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▁at he ist ▁who ▁believed ▁that ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁was ▁a ▁homosexual ” ▁an ▁un in formed ▁confusion ▁over ▁the ▁A rian ▁and ▁Early ▁G nost ic ▁concept ▁of ▁hom o ous ios ▁( ). ▁Unfortunately , ▁K yd ▁was ▁with ▁Mar l owe ▁at ▁the ▁wrong ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁wrong ▁time . ▁Mar l owe ▁was ▁summon ed ▁by ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁after ▁these ▁events , ▁and , ▁while ▁waiting ▁for ▁a ▁decision ▁on ▁his ▁case , ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁incident ▁in ▁De pt ford ▁involving ▁known ▁government ▁agents . ▁ ▁K yd ▁was ▁eventually ▁released ▁but ▁was ▁not ▁accepted ▁back ▁into ▁his ▁lord ' s ▁service . ▁Bel ie ving ▁he ▁was ▁under ▁suspicion ▁of ▁at he ism ▁himself , ▁he ▁wrote ▁to ▁the ▁Lord ▁K ee per , ▁Sir ▁John ▁P uck ering , ▁protest ing ▁his ▁innoc ence , ▁but ▁his ▁efforts ▁to ▁clear ▁his ▁name ▁were ▁apparently ▁fruit less . ▁The ▁last ▁we ▁hear ▁from ▁the ▁play wright ▁is ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁Corn elia ▁early ▁in ▁ 1 5 9 4 . ▁In ▁the ▁ded ication ▁to ▁the ▁Count ess ▁of ▁Sus sex ▁he ▁all udes ▁to ▁the ▁" bit ter ▁times ▁and ▁priv y ▁broken ▁pass ions " ▁he ▁had ▁end ured . ▁K yd ▁died ▁later ▁that ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁in ▁St ▁Mary ▁Cole ch urch ▁in ▁London . ▁In ▁December ▁of ▁that ▁same ▁year , ▁K yd ' s ▁mother |
▁legally ▁ren ounced ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁his ▁estate , ▁probably ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁debt - rid den . ▁ ▁St ▁Mary ▁Cole ch urch ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁the ▁Great ▁Fire ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 6 , ▁and ▁not ▁re built . ▁Thus ▁Thomas ▁K yd ' s ▁grave ▁was ▁lost ▁to ▁poster ity . ▁ ▁Works ▁The ▁dates ▁of ▁composition ▁are ▁approximate . ▁▁ ▁Don ▁Hor atio ▁( part ially ▁ext ant ▁in ▁The ▁First ▁Part ▁of ▁H ieron imo , ▁c . ▁ 1 5 8 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Spanish ▁Tr aged y ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 8 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁House holder ' s ▁Philosoph y ▁( translation , ▁ 1 5 8 8 ) ▁ ▁Ar den ▁of ▁Fa vers ham ▁( att ribut ed , ▁ 1 5 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Sol iman ▁and ▁Pers eda ▁( att ribut ed , ▁c . ▁ 1 5 9 3 ) ▁ ▁Corn elia ▁( translation ▁of ▁Robert ▁G arn ier , ▁ 1 5 9 4 ) ▁ ▁King ▁Le ir ▁( att ribut ed , ▁ 1 5 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Philip ▁Edwards , ▁The ▁Spanish ▁Tr aged y , ▁M eth uen , ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁re print ed ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁. ▁Charles ▁Nich oll , ▁The ▁Re ck oning : ▁The ▁Mur der ▁of ▁Christopher ▁Mar l owe , ▁V intage , ▁ 2 0 0 |
2 ▁( rev ised ▁edition ). ▁ ▁( especially ▁for ▁the ▁circumstances ▁surrounding ▁K yd ' s ▁arrest ). ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Thomas ▁K yd ▁at ▁the ▁L umn iar um ▁website ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁* The ▁Spanish ▁Tr aged ie ▁Full ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁▁ ▁Full ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁play , ▁modern ▁sp elling ▁ ▁The ▁Spanish ▁Tr aged y ▁Sh orter ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁for ▁a ▁modern ▁audience ▁▁ ▁( Univers ity ▁of ▁West ▁Alabama ) ▁ ▁Per verse ▁justice ▁in ▁K yd ' s ▁Spanish ▁Tr aged y , ▁by ▁John ▁N ett les ▁( Univers ity ▁of ▁Georgia ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 9 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁Rena issance ▁dram at ists ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁T ud or ▁period ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁Mer chant ▁Tay l ors ' ▁School , ▁North wood ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁English ▁writers ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁English ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : English ▁male ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : Univers ity ▁W its <0x0A> </s> ▁Fre deg ard us ▁Jacob us ▁Joseph us ▁( J ef ) ▁van ▁de ▁W iele ▁( De urn e , ▁Belgium , ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁– ▁Bru ges , ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Belg |
ian ▁F lem ish ▁Nazi ▁politician . ▁During ▁the ▁Nazi ▁occupation ▁of ▁Belgium ▁he ▁became ▁not orious ▁as ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁vir ul ently ▁pro - N azi ▁wing ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁politics . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Van ▁de ▁W iele ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁an ▁important ▁local ▁cattle ▁dealer ▁who ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁acted ▁as ▁mayor ▁of ▁De urn e . ▁Although ▁raised ▁in ▁De urn e ▁van ▁de ▁W iele ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Ant werp ▁and ▁G hent ▁to ▁be ▁educated . ▁He ▁entered ▁the ▁teaching ▁profession , ▁working ▁initially ▁in ▁A al st ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁his ▁home ▁town . ▁In ▁his ▁early ▁years ▁he ▁was ▁nick named ▁" J ef ▁C ogn ac " ▁by ▁his ▁friends ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁strong ▁reputation ▁for ▁Franc oph ilia . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁education , ▁studying ▁for ▁a ▁doctor ate ▁in ▁Philosoph y ▁and ▁Let ters ▁with ▁a ▁special isation ▁in ▁German ▁phil ology . ▁His ▁study ▁included ▁an ▁extended ▁period ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁research ing ▁German ▁per ceptions ▁of ▁F lem ish ▁literature ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁An ▁increasing ▁German oph ile , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁he ▁established ▁D uit schen - V la ams che ▁Arbe ids geme ensch ap ▁( G erman - F lem ish ▁Labour ▁Community , ▁popular ly |
▁known ▁as ▁Dev lag ) ▁as ▁an ▁initially ▁ap ol it ical ▁cultural ▁group ▁for ▁phil ology ▁scholars ▁with ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁German ▁literary ▁culture . ▁ ▁Naz ism ▁Van ▁de ▁W iele ▁became ▁a ▁sta unch ▁adm ir er ▁of ▁Ad olf ▁Hitler ▁and ▁before ▁long ▁Dev lag ▁had ▁moved ▁rad ically ▁to ▁the ▁far ▁right ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁F land ers ▁into ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich . ▁The ▁group ▁used ▁the ▁Nazi ▁e agle ▁and ▁sw ast ika ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁black ▁lion ▁of ▁F land ers ▁as ▁its ▁symbol . ▁As ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁magazine , ▁Nie uw ▁V la ander en , ▁he ▁ens ured ▁that ▁Naz ism ▁featured ▁cent r ally ▁in ▁its ▁content . ▁Van ▁de ▁W iele ▁had ▁some ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁Naz is ▁before ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Belgium ▁and ▁even ▁claimed ▁that ▁Hitler ▁had ▁promised ▁him ▁that ▁F land ers ▁would ▁be ▁incorporated ▁according ▁to ▁his ▁wishes ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁further ▁been ▁promised ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁G au le iter . ▁ ▁In flu ence ▁under ▁the ▁occupation ▁Under ▁the ▁occupation ▁he ▁did ▁enjoy ▁some ▁influence , ▁although ▁the ▁complicated ▁nature ▁of ▁Belg ian ▁politics ▁meant ▁that ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁gain ▁the ▁full ▁influence ▁he ▁sought . ▁He ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁good ▁relationship ▁with ▁Wall oon ▁leader ▁Lé on ▁Deg rel le ▁and ▁accompanied ▁him ▁on ▁various ▁public ▁eng ag ements . ▁At ▁home ▁however ▁he ▁had ▁struggled ▁to ▁gain ▁influence ▁from ▁the ▁far - right ▁but |
▁pro - independ ence ▁F lem ish ▁National ▁Union ▁and ▁cl ashed ▁repeatedly ▁with ▁its ▁leaders ▁St af ▁De ▁Cl erc q ▁and ▁Hend rik ▁Eli as , ▁who ▁maintained ▁ambig uous ▁attitudes ▁towards ▁the ▁Naz is . ▁In ▁contrast ▁Van ▁de ▁W iele ▁called ▁for ▁F land ers ▁to ▁be ▁fully ▁incorporated ▁as ▁a ▁Reich sg au ▁with ▁himself ▁as ▁G au le iter . ▁Indeed , ▁he ▁was ▁isolated ▁from ▁the ▁wider ▁F lem ish ▁right ▁to ▁such ▁an ▁extent ▁that ▁his ▁closest ▁political ▁al ly ▁became ▁R exist ▁leader ▁Lé on ▁Deg rel le , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁tou red ▁Wall onia ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁He ▁worked ▁enthusi astically ▁with ▁the ▁Naz is , ▁advoc ating ▁the ▁full ▁mobil isation ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁and , ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁turning ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁his ▁youth ▁movement ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁Hitler ▁Youth . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁liber ation ▁of ▁Belgium ▁by ▁the ▁All ied ▁forces ▁he ▁fled ▁to ▁Germany ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁sett ling ▁in ▁Wal deck - Py rm ont ▁with ▁other ▁F lem ish ▁ex iles . ▁By ▁that ▁point ▁van ▁de ▁W iele ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁F lem ish ▁leader ▁with ▁whom ▁the ▁Naz is ▁were ▁still ▁working ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁they ▁sent ▁him ▁to ▁C olog ne ▁to ▁organ ise ▁F lem ish ▁refugees ▁into ▁a ▁co hes ive ▁pro - N azi ▁organisation . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁he ▁was |
▁also ▁designated ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁theoretical ▁" Re ich sg au ▁F land ern ". ▁Jo ach im ▁von ▁R ib b ent rop ▁also ▁recognised ▁van ▁de ▁W iele ▁as ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁V la am sch ▁Bev rij dings com ité ▁( F lem ish ▁Liber ation ▁Committee ) ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁For ▁the ▁most ▁part ▁these ▁posts ▁proved ▁meaning less ▁with ▁the ▁liber ation ▁effectively ▁completed ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁following ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Bul ge . ▁ ▁Post - war ▁life ▁Following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁van ▁de ▁W iele ▁was ▁brand ed ▁a ▁trait or ▁for ▁his ▁enthusi astic ▁collaboration . ▁However ▁he ▁initially ▁ev aded ▁capture ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁but ▁was ▁arrested ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁whilst ▁dressed ▁in ▁the ▁uniform ▁of ▁a ▁German ▁officer . ▁He ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁by ▁a ▁court ▁mart ial ▁in ▁Ant werp . ▁However ▁the ▁sentence ▁was ▁commut ed ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁after ▁ 1 7 ▁years , ▁sett ling ▁in ▁West ▁Germany . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Belgium ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁Bru ges ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Belg ian ▁crim inals ▁Category : 1 9 0 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁De urn e |
, ▁Belgium ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁educ ators ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁fasc ists ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁collabor ators ▁with ▁Nazi ▁Germany ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁phil ologists ▁Category : G au le it ers ▁Category : N az is ▁convicted ▁of ▁crimes ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁people ▁convicted ▁of ▁war ▁crimes ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁prisoners ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁Category : Pr ison ers ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁by ▁Belgium ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Germany ▁Category : N azi ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁H M HS ▁E ban i ▁was ▁a ▁hospital ▁ship ▁serving ▁the ▁All ied ▁forces ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁E ban i ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁cargo ▁vessel ▁owned ▁by ▁Eld er ▁D emp ster , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ' s ▁largest ▁shipping ▁companies . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁its ▁name . ▁ ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁ton nage ▁of ▁ 4 , 8 6 2 ▁tons . ▁It ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁to ▁Italy ▁and ▁renamed ▁the ▁Mar ist ella . ▁ ▁H M HS ▁E ban i ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁ ▁Over view ▁▁ ▁H M HS ▁E ban i ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁hospital ▁ship ▁for ▁troops ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁man ned ▁by ▁the ▁Natal ▁Medical ▁Corps ▁( N |
MC ) ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁but ▁also ▁carried ▁a ▁British ▁crew ▁( see ▁below ). ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁It ▁was ▁equipped ▁for ▁ 3 0 0 ▁or ▁ 4 0 0 ▁patients ▁but ▁could ▁carry ▁ 5 0 0 ▁patients ▁in ▁an ▁emergency . ▁ ▁A ▁table ▁of ▁hospital ▁ships ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁gives ▁the ▁following ▁statistics : ▁ 6 ▁British ▁Off ic ers , ▁ 1 3 ▁N urs es ▁and ▁Sister s , ▁ 3 6 ▁RAM C ▁& ▁St ▁John s ▁Amb ul ance ▁etc ., ▁ 5 0 8 ▁c ots . ▁A ▁pl aque ▁at ▁the ▁Mer se yside ▁Mar itime ▁Museum ▁records ▁that ▁over ▁ 5 ▁years ▁it ▁ste amed ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁miles ▁and ▁carried ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁sick ▁and ▁wounded . ▁ ▁Ac quis ition ▁and ▁conversion ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁volunt ary ▁workers ▁provided ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁assistance ▁to ▁the ▁medical ▁authorities . ▁A ▁committee ▁was ▁formed , ▁in ▁Cape ▁Town ▁( South ▁Africa ), ▁under ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Smart t , ▁to ▁raise ▁funds ▁for ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁certain ▁aux iliary ▁con val es cent ▁hospitals ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁pen ins ular ▁for ▁both ▁men ▁and ▁officers . ▁A ▁search ▁was ▁undert aken ▁for ▁a ▁vessel ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁hospital ▁purposes ▁only ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁a ▁transport ▁of ▁amb ul ances ). ▁ ▁SS ▁E ban i , ▁a ▁cargo ▁vessel , ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Senior |
▁Naval ▁Transport ▁Officer , ▁Captain ▁R . C . K . ▁Lam bert ▁R N ▁and ▁by ▁Colonel ▁Stock ▁to ▁fulfill ▁this ▁purpose . ▁ ▁Smart t ' s ▁committee ▁char tered ▁E ban i ▁and ▁converted ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁hospital ▁ship ▁for ▁service ▁in ▁German ▁South - West ▁Africa . ▁ ▁It ▁provided ▁the ▁funds ▁and ▁under to ok ▁the ▁alter ations ▁and ▁fitting ▁out ▁of ▁E ban i ▁as ▁a ▁hospital ▁ship ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁the ▁general ▁specific ations ▁prepared ▁by ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁medical ▁services . ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁equipped ▁as ▁an ▁hospital ▁ship ▁in ▁Cape ▁Town . ▁ ▁A ▁staff ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁ship , ▁the ▁bell iger ent ▁Govern ments ▁were ▁not ified , ▁and ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁D . ▁Mac aul ay ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁duties ▁of ▁officer ▁command ing . ▁ ▁As ▁E ban i ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁cargo ▁vessel ▁for ▁the ▁West ▁African ▁trade , ▁the ▁de cks ▁were ▁not ▁und uly ▁divided , ▁and ▁large ▁air y ▁w ards ▁with ▁single - t ier ▁swing ▁c ots ▁were ▁prepared . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁fitted ▁accommodation , ▁a ▁reserve ▁of ▁naval ▁swing ▁c ots ▁were ▁carried . ▁ ▁The ▁Natal ▁Medical ▁Corps ▁▁ ▁The ▁Natal ▁Medical ▁Corps ▁was ▁mobil ized ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁South - West ▁Africa ▁Campaign . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁campaign ▁they ▁formed ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Station ary ▁Hospital ▁at ▁Sw ak op mund ▁and ▁man ned ▁E ban i . |
▁ ▁The ▁Natal ▁Vol unte er ▁Medical ▁Corps ▁( NV MC ) ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁with ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁Dur ban ▁Light ▁Infan try , ▁the ▁Natal ▁Mount ed ▁R if les ▁and ▁the ▁Natal ▁Car b ine ers ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 ▁Medical ▁Batt alion ▁Group ▁( 1 ▁Med ). ▁ ▁British ▁crew ▁▁ ▁H M HS ▁E ban i ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁South ▁African ▁hospital ▁ship ▁to ▁serve ▁during ▁the ▁campaign ▁in ▁Africa . ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁evidence ▁to ▁suggest ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁ins ufficient ▁South ▁African ▁volunteers ▁to ▁man ▁the ▁ship ▁and ▁British ▁( and ▁possibly ▁other ▁nation als ) ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁man ▁the ▁ship . ▁ ▁A ▁protest ▁was ▁lod ged ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁Medical ▁Record ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁lod ged ▁by ▁Medical ▁Off ic ers ▁serving ▁in ▁German ▁East ▁Africa ▁including ▁L t ▁Col . ▁D . ▁Mac aul ay ▁of ▁E ban i . ▁ ▁The ▁protest ▁was ▁against ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁able ▁bod ied ▁and ▁military ▁aged ▁South ▁African ▁men ▁who ▁were ▁stay - at - hom ers . ▁ ▁This ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁units ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁supplement ed ▁by ▁men ▁from ▁the ▁Royal ▁Army ▁Medical ▁Corps ▁( R AM C ) ▁to ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁numbers . ▁ ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁▁ ▁H M HS ▁E ban i ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁hospital ▁ship ▁until |
▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁South - West ▁African ▁campaign ▁E ban i ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Imperial ▁authorities . ▁ ▁It ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁various ▁locations . ▁ ▁Any ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁Medical ▁Corps ▁who ▁remained ▁on ▁board ▁following ▁the ▁transfer ▁were ▁themselves ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Army ▁Medical ▁Corps ▁( R AM C ). ▁It ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁to ▁Italy ▁and ▁renamed ▁Mar ist ella . ▁A ▁third ▁boat ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁E ban i ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : H ospital ▁ships ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Ship s ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁River ▁Ty ne ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁Lind say ▁Dav ison ▁( born ▁ 1 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁former ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁played ▁one ▁first - class ▁cricket ▁match ▁for ▁Victoria ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Victoria ▁first - class ▁cr ick eters ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : V ict oria ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : C rick eters ▁from ▁Melbourne <0x0A> </s> ▁A tr év ete ▁a ▁So ñ ar ▁( English : ▁D |
