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▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 1 1 8 . ▁The ▁ge opol it ical ▁climate ▁of ▁Earth ▁has ▁changed ▁significantly ▁over ▁the ▁years ▁with ▁S ino - As ia ▁( Ch ina ) ▁being ▁the ▁only ▁other ▁super power ▁and ▁enemy ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Over pop ulation ▁is ▁a ▁lo oming ▁issue . ▁On ▁a ▁co vert ▁mission ▁to ▁S ino - As ia , ▁Arnold ▁sends ▁a ▁message ▁to ▁his ▁hand lers ▁in ▁the ▁U . ▁S . ▁stating ▁that ▁" The ▁West ▁will ▁be ▁destroyed ▁in ▁fourteen ▁days ". ▁He ▁then ▁takes ▁an ▁anti - t ort ure ▁drug ▁that ▁rend ers ▁him ▁an ▁am nes iac . ▁H agen ▁is ▁safely ▁brought ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁and ▁placed ▁in ▁cry ogen ic ▁preserv ation ▁until ▁the ▁government ▁can ▁dev ise ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁information ▁out ▁of ▁him . ▁With ▁the ▁key ▁to ▁discover ing ▁the ▁secret ▁weapon ▁the ▁S ino - As ians ▁were ▁working ▁on ▁locked ▁inside ▁his ▁mind ▁the ▁American ▁scientists ▁resort ▁to ▁using ▁a ▁h olog raph ic ▁memory ▁reading ▁device ▁that ▁can ▁see ▁inside ▁his ▁mind ▁while ▁he ▁is ▁asleep . ▁The ▁scientists ▁also ▁create ▁an ▁elaborate ▁historical ▁re en act ment ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁( Ar n old ▁has ▁a ▁history ▁degree ▁centered ▁on ▁this ▁tum ult uous ▁decade ) ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁role - play ing ▁mechanism ▁that ▁may ▁co ax ▁the ▁information ▁to ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁uns us pect ing
▁Arnold . ▁To ▁keep ▁his ▁suspic ions ▁down ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁mock - up , ▁they ▁also ▁create ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁personality ▁matrix ▁to ▁impl ant ▁in ▁his ▁mind . ▁He ▁is ▁led ▁to ▁believe ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁criminal ▁hiding ▁out ▁at ▁a ▁farm house ▁and ▁cannot ▁leave ▁l est ▁he ▁be ▁arrested . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁days ▁tick ▁down ▁until ▁the ▁East ▁destro ys ▁the ▁West , ▁H agen ▁comes ▁into ▁contact ▁with ▁a ▁fut ur istic ▁factory ▁worker ▁named ▁Karen ▁Sum mers ▁( Gre ta ▁Bald win ) ▁who ▁causes ▁slight ▁an ach ron istic ▁errors ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁fac ade . ▁An ▁un seen ▁sn iper ▁sc ares ▁her ▁off , ▁leaving ▁H agen ▁suspicious ▁but ▁none ▁the ▁w iser ▁about ▁the ▁fac ade ▁he ▁is ▁experiencing . ▁The ▁government ▁finds ▁and ▁det ains ▁Karen ▁but ▁tension ▁mount s ▁as ▁not ▁only ▁has ▁H agen ▁not ▁div ul ged ▁the ▁secret ▁they ▁need ▁but ▁another ▁agent , ▁the ▁un seen ▁sn iper , ▁a ▁man ▁known ▁as ▁Gregory ▁G alle a ▁( Mon te ▁Mark ham ), ▁enters ▁the ▁scene ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁co ax ▁the ▁memories ▁out ▁of ▁H agen . ▁His ▁intention ▁is ▁to ▁obtain ▁the ▁pri zed ▁info ▁so ▁he ▁can ▁double - cross ▁the ▁U . ▁S . ▁government . ▁G alle a ▁has ▁been ▁gone ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁and ▁presum ed ▁dead , ▁apparently ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁while ▁keeping ▁t
abs ▁on ▁S ino - As ia . ▁It ▁was ▁he ▁who ▁helped ▁H agen ▁escape ▁S ino - As ia . ▁ ▁The ▁memory ▁viewing ▁and ▁h olog raph ic ▁machinery ▁un le ashes ▁a ▁mental ▁power ▁in ▁H agen . ▁The ▁mental ▁power ▁creates ▁an ▁energy ▁field ▁that ▁kills ▁G alle a ▁in ▁a ▁spectacular ▁display ▁of ▁light ▁and ▁f ury . ▁His ▁death ▁however ▁becomes ▁the ▁key ▁the ▁scientists ▁were ▁looking ▁for . ▁They ▁extract ▁G alle a ' s ▁brain ▁from ▁his ▁body , ▁and , ▁while ▁keeping ▁it ▁alive ▁in ▁a ▁nut rient ▁tank , ▁perform ▁the ▁same ▁brain ▁reading ▁exercise ▁on ▁it ▁as ▁they ▁did ▁with ▁H agen . ▁G alle a ' s ▁memories ▁show ▁how ▁the ▁S ino - As ians ▁plan ▁on ▁destroying ▁the ▁West . ▁G alle a ▁inject ed ▁H agen ▁Arnold ▁with ▁a ▁my ri ad ▁of ▁medieval ▁diseases ▁which ▁will , ▁in ▁fourteen ▁days , ▁make ▁him ▁a ▁living ▁pl ague ▁bomb ▁capable ▁of ▁spreading ▁the ▁diseases ▁throughout ▁the ▁U . ▁S ., ▁thus ▁effectively ▁destroying ▁it ▁from ▁within . ▁▁ ▁The ▁lead ▁scientist , ▁Crow ther ▁( Hen ry ▁Jones ), ▁rec alls ▁that ▁Arnold ▁was ▁in ▁cry o - s us p ension ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁fourteen - day ▁period , ▁so ▁there ▁is ▁still ▁time ▁to ▁imm un ize ▁him ▁and ▁save ▁the ▁West . ▁They ▁do ▁so ▁while ▁he ▁is ▁unconscious ▁and ▁then ▁impl ant ▁a ▁third ▁identity ▁into ▁him , ▁one ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁is
▁living ▁in ▁the ▁future , ▁and ▁happily ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁beautiful ▁Karen ▁Som mers . ▁Arnold ▁w akes ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁bright ▁and ▁happy ▁new ▁future , ▁a ▁married ▁man ▁who ▁will ▁be ▁allowed ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁to ▁have ▁two ▁children ▁with ▁his ▁new ▁wife . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Christopher ▁George ▁as ▁H agen ▁Arnold ▁ ▁Gre ta ▁Bald win ▁as ▁Karen ▁Sum mers ▁ ▁Henry ▁Jones ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Crow ther ▁ ▁Monte ▁Mark ham ▁as ▁Gregory ▁G alle a ▁ ▁Harold ▁G ould ▁as ▁Col . ▁Hol t ▁ ▁Phill ip ▁P ine ▁as ▁Lee ▁Craig ▁( as ▁Phill ip ▁E . ▁P ine ) ▁ ▁Lee ▁Del ano ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Tony ▁Ver ity ▁ ▁Ivan ▁Bon ar ▁as ▁Col . ▁Cow en ▁ ▁Robert ▁Cle aves ▁as ▁Dr . ▁George ▁Tar vin ▁ ▁Charles ▁Ir ving ▁as ▁Maj . ▁Tol ley ▁ ▁She ila ▁Bart old ▁as ▁Sy bil ▁Dennis ▁ ▁Patrick ▁M . ▁Wright ▁as ▁ ▁Sto ver ▁( as ▁Patrick ▁Wright ) ▁ ▁Mary es ther ▁Denver ▁as ▁ ▁O verse er ▁ ▁Key e ▁Luke ▁as ▁Sen ▁Ch iu ▁ ▁Ed ▁P rent iss ▁as ▁H icks ▁ ▁In vol vement ▁with ▁H anna - Bar ber a ▁ ▁An imated ▁sequences , ▁representing ▁certain ▁action ▁scenes , ▁were ▁used ▁instead ▁of ▁regular ▁live ▁action ▁photography . ▁Examples ▁include ▁a ▁fut ur istic ▁VT OL - style ▁jet ▁representing ▁the ▁escape ▁plane ▁H agen ▁Arnold ▁uses ▁to ▁escape ▁from ▁S ino - As ia . ▁Another
▁re uses ▁a ▁previous ▁shot ▁from ▁the ▁animated ▁Jon ny ▁Quest ▁TV ▁series ▁of ▁an ▁under water ▁elevator ▁which ▁term inates ▁inside ▁a ▁submar ine ▁on ▁the ▁ocean ▁floor . ▁All ▁animated ▁and ▁some ▁live ▁action ▁sequences ▁were ▁further ▁enhanced ▁with ▁either ▁visual ▁h aze , ▁w avy ▁imag ery , ▁double ▁expos ures , ▁reverse - negative ▁images , ▁mon och rom atic ▁colors , ▁and ▁other ▁optical ▁effects ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁era . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁American ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁spy ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁William ▁Castle ▁Category : Param ount ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁science ▁fiction ▁novels ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁British ▁novels ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁science ▁fiction ▁films ▁Category : American ▁science ▁fiction ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Arthur ▁Charles ▁B anning ton ▁( 1 ▁December ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 1 ), ▁sometimes ▁known ▁as ▁Charlie ▁B anning ton , ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁political ▁activ ist . ▁ ▁A ▁car p enter ▁and ▁join er ▁by ▁trade , ▁B anning ton ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Birmingham , ▁the ▁fourth ▁child ▁of ▁Thomas ▁and ▁Alice ▁B anning ton . ▁ ▁Living ▁in ▁Cov entry , ▁B anning ton ▁came ▁to ▁prom in ence ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Marx
ist ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Federation ▁( SD F ). ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁general ▁election , ▁he ▁stood ▁for ▁the ▁S DF ▁in ▁Carl isle . ▁ ▁Although ▁he ▁visited ▁on ▁several ▁occasions , ▁his ▁campaign ▁was ▁ham per ed ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁take ▁much ▁time ▁off ▁work ▁to ▁visit ▁the ▁seat , ▁so ▁William ▁Gall acher ▁deput ised ▁for ▁him . ▁ ▁He ▁took ▁ 1 1 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁elected . ▁ ▁The ▁S DF ▁became ▁the ▁British ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁( B SP ), ▁and ▁it ▁locally ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁Labour ▁Party . ▁ ▁Under ▁this ▁label , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁B anning ton ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁Cov entry ▁City ▁Council , ▁defe ating ▁a ▁long - standing ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁coun c ill or . ▁ ▁The ▁B SP ▁soon ▁dis aff ili ated ▁from ▁Labour , ▁with ▁B anning ton ' s ▁departure ▁considered ▁the ▁greatest ▁loss . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁the ▁B SP ▁adopted ▁a ▁position ▁oppos ing ▁British ▁involvement ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁B anning ton ▁strongly ▁object ed ▁to ▁this ▁and ▁resigned ▁from ▁the ▁party , ▁joining ▁the ▁Army ▁T ank ▁Corps . ▁ ▁He ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁ser ge ant , ▁but ▁was ▁in val ided ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁suffering ▁with ▁shell ▁shock . ▁ ▁In ▁B anning ton ' s ▁absence , ▁other
▁former ▁B SP ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁had ▁formed ▁a ▁local ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Federation ▁of ▁D isch arg ed ▁and ▁Dem obil ized ▁S ail ors ▁and ▁Sold iers . ▁ ▁This ▁adopted ▁B anning ton ▁as ▁its ▁candidate ▁for ▁Cov entry ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁general ▁election , ▁and ▁his ▁campaign ▁focused ▁on ▁attacking ▁the ▁official ▁Labour ▁Party ▁candidate , ▁R . ▁C . ▁Wall head . ▁ ▁Wall head ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Independent ▁Labour ▁Party ▁who ▁had ▁opposed ▁the ▁war , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁remind ▁crowds ▁of ▁anti - mil itar ist ▁statements ▁made ▁by ▁B anning ton ▁before ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁Ult imately , ▁both ▁candidates ▁were ▁defeated ▁by ▁Edward ▁Man ville , ▁a ▁Coal ition ▁Conservative ▁politician ; ▁B anning ton ▁took ▁ 3 , 8 0 6 ▁votes ▁and ▁fourth ▁place ▁in ▁poll , ▁behind ▁Wall head . ▁ ▁Soon ▁afterwards , ▁B anning ton ▁left ▁the ▁city , ▁rel oc ating ▁to ▁Oxford , ▁where ▁he ▁devoted ▁his ▁time ▁to ▁the ▁Am alg am ated ▁Society ▁of ▁Wood workers . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Birmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁members ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Cov entry ▁Category : R oyal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁soldiers ▁Category : S ocial ▁Democratic ▁Federation ▁members ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World
▁War ▁I ▁Category : English ▁car pent ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁C uck oo ▁Tree ▁is ▁a ▁children ' s ▁novel ▁by ▁Joan ▁A iken , ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁Taking ▁place ▁in ▁an ▁alternate ▁history , ▁the ▁story ▁presents ▁the ▁further ▁adventures ▁of ▁D ido ▁Tw ite , ▁a ▁teen age ▁Victorian ▁tomb oy , ▁in ▁southern ▁England . ▁The ▁novel ▁is ▁chron ologically ▁the ▁fifth ▁of ▁the ▁Wol ves ▁Chron icles , ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁books ▁set ▁in ▁a ▁fict ional ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Stuart ▁kings ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁ou sted ▁by ▁William ▁of ▁Orange ; ▁a ▁key ▁plot ▁driver ▁( from ▁Black ▁He arts ▁in ▁B atter sea ) ▁is ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁" H an over ians " ▁to ▁over throw ▁" King ▁James ▁III " ▁and ▁his ▁he irs . ▁ ▁The ▁C uck oo ▁Tree ▁was ▁published ▁before ▁its ▁pre quel , ▁The ▁St olen ▁Lake . ▁ ▁Plot ▁▁ ▁Captain ▁Hughes ▁and ▁D ido ▁Tw ite ▁are ▁travelling ▁by ▁stage co ach ▁from ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁Ch iche ster ▁with ▁important ▁dis pat ches ▁for ▁the ▁Admiral ty ▁in ▁London ▁when ▁the ▁carriage ▁is ▁upset ▁and ▁Captain ▁Hughes ▁is ▁injured . ▁ ▁While ▁looking ▁for ▁help , ▁D ido ▁enc ounters ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁men ▁who ▁direct ▁her ▁to ▁Te ag l aze ▁Man or ; ▁the ▁men ▁turn ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁sm ug gl ers ▁who ▁use ▁the ▁local ▁canal ▁system ▁to ▁transport ▁their
▁w ares ▁to ▁London . ▁ ▁At ▁Te agle aze ▁Man or , ▁D ido ▁enc ounters ▁several ▁characters ▁including ▁Lady ▁T eg le aze , ▁who ▁sends ▁her ▁servants ▁and ▁personal ▁physician ▁to ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁Captain ▁Hughes . ▁ ▁Hughes ▁is ▁settled ▁in ▁an ▁abandoned ▁tenant ▁cottage ▁to ▁recover , ▁under ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁a ▁local ▁nurse , ▁the ▁unple asant ▁Mrs . ▁Lub bage . ▁ ▁Un w illing ▁to ▁trust ▁the ▁local ▁post man ▁and ▁needing ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁dis pat ches ▁to ▁London , ▁D ido ▁goes ▁to ▁" the ▁C uck oo ▁Tree ," ▁a ▁local ▁land mark ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁rend ez v ous ▁by ▁the ▁sm ug gl ers . ▁ ▁There ▁she ▁enc ounters ▁Cris , ▁a ▁mysterious ▁child ▁who ▁proves ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁key ▁element ▁in ▁a ▁plot ▁to ▁sw ind le ▁Lady ▁T eg le aze ▁out ▁of ▁her ▁property . ▁ ▁However ▁there ▁is ▁another ▁plot ▁a foot ; ▁Lady ▁T eg le aze ' s ▁lawyer , ▁Mr . ▁Fitz pick wick , ▁is ▁in ▁league ▁with ▁a ▁Han over ian ▁agent ▁planning ▁to ▁kill ▁the ▁young ▁king ▁at ▁his ▁coron ation . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁Cris ▁and ▁the ▁W ine berry ▁sm ug gl ers , ▁D ido ▁must ▁rescue ▁Lady ▁T eg le aze ' ▁grand son ▁Sir ▁Tob it ▁and ▁race ▁the ▁Han over ian ▁plot ters ▁to ▁St . ▁Paul s ▁Cat hedral , ▁where ▁her ▁old ▁friend ▁Simon ▁is ▁now ▁Master ▁of ▁the
▁King ' s ▁Gar land ries . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁▁▁ ▁D ido ▁Tw ite , ▁a ▁teen age ▁cock ney ; ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁the ▁novel ▁ ▁Captain ▁Hughes , ▁of ▁H . ▁M . ▁S . ▁Th r ush , ▁the ▁ship ▁which ▁picked ▁up ▁D ido ▁in ▁N ant ucket ▁ ▁Lady ▁T eg le aze , ▁owner ▁of ▁Te agle aze ▁Man or ▁and ▁its ▁decl ining ▁est ates ▁ ▁G us set , ▁but ler ▁to ▁Lady ▁T eg le aze ▁ ▁Sir ▁Tob it , ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁Lady ▁T eg le aze ▁ ▁D ais y ▁Lub bage , ▁a ▁famous ▁nurse ▁and ▁her bal ist ▁ ▁Cris , ▁an ▁or phan ▁under ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁Mrs . ▁Lub bage ▁ ▁Yan ▁W ine berry , ▁a ▁sm ugg ler ▁and ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Mr . ▁G us set ▁ ▁Des mond ▁Tw ite , ▁a ka ▁Pa , ▁D ido ' s ▁father ▁and ▁an ▁activ ist ▁of ▁the ▁Han over ian ▁cause ▁ ▁King ▁Richard ▁IV , ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁of ▁James ▁III ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁A it ken , ▁Joan . ▁The ▁C uck oo ▁Tree , ▁Dou bled ay ▁& ▁Company , ▁Inc . ▁▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁Pre view ▁at ▁Google ▁Books ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁British ▁novels ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁children ' s ▁books ▁Category : Children ' s ▁historical ▁novels ▁Category : B rit ish ▁children '
s ▁novels ▁Category : B rit ish ▁alternative ▁history ▁novels ▁Category : English ▁novels ▁Category : N ov els ▁set ▁in ▁England ▁Category : N ov els ▁by ▁Joan ▁A iken ▁Category : D ou bled ay ▁( pub lisher ) ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁María ▁Am elia ▁Ch op ite a ▁Villa ▁( 2 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 4 2 ) ▁was ▁Bol ivia ' s ▁first ▁female ▁physician ▁and ▁writer . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁the ▁Bol iv ian ▁society ▁was ▁very ▁patri arch al . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Ch op ite a ▁Villa ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Pot os í , ▁Bol ivia ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁Her ▁parents ▁were ▁Ad ol fo ▁Ch op ite a ▁and ▁Am elia ▁Villa . ▁ ▁Career ▁After ▁receiving ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree , ▁Ch op ite a ▁Villa ▁entered ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Medicine ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Saint ▁Francis ▁X avier ▁in ▁Su cre , ▁Bol ivia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁an ▁outstanding ▁student . ▁During ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁her ▁university ▁studies , ▁she ▁was ▁designated ▁as ▁a ▁student ▁intern ▁at ▁the ▁Santa ▁B ár bara ▁Hospital . ▁Later ▁she ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Bol iv ian ▁woman ▁to ▁study ▁medicine . ▁When ▁she ▁finished ▁her ▁university ▁studies , ▁she ▁began ▁to ▁write ▁her ▁doctor al ▁thesis , ▁C aus as ▁de ▁la ▁mort al idad ▁infant il , ▁advised
▁by ▁Professor ▁Nicol as ▁Ort í z ▁Ant elo , ▁was ▁approved ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁It ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁high ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁She ▁began ▁by ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁extraordinary ▁frequency ▁of ▁mort ality ▁in ▁the ▁environment , ▁with ▁all ▁the ▁short com ings ▁of ▁the ▁backward ness ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁communities . ▁She ▁presented ▁a ▁statistical ▁approach ▁on ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁and ▁mort ality ▁from ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁where ▁she ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁for ▁every ▁one ▁hundred ▁children , ▁ 3 9 % ▁died . ▁In ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁a ▁year , ▁ 8 7 0 ▁were ▁born ▁and ▁ 4 9 0 ▁died . ▁She ▁finished ▁her ▁thesis ▁express ing ▁her ▁appreciation ▁to ▁the ▁teachers ▁who ▁lav ished ▁her ▁encour agement ▁and ▁enthusiasm , ▁Dr s . ▁Le ón idas ▁T ard ío , ▁Dom ingo ▁Gu zm án , ▁Ja ime ▁M endo za , ▁Walter ▁Vill af ani , ▁had ▁words ▁of ▁gratitude ▁for ▁his ▁god father , ▁Dr . ▁Nicol ás ▁Ort iz ▁Ant elo . ▁She ▁Bol ivia ' s ▁first ▁graduate ▁study ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁ped iat rics . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁The ▁National ▁Congress ▁of ▁Bol ivia ▁prom ul g ated ▁a ▁law ▁to ▁Ch op ite a ▁Villa ▁went ▁to ▁Paris ▁for ▁further ▁study , ▁where ▁she ▁studied ▁under ▁numerous ▁doctors ▁and ▁worked ▁for
