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▁models ▁when ▁studying ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ). ▁The ▁important ▁behavior al ▁aspects ▁of ▁AN , ▁the ▁drive ▁for ▁activity , ▁the ▁restricted ▁food ▁int ake ▁during ▁hunger , ▁and ▁other ▁phys i ological ▁consequences ▁of ▁mal nut rition , ▁are ▁all ▁reprodu ced ▁in ▁this ▁model . ▁The ▁“ activity / st ress ” ▁model ▁produces ▁star v ation - ind uced ▁imm un ode f iciency ▁and ▁various ▁complic ations ▁not ▁observed ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN . ▁" Sep aration " ▁models ▁involve ▁physical ▁separation ▁as ▁a ▁stress or ▁to ▁indu ce ▁a ▁depression - like ▁condition ; ▁this ▁includes ▁decre ased ▁feeding , ▁weight ▁loss , ▁and ▁various ▁cognitive ▁changes ▁. ▁Studies ▁with ▁animal ▁models ▁sim ulating ▁loss ▁of ▁hunger ▁are ▁not ▁well ▁suited ▁to ▁re plicate ▁AN ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁essentially ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁assumption ▁of ▁loss ▁of ▁appetite . ▁ ▁Bul im ia ▁N erv osa ▁Two ▁major ▁factors ▁found ▁to ▁contribute ▁to ▁b inge ▁eating ▁in ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa ▁( BN ) ▁patients ▁are : ▁stress ▁and ▁negative ▁emotions . ▁One ▁model ▁of ▁B N ▁produces ▁stress - ind uced ▁hyper ph ag ia , ▁where ▁r ats ▁go ▁through ▁periods ▁of ▁restricted ▁food ▁and ▁then ▁are ▁allowed ▁free ▁access ▁to ▁food ; ▁this ▁mim ics ▁the ▁inter mitt ent ▁self - im posed ▁fast ing ▁and ▁yield ing ▁to ▁food ▁of ▁B N ▁patients . ▁Sh am - fe eding ▁rat ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁present ▁the ▁defect ▁in |
▁the ▁sat iety ▁mechanisms ▁in ▁B N ▁due ▁to ▁vom iting ▁or ▁p urg ing ▁after ▁food ▁int ake . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁multiple ▁mechanisms ▁reg ulate ▁meal ▁pat ter ning , ▁although ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁study ▁them , ▁precise ▁consumption ▁patterns ▁of ▁B N ▁patients ▁must ▁be ▁known ; ▁ ▁these ▁int ake ▁patterns ▁are ▁still ▁currently ▁being ▁studied . ▁ ▁Other ▁models ▁of ▁b inge ▁eating ▁have ▁used ▁various ▁combinations ▁of ▁stress ▁limited ▁access ▁to ▁optional ▁foods , ▁and / or ▁restriction / ref eed ing ▁cycles , ▁along ▁with ▁scheduled ▁eating . ▁These ▁specific ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁address ▁the ▁consum pt ive ▁side ▁of ▁B N , ▁and ▁have ▁proven ▁to ▁be ▁useful ▁for ▁testing ▁drug ▁effects ▁on ▁int ake ▁behavior . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁pharm ac ological ▁response ▁differences ▁between ▁rod ents ▁and ▁humans , ▁new ▁drug ▁development ▁has ▁been ▁concentr ating ▁on ▁drug ▁testing ▁specifically ▁in ▁human ▁subjects . ▁ ▁B inge ▁E ating ▁Dis order ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁animal ▁models ▁for ▁b inge ▁eating ▁has ▁been ▁necessary , ▁because ▁the ▁mechanisms ▁underlying ▁the ▁phys i ological ▁and ▁neural ▁effects ▁are ▁not ▁very ▁well ▁understood . ▁Since ▁the ▁emotional ▁aspects ▁such ▁as ▁distress ▁and ▁loss ▁of ▁control ▁prove ▁difficult ▁to ▁model ▁in ▁animals , ▁the ▁central ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁b inge ▁eating ▁disorder , ▁was ▁attempted ▁to ▁be ▁mim icked . ▁Sh am - fe eding ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁model ▁used ▁to ▁study ▁B ED . ▁ ▁Ob es ity ▁Animal ▁models ▁have ▁been |
▁able ▁to ▁provide ▁key ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁and ▁peripher al ▁biological ▁path ways ▁reg ulating ▁body ▁weight ▁and ▁energy ▁balance . ▁They ▁have ▁proven ▁effective ▁and ▁critical ▁in ▁exam ining ▁environmental ▁influences , ▁along ▁with ▁identifying ▁ther apeut ic ▁targets ▁and ▁treatments . ▁ ▁Animal ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁determine ▁that ▁mal nut rition , ▁mater nal ▁stress , ▁and ▁ins ulin ▁in jections ▁can ▁pre dis pose ▁off spring ▁to ▁adult ▁ob es ity . ▁Pre vious ▁studies ▁have ▁identified ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁ad ip ocy te ▁horm one ▁le pt in , ▁reveal ▁that ▁le pt in ▁treatments ▁reverse ▁ob es ity ▁in ▁knock out ▁m ice ▁( ob / ob ), ▁and ▁that ▁diab etic ▁( db / db ) ▁and ▁Z ucker ▁fat ty ▁( fa / fa ) ▁r ats ▁( Z ucker ▁rat ) ▁display ▁similar ▁ob es ity ▁phen ot ypes . ▁Work ▁on ▁character izing ▁rod ent ▁ob es ity ▁synd rom es ▁spont ane ously ▁ar ising ▁from ▁single ▁gene ▁mut ations ▁has ▁been ▁critical ▁in ▁ob es ity ▁research . ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 0 ▁spont ane ously ▁single ▁gene ▁mut ations ▁characterized ▁which ▁deliber ate ▁an ▁ob es ity ▁phen otype . ▁Currently , ▁many ▁investig ators ▁are ▁using ▁animal ▁models ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁analyze ▁genetic , ▁neural , ▁and ▁phys i ological ▁influences ▁on ▁suscept ibility ▁to ▁diet - ind uced ▁ob es ity . ▁ ▁Treat ments ▁ ▁Ne uro c |
ogn itive ▁Reserve ▁ ▁C ogn ition ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ) ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁improve ▁after ▁treatment . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁that ▁age , ▁education , ▁depression , ▁body ▁mass ▁index ▁( B MI ), ▁duration ▁of ▁illness , ▁and ▁length ▁of ▁hospital ization ▁were ▁not ▁related ▁to ▁cognitive ▁functioning ▁during ▁hospital ization ▁and ▁neuro ps ych ological ▁improvement . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁predict ors ▁of ▁cognitive ▁imp air ment ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁is ▁their ▁cognitive ▁reserve , ▁where ▁the ▁greater ▁cognitive ▁reserve ▁leads ▁to ▁more ▁res ili ency ▁to ▁cognitive ▁imp air ment . ▁The ▁level ▁of ▁cognitive ▁reserve ▁predict s ▁improvement ▁in ▁neuro ps ych ological ▁function ▁including ▁ver bal ▁memory , ▁sem antic ▁flu ency , ▁basic ▁aud itory ▁attention , ▁and ▁vis u osp at ial ▁construction . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁cognitive ▁reserve ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁different ▁AN ▁pro gn osis ▁and ▁therefore ▁treatment ▁may ▁be ▁altered ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁cognitive ▁reserve , ▁where ▁individuals ▁who ▁may ▁experience ▁more ▁severe ▁neuro s ps ych ological ▁def ic its ▁may ▁need ▁more ▁rehe ars al ▁and ▁repeated ▁practice ▁of ▁skills ▁during ▁treatment . ▁ ▁CO ME T ▁ ▁Low ▁self - este em ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁important ▁aspect ▁of ▁various ▁eating ▁disorders ▁( ED ). ▁Im plicit ▁and ▁opinions ▁that ▁refer ▁to ▁ones elf ▁are ▁the ▁main ▁issues ▁of ▁low ▁self - este em , ▁and ▁competitive ▁memory ▁training ▁( |
CO ME T ) ▁was ▁developed ▁as ▁a ▁treatment ▁method ▁for ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁target ▁these ▁opinions . ▁CO ME T ▁is ▁aimed ▁at ▁making ▁the ▁knowledge ▁that ▁patients ▁already ▁know ▁more ▁easily ▁retriev ed ▁from ▁long - term ▁memory ▁by ▁strengthen ing ▁the ▁retriev al ▁of ▁functional ▁representations ▁that ▁are ▁in ▁competition ▁with ▁dys function al ▁representations . ▁ ▁CO ME T ▁emphas izes ▁positive ▁memories ▁by ▁using ▁imag ery , ▁post ure ▁and ▁facial ▁expressions , ▁self - ver bal izations , ▁and ▁music . ▁CO ME T ▁stim ulates ▁emotional ▁sal i ency ▁of ▁functional ▁self - con cept s ▁by ▁writing ▁stories ▁about ▁scenes ▁where ▁positive ▁characteristics ▁are ▁in ▁action ▁and ▁repeatedly ▁ver bal ized ▁positive ▁self - stat ements ▁are ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁scenes . ▁Other ▁techniques ▁of ▁CO ME T ▁used ▁to ▁promote ▁emotional ▁sal ience ▁include ▁the ▁deliber ate ▁movements ▁of ▁post ure , ▁facial ▁expressions ▁and ▁imag ery . ▁Music ▁that ▁is ▁selected ▁by ▁patients ▁with ▁ED ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁stim ulate ▁positive ▁mood . ▁CO ME T ▁prom otes ▁higher ▁and ▁competitive ▁retriev al ▁by ▁activ ating ▁emotionally ▁enhanced ▁positive ▁self - know ledge ▁repeatedly , ▁and ▁then ▁this ▁knowledge ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁situations ▁and ▁c ues ▁that ▁trigger ▁these ▁dys function al ▁negative ▁self - con cept s . ▁Overall , ▁studies ▁have ▁confirmed ▁that ▁CO ME T , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁regular ▁therapy , ▁enh ances ▁self - este em ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders ▁and ▁low ▁self - |
este em . ▁ ▁Virtual ▁Re ality ▁ ▁A ▁reference ▁frame ▁is ▁a ▁way ▁someone ▁can ▁represent ▁their ▁location ▁in ▁space , ▁and ▁evidence ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁our ▁spatial ▁experience ▁involves ▁the ▁combination ▁of ▁our ▁sens ory ▁inputs ▁from ▁two ▁specific ▁reference ▁frames ▁including ▁eg oc entric ▁and ▁alloc entric . ▁The ▁ability ▁to ▁represent ▁and ▁recall ▁objects , ▁including ▁our ▁own ▁body , ▁changes ▁according ▁to ▁our ▁frame ▁of ▁references , ▁where ▁an ▁eg oc entric ▁stance ▁represents ▁objects ▁relative ▁to ▁ourselves ▁while ▁an ▁alloc entric ▁stance ▁represents ▁objects ▁independent ▁of ▁ourselves . ▁These ▁reference ▁frames ▁influence ▁how ▁memories ▁are ▁stored ▁and ▁retriev ed ▁where ▁in ▁the ▁eg oc entric ▁frame , ▁an ▁individual ▁sees ▁an ▁event ▁from ▁their ▁own ▁perspective ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁alloc entric ▁frame , ▁an ▁individual ▁sees ▁themselves ▁engaged ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁as ▁an ▁observer ▁would . ▁ ▁In ▁Western ▁culture , ▁the ▁body ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁personal ▁symbol ▁where ▁sl end erness ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁happiness , ▁success ▁and ▁social ▁accept ability ▁and ▁being ▁over weight ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁la z iness , ▁lack ▁of ▁will power ▁and ▁being ▁out ▁of ▁control . ▁Social ▁influence ▁may ▁therefore ▁explain ▁the ▁progress ion ▁from ▁the ▁“ locked ” ▁alloc entric ▁negative ▁body ▁image , ▁to ▁ob es ity ▁or ▁eating ▁disorders ▁( ED ) ▁because ▁the ▁media ▁and ▁culture ▁both ▁promote ▁diet ▁and ▁controlled ▁eating ▁as ▁methods ▁to ▁improve ▁body - image ▁satisfaction . ▁Individ uals ▁with ▁ED ▁are ▁not ▁able ▁to ▁use ▁their ▁sens ory ▁inputs ▁to ▁update |
▁alloc entric ▁representations ▁of ▁the ▁body , ▁therefore ▁they ▁hate ▁their ▁body ▁even ▁after ▁significant ▁weight ▁loss ▁and ▁continue ▁to ▁attempt ▁to ▁improve ▁it . ▁ ▁Virtual ▁reality ▁( VR ) ▁has ▁been ▁aimed ▁at ▁fixing ▁this ▁issue ▁by ▁helping ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁experience ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁to ▁improve ▁body ▁image ▁in ▁patients ▁suffering ▁from ▁ED ▁or ▁ob es ity . ▁In ▁V R ▁sessions , ▁patients ▁enter ▁a ▁virtual ▁environment ▁that ▁causes ▁them ▁to ▁face ▁critical ▁situations ▁and ▁are ▁then ▁helped ▁to ▁develop ▁specific ▁strategies ▁to ▁cope ▁and ▁avoid ▁these ▁situations . ▁Side ▁effects ▁of ▁V R ▁include ▁n ause a ▁and ▁d izz iness . ▁Overall , ▁good ▁results ▁were ▁found ▁during ▁treatment ▁with ▁exper ient ial ▁cognitive ▁therapy ▁that ▁also ▁included ▁specific ▁body - image ▁protocol ▁based ▁on ▁V R ▁in ▁ob ese ▁and ▁b inge - e ating ▁patients . ▁ ▁Future ▁Research ▁ ▁Further ▁research ▁should ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁on ▁implicit ▁memory ▁and ▁its ▁effects ▁and ▁bi ases ▁on ▁eating ▁disorders . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁conflic ting ▁results ▁from ▁different ▁studies ▁which ▁should ▁be ▁resolved . ▁ ▁Future ▁studies ▁can ▁focus ▁on ▁correct ing ▁these ▁implicit ▁and ▁explicit ▁bi ases ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders , ▁and ▁see ▁if ▁the ▁way ▁these ▁individuals ▁affect ively ▁view ▁and ▁eat ▁food ▁can ▁be ▁changed ▁by ▁teaching ▁these ▁individuals ▁how ▁to ▁conscious ly ▁change ▁their ▁own ▁thought ▁patterns . ▁ ▁More ▁research ▁is ▁also ▁needed ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁specific ▁effects ▁of ▁memory ▁and ▁att ent ional ▁bi ases ▁in ▁various |
▁eating ▁disorders . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁research ▁has ▁been ▁done ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN , ▁however ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁more ▁comprehensive ▁understanding ▁of ▁how ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁effect ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED s , ▁B N ▁and ▁ED N OS ▁must ▁also ▁be ▁looked ▁at , ▁and ▁differences ▁and ▁similar ities ▁in ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁should ▁be ▁compared ▁across ▁eating ▁disorders . ▁Currently ▁many ▁animal ▁models ▁have ▁provided ▁valuable ▁information ▁in ▁regard ▁to ▁eating ▁disorders , ▁but ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁cognitive ▁and ▁physical ▁differences , ▁differences ▁do ▁still ▁arise . ▁Using ▁rod ents ▁to ▁examine ▁genetic ▁et i ological ▁factors ▁for ▁eating ▁disorders ▁must ▁patient ly ▁await ▁break through s ▁in ▁human ▁studies ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁disorders . ▁ ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁beneficial ▁to ▁continue ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁CO ME T ▁and ▁virtual ▁reality ▁treatment ▁methods . ▁CO ME T , ▁so ▁far , ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁effective ▁intervention ▁and ▁the ▁results ▁from ▁studies ▁on ▁the ▁intervention ▁method ▁show ▁that ▁further ▁investigation ▁will ▁be ▁useful . ▁Virtual ▁reality ▁is ▁another ▁treatment ▁tool ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁help ▁modify ▁locked ▁negative ▁body ▁image , ▁and ▁good ▁results ▁were ▁obtained ▁from ▁this ▁study . ▁Impro ve ments ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁for ▁both ▁of ▁these ▁studies ▁including ▁better ▁control ▁of ▁certain ▁variables . ▁The ▁imp aired ▁memory ▁systems ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁cause ▁of , ▁or ▁drive ▁these ▁eating ▁disorders . ▁If ▁treatment ▁methods ▁are ▁developed ▁that ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁target ▁these ▁imp aired ▁memory ▁systems , ▁it ▁could ▁help |
▁not ▁only ▁to ▁individuals ▁in ▁critical ▁state ▁but ▁also ▁as ▁an ▁intervention ▁to ▁individuals ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁stages ▁to ▁prevent ▁their ▁eating ▁disorders ▁from ▁getting ▁worse . ▁ ▁Ult imately ▁using ▁the ▁present ▁research ▁that ▁is ▁available , ▁it ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁conduct ▁future ▁research ▁that ▁exp ands ▁and ▁elabor ates ▁on ▁what ▁has ▁already ▁been ▁discovered ▁to ▁find ▁treatment ▁options ▁for ▁each ▁illness . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : E ating ▁disorders <0x0A> </s> ▁N ath u ▁Ram ▁Ah ir war ▁( 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁politician , ▁social ▁leader , ▁Former ▁Education ▁minister ▁and ▁education ist ▁from ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁B ham our a ▁K has ▁in ▁T ik am gar h ▁district ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh , ▁India . ▁Former ▁minister ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁and ▁senior ▁Congress ▁leader ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁ancest ral ▁village ▁B ham our a ▁K has ▁here ▁following ▁brief ▁illness . ▁Ah ir war , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁a iling ▁for ▁quite ▁some ▁time , ▁died ▁on ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁around ▁ 1 8 : 0 0 , ▁his ▁family ▁said . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁for ▁years ▁ 1 9 5 7 - 6 2 ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Fourth ▁L ok ▁Sab ha ▁- ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 7 |
0 ) ▁and ▁Fifth ▁L ok ▁Sab ha ▁- ▁( 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 7 ) ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Congress ▁Party ▁from ▁T ik am gar h ▁constitu ency , ▁a ▁seat ▁reserved ▁for ▁S cheduled ▁Cast es . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Re habil itation ▁and ▁Co operation ▁and ▁Education ▁Minister . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁Member ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁from ▁Kh arg ap ur ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁as ▁representative ▁of ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁as ▁member ▁of ▁Congress ▁Party . ▁After ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁he ▁left ▁Congress ▁and ▁joined ▁Bah uj an ▁Sam aj ▁Party . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁noted ▁for ▁his ▁activities ▁for ▁better ment ▁of ▁scheduled ▁cast es ▁and ▁also ▁an ▁education ist , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁member ▁of ▁Second ary ▁Education ▁Committee , ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁( 1 9 5 8 – 6 3 ). ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁founded ▁a ▁Hig her ▁Second ary ▁School ▁at ▁Te h ark a ▁T ik am gar h ▁and ▁also ▁is ▁Vice - Pres ident , ▁Deg ree ▁College ▁of ▁New ari ▁near ▁T ik am gar h . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 4 th ▁L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁Category : 5 th ▁L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁Category : Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁ML As ▁ |
1 9 5 7 – 1 9 6 2 ▁Category : Ind ian ▁National ▁Congress ▁politicians ▁from ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁educational ▁the or ists ▁Category : Found ers ▁of ▁Indian ▁schools ▁and ▁colleges ▁Category : Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁ML As ▁ 1 9 7 7 – 1 9 8 0 ▁Category : Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁ML As ▁ 1 9 8 0 – 1 9 8 5 ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁from ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : People ▁from ▁T ik am gar h ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Missouri – O klahoma ▁football ▁rival ry ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁college ▁football ▁rival ry ▁between ▁the ▁Missouri ▁Tig ers ▁football ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri ▁and ▁Oklahoma ▁Soon ers ▁football ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Oklahoma . ▁The ▁T iger – S oon er ▁Peace ▁P ipe ▁is ▁the ▁tro phy ▁awarded ▁to ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁Series ▁history ▁Missouri ▁and ▁Oklahoma ' s ▁football ▁teams ▁first ▁played ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁and ▁played ▁annually ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 0 – 9 5 , ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁one - year ▁inter ruption ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁The ▁T iger - S oon er ▁Peace ▁P ipe ▁has ▁been ▁awarded ▁since ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁The ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Conference ▁was ▁formed |
▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁divisions . ▁The ▁two ▁universities ▁being ▁placed ▁in ▁different ▁division ▁( Miss ouri ▁in ▁the ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁North ▁Division , ▁Oklahoma ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Division ) ▁prevented ▁an ▁annual ▁match up . ▁After ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁ 1 2 , ▁the ▁teams ▁played ▁a ▁home - and - home ▁series ▁with ▁three ▁years ▁in ▁between ▁each ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 8 – 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ). ▁ ▁The ▁Soon ers ▁won ▁the ▁last ▁meeting ▁ 3 8 – 2 8 ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁With ▁Missouri ' s ▁withdrawal ▁from ▁the ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁admission ▁to ▁the ▁Sout he astern ▁Conference ▁effective ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁the ▁rival ry ▁is ▁uncertain . ▁ ▁T iger – S oon er ▁Peace ▁P ipe ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁a ▁genuine ▁Indian ▁peace ▁pipe ▁was ▁don ated ▁by ▁Dr . ▁John ▁S . ▁Knight ▁of ▁Kansas ▁City ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁traveling ▁tro phy ▁of ▁the ▁rival ry . ▁Dr . ▁Knight ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁graduate ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri . ▁The ▁peace ▁pipe , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁to ma h awk , ▁belonged |