are ▁to ▁dream ) ▁is ▁a ▁Mexican ▁ ▁teen ▁t elen ov ela , ▁produced ▁by ▁Luis ▁de ▁L l ano ▁for ▁Tele vis a , ▁under ▁the ▁license ▁of ▁Ide as ▁del ▁Sur . ▁A tr év ete ▁a ▁So ñ ar ▁is ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁Argent ine ▁t elen ov ela , ▁Pat ito ▁Fe o ▁( U gly ▁D uck ling ). ▁ ▁D anna ▁Pa ola ▁stars ▁as ▁Pat ito , ▁Ele azar ▁G ó me z ▁as ▁M ate o , ▁V iolet a ▁Is fel ▁and ▁C yn th ia ▁Kl it bo , ▁play ▁ant agon ist ▁roles ▁as ▁Anton ella ▁and ▁B ian ca . ▁The ▁t elen ov ela ▁also ▁features ▁adult ▁protagon ists , ▁Ren é ▁Str ick ler ▁and ▁Van essa ▁Gu zm án . ▁ ▁It ▁first ▁a ired ▁on ▁March ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁t elen ov ela ▁to ▁debut ▁on ▁a ▁Sunday ▁in ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁year ▁of ▁success , ▁becoming ▁a ▁major ▁hit ▁in ▁Mexico , ▁especially ▁among ▁children , ▁its ▁final ▁episode ▁was ▁on ▁ ▁March ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁also ▁a ▁Sunday . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Ana ▁takes ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁caf eter ia ▁at ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁high ▁school ▁called ▁el ( the ) ▁CA MP ▁and ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁establishment ▁in ▁which ▁el ( the ) ▁CA MP ▁is ▁located . ▁There ▁Pat ito ▁comes ▁to ▁study ▁and ▁soon |
▁meets ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁new ▁friends . ▁ ▁She ▁also ▁makes ▁enemies ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁other ▁girls . ▁ ▁Her ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁high ▁school ▁brings ▁before ▁her ▁a ▁yet ▁unknown ▁reality : ▁that ▁of ▁prejud ices , ▁qual ms , ▁and ▁discrimination . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁high ▁school , ▁headed ▁by ▁the ▁f riv ol ous ▁Anton ella , ▁daughter ▁of ▁B ian ca , ▁Pat ito ▁is , ▁an ▁ugly ▁duck ling , ▁and ▁direct ▁at ▁her ▁all ▁their ▁mock ery ▁and ▁tricks . ▁ ▁Here ▁she ▁meets ▁her ▁prince , ▁M ate o . ▁ ▁Pat ito ▁becomes ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁Las ▁Pop ula res ▁( The ▁Popular s ), ▁sensible ▁young ▁ladies ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁" b imb os " ▁like ▁Las ▁Div inas ▁( The ▁Div ines ) ▁who ▁only ▁care ▁about ▁power ▁and ▁appearances . ▁ ▁The ▁fight ▁gets ▁serious ▁when ▁the ▁high ▁school ▁decides ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁an ▁inter col leg iate ▁musical ▁contest . ▁ ▁The ▁goal ▁is ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁school , ▁but ▁Las ▁Pop ula res ▁and ▁Las ▁Div inas ▁do ▁not ▁agree ▁with ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁only ▁one ▁way : ▁a ▁competition ▁that ▁decides ▁who ▁will ▁sing ▁in ▁public . ▁Las ▁Div inas ▁think ▁they ▁have ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁bag , ▁but ▁Pat ito ▁ru ins ▁their ▁plans . ▁ ▁Las ▁Pop ula res ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Pat ito ▁who , ▁despite ▁her ▁sh yn ess ▁to ▁sing ▁in ▁public , |
▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Rodr igo ▁succeed ▁in ▁winning ▁the ▁contest . ▁Throughout ▁the ▁school ▁year , ▁Las ▁Pop ula res ▁and ▁Las ▁Div inas ▁wage ▁a ▁battle ▁t ing ed ▁with ▁adventure , ▁tricks , ▁and ▁advers ities . ▁ ▁Six ▁months ▁after ▁the ▁before - ment ioned , ▁Ana ▁has ▁another ▁baby ▁( son ▁of ▁Rodr igo ) ▁and ▁Pat ito ▁has ▁changed ▁her ▁look ▁thanks ▁to ▁her ▁grandmother . ▁She ▁finds ▁herself ▁caught ▁in ▁an ▁am orous ▁disc ord ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁Giovanni , ▁a ▁new com er ▁to ▁the ▁community ▁( but ▁not ▁a ▁student ▁at ▁CA MP ). ▁Giovanni ' s ▁arrival ▁represents ▁immediate ▁competition ▁to ▁M ate o ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁other ▁CA MP ▁boys , ▁yet ▁he ▁becomes ▁Anton ella ' s ▁al ly ▁as ▁she ▁attempts ▁to ▁take ▁Pat ito ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Div inas ' ▁way . ▁Meanwhile ▁Rodr igo ▁wants ▁to ▁spend ▁as ▁much ▁time ▁as ▁possible ▁with ▁his ▁children ▁and ▁wife ▁and ▁great ▁surpr ises ▁await ▁throughout ▁the ▁second ▁chapter : ▁a ▁woman ▁who ▁will ▁tell ▁B ian ca ▁how ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁hold ▁of ▁Ana ' s ▁body ▁and ▁get ▁her ▁out ▁of ▁her ▁life ; ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁Am aya ' s ▁biological ▁mother ; ▁Pat ito ' s ▁qu ince añ era ▁( a ▁ 1 5 th ▁birthday ▁celebration , ▁like ▁a ▁Sweet ▁Six teen ); ▁and ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁new ▁loves , ▁great ▁friends ▁and ▁mort al ▁enemies . ▁ ▁Pat ito ▁comes ▁to ▁celebrate ▁her ▁ |
1 5 th ▁birthday , ▁but ▁Anton ella ▁wants ▁to ▁ruin ▁her ▁party . ▁ ▁Anton ella ▁cont riv es ▁a ▁plot ▁where ▁she ▁rig s ▁a ▁bucket , ▁behind ▁the ▁scenes , ▁that ▁contains ▁chicken ▁g izz ards . ▁Anton ella ' s ▁father ▁cat ches ▁her ▁and ▁beg s ▁her ▁to ▁re cons ider , ▁warning ▁her ▁that ▁if ▁she ▁cho oses ▁to ▁go ▁down ▁this ▁path ▁it ▁will ▁have ▁dire ▁life ▁consequences . ▁ ▁Anton ella ▁re cons iders ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁change ▁of ▁heart ▁without ▁ce asing ▁to ▁divine . ▁ ▁Later , ▁M ate o ▁wants ▁to ▁ded icate ▁a ▁song ▁to ▁Pat ito , ▁but ▁Giovanni ▁plans ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁same — he ' s ▁stolen ▁M ate o ' s ▁song . ▁ ▁Anton ella , ▁who ▁knew ▁Giovanni ' s ▁plan , ▁tells ▁M ate o ▁everything , ▁and ▁he ▁kn ocks ▁Giovanni ▁out ▁on ▁stage , ▁leaving ▁him ▁unconscious . ▁ ▁M ate o ▁finally ▁s ings ▁the ▁song ▁with ▁the ▁K & B . ▁ ▁Pat ito ▁and ▁M ate o ▁get ▁together ▁during ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁CA MP ▁students ▁where ▁she ▁asks ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁her ▁boyfriend . ▁ ▁Anton ella ▁asks ▁Pat ito ▁to ▁forgive ▁her ▁for ▁all ▁the ▁bad ▁she ' s ▁done . ▁ ▁Pat ito ▁tells ▁her ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁nothing ▁to ▁forgive , ▁that ▁for ▁her , ▁they ▁were ▁always ▁friends ▁and ▁they ▁return ▁to ▁being ▁so . ▁Anton ella ▁becomes ▁Johnny ' s ▁girlfriend ▁again |
. ▁Finally , ▁they ▁show ▁the ▁view er ▁what ▁their ▁future ▁was ▁like ▁and ▁what ▁they ▁did , ▁but ▁they ▁don ' t ▁actually ▁act ▁it ▁out . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁episode , ▁is ▁at ▁Pat ito ▁ 1 5 ▁party ▁and ▁she ▁s ings ▁" M undo ▁de ▁C aram elo " ▁and ▁that ▁becomes ▁The ▁End . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Sound track ▁ ▁Studio ▁albums ▁ ▁A tr év ete ▁a ▁so ñ ar ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁A tr év ete ▁a ▁so ñ ar ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Comp il ations ▁ ▁A tr év ete ▁a ▁so ñ ar ▁ 1 . 5 ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁DVD s ▁ ▁V ivi endo ▁A tr év ete ▁a ▁so ñ ar ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Live ▁albums ▁ ▁A tr év ete ▁a ▁so ñ ar : ▁El ▁conc ierto ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁t elen ov el as ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁Mexican ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁Mexican ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : M ex ican ▁t elen ov el as ▁Category : Children ' s ▁t elen ov el as ▁Category : Tele vis a ▁t elen ov el as ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁t elen ov el as ▁Category |
: M ex ican ▁children ' s ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Te en ▁t elen ov el as <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul ▁Raymond ▁" Short y " ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁( Aug ust ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁– ▁March ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁football , ▁baseball ▁and ▁basketball ▁player . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁first - team ▁All - American ▁center ▁in ▁both ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁also ▁pit ched ▁a ▁no - h itter ▁for ▁the ▁baseball ▁team . ▁He ▁later ▁played ▁professional ▁baseball ▁for ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Indians ▁and ▁professional ▁football ▁for ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Indians ▁( 1 9 1 6 ), ▁Ham mond ▁Pro s ▁( 1 9 1 9 ), ▁Chicago ▁Tig ers ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁and ▁Min ne apolis ▁Mar ines ▁( 1 9 2 2 ). ▁He ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁and ▁college ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Coff ey ville , ▁Kansas ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Chicago ▁as ▁a ▁child . ▁He ▁attended ▁Chicago ' s ▁Wend ell ▁Phillips ▁Academy ▁High ▁School ▁before ▁en rolling ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Mar oons ' ▁football , ▁baseball , ▁basketball , ▁and ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁teams . ▁ ▁He ▁earned ▁ 1 2 |
▁vars ity ▁letters , ▁played ▁on ▁Western ▁Conference ▁championship ▁teams ▁in ▁both ▁football ▁and ▁baseball , ▁and ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁all - around ▁athletes ▁ever ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago . ▁While ▁attending ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁ 6 ▁feet , ▁ 5 in ches ▁tall ▁and ▁we ighed ▁ 1 9 0 ▁pounds ; ▁his ▁team mates ▁called ▁him ▁" Short y ." ▁ ▁In ▁baseball ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁a ▁pitch er , ▁but ▁also ▁played ▁at ▁first ▁and ▁third ▁base . ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Magazine ▁wrote : ▁" Des ▁J ard ien ▁at ▁third ▁base ▁fields ▁well , ▁and ▁adds ▁strength ▁by ▁his ▁spirit . ▁All ▁in ▁all , ▁the ▁tall ▁young ▁man ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁excellent ▁athletes ▁Chicago ▁has ▁had ▁in ▁years ." ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁he ▁threw ▁a ▁no - hit ters ▁and ▁struck ▁out ▁ 1 4 ▁Iowa ▁Haw key es ▁bat ters ▁in ▁a ▁game . ▁ ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁gained ▁his ▁greatest ▁fame ▁playing ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁position ▁for ▁Am os ▁Al on zo ▁St agg ' s ▁Chicago ▁Mar oons ▁football ▁teams ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁position ▁on ▁both ▁offense ▁and ▁defense , ▁was ▁considered ▁" the ▁main st ay ▁of ▁his ▁team ▁on ▁defense ," ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁ability ▁as ▁a ▁long |
▁pun ter . ▁During ▁Des ▁J ard ien ' s ▁three ▁years ▁as ▁Chicago ' s ▁center , ▁the ▁Mar oons ▁compiled ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 7 – 3 – 1 , ▁including ▁an ▁und efe ated ▁ 7 – 0 ▁record ▁and ▁Western ▁Conference ▁championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁soph om ore ▁year ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁a ▁first - team ▁All - W estern ▁player . ▁St agg ▁praised ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁as ▁a ▁" spect acular " ▁player ▁and ▁" as ▁flash y ▁a ▁center ▁as ▁I ▁have ▁seen ▁in ▁many ▁years ." ▁In ▁n aming ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁to ▁his ▁All - W estern ▁team ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁E . C . ▁P atter son ▁in ▁Coll ier ' s ▁wrote : ▁" Des ▁J ard ien ▁is ▁not ▁great ▁of ▁bulk , ▁at ▁least ▁not ▁hor izont ally . ▁He ▁is ▁tall ▁and ▁rang y ▁and ▁remark ably ▁active . ▁His ▁useful ness ▁is ▁accent uated ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁seen ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁Coach ▁St agg ' s ▁forward ▁pass ▁tricks ▁center ▁around ▁him ." ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁junior ▁and ▁senior ▁years ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁a ▁first - team ▁All - American . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁chosen ▁by ▁his ▁team mates ▁as ▁the ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 |
9 1 4 ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁Walter ▁Camp ▁wrote ▁about ▁Des ▁J ard ien , ▁calling ▁him ▁"[ ... ] ▁the ▁best ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁— ▁steady , ▁reliable , ▁absolutely ▁depend able ▁for ▁his ▁share ▁of ▁line ▁work ▁on ▁attack , ▁and ▁a ▁power ▁on ▁defense ." ▁ ▁Professional ▁baseball ▁and ▁Asian ▁tour ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁reported ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁that ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁had ▁agreed ▁to ▁play ▁professional ▁baseball ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Cub s ▁upon ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁report , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁declined ▁to ▁sign ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Cub s ▁to ▁avoid ▁end ang ering ▁his ▁amateur ▁status . ▁The ▁report ▁described ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁pitch ers ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Conference , ▁a ▁right - hand er ▁with ▁a ▁good ▁curve ▁ball . ▁ ▁Instead ▁of ▁playing ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁traveled ▁to ▁Asia ▁with ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁baseball ▁team . ▁The ▁team ▁played ▁ 1 5 ▁games , ▁winning ▁ 1 2 , ▁while ▁traveling ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁s ailed ▁from ▁San ▁Francisco ▁on ▁the ▁ ▁and ▁arrived ▁in ▁Hon ol ulu , ▁Hawaii ▁in ▁early ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁spending ▁ten ▁days ▁there ▁and ▁playing |
▁games ▁against ▁teams ▁from ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Athlet ic ▁Club ▁and ▁teams ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁Chinese ▁and ▁Portuguese ▁players . ▁The ▁team ▁next ▁s ailed ▁to ▁Japan . ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁the ▁Chicago ▁squad ▁played ▁a ▁double ▁header ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁in ▁Tokyo . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁pit ched ▁both ▁games , ▁defe ating ▁W ased a ▁ 5 – 3 ▁and ▁the ▁Ke io ▁University ▁ 4 – 1 . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁hit ▁a ▁home ▁run ▁and ▁struck ▁out ▁ 1 1 ▁bat ters ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁against ▁the ▁Ke io . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ' s ▁basketball , ▁baseball ▁and ▁track ▁teams ▁upon ▁returning ▁from ▁Japan ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁signed ▁to ▁play ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁with ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Indians . ▁Indians ▁manager ▁Lee ▁F ohl ▁said ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁" I ▁think ▁I ▁will ▁make ▁him ▁a ▁good ▁pitch er . ▁He ▁already ▁has ▁learned ▁to ▁put ▁more ▁on ▁his ▁fast ▁ball ▁while ▁his ▁control ▁is ▁almost ▁perfect ." ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁pitch ing ▁one ▁in ning ▁and ▁allowing ▁one ▁hit , ▁one ▁base ▁on ▁balls |
, ▁and ▁two ▁earned ▁runs . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁did ▁not ▁pitch ▁another ▁game ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁played ▁semi - prof ess ional ▁baseball ▁with ▁the ▁Moh aw ks ▁in ▁the ▁Chicago ▁League . ▁ ▁Professional ▁football ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁hired ▁as ▁the ▁football ▁coach ▁at ▁Ober lin ▁College . ▁With ▁almost ▁every ▁veteran ▁player ▁missing ▁from ▁the ▁football ▁team ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁fr atern ity ▁exp ulsion , ▁Des ▁J ard iens ' ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁Ober lin ▁team ▁failed ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁program ' s ▁history ▁and ▁scored ▁only ▁ 1 3 ▁points ▁throughout ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁That ▁year , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁Peg gy ▁Par r att ' s ▁Cleveland ▁Indians ▁football ▁team ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁and ▁only ▁season ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁football ▁team . ▁Par r att ▁built ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁all - st ars ▁around ▁Des ▁J ard ien . ▁The ▁Indians ▁lost ▁two ▁games ▁to ▁Jim ▁Thor pe ' s ▁C anton ▁Bul ld ogs , ▁played ▁the ▁Mass illon ▁Tig ers ▁to ▁a ▁score less ▁tie , ▁and ▁closed ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁three ▁wins ▁against ▁the ▁Columb us ▁Pan hand les , ▁Detroit ▁Her ald s ▁and ▁Tol edo ▁Mar oons . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁also ▁reported ly ▁played ▁professional |
▁football ▁for ▁the ▁C anton ▁Bul ld ogs ▁and ▁Fort ▁Wayne ▁F ri ars . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 6 – 1 7 ▁basketball ▁season ▁he ▁played ▁professional ▁basketball ▁with ▁the ▁P ine ▁Village , ▁Indiana ▁team . ▁ ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁he ▁played ▁on ▁an ▁Army ▁football ▁team ▁at ▁Fort ▁Sher idan ▁that ▁included ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁former ▁All - Amer icans ▁including ▁Albert ▁Ben bro ok , ▁Ernest ▁All m ending er , ▁James ▁B . ▁Craig ▁and ▁D olly ▁Gray . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁he ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁a ▁German ▁prison ▁camp ▁in ▁Paris . ▁After ▁returning ▁from ▁France , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁played ▁professional ▁football ▁for ▁the ▁Ham mond ▁Pro s ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁P . J . ▁P ard uh n , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Ham mond ▁football ▁team , ▁was ▁arrested ▁on ▁a ▁charge ▁of ▁iss uing ▁bog us ▁checks , ▁after ▁a ▁complaint ▁was ▁lod ged ▁by ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁and ▁M ilt ▁G he e . ▁They ▁dropped ▁the ▁charges ▁when ▁P ard uh n ▁agreed ▁to ▁make ▁good ▁on ▁the ▁payment . ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁football ▁season ▁that ▁month , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁signed ▁to ▁play ▁professional ▁basketball ▁with ▁the ▁Red ▁Crow ns ▁team ▁from ▁Wh iting , ▁Indiana |
. ▁The ▁Red ▁Crow ns ▁were ▁backed ▁by ▁Standard ▁Oil ▁and ▁were ▁considered ▁the ▁fastest ▁team ▁west ▁of ▁Buffalo . ▁ ▁Des ▁J ard ien ' s ▁presence ▁was ▁expected ▁to ▁draw ▁crowds ▁from ▁throughout ▁the ▁Mid west . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁he ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Tig ers ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League , ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁AP FA . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁played ▁in ▁all ▁eight ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Tig ers , ▁including ▁seven ▁as ▁the ▁starting ▁center . ▁ ▁The ▁Tig ers ▁compiled ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 2 – 5 – 1 ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁and ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁a ▁second - team ▁All - AP FA ▁player . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁signed ▁to ▁play ▁semi - prof ess ional ▁football ▁for ▁the ▁Iron wood ▁Leg ion ▁team ▁from ▁Iron wood ▁in ▁Michigan ' s ▁Upper ▁Pen insula . ▁In ▁an ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁game ▁against ▁Bes se mer , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁kicked ▁pun ts ▁of ▁ 5 0 , ▁ 5 5 ▁and ▁ 6 5 ▁yards . ▁He ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁one ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁Min ne apolis ▁Mar ines ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁NFL ▁season . ▁ ▁Later ▁years ▁After ▁ret iring ▁from ▁athlet ics , ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁manufacturing ▁executive ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles |
. ▁He ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Mon rov ia , ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁from ▁a ▁cere br al ▁th rom b osis ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁the ▁Forest ▁La wn ▁C emetery . ▁Des ▁J ard ien ▁was ▁post hum ously ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Head ▁coaching ▁record ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁football ▁centers ▁Category : American ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : M ajor ▁League ▁Base ball ▁pitch ers ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Tig ers ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Mar oons ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Mar oons ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Mar oons ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : C leveland ▁Indians ▁players ▁Category : H amm ond ▁Pro s ▁players ▁Category : Mar shall town ▁An s ons ▁players ▁Category : Min ne apolis ▁Mar ines ▁players ▁Category : O ber lin ▁Ye omen ▁football ▁coaches ▁Category : Col lege ▁men ' s ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁athletes ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : All - American ▁college ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Col lege ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in duct ees ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Coff ey ville , ▁Kansas ▁Category : S ports people |
▁from ▁Chicago ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : B asket ball ▁players ▁from ▁Illinois <0x0A> </s> ▁Karl ▁Josef ▁Max imil ian ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um , ▁count ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St yr um , ▁sovere ign ▁lord ▁zu ▁G emen , ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁A lo is ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um . ▁ ▁He ▁inherited ▁the ▁immediate ▁lord ship ▁of ▁G emen ▁from ▁his ▁uncle ▁Ferd inand ▁I ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 1 ▁and ▁remained ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 8 . ▁A lo is ▁having ▁survived ▁his ▁three ▁sons , ▁G emen ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁grand son ▁Ferd inand ▁IV ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um . ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁Maria ▁Anna ▁V og el ▁von ▁W assen hof en ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁five ▁children : <0x09> ▁▁ ▁Johann ▁Nep om uck , ▁count ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁St ir um ▁( born ▁ 1 7 5 6 , ▁died ▁ 1 7 9 1 ); ▁ ▁Joseph ▁( born ▁ 1 7 5 7 , ▁died ▁ 1 7 6 6 ); ▁ ▁Franz , ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 0 ; ▁ ▁Johann ▁Nep om uck ▁( ?) ▁( born ▁ 1 7 6 6 , ▁died ▁ 1 7 8 7 ); ▁ ▁Anna ▁Maria , ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 0 ; ▁ ▁Maria ▁Barbara ▁( born ▁ 1 7 |
6 2 , ▁died ▁ 1 7 6 9 ). ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : 1 7 9 8 ▁deaths ▁Karl ▁Josef <0x0A> </s> ▁Ir win ▁Bel k ▁( Apr il ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁– ▁February ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁business man ▁and ▁politician . ▁ ▁Bel k ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁The ▁Mc Call ie ▁School ▁and ▁David son ▁College . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁Bel k ▁received ▁his ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁at ▁Chap el ▁Hill . ▁Bel k ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁He ▁work ▁for ▁Bel k , ▁a ▁department ▁store ▁in ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁Bel k ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁and ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Senate ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁Bel k ▁was ▁a ▁Democrat . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁President ▁Bill ▁Clinton ▁appointed ▁Bel k ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁delegate ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : Un |
ited ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁soldiers ▁Category : Mil itary ▁personnel ▁from ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : David son ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁at ▁Chap el ▁Hill ▁al umn i ▁Category : N orth ▁Carolina ▁Democrats ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : N orth ▁Carolina ▁state ▁sen ators <0x0A> </s> ▁J as r ana ▁is ▁a ▁nag ar ▁p anch ay at ▁( a ▁form ▁of ▁an ▁urban ▁political ▁unit ▁in ▁India ▁comparable ▁to ▁a ▁municip ality ) ▁in ▁F iro z abad ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁and ▁atmosphere ▁J as r ana ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁. ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁average ▁elev ation ▁of ▁ 1 6 9 met res ▁( 5 5 4 fe et ). ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁India ▁census , ▁J as r ana ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 5 5 6 7 . ▁M ales ▁const itute ▁ 5 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁and ▁females ▁ 4 7 %. ▁J as r ana ▁has ▁an ▁average ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁ 4 7 %, ▁ ▁In ▁J as r ana , ▁ 1 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁is ▁under ▁ 6 ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁F iro z abad ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Walter ▁H upp en k ot hen ▁ ▁( 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 |
7 ▁in ▁Ha an , ▁Rh in eland ▁– ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁in ▁L ü beck ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁lawyer , ▁S icher he its d ienst ▁( SD ) ▁leader , ▁and ▁Sch utz staff el ▁( SS ) ▁prosecut or ▁in ▁the ▁Haupt amt ▁SS - G er icht . ▁ ▁H upp en k ot hen ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁O pl aden ▁and ▁studied ▁Law ▁and ▁Political ▁Science ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁C olog ne ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁D üss eld orf ▁and ▁then ▁qualified ▁as ▁a ▁lawyer . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Nazi ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁All geme ine ▁SS . ▁Un able ▁to ▁find ▁employment ▁in ▁government ▁service ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁SD ▁( the ▁intelligence ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁SS ) ▁in ▁D üss eld orf . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁for ▁a ▁brief ▁time ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁State ▁Police ▁and ▁as ▁an ▁SD ▁Chief ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁Pr ussian - town ▁of ▁T ils it ▁( now ▁Sov et sk , ▁Russia ), ▁and ▁was ▁replaced ▁in ▁both ▁positions ▁by ▁fellow ▁Gest ap o ▁member ▁Dr . ▁He inz ▁Gr ä fe ▁in ▁October ▁and ▁November ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁Role ▁in ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁Poland , ▁H upp en k ot hen ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁in ▁various ▁areas ▁of ▁occupied ▁Poland ▁( part ▁of |
▁the ▁Nazi - cont rolled ▁General ▁Government ). ▁He ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁l ia ison ▁with ▁the ▁SD ' s ▁Eins atz gru ppen ▁during ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Gest ap o , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁SD ▁Chief ▁in ▁Kr ak ów ▁and ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Gest ap o ▁in ▁Lub lin ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁. ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Reich ▁Main ▁Security ▁Office ▁( R SHA ) ▁in ▁Berlin ▁with ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁St ur mb ann führ er ▁( M ajor ) ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁a ▁Gest ap o ▁unit ▁dealing ▁with ▁political ▁enemies ▁of ▁the ▁Reich ▁as ▁the ▁success or ▁to ▁Walter ▁Sche ll en berg . ▁ ▁Pro secut ions ▁▁ ▁As ▁an ▁SS ▁Stand arten führ er ▁( Col onel ) ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁the ▁prosecut or ▁of ▁the ▁SS ▁and ▁police ▁court ▁in ▁Mun ich . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁he ▁prosecut ed ▁Hans ▁von ▁D ohn any i ▁in ▁Sach sen hausen ▁concentration ▁camp ▁while ▁the ▁def endant ▁lay ▁semi - conscious ▁on ▁a ▁stret cher ▁having ▁contract ed ▁a ▁serious ▁infection ▁and ▁the ▁proceedings ▁ended ▁with ▁him ▁being ▁condem ned ▁to ▁death ▁by ▁St ur mb ann führ er ▁Otto ▁Thor beck . ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁under ▁orders ▁from ▁Ernst ▁Kal ten br un ner , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁prosecut or ▁at ▁a ▁drum |
head ▁court - mart ial ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁Otto ▁Thor beck ▁without ▁witnesses , ▁records ▁of ▁proceedings ▁or ▁a ▁defence ▁in ▁Fl oss en b ür g ▁concentration ▁camp . ▁Among ▁the ▁condem ned ▁were ▁Luther an ▁cl erg yman ▁Diet rich ▁Bon ho eff er , ▁General ▁Hans ▁O ster , ▁Army ▁Chief ▁Judge ▁Dr . ▁Karl ▁S ack , ▁Captain ▁Ludwig ▁Ge hre ▁and ▁former ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Ab we hr ▁Admiral ▁Wilhelm ▁Can aris . ▁The ▁prisoners ▁were ▁accused ▁of ▁making ▁an ▁assass ination ▁attempt ▁by ▁bomb ing ▁on ▁Ad olf ▁Hitler ▁at ▁his ▁headquarters ▁of ▁Wolf ' s ▁L air , ▁which ▁killed ▁four ▁and ▁wounded ▁Hitler ▁himself . ▁ ▁The ▁court ' s ▁prosecut ion ▁employed ▁torture ▁methods ▁such ▁as ▁thumb ▁screw ing ▁and ▁mechanical ▁stret ching ▁devices ▁on ▁the ▁accused , ▁who ▁were ▁subsequently ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁after ▁a ▁brief ▁trial ▁and ▁executed ▁by ▁hanging ▁on ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁only ▁around ▁two ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁camp ' s ▁liber ation . ▁Otto ▁Thor beck ▁later ▁test ified ▁that ▁the ▁conspiracy ▁trials ▁lasted ▁three ▁hours ▁under ▁H upp en k ot hen ' s ▁direction ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁shouted ▁the ▁accus ation ▁at ▁them , ▁then ▁permitted ▁a ▁brief ▁answer ▁period ▁before ▁the ▁death ▁sentence ▁was ▁imposed . ▁A ▁comm emor ative ▁pl aque ▁for ▁the ▁prisoners ▁executed , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁Bon ho eff er , ▁exists ▁at ▁the ▁former ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁camp , ▁now |
▁a ▁memorial ▁site . ▁ ▁Post - War ▁ ▁Coll abor ation ▁with ▁US ▁Military ▁▁ ▁H upp en k ot hen ▁was ▁captured ▁at ▁G m unden ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁After ▁the ▁war , ▁H upp en k ot hen ▁was ▁intern ed ▁by ▁the ▁Americans ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁Coun ter int elligence ▁Corps ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Army ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁The ▁Army ' s ▁counter int elligence ▁division ▁took ▁a ▁particular ▁interest ▁in ▁H upp en k ot hen ' s ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Commun ism ▁and ▁his ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁Gest ap o ▁official ▁in ▁searching ▁for ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Communist ▁resistance ▁and ▁esp ion age ▁group , ▁the ▁Red ▁Orchestra . ▁ ▁Tri als ▁and ▁Test im on ies ▁▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 6 , ▁Walter ▁H upp en k ot hen ▁was ▁tried ▁multiple ▁times ▁for ▁torture ▁and ▁murder ▁in ▁his ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁prosecut ion . ▁For ▁the ▁charge ( s ) ▁of ▁murder , ▁H upp en k ot hen ▁was ▁acqu itted , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁sent enced ▁to ▁prison - time ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁torture ▁( sources ▁conflict ▁on ▁the ▁exact ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁sentence , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁r anged ▁somewhere ▁between ▁ 3 . 5 - 7 ▁years ), ▁although ▁the ▁acqu itt al ▁of ▁his ▁murder ▁charge ( s ) ▁has ▁continued ▁to |
▁a rou se ▁criticism ▁in ▁modern ▁times . ▁H upp en k ot hen ▁also ▁test ified ▁at ▁the ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁trial ▁of ▁Ad olf ▁E ich mann ▁in ▁Jerusalem , ▁Israel , ▁though ▁his ▁family ▁reported ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁reluct ant ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : SS - Stand arten führ er ▁Category : G erman ▁lawyers ▁Category : G est ap o ▁personnel ▁Category : E ins atz gru ppen ▁personnel ▁Category : N azi ▁lawyers ▁Category : R SHA ▁personnel <0x0A> </s> ▁Sand r one ▁( S and ró un ▁in ▁Mod en ese ▁dialect ) ▁is ▁the ▁traditional ▁mask ▁and ▁character ▁of ▁the ▁Com media ▁dell ' arte ▁representing ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mod ena . ▁ ▁Origin ▁▁ ▁Sand r one , ▁is ▁represented ▁as ▁a ▁pe asant ▁who ▁is ▁cru de , ▁clever , ▁and ▁c unning . ▁He ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁the ▁spokes man ▁of ▁a ▁hum ble ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁ill - tre ated , ▁etern ally ▁hungry , ▁and ▁always ▁using ▁ ▁tricks ▁to ▁make ▁ends ▁meet . ▁The ▁character ▁of ▁his ▁wife , ▁Pul onia , ▁appears ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁soon ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁son ▁S gor gh ig uel o . ▁The ▁three ▁form ▁what ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Pav iron ica ▁family . ▁ ▁Init ially , ▁these ▁characters ▁were ▁presented ▁as ▁pupp ets |
. ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁the ▁three ▁were ▁represented ▁by ▁male ▁actors ▁known ▁as ▁" the ▁Pul onia ". ▁D ressed ▁in ▁a ▁style ▁of ▁clothing ▁popular ▁around ▁ 1 7 0 0 , ▁Sand r one ▁sports ▁a ▁cord uro y ▁jacket , ▁short ▁cord uro y ▁pants , ▁red ▁and ▁white ▁cross - stri ped ▁socks , ▁a ▁fl oral ▁em bro ider ed ▁vest , ▁and ▁st ur dy ▁farmer ' s ▁boots . ▁He ▁also ▁we ars ▁a ▁w ig ▁with ▁long ▁hair , ▁partly ▁covered ▁by ▁a ▁white ▁wool ▁night cap ▁ending ▁in ▁a ▁t ass el . ▁ ▁His ▁son ▁( S gor gh ig uel o ) ▁we ars ▁a ▁w ig ▁and ▁a ▁redd ish - b rown ▁cap ▁with ▁a ▁vis or . ▁His ▁wife ▁( P ul onia ) ▁we ars ▁a ▁white ▁hat ▁and ▁an ▁an kle ▁length ▁dress ▁decorated ▁with ▁bright ly ▁colored ▁flowers . ▁She ▁may ▁also ▁wear ▁a ▁white ▁apr on , ▁ ▁black ▁patent ▁leather ▁shoes ▁with ▁bright ▁buck les , ▁and ▁a ▁white ▁w ig ▁with ▁ring lets . ▁ ▁For ▁over ▁a ▁century ▁these ▁three ▁characters ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁Carn ival ▁in ▁Mod ena . ▁The ▁tradition ▁is ▁kept ▁alive ▁by ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Sand r one . ▁Every ▁year , ▁on ▁the ▁Thursday ▁before ▁L ent , ▁Sand r one ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁train ▁station ▁from ▁the ▁imaginary ▁village ▁of ▁Bos co ▁di ▁S |
otto ▁(" Lower ▁Wood "). ▁From ▁there , ▁they ▁par ade ▁to ▁P ia zza ▁Grande ▁where ▁the ▁crowd ▁witnesses ▁the ▁traditional ▁" s pro lo qu io ," ▁a ▁speech ▁spoken ▁in ▁traditional ▁Mod en ese ▁dialect ▁by ▁the ▁three ▁from ▁the ▁balcon y ▁of ▁Pal azzo ▁Com un ale . ▁The ▁speech ▁includes ▁w itty ▁comments ▁on ▁city ▁life ▁and ▁hum orous ▁criticism ▁of ▁local ▁authorities . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Soc iet à ▁del ▁Sand r one ▁home ▁page ▁( It al ian ) ▁Mas ch ere ▁Trad iz ional i ▁( Tr ad itional ▁Mask s ) ▁ ▁Category : C le ver ▁Z anni ▁class ▁characters <0x0A> </s> ▁Char ax es ▁b up al us ▁is ▁a ▁butter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁N ym ph al idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Otto ▁St aud inger ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁It ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁Pal aw an ▁in ▁the ▁Ind om al ay an ▁realm . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Char ax es ▁O ch sen heimer , ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁at ▁Mark ku ▁S avel a ' s ▁L ep id opter a ▁and ▁Some ▁Other ▁Life ▁Form s ▁ ▁b up al us ▁Category : But ter fl ies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Wayne ▁Victor ▁R ost ad , ▁CM ▁( born ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁in ▁Ott awa , ▁Ontario ) ▁is |
▁a ▁Canadian ▁musician ▁and ▁television ▁present er . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁radio ▁host ▁for ▁C J ET ▁in ▁Smith s ▁Falls , ▁Ontario . ▁After ▁this , ▁he ▁worked ▁at ▁C K WS - TV ▁King ston , ▁Ontario , ▁C K BY ▁radio ▁Ott awa , ▁and ▁C J CN ▁radio ▁in ▁Grand ▁Falls , ▁New found land . ▁He ▁moved ▁from ▁broadcast ing ▁to ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁earning ▁a ▁Jun o ▁Award ▁nom ination ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁recording ▁several ▁albums ▁to ▁date . ▁R ost ad ▁returned ▁to ▁broadcast ing ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁leading ▁to ▁his ▁most ▁prominent ▁work ▁as ▁host ▁of ▁C BC ▁Television ' s ▁On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again . ▁During ▁the ▁program ' s ▁run ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁interviewed ▁ordinary ▁people ▁throughout ▁Canada . ▁R ost ad ▁also ▁particip ates ▁in ▁various ▁char itable ▁events ▁such ▁as ▁tele th ons ▁for ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁Hospital ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Ontario ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ott awa ▁Heart ▁Institute , ▁among ▁others . ▁He ▁founded ▁the ▁G at ine au ▁Cl og ▁Music ▁Festival ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁T ucker ▁Lake ▁in ▁Low , ▁Quebec . ▁R ost ad ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Canadian ▁Forces ▁Honor ary ▁Colonel ▁for ▁the ▁ 8 ▁Air ▁Main tenance ▁Squadron . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁R ost ad |
▁currently ▁lives ▁in ▁Ott awa , ▁Ontario . ▁He ▁has ▁one ▁son , ▁Josh , ▁from ▁a ▁previous ▁marriage . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁recognition ▁▁ 1 9 8 1 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Jun o ▁Award ▁for ▁Country ▁Male ▁V ocal ist ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Performance ▁by ▁a ▁Host , ▁Inter view er ▁or ▁An chor ▁( Out ▁Our ▁Way ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Performance ▁by ▁a ▁Host , ▁Inter view er ▁or ▁An chor ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁Light ▁Information , ▁Var iety ▁or ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁Information , ▁Var iety ▁or ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁Information , ▁Var iety ▁or ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁Information , ▁Var iety ▁or ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series |
▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁or ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁nom ine e , ▁Gem ini ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Host ▁in ▁a ▁L ifest yle ▁or ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁Program ▁or ▁Series ▁( On ▁the ▁Road ▁Again ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Ind u cted ▁into ▁the ▁Ott awa ▁Valley ▁Country ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁appointed ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Country ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁C BC ▁Television : ▁Wayne ▁R ost ad ▁profile ▁ 2 , ▁accessed ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Wayne ▁R ost ad ▁on ▁My Space , ▁accessed ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁country ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁television ▁hosts ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Lan ark ▁County ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Ott awa <0x0A> </s> ▁Is ak ▁Gust af ▁Cl ason ▁( |