▁several ▁hospitals . ▁such ▁as ▁M atern ity ▁B aud elo que , ▁T arn ier , ▁E f ants ▁Mal ades ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁she ▁represented ▁Bol ivia ▁at ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁internation ale ▁des ▁fem mes - mé dec ins ▁( Med ical ▁Women ' s ▁International ▁Association ) ▁in ▁Paris ; ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁women ▁from ▁South ▁American . ▁She ▁returned ▁to ▁Bol ivia , ▁where ▁she ▁became ▁a ▁prominent ▁sur geon , ▁special izing ▁in ▁gy ne c ology ▁and ▁ped iat rics . ▁She ▁established ▁the ▁P ab ell on ▁de ▁Ni ños ▁( Children ' s ▁Ward ) ▁at ▁the ▁O ru ro ▁Hospital . ▁The ▁Bol iv ian ▁government ▁hon oured ▁her ▁for ▁her ▁work . ▁and ▁also ▁helped ▁the ▁families ▁of ▁the ▁soldiers ▁during ▁the ▁Ch aco ▁War . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish - language ▁book ▁Q ui én ▁es ▁qui én ▁en ▁Bol ivia ▁( Who ▁is ▁Who ▁in ▁Bol ivia ), ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁her ▁death . ▁Her ▁sister , ▁El ia ▁Ch op ite a , ▁also ▁studied ▁medicine , ▁becoming ▁the ▁second ▁woman ▁doctor ▁in ▁Bol ivia . ▁Dr . ▁Ch ip ote a ▁belonged ▁to ▁different ▁scientific ▁institutions : ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Medical ▁Association ▁based ▁in ▁London . ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁Cross ▁in ▁O ru ro , ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁L ions ▁Club ▁in
▁O ru ro ▁( 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 3 5 ), ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁of ▁University ▁and ▁Professional ▁Women ▁in ▁Paris . ▁In ▁O ru ro , ▁she ▁pres ided ▁over ▁the ▁Popular ▁American ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁civ ic ▁character . ▁In ▁general , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁recognition ▁of ▁women ' s ▁civil ▁and ▁political ▁rights . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁Ch op ite a ▁Villa ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 9 9 ▁women ▁comm emor ated ▁in ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Floor ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Jud y ▁Chicago ' s ▁ 1 9 7 4 – 9 ▁art ▁installation ▁The ▁D inner ▁Party ▁at ▁the ▁Brooklyn ▁Museum . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁D UB RA VC IC ▁L UK S IC ▁AN TON IO ▁“ Ch op ite a ▁Villa ▁María ▁Am elia ” ▁D icc ion ario ▁Bi ográ fico ▁M éd ico ▁His p ano american o ▁( DB M H ▁ 2 . ▁Bol ivia ) ▁ 2 . 1 5 ▁Ed ición ▁de ▁la ▁Academ ia ▁Nacional ▁de ▁Medic ina ▁de ▁Venezuela ▁Editor ial ▁A te pro ca , ▁Car ac as - V enez uela ▁febrero ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Health ▁in ▁Bol ivia ▁Women ▁in ▁Bol ivia ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : B ol iv ian ▁women ▁phys
icians ▁Category : History ▁of ▁medicine ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Pot os í ▁Department <0x0A> </s> ▁Mil jan ▁Mr d ak ović ▁( , ▁; ▁born ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁former ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁stri ker . ▁ ▁A ▁jour ne yman , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁played ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁clubs ▁across ▁ 1 0 ▁countries ▁and ▁scored ▁ 1 5 0 ▁goals ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions . ▁He ▁also ▁represented ▁Ser bia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁After ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁youth ▁categories ▁of ▁Rad ni č ki ▁Ni š ▁and ▁Part iz an , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁moved ▁abroad ▁to ▁Belg ian ▁club ▁And er le cht ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 6 . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁their ▁youth ▁and ▁reserve ▁teams , ▁before ▁going ▁on ▁loan ▁to ▁fellow ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁side ▁E end r acht ▁A al st ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Following ▁an ▁un successful ▁spell ▁in ▁Belgium , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁hom eland ▁and ▁joined ▁OF K ▁Be og rad ▁on ▁a ▁free ▁transfer . ▁He ▁became ▁the ▁team ' s ▁top ▁sc orer ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 ▁season , ▁bag ging ▁ 2 0 ▁league ▁goals ▁in ▁ 3 2 ▁appearances . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁was ▁transferred
▁back ▁to ▁Belgium , ▁pen ning ▁a ▁four - year ▁contract ▁with ▁Gent . ▁He ▁left ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁club ▁by ▁mutual ▁agreement ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁OF K ▁Be og rad ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁signed ▁with ▁Austria ▁Sal z burg . ▁He ▁left ▁six ▁months ▁later ▁for ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁spent ▁a ▁little ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁at ▁Metal ist ▁Kh ark iv . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁signed ▁with ▁Israeli ▁club ▁M acc abi ▁Tel ▁Av iv . ▁He ▁made ▁ 3 6 ▁appearances ▁and ▁scored ▁eight ▁goals ▁across ▁all ▁compet itions ▁throughout ▁the ▁season . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁ 1 2 ▁months , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁played ▁for ▁Portuguese ▁club ▁Vit ória ▁Gu im ar ã es ▁with ▁similar ▁success . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁returned ▁to ▁Europe ▁and ▁signed ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract ▁with ▁C yp ri ot ▁club ▁Ap oll on ▁Lim ass ol . ▁He ▁failed ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁immediate ▁impact , ▁appearing ▁in ▁just ▁one ▁game , ▁and ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁fellow ▁C yp ri ot ▁First ▁Division ▁side ▁Eth nik os ▁Ach na ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁winter ▁transfer ▁window . ▁Until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁scored ▁eight ▁goals ▁in ▁ 1 4 ▁appearances . ▁He ▁subsequently
▁returned ▁to ▁Ap oll on ▁Lim ass ol ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁league ' s ▁top ▁sc orer ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁campaign ▁with ▁ 2 1 ▁goals . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁signed ▁with ▁A E K ▁L arn aca ▁on ▁a ▁three - year ▁deal . ▁He ▁scored ▁seven ▁times ▁in ▁ 1 8 ▁league ▁games , ▁before ▁leaving ▁the ▁club ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁signed ▁with ▁Chinese ▁Super ▁League ▁club ▁Ji ang su ▁S ain ty , ▁thus ▁returning ▁to ▁China ▁after ▁spending ▁three ▁seasons ▁in ▁Cy pr us . ▁He ▁appeared ▁on ▁five ▁occasions ▁and ▁scored ▁once ▁in ▁a ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁ 7 0 ▁minutes ▁of ▁action . ▁Less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁leaving ▁for ▁China , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁returned ▁to ▁Cy pr us ▁and ▁joined ▁En osis ▁Ne on ▁Par al im ni ▁to ▁recover ▁the ▁form ▁in ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁moved ▁to ▁Super ▁League ▁Greece ▁side ▁Ver ia . ▁He ▁made ▁ 1 3 ▁appearances ▁and ▁scored ▁five ▁goals ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁flight . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁joined ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁of ▁Singapore ▁as ▁their ▁mar que e ▁player . ▁He ▁scored ▁a ▁career - high ▁
2 5 ▁goals ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions , ▁helping ▁the ▁side ▁win ▁two ▁cup ▁titles ▁( Char ity ▁Sh ield ▁in ▁February ▁and ▁League ▁Cup ▁in ▁July ). ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁returned ▁to ▁Greece ▁and ▁signed ▁with ▁Lev adi ak os . ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁just ▁three ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁League , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁score ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁signed ▁with ▁V oj vod ina ▁for ▁one ▁year . ▁He ▁scored ▁two ▁goals ▁in ▁the ▁qual ifiers ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League , ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁eliminated ▁in ▁the ▁play - off ▁round . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁returned ▁to ▁OF K ▁Be og rad , ▁stating ▁his ▁intention ▁to ▁retire ▁at ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Mr d ak ović ▁represented ▁FR ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 8 ▁Championship . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁c apped ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁under - 2 1 ▁team , ▁but ▁saw ▁little ▁action ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁conflict ▁with ▁Vlad imir ▁Pet ro vi ć . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁was ▁additionally ▁called ▁up ▁by ▁M iro sl av ▁ Đ uk ić ▁to ▁the ▁Ser bia ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics
. ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁over - age ▁players ▁alongside ▁Aleks and ar ▁Ž iv kov ić ▁and ▁Vlad imir ▁Sto j kov ić . ▁Mr d ak ović ▁appeared ▁in ▁all ▁three ▁group ▁stage ▁matches , ▁scoring ▁a ▁goal ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 2 ▁loss ▁against ▁Iv ory ▁Coast . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Mr d ak ović ▁received ▁his ▁first ▁call - up ▁to ▁a ▁full ▁Ser bia ▁squad ▁from ▁Vlad imir ▁Pet ro vi ć ▁for ▁two ▁friend l ies ▁in ▁Asia ▁and ▁O ce ania . ▁He , ▁however , ▁missed ▁the ▁mini ▁tour ▁due ▁to ▁injury ▁picked ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁training ▁session . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Club ▁Sh and ong ▁L un eng ▁ ▁Chinese ▁Super ▁League : ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁ ▁Singapore ▁League ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Singapore ▁Char ity ▁Sh ield : ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Individual ▁ ▁C yp ri ot ▁First ▁Division ▁top ▁sc orer : ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : AE K ▁L arn aca ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Ag rot ik os ▁A ster as ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Ap oll on ▁Lim ass ol ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : A ust rian ▁Football ▁Bundes liga ▁players ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁First ▁Division ▁A ▁players
▁Category : Ch inese ▁Super ▁League ▁players ▁Category : C yp ri ot ▁First ▁Division ▁players ▁Category : En osis ▁Ne on ▁Par al im ni ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : E th nik os ▁Ach na ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Belgium ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁China ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : FC ▁Metal ist ▁Kh ark iv ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Red ▁Bull ▁Sal z burg ▁players ▁Category : First ▁League ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Rad ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁V oj vod ina ▁players ▁Category : Foot ball ▁League ▁( G ree ce ) ▁players ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Is rael i ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : J i ang su ▁Sun ing ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : K . A . A . ▁Gent ▁players ▁Category : L ev adi ak os ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M acc abi ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁F
. C . ▁players ▁Category : OF K ▁Be og rad ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁football ers ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁Category : Pr ime ira ▁Liga ▁players ▁Category : R . S . C . ▁And er le cht ▁players ▁Category : SC ▁E end r acht ▁A al st ▁players ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Belgium ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁China ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : Ser bian ▁First ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Ser bian ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁players ▁Category : Sh and ong ▁L un eng ▁Ta ish an ▁F .
C . ▁players ▁Category : Sing apore ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Ni š ▁Category : Super ▁League ▁Greece ▁players ▁Category : T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : U kr ain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Ver ia ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : V it ória ▁S . C . ▁players ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁L ins ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Senate ▁and ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁Biography ▁L ins ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Germany . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Mil w au kee , ▁Wisconsin ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 . ▁Later , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁E agle , ▁Wisconsin . ▁During ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War , ▁L ins ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Wisconsin ▁Vol unte er ▁Infan try ▁Regiment . ▁Batt les ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁include ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Lee ' s ▁Mill , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁William sburg , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sav age ' s ▁Station , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁White ▁Oak ▁Sw amp , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mal vern ▁Hill , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁C ram pton ' s ▁G ap , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ant iet am , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Frederick sburg , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Get t ys burg , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sp ots ylvania ▁Court ▁House , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the
▁Battle ▁of ▁Cold ▁Harbor , ▁during ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁severely ▁injured . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁L ins ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Senate ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁That ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly . ▁Additionally , ▁L ins ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Super vis ors ▁and ▁Tre as urer ▁of ▁W au kes ha ▁County , ▁Wisconsin . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Republican . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Mil w au kee ▁Category : People ▁from ▁E agle , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Count y ▁super vis ors ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : W is consin ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Category : W is consin ▁Republicans ▁Category : People ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁Category : Union ▁Army ▁soldiers ▁Category : 1 8 4 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : G erman ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁is ▁literature ▁from ▁F land ers , ▁histor ically ▁a ▁region ▁compr ising ▁parts ▁of ▁present - day ▁Belgium , ▁France ▁and ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁this ▁literature ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁Dutch ▁literature . ▁After ▁Belgium ▁became ▁independent ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁the ▁term ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁acquired ▁a ▁narrow er ▁meaning ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Dutch - language ▁literature ▁produced
▁in ▁Belgium . ▁ ▁It ▁remains ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Dutch - language ▁literature . ▁ ▁Med ieval ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁earliest ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language , ▁a ▁considerable ▁degree ▁of ▁mutual ▁intellig ibility ▁with ▁some ▁( what ▁we ▁now ▁call ) ▁German ▁dialect s ▁was ▁present , ▁and ▁some ▁fragments ▁and ▁authors ▁are ▁claimed ▁for ▁both ▁real ms . ▁Examples ▁include ▁the ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁poet ▁Hend rik ▁van ▁Vel de ke , ▁who ▁is ▁claimed ▁by ▁both ▁Dutch ▁and ▁German ▁literature . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁stages ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁literature , ▁poetry ▁was ▁the ▁predomin ant ▁form ▁of ▁literary ▁expression . ▁In ▁the ▁Low ▁Count ries ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe , ▁court ly ▁romance ▁and ▁poetry ▁were ▁popular ▁gen res ▁during ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges . ▁One ▁such ▁Minn es anger ▁was ▁the ▁a fore ment ioned ▁Van ▁Vel de ke . ▁The ▁ch ival ric ▁epic ▁was ▁a ▁popular ▁genre ▁as ▁well , ▁often ▁featuring ▁King ▁Arthur ▁or ▁Char lemagne ▁( K arel ) ▁as ▁protagon ist ▁( with ▁notable ▁example ▁of ▁K arel ▁ende ▁E leg ast , ▁Dutch ▁for ▁" Char lemagne ▁and ▁the ▁elf - sp irit / elf - gu est "). ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Dutch ▁language ▁writer ▁known ▁by ▁name ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁County ▁of ▁L oon ▁poet ▁Hend rik ▁van ▁Vel de ke , ▁an ▁early ▁contemporary ▁of ▁Wal ther ▁von ▁der ▁V og el we ide .
