▁a ▁sw an ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Yam una ▁and ▁beg s ▁him ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁message ▁to ▁Kr ish na . ▁The ▁theme , ▁as ▁of ▁all ▁mess enger ▁poems , ▁is ▁vir aha , ▁separation ▁in ▁love . ▁All usions ▁to ▁romance ▁are ▁never ▁far ▁away . ▁The ▁journey ▁of ▁the ▁sw an ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁is ▁concluded ▁in ▁ 3 5 ▁of ▁its ▁ 1 4 2 ▁st anz as , ▁as ▁the ▁distance ▁of ▁sw an ▁has ▁to ▁cover ▁is ▁fairly ▁short , ▁from ▁V r ind avan ▁to ▁Math ura . ▁L al it ā ’ s ▁message ▁takes ▁up ▁over ▁half ▁the ▁poem , ▁and ▁dwell s ▁upon ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁grief - str icken ▁lover , ▁R ā dh ā ▁in ▁this ▁case , |
▁while ▁pra ising ▁her ▁sweet heart – ▁though ▁Kr ish na ▁is ▁ch ided ▁for ▁for s aking ▁the ▁cow her d ▁girls . ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁R ū pa ▁G os v ā min ▁uses ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁pun s ▁which ▁are ▁ingen iously ▁employed ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁we ave ▁the ▁myth ology ▁of ▁Kr ish na ▁into ▁the ▁work . ▁ ▁English ▁transl ations ▁ ▁The ▁Clay ▁S ansk rit ▁Library ▁has ▁published ▁a ▁translation ▁of ▁ ▁by ▁Sir ▁James ▁Mall inson ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁volume ▁Mess enger ▁Po ems . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Clay ▁S ansk rit ▁Library ▁( off icial ▁page ) ▁ ▁Category : V a ish nav ism ▁Category : S ansk rit ▁poetry <0x0A> </s> ▁B . ▁J . ▁Hall ▁( born ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁quarter back ▁who ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁free ▁agent . ▁Hall ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Web ber ▁International ▁University . ▁ ▁College ▁career ▁Hall ▁began ▁his ▁college ▁career ▁at ▁T roy ▁State ▁University ▁before ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁Sol ano ▁Community ▁College . ▁Upon ▁gradu ation ▁from ▁Sol ano , ▁Hall ▁transferred ▁to ▁Web ber ▁International ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁War riors . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁Hall ▁has ▁played ▁for ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁teams ▁throughout ▁his ▁career , ▁playing ▁with ▁Le high ▁Valley ▁Out law z , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Wild c ats , ▁Dallas ▁V ig |
il antes , ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Storm , ▁Toronto ▁Arg on aut s , ▁L ak eland ▁R aid ers . ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Hall ▁re - jo ined ▁the ▁Storm . ▁Hall ▁was ▁reass igned ▁by ▁the ▁Storm ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁V oo D oo ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁quarter backs ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁football ▁quarter backs ▁Category : American ▁players ▁of ▁Canadian ▁football ▁Category : T roy ▁Tro j ans ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Web ber ▁International ▁War riors ▁football ▁players ▁Category : T ampa ▁Bay ▁Storm ▁players ▁Category : D allas ▁V ig il antes ▁players ▁Category : I owa ▁Barn storm ers ▁players ▁Category : Tor onto ▁Arg on aut s ▁players ▁Category : L ak eland ▁R aid ers ▁players ▁Category : H arr is burg ▁St amp ede ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Orleans ▁V oo D oo ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Mand arin ▁() ▁was ▁the ▁common ▁spoken ▁language ▁of ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁empire ▁during ▁the ▁M ing ▁and ▁Q ing ▁dyn ast ies . ▁It ▁a rose ▁as ▁a ▁practical ▁measure , ▁to ▁circum vent ▁the ▁mutual ▁un int ellig ibility ▁of ▁the ▁varieties ▁of ▁Chinese ▁spoken ▁in ▁different ▁parts |
▁of ▁China . ▁Know ledge ▁of ▁this ▁language ▁was ▁thus ▁essential ▁for ▁an ▁official ▁career , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁never ▁formally ▁defined . ▁The ▁language ▁was ▁a ▁k oin é ▁based ▁on ▁Mand arin ▁dialect s , ▁initially ▁those ▁spoken ▁around ▁N anj ing ▁but ▁later ▁switching ▁to ▁Beijing , ▁and ▁developed ▁into ▁Standard ▁Chinese ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁In ▁some ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁works , ▁it ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁court ▁dialect . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁imperial ▁period , ▁local ▁varieties ▁of ▁Chinese ▁had ▁diver ged ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁that ▁people ▁from ▁different ▁provin ces ▁could ▁not ▁understand ▁one ▁another . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁facilitate ▁communication ▁between ▁officials ▁from ▁different ▁provin ces , ▁and ▁between ▁officials ▁and ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁areas ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁posted , ▁imperial ▁administr ations ▁adopted ▁a ▁k oin é ▁based ▁on ▁various ▁northern ▁dialect s . ▁Until ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁this ▁language ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁dialect s ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁N anj ing , ▁the ▁first ▁M ing ▁capital ▁and ▁a ▁major ▁cultural ▁centre , ▁though ▁not ▁identical ▁to ▁any ▁single ▁dialect . ▁The ▁standard ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁and ▁early ▁Q ing , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁lower ▁Yang t ze ▁dialect s , ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁Middle ▁Mand arin . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 3 7 5 , ▁the ▁Hong w u ▁Emperor ▁commissioned ▁a ▁dictionary ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁H ó ng w ǔ |