3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁Fal un ▁– ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁R ätt vik ) ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁architect . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Cl ason ▁studied ▁engineering ▁and ▁later ▁architecture ▁at ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁Stockholm , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁A . ▁T . ▁G eller sted t , ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁architect ural ▁school ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁headed ▁by ▁Fred rik ▁Wilhelm ▁Sch ol ander . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁royal ▁medal ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁and ▁studied ▁abroad ▁ 1 8 8 3 - 1 8 8 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁appointed ▁professor ▁of ▁architecture ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁and ▁became ▁first ▁survey or ▁in ▁the ▁Chief ▁Survey or ' s ▁Office ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁He ▁became ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Art ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁and ▁president ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁elected ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁ ▁Work ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁major ▁work ▁was ▁the ▁B ü ns ow ▁building ▁( 1 8 8 6 – 1 8 8 8 ) ▁at ▁Str and vä gen ▁in ▁Stockholm , ▁commissioned ▁by ▁the ▁saw mill ▁bar on ▁Friedrich ▁B ü ns ow ▁and ▁influenced ▁by |
▁French ▁Rena issance ▁architecture . ▁It ▁broke ▁new ▁ground ▁in ▁its ▁use ▁of ▁natural ▁material ▁throughout ▁( lim estone ▁and ▁br icks ) ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁pl aster ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁dominant ▁in ▁Swedish ▁architecture ▁until ▁that ▁point . ▁It ▁also ▁broke ▁against ▁convent ions ▁through ▁its ▁avoid ance ▁of ▁complete ▁symmetry . ▁He ▁also ▁built ▁Ö st erm al m shall en ▁( 1 8 8 9 ) ▁in ▁Stockholm ▁( the ▁indoor ▁market ▁at ▁Ö st erm al m st org ▁and , ▁together ▁with ▁Kas per ▁S ah lin ), ▁the ▁house ▁at ▁ 1 4 , ▁Ö ster l ång g atan ▁( 1 8 8 8 - 1 8 8 9 ), ▁and ▁the ▁Ad els v är d ▁House ▁at ▁Nor r str öm ▁in ▁Stockholm ▁( 1 8 8 9 ). ▁▁ ▁His ▁largest ▁commission ▁was ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁Museum ▁on ▁D j urg år den , ▁in ▁North ▁European ▁Rena issance ▁style , ▁which ▁he ▁began ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁M . ▁Is ae us ▁but ▁continued ▁alone ▁after ▁Is ae us ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁partly ▁finished ▁for ▁the ▁Stockholm ▁Exhib ition ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁and ▁completed ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁later . ▁ ▁Other ▁designs ▁include ▁the ▁Hall w yl ▁Palace , ▁also ▁in ▁Stockholm , ▁the ▁Rosen ▁house ▁at ▁Str and vä gen , ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁for ▁St änd ern as ▁all m än na ▁brand för s ä k |
ring , ▁an ▁insurance ▁company , ▁at ▁S ke pp s br on ▁in ▁the ▁Old ▁Town ▁of ▁Stockholm . ▁Cl ason ▁also ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁faç ade ▁of ▁Nor r lands ▁nation ▁in ▁U pp s ala . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Swedish ▁architect s ▁Category : K TH ▁Royal ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁al umn i ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Swedish ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : 1 8 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁Nor ra ▁be grav nings pl ats en ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Swedish ▁architect s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Fal un <0x0A> </s> ▁Tim ▁Cur ran ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Tim ▁Cur ran ▁( author ), ▁American ▁author ▁Tim ▁Cur ran ▁( Austral ian ▁rules ▁football er ), ▁former ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football er ▁Tim ▁Cur ran ▁( rug by ▁union ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁Australian ▁rugby ▁union ▁football er ▁Tim my ▁Cur ran , ▁sur fer ▁Tim ▁Cur ran , ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁on ▁the ▁TV ▁Series ▁Ter ra ▁Nova ▁Tim ▁Cur ran , ▁former ▁political ▁editor ▁of ▁Roll ▁Call ▁Tim ▁Cur ran , ▁pl aint iff ▁in ▁Cur ran ▁v . ▁Mount ▁Di ablo ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁Ren ate ▁J unk er ▁( born ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁ath lete . |
▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁long ▁jump ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Sp rem berg ▁Category : People ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Brand enburg ▁Category : G erman ▁female ▁long ▁jump ers ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Brand enburg ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athletes ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Team ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁B ela ▁V ista ▁do ▁Mar an h ão ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Mar an h ão ▁in ▁the ▁Nort heast ▁region ▁of ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁contains ▁a ▁small ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ba ix ada ▁Mar an hen se ▁Environmental ▁Protection ▁Area , ▁a ▁ ▁sustainable ▁use ▁conservation ▁unit ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁R ams ar ▁Site ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁Mar an h ão ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁Mar an h ão <0x0A> </s> ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁Year ▁ 5 4 9 ▁( D X LI X ) ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁year ▁starting ▁on ▁Friday ▁( link ▁will ▁display ▁the ▁full ▁calendar ) ▁of ▁the ▁Julian ▁calendar . ▁The ▁denom ination ▁ 5 4 9 ▁for ▁this ▁year |
▁has ▁been ▁used ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁medieval ▁period , ▁when ▁the ▁An no ▁Dom ini ▁calendar ▁era ▁became ▁the ▁preval ent ▁method ▁in ▁Europe ▁for ▁n aming ▁years . ▁ ▁Events ▁▁ ▁By ▁place ▁▁ ▁By z antine ▁Empire ▁▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Rome : ▁The ▁Ost rog oth s ▁under ▁Tot ila ▁bes ie ge ▁Rome ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁time , ▁after ▁Bel is arius ▁has ▁returned ▁to ▁Constant in ople . ▁He ▁offers ▁a ▁peace ▁agreement , ▁but ▁this ▁is ▁rejected ▁by ▁Emperor ▁Just inian ▁I . ▁ ▁Tot ila ▁conqu ers ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Per ug ia ▁( Cent ral ▁Italy ) ▁and ▁stations ▁a ▁G oth ic ▁g arr ison . ▁He ▁takes ▁b ishop ▁Her cul an us ▁prisoner , ▁and ▁orders ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁completely ▁fl ay ed . ▁The ▁Ost rog oth ▁soldier ▁asked ▁to ▁perform ▁this ▁gru esome ▁execution ▁shows ▁pity , ▁and ▁dec ap it ates ▁Her cul an us ▁before ▁the ▁skin ▁on ▁every ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁body ▁is ▁removed . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Circ us ▁Max im us , ▁first ▁and ▁largest ▁circ us ▁in ▁Rome , ▁the ▁last ▁char iot ▁races ▁are ▁held . ▁▁ ▁Europe ▁▁ ▁January ▁- ▁At ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁C ii il ▁Con aire ▁in ▁Ireland , ▁A il ill ▁In band a ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁are ▁defeated ▁and ▁killed . ▁ ▁Ag ila ▁I ▁succeed s ▁The ud ig is el ▁as ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁Vis ig oth s , ▁after ▁he ▁is ▁murdered ▁by ▁a |
▁group ▁of ▁conspir ators ▁during ▁a ▁ban quet ▁in ▁Sev ille . ▁▁ ▁Pers ia ▁▁ ▁Spring ▁– ▁L az ic ▁War : ▁The ▁By z antine ▁army ▁under ▁B ess as ▁comb ines ▁forces ▁with ▁King ▁G ub az es ▁II , ▁and ▁defe ats ▁the ▁Pers ians ▁in ▁L az ica ▁( mod ern ▁Georgia ) ▁in ▁a ▁surprise ▁attack . ▁The ▁survivors ▁retreat ▁into ▁C au cas ian ▁I ber ia . ▁ ▁The ▁Romans ▁un success fully ▁bes ie ge ▁Pet ra , ▁L az ica . ▁▁ ▁Asia ▁▁ ▁J ian wen ▁Di ▁succeed s ▁his ▁father ▁Wu ▁Di ▁as ▁emperor ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁D yn asty ▁( Ch ina ). ▁▁ ▁By ▁topic ▁▁ ▁Relig ion ▁▁ ▁c . ▁ 5 4 9 – 5 6 4 ▁– ▁Trans fig uration ▁of ▁Christ , ▁m osa ic ▁in ▁the ▁ap se , ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁Virgin , ▁Saint ▁Catherine ' s ▁Mon aster y ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁is ▁made . ▁ ▁Fifth ▁Council ▁of ▁Or lé ans : ▁N ine ▁arch b ish ops ▁and ▁forty - one ▁b ish ops ▁pron ounce ▁an ▁an at he ma ▁against ▁the ▁errors ▁of ▁N est or ius ▁and ▁E uty ches . ▁▁ ▁Bishop ▁Max im ian us ▁of ▁R aven na ▁con sec r ates ▁the ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁Sant ' Ap oll in are ▁in ▁Cl asse . ▁ ▁The ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁O ss ory ▁( which ▁still ▁exists ) |
▁is ▁founded ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁Birth s ▁ ▁Ab ū ▁L ah ab , ▁uncle ▁and ▁sta unch ▁critic ▁of ▁prop het ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Muhammad ▁( d . ▁ 6 2 4 ) ▁ ▁J iz ang , ▁Chinese ▁Budd hist ▁mon k ▁( d . ▁ 6 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁▁ ▁January ▁– ▁A il ill ▁In band a , ▁king ▁of ▁Con n acht ▁( I re land ) ▁( k illed ▁in ▁battle ) ▁ ▁February ▁ 1 6 ▁– ▁Z hu ▁Y i , ▁official ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁dyn asty ▁( b . ▁ 4 8 3 ) ▁ ▁December ▁ 1 2 ▁– ▁Finn ian ▁of ▁Cl on ard , ▁Irish ▁mon astic ▁saint ▁( b . ▁ 4 7 0 ) ▁exact ▁date ▁unknown ▁C iar án ▁of ▁Cl on mac no ise , ▁Irish ▁mon astic ▁saint ▁G ao ▁Chen g , ▁official ▁and ▁reg ent ▁of ▁Eastern ▁We i ▁( b . ▁ 5 2 1 ) ▁Her cul an us , ▁b ishop ▁of ▁Per ug ia ▁The ud ig is el , ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁Vis ig oth s ▁( ass ass inated ) ▁T ú ath al ▁M á el gar b , ▁king ▁of ▁T ara ▁( I re land ) ▁Wu ▁Di , ▁emperor ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁dyn asty ▁( b . ▁ 4 6 4 ) ▁X iao ▁Z heng de , ▁prince ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁dyn asty ▁X u ▁Z ha ope |
i , ▁princess ▁of ▁the ▁Li ang ▁dyn asty ▁ ▁Re ferences <0x0A> </s> ▁Dow nt own ▁New ▁I ber ia ▁Commercial ▁Historic ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁district ▁in ▁downtown ▁New ▁I ber ia , ▁Louisiana , ▁located ▁along ▁Main ▁Street ▁and ▁St . ▁Peter ▁Street , ▁from ▁Jefferson ▁Street ▁to ▁Week s ▁Street . ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁area ▁compris es ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 2 1 ▁buildings , ▁of ▁which ▁ 7 3 ▁are ▁considered ▁contributing ▁properties , ▁and ▁ 9 ▁are ▁also ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁as ▁individual ▁properties ▁or ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁East ▁Main ▁Street ▁Historic ▁District . ▁Building ▁dates ▁vary ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁represent ▁relevant ▁structures ▁related ▁to ▁commerce ▁and ▁entertainment / re cre ation . ▁ ▁Despite ▁being ▁located ▁inside ▁the ▁district ▁area , ▁the ▁individually ▁listed ▁The ▁Magn ol ias ▁is ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁Dow nt own ▁New ▁I ber ia ▁Commercial ▁Historic ▁District , ▁as ▁the ▁building ▁is ▁not ▁commerce ▁related . ▁The ▁house ▁is ▁therefore ▁considered ▁a ▁non - cont ribut ing ▁property . ▁ ▁The ▁historic ▁district ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Contribut ing ▁Properties ▁The ▁historical ▁district ▁contains ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 7 3 ▁contributing ▁properties , ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 7 : ▁ ▁NEW ▁I BER IA ▁( ste amb |
o at ) ▁ship w reck , ▁. ▁ ▁Also ▁individually ▁listed . ▁ ▁Main ▁Street ▁ ▁Week s ▁Street ▁and ▁Julia ▁Street ▁ ▁St . ▁Peter ▁Street ▁and ▁Jefferson ▁Street ▁ ▁I ber ia ▁Street , ▁Bur ke ▁Street ▁and ▁Bridge ▁Street ▁ ▁Church ▁Al ley ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁list ings ▁in ▁I ber ia ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana ▁East ▁Main ▁Street ▁Historic ▁District ▁Pas cal ▁Building ▁Ev ang eline ▁Theater ▁John ▁R . ▁Taylor ▁Drug store ▁People ' s ▁National ▁Bank ▁W orm ser ' s ▁Department ▁Store ▁First ▁United ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁NEW ▁I BER IA ▁( ste amb o at ) ▁ship w reck ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁I ber ia ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana <0x0A> </s> ▁Go ▁with ▁Me ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁novel ▁by ▁American ▁writer ▁Castle ▁Fre eman , ▁Jr .. ▁It ▁is ▁Castle ▁Fre eman ' s ▁third ▁novel ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁by ▁Ste er for th ▁Press ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁This ▁short ▁novel ▁of ▁only ▁ 1 6 0 ▁pages ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁back wood s ▁Verm ont ▁where ▁the ▁local ▁vill ain , ▁Black way , ▁is ▁making ▁life ▁hell ish ▁for ▁L ill ian , ▁a ▁young ▁woman ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁area . ▁Her ▁boyfriend ▁has ▁fled ▁the ▁state |
▁in ▁fear , ▁and ▁local ▁law ▁enforcement ▁can ▁do ▁nothing ▁to ▁protect ▁her . ▁She ▁res olves ▁to ▁stand ▁her ▁ground , ▁and ▁to ▁fight ▁back . ▁L ill ian ▁en lists ▁the ▁powerful ▁br ute ▁N ate ▁and ▁the ▁w ily ▁old - timer ▁Les ter ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁fight ▁to ▁her ▁tor ment er ▁whilst ▁an ▁ecc entric ▁Greek ▁ch orus ▁of ▁locals ▁p onders ▁her ▁likely ▁fate . ▁ ▁Insp iration ▁The ▁novel ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Mal ory ' s ▁King ▁Arthur ▁T ales , ▁specifically ▁" The ▁T ale ▁of ▁Sir ▁G are th ▁of ▁Or k ney ". ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁called ▁it ▁" a ▁novel ▁with ▁echo es ▁of ▁Del iver ance ▁and ▁C orm ac ▁McC arth y ," ▁and ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁praise ▁the ▁author ▁for ▁capt uring ▁" the ▁feel ▁of ▁played - out ▁Verm ont ▁towns ▁and ▁people , ▁his ▁dialogue ▁has ▁a ▁ter se , ▁almost ▁hum orous , ▁cad ence ." ▁People ▁agreed , ▁writing ▁that ▁" F re eman ▁has ▁a ▁flaw less ▁ear ▁for ▁dialogue ▁and ▁a ▁sharp ▁eye ▁for ▁qu ir ky ▁detail ." ▁O : ▁The ▁Op rah ▁Magazine ▁called ▁it ▁an ▁" ele g ant ▁little ▁thr iller ▁about ▁c unning ▁versus ▁cruel ty ... This ▁is ▁a ▁met ic ulous ▁New ▁England ▁mini ature , ▁with ▁not ▁a ▁wasted ▁word ." ▁The ▁Boston ▁Gl obe ▁called ▁it ▁" a ▁gem ▁that ▁spark les ▁with ▁s ly ▁insight ▁and ▁cuts ▁like |
▁a ▁knife ." ▁Matthew ▁Lew in ▁of ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁wrote , ▁" This ▁unusual ▁little ▁gem ▁of ▁a ▁book ▁is ▁part ▁comic ▁rom p ▁and ▁part ▁nail - bit ing ▁thr iller " ▁and ▁concluded ▁that ▁" Cast le ▁Fre eman ▁writes ▁with ▁both ▁w it ▁and ▁a ▁deep ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁psy che , ▁and ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁che at ▁us ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁dramatic ▁clim ax ." ▁ ▁Ad apt ation ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁film ▁Black way ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁book . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁Go ▁with ▁Me ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁some ▁markets ▁with ▁that ▁title . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁book group . info : ▁interview : ▁Castle ▁Fre eman ▁A ▁Chat ▁with ▁Castle ▁Fre eman , ▁Jr ▁Inter view : ▁Castle ▁Fre eman , ▁author ▁of ▁Go ▁with ▁Me ▁ ▁Ed itions ▁▁ ▁Ste er for th ▁Press ▁( First ▁Edition , ▁Hard back , ▁ ▁US , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁▁ ▁Harper ▁Per ennial ▁( P aper back , ▁US , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁▁ ▁D uck worth ▁( P aper back , ▁UK , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁American ▁novels ▁Category : N ov els ▁set ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁Category : American ▁thr iller ▁novels ▁Category : American ▁novels ▁adapted ▁into ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁was ▁a ▁vintage ▁guitar ▁shop ▁located ▁in |
▁Las ▁Vegas , ▁Nevada , ▁owned ▁by ▁husband ▁and ▁wife , ▁Jesse ▁and ▁R ox ie ▁Am or oso . ▁The ▁shop ▁was ▁well ▁known ▁having ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁collection ▁of ▁vintage ▁gu it ars ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁bo asted ▁a ▁client ▁list ▁of ▁cele brit ies , ▁which ▁includes ▁Carlos ▁Sant ana ▁and ▁Imagine ▁Drag ons . ▁Own er ▁Jesse ▁Am or oso ▁has ▁appeared ▁several ▁times ▁as ▁the ▁vintage ▁guitar ▁expert ▁on ▁the ▁History ▁Channel ' s ▁hit ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁Pa wn ▁Stars . ▁The ▁shop ▁closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁following ▁a ▁prolong ed ▁decline ▁in ▁other ▁business ▁vent ures ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁Am or os os . ▁ ▁History ▁Cow town ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁by ▁Mark ▁Chat field ▁in ▁the ▁Sh apter ▁Center ▁strip ▁m all ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁R t . ▁ 1 6 1 ▁and ▁N . ▁M ead ows ▁Bl vd ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁Columb us , ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁store ▁was ▁operated ▁by ▁Chat field , ▁who ▁also ▁tou red ▁as ▁Bob ▁Seg er ' s ▁guitar ist , ▁until ▁he ▁sold ▁the ▁business ▁to ▁long time ▁employees ▁Jesse ▁and ▁R ox ie ▁Am or oso ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁After ▁own ing ▁the ▁store ▁for ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year , ▁Jesse ▁and ▁R ox ie ▁Am or oso ▁moved ▁Cow town ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁district ▁of ▁downtown ▁Las ▁Vegas . ▁The ▁shop ▁was |
▁now ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁Gold ▁& ▁Silver ▁Pa wn ▁Shop , ▁where ▁Am or oso ▁continues ▁to ▁do ▁app rais als ▁for ▁Pa wn ▁Stars . ▁With ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁shows ▁like ▁Pa wn ▁Stars , ▁and ▁American ▁Rest oration , ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁fil med ▁in ▁downtown ▁Las ▁Vegas , ▁there ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁rum ors ▁of ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁acqu iring ▁their ▁own ▁reality ▁television ▁series . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Cow town ▁became ▁the ▁official ▁broker ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁F ender ▁Str at oc aster ▁once ▁owned ▁by ▁Jim i ▁Hend rix . ▁Jesse ▁Am or oso ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁vintage ▁guitar ▁experts ▁to ▁app raise ▁the ▁guitar , ▁after ▁which ▁was ▁aut hent icated ▁by ▁the ▁specific ▁modifications ▁made ▁by ▁Hend rix ▁personally , ▁its ▁unusual ▁green ▁pick guard , ▁and ▁a ▁tell t ale ▁black ▁mark ▁on ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁the ▁electron ics ▁comp artment . ▁These ▁details ▁were ▁confirmed ▁by ▁Am or oso ▁along ▁with ▁Hend rix ' s ▁brother , ▁Leon , ▁who ▁remembered ▁seeing ▁the ▁guitar ▁around ▁the ▁apartment ▁he ▁shared ▁with ▁Jim i ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁The ▁guitar ▁originally ▁belonged ▁to ▁studio ▁head ▁Henry ▁" J ug gy " ▁Murray ▁at ▁Jug gy ▁Sound . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁Hend rix ▁used ▁the ▁guitar ▁to ▁record ▁Blues ▁in ▁ ¾ " ▁and ▁My ▁Friend ▁for ▁a ▁No el ▁Red ding ▁solo ▁album . ▁▁▁ ▁When ▁Cow |