▁Van ▁Vel de ke ▁wrote ▁court ly ▁love ▁poetry , ▁a ▁h agi ography ▁of ▁Saint ▁Serv at ius ▁and ▁an ▁epic ▁ret elling ▁of ▁the ▁A ene id ▁in ▁a ▁Lim burg ish ▁dialect ▁that ▁str add les ▁the ▁Dutch - G erman ▁language ▁boundary . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁surviving ▁epic ▁works , ▁especially ▁the ▁court ly ▁rom ances , ▁were ▁copies ▁from ▁or ▁expans ions ▁of ▁earlier ▁German ▁or ▁French ▁efforts , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁examples ▁of ▁truly ▁original ▁works ▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁an onym ously ▁written ▁K arel ▁ende ▁E leg ast ) ▁and ▁original ▁Dutch - language ▁works ▁that ▁were ▁translated ▁into ▁other ▁languages ▁( not able ▁Dutch ▁mor ality ▁play ▁El cker lij c ▁formed ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁English ▁play ▁Every man ). ▁ ▁Apart ▁from ▁ancient ▁tales ▁embedded ▁in ▁Dutch ▁folk ▁songs , ▁virtually ▁no ▁genuine ▁folk - t ales ▁of ▁Dutch ▁ant iqu ity ▁have ▁come ▁down ▁to ▁us , ▁and ▁scarc ely ▁any ▁echo es ▁of ▁German ic ▁myth . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁sag as ▁of ▁Char lemagne ▁and ▁Arthur ▁appear ▁immediately ▁in ▁Middle ▁Dutch ▁forms . ▁These ▁were ▁evident ly ▁introduced ▁by ▁wand ering ▁min st rel s ▁and ▁translated ▁to ▁grat ify ▁the ▁curiosity ▁of ▁the ▁noble ▁women . ▁It ▁is ▁rarely ▁that ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁transl ator ▁has ▁reached ▁us . ▁The ▁Ch anson ▁de ▁Roland ▁was ▁translated ▁somewhere ▁in ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁min st
rel ▁D ieder ic ▁van ▁Ass ened e ▁completed ▁his ▁version ▁of ▁Flor is ▁and ▁Bl anche fl our ▁as ▁Flor is ▁ende ▁Bl ance f lo er ▁around ▁ 1 2 6 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Arthur ian ▁leg ends ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁brought ▁to ▁F land ers ▁by ▁some ▁F lem ish ▁colon ists ▁in ▁Wales , ▁on ▁their ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁mother ▁country . ▁Around ▁ 1 2 5 0 ▁a ▁Br ab antine ▁min st rel ▁translated ▁the ▁Pro se ▁L ancel ot ▁at ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁his ▁lie ge , ▁L ode w ijk ▁van ▁Vel the m . ▁This ▁adaptation , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁L ancel ot - Comp il atie , ▁contains ▁many ▁differences ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁original , ▁and ▁includes ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁episodes ▁that ▁were ▁probably ▁originally ▁separate ▁rom ances . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁are ▁themselves ▁transl ations ▁of ▁French ▁origin als , ▁but ▁others , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Mor ien , ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁origin als . ▁The ▁G au v ain ▁was ▁translated ▁by ▁Penn inc ▁and ▁V osta ert ▁as ▁Roman ▁van ▁W ale w ijn ▁before ▁ 1 2 6 0 , ▁while ▁the ▁first ▁wh olly ▁original ▁Dutch ▁epic ▁writer , ▁Jacob ▁van ▁Ma er l ant , ▁occupied ▁himself ▁around ▁ 1 2 6 0 ▁with ▁several ▁rom ances ▁dealing ▁with ▁Mer lin ▁and ▁the ▁Holy ▁Gra il . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁existing ▁fragments ▁of ▁the ▁epic ▁of ▁Reyn ard ▁the ▁Fox ▁were ▁written ▁in ▁Latin ▁by
▁F lem ish ▁priests , ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 2 5 0 ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁very ▁important ▁version ▁in ▁Dutch , ▁Van ▁den ▁v os ▁Re yna erde ▁(" Of ▁Reyn ard ") ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁W ille m . ▁In ▁his ▁existing ▁work ▁the ▁author ▁follows ▁Pierre ▁de ▁Saint - Cloud , ▁but ▁not ▁sl av ish ly ; ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁really ▁adm irable ▁writer ▁that ▁we ▁meet ▁with ▁in ▁Dutch ▁literature . ▁The ▁second ▁part ▁was ▁added ▁by ▁another ▁poet , ▁A ern out , ▁of ▁whom ▁we ▁know ▁little ▁else ▁either . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁l yr ical ▁writer ▁of ▁the ▁Low ▁Count ries ▁was ▁John ▁I , ▁Duke ▁of ▁Br ab ant , ▁who ▁pract ised ▁the ▁min nel ied ▁with ▁success . ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 4 ▁the ▁earliest ▁collection ▁of ▁Dutch ▁folk - s ongs ▁saw ▁the ▁light , ▁and ▁in ▁this ▁volume ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁rom ances ▁of ▁the ▁four teenth ▁century ▁are ▁preserved , ▁of ▁which ▁" H et ▁D ag het ▁in ▁den ▁O osten " ▁is ▁the ▁best ▁known . ▁ ▁Up ▁until ▁now , ▁the ▁Middle ▁Dutch ▁language ▁output ▁mainly ▁serv iced ▁the ▁arist ocratic ▁and ▁mon astic ▁orders , ▁recording ▁the ▁traditions ▁of ▁ch ival ry ▁and ▁of ▁religion , ▁but ▁scarc ely ▁addressed ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁With ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁century ▁a ▁change ▁came ▁over ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁Dutch ▁literature . ▁ ▁The ▁founder ▁and ▁creator ▁of
▁this ▁original ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁was ▁Jacob ▁van ▁Ma er l ant . ▁His ▁Der ▁Nature n ▁Blo eme ▁(" The ▁Fl ower ▁of ▁Nature "), ▁written ▁about ▁ 1 2 6 3 , ▁takes ▁an ▁important ▁place ▁in ▁early ▁Dutch ▁literature . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁moral ▁and ▁sat irical ▁addresses ▁to ▁all ▁classes ▁of ▁society . ▁With ▁his ▁R ij mb ij bel ▁(" Ver se ▁Bible ") ▁he ▁fo resh adow ed ▁the ▁courage ▁and ▁free - th ought ▁of ▁the ▁Re formation . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 2 8 4 ▁that ▁he ▁began ▁his ▁master piece , ▁De ▁Sp ieg hel ▁Historia el ▁(" The ▁Mir ror ▁of ▁History ") ▁at ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Count ▁Flor is ▁V . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁the ▁literary ▁spirit ▁in ▁the ▁Low ▁Count ries ▁began ▁to ▁assert ▁itself ▁in ▁a ▁hom ely ▁and ▁util itarian ▁spirit . ▁Th orough ly ▁arist ocratic ▁in ▁feeling ▁was ▁Hem ▁van ▁A ken , ▁a ▁priest ▁of ▁Lou v ain , ▁who ▁lived ▁about ▁ 1 2 5 5 – 1 3 3 0 , ▁and ▁who ▁combined ▁to ▁a ▁very ▁curious ▁extent ▁the ▁romantic ▁and ▁did actic ▁elements ▁prev ailing ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁As ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 2 8 0 ▁he ▁had ▁completed ▁his ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁de ▁la ▁Rose , ▁which ▁he ▁must ▁have ▁comm enced ▁in ▁the ▁lifetime ▁of ▁its ▁author ▁Jean ▁de ▁Me ung . ▁ ▁As ▁for ▁pro se , ▁the ▁oldest ▁pieces ▁of ▁Dutch
▁pro se ▁now ▁in ▁existence ▁are ▁char ters ▁of ▁towns ▁in ▁F land ers ▁and ▁Ze eland , ▁dated ▁ 1 2 4 9 , ▁ 1 2 5 1 ▁and ▁ 1 2 5 4 . ▁Be atrice ▁of ▁Naz are th ▁( 1 2 0 0 – 1 2 6 8 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁known ▁pro se ▁writer ▁in ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language , ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁notable ▁dis sert ation ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Seven ▁W ays ▁of ▁Holy ▁Love . ▁From ▁the ▁other ▁Dutch ▁myst ics ▁whose ▁writ ings ▁have ▁reached ▁us , ▁the ▁Br uss els ▁f ri ar ▁Jan ▁van ▁Ru us bro ec ▁( bet ter ▁known ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁the ▁B less ed ▁John ▁of ▁Ru ys bro e ck , ▁ 1 2 9 3 / 4 – 1 3 8 1 ), ▁the ▁" father ▁of ▁Dutch ▁pro se " ▁stands ▁out . ▁A ▁pro se ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁Testament ▁was ▁made ▁about ▁ 1 3 0 0 , ▁and ▁there ▁exists ▁a ▁Life ▁of ▁Jesus ▁of ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁date . ▁ ▁The ▁po ets ▁of ▁the ▁Low ▁Count ries ▁had ▁already ▁discovered ▁in ▁late ▁medieval ▁times ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁gu ild s ▁in ▁promoting ▁the ▁arts ▁and ▁industrial ▁hand ic raft s . ▁The ▁term ▁" Coll è ges ▁de ▁Rh ét or ique " ▁(" Ch ambers ▁of ▁R het oric ") ▁is ▁supposed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁introduced ▁around ▁ 1 4 4 0 ▁to ▁the ▁court iers ▁of
▁the ▁Burg und ian ▁dyn asty , ▁but ▁the ▁institutions ▁themselves ▁existed ▁long ▁before . ▁These ▁literary ▁gu ild s , ▁whose ▁members ▁called ▁themselves ▁" R eder ijk ers " ▁or ▁" R het or icians ", ▁lasted ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁greater ▁part ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁preserved ▁a ▁completely ▁medieval ▁character , ▁even ▁when ▁the ▁influences ▁of ▁the ▁Rena issance ▁and ▁the ▁Re formation ▁oblig ed ▁them ▁to ▁modify ▁in ▁some ▁degree ▁their ▁out ward ▁forms . ▁They ▁were ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁cases ▁absolutely ▁middle ▁class ▁in ▁tone , ▁and ▁opposed ▁to ▁arist ocratic ▁ideas ▁and ▁tend encies ▁in ▁thought . ▁ ▁Of ▁these ▁ch ambers , ▁the ▁earliest ▁were ▁almost ▁entirely ▁engaged ▁in ▁preparing ▁myster ies ▁and ▁miracle ▁plays ▁for ▁the ▁people . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁fif teenth ▁century , ▁the ▁G hent ▁chamber ▁began ▁to ▁exercise ▁a ▁sovere ign ▁power ▁over ▁the ▁other ▁F lem ish ▁ch ambers , ▁which ▁was ▁em ulated ▁later ▁on ▁in ▁Holland ▁by ▁the ▁E gl antine ▁at ▁Amsterdam . ▁But ▁this ▁official ▁recognition ▁proved ▁of ▁no ▁consequence ▁in ▁literature ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁in ▁G hent ▁but ▁in ▁Ant werp ▁that ▁intellectual ▁life ▁first ▁began ▁to ▁stir . ▁In ▁Holland ▁the ▁bur gh ers ▁only ▁formed ▁the ▁ch ambers , ▁while ▁in ▁F land ers ▁the ▁representatives ▁of ▁the ▁noble ▁families ▁were ▁honor ary ▁members , ▁and ▁assist ed ▁with ▁their ▁money ▁at ▁the ▁arrangement ▁of ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁or ▁political
▁page ants . ▁Their ▁Land ju w elen , ▁or ▁Tour naments ▁of ▁R het oric , ▁at ▁which ▁rich ▁pri zes ▁were ▁awarded , ▁were ▁the ▁occasions ▁upon ▁which ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ch ambers ▁distinguished ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 4 2 6 ▁and ▁ 1 6 2 0 , ▁at ▁least ▁ 6 6 ▁of ▁these ▁fest ivals ▁were ▁held . ▁The ▁grand est ▁of ▁all ▁was ▁the ▁festival ▁celebrated ▁at ▁Ant werp ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 5 6 1 . ▁The ▁Br uss els ▁chamber ▁sent ▁ 3 4 0 ▁members , ▁all ▁on ▁horse back ▁and ▁cl ad ▁in ▁crim son ▁mant les . ▁The ▁town ▁of ▁Ant werp ▁gave ▁a ▁ton ▁of ▁gold ▁to ▁be ▁given ▁in ▁pri zes , ▁which ▁were ▁shared ▁among ▁ 1 , 8 9 3 ▁rhet or icians . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁z en ith ▁of ▁the ▁spl end our ▁of ▁the ▁ch ambers , ▁and ▁after ▁this ▁time ▁they ▁soon ▁fell ▁into ▁dis f av our . ▁ ▁Their ▁dramatic ▁pieces ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁ch ambers ▁were ▁of ▁a ▁did actic ▁cast , ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁far c ical ▁flav our , ▁and ▁continued ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁Ma er l ant ▁and ▁his ▁school . ▁They ▁very ▁rarely ▁dealt ▁with ▁historical ▁or ▁even ▁B iblical ▁person ages , ▁but ▁entirely ▁with ▁alleg or ical ▁and ▁moral ▁ab stra ctions . ▁The ▁most ▁notable ▁examples ▁of ▁R eder ij ker ▁theatre ▁include ▁Mar iken ▁van ▁Nie um eg
hen ▁(" M ary ▁of ▁N ij m egen ") ▁and ▁El cker lij c ▁( which ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁Every man ). ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁pure ▁far ces ▁of ▁the ▁rhet or ical ▁ch ambers ▁we ▁can ▁speak ▁with ▁still ▁more ▁confidence , ▁for ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁have ▁come ▁down ▁to ▁us , ▁and ▁among ▁the ▁authors ▁fam ed ▁for ▁their ▁skill ▁in ▁this ▁sort ▁of ▁writing ▁are ▁named ▁Corn el is ▁Ever a ert ▁of ▁Bru ges ▁and ▁La ure ns ▁J ans sen ▁of ▁Ha ar lem . ▁The ▁material ▁of ▁these ▁far ces ▁is ▁extremely ▁raw , ▁consisting ▁of ▁rough ▁j ests ▁at ▁the ▁expense ▁of ▁priests ▁and ▁foolish ▁hus bands , ▁silly ▁old ▁men ▁and ▁their ▁light ▁wives . ▁ ▁The ▁ch ambers ▁also ▁encouraged ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁songs , ▁but ▁with ▁very ▁little ▁success ; ▁they ▁produced ▁no ▁l yr ical ▁genius ▁more ▁considerable ▁than ▁Mat th ij s ▁de ▁C aste le yn ▁( 1 4 8 8 – 1 5 5 0 ) ▁of ▁O ud ena arde , ▁author ▁of ▁De ▁Con ste ▁van ▁R het or ij cken ▁(" The ▁Art ▁of ▁R het oric "). ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁writer ▁who ▁used ▁the ▁Dutch ▁tongue ▁with ▁grace ▁and ▁precision ▁of ▁style ▁was ▁a ▁woman ▁and ▁a ▁profess ed ▁opponent ▁of ▁Luther an ism ▁and ▁reform ed ▁thought . ▁Modern ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁practically ▁begins ▁with ▁Anna ▁B ij ns ▁( c . ▁ 1 4 9 4 – 1 5 7 5
). ▁B ij ns , ▁who ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁born ▁at ▁Ant werp ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 4 , ▁was ▁a ▁school m ist ress ▁at ▁that ▁city ▁in ▁her ▁middle ▁life , ▁and ▁in ▁old ▁age ▁she ▁still ▁instruct ed ▁youth ▁in ▁the ▁Catholic ▁religion . ▁She ▁died ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 5 7 5 . ▁From ▁her ▁work ▁we ▁know ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁lay ▁nun ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁occupied ▁a ▁position ▁of ▁honour ▁and ▁influence ▁in ▁Ant werp . ▁B ij ns ' ▁main ▁subjects ▁were ▁faith ▁and ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Luther . ▁In ▁her ▁first ▁volume ▁of ▁poetry ▁( 1 5 2 8 ) ▁the ▁Luther ans ▁are ▁scarc ely ▁mentioned ▁and ▁the ▁focus ▁is ▁on ▁her ▁personal ▁experience ▁of ▁faith . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁poetry ▁of ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁every ▁page ▁is ▁occupied ▁with ▁in ve ct ive ▁against ▁the ▁Luther ans . ▁All ▁the ▁poems ▁of ▁Anna ▁B ij ns ▁still ▁ext ant ▁are ▁of ▁the ▁form ▁called ▁ref ere inen ▁( re fr ains ). ▁Her ▁master y ▁over ▁verse ▁form ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁remarkable . ▁With ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁Anna ▁B ij ns , ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁Middle ▁Dutch ▁clos es ▁and ▁modern ▁Dutch ▁begins . ▁ ▁S plit ▁between ▁North ▁and ▁South ▁F land ers ▁formed ▁a ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁whole ▁with ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁until ▁ 1 5 7 9 , ▁when ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁Re formation ▁the ▁Protest
ant ▁northern ▁provin ces ▁( part ▁of ▁today ' s ▁Netherlands ) ▁split ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁Roman - C ath olic ▁south ▁which ▁remained ▁under ▁Spanish ▁rule . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁United ▁Netherlands ▁witnessed ▁its ▁Golden ▁Age , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Netherlands ▁suffered ▁war ▁and ▁mis ery ▁under ▁Spanish ▁occupation . ▁As ▁the ▁Protest ants ▁fled ▁from ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Southern ▁Netherlands , ▁the ▁once ▁prosper ing ▁port ▁town ▁of ▁Ant werp ▁started ▁to ▁decline ▁as ▁a ▁met ropol is ▁and ▁this ▁to ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁like ▁Amsterdam , ▁' s - Gr aven h age , ▁Rot ter dam ▁and ▁U tre cht . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁these ▁political ▁developments , ▁the ▁literature ▁in ▁the ▁South , ▁F land ers ▁and ▁Br ab ant ▁changed ▁its ▁character . ▁The ▁flower ing ▁of ▁medieval ▁literature ▁came ▁to ▁an ▁abrupt ▁end ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁the ▁North ▁knew ▁a ▁' Gold en ▁Age ' ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁including ▁literature . ▁With ▁the ▁mass ▁ex od us ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁intellect uals ▁to ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Republic , ▁literary ▁activity ▁in ▁F land ers ▁virtually ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁halt . ▁In ▁the ▁French ▁occupied ▁part ▁of ▁F land ers ▁a ▁few ▁major ▁figures ▁were ▁active ▁including ▁Domin ic ▁De ▁J ong he ▁( 1 6 5 4 – 1 7 1 7 ) ▁who ▁translated ▁Le ▁C id ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Cor ne ille ▁into ▁Dutch , ▁the ▁poet ▁Mich iel ▁de
▁Sw a en ▁( 1 6 5 4 – 1 7 0 7 ) ▁who ▁wrote ▁the ▁epic ▁Het ▁L even ▁en ▁D ood ▁van ▁Je z us ▁Christ us ▁( The ▁Life ▁and ▁Death ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ) ▁( 1 6 9 4 ) ▁and ▁the ▁comedy ▁The ▁g ec ro onde ▁le er se ▁( The ▁C rowned ▁Boot ) ▁and ▁W ille m ▁Og ier ▁who ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁comedy ▁D ron cken ▁He yn ▁( Dr unk ▁He yn ) ▁( 1 6 3 9 ) ▁and ▁a ▁drama ▁series ▁entitled ▁De ▁seven ▁h oo ft - s onden ▁( The ▁Seven ▁Capital ▁S ins ) ▁( 1 6 8 2 ). ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁F lem ish ▁literary ▁production ▁was ▁at ▁a ▁low ▁tide . ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 1 ▁Jan ▁Des ▁Roc hes ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁The ▁H ague ▁published ▁the ▁N ieu we ▁Neder du y ts che ▁sp ra ek - kon st , ▁a ▁Dutch ▁gram mar ▁that ▁attempted ▁to ▁challenge ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Latin ▁as ▁a ▁culture ▁language ▁and ▁French ▁as ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁prest ige ▁by ▁elabor ating ▁a ▁standard ized ▁southern ▁Dutch ▁( F lem ish ) ▁language . ▁The ▁Br uss els ▁lawyer ▁Jan - B apt ist ▁Ver lo oy ▁( 1 7 4 6 – 1 7 9 7 ) ▁wrote ▁the ▁Ver hand eling ▁op ▁d ' on acht ▁der ▁mo eder ly ke ▁t ael ▁in ▁de
