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nd ▁Duke ▁of ▁Cambridge , ▁who ▁formally ▁opened ▁the ▁new ▁development ▁of ▁Ch aring ▁Cross ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁ ▁Ch aring ▁Cross ▁Road ▁– ▁built ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁and ▁named ▁as ▁it ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁cross ▁at ▁Ch aring , ▁from ▁the ▁Old ▁English ▁word ▁" ci err ing ", ▁referring ▁to ▁a ▁bend ▁in ▁the ▁River ▁Th ames ▁ ▁Denmark ▁Place ▁and ▁Denmark ▁Street ▁– ▁after ▁Prince ▁George ▁of ▁Denmark , ▁husband ▁of ▁Queen ▁Anne ▁ ▁Dy ott ▁Street ▁– ▁after ▁either ▁Simon ▁Dy ott , ▁local ▁resident ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁or ▁Jane ▁Dy ott , ▁daughter ▁of ▁local ▁land owner ▁Henry ▁B ain bridge ▁ ▁E arn sh aw ▁Street ▁– ▁after ▁Thomas ▁E arn sh aw , ▁noted ▁watch maker ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th - 1 9 th ▁century , ▁who ▁worked ▁near ▁here ▁ ▁Fl it cro ft ▁Street ▁– ▁after ▁Henry ▁Fl it cro ft , ▁architect ▁of ▁St ▁G iles ▁in ▁the ▁Field s ▁church ▁ ▁New ▁Com pton ▁Street ▁– ▁as ▁with ▁Old ▁Com pton ▁Street ▁which ▁extends ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁after ▁Henry ▁Com pton , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 7 0 s ▁ ▁New ▁Oxford ▁Street ▁– ▁built ▁as ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁Oxford ▁Street ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 5 - 4 7 ▁ ▁Phoenix ▁Street ▁– ▁named ▁after ▁an ▁inn ▁that ▁formerly ▁stood ▁near ▁here ▁ ▁Prin ces ▁Circ |
us ▁St ▁G iles ▁Circ us , ▁St ▁G iles ▁High ▁Street ▁and ▁St ▁G iles ▁Pass age ▁– ▁after ▁St ▁G iles ▁Hospital , ▁a ▁le per ▁hospital ▁founded ▁by ▁Mat ilda ▁of ▁Scotland , ▁wife ▁of ▁Henry ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 1 1 7 . ▁St ▁G iles ▁was ▁an ▁ 8 th - century ▁her mit ▁in ▁Prov ence ▁who ▁was ▁c rip pled ▁in ▁a ▁hunting ▁accident ▁and ▁later ▁became ▁patron ▁saint ▁of ▁c rip ples ▁and ▁le pers . ▁Circ us ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁term ▁for ▁a ▁road ▁jun ction , ▁with ▁several ▁roads ▁meeting ▁and ▁a ▁central ▁reserv ation ▁or ▁‘ round about , ▁the ▁traffic ▁passing ▁in ▁a ▁one ▁way ▁system ▁around ▁the ▁round about ▁or ▁‘ circ us ’ ▁▁ ▁Sh aft es bury ▁Avenue ▁– ▁after ▁Anthony ▁Ash ley ▁Cooper , ▁ 7 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sh aft es bury , ▁Victorian ▁politician ▁and ▁phil anth rop ist ▁ ▁St ace y ▁Street ▁– ▁after ▁John ▁St ace y , ▁local ▁land owner ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁ ▁H og arth ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁St ▁G iles ▁ ▁Four ▁Times ▁of ▁the ▁Day ▁ ▁The ▁et ching ▁" No on " ▁from ▁Four ▁Times ▁of ▁the ▁Day ▁by ▁H og arth ▁takes ▁place ▁in ▁H og ▁Lane , ▁with ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁St ▁G iles ▁in ▁the ▁Field s ▁in ▁the ▁background . ▁H og arth ▁would ▁feature ▁St ▁G iles ▁again ▁as ▁the ▁background ▁of ▁G in ▁Lane ▁and ▁First |
▁Stage ▁of ▁Cru el ty . ▁The ▁picture ▁shows ▁the ▁Hug uen ot ▁refugees ▁who ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 8 0 s ▁and ▁established ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁silk ▁trade ; ▁H og arth ▁contrast s ▁their ▁f uss iness ▁and ▁high ▁fashion ▁with ▁the ▁sl oven l iness ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road ; ▁the ▁rott ing ▁cor pse ▁of ▁a ▁cat ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁st oned ▁to ▁death ▁lying ▁in ▁the ▁g utter ▁that ▁div ides ▁the ▁street ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁thing ▁the ▁two ▁sides ▁have ▁in ▁common . ▁The ▁older ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁congreg ation ▁wear ▁traditional ▁dress , ▁while ▁the ▁younger ▁members ▁wear ▁the ▁f ash ions ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁The ▁children ▁are ▁dressed ▁up ▁as ▁adults : ▁the ▁boy ▁in ▁the ▁fore ground ▁str uts ▁around ▁in ▁his ▁fin ery ▁while ▁the ▁boy ▁with ▁his ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁view er ▁has ▁his ▁hair ▁in ▁a ▁net , ▁ ▁bag ged ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁" F rench " ▁style . ▁At ▁the ▁far ▁right , ▁a ▁black ▁man , ▁probably ▁a ▁freed ▁slave , ▁fond les ▁the ▁breasts ▁of ▁a ▁woman , ▁distract ing ▁her ▁from ▁her ▁work , ▁her ▁pie - d ish ▁" tot ter ing ▁like ▁her ▁virtue ". ▁ ▁In ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁couple , ▁a ▁boy ▁has ▁set ▁down ▁his ▁pie ▁to ▁rest , ▁but ▁the ▁plate ▁has ▁broken , ▁sp illing ▁the ▁pie ▁onto ▁the ▁ground ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁being ▁rapidly ▁consumed ▁by ▁an ▁ urch |
in . ▁ ▁" G in ▁Lane " ▁ ▁Set ▁in ▁St ▁G iles , ▁" G in ▁Lane " ▁dep icts ▁the ▁squ al or ▁and ▁despair ▁of ▁a ▁community ▁raised ▁on ▁g in . ▁The ▁only ▁businesses ▁that ▁flour ish ▁are ▁those ▁which ▁serve ▁the ▁g in ▁industry : ▁g in ▁sell ers ; ▁dist ill ers ; ▁the ▁pa wn bro ker ▁where ▁the ▁a var icious ▁Mr . ▁G ri pe ▁greed ily ▁takes ▁the ▁vital ▁poss essions ▁( the ▁car p enter ▁offers ▁his ▁saw ▁and ▁the ▁house w ife ▁her ▁cooking ▁ut ens ils ) ▁of ▁the ▁alcohol ic ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁street ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁p enn ies ▁to ▁feed ▁their ▁habit ; ▁and ▁the ▁undert aker , ▁for ▁whom ▁H og arth ▁implies ▁at ▁least ▁a ▁handful ▁of ▁new ▁customers ▁from ▁this ▁scene ▁alone . ▁Most ▁shock ingly , ▁the ▁focus ▁of ▁the ▁picture ▁is ▁a ▁woman ▁in ▁the ▁fore ground , ▁who , ▁add led ▁by ▁g in ▁and ▁driven ▁to ▁prost itution ▁by ▁her ▁habit ▁— as ▁ev id enced ▁by ▁the ▁sy ph il it ic ▁so res ▁on ▁her ▁legs — ▁lets ▁her ▁baby ▁slip ▁un he ed ed ▁from ▁her ▁arms ▁and ▁pl unge ▁to ▁its ▁death ▁in ▁the ▁stair well ▁of ▁the ▁g in ▁cell ar ▁below . ▁Half - n aked , ▁she ▁has ▁no ▁concern ▁for ▁anything ▁other ▁than ▁a ▁pin ch ▁of ▁sn uff . ▁This ▁mother ▁was ▁not ▁such ▁an ▁exagger ation ▁as |