▁Z h è ng y ù n ▁() ▁intended ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁standard ▁pron unci ation . ▁The ▁dictionary ▁was ▁un successful , ▁critic ised ▁on ▁one ▁side ▁for ▁depart ing ▁from ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁dyn asty ▁r ime ▁d iction aries ▁and ▁r ime ▁tables , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁for ▁not ▁accurately ▁reflect ing ▁the ▁contemporary ▁standard ▁of ▁elegant ▁speech . ▁ ▁The ▁Korean ▁scholar ▁Sin ▁Su k ch u ▁published ▁the ▁Hong mu ▁ch ô ng ' un ▁y ô kh un ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 5 , ▁augment ing ▁the ▁Z hen gy un ▁by ▁giving ▁the ▁Chinese ▁pron unci ation ▁of ▁each ▁word ▁using ▁the ▁H ang ul ▁al phabet . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these ▁" standard ▁read ings ", ▁he ▁recorded ▁a ▁rather ▁different ▁body ▁of ▁" pop ular ▁read ings ", ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁also ▁preserved ▁in ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Ch oe ▁Se j in . ▁Kim ▁K w ang jo , ▁in ▁his ▁extensive ▁study ▁of ▁these ▁materials , ▁concluded ▁that ▁Sin ' s ▁standard ▁read ings ▁const itute ▁an ▁ideal ized ▁ph on ology ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁dictionary , ▁while ▁the ▁popular ▁read ings ▁reflect ▁contemporary ▁speech . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁Y ù ch í ▁Z h ì p í ng ▁and ▁W eld on ▁South ▁Cob lin ▁hold ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁read ings ▁reflect ▁different ▁versions ▁of ▁ 1 5 th - century ▁standard ▁speech . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁Gu ā n hu à ▁( / ), ▁or ▁" |
language ▁of ▁the ▁officials ", ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁Chinese ▁sources ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 6 th ▁century . ▁Later ▁in ▁that ▁century , ▁the ▁Jes uit ▁mission ary ▁Mat te o ▁Ric ci ▁used ▁the ▁term ▁in ▁his ▁diary : ▁ ▁The ▁mission aries ▁recognized ▁the ▁utility ▁of ▁this ▁standard ▁language , ▁and ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁its ▁study . ▁They ▁translated ▁the ▁term ▁Gu ā n hu à ▁into ▁European ▁languages ▁as ▁lí ng ua ▁mand ar im ▁( Port ug uese ) ▁and ▁la ▁l eng ua ▁mand ar ina ▁( Span ish ), ▁meaning ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁mand ar ins , ▁or ▁imperial ▁officials . ▁Ric ci ▁and ▁Miche le ▁Rug g ieri ▁published ▁a ▁Portuguese - M and arin ▁dictionary ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 8 0 s . ▁Nicol as ▁Tr ig ault ' s ▁guide ▁to ▁Mand arin ▁pron unci ation ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 6 . ▁Gr amm ars ▁of ▁Mand arin ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁Francisco ▁V aro ▁( finished ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 2 ▁but ▁not ▁printed ▁until ▁ 1 7 0 3 ) ▁and ▁Joseph ▁Pr ém are ▁( 1 7 3 0 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 8 , ▁the ▁Y ong z heng ▁Emperor , ▁unable ▁to ▁understand ▁the ▁acc ents ▁of ▁officials ▁from ▁Gu ang d ong ▁and ▁F uj ian , ▁issued ▁a ▁dec ree ▁requiring ▁the ▁govern ors ▁of ▁those ▁provin ces ▁to ▁provide ▁for ▁the ▁teaching ▁of ▁proper ▁pron unci |
ation . ▁Although ▁the ▁resulting ▁Academ ies ▁for ▁Cor rect ▁P ron unci ation ▁( , ▁Z h è ng y ī n ▁Sh ū y u à n ) ▁were ▁short - l ived , ▁the ▁dec ree ▁did ▁spawn ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁text books ▁that ▁give ▁some ▁insight ▁into ▁the ▁ideal ▁pron unci ation . ▁ ▁Although ▁Beijing ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁capital ▁in ▁ 1 4 2 0 , ▁its ▁speech ▁did ▁not ▁rival ▁the ▁prest ige ▁of ▁the ▁N anj ing - based ▁standard ▁until ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty . ▁As ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 8 1 5 , ▁Robert ▁Mor r ison ▁based ▁the ▁first ▁English – Ch inese ▁dictionary ▁on ▁the ▁lower ▁Yang t ze ▁k oin é ▁as ▁the ▁standard ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁though ▁he ▁conced ed ▁that ▁the ▁Beijing ▁dialect ▁was ▁gaining ▁in ▁influence . ▁By ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Beijing ▁dialect ▁had ▁become ▁dominant ▁and ▁was ▁essential ▁for ▁any ▁business ▁with ▁the ▁imperial ▁court . ▁The ▁new ▁standard ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁gr amm ars ▁produced ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Ed kins ▁( 1 8 6 4 ), ▁Thomas ▁W ade ▁( 1 8 6 7 ) ▁and ▁Herbert ▁G iles ▁( 1 8 7 3 ). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁reform ers ▁decided ▁that ▁China ▁needed ▁a ▁national ▁language . ▁The ▁traditional ▁written ▁form , ▁Liter ary ▁Chinese , ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁written ▁ver n acular ▁Chinese , ▁which |