▁Nederland en ▁( T reat ise ▁on ▁the ▁negl ig ence ▁of ▁the ▁mother ▁tongue ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ) ▁( 1 7 8 8 ), ▁a ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language ▁and ▁the ▁cont empt ▁with ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁treated ▁in ▁the ▁past . ▁ ▁Other ▁important ▁authors ▁include ▁W ille m ▁Ver ho even ▁( 1 7 3 8 – 1 8 0 9 ), ▁Charles ▁Bro e ck a ert ▁( 1 7 6 7 – 1 8 2 6 ) ▁( author ▁of ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁popular ▁novel ▁J elle ▁en ▁M iet je ), ▁and ▁Jan - B apt ist ▁Hof man ▁( 1 7 5 8 – 1 8 3 5 ), ▁author ▁of ▁middle ▁class ▁traged ies . ▁ ▁Re un ification ▁and ▁new ▁split ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁Wars , ▁Belgium ▁and ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁were ▁reun ited ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁under ▁Dutch ▁rule ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁ ▁The ▁reun ification ▁lead ▁to ▁a ▁wider ▁recognition ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language ▁in ▁Belgium . ▁ ▁Res ent ment ▁of ▁Dutch ▁rule ▁by ▁the ▁French - spe aking ▁el ites ▁and ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁created ▁a ▁climate ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Belg ians ▁revol ted ▁against ▁Dutch ▁rule ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁an ▁event ▁which ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Revolution . ▁ ▁The ▁immediate ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Revolution ▁was ▁a ▁reaction ▁against ▁everything ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Dutch
, ▁and ▁a ▁dis position ▁to ▁regard ▁the ▁French ▁language ▁as ▁the ▁speech ▁of ▁liberty ▁and ▁independence . ▁The ▁prov is ional ▁government ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁supp ressed ▁the ▁official ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language , ▁which ▁was ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁a ▁p ato is . ▁ ▁For ▁some ▁years ▁before ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁Jan ▁Fr ans ▁W ille ms ▁( 1 7 9 3 - 1 8 4 6 ) ▁had ▁been ▁advoc ating ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language . ▁He ▁had ▁done ▁his ▁best ▁to ▁all ay ▁the ▁fr ictions ▁between ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁Belgium ▁and ▁to ▁prevent ▁a ▁separation . ▁As ▁arch iv ist ▁of ▁Ant werp ▁he ▁had ▁access ▁to ▁direct ▁sources ▁that ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁literature . ▁After ▁the ▁revolution ▁his ▁Dutch ▁sym path ies ▁made ▁it ▁necessary ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁keep ▁a ▁low ▁profile ▁for ▁a ▁while , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 ▁he ▁settled ▁in ▁G hent , ▁and ▁devoted ▁himself ▁to ▁the ▁cultiv ation ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language . ▁He ▁edited ▁old ▁F lem ish ▁class ics , ▁such ▁as ▁Re ina ert ▁de ▁V os ▁( 1 8 3 6 ), ▁the ▁rh ym ing ▁Chron icles ▁of ▁Jan ▁van ▁He el u ▁and ▁Jean ▁Le cl erc , ▁etc . ▁ ▁He ▁gathered ▁around ▁him ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁che val ier ▁Philip ▁Bl om ma ert ▁( 1 8 0
9 – 1 8 7 1 ), ▁K arel ▁L ode w ijk ▁Led eg an ck ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 8 4 7 ), ▁Fr ans ▁R ens ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 8 7 4 ), ▁Ferd inand ▁August ijn ▁Sn ella ert ▁( 1 8 0 9 – 1 8 7 2 ), ▁P rud ens ▁van ▁D uy se ▁( 1 8 0 4 – 1 8 5 9 ), ▁and ▁others ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language . ▁ ▁Philipp ▁Bl om ma ert , ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁G hent ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁August ▁ 1 8 0 9 , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁in ▁his ▁native ▁town ▁the ▁Neder du its che ▁letter o ef ening en , ▁a ▁review ▁for ▁new ▁writers . ▁This ▁magazine ▁was ▁speed ily ▁followed ▁by ▁other ▁F lem ish ▁org ans , ▁and ▁by ▁literary ▁societies ▁for ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁Dutch ▁in ▁F land ers . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁a ▁central ▁organization ▁for ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁propaganda ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁society , ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁movement , ▁the ▁W ille ms f onds . ▁The ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁F lem ings ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁a ▁rival ▁Dav ids f onds , ▁called ▁after ▁the ▁energet ic ▁Jean - B apt ist ▁David ▁( 1 8 0 1 – 1 8 6 6 ), ▁professor ▁at ▁the
▁Univers ite ▁Cath ol ique ▁de ▁Lou v ain ▁( Le u ven ), ▁and ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁Dutch ▁history ▁book ▁on ▁Belgium ▁( V ader lands che ▁histor ie , ▁Lou v ain , ▁ 1 8 4 2 – 1 8 6 6 ). ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁this ▁propaganda ▁the ▁Dutch ▁language ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁an ▁equality ▁with ▁French ▁in ▁law , ▁and ▁in ▁administration , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁schools ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁Finally ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁a ▁F lem ish ▁Academy ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁royal ▁authority ▁at ▁G hent , ▁where ▁a ▁course ▁in ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁had ▁been ▁established ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 8 5 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁claims ▁put ▁forward ▁by ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁school ▁were ▁justified ▁by ▁the ▁appearance ▁( 1 8 3 7 ) ▁of ▁In ▁' t ▁Wonder ja er ▁ 1 5 6 6 ▁( In ▁the ▁Wonder ful ▁year ) ▁of ▁Hend rik ▁Con science , ▁who ▁r ous ed ▁national ▁enthusiasm ▁by ▁describing ▁the ▁hero ic ▁struggles ▁of ▁the ▁F lem ings ▁against ▁the ▁Sp ani ards . ▁Con science ▁was ▁eventually ▁to ▁make ▁his ▁greatest ▁success es ▁in ▁the ▁description ▁of ▁contemporary ▁F lem ish ▁life , ▁but ▁his ▁historical ▁rom ances ▁and ▁his ▁popular ▁history ▁of ▁F land ers ▁helped ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁popular ▁basis ▁to ▁a ▁movement ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁started ▁by ▁profess
ors ▁and ▁scholars . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁poet ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁school ▁was ▁K arel ▁L ode w ijk ▁Led eg an ck , ▁the ▁best ▁known ▁of ▁whose ▁poems ▁are ▁those ▁on ▁the ▁three ▁sister ▁cities ▁of ▁Bru ges , ▁G hent ▁and ▁Ant werp ▁( De ▁dri e ▁z uster st eden , ▁v ader lands che ▁tr il og ie , ▁G hent , ▁ 1 8 4 6 ), ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁makes ▁an ▁imp ass ioned ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁adoption ▁of ▁French ▁ideas , ▁man ners ▁and ▁language , ▁and ▁the ▁neglect ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁tradition . ▁The ▁book ▁speed ily ▁took ▁its ▁place ▁as ▁a ▁F lem ish ▁classic . ▁Led eg an ck , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁mag istr ate , ▁also ▁translated ▁the ▁French ▁code ▁into ▁Dutch . ▁Jan ▁Theod oor ▁van ▁R ij sw ij ck ▁( 1 8 1 1 – 1 8 4 9 ), ▁after ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁volunteer ▁in ▁the ▁campaign ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁settled ▁down ▁as ▁a ▁cl erk ▁in ▁Ant werp , ▁and ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁h ott est ▁champions ▁of ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁movement . ▁He ▁wrote ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁political ▁and ▁sat irical ▁songs , ▁adm ir ably ▁suited ▁to ▁his ▁public . ▁The ▁romantic ▁and ▁sent imental ▁poet , ▁Jan ▁van ▁Be ers , ▁was ▁typically ▁F lem ish ▁in ▁his ▁sinc ere ▁and ▁moral ▁out look ▁on ▁life . ▁P rud ens ▁van ▁D uy se ,
▁whose ▁most ▁ambitious ▁work ▁was ▁the ▁epic ▁Ar te vel de ▁( 1 8 5 9 ), ▁is ▁perhaps ▁best ▁remembered ▁by ▁a ▁collection ▁( 1 8 4 4 ) ▁of ▁poems ▁for ▁children . ▁Peter ▁Fr ans ▁Van ▁Ker ck h oven ▁( 1 8 1 8 – 1 8 5 7 ), ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Ant werp , ▁wrote ▁novels , ▁poems , ▁dram as , ▁and ▁a ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁rev ival ▁( De ▁V la ems che ▁Bew eg ing , ▁ 1 8 4 7 ). ▁ ▁Ant werp ▁produced ▁a ▁realistic ▁novel ist ▁in ▁Jan ▁Lamb recht ▁Dom ien ▁S lee ck x ▁( 1 8 1 8 – 1 9 0 1 ). ▁An ▁inspect or ▁of ▁schools ▁by ▁profession , ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁in def at ig able ▁journalist ▁and ▁literary ▁critic . ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 4 ▁of ▁the ▁V la em sch ▁Bel gie , ▁the ▁first ▁daily ▁paper ▁in ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁interest . ▁His ▁works ▁include ▁a ▁long ▁list ▁of ▁plays , ▁among ▁them ▁Jan ▁Ste en ▁( 1 8 5 2 ), ▁a ▁comedy ; ▁Gre try , ▁which ▁gained ▁a ▁national ▁prize ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 ; ▁ ▁V iss ers ▁van ▁Bl ank en ber ge ▁( 1 8 6 3 ); ▁and ▁the ▁patri otic ▁drama ▁of ▁Z anne kin ▁( 1 8 6 5 ). ▁His ▁talent ▁as ▁a ▁novel ist ▁was
▁diam etric ally ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁ideal ism ▁of ▁Con science . ▁He ▁was ▁precise , ▁sober ▁and ▁concrete ▁in ▁his ▁methods , ▁re lying ▁for ▁his ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁carefully ▁observed ▁detail . ▁He ▁was ▁particularly ▁successful ▁in ▁describing ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁shipping ▁quarter ▁of ▁his ▁native ▁town . ▁Among ▁his ▁novels ▁are : ▁In ' t ▁Sch ip pers kw art ier ▁( 1 8 5 6 ), ▁D irk ▁Mey er ▁( 1 8 6 0 ), ▁Ty ba erts ▁en ▁C ie ▁( 1 8 6 7 ), ▁Kunst ▁en ▁L ief de ▁( Art ▁and ▁Love , ▁ 1 8 7 0 ), ▁and ▁V es al ius ▁in ▁Span je ▁( 1 8 9 5 ). ▁His ▁complete ▁works ▁were ▁collected ▁in ▁ 1 7 ▁volumes ▁( 1 8 7 7 – 1 8 8 4 ). ▁ ▁Jan ▁Ren ier ▁Sn ied ers ▁( 1 8 1 2 – 1 8 8 8 ) ▁wrote ▁novels ▁dealing ▁with ▁North ▁Br ab ant ; ▁his ▁brother , ▁August ▁Sn ied ers ▁( 1 8 2 5 – 1 9 0 4 ), ▁began ▁by ▁writing ▁historical ▁novels ▁in ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁Con science , ▁but ▁his ▁later ▁novels ▁are ▁sat ires ▁of ▁contemporary ▁society . ▁A ▁more ▁original ▁talent ▁was ▁displayed ▁by ▁Anton ▁Berg mann ▁( 1 8 3 5 – 1 8 7 4 ), ▁who , ▁under ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁of ▁Tony , ▁wrote ▁Ernest ▁Sta as , ▁Adv oc aat
, ▁which ▁gained ▁the ▁qu ennial ▁prize ▁of ▁literature ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁appeared ▁the ▁Nov ellen ▁of ▁the ▁sisters ▁Ros alie ▁( 1 8 3 4 – 1 8 7 5 ) ▁and ▁Virgin ie ▁Lov eling ▁( 1 8 3 6 – 1 9 2 3 ). ▁These ▁simple ▁and ▁touching ▁stories ▁were ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁second ▁collection ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁The ▁sisters ▁had ▁published ▁a ▁volume ▁of ▁poems ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 . ▁Virgin ie ▁Lov el ings ▁gifts ▁of ▁fine ▁and ▁exact ▁observation ▁soon ▁placed ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁front ▁rank ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁novel ists . ▁Her ▁political ▁sk et ches , ▁In ▁on ze ▁V la ams che ▁gew est en ▁( 1 8 7 7 ), ▁were ▁published ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁W . ▁G . ▁E . ▁Walter . ▁Sophie ▁( 1 8 8 5 ), ▁E en ▁d ure ▁E ed ▁( 1 8 9 2 ), ▁and ▁Het ▁Land ▁der ▁Ver be el ding ▁( 1 8 9 6 ) ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁more ▁famous ▁of ▁her ▁later ▁works . ▁Re im ond ▁St ij ns ▁( 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 0 5 ) ▁and ▁Is ido or ▁Te irl in ck ▁( 1 8 5 1 – 1 9 3 4 ) ▁produced ▁in ▁collaboration ▁one ▁very ▁popular ▁novel , ▁Arm ▁V la ander en ▁( 1 8 8 4 ), ▁and ▁some ▁others , ▁and
▁have ▁since ▁written ▁separately . ▁Cy riel ▁Bu ys se , ▁a ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Virgin ie ▁Lov eling , ▁is ▁a ▁disc iple ▁of ▁É mile ▁Z ola . ▁Het ▁Re cht ▁van ▁den ▁Ster k ste ▁( The ▁Right ▁of ▁the ▁Strong est , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁vag ab ond ▁life ▁in ▁F land ers ; ▁Sch op pen bo er ▁( The ▁Kn ave ▁of ▁Sp ades , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ) ▁deals ▁with ▁brutal ized ▁pe asant ▁life ; ▁and ▁S urs um ▁cord a ▁( 1 8 9 5 ) ▁describes ▁the ▁narrow ness ▁and ▁relig ios ity ▁of ▁village ▁life . ▁ ▁In ▁poetry , ▁Jul ius ▁de ▁G ey ter ▁( 1 8 3 0 – 1 9 0 5 ), ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁rh ym ed ▁translation ▁of ▁Re ina ert ▁( 1 8 7 4 ), ▁an ▁epic ▁poem ▁on ▁Charles ▁V ▁( 1 8 8 8 ), ▁etc . ▁produced ▁a ▁social ▁epic ▁in ▁three ▁parts , ▁D rie ▁mens chen ▁van ▁in ▁de ▁wie g ▁tot ▁in ▁het ▁g raf ▁( Three ▁Men ▁from ▁the ▁C rad le ▁to ▁the ▁Gr ave , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ), ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁prop ound ed ▁radical ▁and ▁human itarian ▁views . ▁The ▁songs ▁of ▁Jul ius ▁V u yl ste ke ▁( 1 8 3 6 – 1 9 0 3 ) ▁are ▁full ▁of ▁liberal ▁and ▁patri otic ▁ar d our ;
▁but ▁his ▁later ▁life ▁was ▁devoted ▁to ▁politics ▁rather ▁than ▁literature . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁leading ▁spirit ▁of ▁a ▁students ▁association ▁at ▁G hent ▁for ▁the ▁propag ation ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁views , ▁and ▁the ▁W ille ms f onds ▁o wed ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁success ▁to ▁his ▁energet ic ▁co - operation . ▁His ▁U it ▁het ▁student en le ven ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁and ▁his ▁poems ▁were ▁collected ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁The ▁poems ▁of ▁M me ▁van ▁A ck ere ▁( 1 8 0 3 – 1 8 8 4 ), ▁n ée ▁Maria ▁D ool a eg he , ▁were ▁mod elled ▁on ▁Dutch ▁origin als . ▁Jo anna ▁Court mans ▁( 1 8 1 1 – 1 8 9 0 ), ▁n ée ▁Ber ch mans , ▁o wed ▁her ▁fame ▁rather ▁to ▁her ▁tales ▁than ▁her ▁poems ; ▁she ▁was ▁above ▁all ▁a ▁moral ist ▁and ▁her ▁fifty ▁tales ▁are ▁s erm ons ▁on ▁economy ▁and ▁the ▁practical ▁virt ues . ▁Other ▁po ets ▁were ▁Em manuel ▁H iel , ▁author ▁of ▁comed ies , ▁opera ▁lib rett i ▁and ▁some ▁adm irable ▁songs ; ▁the ▁ab b é ▁Gu ido ▁Ge z elle , ▁who ▁wrote ▁religious ▁and ▁patri otic ▁poems ▁in ▁the ▁dialect ▁of ▁West ▁F land ers ; ▁L ode w ijk ▁de ▁Kon in ck ▁( 1 8 3 8 – 1 9 2 4 ), ▁who ▁attempted ▁a ▁great ▁epic ▁subject ▁in
▁M ensch dom ▁Ver l ost ▁( 1 8 7 2 ); ▁Joh an ▁Mich iel ▁D aut zen berg ▁( 1 8 0 8 – 1 8 6 9 ) ▁from ▁He er len , ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁volume ▁of ▁charming ▁Volk sl ieder en . ▁The ▁best ▁of ▁D aut zen berg ' s ▁work ▁is ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁post hum ous ▁volume ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁published ▁by ▁his ▁son - in - law , ▁Fr ans ▁de ▁Cort ▁( 1 8 3 4 – 1 8 7 8 ), ▁who ▁was ▁himself ▁a ▁song writer , ▁and ▁translated ▁songs ▁from ▁Robert ▁Burn s , ▁from ▁Jacques ▁J as min ▁and ▁from ▁German . ▁The ▁Mak amen ▁en ▁Gh az elen ▁( 1 8 6 6 ), ▁adapted ▁from ▁Rück ert ' s ▁version ▁of ▁Har iri , ▁and ▁other ▁volumes ▁by ▁Jan ▁Fer gu ut ▁( J . ▁A . ▁van ▁D ro ogen bro e ck , ▁ 1 8 3 5 – 1 9 0 2 ) ▁show ▁a ▁growing ▁pre occup ation ▁with ▁form , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Gent il ▁Theod oor ▁Ant he un is ▁( 1 8 4 0 – 1 9 0 7 ), ▁they ▁prepare ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁ingen ious ▁and ▁careful ▁work mans hip ▁of ▁the ▁younger ▁school ▁of ▁po ets , ▁of ▁whom ▁Charles ▁Pol yd ore ▁de ▁Mont ▁was ▁the ▁leader . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁W am be ke ▁in ▁Br ab
ant ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁and ▁became ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁academ y ▁of ▁the ▁fine ▁arts ▁at ▁Ant werp . ▁He ▁introduced ▁something ▁of ▁the ▁ideas ▁and ▁methods ▁of ▁contemporary ▁French ▁writers ▁into ▁F lem ish ▁verse ; ▁and ▁explained ▁his ▁theories ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁in ▁an ▁In le iding ▁tot ▁de ▁P oe zie . ▁Among ▁Pol ▁de ▁Mont ' s ▁numerous ▁volumes ▁of ▁verse ▁dating ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁on wards ▁are ▁Clar ib ella ▁( 1 8 9 3 ), ▁and ▁I ris ▁( 1 8 9 4 ), ▁which ▁contains ▁amongst ▁other ▁things ▁a ▁curious ▁U it ▁de ▁Leg ende ▁van ▁Jes cho ea - ben - J os ief , ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁g ospel ▁story ▁from ▁a ▁Jewish ▁pe asant . ▁ ▁M ention ▁should ▁also ▁be ▁made ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁G hent ▁( G ent ▁van ▁den ▁v ro eg sten ▁T ijd ▁tot ▁he den , ▁ 1 8 8 2 - 1 8 8 9 ) ▁by ▁Fr ans ▁de ▁Pot ter ▁( 1 8 3 4 – 1 9 0 4 ), ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁art ▁critic isms ▁of ▁Max ▁Ro oses ▁( 1 8 3 9 – 1 9 1 4 ), ▁cur ator ▁of ▁the ▁Plant in - M oret us ▁Museum ▁in ▁Ant werp , ▁and ▁of ▁Jul ius ▁Sab be ▁( 1 8 4 6 – 1 9 1 0 ). ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁In ▁the
▁twentieth ▁Century ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁evolved ▁further ▁and ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁international ▁literary ▁evolution . ▁Cy riel ▁Bu ys se ▁and ▁St ijn ▁Stre u vel s ▁were ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁natural ist ▁literary ▁fashion , ▁while ▁Felix ▁Tim mer mans ▁was ▁a ▁ne o - rom antic ist . ▁ ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁the ▁poet ▁Paul ▁van ▁O sta ij en ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁representative ▁of ▁expression ism ▁in ▁his ▁poems . ▁In ▁between ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Ger ard ▁W als chap , ▁W ille m ▁El ss ch ot ▁and ▁M arn ix ▁G ij sen ▁were ▁prominent ▁F lem ish ▁writers . ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁the ▁first ▁avant - gar de ▁magazine ▁T ijd ▁en ▁Mens ▁( E : ▁Time ▁and ▁People ) ▁was ▁published ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁it ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁Gard ▁S iv ik ▁( E : ▁Civil ▁Guard ) ▁( up ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁with ▁Hug ues ▁C . ▁P ern ath ▁and ▁Paul ▁S no ek . ▁The ▁most ▁prominent ▁F lem ish ▁V ij ft iger ▁( E : ▁Generation ▁f ift ies ) ▁was ▁Hugo ▁Cl aus , ▁who ▁plays ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁since ▁then . ▁Other ▁post war ▁po ets ▁were ▁Anton ▁van ▁Wild er ode ▁and ▁Christ ine ▁D ' Ha en . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁writers
▁who ▁made ▁their ▁debut ▁after ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁are ▁Edd y ▁Van ▁V li et , ▁H erman ▁de ▁Con in ck , ▁Roland ▁Jo or is , ▁Patrick ▁Con rad ▁and ▁Lu uk ▁Gru we z . ▁ ▁The ▁renew al ▁of ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁pro se ▁immediately ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁was ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Hugo ▁Cl aus ▁and ▁Louis ▁Paul ▁Bo on . ▁Joh an ▁D ais ne ▁and ▁Hub ert ▁L amp o ▁introduced ▁magic ▁real ism ▁in ▁F lem ish ▁literature . ▁I vo ▁Mich iels ▁and ▁Paul ▁De ▁W isp ela ere ▁represented ▁the ▁new ▁novel . ▁In ▁the ▁eight ies ▁Walter ▁van ▁den ▁Bro e ck ▁and ▁Mon ika ▁van ▁Pa em el ▁continued ▁to ▁write ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁Louis ▁Paul ▁Bo on . ▁ ▁Other ▁contemporary ▁authors ▁are ▁Ward ▁Ru ys lin ck ▁and ▁J ef ▁Ge era erts , ▁Patrick ▁Con rad , ▁Krist ien ▁Hem m ere chts , ▁Eric ▁de ▁K uy per , ▁Stefan ▁H ert mans , ▁Pol ▁Host e , ▁Paul ▁Cl a es , ▁Jan ▁Lau were yn s , ▁Anne ▁Pro vo ost ▁and ▁Jos ▁V and el oo . ▁In ▁the ▁n inet ies ▁the ▁Generation ▁X , ▁with ▁H erman ▁Br uss el mans ▁and ▁Tom ▁Lan oy e ▁made ▁their ▁debut ▁on ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁literary ▁scene . ▁ ▁Over view ▁Joh an ▁Anth ier ens ▁( 1 9 3 7 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Piet
er ▁As pe ▁( P ierre ▁A sp es lag , ▁* 1 9 5 3 ) ▁A ster ▁Ber k hof ▁( L ode ▁Van ▁Den ▁Ber gh , ▁* 1 9 2 0 ) ▁Louis ▁Paul ▁Bo on ▁( 1 9 1 2 – 1 9 7 9 ) ▁H erman ▁Br uss el mans ▁(* 1 9 5 7 ) ▁Liber a ▁C arlier ▁( 1 9 2 6 - 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Ernest ▁Cl a es ▁( 1 8 8 5 - 1 9 6 8 ) ▁Paul ▁Cl a es ▁(* 1 9 4 3 ) ▁Hugo ▁Cl aus ▁( 1 9 2 9 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Patrick ▁Con rad ▁(* 1 9 4 5 ) ▁Joh an ▁D ais ne ▁( H erman ▁Th ier y , ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 1 9 7 8 ) ▁H erman ▁De ▁Con in ck ▁( 1 9 4 4 – 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁S ask ia ▁de ▁C oster ▁(* 1 9 7 6 ) ▁Filip ▁De ▁P ille c yn ▁( 1 8 9 1 – 1 9 6 2 ) ▁R ita ▁Dem ees ter ▁( 1 9 4 6 – 1 9 9 3 ) ▁W ille m ▁El ss ch ot ▁( 1 8 8 2 - 1 9 6 0 ) ▁M arn ix ▁G ij sen ▁( 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 8 4 ) ▁Maurice ▁Gill iam s ▁( 1
9 0 0 – 1 9 8 2 ) ▁Lu uk ▁Gru we z ▁(* 1 9 5 3 ) ▁Krist ien ▁Hem m ere chts ▁(* 1 9 5 5 ) ▁Stefan ▁H ert mans ▁(* 1 9 5 1 ) ▁K arel ▁Jon ck he ere ▁( 1 9 0 6 – 1 9 9 3 ) ▁Paul ▁Ken is ▁( 1 8 8 5 – 1 9 3 4 ) ▁Eric ▁de ▁K uy per ▁(* 1 9 4 2 ) ▁Hub ert ▁L amp o ▁( 1 9 2 0 – 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Tom ▁Lan oy e ▁(* 1 9 5 8 ) ▁Jan ▁Lau were yn s ▁(* 1 9 6 9 ) ▁Maurice ▁Ma eter lin ck ▁( 1 8 6 2 – 1 9 4 9 ) ▁Tom ▁Na eg els ▁(* 1 9 7 5 ) ▁Alice ▁Nah on ▁( 1 8 9 6 – 1 9 3 3 ) ▁Leo ▁Ple ys ier ▁(* 1 9 4 5 ) ▁Anne ▁Pro vo ost ▁(* 1 9 6 4 ) ▁Joh an ▁de ▁Bo ose ▁Jean ▁Ray ▁( John ▁F land ers ) ▁( 1 8 8 7 – 1 9 6 4 ) ▁W ille m ▁Rog g eman ▁(* 1 9 3 5 ) ▁Maria ▁Ros se els ▁( 1 9 1 6 - 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Maur its ▁Sab be ▁( 1 8 7 3 – 1 9 3 8 ) ▁Paul ▁S no ek ▁(
1 9 3 3 – 1 9 8 1 ) ▁St ijn ▁Stre u vel s ▁( 1 8 7 1 – 1 9 6 9 ) ▁H erman ▁Te irl in ck ▁( 1 8 7 9 – 1 9 6 7 ) ▁J ot ie ▁T ' H oo ft ▁( 1 9 5 6 - 1 9 7 7 ) ▁Felix ▁Tim mer mans ▁( 1 8 8 6 – 1 9 4 7 ) ▁Marcel ▁van ▁Ma ele ▁( 1 9 3 1 – 2 0 0 9 ) ▁Paul ▁van ▁O sta ij en ▁( 1 8 9 6 – 1 9 2 8 ) ▁Paul ▁Ver ha eg hen ▁(* 1 9 6 5 ) ▁Peter ▁Ver hel st ▁(* 1 9 6 2 ) ▁Ger ard ▁W als chap ▁( 1 8 9 8 - 1 9 8 9 ) ▁L ode ▁Z iel ens ▁( 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ant werp ▁Book ▁Fair ▁ ▁Arch ive ▁and ▁Museum ▁for ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁Culture ▁ ▁Belg ian ▁literature ▁ ▁Chamber ▁of ▁rhet oric ▁ ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Dutch ▁writers ▁ ▁Med ieval ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁ ▁Nin ete enth - century ▁Dutch ▁literature ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁( for ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ) ▁ ▁This ▁article ▁in ▁turn ▁c ites : ▁ ▁I da ▁van ▁D ü ring sf eld , ▁Von ▁der ▁Sche ld e ▁bis ▁zur ▁Mass . ▁Des ▁ge ist
ige ▁Leben ▁der ▁V lam ingen ▁( Le ip zig , ▁ 3 ▁vol s ., ▁ 1 8 6 1 ) ▁ ▁J . ▁Ste cher , ▁Hist oire ▁de ▁la ▁litt ér ature ▁né er land aise ▁en ▁Belg ique ▁( 1 8 8 6 ) ▁ ▁Theod oor ▁Co op man ▁and ▁L . ▁Sch arp é , ▁Gesch ieden is ▁der ▁V la ams che ▁Letter k unde ▁van ▁het ▁jaar ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁tot ▁he den ▁( 1 8 9 9 ) ▁ ▁A . ▁de ▁Kon in ck , ▁Bibli ographie ▁nationale ▁( 3 ▁vol s ., ▁ 1 8 8 6 – 1 8 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Paul ▁Ham el ius , ▁Hist oire ▁po ét ique ▁et ▁litt éra ire ▁du ▁mou vement ▁fl am and ▁( 1 8 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Fr ans ▁de ▁Pot ter , ▁V la ams che ▁Bibli ographie , ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁F lem ish ▁Academy ▁of ▁G hent ▁— ▁contains ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁publications ▁between ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁▁ ▁W . ▁J . ▁A . ▁Hub erts ▁et ▁al ., ▁Bi ograph isch ▁wo orden bo e ck ▁der ▁No ord - ▁en ▁Z uid - N eder lands che ▁Letter k unde ▁( 1 8 7 8 ) ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁literature <0x0A> </s> ▁Val erie ▁J . ▁ ▁Paul ▁is ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Marine ▁Station ▁at ▁Fort ▁Pier
ce ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁the ▁Head ▁Scient ist ▁of ▁the ▁Chem ical ▁Ec ology ▁Program . ▁She ▁is ▁interested ▁in ▁marine ▁chemical ▁ec ology , ▁and ▁special izes ▁in ▁research ing ▁the ▁ec ology ▁and ▁chemistry ▁of ▁C yan ob acter ia , ▁blue - green ▁al ga e , ▁bo oms . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Adv ance ment ▁of ▁Science ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁chair person ▁of ▁the ▁Marine ▁Natural ▁Products ▁Gordon ▁Research ▁Conference ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Paul ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁at ▁San ▁Diego ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁with ▁a ▁BA ▁in ▁Bi ology ▁and ▁Studies ▁in ▁Chem ical ▁Ec ology ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁with ▁a ▁PhD ▁in ▁Marine ▁Bi ology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁San ▁Diego ▁S cri pp s ▁Inst itution ▁of ▁Ocean ography . ▁She ▁started ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Gu am ▁Marine ▁Labor atory ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁became ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁laboratory ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁and ▁then ▁full ▁professor ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁she ▁accepted ▁a ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Marine ▁Station ▁in ▁Fort ▁Pier ce ▁as ▁Head ▁Scient ist ▁and ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Caribbean ▁Cor al ▁Re ef ▁E cosystem s . ▁ ▁She
▁re se ar ches ▁marine ▁chemical ▁ec ology , ▁marine ▁plant ▁and ▁her b iv ore ▁interactions , ▁cor al ▁re ef ▁ec ology , ▁and ▁the ▁ec ological ▁roles ▁of ▁marine ▁natural ▁products . ▁More ▁specifically ▁in ▁her ▁cor al ▁re ef ▁ec ology ▁research ▁she ▁studies ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁cy an ob acter ial ▁blo om ▁on ▁cor al ▁re ef s ▁and ▁l ar va e ▁of ▁re ef ▁building ▁cor als . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁council ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Society ▁for ▁Re ef ▁Studies ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 6 , ▁advis ory ▁editor ▁for ▁Cor al ▁Re ef s ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁editorial ▁advis ory ▁board ▁of ▁the ▁Journal ▁of ▁Natural ▁Products ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁Sea ▁Grant ▁Committee ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁elected ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁chair ▁for ▁the ▁Marine ▁Natural ▁Products ▁Gordon ▁Research ▁Conference ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁vice - chair ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁program ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁N I H ▁Minor ity ▁Bi omed ical ▁Research ▁Support ▁Grant ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁Paul ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁fellow ▁of
▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Adv ance ment ▁of ▁Science ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Select ▁publications ▁ ▁Paul ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁or ▁co - author ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 7 5 ▁papers ▁and ▁review ▁articles . ▁List ed ▁here ▁are ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁cited ▁of ▁her ▁papers ▁of ▁all ▁time : ▁▁ ▁H W ▁Pa er l , ▁V J ▁Paul . ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Cl imate ▁change : ▁links ▁to ▁global ▁expansion ▁of ▁harmful ▁cy an ob acter ia . ▁Water ▁research ▁ 4 6 ▁( 5 ), ▁ 1 3 4 9 - 1 3 6 3 . ▁https :// t rop ical so y bean . com / s ites / default / files / Cl imate % 2 0 Change % 2 0 -% 2 0 Links % 2 0 To % 2 0 Global % 2 0 Exp ansion % 2 0 Of % 2 0 H arm ful % 2 0 C yan ob acter ia _ P a er l % 2 0 & % 2 0 Paul _ 2 0 1 2 . pdf . ▁ ▁K ▁Ta ori , ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁H ▁L ues ch . ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Str ucture ▁and ▁Activity ▁of ▁L arg az ole , ▁a ▁Pot ent ▁Ant ip rol ifer ative ▁Agent ▁from ▁the ▁Flor id ian ▁Marine ▁C yan ob acter ium ▁Sym pl oca ▁sp . ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Chem
ical ▁Society ▁ 1 3 0 ▁( 6 ), ▁ 1 8 0 6 - 1 8 0 7 . https :// repository . si . edu / bit stream / handle / 1 0 0 8 8 / 3 6 5 1 / 7 1 3 L arg az ole _ Structure . pdf . ▁ ▁H ▁L ues ch , ▁W Y ▁Y osh ida , ▁RE ▁Moore , ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁TH ▁Cor b ett . ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Total ▁Str ucture ▁Det erm ination ▁of ▁Apr at ox in ▁A , ▁a ▁Pot ent ▁Nov el ▁Cy tot ox in ▁from ▁the ▁Marine ▁C yan ob acter ium ▁Ly ng by a ▁maj us cul a . ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Chem ical ▁Society ▁ 1 2 3 ▁( 2 3 ), ▁ 5 4 1 8 - 5 4 2 3 . ▁https :// pub s . acs . org / do i / abs / 1 0 . 1 0 2 1 / ja 0 1 0 4 5 3 j . ▁ ▁M G ▁Had field , ▁V J ▁Paul . ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Natural ▁chemical ▁c ues ▁for ▁settlement ▁and ▁met am orph osis ▁of ▁marine ▁in ver te br ate ▁l ar va e . ▁Marine ▁chemical ▁ec ology , ▁ 4 3 1 - 4 6 1 . ▁https :// www . re search gate . net / profile / M ichael _ H ad field
/ public ation / 2 6 5 2 2 2 4 3 9 _ N at ural _ C hem ical _ C ues _ for _ Set t lement _ and _ Met am orph osis _ of _ Mar ine - In ver te br ate _ L ar va e / links / 5 4 e 3 9 6 3 b 0 cf 2 b 2 3 1 4 f 5 d 9 a 1 2 / N at ural - C hem ical - C ues - for - Set t lement - and - Met am orph osis - of - Mar ine - In ver te br ate - L ar va e . pdf ▁ ▁I B ▁K uff ner , ▁L J ▁Wal ters , ▁MA ▁B ec er ro , ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁R ▁R its on - Will iam s , ▁K S ▁Beach . ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁In hib ition ▁of ▁cor al ▁recruit ment ▁by ▁macro al ga e ▁and ▁cy an ob acter ia . ▁Marine ▁Ec ology ▁Progress ▁Series ▁ 3 2 3 , ▁ 1 0 7 - 1 1 7 . ▁https :// www . int - res . com / art icles / m eps 2 0 0 6 / 3 2 3 / m 3 2 3 p 1 0 7 . pdf . ▁ ▁H ▁L ues ch , ▁RE ▁Moore , ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁SL ▁Mo ober ry
, ▁TH ▁Cor b ett . ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Is olation ▁of ▁Dol ast atin ▁ 1 0 ▁from ▁the ▁Marine ▁C yan ob acter ium ▁Sym pl oca ▁Spec ies ▁V P 6 4 2 ▁and ▁Total ▁S tere oc hem istry ▁and ▁Bi ological ▁Eval uation ▁of ▁Its ▁Anal ogue ▁Sym pl ost atin ▁ 1 . ▁Journal ▁of ▁Natural ▁Products ▁ 6 4 ▁( 7 ), ▁ 9 0 7 - 9 1 0 . ▁https :// pub s . acs . org / do i / abs / 1 0 . 1 0 2 1 / np 0 1 0 0 4 9 y . ▁ ▁V J ▁Paul . ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁Ec ological ▁roles ▁of ▁marine ▁natural ▁products . ▁Expl or ations ▁in ▁chemical ▁ec ology ▁( USA ). ▁ ▁S ▁D obre ts ov , ▁M ▁Te pl its ki , ▁V ▁Paul . ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Mini - review : ▁qu orum ▁sens ing ▁in ▁the ▁marine ▁environment ▁and ▁its ▁relationship ▁to ▁bio f ou ling . ▁Bio f ou ling ▁ 2 5 ▁( 5 ), ▁ 4 1 3 - 4 2 7 . https :// www . t and f online . com / do i / abs / 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 0 8 9 2 7 0 1 0 9 0 2 8 5 3 5 1 6 . ▁ ▁V J ▁Paul , ▁ME ▁Hay .
▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁Sea we ed ▁suscept ibility ▁to ▁her b iv ory : ▁chemical ▁and ▁morph ological ▁correl ates . ▁Marine ▁Ec ology ▁Progress ▁Series , ▁ 2 5 5 - 2 6 4 . ▁https :// sm ar tech . gate ch . edu / bit stream / handle / 1 8 5 3 / 3 4 3 2 3 / 1 9 8 6 _ ME PS _ 0 0 1 . pdf . ▁ ▁D G ▁Cor ley , ▁R ▁Her b , ▁RE ▁Moore , ▁P J ▁Sche uer , ▁V J ▁Paul . ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁La ul imal ides . ▁New ▁pot ent ▁cy tot ox ic ▁mac rol ides ▁from ▁a ▁marine ▁sp on ge ▁and ▁a ▁n ud ibr anch ▁pred ator . ▁The ▁Journal ▁of ▁Organ ic ▁Chem istry ▁ 5 3 ▁( 1 5 ), ▁ 3 6 4 4 - 3 6 4 6 . ▁https :// pub s . acs . org / do i / abs / 1 0 . 1 0 2 1 / jo 0 0 2 5 0 a 0 5 3 ? journal Code = jo ce ah . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁ec ologists ▁Category : W omen ▁ec ologists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁San ▁Diego ▁al umn i ▁Category : S cri pp s ▁Inst itution ▁of ▁Ocean ography ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity
▁of ▁Gu am ▁faculty ▁Category : Sm ith son ian ▁Inst itution ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁scientists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁scientists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁scientists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁scientists ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Adv ance ment ▁of ▁Science ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Hil mar ▁Sw ink a ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁in ▁Berlin ▁- ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁in ▁Leip zig ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁sp ree ▁killer ▁who ▁killed ▁three ▁women ▁in ▁East ▁Berlin ▁from ▁February ▁ 1 3 ▁to ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Sw ink a ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁content ious ▁and ▁ir asc ible ▁father ▁who ▁left ▁his ▁family ▁after ▁being ▁released ▁from ▁capt ivity . ▁Sw ink a ▁himself ▁was ▁diagnosed ▁with ▁inter mitt ent ▁explos ive ▁disorder ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁school ▁days . ▁He ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁contact - po or ▁lon er ▁and ▁outs ider , ▁who ▁finished ▁school ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁graduate . ▁He ▁initially ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁casual ▁worker , ▁but ▁to ▁compens ate ▁for ▁physical ▁def ic its , ▁he ▁joined ▁a ▁box ing ▁club ▁at ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁old . ▁Since ▁then ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁th ug ▁and ▁was ▁pun ished ▁several ▁times ▁for ▁violent
▁crimes . ▁He ▁attempted ▁several ▁times ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁f ooth old ▁in ▁West ▁Germany , ▁but ▁failed . ▁Eventually ▁he ▁got ▁a ▁job ▁as ▁a ▁lab ▁assistant ▁and ▁later ▁section ▁assistant ▁at ▁the ▁Path ological ▁Institute ▁of ▁the ▁Char ité ▁in ▁East ▁Berlin . ▁At ▁this ▁position ▁Sw ink a ▁developed ▁an ▁interest ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁study , ▁priv ately ▁setting ▁up ▁his ▁own ▁knife ▁collection . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁two ▁former ▁lovers ▁and ▁killed ▁both ▁by ▁strang ulation ▁and ▁sh oving ▁st itches ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁area , ▁then ▁" dis se cted " ▁the ▁corps es . ▁He ▁considered ▁these ▁kill ings ▁as ▁a ▁rehe ars al ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁his ▁ex - w ife . ▁The ▁following ▁day ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁her , ▁cut ▁her ▁throat ▁and ▁" dis se cted " ▁her ▁too . ▁He ▁was ▁arrested ▁by ▁police ▁at ▁the ▁scene ▁by ▁police , ▁which ▁were ▁alert ed ▁to ▁by ▁neighb ours . ▁ ▁The ▁trial ▁against ▁Sw ink a ▁was ▁conducted ▁under ▁strict ▁secre cy , ▁since ▁from ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁rules ▁in ▁East ▁Germany ▁this ▁case ▁offered ▁propaganda ▁poss ibil ites ▁from ▁the ▁West . ▁Sw ink a ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death , ▁and ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁in ▁the ▁Leip zig ▁pen it enti ary , ▁shot ▁from ▁close ▁range ▁by ▁execution er ▁Herm ann ▁Loren z .