▁she ▁might ▁appear : ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 4 , ▁Jud ith ▁D uf our ▁re claimed ▁her ▁two - year - old ▁child ▁from ▁the ▁work house ▁where ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁given ▁a ▁new ▁set ▁of ▁clothes ; ▁she ▁then ▁str angled ▁it ▁and ▁left ▁the ▁infant ' s ▁body ▁in ▁a ▁d itch ▁so ▁that ▁she ▁could ▁sell ▁the ▁clothes ▁( for ▁ 1 s . ▁ 4 d .) ▁to ▁buy ▁g in . ▁In ▁another ▁case , ▁an ▁elderly ▁woman , ▁Mary ▁Est wick , ▁let ▁a ▁to dd ler ▁burn ▁to ▁death ▁while ▁she ▁slept ▁in ▁a ▁g in - ind uced ▁st up or . ▁ ▁Other ▁images ▁of ▁despair ▁and ▁mad ness ▁fill ▁the ▁scene : ▁a ▁lun atic ▁cav orts ▁in ▁the ▁street ▁beating ▁himself ▁over ▁the ▁head ▁with ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁bell ows ▁while ▁holding ▁a ▁baby ▁imp aled ▁on ▁a ▁sp ike — the ▁dead ▁child ' s ▁fr antic ▁mother ▁r ushes ▁from ▁the ▁house ▁screaming ▁in ▁horror ; ▁a ▁bar ber ▁has ▁taken ▁his ▁own ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁dil ap id ated ▁att ic ▁of ▁his ▁bar ber - shop , ▁ruined ▁because ▁nobody ▁can ▁afford ▁a ▁hair cut ▁or ▁sh ave ; ▁on ▁the ▁steps , ▁below ▁the ▁woman ▁who ▁has ▁let ▁her ▁baby ▁fall , ▁a ▁ske let al ▁pam ph let - s eller ▁rest s , ▁perhaps ▁dead ▁of ▁star v ation , ▁as ▁the ▁uns old ▁moral ising ▁pam ph let ▁on ▁the ▁ev ils |
▁of ▁g in - dr inking , ▁The ▁Down fall ▁of ▁Mrs ▁G in , ▁sl ips ▁from ▁his ▁basket . ▁ ▁" First ▁stage ▁of ▁cruel ty " ▁Set ▁in ▁St ▁G iles , ▁the ▁et ching ▁shows ▁a ▁boy , ▁N ero , ▁is ▁being ▁assist ed ▁by ▁other ▁boys ▁tort uring ▁a ▁dog ▁by ▁insert ing ▁an ▁arrow ▁into ▁its ▁rect um . ▁An ▁initi alled ▁bad ge ▁on ▁the ▁shoulder ▁of ▁his ▁light - h ued ▁and ▁rag ged ▁coat ▁shows ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁pup il ▁of ▁the ▁charity ▁school ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁St ▁G iles . ▁A ▁more ▁tender - heart ed ▁boy , ▁perhaps ▁the ▁dog ' s ▁owner , ▁ple ads ▁with ▁N ero ▁to ▁stop ▁tor ment ing ▁the ▁frightened ▁animal , ▁even ▁offering ▁food ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁appe ase ▁him . ▁ ▁Modern ▁govern ance ▁St ▁G iles ▁is ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁elect oral ▁w ards ▁of ▁Bloom sb ury ▁and ▁Hol born ▁and ▁Cov ent ▁Garden ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Cam den . ▁With ▁some ▁sections ▁of ▁Hol born ▁and ▁Bloom sb ury ▁it ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Mid town ▁business ▁improvement ▁district . ▁It ▁is ▁within ▁the ▁Hol born ▁and ▁St ▁P anc ras ▁Parliament ▁constitu ency ▁and ▁the ▁Barn et ▁and ▁Cam den ▁London ▁Assembly ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁Tot ten ham ▁Court ▁Road ▁tube ▁station ▁ ▁The ▁Central ▁London ▁Railway ▁( CL R ) ▁opened ▁Tot ten ham ▁Court ▁T ube ▁Station , ▁between ▁the |
▁Church ▁of ▁St ▁G iles ▁in ▁the ▁Field s ▁and ▁St ▁G iles ▁Circ us ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁ ▁Tot ten ham ▁Court ▁Road ▁under w ent ▁improvements ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁to ▁replace ▁lif ts ▁with ▁escal ators . ▁The ▁station ▁had ▁four ▁entr ances ▁to ▁the ▁sub - surface ▁ticket ▁hall ▁from ▁the ▁north - east , ▁south - west ▁and ▁north - west ▁corners ▁of ▁St ▁G iles ▁Circ us ▁and ▁from ▁a ▁sub way ▁beneath ▁the ▁Centre point ▁building ▁which ▁starts ▁on ▁Andrew ▁Bor de ▁Street . ▁The ▁entr ances ▁were ▁frequently ▁con gest ed ▁leading ▁to ▁occasions ▁during ▁peak ▁periods ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁briefly ▁closed ▁to ▁prevent ▁over c row ding ▁in ▁the ▁station . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Transport ▁for ▁London ▁began ▁a ▁major ▁reconstruction ▁of ▁large ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁station . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁St ▁G iles ▁area ▁alongside ▁St ▁G iles ▁High ▁Street ▁has ▁been ▁cleared ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁development ▁including ▁Cross ra il ▁expansion . ▁The ▁Ast oria ▁theatre ▁on ▁Ch aring ▁Cross ▁Road ▁has ▁been ▁demol ished ▁and ▁the ▁original ▁Central ▁line ▁entr ances ▁will ▁also ▁go . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Church ▁of ▁St ▁G iles ▁in ▁the ▁Field s ▁St ▁G iles ▁Circ us ▁St ▁G iles ▁District ▁( Met ropol is ) ▁Central ▁Saint ▁G iles ▁The ▁Phoenix ▁Garden ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category |
: Are as ▁of ▁London ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Cam den ▁Category : Form er ▁sl ums ▁of ▁London ▁Category : Form er ▁civil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁London ▁Category : B ills ▁of ▁mort ality ▁par ishes ▁▁▁ ▁ur : س ی ن ٹ ▁ گ ا ئ ی ل ز ، ▁ ل ن د ن <0x0A> </s> ▁The o ▁V og els ang ▁( born ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁an ▁attacking ▁mid f iel der . ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Dutch ▁E er ste ▁Div is ie ▁for ▁Go ▁A head ▁E agles ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 . ▁Liga ▁for ▁K ick ers ▁Off en bach . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : G erman ▁people ▁of ▁Russian ▁descent ▁Category : G erman ▁football ers ▁Category : E red iv is ie ▁players ▁Category : E er ste ▁Div is ie ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Tw ente ▁players ▁Category : Go ▁A head ▁E agles ▁players ▁Category : PE C ▁Zw ol le ▁players ▁Category : 3 . ▁Liga ▁players ▁Category : K ick ers ▁Off en bach ▁players ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁P ht he och ro a ▁de ima ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁T ort ric idae . ▁It ▁is |