▁drew ▁its ▁voc abulary ▁and ▁gram mar ▁from ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁Northern ▁dialect s ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁Mand arin ▁dialect s ). ▁After ▁un successful ▁attempts ▁to ▁define ▁a ▁cross - d ial ect al ▁spoken ▁standard , ▁it ▁was ▁realized ▁that ▁a ▁single ▁spoken ▁form ▁must ▁be ▁selected . ▁The ▁only ▁realistic ▁candidate ▁was ▁the ▁Beijing - based ▁gu ā n hu à , ▁which ▁was ▁adapted ▁and ▁developed ▁into ▁modern ▁Standard ▁Chinese , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁often ▁called ▁Mand arin . ▁ ▁Ph on ology ▁ ▁The ▁initial s ▁of ▁Sin ▁Su k ch u ' s ▁standard ▁read ings ▁( mid - 1 5 th ▁century ) ▁differ ed ▁from ▁those ▁of ▁Late ▁Middle ▁Chinese ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁two ▁series ▁of ▁retro flex es : ▁ ▁Sin ' s ▁system ▁had ▁fewer ▁fin als ▁than ▁Late ▁Middle ▁Chinese . ▁In ▁particular , ▁final ▁stops ▁- p , ▁- t ▁and ▁- k ▁had ▁all ▁merged ▁as ▁a ▁final ▁gl ott al ▁stop , ▁as ▁found ▁in ▁modern ▁Ji ang - H u ai ▁Mand arin : ▁ ▁This ▁system ▁had ▁mid ▁v ow els ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁which ▁have ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁open ▁v ow el ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁standard ▁language . ▁For ▁example , ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁both ▁gu ā n ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁language , ▁but ▁were ▁distinguished ▁as ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁Sin ' s ▁system . ▁The ▁Middle ▁Chinese ▁level ▁tone ▁had ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁registers ▁condition ed ▁by ▁vo |
icing ▁of ▁the ▁initial , ▁as ▁in ▁modern ▁Mand arin ▁dialect s . ▁ ▁In ▁comparison ▁with ▁Sin ' s ▁standard ▁read ings , ▁the ▁major ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁M ing ▁language ▁described ▁by ▁European ▁mission aries ▁were ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁vo iced ▁initial s ▁and ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁ ▁fin als ▁with ▁. ▁The ▁initial s ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁had ▁become ▁vo iced ▁fr ic atives ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁respectively . ▁ ▁had ▁merged ▁into ▁ ▁before ▁mid ▁and ▁low ▁v ow els , ▁and ▁both ▁initial s ▁had ▁disappeared ▁before ▁high ▁v ow els . ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁the ▁mid ▁v ow el ▁/ ▁had ▁merged ▁with ▁. ▁However ▁unlike ▁the ▁contemporary ▁Beijing ▁pron unci ation , ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Mand arin ▁still ▁distinguished ▁between ▁pal atal ized ▁vel ars ▁and ▁dental ▁aff ric ates , ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁spell ings ▁" P eking " ▁and ▁" T ients in " ▁for ▁modern ▁" Be ijing " ▁and ▁" T ian j in ". ▁ ▁V oc abulary ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁voc abulary ▁found ▁in ▁descriptions ▁of ▁Mand arin ▁speech ▁before ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century ▁has ▁been ▁retained ▁by ▁the ▁modern ▁standard ▁language . ▁However ▁ ▁several ▁words ▁that ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁more ▁broad ly - based ▁written ▁ver n acular ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁and ▁earlier ▁periods ▁are ▁absent ▁from ▁early ▁accounts ▁of ▁standard ▁speech . ▁These ▁include ▁such ▁now - common ▁words |
▁as ▁h ē ▁ ▁' to ▁drink ', ▁h ě n ▁ ▁' very ', ▁su ǒ y ǒ ude ▁ ▁' all , ▁what so ever ' ▁and ▁z án men ▁ ▁' we ▁( incl usive ) '. ▁In ▁other ▁cases ▁a ▁northern ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁word ▁displ aced ▁a ▁southern ▁form ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁as ▁in ▁d ō u ▁ ▁' all ' ▁( former ly ▁d ū ) ▁and ▁há i ▁ ▁' st ill , ▁yet ' ▁( former ly ▁h u án ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Works ▁cited ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Modern ▁studies ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Early ▁European ▁d iction aries ▁and ▁gr amm ars ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Vol umes ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 . ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Vol umes ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁H ó ng w ǔ ▁Z h è ng y ù n ▁( <0xE6> <0xB4> <0xAA> 武 正 <0xE9> <0x9F> <0xBB> ) ▁at ▁the ▁Internet ▁Arch ive . ▁ ▁Category : M and arin ▁Chinese ▁Category : M ing ▁dyn asty ▁Category : Q ing ▁dyn asty ▁culture ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁language ▁Category : L anguages ▁att ested ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Central ▁Inter ceptor ▁is ▁an ▁upcoming ▁Water care ▁C CO ▁infrastructure ▁project ▁to ▁bore ▁a ▁giant ▁waste water ▁pipe ▁underneath ▁the ▁A uck land ▁Central ▁Ist h mus , ▁to ▁carry ▁waste water ▁flows ▁from ▁parts ▁of |
▁the ▁city ▁to ▁the ▁M ang ere ▁W aste water ▁Treat ment ▁Plant . ▁ ▁Apart ▁from ▁being ▁intended ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁population ▁growth ▁in ▁A uck land ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁increased ▁waste water ▁demands , ▁it ▁also ▁is ▁aim ing ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁waste water ▁over fl ows ▁from ▁the ▁older ▁combined ▁waste water / storm water ▁systems ▁in ▁western ▁A uck land , ▁which ▁currently , ▁on ▁strong ▁rain fall ▁days , ▁are ▁forced ▁to ▁dump ▁excess ▁water ▁( cont am inated ▁by ▁fa ec es ) ▁into ▁the ▁Wait emat ā ▁Har bour . ▁The ▁new ▁capacity ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁reduce ▁these ▁over fl ows ▁by ▁at ▁least ▁ 8 0 %, ▁reducing ▁the ▁times ▁per ▁year ▁that ▁cont am inated ▁storm water ▁is ▁dump ed ▁into ▁the ▁har bour ▁from ▁ 5 2 ▁days ▁a ▁year ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁fewer ▁days . ▁Six teen ▁access ▁shaft s , ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁deep , ▁will ▁be ▁constructed . ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁inter ceptor ▁will ▁be ▁A uck land ' s ▁largest ▁waste water ▁project ▁in ▁history , ▁cost ing ▁approximately ▁$ 1 . 2 B , ▁and ▁being ▁ 1 3 ▁km ▁long ▁( plus ▁side ▁branches ), ▁and ▁ 4 . 5 m ▁diameter . ▁It ▁is ▁to ▁run ▁from ▁Western ▁Springs ▁to ▁M ang ere . ▁ ▁Construction ▁The ▁construction ▁contract ▁was ▁signed ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁with ▁the ▁G he lla ▁A berg eld ie ▁J oint ▁Vent ure . |