▁The ▁body ▁was ▁then ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁cre m ator ium ▁in ▁the ▁Sü df ried hof ▁and ▁was ▁cre m ated ▁there , ▁and ▁the ▁as hes ▁were ▁buried ▁an onym ously ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁c emetery ▁area . ▁ ▁Sw ink a ' s ▁mur ders ▁were ▁presented ▁in ▁two ▁books . ▁The ▁legal ▁physician ▁and ▁former ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁inst itute ▁of ▁Legal ▁Medicine ▁of ▁Berlin ▁Gun ther ▁Ges er ick ▁and ▁its ▁co - auth ors ▁V end ura ▁and ▁W irth ▁describe ▁the ▁man ▁as ▁Hil mar ▁S ., ▁while ▁author ▁Hans ▁G iro d ▁names ▁him ▁as ▁Henry ▁St utz bach . ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁▁▁ ▁Hans ▁G iro d : ▁Bl ut sp uren . ▁We it ere ▁un gew ö hn liche ▁M ord f äl le ▁aus ▁der ▁D DR . ▁K na ur , ▁München ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁, ▁p . 2 1 6 – 2 4 9 . ▁ ▁Gun ther ▁Ges er ick / K l aus ▁V end ura / In go ▁W irth : ▁Zeit ze uge ▁Tod . ▁Spe kt ak ul äre ▁F äl le ▁der ▁Berlin er ▁Ger icht s med iz in . ▁Mil itz ke - Ver lag , ▁Leip zig ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁by ▁East ▁Germany ▁by ▁fire arm ▁Category : G
erman ▁sp ree ▁kill ers ▁Category : M ur der ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Execut ed ▁sp ree ▁kill ers ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁crimes ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁mur ders ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁mur ders ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁for ▁murder <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁John ▁Thomas ▁Clar idge ▁( 1 7 9 2 – 1 8 6 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁barr ister ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Rec order ▁for ▁the ▁Str ait s ▁S ett lement s ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Malaysia ▁from ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁to ▁ 1 8 2 9 . ▁ ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁recalled ▁from ▁his ▁post ▁after ▁a ▁well - public ised ▁bitter ▁quar rel ▁with ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company . ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁public ▁scandal ▁regarding ▁the ▁will ▁for ▁a ▁wealthy ▁estate . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁John ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 , ▁into ▁a ▁middle - class ▁family ▁in ▁Seven o aks , ▁Kent ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Fellow es ▁Clar idge , ▁a ▁sol ic itor ▁and ▁partner ▁in ▁a ▁law ▁firm ▁with ▁Francis ▁Aust en , ▁a ▁great - un cle ▁of ▁Jane ▁Aust en . ▁His ▁younger ▁brother , ▁George ▁Clar idge ▁( 1 7 9 4 – 1 8 5 6 ), ▁a ▁sol ic itor ▁who ▁pract iced ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁firm ▁in ▁Seven o aks ▁and ▁was
▁a ▁famous ▁amateur ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁H arrow ▁School ▁and ▁Lord ▁By ron ▁Clar idge ▁started ▁attending ▁H arrow ▁School ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 5 . ▁ ▁While ▁at ▁H arrow , ▁Clar idge ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁Lord ▁By ron ▁and ▁his ▁small ▁circle ▁of ▁friends . ▁Although ▁By ron ▁graduated ▁from ▁H arrow ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 5 , ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁visit ▁there ▁regularly , ▁staying ▁with ▁Henry ▁Dr ury ▁who ▁shared ▁accommod ations ▁with ▁Clar idge . ▁Over ▁a ▁dozen ▁letters ▁from ▁Clar idge ▁to ▁By ron ▁ ▁survive ▁in ▁the ▁John ▁Murray ▁Arch ive ▁and ▁cover ▁a ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁The ▁letters ▁strongly ▁hint ▁that ▁By ron ▁ex ert ed ▁a ▁powerful ▁attraction ▁on ▁Clar idge , ▁who ▁express es ▁his ▁love ▁for ▁By ron ▁in ▁une qu iv ocal ▁terms . ▁▁ ▁Clar idge ▁stayed ▁at ▁New stead ▁over ▁Easter ▁ 1 8 0 9 . ▁ ▁He ▁attended ▁a ▁party ▁in ▁which ▁By ron ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁John ▁Hob house , ▁Sc ro pe ▁Ber d more ▁Dav ies , ▁Charles ▁Sk inner ▁Matt he ws ▁and ▁James ▁Wed der burn ▁Web ster ▁dressed ▁up ▁as ▁mon ks . ▁ ▁The ▁men ▁drank ▁from ▁a ▁skull ▁and ▁cons orted ▁with ▁" P aph ian ▁girls ", ▁played ▁by ▁female ▁servants . ▁Bry on ▁refers ▁to ▁this ▁party ▁in ▁the ▁c anto ▁ 1 ▁of ▁Ch ilde ▁Harold ' s ▁Pil gr image ,
▁stating ▁" Now ▁P aph ian ▁girls ▁were ▁known ▁to ▁sing ▁and ▁smile / And ▁mon ks ▁might ▁de em ▁their ▁time ▁was ▁come ▁ag en ". ▁▁ ▁After ▁returning ▁from ▁Greece ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 , ▁By ron ▁renew ed ▁his ▁friendship ▁with ▁Clar idge . ▁ ▁However , ▁after ▁a ▁month ▁of ▁his ▁company , ▁By ron ▁became ▁rapidly ▁bored . ▁By ron ▁wrote ▁in ▁September ▁that ▁year : ▁ ▁In ▁letters ▁to ▁Hob house ▁that ▁fall , ▁By ron ▁exec r ates ▁Clar idge ' s ▁dull ness , ▁f ending ▁off ▁a ▁claim ▁of ▁an ▁" attachment " ▁to ▁the ▁youth ▁and ▁eventually ▁dismiss es ▁him ▁with ▁" Cl ar idge ▁is ▁gone ". ▁Clar idge ' s ▁letters ▁stop ▁and ▁By ron ▁never ▁refers ▁to ▁him ▁again ▁in ▁his ▁ ▁letters ▁or ▁jour nals . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁Clar idge ▁graduated ▁from ▁Christ ▁Church , ▁Oxford ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁and ▁was ▁called ▁to ▁the ▁Bar ▁at ▁the ▁Middle ▁Temple ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 . ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁of ▁Clar idge ' s ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁barr ister . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁the ▁London ▁Gaz ette ▁reported : W ind sor ▁Castle , ▁Sept . ▁ 3 0 . ▁The ▁King ▁was ▁this ▁day ▁pleased ▁to ▁confer ▁the ▁honour ▁of ▁kn ighth ood ▁on ▁John ▁Thomas ▁Clar idge , ▁E sq . ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁Temple , ▁Rec order ▁of ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales '
▁Island . Cl ar idge ▁was ▁then ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁rec order , ▁a ▁senior ▁judges hip ▁in ▁the ▁Str ait s ▁S ett lement ▁. ▁ ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁obtained ▁this ▁post ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁friendship ▁with ▁the ▁Du che ss ▁of ▁Dor set , ▁ ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Lord ▁Liverpool ’ s ▁steps ister . ▁ ▁The ▁post ▁provided ▁a ▁salary ▁of ▁£ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁per ▁year ▁with ▁a ▁pension ▁of ▁£ 5 0 0 ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁five ▁years . ▁ ▁Further ▁promotion ▁seemed ▁a ▁certain ty , ▁as ▁three ▁out ▁of ▁four ▁previous ▁Rec orders ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁had ▁gained ▁well - paid ▁judges hip s ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Soon ▁after ▁his ▁appointment ▁as ▁rec order , ▁Clar idge ▁married ▁▁ 2 5 - year - old ▁Mary ▁P inn ock ▁Scott , ▁the ▁el dest ▁daughter ▁of ▁Vice - Ad m iral ▁Scott . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 1 8 2 7 , ▁Clar idge , ▁presumably ▁with ▁Lady ▁Clar idge , ▁s ailed ▁for ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ’ ▁Island , ▁arriving ▁in ▁Pen ang ▁in ▁early ▁August ▁ ▁Record ership ▁in ▁Pen ang ▁▁ ▁The ▁Str ait s ▁Governor ▁was ▁Robert ▁Full ert on , ▁a ▁Sc ots man ▁in ▁his ▁mid ▁f ift ies ▁who ▁was ▁long - standing ▁employee ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company . ▁ ▁An ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁Ch arter ▁gave ▁the ▁Governor ▁and ▁the ▁Res idents ▁equal ▁roles ▁with ▁‘ a ▁Rec order ▁appointed ▁in
▁England , ▁who ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁Barr ister ▁of ▁not ▁less ▁than ▁Five ▁Years ▁Stand ing ’. ▁▁▁ ▁Clar idge ▁felt ▁that ▁he ▁ranked ▁over ▁the ▁governor ▁and ▁residents ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Govern mor . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁Clar idge ▁wanted ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁fully ▁separate ▁and ▁funded ▁legal ▁arm ▁of ▁government ▁in ▁Pen ang ▁that ▁was ▁separate ▁from ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company . ▁ ▁However , ▁neither ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁or ▁the ▁British ▁Government ▁supported ▁his ▁initiative ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁high ▁cost . ▁▁▁ ▁Clar idge ' s ▁relationship ▁with ▁Full ert on ▁broke ▁down ▁almost ▁immediately . ▁▁ ▁A ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁settlement ▁describes ▁the ▁accepted ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁confront ation : … al most ▁immediately ▁there ▁began ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁the ▁Government ▁‘ th ose ▁m isch iev ous ▁discussions , ’ ▁as ▁the ▁Indian ▁Law ▁Commission ers ▁later ▁term ed ▁them , ▁which ▁eventually ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁recall ▁and ▁removal ▁from ▁office Expected ▁to ▁travel ▁from ▁Pen ang ▁to ▁Singapore ▁and ▁Mal ac ca ▁to ▁administer ▁justice , ▁Clar idge ▁refused ▁to ▁go . ▁ ▁He ▁bl amed ▁Full ert on ▁and ▁the ▁residents ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁assume ▁their ▁share ▁of ▁jud icial ▁work . ▁Clar idge ▁also ▁complained ▁about ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁a ▁‘ full , ▁efficient ▁and ▁respect able ▁court ▁establishment ▁of ▁cler ks , ▁inter pre ters , ▁etc . ’. ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁he ▁asked ▁for ▁his ▁staff ’ s
▁sal aries ▁to ▁be ▁raised . ▁▁▁ ▁Another ▁Clar idge ▁demand ▁was ▁steam ▁ship ▁transportation ▁to ▁Singapore ▁and ▁Mal ac ca . ▁ ▁He ▁regarded ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁‘ direct ▁insult ’ ▁when ▁Full ter ton ▁refused ▁this ▁request , ▁and ▁‘ Great ▁ir asc ibility ▁of ▁temper ▁( was ) ▁shown ▁on ▁both ▁sides ’. ▁▁ ▁Clar idge ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Control ▁promised ▁him ▁a ▁steam ▁ship ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁record ership . ▁The ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁one , ▁calling ▁it ▁a ▁luxury . ▁Clar idge ▁in ▁turn ▁refused ▁to ▁fund ▁his ▁transportation ▁costs ▁from ▁his ▁salary ▁or ▁expenses . ▁▁▁ ▁To ▁break ▁this ▁imp asse , ▁Full ert on ▁and ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Res ident , ▁Kenn eth ▁M urch ison , ▁finally ▁held ▁ass izes ▁in ▁Singapore ▁themselves ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 2 8 . ▁ ▁Clar idge ▁eventually ▁trav elled ▁to ▁Mal ac ca , ▁but ▁by ▁that ▁point ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁was ▁petition ing ▁the ▁British ▁government ▁to ▁remove ▁him ▁from ▁office . ▁ ▁Rec all ▁to ▁England ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁the ▁First ▁Lord ▁of ▁the ▁Admiral ty , ▁Lord ▁Mel ville , ▁wrote ▁to ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Control , ▁Charles ▁Williams - W yn n : ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁Court ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁had ▁asked ▁King ▁George ▁IV ▁to ▁remove ▁Clar idge ▁from ▁his ▁record ership . ▁ ▁Full ert on ▁was ▁acc
using ▁Clar idge ▁of ▁‘ ext ort ing ▁higher ▁sal aries ▁for ▁the ▁Off ic ers ▁of ▁his ▁Court ▁than ▁the ▁Government ▁deemed ▁proper , ▁on ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁ref using ▁to ▁administer ▁justice ’. ▁An ▁Order ▁in ▁Council ▁letter ▁was ▁signed ▁and ▁sent ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁recall ing ▁Clar idge ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁The ▁letter ▁reached ▁Clar idge ▁i in ▁Mal ac ca ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 2 9 . ▁ ▁Clar idge ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁turned ▁tail ▁immediately ▁and ▁set ▁off ▁for ▁China ▁en ▁route ▁for ▁England . ▁ ▁A ▁Cal cut ta ▁newspaper ▁quoted ▁the ▁British ▁Government ▁as ▁saying ▁that ▁Clar idge ▁‘ is ▁not , ▁in ▁point ▁of ▁fact , ▁recalled , ▁for ▁no ▁success or ▁is ▁appointed ; ▁he ▁is ▁merely ▁directed ▁to ▁return ’. ▁▁ ▁This ▁sentence ▁is ▁key ▁to ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁future : ▁he ▁was ▁never ▁dismissed , ▁but ▁more ▁ambig u ously ▁directed ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁Back ▁in ▁England ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁Clar idge ▁def ended ▁himself ▁against ▁six ▁charges ▁at ▁a ▁hearing ▁of ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁acqu itted ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁charges ▁except ▁one . ▁▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁government ▁would ▁not ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Pen ang . ▁ ▁The ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁‘ Gl ou cester ▁M iser ’ ▁▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁living ▁in ▁Pl ow den ▁Build ings ▁in ▁the
▁Middle ▁Temple . ▁It ▁is ▁un clear ▁if ▁he ▁was ▁practicing ▁formally ▁as ▁a ▁barr ister , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁that ▁he ▁re - em er ges ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁shadows ▁as ▁a ▁player ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁not orious ▁legal ▁cases ▁of ▁the ▁era , ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Gl ou cester ▁M iser . ▁ ▁James ▁or ▁more ▁popular ly ▁J em my ▁Wood ▁was ▁the ▁propriet or ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁private ▁banks ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom , ▁probably ▁the ▁first ▁common er ▁in ▁England ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁million aire ▁and ▁a ▁noted ▁miser . ▁Charles ▁Dick ens ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁mod elled ▁E b ene zer ▁Sc ro oge ▁on ▁him . ▁The ▁Ch anc ery ▁case ▁following ▁his ▁death ▁and ▁disput ed ▁will ▁may ▁form ▁the ▁theme ▁of ▁‘ B le ak ▁House ’. ▁Wood , ▁who ▁lived ▁alone ▁and ▁had ▁no ▁close ▁relatives , ▁died ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁and ▁left ▁an ▁estate ▁valued ▁at ▁£ 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁( around ▁£ 4 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁today ). ▁A ▁will ▁n aming ▁Wood ’ s ▁execut ors ▁as ▁his ▁benef ici aries ▁was ▁submitted ▁for ▁prob ate , ▁but ▁then ▁alternative ▁will s ▁appeared ▁and ▁a ▁conspiracy ▁was ▁suspected . ▁ ▁A ▁£ 1 0 0 0 ▁reward ▁was ▁offered ▁for ▁information ▁about ▁any ▁earlier ▁will . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 6 , ▁at ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the
▁will ▁controversy , ▁‘ Th omas ▁Le ight on , ▁Gent ’, ▁an ▁attorney ▁from ▁Gl ou cester ▁working ▁in ▁London , ▁published ▁a ▁fifty - page ▁pam ph let ▁called ▁‘ Extra ord inary ▁facts ▁and ▁circumstances ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁last ▁will ▁and ▁test ament ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁James ▁Wood ’. ▁▁ ▁Le ight on ▁had ▁attempted ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁reward ▁and , ▁re buff ed , ▁set ▁out ▁the ▁full ▁and ▁complex ▁case ▁in ▁his ▁pam ph let . ▁ ▁Sir ▁John ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁a ▁business ▁associate ▁of ▁Le ight on ’ s ▁employer , ▁who ▁advised ▁him ▁to ▁take ▁his ▁case ▁to ▁the ▁barr ister . ▁Le ight on ▁soon ▁started ▁to ▁feel ▁Clar idge ▁himself ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁conspiracy . ▁ ▁The ▁kn ight ’ s ▁behaviour ▁in ex plic ably ▁changed ▁from ▁rude ▁and ▁dismiss ive , ▁to ▁civil ▁and ▁agree able , ▁and ▁back ▁again . ▁Clar idge , ▁though ▁only ▁compar atively ▁briefly ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁case , ▁receives ▁a ▁storm ▁of ▁opp rob rium . ▁ ▁This ▁Sir ▁John ▁Thomas ▁Clar idge ▁is ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁an ▁Attorney ▁dece ased , ▁who ▁lived ▁at ▁Seven ▁O aks , ▁in ▁Kent , ▁and ▁who ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁on ▁being ▁sent ▁out ▁as ▁Rec order ▁of ▁Pen ang ; ▁… ▁he ▁petition ed ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons , ▁against ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁a ▁party ▁proposed ▁by ▁my ▁Lord ▁Glen el g … as ▁he ▁considered ▁himself ▁better ▁entitled . ▁ ▁Clar idge ’ s
▁troubles , ▁including ▁implicit ly ▁his ▁father ’ s ▁suicide , ▁the ▁Record ership ▁deb acle ▁and ▁his ▁Commons ▁petition ▁to ▁reg ain ▁his ▁post ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁were ▁clearly ▁known ▁in ▁legal ▁circles . ▁ ▁Le ight on ▁calls ▁him ▁someone ▁capable ▁of ▁‘ g ente el ▁bul lying ’ ▁▁ ▁and ▁guilty ▁of ▁‘ dirty ▁conduct ’ ▁▁ ▁and ▁even ▁em plo ys ▁poetry ▁by ▁the ▁popular ▁contemporary ▁sat ir ist , ▁Peter ▁P ind ar , ▁to ▁character ize ▁Sir ▁John ▁as ▁a ▁sin ister ▁em in ence ▁cooking ▁‘ some ▁rare ▁dish ▁of ▁sin ’ : ▁ ▁‘ The ▁devil ’ s ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁such ▁ster ling ▁hum our / And ▁all ▁so ▁civil ▁in ▁each ▁act ▁and ▁look ▁’ ▁ ▁Decl ine ▁and ▁death ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 1 8 4 8 , ▁Hans ard ▁▁▁ ▁reports ▁two ▁interesting ▁speakers ▁in ▁a ▁debate ▁on ▁Sir ▁John ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁right ▁to ▁be ▁appointed ▁to ▁another ▁colonial ▁position . ▁ ▁Clar idge ▁had ▁spent ▁many ▁years ▁trying ▁to ▁reg ain ▁his ▁right ▁to ▁a ▁judge ’ s ▁post ▁and ▁finally ▁to ▁be ▁granted ▁a ▁pension ▁and ▁this ▁was ▁his ▁last ▁petition ▁to ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁The ▁oppos ing ▁speakers ▁were ▁William ▁Glad stone , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁the ▁Col on ies ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁Government , ▁and ▁Sir ▁John ▁Hob house . ▁ ▁‘ H obby ’, ▁By ron ’ s ▁best ▁friend ▁and ▁flame - bear er ▁and
▁Clar idge ’ s ▁erst while ▁fellow ▁guest ▁at ▁New stead ▁that ▁Easter ▁many ▁years ▁before , ▁was ▁now ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Government . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Control , ▁and ▁in ▁this ▁role , ▁played ▁an ▁in ex plic ably ▁negative ▁part ▁in ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁attempts ▁to ▁gain ▁re par ation . ▁ ▁Glad stone ▁spoke ▁for ▁the ▁motion , ▁telling ▁the ▁Commons ▁‘ that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁guilty ▁of ▁no ▁act ▁which ▁should ▁incap ac itate ▁him ▁from ▁serving ▁the ▁Crown ▁here after ▁in ▁a ▁jud icial ▁capacity .’ ▁▁▁ ▁Clar idge ▁wished ▁to ▁be ▁appointed ▁now ▁as ▁a ▁judge ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Hans ard ▁reports ▁a ▁dismiss ive ▁Hob house ▁response : ▁ ▁The ▁appointment ▁had ▁taken ▁place ▁twenty ▁years ▁ago , ▁and ▁he ▁had ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁it , ▁and ▁had ▁had ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁the ▁matter ▁at ▁all ▁except ▁having ▁been ▁so ▁unfortunate ▁as ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁by ▁no ▁means ▁agree able ▁correspondence ▁with ▁that ▁gentleman … He ▁had ▁nothing ▁to ▁say ▁against ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Sir ▁J . ▁T . ▁Clar idge , ▁but ▁he ▁would ▁rather ▁not ▁make ▁him ▁a ▁judge … ▁He ▁wished ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁his ▁power ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁some ▁other ▁conclusion ▁on ▁the ▁subject , ▁and ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁Sir ▁J . ▁T . ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁the ▁f ittest ▁person ▁to ▁be