▁found ▁in ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Mexico ▁in ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Category : P ht he och ro a <0x0A> </s> ▁Cry ▁Like ▁a ▁Baby ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁Box ▁T ops . ▁The ▁title ▁song ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁and ▁reached ▁# 2 ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁chart , ▁a ▁position ▁which ▁it ▁held ▁for ▁two ▁weeks . ▁It ▁was ▁kept ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁spot ▁by ▁Bobby ▁G olds bor o ' s ▁" H oney ". ▁ ▁Background ▁The ▁original ▁vin yl ▁album ▁concl udes ▁with ▁a ▁slow ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁" You ▁Keep ▁Me ▁H ang in ' ▁On ", ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁hit ▁for ▁The ▁Sup rem es ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁The ▁Box ▁T ops ▁version ▁is ▁similar ▁to , ▁but ▁shorter ▁than , ▁the ▁version ▁recorded ▁by ▁Van illa ▁F udge ▁on ▁its ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁debut ▁album . ▁Music ian ▁and ▁record ▁producer ▁Jim ▁Dick inson ▁said ▁of ▁this ▁album ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" Mem ph is ▁pop ▁production ▁at ▁its ▁best , ▁on ▁par ▁with ▁the ▁great ▁D ust y ▁In ▁Mem ph is , ▁recorded ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁cast ▁of ▁characters ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁period . ▁Those ▁two ▁records ▁were ▁as ▁good ▁as ▁it ▁gets ." ▁According ▁to ▁Alex ▁Ch ilton ▁bi |
ographer ▁Holly ▁George - War ren , ▁the ▁studio ▁band ▁for ▁all ▁tracks ▁except ▁" You ▁Keep ▁Me ▁H ang in ' ▁On " ▁was ▁the ▁house ▁band ▁at ▁America ▁Sound ▁Studio , ▁sometimes ▁known ▁as ▁" The ▁Mem ph is ▁Boys ", ▁augment ed ▁by ▁Sp oon er ▁Old ham ▁on ▁key boards ▁and ▁other ▁musicians ▁playing ▁brass , ▁wood wind , ▁and ▁string ed ▁instruments . ▁The ▁Box ▁T ops ▁themselves ▁accompanied ▁Ch ilton ▁on ▁" You ▁Keep ▁Me ▁H anging ▁On ". ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Writing ▁for ▁All mus ic , ▁music ▁critic ▁Steve ▁Kur utz ▁called ▁the ▁title ▁song ▁" a ▁perfect ▁slice ▁of ▁blue - eyed ▁soul " ▁and ▁summar ized ; ▁" All ▁in ▁all , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁" C ry ▁Like ▁a ▁Baby ," ▁an ▁album ▁that ▁could ' ve ▁potentially ▁contained ▁some ▁real ▁g ems ▁just ▁doesn ' t ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁tracks ▁composed ▁by ▁Dan ▁Penn ▁and ▁Sp oon er ▁Old ham ; ▁except ▁where ▁indicated ▁" C ry ▁Like ▁a ▁Baby " ▁– ▁ 2 : 3 2 ▁" Deep ▁in ▁Kentucky " ▁( Bill ▁David son ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 0 9 ▁" I ' m ▁the ▁One ▁for ▁You " ▁( Har old ▁Thomas , ▁Lee ▁W . ▁Jones , ▁Jr .) ▁– ▁ 3 : 0 3 ▁" We eping ▁An ale ah " ▁( Dan ▁Fol ger , ▁Mic key ▁New bury ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 0 2 ▁" Every time " |
▁– ▁ 2 : 3 3 ▁" Fields ▁of ▁C lo ver " ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 9 ▁" T rou ble ▁with ▁Sam " ▁( Dan ▁Penn ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 1 4 ▁" L ost " ▁( G len ▁Sp reen , ▁Mark ▁James ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 2 7 ▁" Good ▁Morning ▁Dear " ▁( Mic key ▁New bury ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 8 ▁" 7 2 7 " ▁– ▁ 2 : 1 6 ▁" You ▁Keep ▁Me ▁H ang in ' ▁On " ▁( H oll and – D oz ier – H oll and ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 5 ▁ ▁CD ▁bonus ▁tracks ▁" C ry ▁Like ▁a ▁Baby " ▁( Dig it ally ▁Rem aster ed ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 3 2 ▁" The ▁Door ▁You ▁Cl osed ▁to ▁Me " ▁- ▁ 2 : 3 9 ▁" You ▁Keep ▁T ight ening ▁Up ▁On ▁Me " ▁( W ay ne ▁Cars on ▁Thompson ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 5 2 ▁" Come ▁on ▁H oney " ▁( Alex ▁Ch ilton ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 4 ▁" Take ▁Me ▁to ▁Your ▁Heart " ▁( B illy ▁W ade ▁McK night ) ▁- ▁ 2 : 3 6 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Alex ▁Ch ilton ▁– ▁lead ▁vocals , ▁guitar ▁Bill ▁C unning ham ▁– ▁bass ▁John ▁Evans ▁– ▁key boards ▁Danny ▁S my the ▁– ▁drums ▁Gary ▁Tal ley ▁– ▁guitar , ▁background ▁vocals ▁Rick ▁Allen ▁- |
▁bass , ▁key boards ▁Thomas ▁Bog gs ▁- ▁drums ▁Tommy ▁C og b ill ▁- ▁bass ▁Reg gie ▁Young ▁- ▁guitar ▁The ▁Mem ph is ▁Horn s ▁- ▁horn s ▁Gene ▁Chris man ▁- ▁drums ▁Dan ▁Penn ▁- ▁producer ▁Sp oon er ▁Old ham ▁- ▁key boards ▁Terry ▁M anning ▁- ▁engineer , ▁har ps ich ord ▁with : ▁Mike ▁Le ech ▁- ▁string ▁arrangements ▁Frank ▁L er ner ▁- ▁cover ▁photography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Classic ▁Rock ▁B ands : ▁Box ▁T ops ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Box ▁T ops ▁bass ist ▁Bill ▁C unning ham ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁albums ▁Category : B ell ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : S und azed ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : The ▁Box ▁T ops ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Ch ips ▁M oman <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁al umn us ▁of ▁St ▁Stephen ' s ▁College , ▁Delhi ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁a ▁Ste phan ian . ▁Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁college ▁include ▁distinguished ▁people ▁from ▁various ▁fields , ▁including ▁several ▁Members ▁of ▁Parliament ▁( MP ) ▁in ▁India , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁three ▁countries . ▁The ▁names ▁in ▁this ▁list ▁are ▁presented ▁in ▁al phabet ical ▁order ▁of ▁surn ame / family ▁name . ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁exhaust ive ▁list . ▁ ▁Polit icians , ▁judges ▁and ▁bureau cr ats ▁▁ ▁Jar b om ▁Gam lin , ▁former ▁chief ▁minister ▁of ▁ar un anch al ▁pr adesh ▁Par vez ▁D ew an , |
well ▁known ▁I AS ▁officer . ▁A j ay ▁Nar ay an ▁J ha , ▁member ▁of ▁ 1 5 th ▁finance ▁commission . ▁ ▁Vin ay ▁She el ▁Ober oi , ▁notable ▁I AS ▁officer ▁Nav in ▁Ch aw la , ▁former ▁chief ▁election ▁commission er ▁of ▁India ▁ ▁A j it ▁Seth , 3 0 th ▁Cab inet ▁Secretary ▁of ▁India . ▁ ▁Monte k ▁Singh ▁A hl uw alia , ▁econom ist ; ▁Deputy ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Planning ▁Commission ; ▁former ▁Finance ▁Secretary ▁▁ ▁J ave ed ▁Ah mad , ▁I PS , ▁Director ▁of ▁National ▁Institute ▁of ▁Crim in ology ▁and ▁Fore ns ic ▁Sciences , ▁and ▁former ▁Director ▁General ▁of ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁Police . ▁▁ ▁F akh ru dd in ▁Ali ▁Ah med ▁( 1 9 0 5 - 1 9 7 7 ), ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁Nur udd in ▁Ah med ▁( 1 9 0 4 - 1 9 7 5 ), ▁barr ister , ▁three - time ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Delhi ▁and ▁Pad ma ▁Bh ush an ▁recipient ▁▁ ▁Man i ▁Sh ank ar ▁A iy ar , ▁MP , ▁former ▁Cab inet ▁Minister ▁▁ ▁As af ▁Ali ▁( 1 8 8 8 - 1 9 5 3 ), ▁Indian ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁US , ▁Governor ▁of ▁Od isha ▁▁ ▁Pr aty aya ▁Am rit , ▁I AS , ▁Pr incipal ▁Secretary ▁in ▁Government ▁of ▁B ih ar ▁▁ ▁Ka ush ik ▁Bas u , ▁econom ist ; ▁Senior ▁Vice ▁President |