▁Construction ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 2 4 . ▁ ▁Construction ▁will ▁be ▁via ▁tunnel ▁boring ▁machine , ▁and ▁the ▁course ▁will ▁take ▁the ▁tunnel ▁ 1 5 m ▁underneath ▁the ▁Man uk au ▁Har bour , ▁though ▁( due ▁to ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Ist h mus ), ▁in ▁other ▁areas ▁if ▁will ▁be ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ 1 1 0 m ▁below ▁properties . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : In frastructure ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : A uck land ▁Category : S ew er age ▁infrastructure <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁" D ust y " ▁Hud ock ▁( born ▁September ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁Cleveland , ▁Ohio ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁American ▁soccer ▁goal keeper . ▁Hud ock ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Soc cer , ▁playing ▁primarily ▁for ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Sound ers , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁Charl eston ▁B attery ▁of ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁and ▁US L ▁First ▁Division . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Youth ▁and ▁college ▁Hud ock ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona ▁and ▁played ▁youth ▁soccer ▁for ▁C IS CO ▁Ar senal . ▁He ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Washington ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁All ▁American ▁Second ▁Team ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁soccer ▁team ▁at ▁the |
▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁World ▁Student ▁Games ▁held ▁in ▁She ff ield . ▁ ▁At ▁some ▁point ▁during ▁his ▁colleg iate ▁career , ▁Hud ock ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁T uc son ▁Am igos ▁of ▁the ▁US IS L . ▁ ▁Professional ▁Hud ock ▁initially ▁began ▁playing ▁soccer ▁at ▁the ▁college ▁level ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Washington , ▁until ▁turning ▁professional ▁by ▁signing ▁with ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Sound ers ▁of ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁During ▁his ▁ten ure ▁with ▁the ▁Sound ers , ▁he ▁primarily ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁backup ▁for ▁then ▁starting ▁goal ie ▁Marcus ▁H ahn em ann ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁minimal ▁appearances ▁for ▁the ▁young ▁goal keeper . ▁Despite ▁not ▁recording ▁much ▁minutes ▁on ▁the ▁field , ▁he ▁did ▁receive ▁his ▁first ▁piece ▁of ▁silver ware ▁as ▁Seattle ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁Champions ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rap ids ▁draft ed ▁Hud ock ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁M LS ▁In aug ural ▁Player ▁D raft . ▁At ▁Colorado , ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁experience ▁being ▁a ▁st arter ▁during ▁the ▁commence ▁of ▁earlier ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁but ▁was ▁soon ▁after ▁replaced ▁by ▁Chris ▁Woods , ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Seattle ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Iron ically ▁soon ▁after ▁his ▁release ▁from ▁Colorado , ▁the ▁club ▁would ▁sign ▁his ▁former ▁team mate ▁H ahn em ann ▁as |
▁his ▁success or , ▁which ▁allowed ▁Hud ock ▁to ▁complete ▁for ▁a ▁starting ▁goal keeper ▁position ▁in ▁Seattle . ▁Hud ock ▁super b ▁performances ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁campaign ▁resulted ▁in ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁awarded ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁award . ▁After ▁an ▁exceptional ▁showing ▁at ▁Seattle ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁sign ▁by ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Fire ▁on ▁a ▁loan , ▁where ▁it ▁got ▁Hud ock ▁a ▁M LS ▁championship . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁loan ▁with ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rap ids ., ▁while ▁a ▁late ▁call - up ▁during ▁the ▁play offs ▁by ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Fire ▁got ▁Hud ock ▁an ▁M LS ▁championship ▁ring ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁bench ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁M LS ▁draft ▁it ▁was ▁presum ed ▁by ▁many ▁that ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Mut iny ▁would ▁sign ▁Hud ock , ▁but ▁instead ▁the ▁team ▁signed ▁Scott ▁Gar lick . ▁D ust y ▁entered ▁the ▁M LS ▁D raft ▁and ▁was ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁Miami ▁F usion . ▁Hud ock ▁started ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁games ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁until ▁usual ▁st arter ▁Jeff ▁Cass ar ▁returned ▁from ▁injury . ▁F usion ▁wa ived ▁Hud ock , ▁and ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁Charl eston ▁B attery ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁Charl eston ▁he ▁earned ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁being ▁a ▁prime ▁goal keeper |