▁to ▁Chief ▁White ▁E agle ▁of ▁the ▁P aw ne e ▁tribe . ▁The ▁peace ▁pipe ▁was ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁old ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁don ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁An ▁in scription ▁on ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁reads ▁" M yst ical ▁Seven ▁Society ▁Cer emon ial ▁Tom ah awk ▁P ipe , ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri ▁vs . ▁University ▁of ▁Oklahoma , ▁Dr . ▁John ▁S . ▁Knight ▁– ; ▁don or ▁of ▁peace ▁pipe ." ▁W inners ▁of ▁each ▁game ▁are ▁also ▁in scribed ▁on ▁the ▁pipe . ▁The ▁peace ▁pipe ▁was ▁entr usted ▁to ▁M U ' s ▁Myst ical ▁Seven ▁and ▁O U ' s ▁Pe - et , ▁who ▁would ▁share ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁in ▁the ▁end ▁zone ▁at ▁hal ft ime ▁to ▁celebrate ▁the ▁two ▁universities . ▁The ▁society ▁of ▁the ▁winning ▁university ▁would ▁return ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁to ▁its ▁university ▁until ▁the ▁next ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁teams . ▁ ▁The ▁Soon ers ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁take ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁following ▁their ▁ 7 – 0 ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁Tig ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁In ▁fact , ▁Oklahoma ▁was ▁in scribed ▁ 1 9 ▁times ▁on ▁the ▁pipe ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 0 – 6 3 . ▁After ▁a ▁tie ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁O U ▁gave ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁pipe ▁to ▁M U ▁as ▁Oklahoma ▁had ▁held ▁the ▁tro phy ▁so ▁many ▁more ▁times |
▁since ▁the ▁tro phy ' s ▁in ception . ▁Records ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁tradition ▁continued ▁through ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁but ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁exchange ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁The ▁current ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁pipe ▁is ▁unknown ▁since ▁it ▁was ▁last ▁held ▁by ▁Oklahoma . ▁O U ' s ▁senior ▁associate ▁athlet ic ▁director , ▁Ken ny ▁M oss man , ▁has ▁indicated ▁that ▁Oklahoma ▁officials ▁have ▁conducted ▁an ▁extensive ▁search ▁of ▁their ▁arch ives ▁for ▁historical ▁items , ▁and ▁the ▁peace ▁pipe ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁located . ▁ ▁Not able ▁games ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game ▁The ▁Tig ers ▁were ▁the ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁North ' s ▁representative ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game ▁where ▁they ▁faced ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁South ▁representative ▁Oklahoma . ▁Missouri ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁game ▁ranked ▁# 1 ▁in ▁the ▁AP ▁Poll ▁and ▁B CS ▁stand ings . ▁However , ▁they ▁were ▁upset ▁( O klahoma ▁was ▁fav ored ▁by ▁cas inos ▁in ▁Las ▁Vegas ) ▁by ▁Oklahoma , ▁making ▁their ▁record ▁ 1 1 – 2 ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁This ▁loss ▁also ▁allowed ▁Kansas ▁( 1 1 – 1 ) ▁to ▁pass ▁Missouri ▁in ▁the ▁conference ▁rank ings , ▁earning ▁them ▁a ▁spot ▁in ▁the ▁Orange ▁Bowl , ▁where ▁they ▁defeated ▁Virginia ▁Tech ▁ 2 4 – 2 1 ▁to ▁earn ▁their ▁first ▁B CS ▁bowl ▁victory . ▁▁ 2 0 0 |
8 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game ▁featured ▁a ▁rem atch ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁schools ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Big ▁ 1 2 ▁Championship ▁Game . ▁This ▁time , ▁Oklahoma ▁was ▁fav ored ▁and ▁won ▁hand ily , ▁ 6 2 – 2 1 . ▁ ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁In ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁meeting , ▁M izz ou ▁defeated ▁Oklahoma ▁( then ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁in ▁the ▁B CS ▁stand ings ). ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁ESP N ' s ▁College ▁Game Day , ▁where ▁Missouri ▁set ▁the ▁on - camp us ▁attendance ▁record ▁for ▁Game Day . ▁ ▁Game ▁results ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁NC AA ▁college ▁football ▁rival ry ▁games ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Col lege ▁football ▁rival ries ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Miss ouri ▁Tig ers ▁football ▁Category : O klahoma ▁Soon ers ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁of ▁H ank y u ▁Railway ▁in ▁N ish in omi ya , ▁Hy ō go ▁P ref ect ure , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁stations ▁in ▁N ish in omi ya ▁City , ▁with ▁Hans hin ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Station ▁and ▁J R ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Station . ▁ ▁L ines ▁H ank y u ▁K obe ▁Line ▁ ▁H ank y u ▁I maz |
u ▁Line ▁ ▁The ▁platforms ▁of ▁H ank y u ▁I maz u ▁Line ▁to ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁Station , ▁north bound , ▁and ▁I maz u ▁Station , ▁south bound ▁are ▁separated , ▁and ▁so ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁through ▁trains ▁from ▁Tak ar azu ka ▁to ▁I maz u . ▁ ▁Layout ▁ ▁K obe ▁Line : ▁ 2 ▁island ▁platforms ▁and ▁ 2 ▁side ▁platforms ▁serving ▁ 2 ▁tracks ▁each . ▁ ▁I maz u ▁Line ▁( s outh ): ▁an ▁elev ated ▁side ▁platform ▁serving ▁a ▁track . ▁ ▁I maz u ▁Line ▁( n orth ): ▁ 3 ▁dead - end ▁platforms ▁serving ▁ 2 ▁tracks . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁station ▁opened ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁when ▁the ▁K obe ▁Main ▁Line ▁opened . ▁The ▁I maz u ▁Line ▁opened ▁the ▁next ▁year . ▁ ▁Past ▁layout ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁four ▁ 9 0 - degree ▁diamond ▁cross ings ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁K obe ▁Line ▁and ▁the ▁I maz u ▁Line ▁until ▁they ▁were ▁removed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁new ▁station ▁building . ▁The ▁cross ings ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁platforms ▁for ▁the ▁I maz u ▁Line , ▁between ▁the ▁west bound ▁platforms ▁and ▁the ▁east bound ▁platforms ▁for ▁the ▁K obe ▁Line . ▁ ▁K obe ▁Line ▁west bound ▁platforms : ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁I maz u ▁Line , ▁an ▁island ▁platform ▁serving ▁ 2 ▁tracks ▁with ▁a ▁side |
▁platform ▁for ▁arriv als ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁K obe ▁Line ▁east bound ▁platforms : ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁I maz u ▁Line , ▁an ▁island ▁platform ▁serving ▁ 2 ▁tracks ▁with ▁a ▁side ▁platform ▁for ▁arriv als ▁in ▁the ▁north . ▁ ▁I maz u ▁Line : ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁K obe ▁Line , ▁a ▁side ▁platform ▁and ▁a ▁dead - end ▁platform ▁serving ▁ 4 ▁tracks , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁tracks ▁was ▁removed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁Sur round ings ▁H ank y u ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Gard ens ▁( former ly ▁H ank y u ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Stadium ) ▁Hy ogo ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁Center ▁ACT A ▁N ish in omi ya ▁K osh ien ▁G aku in ▁K osh ien ▁Junior ▁College ▁ ▁Bus es ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 5 | H ank y ū ▁Railway ▁( H K - 0 8 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁O rix ▁Buff al oes ▁- ▁The ▁H ank y u ▁Br aves , ▁predecess ors ▁of ▁the ▁O rix ▁Buff al oes , ▁were ▁based ▁at ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Stadium ▁and ▁N ish in omi ya - Kit ag uch i ▁Station ▁was ▁the ▁nearest ▁station . ▁In ▁those ▁days , ▁train ▁conduct ors ▁called ▁the ▁station ▁name ▁as ▁" N ish in omi ya - kit ag uch i , ▁N ish in omi ya |
▁Stadium - ma e ". ▁ ▁Now ▁there ▁is ▁H ank y u ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Gard ens ▁opened ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁on ▁the ▁vac ant ▁lot ▁where ▁the ▁stadium ▁used ▁to ▁be , ▁and ▁the ▁station ▁name ▁is ▁announced ▁" N ish in omi ya - kit ag uch i , ▁H ank y u ▁N ish in omi ya ▁Gard ens - ma e ". ▁The ▁Mel anch oly ▁of ▁Har u hi ▁Suz umi ya ▁- ▁" Kit ag uch i ▁station " ▁in ▁this ▁anime ▁was ▁model ed ▁on ▁this ▁station . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Hy ō go ▁P ref ect ure ▁Category : H ank y ū ▁K ō be ▁Main ▁Line ▁Category : H ank y u ▁Railway ▁I maz u ▁Line <0x0A> </s> ▁General ▁In spector ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁() ▁was ▁an ▁office ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁after ▁the ▁May ▁Cou p . ▁▁ ▁The ▁General ▁In spector ▁reported ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁President , ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁responsible ▁to ▁the ▁Se j m ▁( par liament ) ▁or ▁the ▁government . ▁In ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁war , ▁the ▁General ▁In spector ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁Commander - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Ar med ▁Forces . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁Poland ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁the ▁post - war ▁establishment |
▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁People ' s ▁Republic , ▁the ▁position ▁was ▁retained ▁by ▁the ▁Polish ▁government - in - ex ile ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁General ▁In spect ors ▁ ▁† ▁denotes ▁people ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁office . ▁ ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic ▁ ▁R yd z - Ś m ig ły ▁went ▁into ▁ex ile ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁during ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁Poland . ▁After wards , ▁all ▁General ▁In spect ors ▁were ▁in ▁ex ile ▁( and ▁increasingly ▁connected ▁with ▁educational ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁cooperation ▁with ▁the ▁London - based ▁Polish ▁Institute ▁and ▁S ik ors ki ▁Museum ). ▁ ▁Polish ▁government - in - ex ile ▁ ▁D uch ▁died ▁on ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁After wards , ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁G IS Z , ▁a ▁Military ▁Council ▁was ▁created , ▁led ▁by ▁gen . ▁b ry g . ▁K lem ens ▁Rud nick i . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Polish ▁General ▁Staff ▁Ministry ▁of ▁National ▁Def ence ▁( Pol and ) ▁Captain ▁general ▁In spector ▁general ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Poland ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁Category : Mil itary ▁history ▁of ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁Not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁An s ald i ▁car ▁manufactured ▁in ▁Milan ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁and ▁which ▁was ▁sold ▁as ▁the ▁F iat ▁B rev etti |
▁after ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁An sal do ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁autom obile ▁manufactured ▁by ▁the ▁arm aments ▁concern ▁G io . ▁An sal do ▁& ▁C . ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁The ▁company ▁entered ▁car ▁manufact ure ▁with ▁an ▁O HC ▁ ▁inline - four ▁engine ▁model ▁which ▁could ▁develop ▁ ▁at ▁ 3 6 0 0 ▁r pm . ▁A ▁sports ▁version ▁with ▁▁ ▁engine ▁was ▁offered , ▁as ▁was ▁a ▁six - cy l inder ▁version ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 1 cc ; ▁later ▁six - cy l ind ers ▁were ▁offered ▁with ▁engines ▁of ▁ 2 1 7 9 ▁cc . ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁company ' s ▁last ▁cars ▁was ▁an ▁O H V ▁straight - 8 ▁of ▁ ▁. ▁An s ald os ▁were ▁generally ▁of ▁good ▁quality ▁and ▁modern ▁design , ▁and ▁competed ▁in ▁many ▁races . ▁When ▁Wik ov ▁began ▁manufact ure ▁in ▁Czech os lov ak ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁they ▁built ▁the ▁ ▁An sal do ▁Tip o ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁Category : V intage ▁vehicles ▁Category : Def unct ▁motor ▁vehicle ▁manufacturers ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : G io . ▁An sal do ▁& ▁C . <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Buy ru ks ▁are ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁spiritual ▁books ▁providing ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁A lev i ▁value ▁system . ▁The ▁word ▁buy ru k ▁in ▁Turkish ▁means ▁" command ". ▁Top ics ▁addressed |
▁in ▁the ▁Buy ru ks ▁include ▁m ü s ah i pl ik ▁" sp irit ual ▁brother hood " ▁and ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁A lev i ▁stories ▁and ▁poems . ▁The ▁story ▁of ▁H aj i ▁B ekt ash ▁Vel i ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁them . ▁ ▁The ▁Buy ru ks ▁also ▁contain ▁Q ur an ic ▁vers es , ▁the ▁say ings ▁of ▁Ali ▁and ▁ ▁the ▁Tw elve ▁Im ams , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁say ings ▁and ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁Y un us ▁Em re , ▁Pir ▁Abd al ▁Mus a , ▁Pir ▁S ultan ▁Abd al , ▁and ▁Is mail ▁I , ▁known ▁by ▁his ▁pen ▁name , ▁Kh ata ' i . ▁ ▁Authority ▁The ▁" B uy ru ks " ▁include ▁pill ars ▁which ▁ded es ▁must ▁up hold ▁and ▁A lev is ▁must ▁also ▁generally ▁ad here ▁to ▁the ▁rules ▁put ▁forth ▁in ▁them . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁A lev i . org ▁ ▁Category : A lev ism ▁Category : Rel igious ▁texts <0x0A> </s> ▁M - 2 4 ▁is ▁a ▁north – s outh ▁state ▁trunk line ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Michigan ▁that ▁extends ▁ ▁through ▁Sout heast ▁Michigan ▁and ▁The ▁Th umb , ▁from ▁nort heast ▁Aub urn ▁Hills ▁to ▁Union ville . ▁It ▁starts ▁at ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁Inter state ▁ 7 5 ▁( I - 7 5 ) ▁and ▁ends ▁where ▁it ▁mer ges ▁with ▁M - 2 5 |
. ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁M - 2 4 ▁design ation ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁US ▁Highway ▁ 2 4 ▁( US 2 4 ) ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁northern ▁termin us ▁located ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁miles ▁from ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁M - 2 4 , ▁M - 2 4 ▁was ▁never ▁part ▁of ▁US 2 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁M - 2 4 ▁in ▁Michigan ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁M - 2 0 ▁when ▁US 1 0 ▁replaced ▁the ▁original ▁M - 2 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁A ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁by pass ▁of ▁downtown ▁Pont iac ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁M - 2 4 A ▁which ▁later ▁became ▁B US M - 2 4 ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁An ▁extension ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁moved ▁the ▁northern ▁end ▁of ▁M - 2 4 ▁north ward ▁from ▁Car o ▁to ▁Union ville , ▁replacing ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁M - 1 3 8 ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁ ▁Route ▁description ▁M - 2 4 ▁begins ▁a ▁hundred ▁feet ▁south ▁of ▁an ▁over pass ▁that ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁double ▁trump et ▁inter change ▁with ▁I - 7 5 ▁in ▁Aub urn ▁Hills . ▁ ▁The ▁inter change ▁also ▁connect s ▁with ▁an ▁entrance ▁into ▁The ▁Palace ▁of ▁Aub urn ▁Hills , ▁former ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁NBA ' s ▁Detroit ▁P ist ons , ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁electronic ▁signs ▁are ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁to |
▁indicate ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁entrance . ▁ ▁The ▁road way ▁is ▁a ▁continu ation ▁of ▁Business ▁Lo op ▁I - 7 5 ▁( BL ▁I - 7 5 ) ▁that ▁travels ▁through ▁Pont iac . ▁This ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁highway ▁dedicated ▁to ▁William ▁David son , ▁former ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁P ist ons , ▁in ▁legislation ▁signed ▁by ▁Michigan ▁Governor ▁Rick ▁S ny der ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁section ▁of ▁M - 2 4 ▁from ▁its ▁southern ▁termin us ▁in ▁Aub urn ▁Hills ▁north ▁to ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Oxford ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bus iest ▁stret ches ▁of ▁road ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁annual ▁average ▁daily ▁traffic ▁( A AD T ). ▁Near ▁The ▁Palace ▁of ▁Aub urn ▁Hills , ▁ 5 0 , 6 0 0 veh icles ▁used ▁the ▁road way ▁on ▁average ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁road ▁is ▁a ▁standard ▁Michigan ▁express way ▁design , ▁with ▁at - grade ▁inter sections , ▁traffic ▁signals , ▁and ▁Michigan ▁Left s . ▁ ▁M - 2 4 ▁continues ▁north ▁through ▁the ▁Bald ▁Mountain ▁Rec reation ▁Area ▁and ▁along ▁the ▁eastern ▁shore ▁of ▁Lake ▁Or ion ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Lake ▁Or ion . ▁This ▁express way ▁continues ▁a ▁few ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁L ape er ▁County ▁line , ▁where ▁the ▁highway ▁becomes ▁a ▁two - lane ▁highway ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁miles , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁express way ▁from ▁Met am ora ▁to ▁I - 6 |
9 . ▁South ▁of ▁Met am ora , ▁M - 2 4 ▁runs ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁former ▁right - of - way ▁for ▁the ▁Michigan ▁Central ▁Rail road ▁north ▁into ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁L ape er . ▁ ▁M - 2 4 ▁continues ▁north ▁from ▁L ape er ▁running ▁west ▁of ▁Barn es ▁Lake ▁and ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Columb i av ille ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁M - 9 0 ▁jun ction . ▁South ▁of ▁the ▁T us cola ▁County ▁line , ▁the ▁trunk line ▁passes ▁the ▁Green b ri ar ▁Golf ▁Club ▁and ▁cross es ▁the ▁Pere ▁Mar qu ette ▁Rail road ▁before ▁turning ▁west ▁along ▁S ag in aw ▁Road ▁into ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁May ville ▁and ▁turning ▁north ▁along ▁M ert z ▁Road . ▁South ▁of ▁Car o , ▁M - 2 4 ▁meets ▁M - 4 6 . ▁Once ▁past ▁Frank ▁Street ▁in ▁Car o , ▁M - 2 4 ▁becomes ▁Ell ington ▁Street . ▁M - 2 4 ▁then ▁comes ▁to ▁meet ▁M - 8 1 ▁in ▁Car o , ▁where ▁the ▁highway ▁becomes ▁Cle aver ▁Road . ▁M - 2 4 ▁then ▁jog s ▁west ▁along ▁B ie bel ▁Road ▁and ▁then ▁north ▁along ▁Union ville ▁Road ▁past ▁a ▁jun ction ▁with ▁M - 1 3 8 ▁to ▁end ▁in ▁Union ville ▁at ▁M - 2 5 . ▁ ▁M - 2 4 ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁locally ▁as ▁L ape er ▁Road ▁in ▁several ▁areas , ▁including ▁Or ion ▁Township , ▁Oxford ▁Township , ▁and |
▁Met am ora . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Village ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁ ▁Washington ▁Street . ▁ ▁In ▁downtown ▁L ape er , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁Main ▁Street , ▁and ▁north ▁of ▁May ville ▁as ▁M ert z ▁R d . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Union ville ▁area , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Union ville ▁Road . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Original ▁design ation ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁the ▁first ▁M - 2 4 ▁was ▁designated ▁along ▁today ' s ▁M - 2 0 . ▁From ▁Mid land ▁east , ▁M - 2 4 ▁continued ▁along ▁today ' s ▁M - 4 7 . ▁When ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Highway ▁System ▁was ▁created , ▁US ▁ 1 0 ▁replaced ▁M - 2 0 ▁and ▁M - 2 0 ▁in ▁turn ▁replaced ▁the ▁first ▁M - 2 4 . ▁The ▁M - 2 4 ▁design ation ▁was ▁then ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁rout ing . ▁ ▁Current ▁design ation ▁The ▁current ▁design ation ▁was ▁assigned ▁in ▁two ▁pieces , ▁Pont iac ▁to ▁L ape er ▁and ▁V ass ar ▁to ▁Bay ▁City . ▁The ▁two ▁sections ▁would ▁be ▁joined ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁by ▁a ▁con currency ▁along ▁M - 2 1 ▁and ▁M - 1 5 . ▁This ▁arrangement ▁lasted ▁until ▁a ▁permanent ▁solo ▁rout ing ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁The ▁Pont iac ▁area ▁saw ▁a ▁r er outing ▁of ▁M - 2 4 ▁to ▁an ▁eastern ▁by |