▁and ▁Chief ▁Econom ist ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Bank ; ▁former ▁C EA ▁to ▁the ▁Government ▁▁ ▁R anj ib ▁Bis wal , ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament , ▁Raj ya ▁Sab ha ▁▁ ▁D han anj aya ▁Y . ▁Chand r ach ud , ▁Judge , ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁Pul ok ▁Ch atter ji , ▁I AS , ▁Pr incipal ▁Secretary ▁to ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁India ▁( 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 4 ) ▁▁ ▁Sh akt ik anta ▁Das , ▁ 2 5 th ▁Governor ▁of ▁the ▁Reserve ▁Bank ▁of ▁India . ▁▁ ▁Sw apan ▁Das gu pt a , ▁Raj ya ▁Sab ha ▁MP ▁Kam lesh ▁Shar ma , ▁notable ▁I FS ▁officer ▁ ▁S ande ep ▁D ik shit , ▁MP ▁▁ ▁Jar b om ▁Gam lin ▁( 1 9 6 1 - 2 0 1 4 ), ▁former ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁of ▁Ar un ach al ▁Pr adesh ▁▁ ▁G op alk r ish na ▁Gand hi , ▁I AS , ▁former ▁Governor ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al ▁▁ ▁Rah ul ▁Gand hi , ▁MP , ▁President ▁Congress ▁▁ ▁Ran jan ▁G og oi , ▁ 4 6 th ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁of ▁India ▁( 2 0 1 8 – 2 0 1 9 ) ▁▁ ▁V ij ay ▁K es hav ▁G ok h ale , ▁I FS , ▁the ▁current ▁and ▁ 3 2 nd ▁Foreign ▁Secretary ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁Ind raj it ▁Gu pt a ▁( 1 9 1 9 - 2 0 0 1 |
), ▁former ▁MP ▁and ▁Home ▁Minister ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁Sy ed ▁A ta ▁Has n ain , ▁high ▁ranking ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Army ▁▁ ▁Sub ra hm any am ▁Ja ish ank ar , ▁I FS , ▁Foreign ▁Secretary ▁of ▁India , External ▁Affairs ▁Minister ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁A j ay ▁Nar ay an ▁J ha , ▁former ▁Finance ▁Secretary ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁Fif teenth ▁Finance ▁Commission ▁▁ ▁A mit ab h ▁K ant , ▁CEO ▁of ▁N IT I ▁A ay og ▁( 2 0 1 6 – inc umb ent ) ▁ ▁San j ay ▁K ish an ▁K aul , ▁Judge , ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁V ij ay end ra ▁N ath ▁K aul , ▁former ▁Com pt roller ▁and ▁Aud itor ▁General ▁of ▁India ▁( 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 8 ) ▁▁ ▁A mit ▁Kh are , ▁I AS , ▁Pr incipal ▁Secretary ▁( Fin ance ), ▁Government ▁of ▁J h ark hand ▁▁ ▁Sal man ▁Kh ur sh id , ▁Ex ▁MP , ▁Ex ternal ▁Affairs ▁Minister , ▁former ▁Law ▁Minister ▁▁ ▁Mad an ▁L ok ur , ▁Judge , ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁M air a , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Planning ▁Commission ▁▁ ▁At ishi ▁Mar len a , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Political ▁Affairs ▁Committee ▁of ▁A am ▁A ad mi ▁Party ▁▁ ▁Sh iv sh ank ar ▁Men on , ▁I FS , ▁former ▁ ▁National ▁Security ▁Advis er ▁of ▁India ( 1 7 |
▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁– ▁ 2 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁▁ ▁Raj iv ▁Me hr ishi , ▁I AS , ▁Current ▁Com pt roller ▁and ▁Aud itor ▁General ▁of ▁India , ▁former ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁and ▁Finance ▁Secretary ▁of ▁India . ▁▁ ▁Chand an ▁Mit ra , ▁EX - R aj ya ▁Sab ha ▁MP ▁▁ ▁N ave en ▁Pat na ik , ▁ 1 4 th ▁Chief ▁Minister ▁of ▁Od isha ▁( 2 0 0 0 – inc umb ent ) ▁▁ ▁Sach in ▁Pil ot , ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁Minister , ▁Raj as than ▁▁ ▁Ch hot u ▁Ram ▁( 1 8 8 1 - 1 9 4 5 ), ▁pre - partition ▁politician , ▁kn ight ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁Sh ou rie , ▁journalist ▁and ▁econom ist ▁with ▁the ▁World ▁Bank ▁▁ ▁Har sh ▁V ard han ▁Sh ring la , ▁an ▁I FS ▁officer ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁Indian ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁▁ ▁Kap il ▁S ib al , ▁MP , ▁former ▁Law ▁Minister ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁Nat war ▁Singh , ▁MP , ▁former ▁Foreign ▁Minister ▁of ▁India ▁ ▁R . K . ▁Singh , ▁I AS , ▁former ▁Home ▁Secretary ▁to ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁India , ▁Minister ▁of ▁State ▁( Ind ep endent ▁Ch arge ) ▁for ▁Power ▁and ▁Ren ew able ▁Energy , ▁Minister ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Sk ill ▁Development ▁and ▁Entre pre neur ship . ▁▁ ▁Vir bh ad ra ▁Singh , |
▁Chief ▁Minister ▁of ▁Him ach al ▁Pr adesh ▁▁ ▁Pr ade ep ▁Kum ar ▁Sin ha , ▁I AS , ▁Cab inet ▁Secretary ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁Ar v ind ▁Sub ram an ian , ▁Chief ▁Economic ▁Advis er ▁to ▁Government ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁Sh ashi ▁Th aro or , ▁MP , ▁former ▁Minister ▁of ▁State , ▁former ▁Under - Secret ary - General ▁of ▁the ▁UN ▁▁ ▁P raj ap ati ▁T riv edi , ▁econom ist ▁and ▁first ▁Secretary , ▁Performance ▁Management ▁Division , ▁Cab inet ▁Secret ari at ▁▁ ▁S it aram ▁Y ech uri , ▁General ▁Secretary ▁of ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁India ▁( Mar x ist ) ▁▁ ▁Al ok ▁Ver ma , ▁Former ▁Director ▁of ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Invest igation ▁▁ ▁Ar v ind ▁Vir man i , ▁former ▁Chief ▁Economic ▁Advis er ▁to ▁Government ▁of ▁India ▁▁ ▁Muhammad ▁Z ia - ul - Ha q ▁( 1 9 2 4 - 1 9 8 8 ), ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁Pakistan ▁Ash ok ▁Kam te ▁( 1 9 6 5 - 2 0 0 8 ), ▁officer ▁of ▁Indian ▁Police ▁Services , k illed ▁in ▁action ▁during ▁ 2 6 / 1 1 ▁attack . ▁J aim ini ▁Bh ag w ati , an ▁I FS ▁officer ▁and ▁World ▁bank ▁econom ist . ▁Sw ash p aw an ▁Singh , Intern ational ▁political ▁analyst ▁Pul ok ▁Ch atter ji , C ivil ▁servant ▁Al w yn ▁Did ar ▁Singh , a ▁former ▁civil ▁servant ▁and ▁former ▁secretary ▁general ▁of |