▁and ▁an ▁outstanding ▁shot - stop per . ▁His ▁immense ▁contributions ▁brought ▁Charl eston ▁to ▁a ▁great ▁level ▁of ▁prest ige ▁among ▁the ▁league . ▁During ▁his ▁ten ure ▁at ▁Charl eston ▁he ▁has ▁established ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁all - time ▁leading ▁goal keeper ▁for ▁the ▁B attery ▁with ▁ 1 3 0 ▁wins ▁and ▁a ▁G AA ▁of ▁ 1 . 0 8 . ▁His ▁B attery ▁records ▁include ▁ 9 1 ▁shut outs ▁and ▁ 2 6 0 ▁games ▁started . ▁He ▁assist ed ▁the ▁club ▁by ▁claiming ▁their ▁second ▁A - Le ague ▁Championship ▁and ▁several ▁Division ▁titles ; ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁in ▁his ▁career ▁A - Le ague ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁In ▁February , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 1 6 th ▁in ▁the ▁US L ▁First ▁Division ▁Top ▁ 2 5 ▁of ▁the ▁Dec ade , ▁which ▁announced ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁and ▁most ▁influential ▁players ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁decade . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁he ▁posted ▁a ▁career ▁high ▁season ▁by ▁recording ▁ 1 7 ▁vict ories ▁under ▁his ▁belt , ▁as ▁well ▁receiving ▁his ▁first ▁piece ▁of ▁silver ware ▁by ▁winning ▁the ▁Division ▁title . ▁His ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁season ▁was ▁exceptional , ▁as ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁finish ▁as ▁the ▁league ' s ▁leading ▁goal keeper ▁with ▁ 1 3 ▁shut outs ▁that ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁G AA ▁of ▁ |
0 . 6 0 . ▁His ▁remarkable ▁season ▁led ▁to ▁him ▁being ▁awarded ▁the ▁A - Le ague ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁award , ▁as ▁well ▁receiving ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁his ▁domestic ▁club ' s ▁team ▁awards . ▁Hud ock ▁would ▁experience ▁a ▁tremendous ▁season ▁with ▁Charl eston ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁where ▁he ▁provided ▁a ▁p iv otal ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁club ' s ▁championship ▁season . ▁He ▁recorded ▁ 1 1 ▁shut outs ▁that ▁clin ched ▁the ▁Sout heast ▁Division ▁title ▁and ▁provided ▁a ▁play off ▁ber th ▁for ▁the ▁B attery . ▁In ▁the ▁club ' s ▁play off ▁round , ▁Hud ock ▁posted ▁three ▁consecutive ▁shut outs ▁against ▁the ▁likes ▁of ▁the ▁Roche ster ▁Rh inos , ▁and ▁including ▁the ▁final ▁match ▁against ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Th under , ▁which ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 - 0 ▁A - Le ague ▁Championship ▁victory . ▁For ▁his ▁ded ication ▁the ▁club ▁hon oured ▁him ▁with ▁the ▁Charl eston ▁B attery ▁M VP ▁award ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁consecutive ▁year ▁in ▁a ▁row . ▁The ▁following ▁season , ▁Charl eston ▁produced ▁a ▁medi oc re ▁season ▁because ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁its ▁championship ▁winning ▁squad ▁went ▁overseas ▁to ▁pursue ▁new ▁opportunities . ▁Despite ▁not ▁making ▁the ▁post ▁season , ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁club ▁to ▁the ▁sem if inals ▁of ▁the ▁L amar ▁Hunt ▁US ▁Open ▁Cup . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Hud ock ▁would ▁pursue ▁other ▁club ▁offers ▁eventually ▁signing ▁with ▁the ▁Roche ster |
▁Rh inos . ▁ ▁His ▁ten ure ▁at ▁Roche ster ▁met ▁an ▁unf avor able ▁run ▁for ▁the ▁goal keeper , ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁primarily ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁to ▁Scott ▁V allow . ▁This ▁prompt ed ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁South ▁Carolina ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁club ▁captain ▁and ▁once ▁again ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁Charl eston ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁play offs . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Hud ock ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Charl eston ▁squad ▁that ▁made ▁history ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁Open ▁Cup , ▁by ▁becoming ▁the ▁second ▁US L ▁club ▁in ▁the ▁M LS ▁era ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁tournament ▁championship , ▁where ▁their ▁opponents ▁were ▁D . C . ▁United . ▁Unfortunately ▁in ▁the ▁final , ▁D . C . ▁United ▁came ▁away ▁with ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 ▁victory . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁B attery ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁US L 1 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁B attery ▁M VP ▁ 0 2 , 0 3 , 0 4 ▁B attery ▁def ender ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁in ▁ 0 1 ▁and ▁ 0 2 ▁and ▁US L ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁in ▁ 0 2 . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁Following ▁his ▁retirement ▁Hud ock ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁Charl eston ▁area ▁and ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁to ▁B attery ▁head ▁coach ▁Mike ▁An ha e user ▁in ▁various ▁capac ities . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Hud ock |