pass ▁of ▁town ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁The ▁former ▁rout ing ▁in ▁town ▁became ▁M - 2 4 A . ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁re design ated ▁as ▁B US ▁M - 2 4 ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁when ▁the ▁State ▁Highway ▁Department ▁debut ed ▁business ▁routes ▁in ▁Michigan . ▁The ▁northern ▁termin us ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁M - 8 1 ▁in ▁Car o ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁was ▁shifted ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁location ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁extension , ▁M - 2 4 ▁ended ▁at ▁M - 8 1 ▁in ▁Car o ; ▁now ▁it ▁continues ▁up ▁to ▁M - 2 5 ▁in ▁Union ville . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁M - 2 4 ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁a ▁bou lev ard ▁between ▁Met am ora ▁and ▁L ape er . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁two ▁lane ▁section ▁between ▁the ▁L ape er / O ak land ▁County ▁Line ▁and ▁Met am ora ▁that ▁is ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁up graded ▁in ▁the ▁near ▁future . ▁ ▁The ▁construction ▁has ▁been ▁delayed ▁because ▁of ▁development ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁highway ▁near ▁Met am ora . ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁M - 2 4 ▁at ▁Michigan ▁High ways ▁▁ 0 2 4 ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Oak land ▁County , |
▁Michigan ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁L ape er ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁T us cola ▁County , ▁Michigan <0x0A> </s> ▁Anders ▁Christian ▁N iel sen ▁( J une ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁– ▁January ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ), ▁known ▁only ▁as ▁A . ▁C . ▁N iel sen , ▁was ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁spec ulator ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁Jun ction ▁City , ▁Oregon . ▁His ▁efforts ▁helped ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁farming ▁community ▁in ▁Lane ▁County , ▁Oregon . ▁The ▁annual ▁Sc and in av ian ▁Festival ▁would ▁not ▁exist ▁without ▁Mr . ▁N iel sen ' s ▁Dan ish ▁colony . ▁He ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁found ▁the ▁Jun ction ▁City ▁Dan ish ▁United ▁Ev angel ical ▁Luther an ▁Church , ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Faith ▁Luther an ▁Church ▁( J unction ▁City , ▁Oregon ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁A . ▁C . ▁N iel sen ▁left ▁Tyler , ▁Minnesota ▁and ▁purchased ▁at ▁auction ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁acres ▁east ▁of ▁Jun ction ▁City , ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁D ane ▁Lane . ▁The ▁land ▁was ▁auction ed ▁by ▁F . ▁T . ▁Pl ank ▁and ▁Company ▁for ▁G ait ▁C . ▁M ille tt . ▁M ille tt ▁later ▁became ▁N iel sen ' s ▁real ▁estate ▁partner . ▁N iel sen ▁placed ▁advertis ements ▁in ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁language ▁newspaper |
, ▁the ▁Dan ne vir ke , ▁in ▁C ed ar ▁Falls , ▁Iowa , ▁for ▁parc els ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁acres . ▁Another ▁publication ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁advertis ements ▁was ▁Den ▁Dans ke ▁P ione er ▁in ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska . ▁The ▁farms ▁were ▁purchased ▁by ▁European ▁immigrants , ▁many ▁born ▁in ▁Denmark , ▁and ▁within ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁colony ▁came ▁into ▁existence . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Lane ▁County ▁Historical ▁Society ▁Pam ph let ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Jun ction ▁City , ▁Oregon ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Tyler , ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁Bio Lite , ▁a ▁startup ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁develop s ▁and ▁manufact ures ▁off - grid ▁energy ▁products ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁outdoor ▁rec re ational ▁industry ▁and ▁emerging ▁markets . ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁most ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁flag ship ▁wood - burn ing ▁st oves ▁that ▁use ▁therm oe lect ric ▁technology ▁to ▁produce ▁us able ▁electricity ▁from ▁the ▁heat ▁of ▁their ▁fires . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Jonathan ▁C ed ar ▁and ▁Alexander ▁Dr um mond ▁together ▁developed ▁the ▁Bio Lite ▁stove ▁technology . ▁They ▁met ▁while ▁working ▁at ▁Smart ▁Design , ▁a ▁design ▁consult ancy ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁invent ors ▁became ▁interested ▁in ▁portable ▁st oves ▁that ▁combined ▁local ▁sources ▁of ▁wood ▁with ▁battery - powered ▁fans |
. ▁The ▁idea ▁evolved ▁to ▁a ▁low - em issions ▁stove ▁that ▁used ▁a ▁therm oe lect ric ▁generator ▁called ▁the ▁Bio Lite ▁Camp S to ve , ▁which ▁was ▁officially ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Bio Lite ▁is ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁D UM BO , ▁Brooklyn ▁with ▁an ▁additional ▁office ▁in ▁N airo bi , ▁Kenya . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁found ers ▁learned ▁that ▁their ▁technology ▁could ▁have ▁impact ▁on ▁off - grid ▁developing ▁communities ▁and ▁b if ur c ated ▁the ▁business ▁to ▁incorporate ▁both ▁outdoor ▁rec re ational ▁and ▁emerging ▁markets . ▁Using ▁a ▁modified ▁rock et ▁stove ▁and ▁working ▁with ▁the ▁A pro ve cho ▁Research ▁Center , ▁C ed ar ▁developed ▁a ▁larger ▁model ▁cook ▁stove ▁named ▁the ▁Home S to ve , ▁designed ▁to ▁replace ▁harmful ▁indoor ▁cooking ▁fires . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ ▁January ▁– ▁Camp S to ve ▁prototype ▁wins ▁top ▁prize ▁at ▁E TH OS ▁Comb ust ion ▁Conference ▁ ▁September ▁– ▁C ed ar ▁leaves ▁Smart ▁Design ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁Bio Lite ▁full - time ▁ ▁November ▁– ▁Home S to ve ▁H 1 ▁prototype ▁is ▁created ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁▁ ▁March ▁– ▁The ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁USB ▁Port ▁is ▁considered ▁for ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁Bio Lite ▁ ▁April ▁– ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁the ▁A pro ve cho ▁Research ▁Center , ▁therm oe lect ric ▁rock et ▁stove ▁emissions ▁were ▁measured ▁▁ 2 0 |
1 1 ▁▁ ▁February ▁– ▁Bio Lite ▁sett les ▁down ▁in ▁Brooklyn , ▁NY ▁and ▁h ires ▁its ▁first ▁staff ▁members ▁ ▁May ▁– ▁In ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁understand ▁user ▁needs , ▁Bio Lite ▁field ▁tests ▁the ▁H 2 ▁Home S to ve ▁prototype ▁in ▁India ▁ ▁September ▁– ▁After ▁five ▁rounds ▁of ▁pro tot ypes , ▁the ▁Camp S to ve ▁design ▁is ▁approved ▁ ▁November ▁– ▁Field ▁tests ▁are ▁run ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁and ▁U g anda ▁with ▁the ▁H 3 ▁prototype ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁▁ ▁May ▁– ▁The ▁first ▁Camp S to ve ▁orders ▁ship ▁ ▁April ▁– ▁US P TO ▁grants ▁Bio Lite ▁pat ents ▁for ▁core ▁technology ▁ ▁November ▁– ▁Home S to ve ▁H 4 ▁prototype ▁approved ▁for ▁pilot ▁testing ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ ▁February ▁– ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁Port able ▁Gr ill ▁Access ory ▁ ▁Spring ▁– ▁Bio Lite ▁debut s ▁at ▁RE I ▁stores ▁nation wide ▁ ▁September ▁ ▁– ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁K ett le P ot ▁Access ory ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ ▁June ▁– ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁Base Camp ▁Sto ve ▁campaign ▁and ▁raises ▁$ 1 MM ▁on ▁K ick st arter ▁▁ ▁August ▁– ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁K ett le Ch arge ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁▁ ▁February ▁– ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁the ▁N ano Grid , ▁expanding ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁energy ▁offering ▁into ▁the ▁Light ing ▁category ▁ ▁November ▁– ▁Bio Lite ▁announ ces ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁er |
ased ▁its ▁carbon ▁history ▁and ▁comm its ▁to ▁ongoing ▁carbon ▁neutral ity ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁▁ ▁February ▁– ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁Energy ▁E cosystem : ▁Power Light ▁Mini , ▁Solar Panel ▁ 5 ▁Series , ▁and ▁Cook S to ve ▁September ▁- ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁the ▁Base L an tern ▁on ▁K ick st arter . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ ▁February ▁- ▁Bio Lite ▁exp ands ▁product ▁offering ▁with ▁a ▁second ▁generation ▁of ▁the ▁Camp S to ve , ▁Camp S to ve ▁ 2 ▁featuring ▁more ▁power ▁and ▁an ▁on ▁board ▁battery . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁also ▁la unches ▁a ▁ 1 0 ▁w att ▁solar ▁panel ▁and ▁three ▁sizes ▁of ▁battery ▁banks ▁they ▁call ▁Ch arge ▁ 1 0 , ▁Ch arge ▁ 2 0 , ▁Ch arge ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁September ▁- ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁a ▁sm ok eless ▁wood - burn ing ▁fire ▁pit ▁on ▁K ick st arter . ▁ ▁November ▁- ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁Solar Home ▁ 6 2 0 , ▁a ▁solar ▁powered ▁lighting , ▁charging ▁and ▁radio ▁system ▁for ▁off ▁grid ▁homes ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁This ▁product ▁is ▁sold ▁throughout ▁the ▁outdoor ▁rec reation ▁community ▁and ▁to ▁families ▁living ▁off ▁the ▁grid ▁in ▁Kenya . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁▁ ▁February ▁- ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁a ▁small ▁solar ▁powered ▁lan tern ▁called ▁Sun Light . ▁▁▁ ▁September ▁- ▁Bio Lite ▁releases ▁new ▁Head L amp ▁on ▁K ick st arter ▁▁ 2 |
0 1 9 ▁▁▁ ▁Bio Lite ▁la unches ▁a ▁re charge able , ▁ 3 3 0 ▁lum en ▁head l amp ▁ ▁Bio Lite ▁and ▁Peak ▁Design ▁co - found ▁a ▁non profit ▁called ▁Cl imate ▁Ne ut ral ▁, ▁" an ▁independent ▁non - profit ▁organization ▁working ▁to ▁acceler ate ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁a ▁low - car bon ▁world ▁by ▁putting ▁a ▁price ▁on ▁carbon ▁emissions ." ▁ ▁Bio Lite ▁products ▁ ▁Home S to ve ▁▁ ▁The ▁Home S to ve ' s ▁design ▁conver ts ▁the ▁heat ▁of ▁fire ▁into ▁us able ▁electricity ▁to ▁power ▁a ▁fan , ▁which ▁then ▁reduces ▁fuel ▁needs ▁by ▁ 5 0 %, ▁toxic ▁smoke ▁by ▁about ▁ 9 5 %, ▁and ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁emissions ▁by ▁ 9 1 %. ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁CO 2 ▁saved ▁per ▁year ▁by ▁one ▁stove ▁equals ▁the ▁amount ▁that ' s ▁saved ▁by ▁buying ▁a ▁hybrid ▁car . ▁The ▁remaining ▁off - grid ▁energy ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁power ▁the ▁fan ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁charge ▁portable ▁devices ▁through ▁a ▁USB ▁port , ▁such ▁as ▁cell ▁phones ▁and ▁LED ▁lights . ▁Moreover , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁def orest ation ▁are ▁less ened ▁and ▁time ▁is ▁reg ained ▁by ▁women ▁and ▁children ▁who ▁spend ▁hours ▁gathering ▁wood ▁for ▁open ▁fires . ▁Manufact uring ▁costs ▁are ▁low ▁and ▁this ▁efficient ▁wood - burn ing ▁stove ▁pays ▁for ▁itself ▁within ▁six ▁to ▁seven ▁months . ▁▁▁ ▁Bio Lite ▁focuses ▁on ▁sustainable ▁market ▁development ▁by ▁using ▁a ▁market |
- based ▁approach , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁don ations ▁or ▁a ▁“ one ▁for ▁one ” ▁model . ▁This ▁allows ▁for ▁local ▁entrepreneur ship ▁and ▁stim ulates ▁local ▁markets . ▁The ▁Home S to ve ▁is ▁currently ▁in ▁large - scale ▁pilot ▁testing ▁across ▁India , ▁Gh ana , ▁and ▁U g anda . ▁Recently , ▁thanks ▁to ▁a ▁Sp ark ▁Fund ▁grant , ▁Bio Lite ▁will ▁be ▁kicking ▁off ▁a ▁project ▁in ▁U g anda ▁with ▁partners ▁at ▁Impact ▁Car bon . ▁The ▁Sp ark ▁Fund ▁grant ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Global ▁Alliance ▁for ▁Clean ▁Cook st oves , ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁provides ▁clean ▁cook ▁st oves ▁to ▁people ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁high ▁poverty ▁rates . ▁Its ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁deaths ▁caused ▁by ▁open ▁cooking ▁fires ▁each ▁year ▁( appro xim ately ▁four ▁million ), ▁and ▁is ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁people ▁such ▁as ▁Julia ▁Roberts ▁and ▁Hillary ▁Clinton ▁( who ▁referred ▁to ▁Bio Lite ▁in ▁her ▁announcement ▁of ▁the ▁UN ▁Clean ▁Cook st ove ▁Alliance ). ▁ ▁Camp S to ve ▁▁ ▁The ▁Camp S to ve ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁is ▁predomin antly ▁used ▁by ▁outdoor ▁enthusi asts . ▁Ren ew able ▁bi om ass ▁fu els ▁– ▁such ▁as ▁sticks , ▁pine con es , ▁and ▁brush ▁– ▁power ▁the ▁stove , ▁replacing ▁resources ▁like ▁char co al ▁or ▁pet role um . ▁The ▁Camp S to ve ▁can ▁bo il ▁water ▁in ▁five ▁minutes . ▁ ▁Sm aller ▁than |
▁the ▁Home S to ve , ▁the ▁Camp S to ve ▁is ▁ 8 . 2 5 ” ▁tall ▁and ▁weigh s ▁ 3 3 ▁oz , ▁but ▁like ▁the ▁larger ▁model , ▁excess ▁heat ▁is ▁converted ▁into ▁energy . ▁Bio Lite ▁sell s ▁st oves ▁in ▁over ▁seventy ▁countries . ▁ ▁The ▁Camp S to ve ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁emergency ▁prepared ness ▁tool . ▁In ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁Hur ricane ▁Sandy , ▁tables ▁were ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁offering ▁those ▁without ▁power ▁hot ▁drinks ▁and ▁a ▁chance ▁to ▁charge ▁their ▁cell ▁phones . ▁ ▁temperatures ▁can ▁reach ▁between ▁ 1 2 0 0 ▁and ▁ 1 6 0 0 ° F ▁in ▁the ▁bi ol ite . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Bio Lite ▁launched ▁a ▁second ▁generation ▁of ▁the ▁Camp S to ve ▁( Camp S to ve ▁ 2 ) ▁featuring ▁ 5 0 % ▁more ▁power ▁and ▁an ▁on board ▁ 2 6 0 0 m Ah ▁battery . ▁ ▁Port able ▁st oves ▁and ▁gr ills ▁▁ ▁The ▁Bio Lite ▁Port able ▁Gr ill , ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁Camp S to ve . ▁Features ▁include ▁a ▁fuel ▁int ake ▁lid ▁for ▁fire ▁maintenance , ▁compact ▁design ▁with ▁fold able ▁legs ▁and ▁a ▁travel ▁cover ▁for ▁transportation . ▁The ▁travel ▁cover ▁can ▁additionally ▁function ▁as ▁a ▁serving ▁dish ▁or ▁cutting ▁board . ▁The ▁steel ▁gr ill ▁gr |
ate ▁has ▁three ▁temperature ▁zones ▁for ▁se aring , ▁cooking , ▁and ▁to asting . ▁The ▁gr ill ▁weigh s ▁in ▁at ▁just ▁under ▁ 2 l bs ▁( 0 . 9 kg ). ▁The ▁Base Camp ▁is ▁much ▁like ▁the ▁Home S to ve , ▁but ▁is ▁available ▁for ▁purchase ▁to ▁regular ▁consumers . ▁ ▁The ▁Base Camp ▁was ▁another ▁K ick st arter ▁success ▁They ▁also ▁have ▁a ▁P izza D ome ▁access ory ▁that ▁conver ts ▁the ▁Base Camp ▁into ▁a ▁pizza ▁oven . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Bio Lite ▁launched ▁a ▁sm ok eless ▁wood - burn ing ▁fire ▁pit ▁called ▁the ▁Fire P it ▁on ▁K ick st arter . ▁The ▁Fire P it ▁uses ▁air flow ▁to ▁help ▁the ▁fire ▁burn ▁more ▁efficiently ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁virtually ▁no ▁smoke . ▁ ▁Light ing ▁products ▁ ▁Bio Lite ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁re charge able ▁lights : ▁ ▁Base L an tern ▁X L , ▁Power Light , ▁Power Light ▁Mini ▁and ▁a ▁Head L amp . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁lan tern s ▁incorporate ▁re charge able ▁L ith ium - ion ▁batteries ▁with ▁LED ▁flood lights , ▁can ▁be ▁re charg ed ▁with ▁a ▁USB ▁connection , ▁and ▁some ▁can ▁supply ▁power ▁to ▁external ▁devices ▁via ▁USB . ▁ ▁The ▁Base L an tern ▁was ▁a ▁K ick st arter ▁product ▁and ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁" Sm art Light " ▁due ▁to ▁Smart phone ▁integration |
▁( via ▁Bl uetooth ▁connect ivity ) ▁and ▁program ability . ▁Bio Lite ' s ▁Solar Home ▁ 6 2 0 ▁brings ▁has ▁an ▁easy - to - install ▁solar ▁panel ▁that ▁charges ▁up ▁a ▁central ▁control ▁box ▁which ▁powers ▁ 3 ▁hanging ▁lights , ▁USB ▁charge - out , ▁and ▁an ▁MP 3 / FM ▁radio ▁system . ▁The ▁Solar Home ▁ 6 2 0 ▁is ▁currently ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁over ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁homes ▁across ▁western ▁Kenya ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁v ans , ▁cab ins , ▁and ▁she ds ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁beyond . ▁ ▁Ch arg ing ▁products ▁▁ ▁Bio Lite ▁also ▁sell s ▁products ▁that ▁can ▁generate ▁and ▁store ▁electricity ▁for ▁USB ▁devices . ▁ ▁They ▁make ▁the ▁Solar Panel ▁ 5 , ▁the ▁Solar Panel ▁ 5 + , ▁and ▁the ▁Ch arge ▁ 1 0 , ▁Ch arge ▁ 2 0 , ▁and ▁Ch arge ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Solar Pan els ▁are ▁both ▁solar ▁panels ▁with ▁a ▁" k ick stand ", ▁with ▁the ▁" +" ▁model ▁including ▁an ▁internal ▁l ith ium - ion ▁battery ▁for ▁energy ▁storage . ▁ ▁The ▁Ch arge ▁products ▁are ▁re - charge able ▁battery ▁banks ▁to ▁store ▁power ▁for ▁USB ▁devices . ▁ ▁Business ▁model ▁▁ ▁Bio Lite ▁em plo ys ▁a ▁model ▁of ▁parallel ▁innovation , ▁long - term ▁for - profit ▁social ▁enterprise ▁supported ▁by ▁more ▁immediate ▁market ▁capital . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Bio Lite , ▁they ▁used ▁their |
▁“ ne ar - term ▁Camp S to ve ▁market ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁generate ▁revenue ▁that ▁essentially ▁allowed ▁[ the m ] ▁to ▁become ▁[ the ir ] ▁own ▁investors ▁in ▁the ▁Home S to ve ▁vision .” ▁ ▁That ▁involves ▁a ▁market - based ▁approach ▁to ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁issues ▁in ▁emerging ▁communities . ▁The ▁rec re ational ▁and ▁emergency ▁prepared ness ▁markets ▁of ▁the ▁Camp S to ve ▁and ▁other ▁products ▁keep ▁the ▁Home S to ve ▁and ▁Solar Home ▁ 6 2 0 ▁low - cost ▁for ▁off - grid ▁communities ▁in ▁sub - S ah aran ▁Africa . ▁Bio Lite ▁uses ▁local ▁distribution ▁networks ▁and ▁al ters ▁their ▁stove ▁design ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁variety ▁of ▁cultural ▁cooking ▁preferences . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁▁ ▁Red ▁D ot ▁Design ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁IS PO ▁Brand New ▁Access ories ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Fast ▁Company ▁Innov ation ▁By ▁Design ▁- ▁Social ▁Good ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Design ▁Global ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁▁ ▁Social ▁Impact ▁Professional ▁W inner ▁( Core 7 7 ▁Design ▁Awards , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Best ▁Advent ure ▁G ear ▁( Tr avel ▁+ ▁Le isure ▁Design ▁Awards , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁▁ ▁Aut odes k ’ s ▁In vent or ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁( F ebru ary , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁▁ ▁National ▁Ge ographic ’ s ▁G ear ▁of ▁the |
▁Year ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Innov ation ▁by ▁Design ▁Award ▁( Fast ▁Company , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁– ▁Final ist ▁▁ ▁Best ▁of ▁What ' s ▁New ▁( Pop ular ▁Science , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁– ▁Grand ▁Award ▁W inner ▁ ▁N ok ia ▁Health ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁▁ ▁O W PG ▁Der ry ck ▁D rap er ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁EP IC ▁G ear ▁J unk ie ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁▁ ▁Play ▁It ▁For ward ▁Project ▁( C it izen ▁Group , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁▁ ▁IN DEX ▁Awards ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁- ▁Final ist ▁▁ ▁America ' s ▁Most ▁Prom ising ▁Social ▁Entre pre neurs ▁( Bus iness week , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁– ▁Top ▁ 2 5 ▁▁ ▁St . ▁Andrew s ▁Prize ▁for ▁the ▁Environment ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Das ra ▁Social ▁Impact ▁Program ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁▁ ▁S ustain able ▁Br ands ▁Innov ation ▁Open ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁▁▁ ▁Pop T ech ▁Social ▁Innov ation ▁Fellow ship ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁– ▁Final ist ▁ ▁V od af one ▁Wire less ▁Innov ation ▁Prize ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁– ▁Part nership ▁with ▁U C ▁Berkeley ▁ ▁Top ▁Prize ▁for ▁Low est ▁Em issions ▁Sto ve ▁( ETH OS ▁Sto ve ▁Conference , ▁ 2 |