▁F CC CI . ▁N aje eb ▁Jung , former ▁lieutenant ▁governor ▁of ▁Delhi . ▁A ▁P ▁Singh , former ▁director ▁of ▁C BI ▁Am ir ▁Chand ▁Bomb wal , f reedom ▁fighter ▁ ▁Business ▁▁ ▁Rah ul ▁B aj aj , ▁Chairman , ▁B aj aj ▁Group ▁ ▁A j ay pal ▁Singh ▁Bang a , ▁CEO ▁of ▁Master Card ▁ ▁San je ev ▁B ikh ch and ani , ▁founder ▁of ▁N au k ri . com ▁ ▁P iy ush ▁Gu pt a , ▁CEO , ▁D BS ▁Bank ▁ ▁S idd h arth a ▁L al , ▁CEO , ▁E icher ▁Mot ors ▁ ▁Ivan ▁M ene zes , ▁CEO ▁of ▁Di age o ▁ ▁P iy ush ▁Pand ey , ▁Executive ▁Chairman ▁and ▁Creative ▁Director , ▁Og il vy ▁and ▁M ather ▁India ▁and ▁South ▁Asia ▁ ▁V ip ul ▁V ed ▁Pr ak ash , ▁Internet ▁entrepreneur ▁and ▁co - found er ▁of ▁T ops y ▁and ▁Cloud mark ▁ ▁Mad an ▁Moh an ▁Sab har wal , ▁business ▁executive , ▁social ▁worker ▁and ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁aw arde e ▁ ▁Mal v inder ▁Moh an ▁Singh , ▁Co - found er , ▁Fort is ▁Health care ▁ ▁Sh iv inder ▁Moh an ▁Singh , ▁Co - found er , ▁Fort is ▁Health care ▁ ▁Sh rad ha ▁Shar ma , ▁Found er ▁& ▁CEO ▁your story . com ▁ ▁Per forming ▁arts ▁▁▁ ▁S idd h arth a ▁Bas u , ▁qu iz ▁master ▁ |
▁Kab ir ▁Bed i , ▁actor ▁ ▁Rich a ▁Ch ad ha , ▁actress ▁ ▁Saf dar ▁Hash mi , ▁founding ▁member ▁of ▁J ana ▁Nat ya ▁Man ch ▁ ▁She k har ▁Kap ur , ▁director ▁and ▁producer ▁ ▁Ar un ima ▁Kum ar , ▁k uch ip udi ▁d ancer ▁▁ ▁Ra am ▁Red dy , ▁director , ▁Th ith i ▁ ▁R osh an ▁Seth , ▁actor ▁ ▁Kon k ana ▁Sen ▁Shar ma , ▁actor ▁ ▁Sur aj ▁Shar ma , ▁actor ▁( did ▁not ▁graduate ) ▁ ▁Writ ers , ▁po ets , ▁artists ▁and ▁critics ▁▁▁ ▁S ae ed ▁Ah mad ▁Ak bar ab adi ▁( 1 9 0 8 - 1 9 8 5 ), ▁Indian ▁Islamic ▁scholar , ▁served ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁College , ▁Delhi ▁as ▁lect urer ▁in ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁Up am any u ▁Ch atter je e , ▁I AS , ▁author ▁ ▁Y ash ica ▁D utt , ▁writer ▁ ▁Raj m oh an ▁Gand hi , ▁bi ographer ▁ ▁A mit av ▁Gh osh , ▁author ▁ ▁Ram ach andra ▁Gu ha , ▁author ▁ ▁M uk ul ▁K es avan ▁ ▁Raj iv ▁Mal hot ra , ▁author , ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁intellectual , ▁writer ; ▁speaker ▁on ▁current ▁affairs , ▁world ▁relig ions ▁and ▁cross ▁cultural ▁interactions ▁between ▁East ▁and ▁West ▁ ▁M ammen ▁Mat hew , ▁Chief ▁Editor ▁of ▁the ▁Mal ay ala ▁Man or ama , ▁Pad ma ▁Sh ri ▁aw |
arde e ▁ ▁Jan ice ▁P ari at , ▁author ▁ ▁Kh ush want ▁Singh ▁( 1 9 1 5 - 2 0 1 4 ), ▁author ▁Prem ▁Be h ari ▁Nar ain ▁Ra izada , ▁call ig rap her ▁and ▁writer ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁India ▁ ▁Ra am ▁Red dy , ▁author , ▁film maker ▁ ▁Ram k um ar ▁Ver ma ▁( 1 9 0 5 - 1 9 9 0 ), ▁Hind i ▁poet ▁ ▁Ja ide ep ▁Sa ik ia , ▁author ▁ ▁Kan ika ▁D h illon , ▁author ▁and ▁screen writer ▁ ▁Art ▁▁▁ ▁Sh ak ti ▁M air a , ▁artist , ▁sculpt or , ▁writer ▁ ▁R aje ev ▁Seth i , ▁art ▁cur ator , ▁scen ographer , ▁designer ▁ ▁Science ▁and ▁academ ics ▁▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁top most ▁researchers ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁at ▁institutions ▁like ▁T IF R , ▁J NC AS R , ▁I IS c , ▁I IS ER s ▁are ▁Ste phan ians . ▁ ▁V . ▁Bal ak r ish nan , ▁The oret ical ▁phys ic ist ▁ ▁Sur aj ▁N . ▁Gu pt a , ▁The oret ical ▁phys ic ist ▁ ▁Deep ak ▁Kum ar ▁( 1 9 4 6 - 2 0 1 6 ), ▁Cele br ated ▁phys ic ist ▁& ▁Sh anti ▁Sw ar up ▁B hat n ag ar ▁la ure ate ▁ ▁Div ya ▁D w ived i , ▁Not ed ▁Phil os opher ▁ ▁Sat ish ▁Ch andra |
▁Ma he sh w ari ▁( 1 9 3 3 - 2 0 1 9 ), ▁M ole cular ▁bi ologist ▁& ▁Sh anti ▁Sw ar up ▁B hat n ag ar ▁Prize ▁recipient ▁ ▁Sh aj ▁Moh an , ▁Cele br ated ▁Phil os opher ▁ ▁Am rit a ▁N arl ik ar , ▁ ▁San j ay ▁J ain , Reader ▁in ▁international ▁political ▁economy ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁ ▁V aid yes war an ▁Raj aram an , ▁Computer ▁pione er ▁& ▁Pad ma ▁Bh ush an ▁recipient ▁ ▁Mar o of ▁R aza , ▁Def ence ▁analyst , ▁writer ▁& ▁educational ist ▁An up am ▁Sa ik ia , ▁Not ed ▁mat hem atic ian ▁San j ay ▁J ain , ▁British ▁Econom ist ▁Su v rat ▁Raj u , ▁The oret ical ▁phys ic ist ▁Sar ab j it ▁Ban er je e , ▁Professor ▁at ▁Texas ▁A & M . ▁Pr ade ep ▁Dub ey , ▁Game ▁the or ist ▁and ▁professor ▁at ▁Yale ▁Pr an ▁N ath , ▁ ▁Not ed ▁particle ▁phys ic ist . ▁Sh ail end ra ▁Raj ▁Me ht a , ▁President ▁& ▁Director ▁of ▁M IC A ▁Deep ak ▁N ay yar , ▁Pro ff es or ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁at ▁J NU ▁Ar v ind ▁Vir man i , ▁Not ed ▁Econom ist ▁M ih ir ▁Shah , ▁Member ▁of ▁erst while ▁planning ▁commission ▁Roh ini ▁P ande , ▁a ▁well ▁known ▁econom ist ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁development |
al ▁economics ▁Ab h ij it ▁Sen , ▁Former ▁member ▁of ▁planning ▁commission ▁ ▁Media ▁and ▁journal ism ▁▁ ▁G aur av ▁A ry a , ▁consulting ▁editor ▁and ▁host ▁of ▁Patri ot ▁on ▁Republic ▁TV , ▁retired ▁as ▁a ▁Major ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁Army . ▁R ag hav ▁B ahl , ▁former ▁Director ▁of ▁Network ▁ 1 8 ▁Group , ▁founder ▁of ▁The ▁Qu int ▁ ▁Sh ere en ▁B han , ▁Man aging ▁Editor ▁of ▁C N BC - TV 1 8 ▁and ▁World ▁Economic ▁Forum ' s ▁Young ▁Global ▁Lead ers ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁A j it ▁Bh attach ar je a ▁( 1 9 2 4 - 2 0 1 1 ), ▁newspaper ▁editor , ▁the ▁Hind ust an ▁Times , ▁The ▁Times ▁of ▁India ▁and ▁The ▁Indian ▁Express ▁R itu ▁Kap ur , ▁media ▁entrepreneur ▁ ▁Par ag ▁Kum ar ▁Das , ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁and ▁Ass ames e ▁journalist ▁assass inated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁ ▁Sw apan ▁Das gu pt a , ▁senior ▁journalist ▁and ▁political ▁column ist ▁ ▁David ▁Dev adas , ▁journalist , ▁writer ▁and ▁column ist ; ▁expert ▁on ▁K ash mir ▁conflict , ▁known ▁for ▁crit ically ▁ac claimed ▁book ▁In ▁Search ▁of ▁a ▁Future : ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁K ash mir ▁ ▁Bark ha ▁D utt , ▁television ▁journalist , ▁column ist , ▁group ▁editor ▁with ▁N D TV ▁ ▁S ag ar ika ▁Gh ose , ▁journalist , ▁news ▁anchor ▁and ▁author ▁ ▁S |