▁is ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁B attery ' s ▁U - 1 8 ▁academ y ▁squad ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Soc cer ▁Development ▁Academy . ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁Charl eston ▁B attery ▁A - Le ague ▁Championship ▁Champions ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Individual Ch arl eston ▁B attery ▁M VP ▁( 3 ): ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 Ch arl eston ▁B attery ▁Def ender ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( 2 ): ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 A - Le ague ▁Go al keeper ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( 2 ): ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Charl eston ▁B attery ▁bio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁soccer ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : S oc cer ▁players ▁from ▁Arizona ▁Category : W ashington ▁H usk ies ▁men ' s ▁soccer ▁players ▁Category : US L ▁First ▁Division ▁players ▁Category : Se attle ▁Sound ers ▁( 1 9 9 4 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁players ▁Category : R oche ster ▁Rh inos ▁players ▁Category : Color ado ▁Rap ids ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Fire ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : M iami ▁F usion ▁players ▁Category : Ch arl eston ▁B attery ▁players ▁Category : |
T uc son ▁Am igos ▁players ▁Category : US IS L ▁A - Le ague ▁players ▁Category : M ajor ▁League ▁Soc cer ▁players ▁Category : A - Le ague ▁( 1 9 9 5 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁players ▁Category : American ▁Professional ▁Soc cer ▁League ▁players ▁Category : US L ▁A - Le ague ▁players ▁Category : Color ado ▁Rap ids ▁draft ▁picks ▁Category : M iami ▁F usion ▁draft ▁picks <0x0A> </s> ▁T . ▁L . ▁Bur ton ▁( Th omas ▁L ingen ▁( Tom ) ▁Bur ton ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁emer it us ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁and ▁a ▁reput ed ▁scholar ▁of ▁medieval ▁English ▁literature , ▁language , ▁and ▁dialect ics . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁volume ▁Sid r ak ▁and ▁B ok k us , ▁which ▁once ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁books ▁in ▁Middle ▁English . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁numerous ▁publications ▁on ▁Middle ▁English , ▁Bur ton ▁has ▁also ▁written ▁books ▁for ▁a ▁more ▁general ▁audience . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁founding ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Ch au cer ▁Studio , ▁a ▁non - profit ▁organization ▁which ▁produces ▁record ings ▁in ▁period ▁pron unci ation ▁of ▁Middle ▁English ▁texts ▁and ▁makes ▁these ▁available ▁as ▁instruction al ▁a ids . ▁ ▁Bur ton ' s ▁current ▁research ▁interest ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁poetry ▁of ▁William ▁Barn es . ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁several ▁articles ▁on ▁this ▁subject , ▁and ▁regularly ▁organ ises ▁performances ▁of |
▁Barn es ' ▁poetry ▁in ▁the ▁poet ' s ▁original ▁Dor set ▁dialect ▁for ▁the ▁Ad ela ide ▁F ringe ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Bur ton ▁has ▁won ▁several ▁major ▁pri zes ▁for ▁his ▁teaching . ▁ ▁Public ations ▁ ▁Ed iting ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁' M istr ans lation ▁or ▁Ad apt ation ▁in ▁Med ieval ▁Man us cript s : ▁Can ▁One ▁Tell ▁the ▁D ifference ?' ▁L ing ua ▁Human itat is ▁ 2 . 2 ▁( Oct . ▁ 2 0 0 2 ): ▁ 1 2 9 - 4 1 . ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁Sid r ak ▁and ▁B ok k us : ▁A ▁Par allel - Text ▁Edition ▁from ▁Bod le ian ▁Library , ▁MS ▁La ud ▁M isc . ▁ 5 5 9 ▁and ▁British ▁Library , ▁MS ▁L ans d ow ne ▁ 7 9 3 . ▁ 2 ▁Vol s , ▁Early ▁English ▁Text ▁Society , ▁Original ▁Series ▁ 3 1 1 ▁and ▁ 3 1 2 . ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁UP , ▁ 1 9 9 8 – 9 9 . ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁‘ Pro ver bs , ▁S ent ences , ▁and ▁Pro verb ial ▁Ph r ases ▁from ▁the ▁English ▁Sid r ak '. ▁Media eval ▁Studies ▁ 5 1 ▁( 1 9 8 9 ): ▁ 3 2 9 – 5 4 . ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁‘ The ▁Cro cod ile ▁as ▁the ▁Symbol ▁of ▁an ▁Ev il ▁Woman : ▁A ▁Med |
ieval ▁Inter pret ation ▁of ▁the ▁Cro cod ile – T ro ch il us ▁Rel ationship '. ▁Par erg on ▁ 2 0 ▁( 1 9 7 8 ): ▁ 2 5 – 3 3 . ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁‘ L ate ▁Fif teenth - Cent ury ▁" Term s ▁of ▁Association " ▁in ▁MS ▁P ep ys ▁ 1 0 4 7 '. ▁Notes ▁and ▁Qu eries ▁ 2 2 3 ▁( 1 9 7 8 ): ▁ 7 – 1 2 . ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁‘ S id r ak ▁on ▁Rep roduction ▁and ▁Sex ual ▁Love '. ▁Medical ▁History ▁ 1 9 ▁( 1 9 7 5 ): ▁ 2 8 6 – 3 0 2 . ▁ ▁Middle ▁English ▁dialect ology ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁' On ▁the ▁Current ▁State ▁of ▁Middle ▁English ▁D ial ect ology '. ▁Le eds ▁Studies ▁in ▁English ▁NS ▁ 2 2 ▁( 1 9 9 1 ): ▁ 1 6 7 – 2 0 8 . ▁[ Dis cuss ing ▁A ▁L ingu istic ▁Atl as ▁of ▁Late ▁Media eval ▁English , ▁by ▁Ang us ▁Mc Int osh , ▁M . L . ▁Sam u els , ▁and ▁Michael ▁B ens kin ▁( A ber de en ▁UP , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ). ] ▁ ▁William ▁Barn es ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁William ▁Barn es ' s ▁D ial ect ▁Po ems : ▁A ▁P ron unci ation ▁Guide . ▁The ▁Ch au cer |