0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Cook ▁st oves ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁st oves ▁ ▁Port able ▁st oves ▁ ▁R ocket ▁stove ▁ ▁Wood - burn ing ▁st oves ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Bio Lite ' s ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Global ▁Alliance ▁for ▁Clean ▁Cook st oves ▁ ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : S to ves <0x0A> </s> ▁Conf essions ▁of ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁Call ▁Girl ▁( ; ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Brazil ian ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Marcus ▁Bald ini , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁novel ▁The ▁Sc orp ion ' s ▁Sweet ▁Ven om : ▁The ▁Di ary ▁of ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁Call ▁Girl ▁written ▁by ▁Ra quel ▁P ache co ; ▁star ring ▁Deb or ah ▁Se cc o ▁( as ▁Br una ▁Sur f ist in ha ) ▁and ▁C á ss io ▁Gab us ▁Mend es , ▁it ▁was ▁shot ▁in ▁Paul ín ia ▁and ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Ra quel ▁P ache co ▁is ▁a ▁teen ▁girl , ▁adopted ▁by ▁an ▁upper - middle - class ▁family , ▁who ▁reb elled ▁at ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁left ▁her ▁adopt ive ▁family ▁and ▁studies ▁at ▁a ▁traditional ▁college ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁prost itute , ▁and ▁later ▁call ▁girl . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁starting ▁work , ▁she ▁decided ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁blog ▁about ▁her ▁experiences . ▁Since ▁some ▁clients ▁thought ▁she ▁looked ▁like ▁a ▁sur fer |
▁she ▁adopted ▁the ▁name ▁" Sur f ist in ha ", ▁which ▁means ▁" l ittle ▁sur fer ▁girl ". ▁This ▁blog ▁became ▁a ▁sensation , ▁and ▁quickly ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁blogs ▁in ▁Brazil . ▁Be coming ▁famous , ▁her ▁life ▁changed ▁significantly . ▁She ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁interviewed ▁on ▁Brazil ian ▁talk ▁shows ▁similar ▁to ▁Op rah ▁and ▁David ▁Letter man , ▁all ▁the ▁while ▁continuing ▁her ▁blog ▁about ▁her ▁r acy ▁explo its . ▁But ▁soon ▁afterwards ▁the ▁fame ▁gets ▁to ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁addiction ▁to ▁drugs , ▁which ▁makes ▁her ▁do ▁almost ▁anything ▁for ▁a ▁hit . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Deb or ah ▁Se cc o ▁as ▁Br una ▁Sur f ist in ha ▁ ▁C á ss io ▁Gab us ▁Mend es ▁as ▁H uld son ▁ ▁Crist ina ▁L ago ▁as ▁Gab i ▁ ▁Dr ica ▁M ora es ▁as ▁Lar issa ▁ ▁Fab i ula ▁N asc imento ▁as ▁Jan ine ▁ ▁G uta ▁Ru iz ▁as ▁Carol ▁ ▁Clar isse ▁Ab uj am ra ▁as ▁Cel este ▁ ▁Luc iano ▁Chi roll i ▁as ▁Otto ▁ ▁S ér gio ▁Gu iz é ▁as ▁Rodr igo ▁ ▁Sim one ▁Il ies cu ▁as ▁Y as min ▁ ▁É rika ▁P uga ▁as ▁Mel ▁ ▁Brend a ▁L í g ia ▁as ▁Kelly ▁ ▁Gust avo ▁Mach ado ▁as ▁Miguel ▁ ▁Jul iano ▁C az arr é ▁as ▁Gust avo ▁ ▁Rodr igo ▁Dor ado ▁as ▁Rom inho ▁ ▁Roberto ▁Audio ▁as |
▁Gian ▁ ▁Pl ín io ▁So ares ▁as ▁Public it ário ▁ ▁Sid ney ▁Rod rig ues ▁as ▁Tom ás ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nom inations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁er otic ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁films ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁er otic ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁prost itution ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁Brazil ian ▁novels ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Paul ín ia ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo ▁Category : Port ug uese - language ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Lau zer te ▁( L angu ed oc ien : ▁La us è r ta ) ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁T arn - et - G aron ne ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁Occ it anie ▁region ▁in ▁southern ▁France . ▁ ▁E ty m ology ▁of ▁the ▁name : ▁Two ▁interpret ations ▁include ▁the ▁possible ▁Latin ▁root ▁of ▁“ V illas erta ” ▁and ▁more ▁likely , ▁the ▁Gall ic ▁root , ▁“ l au zes ”, ▁flat ▁stones ▁used ▁as ▁p aving ▁or ▁roof ing , ▁and ▁“ erta ” ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁Occ itan ▁dialect , ▁meaning ▁hill , ▁thus ▁Hill ▁of ▁St ones . ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁the |
▁bar b ican ▁was ▁explo ited ▁as ▁a ▁qu arry ▁supports ▁this ▁deriv ation . ▁ ▁A ▁medieval ▁bast ide ▁per ched ▁above ▁the ▁val le ys ▁and ▁hills ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Qu er cy ▁Bl anc , ▁Lau zer te ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Most ▁Beautiful ▁Vill ages ▁of ▁France , ▁a ▁distinction ▁granted ▁to ▁only ▁ 1 5 5 ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Found ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁by ▁the ▁Count ▁of ▁T oul ouse , ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁routes ▁of ▁the ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ella . ▁Lau zer te ▁is ▁described ▁by ▁its ▁tour ism ▁agency ▁as ▁" a ▁nature ▁stop ▁for ▁family ▁ex curs ions ▁and ▁week ends ▁exploring ▁the ▁rich ▁past ▁and ▁present ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁West : ▁our ▁heritage ▁and ▁architecture , ▁our ▁le isure ▁activities ▁and ▁fest iv ities ." ▁ ▁Ge ography / Top ography ▁In ▁the ▁north west ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁T arn ▁et ▁G aron ne ▁department , ▁Lau zer te ▁lies ▁between ▁the ▁f ooth ills ▁of ▁the ▁Mass if ▁Central ▁and ▁the ▁G aron ne ▁river ▁plain ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁known ▁as ▁Qu er cy ▁Bl anc ▁and ▁Pays ▁de ▁Ser res ▁ ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁lim estone ▁which ▁pre dom inates ▁in ▁the ▁landscape . ▁The ▁hill ▁town ▁r ises ▁above ▁parallel ▁val le ys ▁and ▁rivers , ▁the ▁B arg uel on nes , ▁the ▁L end ou ▁and ▁the ▁Se ou ne ▁which ▁feed ▁into ▁the |
▁G aron ne ▁River . ▁ ▁Lau zer te ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁agricultural ▁land ▁known ▁for ▁Mel ons ▁de ▁Qu er cy , ▁Ch ass el as ▁de ▁Mo iss ac ▁( white ▁dess ert ▁gr apes ), ▁and ▁Pr une aux ▁d ’ A gen ▁( pr unes ). ▁ ▁History ▁BC : ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁copper ▁coins ▁from ▁several ▁years ▁BC ▁indicate ▁that ▁Lau zer te ▁was ▁an ▁opp id um , ▁part ▁of ▁Roman ▁G aul . ▁ ▁Ele vent h ▁century : ▁the ▁area ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁L ords ▁of ▁Cast eln au ▁Mon tr at ier . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁century , ▁two ▁local ▁noble men ▁approached ▁Raymond ▁V , ▁Count ▁of ▁T oul ouse , ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁cast eln au , ▁a ▁plot ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁houses , ▁pre fig uring ▁the ▁bast ide ▁movement ▁which ▁would ▁later ▁pre dom inate ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁motivation ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁same , ▁however , ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁small ▁community ▁of ▁rent - pay ing ▁supporters . ▁With ▁its ▁castle , ▁en closure , ▁tow ers ▁and ▁six ▁fort ified ▁gate ways , ▁the ▁fort ified ▁town ▁was ▁the ▁pride ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁Henry ▁IV , ▁King ▁of ▁France , ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁“ one ▁of ▁four ▁keys ▁of ▁the ▁said ▁Qu er cy ▁land .” ▁Despite ▁this ▁reputation , ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁and ▁suffered ▁ ▁attack ▁in ▁the |
▁Wars ▁of ▁Relig ion . ▁ ▁Th ir teenth ▁century : ▁Al ph on se ▁of ▁Po it iers ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Jean ne ▁of ▁T oul ouse ▁visited ▁the ▁hosp ice ▁located ▁here , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 2 2 2 ▁( ▁the ▁oldest ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁village , ▁it ▁still ▁serves ▁ 1 1 0 ▁pension ers .) ▁ ▁When ▁Al ph on se ▁died , ▁Lau zer te ▁passed ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁France . ▁The ▁English ▁king ▁cont ested ▁the ▁will , ▁as ▁The ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Paris ▁had ▁granted ▁Qu er cy ▁to ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁England ▁who ▁gar ner ed ▁a ▁rent ▁of ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁pounds ▁a ▁year . ▁The ▁many ▁weapons ▁and ▁bones ▁in ▁the ▁char nel ▁house ▁indicate ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁slaughter ▁and ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁English . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁H undred ▁Years ' ▁War , ▁Lau zer te ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁English . ▁ ▁Despite ▁foreign ▁occupation , ▁some ▁Lau z ert ins ▁charged ▁interest ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁r ans om ▁fees ▁to ▁nob ility ▁captured ▁by ▁the ▁English . ▁From ▁this ▁same ▁period , ▁legend ▁has ▁it ▁that ▁an ▁old ▁lady ▁named ▁Gand il h onne ▁noticed ▁the ▁English ▁were ▁leaving . ▁Although ▁ill iter ate , ▁she ▁counted ▁the ▁number ▁depart ing ▁by ▁putting ▁a ▁chest nut ▁in ▁her ▁pocket ▁to ▁count ▁each ▁individual . ▁She ▁reported ▁the ▁ex od us ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁cons uls , ▁who ▁closed ▁the ▁gates , ▁thus ▁preventing |
▁the ▁English ▁from ▁re ent ering . ▁ ▁Four teenth ▁century : ▁A ▁Carm el ite ▁convent ▁was ▁established . ▁“ P ast ou re ux ”, ▁the ▁she pher ds ▁who ▁prey ed ▁on ▁pil gr ims ▁and ▁other ▁trav ellers , ▁conducted ▁a ▁mass acre ▁of ▁Jews . ▁ ▁Six teenth ▁century : ▁Lau zer te ▁passed ▁first ▁to ▁Protest ant ▁control , ▁after ▁a ▁battle ▁resulting ▁in ▁ 5 6 7 ▁deaths , ▁then ▁back ▁to ▁Catholic ▁control ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Terr ide . ▁ ▁Lau zer te ▁continued ▁to ▁prosper ▁for ▁various ▁reasons . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁a ▁secondary ▁sen esch als y ▁( court ▁of ▁appe als ) ▁and ▁administrative ▁center ▁for ▁collecting ▁taxes ▁from ▁the ▁surrounding ▁countryside . ▁ ▁The ▁region ▁provided ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁wheat ▁for ▁C ah ors . ▁Pil gr ims ▁provided ▁income ▁to ▁Lau zer te ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁town ▁elected ▁G ou ges ▁Cart ou , ▁a ▁bour ge ois , ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁town ▁at ▁the ▁new ▁Est ates ▁General , ▁the ▁parliament . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁nineteenth ▁century , ▁Napoleon ▁created ▁the ▁Dep art ement ▁of ▁T arn ▁et ▁G aron ne . ▁Lau zer te , ▁which ▁was ▁until ▁then ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Lot , ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁Dep art ement . ▁ ▁The ▁cell ist ▁and ▁composer ▁Louis - Char les - J ose ph ▁Re y ▁( 1 7 3 |
8 – 1 8 1 1 ) ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Lau zer te ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁elder ▁brother ▁Jean - B apt iste ▁Re y ▁( 1 7 3 4 – 1 8 1 0 ), ▁condu ctor ▁and ▁composer . ▁ ▁Architect ure ▁The ▁m air ie , ▁the ▁town ▁hall , ▁originally ▁hous ed ▁the ▁M ire po ise ▁Sister s , ▁n uns ▁who ▁founded ▁a ▁school ▁for ▁daughters ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility ▁in ▁the ▁eight eenth ▁century . ▁Next ▁to ▁this ▁were ▁hous ed ▁the ▁“ Pen it ents ▁B le us ”, ▁a ▁Catholic ▁brother hood ▁and ▁mutual ▁help ▁society . ▁The ▁leather ▁Christ ▁on ▁the ▁Cross ▁displayed ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁carried ▁in ▁process ions ▁by ▁the ▁brothers ▁on ▁M ardi ▁Gr as ▁and ▁Good ▁Friday . ▁ ▁The ▁s ene ch aus see , ▁the ▁administrative ▁center , ▁constructed ▁between ▁ 1 3 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 3 7 0 ▁has ▁beneath ▁it ▁a ▁vault ed ▁cell ar , ▁which ▁includes ▁a ▁tunnel ▁that ▁reput edly ▁leads ▁to ▁Be au ca ire , ▁a ▁ham let ▁ 3 ▁kilom eters ▁away . ▁ ▁The ▁large ▁ar ched ▁door ways ▁in ▁merchant ▁homes ▁acted ▁as ▁shop ▁windows . ▁Good s ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁displayed ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁half , ▁while ▁doors ▁across ▁the ▁lower ▁half ▁would ▁serve ▁as ▁wind break . ▁ ▁The ▁smaller ▁ar ches ▁beside ▁them ▁entered ▁to ▁the ▁home ▁above . ▁T iny ▁windows ▁on ▁the ▁next ▁store y ▁provided |
▁light ▁to ▁the ▁store ▁rooms . ▁Above ▁these , ▁the ▁pair ▁of ▁long ▁windows ▁serve ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁living ▁area , ▁whilst ▁the ▁o cul us ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁att ic ▁level . ▁ ▁The ▁half - tim ber ed ▁upstairs ▁add itions ▁on ▁some ▁buildings ▁extend ▁out ▁further ▁over ▁the ▁street ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁increase ▁living ▁area ▁whilst ▁only ▁paying ▁taxes ▁on ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁floor . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁holy ▁orders ▁located ▁in ▁Lau zer te , ▁the ▁sisters ▁of ▁St . ▁Cl are ▁established ▁a ▁school ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 3 ▁on ▁R ue ▁de ▁la ▁G endar mer ie . ▁Its ▁door ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁a ▁basket ▁handle , ▁and ▁the ▁square ▁tower ▁to ▁its ▁right ▁houses ▁the ▁chap el . ▁The ▁school ▁attracted ▁rich ▁young ▁women ▁whose ▁f athers ▁encouraged ▁them ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁ve il ▁as ▁the ▁dow ry ▁was ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁cost ▁to ▁marry ▁them ▁off . ▁ ▁Records ▁indicate ▁wid ows ▁and ▁unhappy ▁wives ▁res ided ▁at ▁the ▁convent ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁Culture ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁square , ▁Place ▁des ▁Corn ier es , ▁features ▁an ▁u pl ift ed ▁corner ▁of ▁pa vers , ▁a ▁unique ▁and ▁wh ims ical ▁sculpt ure ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁by ▁local ▁cer amic ▁artist , ▁Jacques ▁Buch hol tz ▁whose ▁work ▁also ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁J ard in ▁de ▁la ▁Br è che . ▁ ▁The ▁local |
▁market ▁takes ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁square ▁on ▁Saturday ▁m orn ings ▁throughout ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁W rought ▁iron ▁signs ▁hanging ▁from ▁the ▁exterior ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁buildings ▁indicate ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁business ▁located ▁within . ▁ ▁Lau zer te ▁has ▁a ▁l ively ▁artistic ▁community ▁with ▁artists ▁working ▁in ▁such ▁medium s ▁as ▁ill um inated ▁manuscript s , ▁artist ▁books , ▁pot tery , ▁and ▁text iles . ▁ ▁Fest ivals ▁in ▁Lau zer te ▁include ▁the ▁Place ▁A ux ▁Fle urs ▁in ▁late ▁April , ▁the ▁Jour nées ▁du ▁Pat rim oine ▁et ▁des ▁M oul ins ▁in ▁mid - J une , ▁the ▁March é ▁aux ▁Pot iers ▁in ▁early ▁July , ▁les ▁March és ▁G our m ands ▁every ▁Thursday ▁in ▁July ▁and ▁August ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁square ▁up ▁top ... ! ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁T arn - et - G aron ne ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . l au zer te . fr ▁ ▁http :// www . l au zer te - t our isme . fr ▁ ▁http :// www . les - plus - be aux - v ill ages - de - fr ance . org / en / l au zer te ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁T arn - et - G aron ne ▁Category : Qu er cy ▁Category : Plus ▁Be aux ▁Vill ages ▁de ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Pet ats ▁is |
▁an ▁Aust ron esian ▁language ▁spoken ▁by ▁a ▁few ▁thousand ▁persons ▁in ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea . ▁D ial ect s ▁are ▁Hit au - P or or an , ▁M ats ung an , ▁and ▁Sum oun . ▁ ▁Gram mar ▁Ver bal ▁inf lection ▁is ▁accomplished ▁through ▁post ▁ver bal ▁pr onom inal ▁particles ▁which ▁carry ▁tense ▁and ▁mood ▁mark ing . ▁ ▁Resources ▁ ▁Global ▁Record ings ▁Network ▁Pet ats ▁ ▁Jerry ▁Allen ▁and ▁Matthew ▁Be as o . ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Pet ats ▁Ph on em es ▁and ▁Orth ography ▁ ▁Pet ats ▁Organ ised ▁Ph on ology ▁Data ▁ ▁Material s ▁on ▁Pet ats ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁access ▁Arthur ▁Cap ell ▁collections ▁( AC 1 ▁and ▁AC 2 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Mal colm ▁Ross ▁collection ▁( MR 1 ) ▁held ▁by ▁Parad is ec . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : N orth west ▁Sol om onic ▁languages ▁Category : L anguages ▁of ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁Category : L anguages ▁of ▁the ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region ▁of ▁Bou gain ville <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Show ▁Must ▁Go ▁Off ! ▁is ▁a ▁live ▁concert ▁DVD ▁series ▁produced ▁by ▁K ung ▁Fu ▁Films , ▁an ▁off sh oot ▁of ▁the ▁K ung ▁Fu ▁Records ▁label ▁run ▁by ▁V and als ▁bass ist ▁Joe ▁Esc al ante , ▁who ▁also ▁acts ▁as ▁producer ▁for ▁the ▁series . ▁The ▁series ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁has ▁thus ▁far ▁included ▁ 1 9 |
▁" ep is odes ," ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁initiated ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁a ▁live ▁V and als ▁concert ▁DVD ▁recorded ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁at ▁their ▁annual ▁" Christ mas ▁F ormal " ▁concert . ▁However , ▁this ▁release ▁did ▁not ▁originally ▁bear ▁the ▁" Show ▁Must ▁Go ▁Off !" ▁mon iker . ▁The ▁series ▁title ▁came ▁into ▁use ▁with ▁the ▁second ▁release ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁a ▁performance ▁by ▁M est ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Blues . ▁This ▁was ▁later ▁re - label ed ▁as ▁" E pisode ▁ 2 " ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁with ▁the ▁V and als ▁Christmas ▁DVD ▁being ▁re - label ed ▁" E pisode ▁ 1 ." ▁The ▁series ▁consists ▁mostly ▁of ▁punk ▁rock ▁and ▁pop ▁punk ▁bands ▁from ▁various ▁er as , ▁including ▁older ▁groups ▁that ▁experienced ▁their ▁hey day ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁later ▁groups ▁who ▁rose ▁to ▁popularity ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁and ▁younger ▁acts ▁that ▁have ▁formed ▁or ▁gained ▁popularity ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁series ▁has ▁progress ed ▁its ▁production ▁values ▁have ▁improved , ▁and ▁numerous ▁special ▁features ▁have ▁been ▁incorporated ▁into ▁the ▁DVD ▁releases . ▁Episode ▁ 9 , ▁The ▁V and als ▁Live ▁at ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Blues ▁uses ▁the ▁most ▁of ▁such ▁bonus ▁features ▁thus ▁far , ▁including ▁a ▁" J |