town ▁Gu it ars ▁rel oc ated ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁guitar ist ▁Jake ▁E . ▁Lee ▁agreed ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁rib bon ▁at ▁the ▁grand ▁re op ening ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Jesse ▁and ▁the ▁Str at oc aster ▁visited ▁Se ym our ▁Duncan ▁who ▁had ▁originally ▁custom ▁wound ▁the ▁pick ups ▁for ▁Hend rix ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Duncan ▁aut hent icated ▁the ▁pick ups ▁and ▁pick guard . ▁ ▁Own ers ▁Jesse ▁and ▁R ox ie ▁Am or oso ▁are ▁musicians ▁who ▁have ▁perform ▁together ▁in ▁the ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁based ▁rock ▁bands ▁C razy ▁Chief , ▁P ig as us , ▁and ▁The ▁L oud ▁P ipes . ▁They ▁were ▁married ▁in ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁R ox ie ' s ▁parents ▁on ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Together , ▁they ▁have ▁three ▁children , ▁one ▁of ▁whom ▁is ▁named ▁Gib son ▁Felix ▁after ▁the ▁famous ▁guitar ▁manufacturer . ▁Self - pro claimed ▁" s oul - mates ," ▁the ▁couple ▁have ▁been ▁known ▁to ▁dress ▁similarly ▁in ▁public ▁while ▁together . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁couple ▁are ▁headed ▁toward ▁divorce . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Jesse ▁and ▁R ox ie ▁opened ▁The ▁Club house , ▁a ▁large ▁rehe ars al ▁facility ▁that ▁was ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁couple ' s ▁production ▁company ▁Rev enge ▁Ther apy ▁Produ ctions . ▁The ▁ 3 |
▁story ▁building ▁contained ▁eight ▁rehe ars al ▁rooms ▁of ▁varying ▁sizes , ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁large ▁rehe ars al ▁room ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁floor ▁equipped ▁with ▁a ▁considerable ▁amount ▁of ▁amen ities ▁and ▁a ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁St rip . ▁E pic ▁Records ▁band ▁M ud v ay ne ▁was ▁a ▁client ▁of ▁The ▁Club house ▁before ▁it ▁eventually ▁closed ▁when ▁a ▁partner ▁of ▁the ▁Am or oso ' s ▁pulled ▁out . ▁ ▁Jesse ▁Am or oso ▁is ▁a ▁guitar ist , ▁formerly ▁of ▁C razy ▁Chief , ▁The ▁L oud ▁P ipes , ▁C yan ide ▁Blues , ▁and ▁P ig as us , ▁a ▁band ▁Jesse ▁once ▁described ▁as ▁sound ing ▁like ▁" God ▁screaming ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁his ▁lungs ". ▁Jesse ▁is ▁also ▁co - owner ▁of ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁with ▁wife ▁R ox ie . ▁His ▁main ▁expertise ▁lies ▁in ▁vintage ▁string ed ▁instruments ▁and ▁ampl ifiers , ▁which ▁he ▁frequently ▁app ra ises ▁for ▁the ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁Pa wn ▁Stars ▁on ▁the ▁History ▁Channel . ▁When ▁asked ▁by ▁the ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Sun ▁to ▁comment ▁on ▁his ▁marriage , ▁Jesse ▁said , ▁" It ' s ▁kind ▁of ▁a ▁blessing ▁and ▁a ▁curse , ▁because ▁you ’ re ▁in ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁someone ▁who ' s ▁a ▁musician ▁and ▁understands ▁being ▁in ▁a ▁band ▁and ▁stuff , ▁but ▁you ▁also ▁don ’ t ▁have ▁that ▁voice ▁of ▁reason ▁that ▁some ▁people ▁do ." ▁ ▁Jennifer ▁" R ox ie " ▁Am or |
oso ▁moved ▁to ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁from ▁Death ▁Valley , ▁CA ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁began ▁designing ▁cost umes ▁for ▁cas inos ▁around ▁town ▁before ▁starting ▁a ▁screen ▁printing ▁business . ▁She ▁became ▁well ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁live ▁music ▁promot er ▁who ▁has ▁book ed ▁for ▁several ▁local ▁ven ues ▁around ▁Las ▁Vegas , ▁which ▁include ▁Bo om ers ▁Bar , ▁East ▁Bon anza ▁Theatre , ▁Texas ▁Station ▁Casino ' s ▁South ▁Pad re ▁L ounge , ▁The ▁Road house ▁Casino , ▁S qu ig gy ' s ▁Bar , ▁The ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Country ▁Sal oon , ▁and ▁The ▁Club house . ▁Her ▁color ful ▁personality ▁earned ▁her ▁a ▁reputation ▁among ▁her ▁peers ▁in ▁Las ▁Vegas . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁R ox ie ▁made ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁City Life ' s ▁top ▁ 5 ▁list ▁of ▁" W omen ▁in ▁the ▁Local ▁Music ▁Sc ene ▁You ▁Def initely ▁Don ' t ▁Want ▁to ▁P iss ▁Off ". ▁R ox ie ▁was ▁also ▁Vice ▁Chair ▁of ▁the ▁Clark ▁County ▁Animal ▁Control ▁Advis ory ▁Committee ▁in ▁Las ▁Vegas . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁R ox ie ▁Am or oso ▁became ▁part ▁owner ▁and ▁managing ▁member ▁of ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Vegas , ▁a ▁popular ▁bar ▁and ▁music ▁venue ▁in ▁Dow nt own ▁Las ▁Vegas . ▁This ▁change ▁in ▁ownership ▁was ▁announced ▁in ▁the ▁press ▁the ▁following ▁August . ▁The ▁announcement ▁delay ▁can ▁be ▁attributed ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁issues ▁pl ag uing ▁the ▁bar |
, ▁including ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Pan tera / Hel ly eah ▁drum mer ▁V inn ie ▁Paul ▁who ▁was ▁seen ▁part ying ▁at ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁hours ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁passing . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁was ▁served ▁an ▁ev iction ▁notice ▁c iting ▁" le wd ▁activity " ▁and ▁" dis order ". ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Met ropolitan ▁Police ▁confirmed ▁several ▁visits ▁to ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Vegas , ▁with ▁one ▁investigation ▁revealing ▁an ▁employee ▁selling ▁drugs ▁from ▁within ▁the ▁business . ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁a ▁second ▁ev iction ▁notice ▁was ▁posted ▁on ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Vegas , ▁effectively ▁shut ter ing ▁the ▁business . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁City ▁Council ▁met ▁to ▁discuss ▁possible ▁action ▁regarding ▁the ▁approval ▁of ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁Las ▁Vegas ' s ▁t aver n - limited ▁license , ▁which ▁govern s ▁alcohol ▁be verage ▁sales . ▁The ▁Council ▁voted ▁to ▁rev oke ▁R ox ie ▁Am or oso ' s ▁temporary ▁license ▁and ▁deny ▁her ▁application ▁for ▁a ▁permanent ▁license ▁based ▁on ▁several ▁city ▁and ▁county ▁viol ations . ▁In ▁the ▁meeting , ▁City ▁of ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Deputy ▁Planning ▁Director ▁Mary ▁Mc El h one ▁remarked : In ▁the ▁eight ▁short ▁months ▁that ▁this ▁operation ▁has ▁been ▁open , ▁the ▁Beaut y ▁Bar ▁has ▁had ▁problems ▁with ▁the ▁security ▁staff ▁and ▁general ▁management ▁obey ing ▁laws |
▁and ▁regulations , ▁including ▁inc id ences ▁that ▁have ▁involved ▁[ L as ▁Vegas ▁Met ropolitan ▁Police ] ▁and ▁have ▁included ▁lack ▁of ▁cooperation . ▁Ms . ▁Am or oso ▁has ▁not ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁operating ▁a ▁night ▁club ▁with ▁a ▁T aver n - Lim ited ▁License . ▁ ▁Staff ▁ ▁Davis ▁– ▁On site ▁Gu itar ▁Rep air / L uth ier ▁ ▁C razy ▁Chief ▁Along ▁with ▁the ▁Am or os os , ▁C razy ▁Chief , ▁now ▁def unct , ▁included ▁members ▁of ▁previous ▁notable ▁bands , ▁prompt ing ▁the ▁press ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁them ▁as ▁a ▁local ▁" super ▁group ". ▁S inger ▁D rew ▁Johnson ▁also ▁front s ▁Mo jo ▁R ising , ▁a ▁Do ors ▁cover ▁band , ▁while ▁drum mer ▁Dan ▁Con way ▁performed ▁on ▁tour ▁with ▁W arr ant ▁and ▁rhythm ▁guitar ist ▁Nick ▁Thompson ▁performed ▁in ▁D irty ▁Som eth ings , ▁which ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁Red ▁Fe ather ▁shortly ▁before ▁dis band ing . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁City Life ▁announced ▁plans ▁for ▁Black ▁Cam aro ' s ▁Brian ▁G arth ▁to ▁move ▁out ▁of ▁Chrome ▁Were w olf , ▁his ▁studio ▁of ▁two ▁years , ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁Am or oso ' s ▁house ▁to ▁record ▁C razy ▁Chief ' s ▁debut ▁album . ▁ ▁Events ▁▁ ▁When ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁rel oc ated ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁guitar ist ▁Jake ▁E . ▁Lee ▁agreed |
▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁rib bon ▁at ▁the ▁grand ▁re op ening ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Cow town ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁monthly ▁First ▁Friday ▁event ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁district ▁of ▁Las ▁Vegas . ▁The ▁event ▁featured ▁E ch op ark ▁gu it ars ▁by ▁internation ally ▁renown ed ▁guitar ▁builder ▁Gabriel ▁Cur rie . ▁The ▁hand ▁craft ed ▁gu it ars ▁were ▁made ▁famous ▁by ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Jak ob ▁Dylan , ▁Brad ▁Whit ford , ▁and ▁Joe ▁Perry ▁of ▁A eros m ith , ▁and ▁Jon ny ▁" 2 ▁B ags " ▁W ick ers ham ▁of ▁Social ▁Dist ortion . The ▁success ▁of ▁this ▁event ▁sp ur red ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁bringing ▁in ▁more ▁guitar ▁m akers ▁to ▁future ▁events ▁as ▁owner ▁Jesse ▁Am or oso ▁tells ▁a ▁reporter ▁for ▁Sym phony ▁Park , ▁" It ▁was ▁great ▁to ▁have ▁Gabriel ▁here ▁in ▁person ▁for ▁a ▁meet ▁and ▁gre et , ▁and ▁we ’ re ▁excited ▁to ▁continue ▁hosting ▁new ▁guests ▁at ▁Cow town ▁every ▁First ▁Friday .” ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Cow town ▁hosted ▁an ▁event ▁to ▁celebrate ▁the ▁premi ere ▁of ▁their ▁episode ▁of ▁S ail or ▁Jerry ' s ▁Hold ▁Fast ▁artist ▁documentary ▁series . ▁According ▁to ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Week ly , ▁the ▁project ▁seeks ▁out ▁“ ind ivid uals ▁and ▁businesses ▁who ▁have ▁dedicated ▁themselves ▁to ▁master ing ▁their ▁field ▁and ▁then ▁fear lessly ▁purs ued ▁its ▁innovation ▁like |
▁Norman ▁' S ail or ▁Jerry ' ▁Collins ▁did ▁with ▁tattoo ing .” ▁The ▁event ▁featured ▁Las ▁Vegas ' ▁Pick ▁Your ▁Po ison ▁B ake ▁Shop , ▁Studio ▁ 2 1 ▁T atto o , ▁and ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars . ▁Cow town ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁don ation ▁center ▁for ▁used ▁bicy cles ▁at ▁this ▁event . ▁ ▁Ex ile ▁On ▁Main ▁Street ▁On ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁R ox ie ▁and ▁Jesse ▁opened ▁a ▁vintage ▁clothing ▁and ▁access ory ▁bout ique ▁in ▁the ▁suite ▁next ▁to ▁Cow town . ▁Ex ile ▁On ▁Main ▁Street ▁bor rows ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁Roll ing ▁St ones ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁pun ▁on ▁its ▁location ▁on ▁Main ▁St . ▁in ▁Las ▁Vegas . ▁The ▁opening ▁night ▁event ▁was ▁sponsored ▁by ▁S ail or ▁Jerry ▁Rum ▁with ▁musical ▁guest ▁Jon ny ▁“ 2 ▁B ags ” ▁W ick ers ham ▁of ▁soc al ▁punk ▁bands ▁Social ▁Dist ortion ▁and ▁U . S . ▁B om bs ▁performing ▁a ▁live ▁set . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Ex ile ▁On ▁Main ▁Street ▁shut tered ▁its ▁doors . ▁ ▁Phil anth ropy ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁a ▁friend ▁inspired ▁R ox ie ▁to ▁host ▁a ▁fund raising ▁event ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁proceed s ▁would ▁go ▁towards ▁building ▁a ▁well ▁in ▁Africa . ▁Am or oso ▁said ▁in ▁an ▁interview , ▁“ It ▁only ▁takes ▁$ 2 , 0 0 0 |
▁to ▁build ▁a ▁well ▁that ▁will ▁[ prov ide ] ▁ 9 0 0 ▁people — 9 0 0 ▁babies , ▁mothers , ▁f athers , ▁sisters ▁and ▁brothers — with ▁water ... So , ▁I ▁was ▁like , ▁Hey ... I ▁want ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁well .” ▁Along ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁her ▁sister ▁at ▁North west ▁Naz are ne ▁University , ▁the ▁event ▁helped ▁Am or oso ▁raise ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁$ 2 5 0 0 ▁toward ▁the ▁Comp ass ion ▁for ▁Africa ▁organization . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Cow town ▁team ed ▁up ▁with ▁Title ▁I ▁Hope ▁and ▁Out back ▁Ste ak house ▁for ▁a ▁food ▁and ▁hy g iene ▁products ▁drive ▁to ▁benefit ▁the ▁Vegas ▁Valley ' s ▁homeless ▁youth . ▁Jesse ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁on ▁Las ▁Vegas ' ▁Channel ▁ 8 ▁news ▁promoting ▁the ▁cause . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁partnership ▁between ▁shop ▁owners ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 b ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Arts ▁District ▁Ne ighbor hood ▁Association ▁and ▁Aut ism ▁Community ▁Trust , ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Jesse ▁appeared ▁on ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Channel ▁ 1 3 ' s ▁Morning ▁Bl end ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Don ny ▁O sm ond ▁to ▁promote ▁Gu it ars ▁For ▁Aut ism , ▁a ▁charity ▁that ▁benefits ▁children ▁with ▁aut ism . ▁Cow town ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁drop ▁off ▁location ▁for ▁both ▁guitar ▁and ▁cash ▁don ations ▁for ▁the ▁charity . ▁When ▁asked ▁in ▁the ▁interview ▁how ▁Cow town ▁became ▁involved |
▁in ▁the ▁charity , ▁Jesse ▁tells ▁O sm ond , ▁" It ' s ▁something ▁we ' re ▁passionate ▁about ▁at ▁the ▁shop , ▁we ▁have ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁friends ▁with ▁kids ▁who ▁have ▁aut ism ." ▁ ▁R ox ie ▁later ▁told ▁the ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Business ▁Press , ▁" we ' re ▁determined ▁to ▁collect ▁ 1 0 0 ▁gu it ars ... Whe ther ▁we ▁have ▁to ▁use ▁gu it ars ▁from ▁my ▁husband ' s ▁collection ▁or ▁raise ▁money ▁to ▁purchase ▁additional ▁gu it ars , ▁we ' ll ▁get ▁them ." ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Best ▁Music ▁Shop ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁– ▁Vegas ▁SE V EN ▁ ▁Best ▁Restaur ant ▁to ▁Bl ow ▁Your ▁Pay check ▁– ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Week ly ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Ex ile ▁received ▁a ▁Best ▁of ▁The ▁City ▁award ▁from ▁Vegas ▁Seven ▁Magazine . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Ex ile ▁was ▁awarded ▁" best ▁vintage ▁store " ▁in ▁Nevada ▁Public ▁Radio ▁publication ▁Des ert ▁Compan ion ' s ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Best ▁of ▁the ▁City . ▁ ▁Pa wn ▁Stars ▁episodes ▁No ▁Sh oes , ▁No ▁Sh irt , ▁No ▁Service ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Hot ▁Air ▁Buff oon ▁( E pisode ▁ 2 . 5 ) ▁Ch um dog ▁Mill ion aire ▁( E pisode ▁ 3 . 2 2 ) ▁St rike ▁a ▁Ch ord ▁( E pisode ▁ 4 |
. 1 0 ) ▁Honor ▁They ▁Father ▁( E pisode ▁ 4 . 3 4 ) ▁Face ▁the ▁Music ▁( E pisode ▁ 4 . 3 8 ) ▁Buy er ▁Bew are ▁( E pisode ▁ 5 . 5 ) ▁Les ▁is ▁More ▁( E pisode ▁ 5 . 1 8 ) ▁K ick ▁the ▁Can ▁( E pisode ▁ 5 . 5 1 ) ▁On ▁Guard ▁( E pisode ▁ 6 . 7 ) ▁Little ▁Pa wn ▁Shop ▁of ▁Hor rors ▁( E pisode ▁ 6 . 1 7 ) ▁Book ▁' Em ▁Rick ▁( E pisode ▁ 6 . 3 1 ) ▁Te e ' d ▁Off ▁( E pisode ▁ 8 . 5 0 ) ▁P on ies ▁and ▁Ph on ies ▁( E pisode ▁ 8 . 5 5 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁S ail or ▁Jerry ' s ▁Hold ▁Fast ▁featuring ▁Cow town ▁Gu it ars ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁F ender ▁Str at oc aster ▁owned ▁by ▁Jim i ▁Hend rix ▁Cow town ▁grand ▁re op ening ▁at ▁On eth irty eight . org ▁E ch op ark ▁Gu it ars ▁Jesse ▁at ▁LA ▁A mp ▁Show ▁with ▁E ch op ark ▁Gu it ars ▁Morning ▁Bl end ▁with ▁Don nie ▁O sm ond ▁Pa wn ▁Stars ▁Exper ts ▁ ▁Category : Ret ail ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Las ▁Vegas ▁Category : G uit ars <0x0A> </s> ▁Terry ▁Moore ▁or |
▁Ter ence ▁Moore ▁( born ▁St ▁Alb ans , ▁England ) ▁is ▁a ▁New ▁Zealand ▁musician , ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁The ▁Ch ills , ▁for ▁whom ▁he ▁played ▁bass ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 1 – 8 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 6 ▁and ▁again ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 1 - 9 3 . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁recording ▁engineer ▁and ▁producer ▁in ▁N Z , ▁UK ▁and ▁US , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁other ▁bands , ▁most ▁notably ▁the ▁sem inal ▁B ored ▁Games , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁alongside ▁future ▁Str ait j acket ▁F its ▁and ▁D immer ▁leader ▁Sh ay ne ▁Carter . ▁Disc ography ▁http :// www . dis c ogs . com / art ist / 2 7 5 3 6 4 ▁ ▁Moore ▁left ▁the ▁music ▁industry ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁Internet ▁start - ups , ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁financial ▁services . ▁He ▁now ▁res ides ▁in ▁Brooklyn ▁and ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁Nick y ▁O ' Conn or . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁musicians ▁Category : The ▁Ch ills ▁members ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Wu ▁Di ▁( ; ▁born ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁P anz h ih ua , ▁S ich uan ) ▁is ▁a ▁female ▁Chinese ▁soft ball |
▁player ▁who ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Olympic ▁soft ball ▁competition ▁she ▁finished ▁fourth ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁team . ▁She ▁played ▁four ▁matches ▁as ▁inf iel der . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁soft ball ▁players ▁of ▁China ▁Category : People ▁from ▁P anz h ih ua ▁Category : Soft ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Soft ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁soft ball ▁Category : Soft ball ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁S ich uan ▁Category : Soft ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁Joseph ▁Hub ert us ▁Pil ates ▁( 9 ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁physical ▁trainer , ▁and ▁notable ▁for ▁having ▁invented ▁and ▁promoted ▁the ▁Pil ates ▁method ▁of ▁physical ▁fitness . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Joseph ▁H . ▁Pil ates ▁was ▁born ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁in ▁M ön chen gl ad bach , ▁Germany |
. ▁His ▁father ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Greece , ▁Heinrich ▁Friedrich ▁Pil ates , ▁was ▁a ▁metal ▁worker ▁and ▁enthusi astic ▁gym n ast , ▁and ▁his ▁German - born ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁house w ife . ▁▁ ▁Pil ates ▁was ▁a ▁sick ly ▁child . ▁He ▁suffered ▁from ▁ast h ma , ▁r ickets , ▁and ▁r he um atic ▁fever , ▁and ▁he ▁dedicated ▁his ▁entire ▁life ▁to ▁improving ▁his ▁physical ▁strength . ▁He ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁to ▁gym n ast ics ▁and ▁body - building , ▁and ▁to ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁like ▁j iu - j its u ▁and ▁box ing . ▁By ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁fit ▁enough ▁to ▁pose ▁for ▁an atom ical ▁charts . ▁Pil ates ▁came ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁" mod ern " ▁life - style , ▁bad ▁post ure , ▁and ▁in efficient ▁breathing ▁lay ▁at ▁the ▁roots ▁of ▁poor ▁health . ▁He ▁ultimately ▁dev ised ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁exercises ▁and ▁training ▁techniques , ▁and ▁engine ered ▁all ▁the ▁equipment , ▁specific ations , ▁and ▁tun ing ▁required ▁to ▁teach ▁his ▁methods ▁properly . ▁ ▁Pil ates ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁gym n ast ▁and ▁body builder , ▁but ▁when ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁he ▁earned ▁a ▁living ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁box er , ▁a ▁circ us - per former , ▁and ▁a ▁self - def ense ▁trainer ▁at ▁police ▁schools ▁and ▁Scotland ▁Y ard . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁the |
▁British ▁authorities ▁intern ed ▁him , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁German ▁citizens , ▁in ▁Lanc aster ▁Castle , ▁where ▁he ▁taught ▁wrest ling ▁and ▁self - def ense , ▁bo asting ▁that ▁his ▁students ▁would ▁emerge ▁stronger ▁than ▁they ▁were ▁before ▁their ▁intern ment . ▁It ▁was ▁there ▁that ▁he ▁began ▁ref ining ▁and ▁teaching ▁his ▁minimal ▁equipment ▁system ▁of ▁mat ▁exercises ▁that ▁later ▁became ▁" Control ogy ". ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁transferred ▁ ▁to ▁another ▁intern ment ▁camp ▁at ▁Kn ock al oe ▁on ▁the ▁Is le ▁of ▁Man . ▁During ▁that ▁invol unt ary ▁break , ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁intens ively ▁develop ▁his ▁concept ▁of ▁an ▁integrated , ▁comprehensive ▁system ▁of ▁physical ▁exercise , ▁which ▁he ▁himself ▁called ▁" Control ogy ". ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁use ▁of ▁Pil ates ' s ▁exercise ▁methods ▁included ▁re habil itation ▁of ▁seriously ▁injured ▁veterans . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁yoga ▁and ▁the ▁movements ▁of ▁animals ▁and ▁trained ▁his ▁fellow ▁in mates ▁in ▁fitness ▁and ▁exercises . ▁ ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Germany ▁and ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁important ▁experts ▁in ▁dance ▁and ▁physical ▁exercise ▁such ▁as ▁Rud olf ▁Lab an . ▁In ▁Hamburg , ▁he ▁trained ▁police ▁officers . ▁He ▁immigr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁around ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁On ▁the ▁ship ▁to ▁America , ▁he ▁met ▁his ▁future ▁wife ▁Clara . ▁The ▁couple ▁founded ▁a ▁studio ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁and ▁directly ▁taught ▁and ▁super vised ▁their ▁students ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s |
. ▁" Control ogy ", ▁related ▁to ▁encouraging ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁mind ▁to ▁control ▁muscles , ▁focusing ▁attention ▁on ▁ ▁core ▁post ural ▁muscles ▁that ▁help ▁keep ▁the ▁body ▁balanced ▁and ▁provide ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁spine . ▁In ▁particular , ▁Pil ates ▁exercises ▁teach ▁awareness ▁of ▁breath ▁and ▁of ▁alignment ▁of ▁the ▁spine , ▁and ▁strengthen ▁the ▁deep ▁tor so ▁and ▁ab dom inal ▁muscles . ▁ ▁Joseph ▁and ▁Clara ▁Pil ates ▁soon ▁established ▁a ▁devoted ▁following ▁in ▁the ▁local ▁dance ▁and ▁performing - arts ▁community ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁Well - known ▁d ancers ▁such ▁as ▁George ▁Bal anch ine , ▁who ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁and ▁Martha ▁Graham , ▁who ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁became ▁dev ote es ▁and ▁regularly ▁sent ▁their ▁students ▁to ▁the ▁Pil ates ▁for ▁training ▁and ▁re habil itation . ▁His ▁exercise ▁reg imen ▁built ▁flexibility , ▁strength ▁and ▁stam ina . ▁Soon ▁after ▁it ▁became ▁known ▁that ▁ball er inas ▁were ▁attending ▁the ▁Pil ates ▁gym ▁on ▁ 8 th ▁Avenue , ▁society ▁women ▁followed . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁ball er inas ▁was ▁Rom ana ▁K ry z an ow ska , ▁who ▁become ▁Pil ates ' ▁prote ge . ▁K ry z an ow ska ▁started ▁Pil ates ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁following ▁an ▁an kle ▁injury . ▁Pil ates ▁said ▁of ▁her , ▁" she ' s ▁a ▁natural ". ▁K ry z |
an ow ska ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁helper ▁and ▁started ▁teaching ▁Pil ates ▁alongside ▁Pil ates ▁and ▁his ▁wife . ▁Tow ard ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁life , ▁Pil ates ▁named ▁K ry z an ow ska ▁as ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁The ▁Pil ates ▁Studio . ▁K ry z an ow ska ▁and ▁her ▁daughter ▁continued ▁to ▁operate ▁Pil ates ' ▁original ▁studio . ▁Jay ▁Gr imes ▁believes ▁that ▁nobody ▁knows ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates ’ ▁work ▁better ▁than ▁K ry z an ow ska . ▁ ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates ▁wrote ▁several ▁books , ▁including ▁Return ▁to ▁Life ▁through ▁Control ogy ▁and ▁Your ▁Health , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁pro l ific ▁invent or , ▁with ▁over ▁ 2 6 ▁pat ents ▁cited . ▁Joe ▁and ▁Clara ▁had ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁dis ciples ▁who ▁continued ▁to ▁teach ▁variations ▁of ▁his ▁method ▁or , ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁focused ▁exclusively ▁on ▁preserv ing ▁the ▁method ▁and ▁the ▁instructor - training ▁techniques ▁they ▁had ▁learned ▁during ▁their ▁studies ▁with ▁Joe ▁and ▁Clara . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates ▁died ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁of ▁advanced ▁em phy se ma , ▁aged ▁ 8 3 . ▁ ▁Books ▁▁▁▁ ▁Your ▁Health ▁by ▁Joseph ▁H . ▁Pil ates ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Return ▁to ▁Life ▁Through ▁Control ogy ▁by ▁Joseph ▁H . ▁Pil ates ▁and ▁William ▁J . ▁Miller ▁( 1 9 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Films ▁▁ ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 |
▁documentary ▁film , ▁" A ▁Movement ▁of ▁Movement " ▁made ▁by ▁Mark ▁Ped ri . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁English - G erman ▁blog ▁of ▁Pil ates - bi ographer ▁Eva ▁R inc ke ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁shares ▁background ▁information ▁on ▁her ▁research ▁on ▁Joseph ▁Pil ates ' ▁life . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : G erman ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : People ▁associated ▁with ▁physical ▁culture ▁Category : People ▁from ▁M ön chen gl ad bach ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : P il ates ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁civilian ▁prisoners <0x0A> </s> ▁Em per at riz ▁Car v aj al ▁( born ▁in ▁Chile ; ▁died ▁in ▁Mexico ) ▁was ▁a ▁Chile an ▁actress ▁and ▁singer ▁who ▁worked ▁extens ively ▁in ▁Argentina ▁and ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁female ▁sing ers ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( ; ▁D P ) ▁is ▁a ▁moderate ▁conservative ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁U g anda ▁led ▁by ▁Nor bert ▁M ao . ▁The ▁D P ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Paul ▁S sem og er ere ▁for ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁until ▁his ▁retirement |
▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁John ▁S se ba ana ▁K iz ito ▁replaced ▁S sem og er ere , ▁and ▁led ▁the ▁party ▁until ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁when ▁Nor bert ▁M ao ▁was ▁elected ▁party ▁president . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁general ▁election ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁party ▁won ▁ 1 1 ▁out ▁of ▁ 2 3 8 ▁elected ▁seats . ▁In ▁the ▁presidential ▁election ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁date , ▁M ao ▁won ▁ 1 . 8 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁As ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁party ▁had ▁fifteen ▁seats ▁in ▁the ▁parliament . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁The ▁D P ▁was ▁formed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁religious ▁and ▁economic ▁dem ograph ics ▁that ▁began ▁to ▁model ▁politics ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁before ▁U g anda ' s ▁independence . ▁Bug anda ▁is ▁U g anda ' s ▁largest ▁ethnic ▁region ▁and ▁has ▁influenced ▁the ▁country ' s ▁politics ▁since ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁drawn ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁colonial ▁power . ▁Bug anda , ▁like ▁most ▁parts ▁of ▁Africa ▁before ▁independence , ▁had ▁been ▁visited ▁by ▁three ▁key ▁religious ▁forces ▁- ▁the ▁Roman ▁Cath ol ics , ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁( Pro test ant ▁Christians ), ▁and ▁Islam . ▁They ▁batt led ▁each ▁other ▁to ▁extend ▁their ▁influence ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁and ▁U g anda ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁In ▁Bug anda , ▁all ▁three ▁built ▁powerful ▁ind igenous ▁all iances ▁and ▁tried |
▁to ▁influence ▁the ▁Bug anda ▁King ▁- ▁the ▁Kab aka . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁the ▁Protest ants ▁had ▁achieved ▁the ▁most ▁influence ▁over ▁the ▁Kab aka . ▁ ▁Bug anda ▁ ▁Another ▁important ▁factor ▁influ encing ▁Bug anda ▁politics ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁was ▁what ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁should ▁be ▁in ▁an ▁independent ▁U g anda . ▁A ▁significant ▁majority ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁wanted ▁aut onomy ▁with ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁as ▁the ▁symbol ▁of ▁Bug and an ▁self - det erm ination . ▁Most ▁other ▁people ▁in ▁U g anda , ▁however , ▁wanted ▁a ▁unit ary ▁modern ▁state ▁un hind ered ▁by ▁traditional ▁royal ty . ▁This ▁asp iration ▁was ▁shared ▁by ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Bug anda ▁elite , ▁particularly ▁those ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁They ▁formed ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁D P . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁Kab aka , ▁D P ▁members ▁were ▁seen ▁as ▁dis lo yal , ▁and , ▁in ▁response , ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁formed ▁an ▁alternative ▁more ▁popular ▁party ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁called ▁Kab aka ▁Y ek ka ▁(" The ▁King ▁Only "). ▁Real ising ▁they ▁had ▁little ▁chance ▁of ▁winning ▁support ▁in ▁Bug anda , ▁the ▁D P ▁under ▁Bened ic to ▁Ki wan u ka ▁began ▁to ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁other ▁southern ▁B ant u - spe aking ▁tribes ▁in ▁southern ▁U g anda . ▁The ▁D P ▁effectively ▁became ▁U g anda ' s ▁first ▁national ▁political |
▁party . ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁ ▁" A ▁third ▁political ▁force ▁emerged ▁from ▁the ▁N il otic / Lu o ▁speaking ▁North ▁of ▁U g anda ." ▁This ▁statement ▁is ▁fact ually ▁wrong . ▁The ▁UN C ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁led ▁by ▁any ▁N il otic . ▁It ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Ign at ius ▁Mus azi ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁M ug anda . ▁ ▁" In ▁fact ▁there ▁was ▁very ▁little ▁difference ▁in ▁policy ▁between ▁the ▁D P ▁and ▁U PC ." ▁This ▁statement ▁is ▁also ▁fact ually ▁wrong . ▁The ▁two ▁parties ▁represented ▁g riev ances ▁of ▁different ▁ident ities . ▁D P ▁represented ▁the ▁g riev ances ▁of ▁Cath ol ics ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁discrim inated ▁against ▁since ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁M eng o ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁The ▁U PC , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁represented ▁the ▁g riev ances ▁of ▁the ▁non - Bag anda ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁dominated ▁by ▁Bag anda ▁since ▁ 1 6 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁U g anda ▁National ▁Congress , ▁later ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁U g anda ▁People ' s ▁Congress ▁( UP C ), ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Mil ton ▁Ob ote . ▁Like ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party , ▁the ▁U PC ▁camp a igned ▁for ▁a ▁unit ary ▁modern ▁state . ▁In ▁fact ▁there ▁was ▁very ▁little ▁difference ▁in ▁policy ▁between ▁the ▁D P ▁and ▁U PC . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁election ▁in ▁U g anda ▁prior ▁to ▁Independ |
ence ▁saw ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁party , ▁however ▁the ▁U PC ▁formed ▁an ▁alliance ▁of ▁convenience ▁with ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁Y ek ka ▁and ▁Mil ton ▁Ob ote ▁became ▁Prime ▁Minister , ▁promising ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁Kab aka ' s ▁status ▁in ▁Bug anda . ▁That ▁alliance ▁did ▁not ▁last ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁Ob ote ▁ordered ▁the ▁military ▁against ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁who ▁fled ▁into ▁ex ile . ▁The ▁Kab aka ▁Y ek ka ▁party ▁was ▁banned ▁and ▁Bened ic to ▁Ki wan u ka ▁was ▁imprison ed . ▁ ▁New ▁political ▁forces ▁ ▁When ▁Ob ote ▁was ▁over th rown ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁by ▁I di ▁A min , ▁Bened ic to ▁Ki wan u ka ▁accepted ▁a ▁minister ial ▁post ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁government . ▁He ▁was ▁eventually ▁murdered ▁by ▁A min ' s ▁agents . ▁All ▁political ▁parties ▁were ▁banned ▁in ▁U g anda ▁during ▁A min ' s ▁rule . ▁ ▁The ▁D P ▁emerged ▁again ▁after ▁I di ▁A min ▁was ▁over th rown ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁The ▁absence ▁of ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁Y ek ka ▁party ▁now ▁made ▁the ▁D P ▁the ▁main ▁political ▁force ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁and ▁southern ▁U g anda , ▁while ▁the ▁U PC ▁consolid ated ▁its ▁support ▁in ▁the ▁north . ▁This ▁regional ▁polar ization ▁of ▁U g and an ▁politics ▁had ▁made ▁the ▁D P ▁a ▁convenient ▁vehicle ▁for ▁Bag anda ▁to ▁express ▁their ▁political ▁aspir |
ations , ▁which ▁had ▁moved ▁significantly ▁towards ▁aut onomy ▁after ▁the ▁apparent ▁economic ▁and ▁political ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁U g and an ▁state . ▁This ▁was ▁further ▁enhanced ▁by ▁the ▁brut ality ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁government ▁whose ▁army ▁was ▁dominated ▁by ▁northern ers . ▁To ▁many ▁Bag anda , ▁the ▁D P ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁stage ▁to ▁achieving ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁the ▁Kab aka ▁and ▁the ▁" independ ence " ▁of ▁Bug anda . ▁ ▁The ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁D P ▁did ▁not ▁asp ire ▁to ▁a ▁share ▁Bug and an ▁independence , ▁but ▁went ▁along ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁Paul ▁S sem og er ere ▁assumed ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁party . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁re e lected ▁as ▁leader ▁over ▁the ▁challenge ▁of ▁Ok ney ▁At w oma . ▁ ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁Ok ney ▁At w oma ' s ▁un successful ▁challenge , ▁At w oma ▁established ▁the ▁National ist ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁alongside ▁former ▁minister ▁Anthony ▁O ch aya , ▁C uth bert ▁Joseph ▁Ob w ang or , ▁and ▁Francis ▁B w enge . ▁This ▁new ▁party ▁was ▁eventually ▁re - integr ated ▁with ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party . ▁ ▁Paul ▁S sem og er ere ▁was ▁a ▁political ▁nov ice ▁but ▁used ▁the ▁Bug anda ▁asp iration ▁effectively ▁and ▁provided ▁a ▁significant ▁challenge ▁to ▁the ▁U PC ▁led ▁once ▁again ▁by ▁Ob ote ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁elections . ▁These ▁elections ▁are ▁widely ▁believed |
▁to ▁have ▁been ▁rig ged ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁jun ta ▁that ▁ruled ▁U g anda ▁after ▁A min ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁Ob ote ▁and ▁the ▁U PC . ▁ ▁A ▁third ▁political ▁party , ▁the ▁U g anda ▁Patri otic ▁Movement ▁( UP M ) ▁led ▁by ▁Y ower i ▁Muse ven i , ▁rejected ▁the ▁result ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁bush ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁gu err illa ▁war . ▁There ▁was ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁D P ▁to ▁reject ▁the ▁result , ▁but ▁the ▁leadership ▁decided ▁to ▁take ▁their ▁seats ▁in ▁parliament ▁much ▁to ▁the ▁disappointment ▁of ▁their ▁supporters . ▁However ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁D P ' s ▁younger ▁leaders , ▁Andrew ▁Kay i ira , ▁did ▁take ▁up ▁arms ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁new ▁government , ▁joining ▁an ▁organisation ▁called ▁the ▁U g anda ▁Freedom ▁Movement . ▁ ▁When ▁Muse ven i ▁came ▁to ▁power , ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁out fl ank ▁any ▁support ▁the ▁D P ▁retained ▁in ▁Bug anda ▁by ▁allowing ▁the ▁Kab aka ' s ▁son ▁to ▁return ▁and ▁be ▁c rowned ▁as ▁a ▁ceremon ial ▁king . ▁The ▁D P ▁performed ▁so ▁badly ▁in ▁the ▁elections ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁it ▁is ▁doubt ful ▁whether ▁the ▁party ▁will ▁ever ▁reg ain ▁its ▁popularity . ▁ ▁F actions ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁elections , ▁plural ism ▁has ▁struggled ▁to ▁find ▁its ▁place ▁in ▁U g and an ▁politics . ▁State ▁sponsored ▁in - f ight ing ▁and ▁f action al ism ▁have |
▁driven ▁away ▁many ▁of ▁its ▁traditional ▁supporters . ▁They ▁do ▁fear ▁that ▁their ▁small ▁scale ▁market ▁gard ening ▁businesses , ▁would ▁be ▁targeted ▁by ▁the ▁N RM - No - Part y - Home - g rown ▁democracy ▁of ▁Mr . ▁Y ower i ▁K ag uta ▁Muse ven i ▁who ▁has ▁enjoyed ▁fiscal ▁economic ▁growth ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 %. ▁His ▁regime ▁openly ▁claims ▁to ▁want ▁and ▁need ▁no ▁foreign ▁aid ▁as ▁U g and ans ▁are ▁happy ▁to ▁be ▁sleeping ▁well ▁regardless ▁of ▁their ▁surviving ▁under ▁minimum ▁star v ation ▁with ▁maximum ▁poverty . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ap ter , ▁D . E . ▁" The ▁Political ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁U g anda ," ▁Pr inceton . ▁University ▁Press , ▁Pr inceton , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁Gray , ▁J . M . ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁" The ▁Year ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁Kings ," ▁U g anda ▁Journal , ▁March , ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁Hans en , ▁H ▁B ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁Mission , ▁Church ▁and ▁State ▁in ▁a ▁Col onial ▁Setting , ▁ 1 8 9 0 - 1 9 2 5 " ▁Hein mann , ▁N airo bi ▁& ▁London , ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁Lock ard , ▁K . ▁( ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁' Rel ig ion ▁and ▁Politics ▁in ▁independent ▁U g anda : ▁the ▁movement ▁toward ▁sec ular ization ", ▁in ▁Scar itt , ▁J |
. R . ▁( editor ) ▁" Anal ys ing ▁Political ▁Change ▁in ▁Africa ," ▁Colorado ▁( USA ), ▁West view ▁Press . ▁Lock ard , ▁K . ▁' Rel ig ion ▁and ▁Political ▁Development ▁in ▁U g anda , ▁ 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 7 2 , ▁( un published ▁PhD . ▁dis sert ation , ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁( A ▁micro film ▁copy ▁of ▁this ▁thesis ▁is ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁N airo bi ▁Library ). ▁Low , ▁D . A . ▁" Pol it ical ▁Part ies ▁in ▁U g anda , ▁ 1 9 4 9 - 6 2 ," ▁London , ▁Ath l one ▁Press ▁( 1 9 6 2 ); ▁also ▁in ▁Low , ▁D . A . ▁" B ug anda ▁in ▁Modern ▁History ," Ber keley ▁& ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁Mut ib wa , ▁P . M . ▁" Internal ▁Self - G overn ment : ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁to ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 2 ," ▁in ▁U zo ig we , ▁G . N . ▁( editor ) ▁" U g anda : ▁the ▁D ile mma ▁of ▁Nation hood ," ▁New ▁York ▁& ▁London : ▁N OK ▁Publish ers , ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁Ob ote , ▁A . M . ▁" Not es ▁on ▁Con ce al ment ▁of ▁Gen oc ide ▁in ▁U |