▁Studio ▁Press . ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁The ▁Sound ▁of ▁William ▁Barn es ' s ▁D ial ect ▁Po ems . ▁University ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁Press . ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom ▁and ▁K . ▁K . ▁Ruth ven . ▁The ▁Complete ▁Po ems ▁of ▁William ▁Barn es : ▁Volume ▁ 1 . ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁General ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁W ords , ▁W ords , ▁W ords . ▁University ▁Radio ▁ 5 UV , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁W ords ▁in ▁Your ▁E ar . ▁W ake field ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ ▁Bur ton , ▁Tom . ▁Long ▁W ords ▁B other ▁Me . ▁S utton ▁Publishing , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁UK ▁republic ation , ▁in ▁one ▁volume , ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁above - c ited ▁works . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Bur ton ' s ▁faculty ▁home page ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Ad ela ide ▁faculty <0x0A> </s> ▁Ed mond ▁Charles ▁Clinton ▁Gen et ▁( N ovember ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁– ▁April ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 ) ▁was |
▁the ▁first ▁American ▁fl ier ▁to ▁die ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁after ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁declared ▁war ▁against ▁Germany , ▁shot ▁down ▁by ▁anti - air craft ▁artillery ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁ ▁Gen et ▁had ▁desert ed ▁from ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁travel ▁to ▁France ▁and ▁fought ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁with ▁the ▁French ▁Foreign ▁Leg ion ▁in ▁the ▁tren ches ▁of ▁eastern ▁France . ▁After ▁six ▁months ▁of ▁training , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁La f ay ette ▁Esc adr ille , ▁a ▁squad ron ▁of ▁fighter ▁aircraft ▁that ▁mostly ▁consisted ▁of ▁Americans . ▁Gen et ▁was ▁killed ▁less ▁than ▁four ▁months ▁later . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Gen et ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁O ss ining , ▁New ▁York ▁on ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁to ▁Albert ▁Rivers ▁Gen et ▁and ▁Martha ▁Rod man ▁Fox . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁youngest ▁of ▁three ▁sons ▁and ▁his ▁two ▁brothers ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁▁ ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁lawyer ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁several ▁organizations ▁including ▁the ▁D aughters ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution . ▁Gen et ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁great - grand son ▁of ▁Ed mond - Char les ▁Gen êt , ▁the ▁controversial ▁French ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁M t . ▁Ple asant ▁Military ▁Academy . ▁When ▁his ▁father ▁died ▁in ▁ |
1 9 1 2 , ▁he ▁took ▁on ▁several ▁jobs ▁to ▁help ▁his ▁mother ▁with ▁bills , ▁including ▁one ▁at ▁a ▁d airy ▁owned ▁by ▁V . ▁Ever it ▁M acy , ▁a ▁government ▁official ▁for ▁the ▁county . ▁ ▁US ▁Navy ▁Gen et ▁interviewed ▁to ▁be ▁accepted ▁as ▁a ▁cad et ▁at ▁the ▁US ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁but ▁failed ▁mathemat ics ▁and ▁was ▁rejected . ▁Gen et ▁was ▁encouraged ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ▁as ▁they ▁thought ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁promoted ▁quickly . ▁ ▁Gen et ▁joined ▁the ▁US ▁naval ▁milit ia ▁as ▁an ▁ordinary ▁se aman ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁at ▁just ▁ 1 7 . ▁Gen et ▁was ▁posted ▁to ▁, ▁which ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁port ▁city ▁of ▁Ver ac ru z ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁T amp ico ▁Aff air . ▁After ▁three ▁months , ▁Georgia ▁left ▁Ver ac ru z ▁and ▁s ailed ▁to ▁Port ▁au ▁Prince , ▁H ait i , ▁where ▁Gen et ▁heard ▁that ▁war ▁had ▁broken ▁out ▁in ▁Europe . ▁In ▁late ▁December , ▁Gen et ▁was ▁given ▁leave ▁of ▁ten ▁days ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁return ▁as ▁he ▁decided ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁go ▁to ▁France ▁to ▁fight ▁against ▁the ▁Central ▁Pow ers . ▁He ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁visa ▁by ▁giving ▁his ▁age ▁as ▁twenty - one ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁visa ▁official . ▁He ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁secure ▁a ▁pass port ▁by ▁lying ▁and ▁saying ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁going ▁to ▁France ▁to ▁in quire ▁about ▁his ▁family ' s ▁estate |
. ▁Gen et ▁kept ▁quiet ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁necessary ▁documents ▁but ▁before ▁leaving ▁on ▁SS ▁R och am be au , ▁Gen et ▁wrote ▁letters ▁to ▁several ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁and ▁family ▁that ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁expect ▁to ▁survive ▁this ▁conflict . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁he ▁wrote ▁to ▁his ▁mother : ▁ ▁I ▁never ▁expect ▁to ▁come ▁back ▁— ▁death ▁seems ▁near er ▁to ▁me ▁than ▁any ▁possible ▁chances ▁of ▁going ▁through ▁the ▁horrible ▁g h ast ly ▁conflict ▁which ▁is ▁car ousing ▁over ▁Europe ▁without ▁meeting ▁death . ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁fear ▁when ▁I ▁think ▁of ▁it , ▁Mother . ▁I ▁can ▁give ▁my ▁life ▁just ▁as ▁freely ▁for ▁the ▁Tr icol or ▁as ▁I ▁can ▁for ▁Old ▁Gl ory . — ▁January ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁ 1 ▁ ▁French ▁Foreign ▁Leg ion ▁ ▁Gen et ▁arrived ▁in ▁Le ▁Hav re , ▁France ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁January . ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁French ▁Foreign ▁Leg ion ▁and ▁was ▁sent ▁for ▁training ▁in ▁Ly on , ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁Norman ▁Prince . ▁After ▁months ▁of ▁lobby ing , ▁Prince ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁convince ▁the ▁French ▁military ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁La f ay ette ▁Esc adr ille , ▁a ▁squad ron ▁of ▁fly ers ▁that ▁mostly ▁consisted ▁of ▁Americans , ▁with ▁some ▁French ▁officers . ▁Gen et ▁joined ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁its ▁formation . ▁Much ▁to ▁his ▁happiness |