osh ▁Fre ese ▁cam " ▁with ▁a ▁picture - in - picture ▁close - up ▁of ▁his ▁foot ▁ped al , ▁optional ▁on - screen ▁lyrics , ▁and ▁multiple ▁band ▁comment aries . ▁ ▁E pis odes ▁ ▁Category : Con cert s <0x0A> </s> ▁Major ▁Moses ▁Cor bet ▁( 1 7 2 8 – 1 8 1 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁of ▁Jersey ▁from ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 7 7 1 ▁to ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 1 7 8 1 . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁Cor bet ▁joined ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁c . 1 7 4 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 8 ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁En sign ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁Years ' ▁War ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁promoted ▁to ▁Captain , ▁sail ing ▁with ▁his ▁reg iment ▁from ▁Ireland ▁to ▁help ▁relie ve ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Fort ▁St ▁Philip ▁( 1 7 5 6 ) ▁in ▁Men or ca . ▁The ▁relief ▁failed ▁and ▁his ▁reg iment ▁moved ▁to ▁Gib ral tar ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁until ▁ill ▁health ▁forced ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁Wh ilst ▁in ▁England ▁he ▁married ▁and ▁became ▁A ide - de - camp ▁to ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Lord ▁Robert ▁Bert ie ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot ▁He ▁rejo ined ▁the ▁reg iment ▁in ▁Gib ral tar ▁and ▁received ▁promotion ▁to ▁Major ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 1 7 6 |
1 ▁within ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Foot . ▁Return ing ▁with ▁the ▁reg iment ▁to ▁England , ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁army ▁because ▁of ▁ill ▁health ▁and ▁settled ▁back ▁in ▁Jersey ▁Channel ▁Islands . ▁ ▁Be coming ▁involved ▁in ▁politics ▁and ▁following ▁corn ▁ri ot ▁disturb ances ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 , ▁was ▁appointed ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁of ▁Jersey ▁on ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 7 7 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 9 ▁the ▁Franco - D utch ▁Inv asion ▁of ▁Jersey ▁was ▁attempted ▁at ▁St ▁O uen ' s ▁Bay . ▁The ▁defend ers , ▁led ▁by ▁Moses ▁Cor bet , ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁landing , ▁suffering ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁men ▁wounded ▁when ▁a ▁can non ▁burst . ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Jersey ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 1 7 8 1 ▁a ▁French ▁inv ading ▁force ▁led ▁by ▁Philippe ▁de ▁R ulle court ▁secured ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Saint ▁Hel ier ▁and ▁surprised ▁Cor bet ▁in ▁bed ▁in ▁Government ▁House ▁( then ▁situated ▁at ▁Le ▁Man oir ▁de ▁La ▁Mot te ). ▁De ▁R ulle court ▁convinced ▁Cor bet ▁that ▁thousands ▁of ▁French ▁troops ▁had ▁already ▁overwhelmed ▁Jersey . ▁He ▁threatened ▁to ▁burn ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁slaughter ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁if ▁the ▁g arr ison ▁did ▁not ▁capit ulate ▁and ▁Cor bet , ▁unable ▁to ▁asc ertain ▁the ▁true ▁situation , ▁sur rend ered . ▁Major ▁Francis ▁Pe ir son , ▁suspect ing ▁that ▁De ▁R ulle court ▁only ▁had ▁a ▁small ▁force , ▁took ▁command |
▁of ▁the ▁British ▁troops ▁in ▁Cor bet ' s ▁absence ▁and ▁counter - att acked ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁decis ive ▁engagement ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁British ▁forces ▁were ▁vict orious . ▁ ▁Cor bet ▁was ▁subsequently ▁tried ▁by ▁Court - mart ial ▁at ▁Horse gu ards . ▁ ▁The ▁charges ▁were ▁▁ ▁All owing ▁himself ▁to ▁be ▁surprised ▁by ▁the ▁enemy ▁ ▁Sign ing ▁articles ▁of ▁capit ulation ▁when ▁a ▁prisoner ▁ ▁Att empt ing ▁to ▁indu ce ▁other ▁officers ▁in ▁command ▁to ▁con cur ▁ ▁The ▁French ▁General ▁had ▁written ▁the ▁capit ulation ▁letter ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁hand ▁and ▁to ▁get ▁Cor bet ▁to ▁sign ▁threatened ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁shipping ▁in ▁the ▁har bour , ▁dis cl osing ▁in ▁great ▁detail ▁the ▁def ences ▁of ▁the ▁Island , ▁leading ▁Cor bet ▁to ▁believe ▁many ▁units ▁had ▁been ▁captured ▁and ▁wish ing ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁town ▁from ▁destruction ▁by ▁fire , ▁and ▁believing ▁his ▁powers ▁of ▁command ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁removed ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁prisoner , ▁agreed ▁to ▁sign . ▁Cor bet ▁received ▁good ▁references ▁from ▁Lord ▁Robert ▁Bert ie ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁Mart ial ▁was ▁incon clusive ; ▁he ▁was ▁dismissed ▁as ▁Lieutenant - G overn or , ▁but ▁granted ▁a ▁pension ▁of ▁£ 2 5 0 ▁p . a . ▁for ▁life . ▁ ▁Port rait ▁A ▁formal ▁full - length ▁portrait ▁of ▁Major ▁Moses ▁Cor bet ' s ▁portrait ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁noted ▁artist ▁Philippe ▁Jean ▁( 1 7 5 5 – 1 |
8 0 2 ). ▁Philippe ▁Jean ▁was ▁made ▁famous ▁for ▁his ▁mini ature ▁portrait ▁of ▁Gu ern sey ▁born ▁Sir ▁Isaac ▁Bro ck ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁commissioned ▁portrait ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁III . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 2 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 1 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁Jersey <0x0A> </s> ▁Captain ▁Ma hend ra ▁N ath ▁Mull a , ▁M VC ▁( 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Navy . ▁As ▁the ▁Command ing ▁Officer ▁of ▁, ▁he ▁chose ▁to ▁go ▁down ▁with ▁his ▁ship ▁when ▁his ▁ship ▁was ▁s unk ▁during ▁the ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Mull a ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁in ▁Gor akh pur , ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁to ▁T . ▁N . ▁Mull a . ▁He ▁was ▁commissioned ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Indian ▁Navy ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁Military ▁Career ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Lieutenant ▁Commander ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Commander ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁Death ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War , ▁Mull a ▁was ▁command ing ▁a ▁task ▁force |
▁of ▁two ▁ships ▁which ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Fleet . ▁The ▁task ▁force ▁was ▁assigned ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁hunting ▁and ▁destroying ▁enemy ▁submar ines ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Arab ian ▁Sea . ▁At ▁ 2 0 : 5 0 ▁hours ▁on ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁his ▁vessel , ▁IN S ▁Kh uk ri , ▁was ▁hit ▁by ▁a ▁tor ped o ▁fired ▁by ▁an ▁enemy ▁submar ine , ▁, ▁about ▁ ▁off ▁Di u . ▁Mull a ▁issued ▁orders ▁for ▁the ▁ship ▁to ▁be ▁abandoned ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁s inking . ▁ ▁Memorial ▁ ▁A ▁memorial ▁for ▁the ▁t ribute ▁to ▁Mull a ▁and ▁other ▁mart y red ▁sail ors ▁exists ▁at ▁Di u ▁. ▁The ▁memorial ▁const itutes ▁a ▁full - scale ▁model ▁of ▁IN S ▁Kh uk ri ▁enc ased ▁in ▁a ▁glass ▁house , ▁placed ▁on ▁a ▁hill ock ▁facing ▁the ▁sea . ▁The ▁memorial ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁by ▁Vice ▁Admiral ▁Mad h v end ra ▁Singh ▁as ▁the ▁flag ▁officer ▁command ing - in - ch ief . ▁ ▁The ▁Capt . ▁M . ▁N . ▁Mull a ▁Aud itor ium , ▁at ▁Navy ▁Nag ar , ▁Col aba , ▁M umb ai , ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁him . ▁A ▁bust ▁of ▁Capt . ▁Mull a ▁stands ▁in ▁the ▁f oy er . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁Category : Ind ian ▁Navy ▁officers ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the |
▁Mah a ▁Vir ▁Ch ak ra ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : Ind ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Ind o - P ak ist ani ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Category : Capt ains ▁who ▁went ▁down ▁with ▁the ▁ship ▁Category : R oyal ▁Indian ▁Navy ▁officers <0x0A> </s> ▁Bad u ▁is ▁a ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Em manuel ▁A gy em ang - Bad u ▁Gh ana ian ▁football er ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁E ry k ah ▁Bad u ▁American ▁singer / s ong writer , ▁record ▁producer ▁and ▁actress , ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁D il end ra ▁Pr as ad ▁Bad u , ▁Nep ales e ▁politician <0x0A> </s> ▁D ion g olo ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Ban for a ▁Department ▁of ▁Como é ▁Province ▁in ▁south - western ▁Bur k ina ▁F as o . ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 , 4 0 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Sat ell ite ▁map ▁at ▁Map land ia . com ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁C asc ades ▁Region ▁Category : Com o é ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Dog ▁Who ▁Stop ped ▁the ▁War ▁( , ▁" The ▁To que ▁War |
") ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁Canadian ▁drama ▁film ▁from ▁Quebec , ▁directed ▁by ▁André ▁Mel anç on . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁T ales ▁for ▁All ▁( Cont es ▁pour ▁tous ) ▁series ▁of ▁children ' s ▁movies ▁created ▁by ▁Les ▁Produ ctions ▁la ▁F ête . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁involves ▁a ▁huge ▁snow ball ▁fight ▁between ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁in ▁Quebec ▁during ▁winter ▁vacation ▁who ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁rival ▁gang s , ▁one ▁defending ▁a ▁snow ▁castle , ▁the ▁other ▁attacking ▁it . ▁The ▁attack ers ▁are ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁boy ▁who ▁styles ▁himself ▁as ▁" General ▁Luc " ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁being ▁boss y . ▁The ▁defend ers ▁are ▁out number ed ▁and ▁led ▁by ▁Marc , ▁who ▁owns ▁a ▁dog ▁named ▁Cle o . ▁They ▁also ▁have ▁the ▁genius ▁boy ▁François ▁on ▁their ▁side . ▁ ▁François ▁designs ▁a ▁massive , ▁elaborate ▁snow ▁fort ress , ▁and ▁Marc ' s ▁group ▁construct s ▁it . ▁Luc ▁arrives ▁with ▁his ▁army , ▁wearing ▁makes h ift ▁arm our ▁and ▁w ield ing ▁wooden ▁sw ords . ▁They ▁attempt ▁to ▁scale ▁the ▁walls ▁with ▁a ▁ladder , ▁but ▁Luc ▁is ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁and ▁orders ▁a ▁retreat . ▁They ▁reg roup ▁and ▁stage ▁a ▁second , ▁more ▁co vert ▁attack , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁spotted ▁and ▁beaten ▁back ▁again ▁with ▁snow ball s ▁so aked ▁in ▁ink . ▁ ▁Luc ▁coun ters ▁by ▁attacking ▁a ▁third ▁time , ▁this ▁time ▁with ▁his |
▁army ▁dressed ▁in ▁garbage ▁bags ▁as ▁protection ▁from ▁the ▁ink . ▁They ▁overwhel m ▁the ▁fort ' s ▁def ences , ▁and ▁Marc ▁and ▁François ▁escape ▁via ▁tob og gan ▁through ▁a ▁secret ▁tunnel . ▁The ▁two ▁groups ▁meet ▁and ▁agree ▁to ▁have ▁one ▁final ▁battle ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁Luc ▁shows ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁final ▁sie ge ▁with ▁an ▁even ▁larger ▁army , ▁having ▁recru ited ▁additional ▁( you ng er ) ▁children ▁with ▁chocolate . ▁They ▁also ▁possess ▁new ▁weapons ▁such ▁as ▁sl ings h ots ▁and ▁a ▁snow ball ▁can non . ▁Luc ▁orders ▁them ▁to ▁charge , ▁and ▁despite ▁being ▁slowed ▁by ▁bar ric ades , ▁they ▁eventually ▁bre ach ▁the ▁fort ress ▁walls ▁and ▁engage ▁in ▁me lee ▁combat ▁with ▁the ▁defend ers . ▁Marc ' s ▁dog ▁Cle o ▁comes ▁after ▁her ▁owner , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fort ress ▁walls ▁coll aps es , ▁killing ▁her . ▁The ▁war ▁ends , ▁as ▁both ▁sides ▁help ▁b ury ▁her . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁movie ▁is ▁performed ▁by ▁N ath alie ▁Sim ard . ▁It ' s ▁called ▁" L ' am our ▁a ▁pr is ▁son ▁temps ," ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁" Love ▁Is ▁On ▁Our ▁Side ." ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁film ▁won ▁the ▁Golden ▁Re el ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Gen ie ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁as ▁Canada ' s ▁top - g ross ing ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁ |
▁An ▁animated ▁rem ake , ▁Snow time ! ▁( La ▁Gu erre ▁des ▁tu ques ▁ 3 D ), ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁spin off ▁television ▁series ▁called ▁Snow sn aps ▁and ▁the ▁sequ el ▁R ac etime ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Culture ▁of ▁Quebec ▁Cin ema ▁of ▁Quebec ▁List ▁of ▁Quebec ▁movies ▁List ▁of ▁Canadian ▁films ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Produ ctions ▁La ▁F ête ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁films ▁Category : Que bec ▁films ▁Category : F rench - language ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁comedy - dr ama ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁comedy - dr ama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 8 4 ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁children ' s ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Quebec ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Quebec ▁Category : Mir am ax ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Th ur man ▁Te ague ▁( J uly ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁– ▁October ▁ 1 5 ▁or ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁jazz ▁double - b ass ist . ▁ ▁Te ague ▁first ▁played ▁ban jo ▁and ▁guitar , ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁Chicago ▁with ▁Jack ▁G oss ▁around ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁as ▁a ▁guitar ist ; ▁he ▁switched ▁to ▁double - b ass ▁after ▁this ▁instrument ▁became |
▁more ▁aud ible ▁on ▁ ▁record ings ▁in ▁the ▁electrical ▁recording ▁era . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁bass ist ▁with ▁Ben ▁Poll ack , ▁Vincent ▁L ope z , ▁Shar key ▁Bon ano , ▁and ▁Sant o ▁P ec ora , ▁then ▁joined ▁Harry ▁James ' s ▁or chestra , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁played ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁he ▁lived ▁on ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ▁and ▁played ▁with ▁Red ▁Nich ols , ▁Jack ▁Te ag arden , ▁Frank ▁Sin atra , ▁and ▁D rew ▁Page ▁among ▁others ; ▁as ▁a ▁session ▁musician , ▁he ▁played ▁on ▁some ▁ 2 0 0 ▁record ings . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁musicians ▁Category : American ▁jazz ▁double - b ass ists ▁Category : M ale ▁double - b ass ists ▁Category : J azz ▁musicians ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : M ale ▁jazz ▁musicians <0x0A> </s> ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁( born ▁around ▁ 1 5 1 4 ▁in ▁Ann ab erg ▁in ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains ▁in ▁Germany ; ▁died ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁ 1 5 7 5 , ▁also ▁in ▁Ann ab erg ) ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁supporters ▁of ▁bob bin ▁l ace ▁making ▁( pro bably ▁incorrect ly , ▁as ▁explained ▁by ▁Rein h art ▁U ng er ▁in ▁his ▁work |
, ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁und ▁ihre ▁Zeit ) ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁successful ▁business woman ▁in ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁Her ▁last ▁name ▁has ▁sometimes ▁been ▁sp elled ▁U tt mann , ▁but ▁the ▁sp elling ▁U th mann ▁is ▁generally ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁correct ▁today . ▁ ▁Life ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁von ▁El ter le in ▁and ▁successfully ▁continued ▁the ▁business ▁of ▁her ▁dece ased ▁husband , ▁Christ oph ▁U th mann , ▁but ▁failed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁intr igue ▁by ▁her ▁competition . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁thus ▁forced ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁another ▁field ▁of ▁activity . ▁ ▁It ▁cannot ▁be ▁histor ically ▁proven ▁that ▁she ▁actually ▁had ▁bob bin ▁l ace ▁made ▁as ▁a ▁cottage ▁industry ▁( comm only ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁manufacturing ▁at ▁that ▁time ), ▁but ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁proven ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁active ▁as ▁a ▁manufacturer ▁of ▁bra ids . ▁At ▁times , ▁she ▁employed ▁ 9 0 0 ▁b raid ▁m akers . ▁ ▁After ▁her ▁death , ▁she ▁left ▁behind ▁a ▁considerable ▁life ' s ▁work ▁and ▁is ▁still ▁counted ▁today ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁extraordinary ▁personal ities ▁of ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁Mon uments ▁to ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁a ▁bronze ▁figure ▁of ▁U th mann ▁was ▁cast ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ann ab erg ▁by ▁the ▁D res den ▁sculpt or , ▁Professor ▁Edu ard ▁Robert ▁Hen ze . ▁It ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁acknowled g ement ▁to ▁Barbara |
▁U th mann , ▁who ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁inst igator ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁industrial ▁boom ▁( after ▁silver ▁mining ) ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁a ▁child ▁died ▁while ▁playing ▁at ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁f ount ain ▁and ▁the ▁water ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁pool . ▁It ▁was ▁filled ▁with ▁earth ▁and ▁planted ▁afterwards . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁the ▁bronze ▁figure ▁was ▁melt ed ▁down ▁for ▁arm aments ▁production ▁( 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 2 ). ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁after ▁two ▁poll s , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁monument ▁should ▁be ▁ere cted ▁again . ▁After ▁collecting ▁don ations ▁for ▁ten ▁years , ▁a ▁re plica ▁of ▁the ▁Hen ze ▁monument ▁was ▁ere cted ▁in ▁the ▁market ▁square ▁at ▁Ann ab erg - B uch hol z ▁on ▁ 2 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁On ▁this ▁occasion , ▁the ▁U th mann ▁family ▁celebrated ▁a ▁family ▁re union ▁in ▁Ann ab erg - B uch hol z . ▁Over ▁ 6 0 ▁descend ants ▁witnessed ▁the ▁official ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁f ount ain ▁and ▁signed ▁the ▁golden ▁book ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Barbara - U th mann ▁monument ▁in ▁the ▁market ▁square ▁of ▁El ter le in . ▁ |
▁Hon ours ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Plan et oid ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁CA , ▁discovered ▁on ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁by ▁the ▁Dre bach ▁Observ atory ▁in ▁the ▁O re ▁Mountains , ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Barbara ▁U th mann . ▁The ▁planet oid , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁officially ▁called ▁U th mann ▁( 3 1 2 2 3 1 ), ▁or bits ▁the ▁sun ▁between ▁the ▁planets ▁of ▁Mars ▁and ▁J upiter . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Contin ue ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Barbara ▁U th mann ▁und ▁das ▁Kl ö pp eln ▁( in ▁German ) ▁ ▁Jo ach im ▁Me hn ert ▁ ▁Barbara ▁U th mann : ▁eine ▁un gew ö hn liche ▁Frau ▁( book ▁overview ) ▁( in ▁German ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 1 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 7 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : L ace ▁Category : O re ▁Mountains ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁German ▁business people ▁Category : G erman ▁women ▁in ▁business ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁business w omen <0x0A> </s> ▁Hey ▁America ▁is ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁musician ▁James ▁Brown . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁by ▁King ▁Records . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁Christmas ▁albums ▁Category : J ames ▁Brown ▁albums ▁Category : |
Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁James ▁Brown ▁Category : King ▁Records ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁D iss ang is ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Y onne ▁department ▁in ▁Bour g og ne - Fr anche - Com té ▁in ▁north - cent ral ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁Y onne ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Y onne <0x0A> </s> ▁Ber te a ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁Pra h ova ▁County , ▁Rom ania . ▁It ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁two ▁villages , ▁Ber te a ▁and ▁L ut u ▁Ro ș u . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ber te a <0x0A> </s> ▁B ers h ak ovo ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁sel o ) ▁and ▁the ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁B ers h akov sk oy e ▁R ural ▁S ett lement , ▁She bek insky ▁District , ▁Bel gor od ▁O bl ast , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 4 6 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁is ▁ 1 ▁street . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Bel gor od ▁O bl ast ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁She bek insky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Elizabeth ▁Ross i ello ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁of ▁digital ▁payments ▁platform ▁Bit P esa . ▁She ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Queens , ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁now ▁lives ▁in ▁Dak ar , ▁Sen eg al |
. ▁She ▁is ▁an ▁expert ▁in ▁East ▁African ▁financial ▁product ▁development ▁and ▁establishing ▁practices ▁in ▁risk , ▁govern ance ▁and ▁IT ▁for ▁local ▁banks . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ross i ello ▁has ▁a ▁Masters ▁in ▁International ▁Finance ▁from ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁International ▁and ▁Public ▁Affairs ▁at ▁Columbia ▁University . ▁Prior ▁to ▁founding ▁Bit P esa , ▁she ▁was ▁Deputy ▁Director ▁of ▁Plan et ▁Rating ' s ▁East ▁and ▁Southern ▁African ▁office , ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁Anal yst ▁at ▁Credit ▁Su isse ▁in ▁NY , ▁London ▁and ▁Zur ich , ▁worked ▁at ▁Gold man ▁Sach s ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Robert ▁Bos ch ▁Fellow ▁at ▁the ▁German ▁Bund est ag ▁in ▁Frankfurt . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁founding ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Economic ▁Forum ’ s ▁Future ▁Council ▁on ▁Block chain ▁and ▁the ▁Global ▁Block chain ▁Business ▁Council , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁active ▁advocate ▁for ▁block chain ▁technology ▁in ▁emerging ▁markets . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁she ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁Fort une ▁Magazine ' s ▁" The ▁Led ger ▁ 4 0 ▁Under ▁ 4 0 " ▁list ▁of ▁young ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁transform ing ▁business ▁at ▁the ▁leading ▁edge ▁of ▁finance ▁and ▁technology . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : American ▁women ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : Sch ool ▁of ▁International ▁and ▁Public ▁Affairs , ▁Columbia ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁at ▁Buffalo ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁associated ▁with ▁Bitcoin ▁Category : People ▁associated ▁with ▁crypt ocur rency ▁Category : People ▁from |
▁Queens , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bay ▁View ▁H ouses ▁is ▁a ▁housing ▁project ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁H ousing ▁Authority ▁in ▁the ▁Can ars ie ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Brooklyn . ▁It ▁has ▁twenty - three , ▁ 8 - story ▁buildings ▁with ▁ 1 , 6 0 9 ▁apartments . ▁The ▁ 3 4 . 0 2 - acre ▁complex ▁is ▁b ordered ▁by ▁Se av iew ▁Avenue , ▁East ▁ 1 0 2 nd ▁Street , ▁and ▁Rock away ▁Park way . ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁Construction ▁on ▁the ▁Bay ▁View ▁H ouses ▁began ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁and ▁was ▁completed ▁on ▁June ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁middle - inc ome ▁families ▁to ▁keep ▁these ▁residents ▁from ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁subur bs . ▁The ▁Bay view ▁H ouses ▁was ▁mostly ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁low - ▁to ▁middle - inc ome ▁working ▁class ▁New ▁York ers . ▁ ▁The ▁development ▁was ▁designed ▁in ▁the ▁super block ▁style ▁which ▁bounds ▁the ▁property ▁with ▁local ▁roads ▁and ▁without ▁roads ▁crossing . ▁The ▁buildings ▁take ▁up ▁roughly ▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁to ▁ensure ▁green ▁space , ▁typical ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁This ▁design ▁ign ores ▁the ▁surrounding ▁environment , ▁particularly ▁the ▁view ▁of ▁Jama ica ▁Bay ▁from ▁the ▁buildings . ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁development ▁is ▁the ▁Bay ▁View ▁H ouses ▁Farm , ▁managed ▁by ▁East |
▁New ▁York ▁Far ms . ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁Not able ▁residents ▁▁ ▁John ▁Bro ck ington ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 ), ▁former ▁NFL ▁player ▁Steven ▁Ke ats ▁( 1 9 4 5 – 1 9 9 4 ), ▁actor ▁ ▁John ▁Sal ley ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁former ▁NBA ▁player ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁player ▁to ▁win ▁an ▁NBA ▁championship ▁on ▁three ▁different ▁teams ▁Howard ▁Sch ult z ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 3 ), ▁former ▁CEO ▁of ▁Star b ucks ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁H ousing ▁Authority ▁List ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁H ousing ▁Authority ▁properties ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁F act ▁sheet ▁ ▁Category : Res idential ▁buildings ▁in ▁Brooklyn ▁Category : Can ars ie , ▁Brooklyn ▁Category : Public ▁housing ▁in ▁Brooklyn <0x0A> </s> ▁" High ▁Roll er " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁written ▁by ▁Robin ▁Z ander , ▁Rick ▁N iel sen , ▁and ▁Tom ▁Peters son ▁that ▁was ▁first ▁released ▁on ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ' s ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁album ▁Heaven ▁Ton ight . ▁ ▁It ▁later ▁appeared ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ▁live ▁and ▁compilation ▁albums , ▁and ▁was ▁covered ▁by ▁Sc raw l ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁album ▁Blood s ucker . ▁ ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ▁version ▁Although ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁until ▁their ▁third ▁album , ▁" High ▁Roll er " ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s |
▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁songs ▁the ▁band ▁wrote ▁after ▁coming ▁together . ▁ ▁Z ander ▁initiated ▁writing ▁the ▁song ▁and ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁mel ody , ▁and ▁N iel sen ▁and ▁Peters son ▁ch ipped ▁in ▁to ▁fill ▁in ▁parts ▁when ▁Z ander ▁felt ▁the ▁song ▁needed ▁something ▁more . ▁ ▁The ▁lyrics ▁were ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁drug ▁dealer ▁from ▁Lake ▁Gen eva , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁The ▁song ' s ▁protagon ist ▁br ags ▁about ▁being ▁a ▁" high ▁roll er " ▁and ▁that ▁" I ▁always ▁get ▁the ▁things ▁that ▁I ▁choose ." ▁ ▁The ▁r iff ▁was ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁rhythm ▁and ▁blues ▁standard ▁" Route ▁ 6 6 ." ▁ ▁Crit ic ▁Dave ▁Sw anson ▁describes ▁the ▁r iff ▁as ▁" simple ▁and ▁dynamic " ▁and ▁pra ises ▁N iel sen ' s ▁guitar ▁solo . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁critic ▁Bryan ▁W aw zen ek ▁is ▁particularly ▁eff usive ▁in ▁pra ising ▁Bun ▁E . ▁Carlos ' s ▁drum ming ▁on ▁the ▁song , ▁comparing ▁his ▁f ills ▁to ▁The ▁Roll ing ▁St ones ' ▁Charlie ▁W atts . ▁ ▁W aw zen ek ▁also ▁uses ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁how ▁Carlos ▁can ▁" p ound ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁best ▁gl am ▁drum mers ," ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁" not ▁a ▁beat ▁out ▁of ▁place ." ▁ ▁W aw zen ek ▁also ▁calls ▁Z ander ' s ▁singing ▁" g reat ," ▁remark ing ▁how ▁he ▁makes ▁" the |
▁hot - shot ▁l oth ario " ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁" sound ▁both ▁really ▁cool ▁and ▁really ▁dangerous ." ▁ ▁Bob ▁S led ▁also ▁pra ises ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁vocal ▁" sh ifts ▁conv inc ingly " ▁between ▁rock ing ▁and ▁int ros pection . ▁ ▁Author ▁Mike ▁Hay es ▁states ▁that ▁Tom ▁W erman ' s ▁production ▁on ▁Heaven ▁Ton ight ▁soft ened ▁the ▁song ▁compared ▁to ▁its ▁live ▁rend itions . ▁ ▁In ▁Australia , ▁" High ▁Roll er " ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁B - side ▁of ▁Heaven ▁Ton ight ''' s ▁second ▁single ▁" Cal ifornia ▁Man ." ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁conc erts ▁in ▁Japan ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁live ▁album ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ▁at ▁Bud ok an ▁but ▁was ▁not ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁release ▁of ▁that ▁album . ▁ ▁That ▁performance ▁was , ▁however , ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁release ▁Bud ok an ▁II , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on ▁there lease ▁of ▁the ▁complete ▁concert ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Hay es ▁claims ▁that ▁this ▁live ▁version ▁" e cl ips es ▁the ▁original ▁with ▁sn ar ling , ▁up ▁front ▁gu it ars ." ▁ ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁critic ▁Steven ▁W ine ▁calls ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick ' s ▁" best ▁rock ers ." ▁ ▁An ▁alternate ▁take ▁of ▁" High ▁Roll er " ▁was ▁included ▁on |
▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁compilation ▁album ▁Sex , ▁America , ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁compilation ▁album ▁The ▁Ess ential ▁Che ap ▁Tr ick . ▁ ▁In ▁Japan , ▁it ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁compilation ▁album ▁The ▁Great est ▁H its . ▁ ▁Sc raw l ▁version ▁Sc raw l ▁covered ▁" High ▁Roll er " ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁album ▁Blood s ucker . ▁ ▁Ira ▁Rob b ins ▁and ▁Michael ▁Sand lin ▁of ▁T rou ser ▁Press ▁describe ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁" stri pped ▁down " ▁version ▁but ▁call ▁it ▁a ▁" ri pping ▁cover ," ▁even ▁though ▁they ▁feel ▁the ▁con ception ▁was ▁better ▁than ▁the ▁execution . ▁ ▁Bob ▁S led ▁of ▁CD ▁Review '' ▁finds ▁the ▁Sc raw l ▁version ▁" power ful " ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁think ▁that ▁lead ▁singer ▁Mar cy ▁M ays ' ▁" int ense ▁vocal ▁ple asing " ▁matches ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁version . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁songs ▁Category : Che ap ▁Tr ick ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Rick ▁N iel sen ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Tom ▁Peters son ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Tom ▁W erman ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Robin ▁Z ander <0x0A> </s> ▁Arnold ▁Karl ▁S od eman ▁( ▁– ▁), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁School - |
girl ▁Str ang ler , ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁serial ▁killer ▁who ▁targeted ▁children . ▁He ▁conf essed ▁to ▁four ▁kill ings ▁before ▁being ▁executed ▁at ▁Pent ridge ▁Pr ison , ▁Victoria ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁S od eman ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁eleven ▁people ▁to ▁be ▁h anged ▁at ▁Pent ridge ▁Pr ison ▁after ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁Ga ol ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Arnold ▁Karl ▁S od eman ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Victoria ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁His ▁mother ▁suffered ▁from ▁b outs ▁of ▁am nes ia ▁and ▁both ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁grandfather ▁died ▁in ▁mental ▁institutions . ▁At ▁ 1 8 , ▁S od eman ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁a ▁re format ory ▁prison ▁for ▁l arc eny . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁his ▁release ▁from ▁the ▁re format ory , ▁he ▁was ▁charged ▁with ▁armed ▁rob bery ▁and ▁wound ing ▁the ▁station ▁master ▁at ▁Sur rey ▁Hills ▁railway ▁station . ▁S od eman ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁prison ▁to ▁serve ▁three ▁years ▁hard ▁labour . ▁S od eman ▁escaped ▁from ▁prison ▁and ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁a ▁further ▁ 1 2 ▁months ▁imprison ment ▁with ▁hard - lab our . ▁ ▁Upon ▁release , ▁S od eman ▁settled ▁down ▁to ▁various ▁labour ing ▁jobs , ▁first ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁G ip ps land . ▁He ▁married ▁Bern ice ▁Pope ▁at ▁Coll ing wood ▁and ▁their ▁daughter , ▁Joan , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁The |
▁marriage ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁happy ▁one ; ▁although ▁S od eman ▁seemed ▁to ▁suffer ▁from ▁occasional ▁b outs ▁of ▁depression ▁and ▁frequent ▁drunk en ness , ▁he ▁was ▁never ▁violent ▁towards ▁his ▁family . ▁He ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁be ▁hard - working , ▁mild ▁and ▁am iable , ▁with ▁a ▁generous ▁dis position . ▁ ▁Mur ders ▁and ▁arrest ▁On ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁S od eman ▁ab du cted ▁a ▁ 1 2 - year - old ▁school girl , ▁M ena ▁Griff ith s . ▁He ▁came ▁upon ▁his ▁victim ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁play ground ▁playing ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁friends . ▁He ▁gave ▁the ▁other ▁girls ▁some ▁money , ▁and ▁told ▁them ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁shop ▁to ▁get ▁some ▁ice - cre ams ; ▁mean while , ▁he ▁told ▁his ▁victim ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁different ▁err and ▁for ▁her ▁to ▁run . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁little ▁girl ' s ▁friends ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁play ground , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁sign ▁of ▁Griff ith s ▁or ▁the ▁man . ▁Griff ith s ' ▁body ▁was ▁discovered ▁two ▁days ▁later ▁at ▁Or mond , ▁in ▁an ▁abandoned ▁building . ▁She ▁had ▁been ▁str angled ▁to ▁death , ▁then ▁g ag ged ▁and ▁bound ▁post - m ort em ▁with ▁her ▁own ▁clothing . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁he ▁ab du cted ▁ 1 6 - year - old ▁Haz el ▁Wilson ▁and ▁str angled ▁her ▁to |
▁death . ▁Her ▁body ▁was ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Or mond . ▁Again , ▁in ▁a ▁signature ▁move , ▁he ▁had ▁g ag ged ▁and ▁tied ▁her ▁hands ▁behind ▁her ▁back ▁with ▁portions ▁of ▁her ▁clothing . ▁ ▁S od eman ▁struck ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁time ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁His ▁victim , ▁E the l ▁Bel sh aw , ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 2 - year - old ▁girl ▁whom ▁he ▁str angled ▁then ▁bound ▁at ▁the ▁sea - side ▁town ▁of ▁In ver lo ch . ▁Bel sh aw ▁was ▁int ending ▁to ▁buy ▁an ▁ice ▁cream ▁when ▁she ▁disappeared . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁S od eman ▁killed ▁his ▁fourth ▁victim , ▁a ▁ 6 - year - old ▁girl ▁named ▁June ▁R ush mer , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁cow ork er , ▁who ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁a ▁local ▁park . ▁Her ▁body ▁was ▁found ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁from ▁her ▁Le ong ath a ▁home . ▁She ▁had ▁also ▁been ▁bound , ▁g ag ged ▁and ▁str angled . ▁W itness es ▁stated ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁seen ▁the ▁child ▁with ▁a ▁man ▁on ▁a ▁bicy cle ▁shortly ▁before ▁her ▁disappe arance . ▁ ▁S od eman ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁work ▁crew ▁repair ing ▁road ways . ▁During ▁a ▁morning ▁tea ▁break ▁a ▁fellow ▁worker ▁j ok ingly ▁stated ▁he ▁had ▁seen ▁S od eman ▁on ▁his ▁bike |
▁near ▁the ▁crime ▁scene . ▁S od eman ▁replied ▁an gr ily ▁that ▁he ▁wasn ' t ▁there . ▁He ▁had ▁answered ▁with ▁such ▁anger ▁and ▁rage , ▁which ▁was ▁very ▁out ▁of ▁character ▁for ▁him , ▁that ▁the ▁workers ▁told ▁police . ▁Police ▁took ▁him ▁away ▁for ▁questioning ▁and ▁he ▁quickly ▁conf essed ▁to ▁the ▁crimes . ▁Police ▁were ▁initially ▁ske pt ical ▁of ▁the ▁conf ession , ▁but ▁S od eman ▁gave ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁crimes ▁that ▁only ▁someone ▁present ▁could ▁have ▁known . ▁ ▁In quest ▁and ▁trial ▁ ▁The ▁court ▁house ▁at ▁Le ong ath a ▁was ▁crowded ▁when ▁the ▁R ush mer ▁in quest ▁comm enced . ▁The ▁government ▁path ologist , ▁Dr . ▁M oll ison , ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁dead ▁girl ' s ▁hands ▁were ▁tied ▁behind ▁her ▁back ▁with ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁cloth , ▁and ▁a ▁blood st ained ▁gar ment ▁was ▁pushed ▁into ▁her ▁mouth . ▁A ▁piece ▁of ▁torn ▁sock ▁was ▁tied ▁around ▁her ▁neck . ▁The ▁body ▁bore ▁bru ises . ▁Death , ▁he ▁thought ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁suff ocation . ▁▁ ▁Nancy ▁Vi ola ▁Smith , ▁aged ▁ 1 2 , ▁said ▁that ▁she ▁played ▁with ▁R ush mer ▁on ▁the ▁Le ong ath a ▁reserve ▁and ▁that ▁R ush mer ▁left ▁the ▁park ▁at ▁ 7 . 1 5 ▁p . m . ▁William ▁Henry ▁Money , ▁of ▁Le ong ath a ▁said ▁that ▁at ▁ 7 . 1 5 ▁p . m . ▁he ▁saw ▁S od eman ▁riding |
▁his ▁bicy cle ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁reserve . ▁S od eman ▁had ▁a ▁strange ▁look ▁on ▁his ▁face ▁and ▁the ▁witness ▁thought ▁it ▁peculiar . ▁S od eman ▁did ▁not ▁speak ▁to ▁him . ▁Vincent ▁Des mond ▁Ryan ▁of ▁Le ong ath a , ▁said ▁that ▁between ▁ 7 . 1 5 ▁and ▁ 7 . 3 0 ▁p . m . ▁he ▁saw ▁a ▁man ▁with ▁a ▁little ▁girl ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁his ▁cycle . ▁The ▁child ▁was ▁similar ▁in ▁build ▁to ▁R ush mer , ▁but ▁the ▁witness ▁was ▁ 8 0 ▁metres ▁( 9 0 ▁yards ) ▁away ▁and ▁could ▁not ▁see ▁him ▁properly . ▁ ▁Senior ▁Detect ive ▁O ' Ke efe ▁said ▁that ▁Detect ive ▁Del min ico ▁was ▁with ▁S od eman ▁when ▁he ▁stated : ▁" I ▁saw ▁June ▁R ush mer ▁on ▁the ▁foot path ▁walking ▁towards ▁her ▁home ▁near ▁the ▁tennis ▁court ▁and ▁she ▁said , ▁' G ive ▁us ▁a ▁ride .' ▁I ▁knew ▁her ▁and ▁she ▁knew ▁me . ▁I ▁agreed , ▁and ▁rode ▁down ▁the ▁stock ▁route ▁and ▁turned ▁down ▁the ▁road ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁san itary ▁dep ot . ▁About ▁ 9 0 ▁metres ▁( 1 0 0 ▁yards ) ▁from ▁the ▁corner , ▁she ▁said , ▁' This ▁is ▁far ▁enough .' ▁I ▁got ▁off ▁the ▁bike ▁and ▁said ▁' You ▁can ▁walk ▁home .' ▁I ▁made ▁a ▁run ▁towards ▁her ▁and ▁she ▁ran ▁into ▁the ▁bush . ▁I ▁ran ▁after ▁her , ▁and ▁caught ▁her |
▁round ▁the ▁neck , ▁and ▁she ▁started ▁to ▁scream . ▁I ▁held ▁her ▁by ▁the ▁neck ▁and ▁she ▁went ▁lim p ▁all ▁of ▁a ▁sudden . ▁I ▁then ▁took ▁off ▁her ▁blo om ers ▁and ▁j ammed ▁them ▁into ▁her ▁mouth . ▁I ▁got ▁a ▁belt ▁from ▁her ▁fro ck ▁and ▁tied ▁it ▁over ▁her ▁mouth ▁and ▁round ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁her ▁neck ." ▁S od eman ▁was ▁then ▁committed ▁for ▁trial ▁by ▁the ▁coron er . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁at ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁a ▁two - day ▁trial , ▁the ▁jury ▁found ▁him ▁guilty ▁of ▁murder . ▁The ▁government ▁medical ▁officer , ▁Dr ▁A . ▁J . ▁W . ▁Phil p ott , ▁his ▁assistant , ▁Dr ▁R . ▁T . ▁All an , ▁and ▁a ▁psychiat rist ▁Dr ▁R egin ald ▁Ell ery ▁all ▁gave ▁evidence ▁that ▁S od eman ▁was ▁suffering ▁from ▁a ▁disorder ▁of ▁the ▁mind ▁which ▁created ▁an ▁' obs ess ional ▁imp ulse ' ▁of ▁such ▁power ▁that — under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁alcohol — he ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁responsible ▁for ▁his ▁behaviour . ▁Since ▁S od eman ▁was ▁into x icated ▁on ▁all ▁four ▁occasions , ▁the ▁doctors ▁concluded ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁insane ▁at ▁the ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁mur ders . ▁Their ▁conclusion ▁was ▁rein forced ▁not ▁only ▁by ▁S od eman ' s ▁repet itive ▁behaviour , ▁but ▁also ▁by ▁his ▁family ' s ▁medical ▁history : ▁both ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁grandfather ▁had ▁died ▁insane . ▁Judge ▁Charles ▁G avan |