▁appointed ▁as ▁judge ▁in ▁India ▁or ▁elsewhere ; ▁but ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁give ▁such ▁an ▁answer . ▁ ▁The ▁motion ▁was ▁withd rawn . ▁ ▁Why ▁was ▁Hob house ▁so ▁openly ▁and ▁cru elly ▁dismiss ive ▁of ▁his ▁and ▁By ron ’ s ▁old ▁friend ? ▁ ▁Let ters ▁to ▁Hob house ▁from ▁Sir ▁Freder ic ▁The s iger , ▁( F re der ic ▁The s iger , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Chel ms ford ) ▁until ▁recently ▁the ▁Attorney ▁General , ▁warm ly ▁ple aded ▁his ▁friend ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁case , ▁but ▁they ▁only ▁seemed ▁to ▁r ouse ▁Hob house ’ s ▁ ire . ▁▁▁ ▁Hob house , ▁who ▁had ▁once ▁ple aded ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁dec ency ▁and ▁kindness ▁to ▁a ▁dismiss ive ▁By ron , ▁( ‘ he ▁wrote ▁me ▁a ▁very ▁kind ▁letter , ▁kind ▁both ▁to ▁me ▁and ▁to ▁you ’ ), ▁now ▁dis owned ▁his ▁former ▁associate ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁public ▁manner ▁possible . ▁ ▁Without ▁a ▁legal ▁practice ▁or ▁any ▁pension , ▁the ▁Clar idge ▁household ▁income ▁declined ▁so ▁far ▁that , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁census , ▁his ▁wife ▁Mary ▁is ▁recorded ▁as ▁running ▁a ▁‘ sch ol astic ▁establishment ’ ▁in ▁Sid mouth ▁with ▁two ▁ 1 4 - year - old ▁local ▁tr ades men ' s ▁daughters ▁living ▁in . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁the ▁Clar idges ' ▁arrival ▁was ▁reported ▁in ▁the ▁‘ Le aming ton
▁Sp a ▁Cou rier ’, ▁but ▁he ▁died ▁the ▁very ▁same ▁day . ▁ ▁Clar idge ’ s ▁death ▁certificate ▁states ▁he ▁had ▁died ▁of ▁‘ Ap ople xy ▁ 1 0 ▁weeks . ▁ ▁Par al ysis ▁right ▁side ▁ 3 ▁days ’ ▁so ▁a ▁stroke ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁likely ▁cause ▁of ▁death . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁Le aming ton ▁Pri ors ▁Par ish , ▁All ▁S aints , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁sign ▁of ▁his ▁grav estone ; ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁vanished ▁due ▁to ▁head stone ▁rem ov als ▁or ▁perhaps ▁Lady ▁Clar idge ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁afford ▁one . ▁ ▁No ▁will ▁was ▁registered ▁and ▁when ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁a ▁great ▁nep hew ▁applied ▁for ▁prob ate ▁on ▁the ▁Clar idges ’ ▁estate , ▁Lady ▁Clar idge ▁having ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁worth ▁just ▁over ▁£ 1 3 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁By ronic ▁post script . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁Clar idge , ▁ ▁living ▁from ▁hand ▁to ▁mouth ▁in ▁g ente el ▁poverty , ▁ ▁made ▁a ▁gift ▁to ▁his ▁old ▁school ▁of ▁a ▁five ▁volume ▁set ▁of ▁the ▁‘ Ar ab ian ▁N ights ’. ▁ ▁His ▁in scription ▁is ▁roughly ▁written ▁across ▁the ▁front is piece : ▁ ▁This ▁copy ▁of ▁the ▁‘ Ar ab ian ▁N ights ’ ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁me ▁when ▁I ▁was ▁at ▁H arrow ▁School , ▁nearly ▁ 6 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁( s
ic ), ▁by ▁George ▁Gordon , ▁Lord ▁By ron , ▁Author ▁of ▁‘ Ch ilde ▁Harold ’ ▁ ▁T ender ly , ▁Clar idge ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁recall ▁both ▁his ▁head master ▁Butler ▁and ▁master ▁Henry ▁Dr ury ▁as ▁ ▁‘ friend ’, ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁such ▁ep it het ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁g iver ▁of ▁the ▁gift , ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁had ▁once ▁been ▁‘ my ▁de arest ▁By ron ’. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 6 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁H arrow ▁School ▁Category : English ▁judges ▁Category : English ▁barr ister s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Mal aya ▁lawyers ▁Category : Str ait s ▁S ett lement s ▁judges ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Seven o aks <0x0A> </s> ▁East on ▁Historic ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁historic ▁district ▁located ▁at ▁East on , ▁North ampton ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁includes ▁ 4 0 5 ▁contributing ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁and ▁surrounding ▁residential ▁areas ▁of ▁East on . ▁ ▁The ▁buildings ▁were ▁primarily ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁with ▁the ▁oldest ▁dated ▁to ▁ 1 7 5 2 . ▁Not able ▁buildings ▁include ▁the ▁First ▁Re formed ▁Church ▁( Un ited ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ ), ▁Colonel ▁Robert ▁Ho oper ▁House , ▁former ▁Or ms by ' s ▁Restaur ant , ▁First ▁Public ▁Library , ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Luther an ▁Church
, ▁Wolf ▁School , ▁K ares ▁Building , ▁Jacob ▁R ie gel ▁House , ▁Benjamin ▁Re ig el ▁House , ▁Det w iler ▁House , ▁North ampton ▁National ▁Bank ▁Building , ▁Alpha ▁Building , ▁Jacob ▁May er ▁Building , ▁and ▁Bell ▁Tele phone ▁Building . ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁are ▁the ▁separately ▁listed ▁are ▁the ▁East on ▁House , ▁Pars ons - T ay lor ▁House , ▁Jacob ▁Nicholas ▁House , ▁Jacob ▁Mix s ell ▁House , ▁H erman ▁Simon ▁House , ▁and ▁the ▁State ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁in ▁North ampton ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁North ampton ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁J um gal ▁Too ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁range ▁in ▁internal ▁T ian ▁Shan ▁in ▁K yr gy z ▁Republic . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁J um gal ▁mountain ▁system ▁which ▁includes ▁also ▁ranges ▁Sand yk , ▁K ara ▁M oy n ok , ▁Kind ik , ▁and ▁O y ▁K ai yn . ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁range ▁is ▁ 5 4 km , ▁width ▁- ▁ 1 5 km , ▁and ▁height ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 1 2 1 m . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Mount ain ▁ranges ▁of ▁K yr gy z stan ▁Category
: N ary n ▁Region ▁Category : Mount ain ▁ranges ▁of ▁the ▁T ian ▁Shan <0x0A> </s> ▁L our in han os aurus ▁( mean ing ▁" L our in h ã ▁l izard ") ▁was ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁car n iv orous ▁ther op od ▁din os aur ▁that ▁lived ▁during ▁the ▁Late ▁Jur ass ic ▁Period ▁( K immer id g ian / T ith on ian ) ▁in ▁Portugal . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁many ▁large ▁pred ators ▁discovered ▁at ▁the ▁L our in h ã ▁Form ation ▁and ▁probably ▁competed ▁with ▁co eval ▁Tor v os aurus ▁g urn ey i , ▁All os aurus ▁europ ae us , ▁and ▁Cer atos aurus . ▁ ▁Dis covery ▁and ▁N aming ▁▁ ▁Its ▁first ▁remains ▁were ▁found ▁at ▁Per al ta , ▁near ▁L our in h ã , ▁Portugal ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁but ▁were ▁not ▁described ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁by ▁Portuguese ▁pale ont ologist ▁Oct áv io ▁M ate us . ▁Its ▁type ▁( and ▁to ▁date ▁only ) ▁species ▁is ▁L . ▁ant unes i , ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Portuguese ▁pale ont ologist ▁Miguel ▁T elles ▁Ant unes . ▁ ▁To ▁date , ▁the ▁most ▁complete ▁spec imen ▁of ▁L . ▁ant unes i ▁found ▁is ▁a ▁partial ▁ske leton . ▁The ▁hol otype , ▁ML ▁ 3 7 0 , ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁six ▁c erv ical ▁ver te bra e ▁with ▁six ▁rib s , ▁five
▁sac ral ▁ver te bra e ▁with ▁rib s , ▁ 1 4 ▁c aud al ▁ver te bra e , ▁eight ▁che vr ons , ▁both ▁fem ora , ▁right ▁t ib ia ▁and ▁fib ula , ▁one ▁met at ars us , ▁two ▁il ia ▁and ▁both ▁pub es ▁and ▁is ch ia , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁associated ▁ 3 2 ▁g ast rol ith s . ▁A ▁fem ur ▁( ML ▁ 5 5 5 ) ▁found ▁at ▁Port o ▁das ▁Bar cas ▁( L our in h ã ▁Form ation ; ▁Late ▁Jur ass ic ) ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁referred ▁to ▁L . ▁ant unes i . ▁ ▁Besides ▁these ▁spec im ens , ▁around ▁ 1 0 0 ▁eggs ▁( spec imen ▁number ▁ML ▁ 5 6 5 ), ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁containing ▁emb ry onic ▁bones , ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁at ▁the ▁nearby ▁beach ▁of ▁P aim ogo . ▁These ▁were ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁assigned ▁to ▁L . ▁ant unes i . ▁ ▁Both ▁the ▁ske leton ▁and ▁the ▁eggs ▁are ▁on ▁display ▁at ▁Muse u ▁da ▁L our in h ã . ▁ ▁P ale obi ology ▁ ▁L . ▁ant unes i ▁was ▁rather ▁large . ▁The ▁individual ▁found ▁was ▁a ▁sub - ad ult , ▁measuring ▁some ▁ 4 . 5 ▁m ▁in ▁length ▁and ▁weigh ing ▁around ▁ 1 6 0 kg . ▁Hist ology ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁hol otype ▁spec imen
▁was ▁between ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁Though ▁g ast rol ith s ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁other ▁ther op od s ▁since ▁the ▁description ▁of ▁L . ▁ant unes i , ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁ther op od ▁din os aur ▁for ▁which ▁this ▁kind ▁of ▁remains ▁have ▁been ▁assigned . ▁It ▁was ▁concluded ▁during ▁the ▁description ▁that ▁these ▁stones ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁animal , ▁and ▁were ▁not ▁swallowed ▁while ▁eating ▁an ▁her b iv orous ▁din os aur . ▁ ▁D inos aur ▁eggs ▁and ▁emb ry os , ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁those ▁of ▁L our in han os aurus , ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁discovered ; ▁a ▁nest ▁containing ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁eggs , ▁some ▁with ▁well - pres erved ▁emb ry os , ▁was ▁announced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Class ification ▁The ▁relationships ▁of ▁L our in han os aurus ▁to ▁other ▁ther op od s ▁have ▁been ▁uncertain , ▁and ▁no ▁firm ▁consensus ▁has ▁been ▁reached ▁as ▁to ▁its ▁classification . ▁Init ially ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁primitive ▁member ▁of ▁All os au ro idea , ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁discussed ▁as ▁being ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁Sin rap tor idae , ▁a ▁more ▁inclusive ▁cl ade ▁within ▁All os au ro idea . ▁Recently , ▁some ▁researchers ▁have ▁been ▁favour able ▁to ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁L . ▁ant unes i ▁is ▁not ▁even ▁an ▁all os au roid , ▁but ▁in ▁fact ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Meg al os
au ro idea , ▁a ▁more ▁primitive ▁group ▁of ▁t et an ur an ▁ther op od s . ▁B enson ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁found ▁it ▁and ▁Po ek il ople ur on ▁to ▁belong ▁to ▁Sin rap tor idae . ▁Carr ano ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁found ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁co el uros aur . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Din osa urs ▁of ▁L our in h ã , ▁Portugal ▁ ▁Category : Pre hist oric ▁t et an ur ans ▁Category : L ate ▁Jur ass ic ▁din osa urs ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : F oss il ▁tax a ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Oct áv io ▁M ate us ▁Category : P ale ont ology ▁in ▁Portugal <0x0A> </s> ▁Blo em enda al ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁ ▁Blo em enda al ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁Blo em enda al ▁aan ▁Z ee , ▁seas ide ▁resort ▁in ▁the ▁Blo em enda al ▁municip ality ▁Blo em enda al ▁railway ▁station ▁a ▁H C ▁Blo em enda al , ▁a ▁Blo em enda al ▁field ▁hockey ▁team ▁Blo em enda al ▁( res idence ) ▁a ▁m ansion ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁build ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁ ▁People ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁Blo em enda al ▁Mark ▁Blo em enda al , ▁Dutch ▁football er ▁Scott ▁Blo em enda al
, ▁Dutch ▁composer <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Melbourne ▁International ▁School ▁of ▁Japanese , ▁Inc . ▁( M IS J ; ▁ メルボルン国際日本語学校 ▁Mer ub or un ▁K ok us ai ▁N ih ongo ▁G ak k ō ) ▁is ▁a ▁supplement ary ▁Japanese ▁school ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁serves ▁levels ▁kind erg arten ▁through ▁senior ▁high ▁school . ▁Class es ▁are ▁held ▁on ▁S atur days , ▁at ▁Oak le igh ▁South ▁Primary ▁School ▁in ▁Oak le igh ▁South . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Japanese ▁School ▁of ▁Melbourne , ▁a ▁full - time ▁Japanese ▁school , ▁was ▁formed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁supplement ary ▁school , ▁so ▁a ▁new ▁supplement ary ▁program ▁opened ▁to ▁replace ▁it . ▁There ▁had ▁been ▁Japanese ▁families ▁who ▁already ▁had ▁children ▁en rolled ▁in ▁Australian ▁schools ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁J SM ▁was ▁established , ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁being ▁permanent ▁residents . ▁Therefore , ▁there ▁was ▁demand ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁supplement ary ▁school . ▁ ▁The ▁M IS J ▁first ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁government ▁had ▁little ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁supplement ary ▁school . ▁M IS J ▁began ▁adm itting ▁non - J apan ese ▁students ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ; ▁these ▁students ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁small ▁classes ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁Japanese ▁prof iciency . ▁ ▁Pre viously ▁the ▁school ▁held ▁its ▁classes ▁at ▁the ▁Bright on ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁in ▁Bright on . ▁The ▁school ▁later
▁moved ▁classes ▁to ▁the ▁Kil ving ton ▁Girls ' ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁in ▁Or mond , ▁and ▁then ▁Oak le igh ▁South ▁Primary ▁School ▁in ▁Oak le igh ▁South . ▁ ▁Student ▁body ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁the ▁M IS J ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 3 2 ▁students ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁national ▁classes , ▁which ▁included ▁some ▁part - J apan ese ▁students ▁from ▁mixed ▁mar riages , ▁and ▁ 2 3 ▁international ▁class ▁students . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁national ▁classes ▁included ▁ 5 3 ▁kind erg arten ▁students , ▁ 1 2 9 ▁students ▁in ▁grades ▁ 1 – 6 , ▁ 3 8 ▁junior ▁high ▁school ▁students , ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁senior ▁high ▁school ▁students . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁the ▁school ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 2 4 ▁students ▁in ▁all ▁divisions , ▁including ▁ 3 1 5 ▁students ▁in ▁Japanese ▁national ▁classes ▁and ▁ 9 ▁international ▁class ▁students . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁national ▁classes ▁included ▁ 7 3 ▁pres ch ool ▁students , ▁ 1 6 9 ▁elementary ▁school ▁students , ▁ 3 ▁junior ▁high ▁school ▁students , ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁senior ▁high ▁school ▁students . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Japanese ▁community ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁ ▁Japanese ▁Australian ▁Other ▁full - time ▁Japanese ▁schools ▁in ▁Australia : ▁ ▁Sydney ▁Japanese ▁International ▁School ▁ ▁The ▁Japanese ▁School ▁in ▁Per th ▁ ▁South ▁Queensland ▁Academy ▁( closed ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁M iz uk ami , ▁T ets uo ▁( 水上 ▁
<0xE5> <0xBE> <0xB9> 男 ▁M iz uk ami ▁T ets uo ). ▁The ▁So jour ner ▁Community : ▁Japanese ▁M igration ▁and ▁Res id ency ▁in ▁Australia ▁( Volume ▁ 1 0 ▁of ▁Social ▁sciences ▁in ▁Asia , ▁v . ▁ 1 0 ). ▁BR ILL , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 9 0 0 4 1 5 4 7 9 7 . ▁ ▁Y osh im its u , ▁K un iko ▁( Mon ash ▁University ). ▁" J apan ese ▁school ▁children ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁their ▁language ▁maintenance ▁efforts ." ▁DO I : ▁ 1 0 . 1 0 7 5 / j ap c . 1 0 . 2 . 0 7 y os . ▁In : ▁J ern udd , ▁B j ör n ▁H . ▁( editor ). ▁Language ▁Management ▁and ▁Language ▁Pro ble ms : ▁Part ▁I . ▁Special ▁issue ▁of ▁Journal ▁of ▁Asian ▁Pacific ▁Commun ication ▁( Vol umes ▁ 1 0 – 1 1 ) ▁ 1 0 : 2 ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁p . 2 5 5 – 2 7 8 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Melbourne ▁International ▁School ▁of ▁Japanese ▁▁ ▁Category : As ian - Austral ian ▁culture ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia ▁Melbourne <0x0A> </s> ▁Battle ▁at ▁K ru ger ▁is ▁an
▁eight - minute ▁amateur ▁wildlife ▁video ▁that ▁dep icts ▁a ▁confront ation ▁between ▁a ▁her d ▁of ▁Cape ▁buff alo , ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁young ▁l ions ▁from ▁a ▁pride , ▁and ▁one ▁cro cod ile . ▁The ▁video ▁was ▁shot ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁at ▁the ▁Transport ▁Dam ▁water ing ▁hole ▁in ▁K ru ger ▁National ▁Park , ▁South ▁Africa , ▁during ▁a ▁saf ari ▁guided ▁by ▁Frank ▁W atts . ▁It ▁was ▁fil med ▁by ▁vide ographer ▁David ▁Bud z inski ▁and ▁photographer ▁Jason ▁Sch los berg . ▁ ▁Since ▁being ▁posted ▁on ▁YouTube ▁on ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Battle ▁at ▁K ru ger ▁has ▁received ▁ 8 0 ▁million ▁views ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁and ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁vir al ▁video ▁sensation . ▁It ▁was ▁widely ▁praised ▁for ▁its ▁dramatic ▁dep iction ▁of ▁wildlife ▁on ▁the ▁African ▁sav ann ah . ▁It ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁YouTube ' s ▁most ▁popular ▁nature ▁videos , ▁and ▁has ▁won ▁the ▁Best ▁E y ew itness ▁Video ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Annual ▁YouTube ▁Video ▁Awards . ▁The ▁video ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁an ▁article ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁issue ▁of ▁Time ▁magazine , ▁and ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁episode ▁of ▁ABC ▁News ' ▁i - C aught , ▁which ▁a ired ▁on ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁A ▁National ▁Ge ographic ▁documentary ▁on ▁the ▁video ▁debut
ed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Ge ographic ▁Channel ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Background ▁▁ ▁T aken ▁from ▁a ▁small ▁game ▁view er ▁vehicle ▁on ▁the ▁opposite ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁water ing ▁hole ▁with ▁a ▁digital ▁cam c order , ▁the ▁video ▁begins ▁with ▁the ▁her d ▁of ▁African ▁buff al os ▁approaching ▁the ▁water , ▁un aware ▁that ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁female ▁l ions ▁are ▁lying ▁nearby . ▁The ▁lion ess ▁c rou ches ▁as ▁the ▁her d ▁ne ars ; ▁it ▁is ▁uncertain ▁if ▁the ▁lion ess ▁attacks ▁first , ▁or ▁the ▁lead ▁buff alo ▁becomes ▁start led ▁and ▁turns ▁to ▁run , ▁but ▁the ▁buff al os ▁fle e ▁and ▁the ▁l ions ▁charge ▁and ▁dis per se ▁the ▁her d , ▁with ▁the ▁lion ess ▁picking ▁off ▁a ▁buff alo ▁c alf , ▁both ▁of ▁them ▁falling ▁into ▁the ▁water . ▁As ▁the ▁l ions ▁try ▁to ▁drag ▁the ▁buff alo ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁water , ▁the ▁c alf ▁is ▁grabbed ▁by ▁a ▁cro cod ile , ▁who ▁fights ▁for ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁brief ▁tug ▁of ▁war ▁before ▁giving ▁up ▁and ▁leaving ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁l ions . ▁The ▁l ions ▁lie ▁down ▁and ▁prepare ▁to ▁fe ast , ▁but ▁the ▁full ▁buff alo ▁her d ▁approach ▁and ▁surround ▁the ▁l ions . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁l ions ▁is ▁tossed ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁by ▁a ▁charging ▁buff alo ▁and ▁ch ased ▁away . ▁The ▁remaining ▁l ions ▁are ▁subsequently ▁scattered ▁one ▁by