▁– ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁trouble ▁with ▁speaking ▁French ▁– ▁he ▁found ▁several ▁fellow ▁Americans ▁within ▁the ▁leg ion . ▁He ▁quickly ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁Dr . ▁David ▁E . ▁Whe eler , ▁who ▁had ▁arrived ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁winter , ▁becoming ▁a ▁Red ▁Cross ▁volunteer . ▁He ▁decided ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁Gen et . ▁The ▁two ▁served ▁together ▁until ▁Whe eler ▁was ▁wounded ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁After ▁six ▁weeks ▁of ▁training , ▁Gen et ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁in ▁eastern ▁France . ▁Gen et ▁spent ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁months ▁in ▁the ▁tren ches ▁seeing ▁some ▁action ▁but ▁nothing ▁compared ▁to ▁what ▁he ▁would ▁experience ▁in ▁late ▁September . ▁ ▁The ▁Second ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ch amp agne ▁started ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 5 ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁blood iest ▁battle ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁for ▁the ▁Leg ion . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁September , ▁Gen et ' s ▁batt alion ▁attacked , ▁losing ▁their ▁senior ▁officers ▁within ▁moments ▁of ▁the ▁attack . ▁Gen et ▁found ▁himself ▁at ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁attack ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁other ▁leg ion ary . ▁Real izing ▁that ▁the ▁advance ▁had ▁been ▁stopped , ▁they ▁decided ▁to ▁retreat ▁back ▁to ▁their ▁t rench . ▁The ▁other ▁leg ion ary ▁was ▁wounded ▁or ▁possibly ▁killed ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁back . ▁Gen et ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 1 ▁men ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁who ▁survived ▁the ▁battle ▁un sc at hed . ▁The ▁battle ▁saw |
▁French ▁casual ties ▁near ▁ 1 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁just ▁three ▁weeks ▁of ▁fighting . ▁ ▁Later , ▁Gen et ▁was ▁back ▁fighting ▁in ▁the ▁Bo is ▁Sab ot ; ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁took ▁shelter ▁during ▁an ▁artillery ▁barr age . ▁A ▁unit ▁of ▁Sen eg ales e ▁T ir aille urs ▁took ▁up ▁the ▁charge ▁and ▁Gen et ▁went ▁with ▁them . ▁Gen et ▁was ▁separated ▁from ▁his ▁unit ▁for ▁three ▁days , ▁it ▁was ▁feared ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁fighting ▁and ▁his ▁death ▁was ▁reported ▁in ▁several ▁papers . ▁Other ▁papers ▁only ▁reported ▁him ▁missing . ▁Gen et ▁was ▁proud ▁of ▁being ▁an ▁American , ▁sought ▁the ▁company ▁of ▁his ▁countr ym en ▁and ▁for ▁a ▁while ▁flew ▁the ▁Stars ▁and ▁St ri pes ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁his ▁tent . ▁In ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁letters ▁home , ▁he ▁wrote ▁about ▁his ▁love ▁for ▁his ▁country . ▁He ▁wrote ▁of ▁his ▁excitement ▁about ▁the ▁upcoming ▁July ▁ 4 ▁celebr ations . ▁ ▁La f ay ette ▁Esc adr ille ▁ ▁Gen et ▁finally ▁got ▁his ▁wish ▁of ▁flying . ▁After ▁a ▁year ▁in ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁and ▁over ▁eight ▁months ▁of ▁applying , ▁he ▁was ▁accepted ▁to ▁av iation ▁school ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁pilot . ▁ ▁He ▁started ▁school ▁on ▁ 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁completed ▁his ▁training ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁promoted ▁to ▁corpor al . ▁He |
▁joined ▁the ▁La f ay ette ▁Esc adr ille ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁Within ▁a ▁few ▁days , ▁Gen et ▁received ▁his ▁own ▁N ieu port ▁ 2 1 ▁fighter ▁to ▁use ▁on ▁his ▁first ▁mission ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁January . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁ser ge ant ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁March , ▁after ▁completing ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁sort ies . ▁ ▁Gen et ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁last ▁American ▁fly er ▁to ▁be ▁killed ▁before ▁America ▁entered ▁the ▁war . ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁March , ▁Gen et ▁and ▁James ▁Rogers ▁Mc Conn ell ▁were ▁flying ▁over ▁enemy ▁lines ▁near ▁Ver d un ▁when ▁they ▁encountered ▁two ▁German ▁aircraft . ▁They ▁each ▁attacked ▁an ▁aircraft ▁and ▁both ▁pilots ▁became ▁separated . ▁Gen et ▁was ▁wounded ▁by ▁a ▁bullet ▁that ▁hit ▁his ▁cheek ▁and ▁his ▁plane ▁was ▁badly ▁damaged . ▁ ▁Mc Conn ell ' s ▁body ▁and ▁his ▁aircraft ▁were ▁found ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁later ▁by ▁adv ancing ▁French ▁soldiers . ▁Gen et ▁received ▁the ▁ ▁Cro ix ▁de ▁Gu erre ▁for ▁this ▁action . ▁Gen et ▁was ▁a ▁talented ▁drawer ▁and ▁painter , ▁covering ▁the ▁Esc adr ille ▁mess ▁hall ▁with ▁his ▁scenes ▁of ▁a erial ▁combat . ▁One ▁wall ▁was ▁filled ▁with ▁the ▁Indian ▁head ▁that ▁became ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁Esc adr ille . ▁ ▁Death ▁ ▁Gen et ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁in ▁France ; ▁he ▁was ▁ 2 0 ▁years |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.