▁D uffy ▁then ▁sent enced ▁him ▁to ▁death ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁R ush mer ▁having ▁advised ▁the ▁jury ▁to ▁distinguish ▁between ▁opinions ▁given ▁by ▁expert ▁medical ▁witnesses ▁on ▁matters ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁physical ▁body , ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁proved ▁by ▁surgery , ▁and ▁those ▁concerning ▁the ▁mind . ▁The ▁jury , ▁in ▁making ▁their ▁decision , ▁ ▁rejected ▁S od eman ' s ▁defence ▁of ▁ins an ity . ▁ ▁Appe als ▁An ▁extract ▁from ▁The ▁Arg us , ▁on ▁Friday ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁read :" An ▁English ▁King ' s ▁Coun sel ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁engaged ▁to ▁ple ad ▁the ▁case ▁before ▁the ▁Jud icial ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁of ▁Arnold ▁S od eman , ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁condem ned ▁to ▁death ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁June ▁R ush mer ▁at ▁Le ong ath a . ▁S od eman ' s ▁sol ic itor ▁( Mr . ▁C ▁H . ▁Aut y ) ▁said ▁yesterday ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁arranged ▁by ▁cable ▁message ▁for ▁Mr ▁D . ▁N ▁Pr itt , ▁K ▁C , ▁a ▁leading ▁Kings ▁Coun sel , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons , ▁to ▁appear ▁for ▁S od eman ▁in ▁the ▁proposed ▁application ▁by ▁him ▁for ▁special ▁leave ▁to ▁appeal ▁against ▁the ▁ref usal ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁of ▁Australia ▁to ▁grant ▁him ▁special ▁leave ▁to ▁appeal ▁against ▁his ▁conviction . ▁Mr ▁Aut y ▁said ▁that ▁his ▁agents ▁in ▁London ▁would ▁instruct ▁Mr . ▁Pr itt ▁and |
▁another ▁barr ister , ▁who ▁would ▁act ▁as ▁Mr ▁Pr itt ' s ▁Junior , ▁regarding ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁application . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Mr . ▁Aut y ▁has ▁addressed ▁a ▁written ▁request ▁to ▁the ▁Premier ▁Mr . ▁Dun stan ) ▁that ▁the ▁Government ▁should ▁grant ▁a ▁further ▁rep rieve ▁to ▁S od eman ▁until ▁such ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁condem ned ▁man ' s ▁application ▁to ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁has ▁been ▁determined ▁Mr ▁Aut y ▁said ▁yesterday ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁now ▁' pre par ing ▁the ▁petition ▁for ▁special ▁leave ▁to ▁appeal ▁and ▁other ▁necessary ▁documents . ▁He ▁expected ▁that ▁those ▁documents ▁would ▁be ▁ready ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁be ▁des pat ched ▁to ▁England ▁next ▁week '. ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁documents ▁which ▁must ▁shortly ▁go ▁forward ▁to ▁London ▁is ▁an ▁aff id av it ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁application . ▁This ▁must ▁be ▁signed ▁by ▁S od eman , ▁whose ▁present ▁rep rieve ▁ex pires ▁on ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁for ▁which ▁day ▁the ▁execution ▁has ▁been ▁fixed . ▁It ▁is ▁expected ▁that ▁the ▁Executive ▁Council ▁will ▁grant ▁the ▁rep rieve ▁now ▁asked ▁for ▁by ▁Mr . ▁Aut y . ▁It ▁is ▁expected ▁that ▁a ▁report ▁will ▁be ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁Crown ▁Law ▁Department ▁next ▁week , ▁and ▁if ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁decides ▁that ▁the ▁request ▁should ▁be ▁granted ▁the ▁necessary ▁action ▁will ▁be ▁taken ▁immediately ▁by ▁the ▁Executive ▁Council . ▁S od eman ' s ▁appeal ▁against ▁his ▁conviction ▁was ▁un successful . ▁The ▁grounds ▁of ▁the ▁appeal ▁were :- ( |
1 ) ▁That ▁the ▁learned ▁trial ▁Judge ▁wrong ly ▁admitted ▁evidence , ▁namely , ▁the ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁deaths ▁of ▁M ena ▁Griff ith s , ▁Haz el ▁Wilson , ▁and ▁E the l ▁Bel sh aw ; ▁( 2 ) ▁that ▁the ▁learned ▁trial ▁judge ▁mis direct ed ▁the ▁jury ▁( a ) ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁on us ▁of ▁proof ▁in ▁a ▁case ▁of ▁ins an ity , ▁( b ) ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁ins an ity , ▁and ▁( c ) ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁law ▁relating ▁to ▁drink , ▁ins an ity , ▁and ▁m ans l aughter ; ▁and ▁( 3 ) ▁that ▁the ▁prosecut ion ▁and ▁the ▁learned ▁trial ▁Judge ▁made ▁comments ▁on ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁accused ▁to ▁give ▁evidence ." ▁ ▁Execut ion ▁S od eman ▁had ▁not ▁wanted ▁a ▁rep rieve ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁fear ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁lived ▁he ▁may ▁have ▁committed ▁more ▁mur ders . ▁S od eman ▁spent ▁a ▁good ▁deal ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁playing ▁d ra ug ht s ▁with ▁Edward ▁Corn el ius , ▁who ▁was ▁under ▁sentence ▁of ▁death ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁the ▁Rev . ▁Cec il ▁in ▁Fitz roy ▁in ▁November ▁of ▁last ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁h anged ▁and ▁buried ▁at ▁Pent ridge ▁Pr ison , ▁Cob urg , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁An ▁aut ops y ▁dis closed ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁suffering ▁from ▁le pt om ening itis , ▁a ▁degener ative ▁disease |
▁which ▁could ▁cause ▁serious ▁con gest ion ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁when ▁ag grav ated ▁by ▁alcohol . ▁ ▁Media ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁the ▁Australian ▁television ▁series ▁H omic ide ▁based ▁episode ▁ 3 9 , ▁" A ▁L on ely ▁Place ", ▁on ▁the ▁case . ▁The ▁episode ▁first ▁went ▁to ▁air ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁actor ▁John ▁F eg an ▁warning ▁of ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁protecting ▁children . ▁Unlike ▁many ▁episodes , ▁the ▁episode ▁ended ▁without ▁a ▁voice ▁over , ▁stating ▁what ▁the ▁legal ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁case ▁had ▁been ▁( for ▁example , ▁whether ▁the ▁off ender ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁but ▁later ▁rep riev ed ). ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁seventy - fif th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁E the l ▁Bel sh aw , ▁Le ong ath a ▁newspaper ▁‘ ’ ’ The ▁Great ▁Southern ▁Star ’ ’ ’ ▁published ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Ma ure en ▁Lewis ▁( née ▁Ke ig her y ) ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁S od erman ' s ▁neighbour ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁Lewis ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁S od eman ▁family ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁he ▁murdered ▁Bel sh aw . ▁Lewis ▁had ▁trav elled ▁with ▁the ▁S od em ans ▁from ▁Le ong ath a , ▁for ▁a ▁fun ▁day ▁in ▁the ▁sun . ▁She ▁was ▁friends ▁with ▁the ▁S od em ans ’ ▁child , ▁Joan , ▁a ▁girl ▁of ▁similar ▁age . ▁“ On ▁the ▁day |
▁E the l ▁was ▁murdered ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁take ▁me ▁for ▁an ▁ice ▁cream . ▁It ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁me ▁that ▁day ,” ▁she ▁said . ▁“ I ▁went ▁down ▁there ▁with ▁them ▁to ▁In ver lo ch ▁on ▁that ▁day ▁with ▁the ▁S od em ans . ▁... ▁He ▁wanted ▁to ▁take ▁me ▁for ▁an ▁ice ▁cream ▁and ▁Mrs ▁S od eman ▁wouldn ’ t ▁let ▁him ▁take ▁me ▁unless ▁he ▁also ▁took ▁Joan , ▁his ▁daughter .” ▁( which ▁S od eman ▁refused ▁to ▁do ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Bour ke , ▁John ▁Peter ▁& ▁Son en berg , ▁David ▁Sh ob urn ▁( 1 9 6 9 ). ▁Ins an ity ▁and ▁in just ice . ▁Jac ar anda . ▁S art ain , ▁Bob ▁& ▁In ver lo ch ▁Historical ▁Society ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁Anderson ▁In let ▁In ver lo ch ▁: ▁murder ▁in ▁In ver lo ch ▁: ▁the ▁S od eman ▁mur ders . ▁Norman ▁R . ▁De acon ▁for ▁In ver lo ch ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁execut ions ▁by ▁Australia ▁Category : Austral ian ▁people ▁convicted ▁of ▁murder ▁Category : Austral ian ▁serial ▁kill ers ▁Category : C rim inals ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : E scape es ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁det ention ▁Category : Execut ed ▁Australian ▁people ▁Category : Execut ed ▁serial ▁kill |
ers ▁Category : M ale ▁serial ▁kill ers ▁Category : People ▁convicted ▁of ▁fraud ▁Category : People ▁convicted ▁of ▁murder ▁by ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁by ▁Australia ▁by ▁hanging ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁by ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁for ▁murder ▁Category : Austral ian ▁murder ers ▁of ▁children <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ade le uf ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁P uy - de - D ô me ▁department ▁in ▁Au ver g ne - R h ô ne - Al pes ▁in ▁central ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁P uy - de - D ô me ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁P uy - de - D ô me <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁first ▁nat ives ▁in ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁were ▁hun ters , ▁and ▁gather ers , ▁and ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁intermediate ▁region ▁between ▁Mes o american ▁and ▁And e an ▁native ▁cultures . ▁ ▁Christopher ▁Columb us ▁first ▁dropped ▁anchor ▁in ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁in ▁ 1 5 0 2 ▁at ▁Is la ▁U v ita . ▁Soon ▁after , ▁his ▁forces ▁over c ame ▁the ▁ind igenous ▁people . ▁He ▁incorporated ▁the ▁territory ▁into ▁the ▁Captain cy ▁General ▁of ▁Gu atem ala ▁as ▁a ▁province ▁of ▁New ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 4 . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁ 3 0 0 ▁years , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁was ▁a ▁colony ▁of ▁Spain . ▁As ▁a ▁result , |
▁Costa ▁R ica ' s ▁culture ▁has ▁been ▁greatly ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁Spain . ▁During ▁this ▁period , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁remained ▁sp ars ely ▁developed ▁and ▁imp over ished . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁Mexican ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁( 1 8 1 0 – 1 8 2 1 ), ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁independent ▁Mexican ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁Sub sequently , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 , ▁before ▁gaining ▁full ▁independence ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁Its ▁economy ▁struggled ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁connections ▁with ▁European ▁suppliers . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁res isted ▁United ▁States ▁sett lers ▁from ▁mount ing ▁a ▁take - over ▁of ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁After ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁established ▁a ▁democratic ▁government . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁Civil ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁government ▁draft ed ▁a ▁new ▁constitution , ▁guarantee ing ▁universal ▁suff rage ▁and ▁the ▁dis m ant ling ▁of ▁the ▁military . ▁Today , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁is ▁a ▁democracy ▁that ▁rel ies ▁on ▁technology ▁and ▁e co - t our ism ▁for ▁its ▁economy . ▁Although ▁poverty ▁has ▁declined ▁since ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁economic ▁problems ▁still ▁exist . ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁is ▁facing ▁problems ▁of ▁under em ployment , ▁foreign ▁and ▁internal |
▁debt , ▁and ▁a ▁trade ▁def iciency . ▁ ▁Hunter - gather ers ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁evidence ▁of ▁human ▁occupation ▁in ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁groups ▁of ▁hun ter - gather ers ▁about ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁BC , ▁with ▁ancient ▁archae ological ▁evidence ▁( stone ▁tool ▁making ) ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Tur rial ba ▁Valley , ▁at ▁sites ▁called ▁Guard ir ia ▁and ▁Florence , ▁with ▁matching ▁qu arry ▁and ▁workshop ▁areas ▁with ▁presence ▁of ▁type ▁cl ov is ▁spe ar heads ▁and ▁South ▁American ▁inspired ▁ar rows . ▁All ▁this ▁suggests ▁the ▁possibility ▁that ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁two ▁different ▁cultures ▁co ex isted . ▁ ▁The ▁people ▁of ▁this ▁era ▁were ▁nom ad ic . ▁They ▁were ▁organized ▁in ▁family - based ▁bands ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁members . ▁Their ▁usual ▁prey ▁animals ▁were ▁called ▁meg af a una , ▁such ▁as ▁giant ▁arm ad ill os ▁and ▁sl oth s , ▁mast od ons , ▁etc . ▁These ▁became ▁ext inct ▁about ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁before ▁the ▁modern ▁era . ▁The ▁first ▁sett lers ▁had ▁to ▁adapt ▁to ▁hunting ▁smaller ▁animals ▁and ▁develop ▁appropriate ▁strategies ▁to ▁adjust ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁conditions . ▁ ▁Pre - Col umb ian ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁ ▁In ▁Pre - Col umb ian ▁times , ▁the ▁Native ▁Americans ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁cultural |
▁complex ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" I st h mo - Col omb ian ▁area ," ▁between ▁the ▁Mes o american ▁and ▁And e an ▁cultural ▁regions . ▁ ▁The ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁the ▁Nic oya ▁Pen insula , ▁was ▁the ▁southern most ▁point ▁of ▁Mes o american ▁cultural ▁influence ▁when ▁the ▁Spanish ▁con quer ors ▁( con qu ist adores ) ▁came ▁in ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century . ▁The ▁central ▁and ▁southern ▁portions ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁had ▁Ch ib cha ▁influences . ▁The ▁ind igenous ▁people ▁have ▁influenced ▁modern ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁culture ▁to ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁degree . ▁In ▁the ▁years ▁soon ▁after ▁European ▁encounter , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁died ▁due ▁to ▁infect ious ▁diseases , ▁such ▁as ▁meas les ▁and ▁small p ox , ▁which ▁were ▁end emic ▁among ▁the ▁Europe ans ▁but ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁had ▁no ▁imm unity . ▁The ▁D iqu is ▁culture ▁flour ished ▁from ▁ 7 0 0 ▁CE ▁to ▁ 1 5 3 0 ▁CE ▁and ▁were ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁craft s ▁in ▁metal ▁and ▁stone work . ▁ ▁Spanish ▁colon ization ▁ ▁The ▁colonial ▁period ▁began ▁when ▁Christopher ▁Columb us ▁reached ▁the ▁eastern ▁coast ▁of ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁on ▁his ▁fourth ▁voyage ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 5 0 2 . ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁subsequent ▁Spanish ▁exped itions ▁followed , ▁eventually ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁Spanish ▁colony ▁in ▁Costa ▁R ica , ▁, ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 4 . ▁ ▁During ▁most ▁of |
▁the ▁colonial ▁period , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁was ▁the ▁southern most ▁province ▁of ▁the ▁Captain cy ▁General ▁of ▁Gu atem ala , ▁which ▁was ▁nomin ally ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁V icer oyal ty ▁of ▁New ▁Spain ▁( i . e ., ▁Mexico ). ▁In ▁practice ▁it ▁operated ▁as ▁a ▁largely ▁autonom ous ▁entity ▁within ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Empire . ▁Costa ▁R ica ' s ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁capital ▁in ▁Gu atem ala , ▁its ▁legal ▁prohib ition ▁under ▁Spanish ▁law ▁against ▁trading ▁with ▁its ▁southern ▁neighbors ▁in ▁Pan ama , ▁then ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁V icer oyal ty ▁of ▁New ▁Gran ada ▁( i . e ., ▁Colombia ), ▁and ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁resources ▁such ▁as ▁gold ▁and ▁silver , ▁resulted ▁in ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁attract ing ▁few ▁inhabitants . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁poor , ▁isolated , ▁and ▁sp ars ely ▁inhab ited ▁region ▁within ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Empire . ▁a ▁Spanish ▁governor ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 9 ▁described ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁as ▁" the ▁po orest ▁and ▁most ▁miserable ▁Spanish ▁colony ▁in ▁all ▁America ." ▁▁ ▁Many ▁histor ians ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁area ▁suffered ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁ind igenous ▁population ▁available ▁for ▁forced ▁labor , ▁which ▁meant ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁sett lers ▁had ▁to ▁work ▁their ▁own ▁land . ▁This ▁prevented ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁large ▁h aci end as . ▁For ▁all ▁these ▁reasons ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁was ▁by ▁and ▁large ▁un app reci ated ▁and ▁overlook ed ▁by ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Crown ▁and ▁left ▁to ▁develop ▁on ▁its ▁own |
. ▁ ▁The ▁small ▁land owners ' ▁relative ▁poverty , ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁ind igenous ▁labor ▁force , ▁the ▁population ' s ▁ethnic ▁and ▁lingu istic ▁hom ogene ity , ▁and ▁Costa ▁R ica ' s ▁isolation ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁colonial ▁centers ▁in ▁Mexico ▁and ▁the ▁And es , ▁all ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁and ▁individual istic ▁ag r arian ▁society . ▁Even ▁the ▁Governor ▁had ▁to ▁farm ▁his ▁own ▁crops ▁and ▁tend ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁garden ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁poverty . ▁The ▁failure ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁colonial ▁society ▁based ▁on ▁ind igenous ▁and ▁slave ▁labor ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁pe asant ▁economy ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 0 0 s . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁con quest , ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁twenty ▁distinct ▁ind igenous ▁societies , ▁number ing ▁in ▁the ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁and ▁speaking ▁many ▁different ▁languages , ▁inhab ited ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁con quest ▁of ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁lasted ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁a ▁century ▁after ▁it ▁started ▁ 1 5 1 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁gen oc idal ▁en slave ment ▁of ▁the ▁ind igenous ▁societies ▁of ▁Nic oya ▁on ▁the ▁Pacific ▁North ▁coast ▁was ▁the ▁con quest ' s ▁first ▁stage . ▁Its ▁second ▁phase ▁began ▁with ▁fruit less ▁attempts ▁to ▁consolid ate ▁a ▁Spanish ▁settlement ▁on ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Caribbean ▁side . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁process , ▁Sp ani ards ▁reduced ▁the ▁ind igenous ▁population ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁ext inction ▁through ▁disease , ▁war , ▁re pr |
is als , ▁rel ocation ▁and ▁brutal ▁explo itation . ▁The ▁Native ▁American ▁population ▁stood ▁at ▁about ▁ 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 9 ▁and ▁had ▁fallen ▁to ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁by ▁ 1 6 1 1 . ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁from ▁Spain ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁Napoleon ' s ▁occupation ▁of ▁Spain ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁revol ts ▁all ▁across ▁Spanish ▁America . ▁In ▁New ▁Spain , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁fighting ▁by ▁those ▁seeking ▁independence ▁was ▁done ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁that ▁area ▁from ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁what ▁today ▁is ▁central ▁Mexico . ▁Once ▁the ▁V icer oy ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁city — t oday ▁Mexico ▁City — in ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁the ▁news ▁of ▁independence ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁territor ies ▁of ▁New ▁Spain , ▁including ▁the ▁Int end encies ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Captain cy ▁General ▁of ▁Gu atem ala . ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁joined ▁the ▁other ▁Central ▁American ▁Int end ancies ▁in ▁a ▁joint ▁declaration ▁of ▁independence ▁from ▁Spain , ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁Act ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁the ▁documents ▁arrived ▁at ▁Cart ago , ▁and ▁an ▁emergency ▁meeting ▁was ▁called ▁upon ▁by ▁Governor ▁. ▁There ▁were ▁many ▁ideas ▁on ▁what ▁to ▁do ▁upon ▁gaining ▁independence , ▁such ▁as ▁joining ▁Mexico , |