idd h arth ▁K ak , ▁documentary ▁film maker ▁and ▁creator ▁of ▁TV ▁show ▁Sur ab hi ▁ ▁Ar un ▁Sh ou rie , ▁journalist , ▁author ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁Son ia ▁Singh , ▁Editor ial ▁Director ▁of ▁N D TV ▁ ▁George ▁Ver g he se ▁( 1 9 2 7 – 2 0 1 4 ), ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁Hind ust an ▁Times ▁and ▁The ▁Indian ▁Express , ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁Ram on ▁M ags ays ay ▁Award ▁ ▁Sports ▁▁▁ ▁George ▁Abraham , ▁founder ▁of ▁World ▁Bl ind ▁Cr icket ▁Council ▁( W BC ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁al umn i ▁list ▁ ▁Ste phan ians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Fine ▁Print ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁unre leased ▁material ▁by ▁the ▁Drive - By ▁Tru ck ers ▁mostly ▁recorded ▁throughout ▁the ▁making ▁of ▁their ▁albums ▁Dec oration ▁Day ▁and ▁The ▁D irty ▁South ; ▁a ▁highly ▁pro l ific ▁period ▁for ▁the ▁band . ▁It ▁features ▁album ▁artwork ▁and ▁a ▁sample ▁of ▁concert ▁post ers ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁Wes ▁F reed , ▁and ▁is ▁produced ▁by ▁David ▁Bar be . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁The ▁Fine ▁Print ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁Drive - By ▁Tru cker ▁album ▁to ▁include ▁covers ▁of ▁other ▁artist ' s ▁original ▁record ings ; ▁most ▁notably ▁" Reb els " ▁by ▁Tom ▁Pet ty , ▁and ▁" Like ▁a ▁Roll ing ▁Stone " ▁by ▁Bob ▁Dylan . ▁ ▁The ▁latter ▁of ▁these ▁songs ▁has ▁each ▁of ▁its ▁four |
▁vers es ▁sung ▁in ▁rotation ▁by ▁H ood , ▁T ucker , ▁Is bell , ▁and ▁Co ole y . ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁songs ▁on ▁the ▁album , ▁" Un cle ▁Frank " ▁and ▁" Go ode ' s ▁Field ▁Road " ▁are ▁alternate ▁takes ▁of ▁songs ▁released ▁on ▁other ▁Drive - By ▁Tru ck ers ▁albums . ▁ ▁" Un cle ▁Frank " ▁has ▁only ▁minor ▁differences ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁as ▁heard ▁on ▁P izza ▁Del iver ance , ▁while ▁" Go ode ' s ▁Field ▁Road " ▁is ▁much ▁harder ▁and ▁faster ▁than ▁the ▁slower ▁p aced ▁track ▁eventually ▁recorded ▁for ▁Br ighter ▁Th an ▁C reation ' s ▁Dark . ▁ ▁The ▁Fine ▁Print ▁version ▁of ▁" Go ode ' s ▁Field ▁Road " ▁almost ▁made ▁it ▁onto ▁The ▁D irty ▁South , ▁but ▁at ▁the ▁last ▁minute ▁was ▁switched ▁for ▁" Look out ▁Mountain ". ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁recorded ▁during ▁Jason ▁Is bell ' s ▁ten ure ▁with ▁the ▁Drive - By ▁Tru ck ers , ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁songs ▁as ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁Drive - By ▁Tru ck ers ▁were ▁also ▁included . ▁ ▁Though ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁when ▁Jay ▁Gon z ale z ▁was ▁already ▁an ▁official ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁band , ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁make ▁an ▁appearance ▁on ▁The ▁Fine ▁Print ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁recording ▁dates ▁of ▁the ▁tracks . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" Ge orge ▁Jones ▁Talk in ' ▁Cell ▁Phone ▁Blues " ▁- ▁ 4 : |
0 8 ▁( P atter son ▁H ood ) ▁" Reb els " ▁- ▁ 4 : 5 3 ▁( Tom ▁Pet ty ) ▁" Un cle ▁Frank " ▁- ▁ 5 : 2 2 ▁( altern ate ▁version ) ▁( M ike ▁Co ole y ) ▁" TV A " ▁- ▁ 6 : 5 7 ▁( J ason ▁Is bell ) ▁" Go ode ' s ▁Field ▁Road " ▁- ▁ 4 : 1 5 ▁( altern ate ▁version ) ▁( H ood ) ▁" The ▁Great ▁Car ▁De aler ▁War " ▁- ▁ 5 : 3 8 ▁( H ood ) ▁" M ama ▁B ake ▁a ▁P ie ▁( D addy ▁Kill ▁A ▁Ch icken )" ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 0 ▁( Tom ▁T . ▁Hall ) ▁" When ▁The ▁Well ▁Run s ▁Dry " ▁- ▁ 4 : 1 0 ▁( Is bell ) ▁" M rs . ▁Cl aus ' ▁Kim ono " ▁- ▁ 4 : 2 6 ▁( H ood ) ▁" Play ▁It ▁All ▁Night ▁Long " ▁- ▁ 5 : 1 0 ▁( War ren ▁Z ev on ) ▁" L ittle ▁P ony ▁And ▁The ▁Great ▁Big ▁Horse " ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 8 ▁( Co ole y ) ▁" Like ▁a ▁Roll ing ▁Stone " ▁- ▁ 6 : 0 2 ▁( B ob ▁Dylan ) ▁ ▁Person nel ▁P atter son ▁H ood ▁- ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Mike ▁Co ole y ▁- ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Jason ▁Is bell |
▁- ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Brad ▁Morgan ▁- ▁drums , ▁vocals ▁Sh onna ▁T ucker ▁- ▁bass , ▁vocals ▁John ▁Ne ff ▁- ▁guitar , ▁ped al ▁steel ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : D rive - By ▁Tru ck ers ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : New ▁West ▁Records ▁compilation ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Hav ana ▁Central ▁( ; ▁the ▁" Cent ral ▁Railway ▁Station ", ▁), ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁railway ▁terminal ▁in ▁Hav ana ▁and ▁the ▁largest ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁Cuba , ▁is ▁the ▁hub ▁of ▁the ▁rail ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Today , ▁the ▁Central ▁Station ▁serves ▁for ▁the ▁arrival ▁and ▁departure ▁of ▁national ▁and ▁divis ional ▁comm uter ▁trains , ▁and ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁national ▁railway ▁company , ▁Fer roc arr iles ▁Nacional es ▁de ▁Cuba ▁( FF CC ), ▁the ▁only ▁inter city ▁passenger ▁rail ▁transport ▁operating ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁National ▁monument ▁for ▁its ▁architect ural ▁and ▁historical ▁values ▁and ▁is , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁stations ▁of ▁Santiago , ▁Cam ag ü ey ▁and ▁Santa ▁Clara , ▁a ▁network ' s ▁divis ional ▁head qu arter . ▁ ▁Design ▁The ▁ec lect ic ▁architecture ▁building ▁has ▁four ▁floors ▁and ▁a ▁me zz an ine . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁main ▁fac ade , ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁high ▁tow ers ▁on ▁Belg ica ▁Avenue ▁representing ▁the ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁Cuba ▁and ▁Hav ana , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁architect ▁was ▁the ▁American ▁Kenn |