g anda ," ▁L us aka , ▁Z amb ia . ▁R owe , ▁John ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁' L ug ard ▁at ▁Kamp ala ; ▁M aker ere ▁History ▁Papers ▁Kamp ala , ▁Long mans . ▁ ▁San th ym ur thy , ▁T . V ., ▁" The ▁Political ▁Development ▁of ▁U g anda : ▁ 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 8 6 ," A ld ers hot , ▁H ants , ▁England : ▁G ow ers ▁Publishing ▁Company , ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Tw addle , ▁M . ▁( J ▁ 9 7 2 ) ▁" The ▁Muslim ▁Revolution ▁in ▁Bug anda " ▁African ▁Affairs ▁Volume ▁ 7 7 ▁ ▁Tw addle , ▁M ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁" The ▁emer gence ▁of ▁polit ico - rel igious ▁group ings ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁Bug anda ," ▁Journal ▁of ▁African ▁History ▁Volume ▁ 2 9 . ▁ ▁Wright , ▁M . ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁" B ug anda ▁in ▁a ▁Hero ic ▁Age ," ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁N airo bi , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁Ad h ola , ▁Y oga : ▁" The ▁Root s ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party ," ▁found ▁at ▁http :// www . up c party . net / mem board / 2 0 1 2 / root so f party . pdf ▁ ▁Also ▁see ▁The ▁Monitor ▁at ▁http :// www . monitor . co . |
ug / Special Re ports / ug anda at 5 0 / - / 1 3 7 0 4 6 6 / 1 3 7 7 4 2 2 / - / u ji y de z / - / index . html ▁ ▁continued ▁at ▁ ▁http :// www . monitor . co . ug / Special Re ports / ug anda at 5 0 / - / 1 3 7 0 4 6 6 / 1 3 8 2 1 6 8 / - / uj 0 y bl z / - / index . html ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Arch ive ▁of ▁def unct ▁D P ▁website ▁- ▁www . dp ug anda . org ▁( M arch ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁New ▁D P ▁website ▁- ▁www . dp - ug anda . com ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁U g anda ▁Category : Con serv ative ▁parties ▁in ▁Africa ▁Category : L iber al ▁conservative ▁parties ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁in ▁U g anda <0x0A> </s> ▁M ool man ▁is ▁an ▁Af rika ans ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁ ▁Ash le igh ▁M ool man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 5 ), ▁South ▁African ▁cycl ist ▁Brad ley ▁M ool man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 1 |
), ▁South ▁African ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁K ob us ▁M ool man , ▁South ▁African ▁poet ▁Louis ▁M ool man ▁( 1 9 5 1 – 2 0 0 6 ), ▁South ▁African ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁M orn é ▁M ool man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 4 ), ▁South ▁African ▁j avel in ▁throw er ▁W hest ley ▁M ool man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 0 ), ▁South ▁African ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁ ▁Category : Af rika ans - language ▁surn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Johann ▁Hugo ▁" John " ▁K lie gl ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁– ▁September ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German – American ▁business man ▁and ▁invent or . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁work ▁▁ ▁K lie gl ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁eight ▁children ▁of ▁the ▁sp a ▁musician ▁Adam ▁T iber ius ▁K lie gl ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Ther ese ▁Str ö h le in . ▁Johann ▁K lie gl ' s ▁grandfather ▁Johann ▁K lie gl ▁came ▁with ▁his ▁or chestra ▁from ▁Bo hem ia ▁to ▁Bad ▁Kiss ingen ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 , ▁where ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁Kur or chester ▁Bad ▁Kiss ingen ▁(" Bad ▁Kiss ingen ▁Sp a ▁Orchestra ") ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁Johann ▁K lie gl , ▁trained ▁as ▁a ▁lock smith , ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁United ▁States . |
▁His ▁brother ▁Anton ▁followed ▁him ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁There ▁they ▁both ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁factory ▁which ▁manufactured ▁electric ▁arc ▁l amps . ▁They ▁bought ▁the ▁factory ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁and ▁renamed ▁it ▁as ▁their ▁own ▁company , ▁K lie gl ▁Brothers ▁Universal ▁Electric ▁Stage ▁Light ing ▁Company . ▁The ▁company ▁specialized ▁in ▁stage ▁technology ▁and ▁stage ▁effects , ▁which ▁they ▁themselves ▁designed . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁its ▁kind . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁K lie gl ▁married ▁Anna ▁Schl und ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁in ▁D ü rr w angen ). ▁They ▁had ▁four ▁children ▁– ▁Alfred ▁Hugo ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 0 ), ▁Franz es ▁Julia ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 1 ), ▁Herbert ▁Anton ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 4 ), ▁and ▁Anna ▁Beat rix ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 7 ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁Bad ▁Kiss ingen ▁awarded ▁K lie gl ▁an ▁honor ary ▁citizens hip ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁Johann ▁K lie gl ▁participated ▁in ▁his ▁brother ▁Anton ' s ▁phil anth ropic ▁activities ▁in ▁Bad ▁Kiss ingen ▁and ▁continued ▁them ▁after ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁K lie gl ▁Brothers ▁Universal ▁Electric ▁Stage ▁Light ing ▁Company ▁Collect ors ▁Society ▁ ▁Category : 1 |
8 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁business people ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁German ▁Bo hem ian ▁descent ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Bad ▁Kiss ingen ▁Category : American ▁invent ors <0x0A> </s> ▁Rud olf ▁Je h le ▁( 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁– ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Lie chten stein ▁sports ▁shoot er . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 0 ▁m ▁rifle ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : L ie chten stein ▁male ▁sport ▁shoot ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁shoot ers ▁of ▁Lie chten stein ▁Category : Sh oot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁Ak bar w ala ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁F iro z pur ▁district ▁of ▁Pun j ab , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Z ira ▁te hs il . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census ▁of ▁India , ▁Ak bar w ala ▁has ▁ 1 0 0 ▁households . ▁The ▁effective ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁( i . e . ▁the ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁population ▁excl uding ▁children ▁aged ▁ 6 ▁and ▁below ) ▁is ▁ 6 1 . 5 2 %. ▁ ▁Re ferences |
▁▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Z ira ▁te hs il <0x0A> </s> ▁Many ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁exist ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁from ▁or ▁cause ▁of ▁eating ▁disorders . ▁E ating ▁disorders ▁( ED s ) ▁are ▁characterized ▁by ▁ab normal ▁and ▁dist urbed ▁eating ▁patterns ▁that ▁affect ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁the ▁individuals ▁who ▁worry ▁about ▁their ▁weight ▁to ▁the ▁extreme . ▁These ▁ab normal ▁eating ▁patterns ▁involve ▁either ▁in ade quate ▁or ▁excessive ▁food ▁int ake , ▁affecting ▁the ▁individual ' s ▁physical ▁and ▁mental ▁health . ▁ ▁In ▁regard ▁to ▁mental ▁health , ▁individuals ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁executive ▁functioning , ▁visual - sp at ial ▁ability , ▁divided ▁and ▁sustained ▁attention , ▁ver bal ▁functioning , ▁learning , ▁and ▁memory . ▁Some ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED , ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁nut r itional ▁def ici encies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁various ▁cognitive ▁and ▁att ent ional ▁bi ases . ▁Ne uro bi ological ▁differences ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED ▁compared ▁to ▁healthy ▁individuals , ▁and ▁these ▁differences ▁are ▁reflected ▁in ▁specific ▁memory ▁imp air ments . ▁There ▁are ▁certain ▁treatments ▁and ▁effects ▁of ▁treatments , ▁aimed ▁at ▁these ▁ED - specific ▁memory ▁imp air ments . ▁Animal ▁research ▁and ▁areas ▁of ▁future ▁research ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁ED ▁and ▁memory , ▁are ▁also ▁integral ▁to ▁understanding ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁ED ▁on ▁memory . ▁There ▁are ▁three ▁particular ▁diagn oses ▁of ▁eating ▁disorders ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁linked ▁to |
▁memory ▁imp air ments : ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ), ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa ▁( BN ), ▁and ▁b inge ▁eating ▁disorder ▁( B ED ). ▁ ▁Memory ▁Imp air ments ▁ ▁Memory ▁Bi ases ▁Individ uals ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders ▁show ▁increased ▁tend encies ▁to ▁direct ▁their ▁attention ▁towards ▁ir regular ▁eating - related ▁thought ▁processing ▁and ▁att ent ional ▁bias , ▁compared ▁to ▁non - ED ▁individuals . ▁Studies ▁have ▁suggested ▁a ▁strong ▁link ▁between ▁eating ▁disorders ▁and ▁information ▁processing ▁such ▁as ▁attention ▁and ▁memory . ▁All ▁types ▁of ▁eating ▁disorders ▁( bul im ia ▁nerv osa , ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa , ▁ob es ity ▁and ▁ED N OS ) ▁consistently ▁display ▁att ent ional ▁bi ases ▁towards ▁disorder - related ▁stim uli ▁specific ▁to ▁their ▁ED . ▁Examples ▁of ▁disorder - related ▁stim uli ▁include ▁food , ▁shape , ▁weight ▁and ▁size . ▁This ▁height ened ▁attention ▁to ▁disorder - related ▁stim uli ▁leads ▁to ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁encoding , ▁consolid ation ▁and ▁retriev al ▁of ▁this ▁information , ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁potential ▁cause ▁for ▁the ▁mental ▁maintenance ▁of ▁the ▁disorder ( s ). ▁ ▁Individ uals ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders ▁display ▁several ▁memory ▁and ▁att ent ional ▁bi ases ▁to ▁food , ▁shape , ▁weight ▁and ▁size . ▁Specific ▁memory ▁bi ases ▁include : ▁Direct ed - for get ting : ▁individuals ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders , ▁particularly ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa , ▁display ▁more ▁difficulty ▁in ▁forget ting ▁information ▁or ▁c |
ues ▁related ▁to ▁body , ▁shape ▁and ▁food ▁than ▁those ▁without ▁eating ▁disorders . ▁This ▁leads ▁to ▁greater ▁availability ▁of ▁such ▁memories , ▁facil itating ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁the ▁eating ▁disorder . ▁Schema - related : ▁display ▁mal ad apt ive ▁per ceptions ▁of ▁food , ▁shape , ▁weight ▁and ▁self ▁that ▁lead ▁to ▁obs ess ive ▁attention ▁on ▁and ▁enhanced ▁memory ▁for ▁these ▁items , ▁leading ▁to ▁maintaining ▁the ▁eating ▁disorder ▁thought ▁and ▁eating ▁behaviour . ▁Mem ories ▁for ▁these ▁items ▁are ▁more ▁easily ▁encoded ▁and ▁retriev ed ▁compared ▁to ▁other ▁information . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁research ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁has ▁been ▁on ▁individuals ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa . ▁C ued ▁recall ▁tasks , ▁recognition ▁tasks ▁and ▁St ro op ▁task ▁tests ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁study ▁these ▁effects . ▁Some ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁contrad ict ory ▁results ▁to ▁ED ▁individuals ' ▁height ened ▁attention ▁and ▁enhanced ▁memory , ▁however ▁the ▁difference ▁could ▁be ▁attributed ▁to ▁an ▁anxiety - ind uced ▁response ▁and ▁avoid ance ▁behaviour . ▁This ▁could ▁cause ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁the ▁individuals ' ▁ability ▁to ▁remember ▁the ▁information ▁learned , ▁and ▁suggests ▁that ▁more ▁research ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁done ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁to ▁better ▁understand ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁schema - related ▁bi ases ▁and ▁ED ' s . ▁Select ive ▁memory ▁bias : ▁studies ▁have ▁been ▁done ▁on ▁individuals ▁with ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa , ▁suggesting ▁select ive ▁memory ▁bias ▁exists ▁for ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁weight - related ▁items ▁compared ▁to ▁emotional ▁items . ▁Bi |
ases ▁towards ▁food - related ▁items ▁were ▁also ▁found , ▁a ▁common ▁finding ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁depression . ▁ ▁Ex plicit ▁memory ▁An ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ) ▁ ▁Pat ients ▁with ▁AN ▁show ▁a ▁strong ▁explicit ▁memory ▁bias ▁towards ▁an ore x ia - related ▁words . ▁In ▁one ▁study , ▁participants ▁( AN ▁group ▁compared ▁to ▁a ▁control ▁group ) ▁were ▁presented ▁with ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁words ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁categories : ▁positive , ▁negative , ▁neutral ▁and ▁an ore x ia - related . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁then ▁tested ▁explicitly ▁with ▁c ued ▁recall ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁AN ▁participants ▁better ▁fav ored ▁the ▁an ore x ia - related ▁words , ▁showing ▁a ▁schema - related ▁memory ▁bias . ▁Particip ants ▁were ▁also ▁tested ▁implicit ly ▁with ▁word ▁stem ▁completion ▁tests , ▁but ▁no ▁implicit ▁bias ▁was ▁found . ▁ ▁In ▁another ▁study , ▁AN ▁participants ▁were ▁found ▁to ▁have ▁less ▁ability ▁to ▁concentrate ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁explicit ▁distract ors , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁conscious ▁cognitive ▁bias ▁towards ▁illness - related ▁words . ▁These ▁explicit ▁bi ases ▁were ▁associated ▁with ▁longer ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁illness . ▁A ▁different ▁study ▁characterized ▁AN ▁patients ▁as ▁having ▁trouble ▁integr ating ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁experiences ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁illness ▁also ▁affected ▁these ▁symptoms ▁and ▁rein forced ▁these ▁imp air ments . ▁The ▁results ▁of ▁these ▁studies ▁suggest ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁clear ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁explicit ▁cognitive ▁processing ▁of ▁stim uli ▁between |
▁AN ▁individuals ▁and ▁healthy ▁controls ▁and ▁that ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁illness ▁can ▁affect ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁these ▁memory ▁bi ases . ▁ ▁A ▁different ▁study ▁showed ▁that ▁currently ▁ill ▁AN ▁patients ▁had ▁problems ▁with ▁immediate ▁and ▁delayed ▁ver bal ▁recall ; ▁these ▁disadv ant ages ▁were ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁weight - rest ored ▁AN ▁individuals . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁difference ▁between ▁healthy ▁controls ▁and ▁AN ▁patients ▁in ▁working ▁memory , ▁just ▁memory ▁function . ▁This ▁study ▁demonstr ates ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁not ▁only ▁memory ▁bi ases ▁found ▁in ▁AN ▁individuals , ▁but ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Aut obi ographical ▁memory ▁def ic its ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN . ▁One ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁AN ▁patients ▁with ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁sexual ▁abuse ▁had ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁their ▁aut obi ographical ▁memory ▁characterized ▁by ▁their ▁increased ▁general ▁memory ▁recall . ▁Another ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁an ore xic ▁patients ▁are ▁characterized ▁by ▁an ▁over - general ization ▁of ▁both ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁aut obi ographical ▁memories , ▁which ▁posit ively ▁correl ates ▁with ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁illness . ▁The ▁imp air ment ▁of ▁both ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁memories ▁suggests ▁a ▁general ▁imp air ment ▁in ▁the ▁access ▁to ▁emotional ▁memories , ▁therefore ▁an ore xic ▁patients ▁are ▁more ▁pr one ▁to ▁suppress ▁or ▁control ▁not ▁only ▁negative ▁but ▁also ▁positive ▁affect . ▁One ▁hypothesis ▁suggests ▁that ▁these ▁more ▁general ▁memories ▁are ▁what ▁allow ▁these ▁patients ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁a ▁negative ▁event . ▁ ▁Bul im ia |
▁nerv osa ▁( BN ) ▁ ▁In ▁one ▁study , ▁participants ▁( BN ▁and ▁healthy ▁controls ) ▁were ▁exposed ▁to ▁television ▁commercial s ▁that ▁were ▁neutral , ▁food - related ▁or ▁body - related . ▁Rec all ▁and ▁recognition ▁tests ▁were ▁carried ▁out ▁to ▁test ▁for ▁an ▁explicit ▁memory ▁bias . ▁When ▁compared ▁to ▁healthy ▁controls , ▁B N ▁patients ▁had ▁less ▁recall ▁and ▁recognition ▁for ▁body - related ▁stim uli . ▁This ▁suggests ▁that ▁B N ▁individuals ▁avoid ▁encoding / processing ▁stim uli ▁related ▁to ▁body ▁image ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁select ive ▁memory ▁bias . ▁ ▁B inge ▁eating ▁disorder ▁( B ED ) ▁ ▁Ob ese ▁individuals ▁with ▁b inge ▁eating ▁disorder ▁have ▁been ▁compared ▁with ▁ob ese ▁controls ▁to ▁see ▁if ▁there ▁are ▁different ▁explicit ▁memory ▁bi ases ▁between ▁these ▁two ▁groups ▁of ▁people . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁both ▁groups ▁showed ▁a ▁bias ▁towards ▁negative ▁words , ▁but ▁individuals ▁with ▁B ED ▁retriev ed ▁positive ▁words ▁less ▁often . ▁This ▁demonstr ates ▁an ▁explicit ▁memory ▁bias ▁in ▁which ▁individuals ▁with ▁B ED ▁avoid ▁encoding ▁or ▁pay ▁less ▁attention ▁to ▁positive ▁words ▁and ▁focus ▁their ▁conscious ▁attention ▁almost ▁exclusively ▁on ▁negative ▁words . ▁This ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁select ive ▁memory ▁bias ▁mentioned ▁above . ▁ ▁Im plicit ▁memory ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁once ▁thought ▁that ▁individuals ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders ▁had ▁different ▁implicit ▁memory ▁bi ases ▁and ▁attitudes ▁towards ▁food , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁eating ▁disorder . ▁B ED ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁positive ▁evaluation ▁of ▁food ▁and ▁an |
ore x ia ▁and ▁bul im ia ▁were ▁associated ▁with ▁negative ▁evaluation ▁of ▁food . ▁This ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁not ▁be ▁the ▁case . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁implicit ▁differences ▁in ▁affect ive ▁attitudes ▁towards ▁foods ▁between ▁high ▁and ▁low - re straint ▁eat ers . ▁This ▁suggests ▁that ▁regardless ▁of ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁eating ▁disorder , ▁individuals ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders ▁view ▁food ▁in ▁similar ▁ways ▁and ▁have ▁similar ▁implicit ▁attitudes ▁towards ▁food . ▁ ▁Focus ing ▁on ▁ob es ity , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁that ▁ob ese ▁individuals ▁have ▁more ▁negative ▁attitudes ▁towards ▁high - f at ▁foods ▁than ▁a ▁normal ▁weight ▁control ▁group . ▁It ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁found ▁that ▁children , ▁particularly ▁ob ese ▁children , ▁were ▁faster ▁at ▁pushing ▁a ▁positive ▁key ▁than ▁a ▁negative ▁key ▁for ▁food . ▁These ▁different ▁attitudes ▁towards ▁food ▁at ▁different ▁ages ▁could ▁represent ▁different ▁stages ▁in ▁development ▁of ▁ob es ity . ▁Future ▁research ▁could ▁be ▁done ▁to ▁explore ▁these ▁effects ▁found ▁in ▁ob es ity ▁and ▁determine ▁if ▁similar ▁effects ▁are ▁seen ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁b inge ▁eating ▁disorder ▁and ▁perhaps ▁also ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁and ▁bul im ia . ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁A ▁study ▁on ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁prim ing ▁combined ▁event - related ▁potential ▁( ER P ) ▁and ▁behaviour al ▁reactions , ▁and ▁investigated ▁explicit ▁and ▁implicit ▁associations ▁between ▁shape , ▁weight , ▁and ▁self - evalu ations . ▁This ▁was ▁done ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁shape / weight ▁related ▁prim ing ▁sentences ▁and ▁target |