▁one ▁after ▁the ▁initial ▁engagement , ▁and ▁the ▁baby ▁buff alo ▁esc apes ▁into ▁the ▁her d ▁while ▁a ▁few ▁l ions ▁remain ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁buff al os . ▁The ▁buff al os ▁then ▁proceed ▁to ▁aggress ively ▁drive ▁the ▁remaining ▁l ions ▁away . ▁ ▁Ex pert ▁comment ary ▁▁ ▁Two ▁veter in arians ▁and ▁animal ▁behavior ists ▁interviewed ▁by ▁Time ▁assert ▁that ▁the ▁behavior ▁exhib ited ▁by ▁the ▁buff alo ▁is ▁not ▁unusual . ▁Dr . ▁Sue ▁Mc Don nell ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁( Sch ool ▁of ▁Veter inary ▁Medicine ) ▁said ▁of ▁the ▁video : ▁ ▁" The ▁larger ▁her d ▁is ▁broken ▁down ▁into ▁smaller ▁h are ms , ▁with ▁a ▁dominant ▁male ▁and ▁many ▁females ▁and ▁their ▁babies . ▁If ▁a ▁young ster ▁is ▁threatened , ▁both ▁the ▁h are m ▁males ▁and ▁b achelor ▁males — which ▁usually ▁fight ▁with ▁one ▁another — will ▁get ▁together ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁rescue ▁it ." ▁ ▁It ▁is , ▁however , ▁rare ▁for ▁such ▁events ▁to ▁be ▁captured ▁on ▁film ▁even ▁by ▁professional ▁wildlife ▁photograph ers . ▁Indeed , ▁D ere ck ▁J ou bert , ▁a ▁photographer ▁and ▁writer ▁for ▁National ▁Ge ographic ▁said ▁of ▁the ▁video : ▁ ▁" There ▁is ▁no ▁doubt ▁at ▁all ▁that ▁the ▁tourist ▁who ▁shot ▁that ▁scene ▁... ▁was ▁un bel iev ably ▁lucky . ▁I ▁mean , ▁we ▁would ' ve ▁considered ▁ourselves ▁lucky ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁that ▁whole ▁scene ▁happen ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁us ." ▁ ▁Re ferences
▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Battle ▁at ▁K ru ger ▁website ▁Phot os ▁captured ▁by ▁Jason ▁Sch los berg ▁Battle ▁at ▁K ru ger ▁material ▁on ▁National Ge ographic . com ▁website ▁( ret riev ed ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Guide ▁Frank ▁W atts ▁gives ▁eye - w itness ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁' Battle ▁at ▁K ru ger ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁YouTube ▁videos ▁Category : V iral ▁videos ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁l ions ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁cro cod ilians ▁Category : Pred ation ▁* ▁K ru ger Battle <0x0A> </s> ▁' R am ▁Pat il ' was ▁an ▁Admiral ▁of ▁the ▁Ah mad n ag ar ▁Navy ▁and ▁K oli ▁king ▁of ▁Jan j ira . ▁He ▁built ▁and ▁fort ified ▁the ▁Jan j ira ▁Island . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁Admiral ▁of ▁ ▁the ▁Ah mad n ag ar ▁Navy ▁and ▁built ▁the ▁Jan j ira ▁with ▁permission ▁of ▁S ultan ▁of ▁Ah mad n ag ar ▁S ultan ate . ▁But ▁later ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁obey ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁the ▁S ultan . ▁In ▁ 1 4 8 9 , ▁The ▁Ah mad n ag ar ▁rul er ▁appointed ▁his ▁new ▁adm iral ▁called ▁Pir am ▁Khan ▁and ▁ordered ▁to ▁capture ▁the ▁jan j ira ▁from ▁Ram ▁R ao ▁Pat il . ▁Pir am ▁Khan ▁mar ched ▁from ▁Sur at ▁but ▁not ▁dare ▁to ▁attack ▁at ▁Pat
il ▁so ▁made ▁plans ▁to ▁enter ▁in ▁to ▁jan j ira . ▁Pir am ▁Khan ▁and ▁his ▁Muslim ▁S idd i ▁member ▁disgu ised ▁as ▁merch ants ▁and ▁requested ▁to ▁the ▁Pat il ▁for ▁keep ▁safe ▁their ▁three ▁hundred ▁large ▁boxes ▁contains ▁the ▁silk ▁and ▁wine ▁at ▁island ▁and ▁was ▁granted . ▁After ▁that , ▁Pir am ▁Khan ▁thank ed ▁him ▁and ▁gave ▁a ▁party ▁of ▁alcohol ▁( w ine ). ▁When ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁soldiers ▁and ▁Ram ▁R ao ▁Pat il ▁were ▁in ▁full ▁of ▁influence , ▁he ▁attacked ▁at ▁Jan j ira ▁and ▁captured ▁it ▁from ▁Pat il . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁rul ers ▁ ▁Category : 1 4 8 9 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁St ap leton ▁is ▁a ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁the ▁Carl isle ▁district ▁of ▁C umb ria , ▁England . ▁ ▁It ▁contains ▁seven ▁listed ▁buildings ▁that ▁are ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Heritage ▁List ▁for ▁England . ▁ ▁All ▁the ▁listed ▁buildings ▁are ▁designated ▁at ▁Grade II , ▁the ▁lowest ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁grades , ▁which ▁is ▁applied ▁to ▁" build ings ▁of ▁national ▁importance ▁and ▁special ▁interest ". ▁ ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁almost ▁entirely ▁rural , ▁and ▁the ▁listed ▁buildings , ▁apart ▁from ▁a ▁church , ▁are ▁all ▁farm h ouses , ▁farm ▁buildings , ▁and ▁associated ▁structures . ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁Build ings ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁C umb ria <0x0A> </s> ▁Bed ous
▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁of ▁the ▁P yr én ées - At l ant iques ▁department ▁in ▁south western ▁France . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁birth place ▁of ▁Pierre ▁L acl ède , ▁the ▁French man ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁U . S . ▁city ▁of ▁St . ▁Louis . ▁ ▁Its ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁P au – Can fr anc ▁railway ▁was ▁closed ▁after ▁an ▁accident ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁but ▁re - op ened ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁as ▁the ▁termin us ▁of ▁service ▁from ▁P au . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁P yr én ées - At l ant iques ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁P yr én ées - At l ant iques ▁Category : P yr én ées - At l ant iques ▁communes ▁articles ▁needing ▁translation ▁from ▁French ▁Wikipedia <0x0A> </s> ▁Say f awa ▁dyn asty , ▁S ef ou wa , ▁S ef awa , ▁or ▁S ef u wa ▁dyn asty ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Muslim ▁kings ▁( or ▁mai , ▁as ▁they ▁called ▁themselves ) ▁of ▁the ▁Kan em – B orn u ▁Empire , ▁centered ▁first ▁in ▁Kan em ▁in ▁western ▁Ch ad , ▁and ▁then , ▁after ▁ 1 3 8 0 , ▁in ▁B orno ▁( t oday ▁north - e astern ▁Nigeria ). ▁ ▁The ▁dyn asty ▁was ▁ro oted ▁in ▁the ▁T ub u ▁expansion ▁by ▁the ▁Kan em bu . ▁▁ ▁" The ▁legendary ▁e
pon ym ous ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁Sa if awa , ▁as ▁the ▁Mag h umi ▁are ▁called , ▁only ▁became ▁in ▁Muslim ▁times ▁Sa if , ▁the ▁' l ion ▁of ▁Y aman .' ▁ ▁The ▁pre - Mus lim ▁dyn asty ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁D ugu wa ▁D yn asty . ▁ ▁Say f awa - H um ew a ▁kings ▁in ▁Kan em ▁The ▁chron ology ▁of ▁the ▁S ef u wa ▁concerns ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁Say f awa ▁dyn asty ▁first ▁over ▁Kan em , ▁then ▁over ▁Kan em - B orn u ▁and ▁finally , ▁since ▁c . ▁ 1 3 8 0 , ▁over ▁Born u ▁alone . ▁The ▁chron ology ▁of ▁kings ▁has ▁been ▁as cert ained ▁from ▁dyn astic ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁S ef u wa ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁lengths ▁of ▁reign ▁for ▁the ▁success ive ▁kings ▁( ma i ), ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Gir g am . ▁African ▁histor ians ▁present ly ▁use ▁several ▁conflic ting ▁chron ologies ▁for ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Kan em - B orn u . ▁Below ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁kings ▁of ▁the ▁Empire ▁with ▁the ▁conflic ting ▁chron ologies ▁is ▁provided . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Born u ▁Empire ▁Kan em ▁Empire ▁O th man ▁I ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Bark indo , ▁B aw uro ▁( 1 9 8 5 ). ▁" The ▁early ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Sud an ", ▁in : ▁J . ▁A j ay i ▁and ▁M .
▁Crow der ▁( eds .), ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁West ▁Africa , ▁vol . ▁I , ▁ 3 rd ▁ed . ▁H arl ow , ▁ 2 2 5 - 2 5 4 . ▁ ▁Bar th , ▁Heinrich ▁( 1 8 5 8 ). ▁" Ch ron ological ▁table , ▁containing ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁S ef u wa ", ▁in : ▁Travel ▁and ▁Dis cover ies ▁in ▁North ▁and ▁Central ▁Africa . ▁Vol . ▁II , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 5 8 1 - 6 0 2 . ▁ ▁La vers , ▁John ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁" Ad vent ures ▁in ▁the ▁chron ology ▁of ▁the ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ad ▁Bas in ". ▁In : ▁D . ▁Bar re te au ▁and ▁C . ▁v . ▁Gra ffen ried ▁( eds .), ▁Dat ations ▁et ▁chron ologies ▁dans ▁le ▁Bass in ▁du ▁Lac ▁Ch ad , ▁Paris , ▁ 2 5 5 - 2 6 7 . ▁ ▁Lev tz ion , ▁Ne hem ia ▁( 1 9 7 8 ): " The ▁S ah aran ▁and ▁the ▁Sud an ▁from ▁the ▁Arab ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁Mag h rib ▁to ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁Al mor av ids ", ▁in : ▁J . ▁D . ▁F age ▁( ed .), ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁History ▁of ▁Africa , ▁vol . ▁II , ▁Cambridge ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁pp . 6 3 7 – 6 8 4 . ▁ ▁Ne hem ia ▁Lev tz ion ▁and ▁John
▁Hop kins ▁( 1 9 8 1 ): ▁Cor pus ▁of ▁Early ▁Arab ic ▁S ources ▁for ▁West ▁African ▁History , ▁Cambridge . ▁ ▁Pal mer , ▁Herbert ▁Richmond ▁( 1 9 3 6 ). ▁Born u ▁S ah ara ▁and ▁Sud an . ▁London . ▁ ▁Smith , ▁Abd ull ah i ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁The ▁early ▁states ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Sud an , ▁in : ▁J . ▁A j ay i ▁and ▁M . ▁Crow der ▁( H g .), ▁History ▁of ▁West ▁Africa . ▁Vol . ▁I , ▁ 1 . ▁Aus g ., ▁London , ▁ 1 5 8 - 1 8 3 . ▁ ▁U rv oy , ▁Y ves ▁( 1 9 4 1 ). ▁" Ch ron ologie ▁du ▁Born ou ", ▁Journal ▁de ▁la ▁Soci été ▁des ▁African istes , ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 1 - 3 1 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁; ▁see ▁also ▁En cycl op æ d ia ▁Brit ann ica , ▁ 4 th ▁ed ., ▁Chicago ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁vol . ▁ 4 , ▁ 5 7 2 - 5 8 2 . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Count ries ▁in ▁medieval ▁Africa ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Ch ad ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Nigeria ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Northern ▁Nigeria ▁Category : B orn u ▁Empire ▁Category : K an em ▁Empire ▁Category : Sun ni ▁dyn ast ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Ce cc o ▁d ' A sc oli ▁( 1 2
5 7 ▁– ▁September ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 3 2 7 ) ▁is ▁the ▁popular ▁name ▁of ▁Francesco ▁degli ▁St ab ili ▁( s ometimes ▁given ▁as ▁Francesco ▁degli ▁St ab ili ▁C ich us ), ▁an ▁Italian ▁enc ycl op a ed ist , ▁physician ▁and ▁poet . ▁Ce cc o ▁( in ▁Latin , ▁C ich us ) ▁is ▁the ▁dimin ut ive ▁of ▁Francesco , ▁Asc oli ▁was ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁his ▁birth . ▁The ▁lun ar ▁cr ater ▁C ich us ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁him . ▁ ▁Life ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁An car ano , ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁Ab ru z zo ▁region ▁( at ▁the ▁time ▁under ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁Asc oli ), ▁he ▁devoted ▁himself ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁mathemat ics ▁and ▁ast rol ogy . ▁In ▁ 1 3 2 2 ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁professor ▁of ▁ast rol ogy ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁B olog na . ▁It ▁is ▁alleged ▁that ▁he ▁entered ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁Pope ▁John ▁XX II ▁at ▁Av ign on , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁cultiv ated ▁the ▁acqu aint ance ▁of ▁D ante ▁only ▁to ▁quar rel ▁with ▁the ▁great ▁poet ▁afterwards ; ▁but ▁of ▁this ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence . ▁ ▁Having ▁published ▁a ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁S phere ▁of ▁John ▁de ▁Sac rob os co , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁prop ound ed ▁aud acious ▁theories ▁concerning ▁the ▁employment ▁and ▁agency ▁of ▁dem ons , ▁he ▁got ▁into ▁difficulties ▁with ▁the ▁cler ical ▁party , ▁and ▁was
▁condem ned ▁in ▁ 1 3 2 4 ▁to ▁certain ▁fast s ▁and ▁prayers , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁payment ▁of ▁a ▁fine ▁of ▁seventy ▁crow ns . ▁To ▁el ude ▁this ▁sentence ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁Florence , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁household ▁of ▁Carlo ▁di ▁Cal ab ria . ▁His ▁fre eth inking ▁and ▁plain ▁speaking ▁had ▁made ▁him ▁many ▁enemies ; ▁he ▁had ▁attacked ▁the ▁Com media ▁of ▁D ante , ▁and ▁the ▁Can zone ▁d ' am ore ▁of ▁Gu ido ▁C aval c anti . ▁But ▁according ▁to ▁Ernst ▁Cass ir er ' s ▁The ▁Individual ▁and ▁the ▁Cos mos ▁in ▁Rena issance ▁Philosoph y , ▁he ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁stake ▁for ▁his ▁attempt ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁nat ivity ▁of ▁Christ ▁by ▁reading ▁his ▁hor os cope ▁( page ▁ 1 0 7 ). ▁The ▁physician ▁D ino ▁del ▁Gar bo ▁was ▁in def at ig able ▁in ▁pursuit ▁of ▁him ; ▁and ▁the ▁old ▁accus ation ▁of ▁imp iety ▁being ▁renew ed , ▁Ce cc o ▁was ▁again ▁tried ▁and ▁sent enced ▁for ▁rel apse ▁into ▁her es y . ▁He ▁was ▁burned ▁at ▁Florence ▁the ▁day ▁after ▁the ▁sentence , ▁in ▁his ▁sevent i eth ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁university ▁scholar ▁to ▁be ▁burned ▁by ▁the ▁In quis ition . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Ce cc o ▁d ' A sc oli ▁left ▁many ▁works ▁in ▁manuscript , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁published . ▁The ▁book ▁by ▁which ▁he ▁achieved ▁his ▁renown ▁and
▁which ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁death ▁was ▁the ▁A cer ba ▁( from ▁ac erv us ), ▁an ▁enc ycl op a ed ic ▁poem , ▁of ▁which ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 6 , ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁re print , ▁more ▁than ▁twenty ▁ed itions ▁had ▁been ▁issued . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁comp end ium ▁for ▁the ▁contemporary ▁natural ▁science ▁of ▁the ▁time , ▁including ▁" the ▁order ▁and ▁influences ▁of ▁the ▁heav ens , ▁the ▁characteristics ▁and ▁properties ▁of ▁animals ▁and ▁precious ▁stones , ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁phen omena ▁such ▁as ▁met e ors ▁and ▁earthqu akes — and ▁of ▁common place ▁moral ▁philosophy ". ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 2 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 3 2 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : Med ieval ▁Italian ▁phys icians ▁Category : It al ian ▁po ets ▁Category : It al ian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁for ▁her es y ▁Category : Execut ed ▁Italian ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Ter amo ▁Category : V ict ims ▁of ▁the ▁In quis ition ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁by ▁Italy ▁by ▁burning ▁Category : People ▁executed ▁by ▁Florence ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ter amo <0x0A> </s> ▁( 2 , 2 , 3 - Tr im eth yl - 5 - ox oc ycl op ent - 3 - en yl ) ac et yl - Co A ▁ 1 , 5 - mon o oxy gen ase ▁( , ▁ 2 -
ox o - Delta 3 - 4 , 5 , 5 - trim eth yl cycl op ent en yl ac et yl - Co A ▁mon o oxy gen ase , ▁ 2 - ox o - Delta 3 - 4 , 5 , 5 - trim eth yl cycl op ent en yl ac et yl - Co A ▁ 1 , 2 - mon o oxy gen ase , ▁O TE MO ) ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁with ▁systematic ▁name ▁(( 1 R )- 2 , 2 , 3 - trim eth yl - 5 - ox oc ycl op ent - 3 - en yl ) ac et yl - Co A , N AD PH : oxy gen ▁ox id ore duct ase ▁( 1 , 5 - l act on izing ). ▁This ▁en zym e ▁catal ys es ▁the ▁following ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁▁ ▁[ ( 1 R )- 2 , 2 , 3 - trim eth yl - 5 - ox oc ycl op ent - 3 - en yl ] ac et yl - Co A ▁+ ▁O 2 ▁+ ▁N AD PH ▁+ ▁H + ▁ ▁[ ( 2 R )- 3 , 3 , 4 - trim eth yl - 6 - ox o - 3 , 6 - d ih ydro - 1 H - py ran - 2 - yl ] ac et yl - Co A ▁+ ▁N AD P + ▁+ ▁H 2 O ▁ ▁( 2 ,
2 , 3 - trim eth yl - 5 - ox oc ycl op ent - 3 - en yl ) ac et yl - Co A ▁ 1 , 5 - mon o oxy gen ase ▁is ▁F AD ▁dependent ▁en zym e ▁isolated ▁from ▁P se ud omon as ▁put ida . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : EC ▁ 1 . 1 4 . 1 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Scott ▁( 1 6 7 1 ▁– ▁October ▁ 1 7 3 2 ) ▁of ▁Log ie ▁and ▁Cast l ested , ▁For far ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁politician ▁who ▁sat ▁in ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Scotland ▁from ▁ 1 7 0 2 ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 7 ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁between ▁ 1 7 0 7 ▁and ▁ 1 7 3 2 . ▁▁ ▁Scott ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁James ▁Scott , ▁of ▁Log ie ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Ag nes ▁Fal con er , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁Fal con er , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et , ▁of ▁Glen far qu har , ▁K inc ard ine . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁Sh ire ▁Commission er ▁for ▁For far shire ▁in ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Scotland ▁from ▁ 1 6 9 3 . ▁Scott ▁made ▁a ▁marriage ▁contract ▁with ▁Is ab ella ▁B ann erman , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁Alexander ▁B ann erman , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et , ▁of ▁Els ick , ▁K inc ard ine , ▁on ▁ 3
▁November ▁ 1 6 9 2 . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Scott ▁was ▁a ▁Sh ire ▁Commission er ▁for ▁For far shire ▁from ▁ 1 6 9 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁J oint ▁Master ▁of ▁works ▁for ▁Scotland ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁and ▁Commission er ▁Just ici ary ▁for ▁the ▁High lands ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 1 ▁and ▁ 1 7 0 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁ ▁a ▁Bur gh ▁Commission er ▁for ▁Mont rose ▁from ▁ 1 7 0 2 ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 7 . ▁After ▁the ▁Union ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 7 , ▁he ▁sat ▁as ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁representing ▁ ▁Scotland ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain . ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁general ▁election ▁he ▁stood ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁Bur gh s ▁but ▁was ▁un successful . ▁He ▁became ▁Prov ost ▁of ▁Mont rose ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁MP ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁Bur gh s ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁general ▁election ▁but ▁was ▁un se ated ▁on ▁petition ▁on ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 1 7 1 1 . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 7 1 2 ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁violent ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁provincial ▁syn od , ▁and ▁publicly ▁bur nt ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁pro clam ation ▁at ▁the ▁market ▁cross ▁in ▁Mont rose . ▁However ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁stand ▁at ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁general ▁elections . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 1

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