eth ▁Mac K enz ie ▁M urch ison , ▁who ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁decor ative ▁style ▁Spanish ▁plan ter es que , ▁which ▁are ▁clearly ▁visible ▁in ▁the ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁shield s ▁and ▁shell s ▁of ▁the ▁fac ade . ▁The ▁station ' s ▁platforms ▁are ▁nearly ▁one ▁kil ometer ▁long ▁and ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters . ▁ ▁History ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁the ▁ 7 1 - year - old ▁Vill an ueva ▁Railway ▁Station ▁( current ly ▁the ▁Cap itol io ▁grounds ), ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁Hav ana , ▁had ▁exceed ed ▁its ▁capacity ▁due ▁to ▁increasing ▁urban ▁development ▁and ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Cuba ▁authorized ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁new ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Ar senal ▁public ▁grounds ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁Vill an ueva ▁Station ▁private ▁grounds . ▁The ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁ar senal ▁grounds ▁and ▁buildings ▁was ▁about ▁US $ 3 . 7 ▁million ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁while ▁the ▁Vill an ueva ▁grounds ▁were ▁about ▁$ 2 . 3 ▁million . ▁This ▁transaction ▁caused ▁heated ▁deb ates ▁within ▁the ▁political ▁community ▁and ▁in ▁general ▁throughout ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁because ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁Ar senal ▁land ▁was ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁million ▁dollars ▁to ▁Vill an ueva , ▁so ▁it ▁was ▁unknown ▁where ▁that ▁amount ▁would ▁go . ▁ ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁heated ▁deb ates ▁in ▁the |
▁Congress . ▁The ▁Chamber ▁representative ▁Silver io ▁S án chez ▁Fig uer as , ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁liber ation ▁army , ▁den ounced ▁the ▁trade ▁as ▁a ▁" dirty ▁business ", ▁and ▁the ▁action ▁was ▁contrad icted ▁by ▁congress man ▁Colonel ▁Sever o ▁M ole ón ▁Guerra . ▁The ▁confront ation ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁a ▁du el ▁to ▁death ▁on ▁December ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁where ▁Congress man ▁M ole ón ▁died . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁the ▁new ▁Central ▁Railway ▁Station ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁the ▁former ▁ar senal ▁grounds . ▁ ▁Service ▁ ▁Over view ▁Central ▁Railway ▁Station ▁has ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁subur ban , ▁inter ur ban ▁and ▁long - distance ▁rail ▁lines . ▁The ▁rail ways ▁are ▁national ised ▁and ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁F F CC ▁( F er roc arr iles ▁de ▁Cuba ▁– ▁Rail ways ▁of ▁Cuba ). ▁Rail ▁service ▁connect s ▁the ▁Central ▁Rail ▁Station ▁to ▁various ▁Cub an ▁provin ces . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁annual ▁passenger ▁volume ▁was ▁roughly ▁ 7 . 5 ▁million , ▁almost ▁ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁less ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁year , ▁and ▁ 3 . 5 ▁million ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁mainly ▁after ▁the ▁government ▁up graded ▁A ST RO ' s ▁long - distance ▁inter - city ▁bus es ▁fleet ▁with ▁brand ▁new ▁air ▁condition ed ▁Y ut |
ong ▁bus es . ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Cuba ▁is ▁the ▁bus iest ▁route ▁from ▁the ▁Central ▁Station , ▁some ▁ ▁apart ▁by ▁rail . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁the ▁Union ▁de ▁Fer roc arr iles ▁de ▁Cuba ▁bought ▁French ▁first ▁class ▁air condition ed ▁coaches . ▁ ▁Fast ▁trains ▁line ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 , ▁between ▁( Cent ral ▁Station ) ▁and ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Cuba , ▁use ▁comfortable ▁stain less - ste el ▁air - condition ed ▁coaches ▁bought ▁from ▁French ▁Rail ways ▁and ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁ ▁the ▁" T ren ▁Franc és " ▁( the ▁French ▁train ). ▁It ▁runs ▁daily ▁at ▁peak ▁periods ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁( Sum mer ▁season , ▁Christmas ▁& ▁Easter ), ▁and ▁on ▁every ▁second ▁day ▁at ▁other ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁These ▁coaches ▁were ▁originally ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁premier ▁Trans ▁Europ ▁Express ▁service ▁between ▁Paris , ▁Br uss els ▁and ▁Amsterdam ▁before ▁being ▁replaced ▁with ▁high ▁speed ▁Th al ys ▁trains . ▁They ▁were ▁shipped ▁to ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Rail ways ▁System ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁It ▁offers ▁two ▁classes ▁of ▁se ating , ▁basic ▁leather ette ▁" espec ial " ▁and ▁quite ▁lux urious ▁" prim era ▁especial ". ▁ ▁Route ▁diagram s ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Cam ag ü ey ▁railway ▁station ▁Hav ana ▁Sub ur ban ▁Railway ▁National ▁Rail ways ▁of ▁Cuba ▁( FF CC ) ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁railway ▁station ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Cuba ▁railway ▁station ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Hav |
ana ▁Central ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁E cu Red ▁ ▁Category : Transport ▁in ▁Hav ana ▁Central ▁Station ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Cuba ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Hav ana ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Cuba <0x0A> </s> ▁Britain ' s ▁Best ▁Bak ery ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁day time ▁cook ery ▁show ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁IT V ▁Food ▁category ▁on ▁IT V ▁and ▁narr ated ▁by ▁Wend i ▁Peters ▁with ▁judges ▁Mich ▁Turner ▁and ▁Peter ▁Sid well . ▁The ▁show ▁has ▁been ▁air ing ▁from ▁ 2 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁ 1 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Game play ▁The ▁TV ▁program ▁is ▁a ▁talent ▁show ▁where ▁the ▁target ▁is ▁try ▁the ▁best ▁independent , ▁family - run ▁or ▁community ▁b ak ery . ▁Baker ies ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁UK ▁compete ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁baking ▁challenges ▁that ▁put ▁their ▁skills ▁to ▁the ▁test ▁and ▁make ▁viewers ’ ▁mouth s ▁water . ▁Its ▁a ▁tough ▁competition : ▁traditional ▁b akers ▁with ▁top - secret ▁family ▁recipes ▁compete ▁against ▁former ▁pat is serie ▁che fs ▁and ▁bread - makers ▁are ▁challenged ▁to ▁create ▁stunning ▁celebration ▁c akes . ▁Two ▁big ▁names ▁from ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁baking ▁judge ▁the ▁competition , ▁not ▁just ▁t asting ▁and ▁analys ing ▁the ▁b akes ▁but ▁visiting ▁the ▁b aker ies . ▁The ▁competition ▁builds ▁from ▁regional |