▁words . ▁ER P , ▁reaction ▁times , ▁and ▁subject ▁ratings ▁were ▁collected ▁and ▁prim ing ▁effects ▁were ▁analyzed . ▁Results ▁showed ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁stronger ▁affect ive ▁prim ing ▁effects ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁AN ▁and ▁B N ▁compared ▁to ▁healthy ▁controls , ▁showing ▁that ▁eating ▁disorder ▁( ED ) ▁patients ▁associate ▁shape / weight ▁concerns ▁not ▁only ▁with ▁appearance , ▁but ▁also ▁non appe arance - related ▁self - evalu ation ▁domains ▁of ▁inter personal ▁relationships ▁and ▁also ▁with ▁achievement ▁and ▁performance . ▁ ▁Social ▁cogn ition ▁is ▁the ▁understanding ▁and ▁action ▁in ▁inter personal ▁situations , ▁and ▁include ▁cognitive ▁processes ▁involved ▁in ▁how ▁people ▁per ceive ▁and ▁interpret ▁information ▁about ▁themselves , ▁others , ▁and ▁social ▁situations . ▁The ▁dys function ▁of ▁social ▁control ▁may ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁eating ▁disorders . ▁Women ▁with ▁ED ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁have ▁lower ▁levels ▁of ▁negative ▁affect ▁attribut ion ▁compared ▁to ▁healthy ▁controls , ▁which ▁suggests ▁that ▁they ▁learn ▁to ▁expect ▁others ▁to ▁be ▁un available ▁and ▁ins ensitive ▁to ▁their ▁needs . ▁In ▁addition , ▁these ▁patients ▁were ▁less ▁successful ▁at ▁correctly ▁encoding ▁cause - effect ▁relations ▁in ▁a ▁social ▁context s ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁their ▁capacity ▁to ▁mental ize ▁experiences ▁is ▁imp aired . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁social ▁cogn ition , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁that ▁individuals ▁with ▁ED ▁have ▁an ▁in ability ▁to ▁recognize , ▁label , ▁and ▁respond ▁to ▁different ▁emotional ▁states , ▁and ▁are ▁imp aired ▁in ▁visual ▁recognition ▁tasks . |
▁ ▁D ement ia ▁is ▁a ▁disorder ▁characterized ▁by ▁multiple ▁def ic its ▁in ▁cogn ition , ▁including ▁memory ▁imp air ments . ▁Pat ients ▁with ▁various ▁forms ▁of ▁de ment ia ▁have ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁their ▁activities ▁of ▁daily ▁living ▁including ▁eating , ▁and ▁eating ▁disorders ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁de ment ia . ▁Pat ients ▁with ▁front ot empor al ▁de ment ia ▁( FT D ) ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁eating ▁disorder ▁where ▁they ▁have ▁food ▁cr av ings ▁and ▁difficulty ▁controlling ▁the ▁amount ▁and ▁type ▁of ▁food ▁eaten ▁but ▁their ▁memory ▁and ▁spatial ▁functioning ▁is ▁not ▁affected . ▁Meanwhile , ▁patients ▁with ▁Al z heimer ' s ▁Dise ase ▁( AD ), ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁this ▁imp air ment , ▁but ▁their ▁memory ▁and ▁spatial ▁loss ▁is ▁neg atively ▁affected . ▁Similar ▁findings ▁were ▁shown ▁where ▁patients ▁with ▁fr onto ▁variant - front ot empor al ▁de ment ia ▁( f v FT D ) ▁show ▁more ▁severe ▁and ▁frequent ▁symptoms ▁of ▁eating ▁disorders ▁than ▁patients ▁with ▁AD . ▁ED ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁de ment ia ▁have ▁been ▁track ed ▁back ▁to ▁les ions ▁in ▁the ▁front al ▁sub c ort ical ▁circ uits ▁including ▁the ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁circuit , ▁and ▁data ▁suggests ▁that ▁ED ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁distinctive ▁features ▁of ▁behaviour al ▁synd rom es ▁in ▁groups ▁of ▁patients ▁with ▁f v FT D . ▁ ▁Ne uro bi ology ▁Ne uro bi ological ▁differences ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁between ▁individuals ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders |
▁( ED ) ▁and ▁healthy ▁individuals . ▁These ▁differences ▁are ▁reflected ▁in ▁memory ▁abilities ▁and ▁capabilities . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁neuro bi ological ▁differences ▁are ▁highlighted ▁below : ▁ ▁An ore x ia ▁N erv osa ▁ ▁I mb al ances ▁found ▁in ▁certain ▁ser oton in ▁re ceptor ▁activity ▁in ▁cort ical ▁association ▁regions , ▁including ▁the ▁front al ▁lob es , ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁imp air ment ▁in ▁their ▁working ▁memory , ▁attention , ▁motivation , ▁and ▁concentration . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁to ▁activate ▁remote ▁memories , ▁learn ▁new ▁information , ▁plan ▁ahead , ▁reg ulate ▁actions ▁according ▁to ▁environmental ▁stim uli , ▁and ▁shift ▁behaviour al ▁sets ▁appropri ately ▁are ▁all ▁im plicated . ▁Some ▁individuals ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ) ▁have ▁an ▁in ability ▁to ▁change ▁their ▁pattern ▁response ▁behavi ours , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁linked ▁to ▁disturb ances ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁cort ical ▁and ▁sub gen ual ▁c ing ulate ▁- ▁mes ial ▁temporal ▁path ways ▁of ▁these ▁individuals . ▁ ▁The ▁reduced ▁blood ▁flow ▁in ▁the ▁lim b ic ▁system ▁of ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁is ▁what ▁mostly ▁accounts ▁for ▁their ▁imp air ment ▁in ▁cognitive ▁functioning . ▁More ▁specifically , ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁structures ▁in ▁the ▁lim b ic ▁system ▁including ▁the ▁temporal ▁lob es ▁and ▁adjacent ▁structures ▁like ▁the ▁hyp oth al am us , ▁am yg d ala , ▁and ▁hip p oc amp |
us ▁are ▁important ▁in ▁memory ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁emotion , ▁appetite ▁regulation , ▁motivation , ▁and ▁perception , ▁and ▁are ▁therefore ▁im plicated . ▁Red uced ▁cere br al ▁blood ▁flow ▁to ▁these ▁areas ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁complex ▁visual ▁memory , ▁enhanced ▁information ▁processing ▁and ▁vis u osp at ial ▁ability . ▁ ▁Individ uals ▁with ▁AN ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁prolong ed ▁exposure ▁to ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁cort ic oster oids , ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁chemicals ▁involved ▁in ▁things ▁such ▁as ▁stress ▁and ▁behaviour , ▁and ▁prolong ed ▁exposure ▁to ▁cort ic oster oids ▁has ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁memory ▁and ▁learning . ▁The ▁hip p oc amp us ▁is ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁that ▁is ▁dense ▁with ▁cort ic oster oid ▁re cept ors , ▁and ▁therefore ▁may ▁be ▁what ▁is ▁medi ating ▁these ▁imp air ments . ▁ ▁Bul im ia ▁N erv osa ▁ ▁Activ ation ▁of ▁the ▁med ial ▁pre front al ▁cort ex ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁in ▁some ▁studies ▁to ▁reflect ▁self - sche m ata ▁evaluation ▁of ▁relevant ▁information , ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁investigate ▁body ▁image ▁representations ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa ▁( BN ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁increased ▁activation ▁in ▁brain ▁areas ▁associated ▁with ▁information ▁processing ▁like ▁the ▁d ors al ▁and ▁anterior ▁med ial ▁pre front al ▁cort ex ▁( m P FC ), ▁adjacent ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁c ing ulate ▁cort ex , ▁and ▁the ▁posterior ▁c |
ing ulate ▁and ▁prec une us ▁have ▁been ▁im plicated ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁B N , ▁meaning ▁that ▁the ▁working ▁memory ▁used ▁to ▁actively ▁manip ulate ▁information ▁in ▁these ▁individuals ▁is ▁affected . ▁ ▁Are as ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ins ula ▁and ▁anterior ▁circul ate ▁cort ex ▁( ACC ) ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁dist urbed ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁B N . ▁These ▁areas ▁are ▁involved ▁in ▁self - reg ulation ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁executive ▁control ▁which ▁controls ▁cognitive ▁processes ▁including ▁working ▁memory , ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁imp air ment . ▁ ▁B inge ▁E ating ▁ ▁An ▁increase ▁in ▁dop amine ▁in ▁the ▁c aud ate ▁and ▁put amen ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁b inge ▁eat ers , ▁and ▁studies ▁have ▁found ▁a ▁decrease ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁ser oton in ▁trans porter ▁( 5 - HT ) ▁in ▁b inge ▁eat ers ▁compared ▁to ▁controls . ▁Both ▁the ▁c aud ate ▁nucle us ▁and ▁put amen ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁d ors al ▁stri at um ▁and ▁are ▁important ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁brain ' s ▁memory ▁system . ▁Dop amine ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁allow ▁these ▁structures ▁to ▁perform ▁properly ▁and ▁thus ▁this ▁is ▁affected ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁b inge ▁eating ▁disorders , ▁however ▁the ▁exact ▁mechanism ▁is ▁unknown . ▁ ▁A ▁dys reg ulation ▁of ▁the ▁vent ral ▁lim b ic ▁circuit ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁individuals ▁who ▁b inge ▁eat . ▁The ▁vent ral ▁lim b ic ▁circuit ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁the ▁regulation ▁of |
▁feeding ▁behaviour ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁am yg d ala e , ▁ins ula , ▁vent ral ▁stri at um , ▁vent ral ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁anterior ▁A CC , ▁and ▁orbit o front al ▁cort ex ▁( O FC ). ▁A ▁stronger ▁activation ▁of ▁the ▁OF C ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁patients ▁who ▁b inge ▁eat ▁compared ▁to ▁normal ▁weight ▁controls , ▁when ▁viewing ▁pictures ▁of ▁food . ▁ ▁Condition ing ▁ ▁The ▁regulation ▁of ▁eating ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁involved ▁in ▁behaviour ▁reinforce ment . ▁The ▁reward ing ▁qualities ▁of ▁food , ▁including ▁taste ▁and ▁smell , ▁activate ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁that ▁are ▁imp aired ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁an ore x ia ▁nerv osa ▁( AN ) ▁and ▁bul im ia ▁nerv osa ▁( BN ), ▁including ▁the ▁orbit o front al ▁cort ex ▁( O FC ), ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cort ex ▁( ACC ), ▁an ter omed ial ▁temporal , ▁and ▁the ▁ins ula . ▁ ▁Norm ally , ▁eating ▁is ▁pleasant ▁when ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁hungry ▁and ▁less ▁pleasant ▁when ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁full . ▁Ne ur onal ▁activation ▁in ▁the ▁OF C ▁decre ases ▁when ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁full , ▁however ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁disturb ance ▁in ▁this ▁path way ▁in ▁individuals ▁with ▁AN ▁and ▁B N . ▁Thus , ▁patients ▁with ▁AN ▁have ▁little ▁response ▁to ▁food ▁or ▁a ▁quick ▁response ▁to ▁being ▁full , ▁and ▁patients ▁with ▁B N ▁have ▁an ▁exagger ated ▁response ▁to ▁food ▁or ▁a ▁decrease ▁in ▁feeling |
▁full . ▁ ▁Are as ▁of ▁the ▁cort ex ▁receive ▁signals ▁of ▁being ▁full ▁by ▁the ▁gut ▁through ▁sub c ort ical ▁mechanisms ▁including ▁the ▁th al am us ▁which ▁rel ays ▁information ▁from ▁associated ▁systems ▁in ▁the ▁hyp oth al am us . ▁The ▁hyp oth al am us ▁has ▁pro jections ▁into ▁the ▁nucle us ▁acc umb ens ▁( NA cc ), ▁which ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁reward ▁system ▁of ▁feeding . ▁Incre ased ▁extr ac ell ular ▁ac et yl ch oline ▁from ▁inter neur ons ▁in ▁the ▁N Acc ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁dis contin uation ▁of ▁eating , ▁and ▁the ▁dys reg ulation ▁of ▁this ▁mechanism ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁food - re ward ▁system ▁in ▁eating ▁disorder ▁studies . ▁ ▁Body ▁Image ▁ ▁Ne ur ons ▁located ▁in ▁different ▁structures ▁of ▁the ▁med ial ▁temporal ▁l obe ▁are ▁what ▁cause ▁the ▁transformation ▁from ▁an ▁eg oc entric ▁to ▁an ▁alloc entric ▁representation ▁in ▁space . ▁The ▁hip p oc amp us ▁generates ▁alloc entric ▁representations ▁for ▁long - term ▁memory , ▁and ▁the ▁par iet al ▁cort ex , ▁ret ros pl en ial ▁cort ex , ▁ent or h inal ▁cort ex , ▁and ▁hip p oc amp us ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁network ▁that ▁processes ▁alloc entric ▁spatial ▁information . ▁The ▁later al ▁ent or h inal ▁cort ex ▁carries ▁non sp at ial ▁information ▁from ▁the ▁per ir h inal ▁cort ex ▁to ▁the ▁d ors al ▁hip p |
oc amp us ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁then ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁med ial ▁ent or h inal ▁cort ex ▁to ▁create ▁object - place ▁or ▁event - place ▁representations ▁in ▁the ▁hip p oc amp us . ▁ ▁Imp air ment ▁of ▁the ▁transformation ▁from ▁an ▁eg oc entric ▁to ▁alloc entric ▁representation ▁of ▁ones elf ▁is ▁what ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁behind ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁ob es ity ▁and ▁eating ▁disorders , ▁where ▁the ▁eg oc entric ▁perception - driven ▁experience ▁of ▁an ▁individual ' s ▁real ▁body ▁image ▁cannot ▁change ▁the ▁alloc entric ▁memory - driven ▁experience ▁of ▁a ▁negative ▁body , ▁and ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁therefore ▁“ locked ” ▁in ▁an ▁alloc entric ▁view ▁of ▁a ▁negative ▁representation ▁of ▁their ▁body . ▁In ▁addition , ▁stress ▁and ▁chronic ▁stress ▁can ▁cause ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁hip p oc amp us ▁through ▁the ▁overwhelming ▁activity ▁of ▁the ▁am yg d ala ▁on ▁the ▁hip p oc amp us . ▁ ▁Nut r itional ▁Def ici encies ▁and ▁Memory ▁Nut rition ▁has ▁proven ▁to ▁show ▁effects ▁on ▁cognitive ▁abilities ▁and ▁spatial ▁memory . ▁The ▁brain ' s ▁neur onal ▁and ▁gl ial ▁cells ▁require ▁sufficient ▁nut ri ents ▁for ▁energy ▁to ▁perform ▁important ▁cognitive ▁functions ▁such ▁as ▁attention ▁and ▁memory , ▁and ▁without ▁a ▁steady ▁supply ▁of ▁nut ri ents ▁including ▁gl uc ose , ▁fat ty ▁ac ids , ▁and ▁vit am ins ▁B 1 ▁( Th iam ine ), ▁neural ▁activation ▁required ▁for ▁memory ▁functions ▁becomes ▁imp aired . ▁Individ uals ▁suffering |
▁from ▁eating ▁disorders ▁often ▁lack ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁consume ▁the ▁required ▁amount ▁of ▁these ▁nut ri ents , ▁resulting ▁in ▁notable ▁cognitive ▁imp air ments ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁necessary ▁for ▁proper ▁memory ▁functioning . ▁ ▁Gl uc ose ▁is ▁the ▁preferred ▁energy ▁source ▁for ▁the ▁brain , ▁accounting ▁for ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁body ' s ▁gl uc ose ▁consumption , ▁despite ▁being ▁only ▁ 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁body ' s ▁total ▁weight . ▁Gl uc ose , ▁along ▁with ▁ser oton in , ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁have ▁significant ▁effects ▁within ▁the ▁c ing ulate ▁cort ex , ▁front al ▁l obe , ▁temporal ▁l obe , ▁and ▁par iet al ▁l obe ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁brain , ▁including ▁in ▁those ▁with ▁an ore x ia . ▁Individ uals ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders ▁such ▁as ▁bul im ia ▁and ▁an ore x ia ▁show ▁lower ▁neural ▁met abol ism ▁of ▁gl uc ose , ▁possibly ▁due ▁to ▁neural ▁consequences ▁of ▁the ▁disorder ▁and / or ▁due ▁to ▁height ened ▁anxiety ▁or ▁depression . ▁Studies ▁have ▁indicated ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁gl uc ose ▁on ▁memory , ▁showing ▁that ▁reduced ▁levels ▁of ▁gl uc ose ▁in ▁the ▁brain ▁imp air ▁an ▁individual ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁retrieve ▁memories . ▁Most ▁evidence ▁suggests ▁that ▁severe ▁negative ▁imp air ments ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁long ▁term , ▁prolong ed ▁gl uc ose ▁dep riv ation ▁or ▁restriction , ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁seen ▁in ▁individuals ▁affected ▁by ▁eating ▁disorders , ▁however ▁effects ▁have ▁been ▁studied ▁on |
▁a ▁more ▁short - term ▁basis ▁with ▁negative ▁memory ▁imp air ments ▁seen ▁in ▁individuals ▁who ▁consumed ▁breakfast ▁compared ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁did ▁not . ▁ ▁The ▁brain ▁contains ▁high ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁lip ids ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁organ ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁type ▁being ▁poly uns atur ated ▁fat ty ▁ac ids ▁( PU F As ), ▁such ▁as ▁om ega - 3 ▁fat ty ▁ac ids ▁( ω - 3 ). ▁Ev idence ▁that ▁shows ▁that ▁low - f at ▁int ake ▁occurs ▁during ▁weight ▁loss ▁in ▁adoles cent ▁girls ▁with ▁eating ▁disorders . ▁Diet ary ▁ ω - 3 ▁fat ty ▁ac ids ▁play ▁a ▁particularly ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁prevention ▁of ▁neuro psy chiat ric ▁disorders ▁such ▁as ▁depression ▁and ▁Al z heimer ' s ▁disease . ▁Studies ▁using ▁animal ▁models ▁have ▁expressed ▁that ▁ ω - 3 ▁def ici encies ▁result ▁in ▁dimin ished ▁syn apt ic ▁plastic ity , ▁imp aired ▁learning , ▁memory ▁and ▁emotional ▁cop ing ▁performance ▁later ▁in ▁life . ▁ ▁All ▁B ▁vit am ins ▁play ▁a ▁part ▁in ▁helping ▁the ▁nervous ▁system ▁function ▁properly . ▁Vit amin ▁B 1 ▁( th iam ine ) ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁B ▁vit amin ▁and ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁K ors ak off ' s ▁syndrome , ▁a ▁neu rolog ical ▁disorder ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁vit amin ▁B 1 . ▁Ch ronic ▁alcohol ▁abuse ▁is ▁the ▁number ▁one ▁cause ▁of ▁this ▁syndrome , ▁but ▁unfortunately , ▁even ▁though ▁supplement ation ▁may ▁improve ▁muscle |
▁co - ord ination , ▁it ▁usually ▁cannot ▁reverse ▁memory ▁loss . ▁Case ▁studies ▁have ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁co - mor bid ity ▁between ▁eating ▁disorders ▁and ▁substance ▁abuse ▁as ▁a ▁significant ▁health ▁issue ▁for ▁women , ▁and ▁the ▁sub group ▁of ▁patients ▁with ▁AN ▁who ▁also ▁mis use ▁alcohol ▁are ▁at ▁particular ▁risk ▁of ▁developing ▁K ors ak off ' s ▁syndrome . ▁In ▁other ▁studies ▁regarding ▁th iam ine ▁def iciency , ▁imp air ments ▁in ▁spatial ▁memory , ▁retro grade ▁am nes ia , ▁epis od ic ▁memory ▁and ▁working ▁memory ▁have ▁all ▁been ▁observed . ▁ ▁Animal ▁Mod els ▁Used ▁in ▁E ating ▁Dis orders ▁Animal ▁models ▁have ▁contributed ▁a ▁fair ▁amount ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁understanding ▁of ▁eating ▁disorders ▁and ▁ob es ity , ▁in ▁different ▁ways ▁and ▁to ▁different ▁ext ents ; ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁reasons ▁being ▁the ▁difference ▁in ▁path oph ys i ology ▁of ▁these ▁disorders . ▁The ▁one ▁specific ▁feature ▁of ▁eating ▁disorders ▁not ▁shared ▁with ▁animal ▁behavior , ▁is ▁the ▁personal ▁choice ▁to ▁cur tail ▁food ▁int ake . ▁The ▁suit ability ▁and ▁limitations ▁of ▁animal ▁models ▁in ▁studies ▁regarding ▁human ▁eating ▁disorders ▁have ▁been ▁discussed ▁in ▁various ▁reviews . ▁Several ▁various ▁types ▁of ▁animal ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁described ▁which ▁include : ▁et i olog ic , ▁is omorphic , ▁mechan istic ▁and ▁predict ive ▁models . ▁ ▁An ore x ia ▁N erv osa ▁ ▁The ▁activity - based ▁an ore x ia ▁model ▁has ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁suitable ▁animal |
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