▁joining ▁Gu atem ala ▁or ▁N ueva ▁Gran ada ▁( t oday ▁Colombia ). ▁A ▁group ▁was ▁declared ▁( J un ta ▁de ▁Leg ados ), ▁which ▁created ▁the ▁temporary ▁. ▁Meanwhile , ▁" the ▁clouds ▁clear ▁up " ▁(" M ientras ▁se ▁a cl ar aban ▁los ▁n ubl ados ▁del ▁día "), ▁was ▁a ▁famous ▁phrase ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁from ▁Spain ▁was ▁acknowledged ▁and ▁rat ified ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁by ▁the ▁colonial ▁authorities . ▁It ▁was ▁then ▁rat ified ▁in ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁San ▁José ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁at ▁Cart ago ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 rd , ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁at ▁H ered ia ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 8 2 1 , ▁and ▁Al aj uela ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 5 th , ▁ 1 8 2 1 . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁declaration ▁of ▁independence , ▁the ▁New ▁Spain ▁parliament ▁intended ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁common wealth ▁where by ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Spain , ▁Ferd inand ▁VII , ▁would ▁also ▁be ▁Emperor ▁of ▁New ▁Spain , ▁but ▁in ▁which ▁both ▁countries ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁governed ▁by ▁separate ▁laws ▁and ▁with ▁their ▁own ▁legisl ative ▁offices . ▁Should ▁the ▁king ▁refuse ▁the ▁position , ▁the ▁law ▁provided ▁for ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Bour bon ▁to ▁acc ede ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁Spain ▁throne . ▁ ▁Ferd inand ▁VII ▁did ▁not ▁recognize ▁the |
▁colony ' s ▁independence ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁Spain ▁would ▁not ▁allow ▁any ▁other ▁European ▁prince ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁throne ▁of ▁New ▁Spain . ▁ ▁By ▁request ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁reg ency , ▁Ag ust ín ▁de ▁It urb ide , ▁was ▁pro claimed ▁emperor ▁of ▁New ▁Spain , ▁which ▁was ▁renamed ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁Mexican ▁Empire ▁was ▁the ▁official ▁name ▁given ▁to ▁this ▁mon arch ical ▁regime ▁from ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁to ▁ 1 8 2 3 . ▁The ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Empire ▁included ▁the ▁contin ental ▁intend ancies ▁and ▁provin ces ▁of ▁New ▁Spain ▁proper ▁( including ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Captain cy ▁General ▁of ▁Gu atem ala ) ▁( See : ▁History ▁of ▁Central ▁America ). ▁On ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 8 2 3 ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁O ch om ogo ▁was ▁fought ▁between ▁forces ▁from ▁Cart ago ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Empire ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁preferred ▁to ▁remain ▁independent . ▁The ▁Republicans ▁won ▁and ▁the ▁capital ▁was ▁moved ▁from ▁Cart ago ▁to ▁San ▁José . ▁ ▁Central ▁America ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 3 , ▁a ▁revolution ▁in ▁Mexico ▁ou sted ▁Emperor ▁Ag ust ín ▁de ▁It urb ide . ▁A ▁new ▁Mexican ▁congress ▁voted ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁Central ▁American ▁Int end ancies ▁to ▁decide ▁their ▁own ▁fate . ▁That ▁year , ▁the ▁United ▁Prov in ces ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁was ▁formed ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁Central ▁American ▁Int end ancies ▁under ▁General ▁Manuel ▁José ▁Ar ce . ▁The ▁Int |
end ancies ▁took ▁the ▁new ▁name ▁of ▁States . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁Prov in ces ▁feder ation , ▁not ▁strongly ▁united ▁to ▁begin ▁with , ▁rapidly ▁dis integr ated ▁under ▁the ▁press ures ▁of ▁in tra - prov inc ial ▁rival ries . ▁ ▁Following ▁full ▁independence ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁had ▁no ▁regular ▁trade ▁routes ▁established ▁to ▁export ▁their ▁coffee ▁to ▁European ▁markets . ▁L ack ▁of ▁infrastructure ▁caused ▁problems ▁in ▁ ▁transportation : ▁the ▁coffee - grow ing ▁areas ▁were ▁mainly ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Valley ▁and ▁had ▁access ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁P unt aren as ▁on ▁the ▁Pacific ▁coast . ▁Before ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal ▁opened , ▁ships ▁from ▁Europe ▁had ▁to ▁sail ▁around ▁Cape ▁Horn ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Coast . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 3 , ▁the ▁country ▁established ▁a ▁trade ▁route ▁to ▁Europe ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁William ▁Le ▁L ache ur , ▁a ▁Gu ern sey ▁merchant ▁and ▁ship owner . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁William ▁Walker , ▁an ▁American ▁fil ib uster , ▁began ▁in curs ions ▁into ▁Central ▁America . ▁After ▁landing ▁in ▁Nic ar ag ua , ▁he ▁pro claimed ▁himself ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Nic ar ag ua ▁and ▁re - inst ated ▁slavery , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁He ▁intended ▁to ▁expand ▁into ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁and ▁after ▁he ▁entered ▁that ▁territory , ▁the ▁country ▁declared ▁war ▁against ▁his ▁forces . ▁Led ▁by ▁Commander |
▁in ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁Costa ▁R ica , ▁President ▁Juan ▁Raf ael ▁M ora ▁Por ras , ▁the ▁fil ib usters ▁were ▁defeated ▁and ▁forced ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁forces ▁followed ▁the ▁fil ib usters ▁into ▁R ivas , ▁Nic ar ag ua , ▁where ▁in ▁a ▁final ▁battle , ▁William ▁Walker ▁and ▁his ▁forces ▁were ▁finally ▁pushed ▁back . ▁Juan ▁Sant amar ía , ▁a ▁drum mer ▁boy ▁from ▁Al aj uela ▁who ▁lost ▁his ▁life ▁tor ching ▁the ▁fil ib usters ' ▁strong hold , ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁this ▁final ▁battle . ▁He ▁is ▁today ▁remembered ▁as ▁a ▁national ▁hero . ▁ ▁Republic ▁ ▁An ▁era ▁of ▁peaceful ▁democracy ▁in ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁with ▁elections . ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁has ▁avoided ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁violence ▁that ▁has ▁pl ag ued ▁Central ▁America . ▁Since ▁the ▁late ▁nineteenth ▁century , ▁only ▁two ▁brief ▁periods ▁of ▁violence ▁have ▁mar red ▁its ▁republic an ▁development . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 , ▁Feder ico ▁T in oco ▁Gran ados ▁ruled ▁as ▁a ▁dict ator . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁José ▁Fig uer es ▁Ferr er ▁led ▁an ▁armed ▁up r ising ▁in ▁the ▁wake ▁of ▁a ▁disput ed ▁presidential ▁election . ▁ ▁" With ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁dead , ▁the ▁ 4 4 - day ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁Civil ▁War ▁resulting ▁from ▁this ▁up r ising ▁was ▁the |
▁blood iest ▁event ▁in ▁twentieth - century ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁history ." ▁The ▁vict orious ▁jun ta ▁draft ed ▁a ▁constitution ▁guarantee ing ▁free ▁elections ▁with ▁universal ▁suff rage ▁and ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁the ▁military . ▁Fig uer es ▁became ▁a ▁national ▁hero , ▁winning ▁the ▁first ▁election ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁constitution ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁Since ▁then ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁has ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁democr acies ▁to ▁operate ▁without ▁a ▁standing ▁army . ▁The ▁nation ▁has ▁held ▁ 1 6 ▁success ive ▁presidential ▁elections , ▁all ▁peaceful , ▁the ▁latest ▁being ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Costa ▁R ica ' s ▁economy ▁went ▁under ▁a ▁transformation ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁The ▁country ▁went ▁from ▁being ▁" an ▁economic ▁development ▁success ▁story " ▁to ▁entering ▁a ▁severe ▁soc io - econom ic ▁crisis . ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁rel ied ▁on ▁the ▁export ation ▁of ▁ban anas ▁and ▁coffee . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁coffee ▁prices ▁dropped , ▁and ▁its ▁reven ues ▁declined . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁oil , ▁a ▁main ▁imported ▁item , ▁increased ▁sharply ▁and ▁rapidly , ▁pl ung ing ▁the ▁country ▁into ▁crisis . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁help ▁improve ▁the ▁economy , ▁President ▁Rodr igo ▁Car az o ▁continued ▁to ▁borrow ▁money ▁internation ally . ▁This ▁led ▁the ▁country ▁into ▁further ▁debt . ▁ ▁Once ▁a ▁largely ▁agricultural ▁country , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁has ▁transformed ▁to ▁re lying ▁on |
▁technology ▁industry ▁and ▁services , ▁and ▁e co - t our ism . ▁Costa ▁R ica ' s ▁major ▁source ▁of ▁export ▁income ▁is ▁technology - based . ▁Microsoft , ▁Motor ola , ▁Intel ▁and ▁other ▁technology - related ▁firms ▁have ▁established ▁operations ▁in ▁Costa ▁R ica . ▁Local ▁companies ▁create ▁and ▁export ▁software ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁computer - related ▁products . ▁Tour ism ▁is ▁growing ▁at ▁an ▁acceler ated ▁pace , ▁and ▁many ▁believe ▁that ▁income ▁from ▁this ▁tour ism ▁may ▁soon ▁become ▁the ▁major ▁contributor ▁to ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁G DP . ▁Trad itional ▁agriculture , ▁particularly ▁coffee ▁and ▁ban anas , ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁Costa ▁R ica ' s ▁exports . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁José ▁Antonio ▁Lac ay o ▁de ▁Br iones ▁y ▁Pal ac ios ▁List ▁of ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁Politics ▁of ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁ ▁General : ▁History ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁Spanish ▁colon ization ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁from ▁" Cost a ▁R ica ▁Hand book " ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Baker ▁Costa ▁R ican ▁Arch ae ology ▁B rief ▁History ▁of ▁Costa ▁r ica . com ▁Early ▁History ▁of ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁Democr acy ▁in ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁Civil ▁War ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Costa ▁R ica <0x0A> </s> ▁Ass oc ia zione ▁Cal cio ▁Bra ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁association ▁football ▁club , ▁based ▁in ▁Bra , ▁P |
ied mont . ▁Bra ▁currently ▁plays ▁in ▁Serie ▁D . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Foundation ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁spent ▁several ▁seasons ▁in ▁Serie ▁C 1 ▁and ▁Serie ▁C 2 . ▁ ▁Serie ▁D ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁promoted ▁from ▁E cc ellen za ▁P ied mont ▁and ▁A osta ▁Valley / B ▁to ▁Serie ▁D . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁season ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁promoted ▁from ▁Serie ▁D / A ▁to ▁L ega ▁Pro ▁Second a ▁Division e ▁ ▁Players ▁ ▁Col ors ▁and ▁bad ge ▁ ▁The ▁team ' s ▁colors ▁are ▁yellow ▁and ▁red . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁P ied mont ▁and ▁A osta ▁Valley ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁Category : Ser ie ▁C ▁clubs ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁O vid ▁or ▁O vid ius ▁( 4 3 ▁BC – 1 7 ▁AD ) ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁poet . ▁His ▁name ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁male ▁first ▁name , ▁especially ▁in ▁Rom ance ▁languages , ▁often ▁in ▁variations ▁such ▁as ▁O v idi , ▁O ví d io , ▁O vid io , ▁or ▁O uv id u , ▁and ▁in |
▁some ▁recent ▁usage ▁short ened ▁to ▁O vi . ▁It ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Pl aces ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁O vid , ▁Colorado ▁ ▁O vid , ▁Id aho ▁ ▁O vid , ▁Michigan , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Clinton ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁ ▁O vid ▁Township , ▁Branch ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁ ▁O vid ▁Township , ▁Clinton ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁ ▁O vid , ▁Missouri ▁ ▁O vid ▁( town ), ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁O vid ▁( v ill age ), ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁El se where ▁ ▁O vid iu , ▁Rom ania ▁ ▁O v idi opol , ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁Pers ons ▁ ▁Saint ▁ ▁Saint ▁O vid ius , ▁a ▁Portuguese ▁saint ▁ ▁S urn ame ▁ ▁Ju vent inus ▁Alb ius ▁O vid ius , ▁a ▁Roman ▁poet , ▁probably ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 nd ▁century ▁ ▁Given ▁name ▁ ▁O vid ▁D ensus ian u , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁poet ▁ ▁O v idi ▁Mont ll or , ▁a ▁Val enc ian ▁singer - s ong writer ▁and ▁actor ▁ ▁O vid io ▁Ass on itis , ▁an ▁Egyptian ▁film ▁producer ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁Bur c ă , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁soccer ▁football er ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁C ern ă u ţ e an u ▁( aka ▁O vid iu ▁Jacob sen , ▁O vi ▁Martin ), ▁a ▁Roman ian - N or weg ian ▁singer ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁Here a , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁football er ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁Pet |
re , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁soccer ▁football er ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁St â ng ă , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁football er ▁and ▁manager ▁ ▁O vid iu ▁T oni ţ a , ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁rugby ▁football er ▁ ▁Other ▁▁ ▁O vid ▁Techn ologies , ▁a ▁vendor ▁of ▁journal ▁full ▁text , ▁book ▁full ▁text , ▁and ▁bibli ographic ▁dat abases ▁ ▁O vid ▁N apa ▁Valley ▁- ▁a ▁win ery ▁in ▁N apa ▁Valley , ▁California ▁ ▁O vid ▁( cr ater ) ▁- ▁a ▁cr ater ▁on ▁Mer cury <0x0A> </s> ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁( k ick box ing ), ▁a ▁kick box ing ▁and ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁promotion ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁ ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁( var iety ▁show ), ▁a ▁Philipp ine ▁no ont ime ▁variety ▁show ▁ ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁( film ), ▁a ▁film ▁produced ▁by ▁Fred ▁We in tra ub ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁ ▁Music ▁ ▁" It ' s ▁Show time !" ▁( B ' z ▁song ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁single ▁by ▁Japanese ▁hard ▁rock ▁du o ▁B ' z ▁from ▁their ▁album ▁Big ▁Machine ▁ ▁" It ' s ▁Show time ", ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁single ▁by ▁Kat ja ▁E b stein ▁ ▁" It ' s ▁Show time ", ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁single ▁by ▁American ▁group ▁The ▁Mo oney ▁Suz uki |
▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Show time ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁men ' s ▁e ights ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁row ing ▁events ▁on ▁the ▁Row ing ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁programme . ▁▁ 6 ▁boats ▁from ▁ 5 ▁nations ▁competed . ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Starting ▁list ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁boats ▁and / or ▁row ing ▁clubs ▁participated : ▁▁ ▁Royal ▁Club ▁N aut ique ▁de ▁Grand ▁( col ours : ▁red , ▁yellow ▁and ▁black ; ▁red ▁and ▁white ▁o ars ) ▁ ▁Toronto ▁Arg on aut ▁( col ours : ▁light ▁and ▁dark ▁blue ) ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁( col ours : ▁light ▁blue ) ▁ ▁Le ander ▁( col ours : ▁cer ise ) ▁ ▁P ann ón ia ▁Eve ző s ▁Egy let / M agy ar ▁Eve ző s ▁Sz ö v ets ég ▁( col ours : ▁red , ▁white ▁and ▁green ) ▁ ▁N org es ▁R of orb und ▁( col ours : ▁red , ▁white ▁and ▁blue ) ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Quarter fin als ▁ ▁All ▁he ats ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁Wednesday , ▁July ▁ 2 9 . ▁ ▁Quarter final ▁ 1 : ▁ 1 ▁p . m . ▁Both ▁started ▁at ▁ 3 9 ▁with ▁a ▁good ▁following ▁wind ▁which ▁blew ▁slightly ▁off ▁the ▁bus hes ▁at ▁the ▁start . ▁Canada ▁led ▁at ▁once ▁and ▁kept ▁a ▁fast ▁stroke ▁going ▁for ▁longer ▁than ▁Norway , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁their ▁getting ▁nearly ▁two ▁lengths ▁by |
▁halfway ; ▁Norway ▁made ▁tremendous ▁efforts ▁from ▁this ▁point , ▁but ▁their ▁strength ▁and ▁courage ▁did ▁not ▁produce ▁an ▁equivalent ▁in ▁pace , ▁and ▁the ▁Arg on aut s ▁won ▁by ▁two ▁and ▁three ▁quarter ▁lengths . ▁ ▁Quarter final ▁ 2 : ▁ 3 . 2 0 ▁p . m . ▁The ▁English ▁crew ▁started ▁at ▁ 4 1 ▁to ▁their ▁visitors ' ▁ 4 0 ▁and ▁led ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁ten ▁stro kes , ▁but ▁on ▁reaching ▁Rem en ham ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁drop ▁to ▁ 3 4 ▁and ▁still ▁be ▁two ▁lengths ▁ahead ▁at ▁halfway . ▁Hung ary ▁never ▁relaxed ▁their ▁efforts , ▁but ▁went ▁after ▁the ▁leaders ▁with ▁the ▁greatest ▁determination . ▁The ▁gap , ▁however , ▁was ▁never ▁reduced , ▁and ▁Le ander , ▁row ing ▁beautifully ▁together ▁with ▁a ▁reserve ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁pace ▁that ▁was ▁most ▁exh ilar ating ▁to ▁observe , ▁won ▁by ▁about ▁two ▁lengths ▁without ▁extending ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁ ▁Both ▁sem if inals ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁Thursday , ▁July ▁ 3 0 . ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 1 : ▁ 1 . 1 5 ▁p . m . ▁The ▁Canad ians ▁started ▁at ▁ 4 3 ▁to ▁Le ander ▁' s ▁ 4 0 , ▁but ▁were ▁beaten ▁for ▁speed ▁by ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁and ▁were ▁one ▁and ▁a ▁quarter ▁lengths ▁behind ▁at ▁halfway . ▁The ▁home ▁team ▁were ▁never ▁allowed ▁to ▁take ▁it ▁too ▁easily , ▁though ▁they ▁were ▁usually ▁able ▁to ▁st all |
▁off ▁all ▁the ▁pl ucky ▁efforts ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁Arg on aut s , ▁who ▁kept ▁on ▁rushing ▁at ▁them , ▁their ▁stroke ' s ▁sp ur ts ▁being ▁spl end id ly ▁backed ▁up ▁by ▁his ▁crew ▁who ▁worked ▁like ▁Tro j ans ▁to ▁the ▁finish , ▁and ▁that ▁last ▁sp urt ▁on ▁the ▁Ber k shire ▁shore ▁will ▁not ▁easily ▁be ▁forgotten ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁ind om itable ▁courage ▁against ▁a ▁much ▁superior ▁crew , ▁as ▁Le ander ▁won ▁by ▁a ▁length . ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 2 : ▁ 3 . 4 5 ▁p . m . ▁Any ▁advantage ▁which ▁the ▁Belg ians ▁may ▁have ▁had ▁from ▁the ▁slight ▁bend ▁in ▁their ▁favour ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁course ▁was ▁counter bal anced ▁by ▁the ▁wind ▁off ▁the ▁bus hes . ▁They ▁started ▁at ▁ 4 3 , ▁but ▁Cambridge ▁were ▁faster ▁at ▁ 4 0 , ▁and ▁both ▁boats ▁went ▁dead ▁level ▁all ▁up ▁the ▁island . ▁They ▁still ▁fought ▁for ▁the ▁lead ▁the ▁whole ▁way ▁to ▁Rem en ham , ▁where ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁canvas ▁was ▁a ▁few ▁inches ▁in ▁front . ▁Here ▁the ▁English ▁fal tered ▁a ▁tr if le , ▁but ▁Douglas ▁Stuart ▁and ▁John ▁Burn ▁pulled ▁them ▁together ▁again , ▁and ▁Cambridge ▁were ▁soon ▁going ▁great ▁guns ▁and ▁racing ▁spl end id ly . ▁But ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁crew ▁was ▁the ▁more ▁perfectly ▁together , ▁and ▁therefore ▁managed ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁lead ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁feet ▁at ▁halfway ▁and ▁to |
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