▁he ats ▁to ▁a ▁dramatic ▁finale ▁where ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁Brit ains ▁Best ▁Bak ery ▁is ▁c rowned . ▁Brit ains ▁Best ▁Bak ery ▁sh ines ▁a ▁light ▁on ▁baking ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁in ▁all ▁its ▁delicious ▁shapes ▁and ▁sizes . ▁But ▁more ▁than ▁just ▁a ▁competition , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁celebration ▁of ▁the ▁nations ▁b aker ies ▁and ▁their ▁b akers , ▁revealing ▁fascinating ▁stories ▁about ▁Britain ▁and ▁its ▁regions , ▁communities ▁and ▁cultures . ▁ ▁In ▁every ▁episode , ▁b aker ies ▁competed ▁in ▁regional ▁he ats , ▁with ▁rounds ▁including ▁the ▁" Special ity ▁B ake " ▁and ▁" B aker ' s ▁Do zen ", ▁with ▁the ▁daily ▁winners ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁cook ▁a ▁" J udge ' s ▁Choice ▁C ake " ▁in ▁the ▁regional ▁fin als ▁on ▁Friday . ▁National ▁fin als ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁week ▁featured ▁challenges ▁such ▁as ▁" C hel sea ▁b uns ▁for ▁the ▁Chelsea ▁P ension ers ", ▁and ▁a ▁great ▁wedding ▁cake ▁from ▁someone ▁British . ▁ ▁Trans m issions ▁ ▁Series ▁ 1 ▁The ▁first ▁series ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Hamb leton ▁Bak ery . ▁ ▁Series ▁ 2 ▁The ▁second ▁series ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁brother ▁and ▁sister , ▁David ▁and ▁Lind say ▁Wright , ▁from ▁The ▁C ake ▁Shop ▁Bak ery ▁from ▁Wood bridge ▁in ▁S uff olk . ▁ ▁International ▁versions ▁The ▁format ▁has ▁been ▁adapted ▁in ▁France , ▁Portugal , ▁Germany , ▁Finland ▁and ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Cook ery ▁School |
▁at ▁Bra xt ed ▁Park ▁featured ▁in ▁Britain ' s ▁Best ▁Bak ery ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : IT V ▁game ▁shows <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁list ▁organ izes ▁and ▁collect s ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁notable ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁birth , ▁resid ency ▁or ▁other ▁association ▁with ▁C anton , ▁Ohio , ▁including , ▁but ▁not ▁limited ▁to ▁rap per ▁Tri pp ie ▁Red d , ▁Jess ie ▁Davis ▁( m ur der ed ▁pregnant ▁women ), ▁and ▁Bobby ▁Cut ts ▁( p reg nant ▁murder er ). ▁ ▁Arch ae ologists ▁Mark ▁Ald ender fer , ▁archae ologist ▁and ▁anth rop ologist ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁entertainment ▁ ▁Jake ▁Ab el , ▁actor ▁ ▁James ▁B . ▁All ard ice , ▁Em my ▁Award - winning ▁television ▁writer ▁ ▁Matt ▁B ors , ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize - nom inated ▁political ▁cart oon ist ▁and ▁creator ▁of ▁I di ot ▁Box ▁web ▁comic ▁ ▁Br annon ▁Br aga , ▁television ▁producer , ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer ▁ ▁Row land ▁Brown , ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer ▁ ▁Frank ▁De ▁Vol , ▁composer , ▁arr anger , ▁actor ▁ ▁Ab ast en ia ▁St . ▁Leg er ▁E ber le , ▁sculpt or ▁ ▁Rand all ▁Craig ▁Fle ischer , ▁phil harm onic ▁condu ctor ▁ ▁Peg |
gy ▁Ann ▁Gar ner , ▁actress ▁ ▁M acy ▁Gray , ▁R & B ▁singer ▁ ▁In h ale ▁Ex h ale , ▁Christian ▁metal ▁band ▁ ▁Joshua ▁Jay , ▁mag ician ▁ ▁James ▁Kar ales , ▁major ▁civil ▁rights ▁era ▁photographer ▁ ▁Karl ▁King , ▁composer ▁and ▁band le ader ▁ ▁Mark ▁Ko ze le k , ▁musician ▁ ▁E no ch ▁Light , ▁band le ader ▁and ▁viol in ist ▁ ▁L oved rug , ▁ind ie ▁band ▁Charles ▁R . ▁Mac au ley , ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize - winning ▁cart oon ist ▁ ▁Mar il yn ▁M anson ▁( born ▁Brian ▁Hugh ▁Warner ), ▁rock ▁singer ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁ ▁Eddie ▁Mc Cl int ock , ▁actor ▁ ▁Richard ▁Miller , ▁opera ▁singer , ▁voice ▁teacher , ▁professor ▁at ▁Ober lin ▁Conserv atory , ▁author ▁ ▁The ▁O ' J ays , ▁soul ▁group ; ▁a ▁street ▁in ▁nort heast ▁C anton ▁is ▁named ▁The ▁O ' J ays ▁Park way ▁ ▁Jack ▁Pa ar , ▁host ▁of ▁The ▁Ton ight ▁Show ; ▁names ake ▁of ▁a ▁street ▁named ▁in ▁nort heast ▁C anton ▁ ▁Jean ▁Peters , ▁actress ; ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Howard ▁Hughes ▁ ▁Rel ient ▁K , ▁Christian ▁rock ▁band ▁ ▁Bo z ▁Sc ag gs , ▁musician ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Sh re ve , ▁sports ▁announ cer ▁ ▁Bl anche ▁The b om , ▁opera ▁singer ▁ ▁Jeff ▁Tim mons , ▁singer , ▁ 9 8 ▁Deg rees ▁ ▁N ate ▁Tor rence |
, ▁actor ▁ ▁Tri pp ie ▁Red d , ▁rap per ▁ ▁Joe ▁Vit ale , ▁musician , ▁has ▁played ▁with ▁Joe ▁Wal sh , ▁The ▁E agles , ▁C ros by , ▁St ills ▁& ▁Nash , ▁Michael ▁Stanley ▁Band ▁and ▁The ▁Ch y ld s ▁ ▁Kelly ▁W ear st ler , ▁interior ▁designer ; ▁Play boy ▁play mate ▁ ▁Lee ▁Wil k of , ▁Broadway ▁actor ▁ ▁Nicole ▁Wood , ▁Play boy ▁play mate ▁ ▁Er in ▁Wy att , ▁model ▁and ▁actress ▁ ▁Politics ▁▁ ▁Frank ▁T . ▁Bow , ▁jur ist ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁La f ay ette ▁Cas key , ▁Wisconsin ▁state ▁legisl ator ▁and ▁car p enter ▁ ▁L er oy ▁John ▁Cont ie , ▁Jr ., ▁judge ▁ ▁Andrew ▁W . ▁Cord ier , ▁U . N . ▁official ▁ ▁Shel ley ▁Hughes , ▁current ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Alaska ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁ ▁Frank ▁Lav in , ▁international ▁trade ▁official ▁ ▁Sus ie ▁Lee , ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁▁ ▁Benjamin ▁F . ▁Le iter , ▁mayor ▁of ▁C anton , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁ ▁William ▁A . ▁Lyn ch , ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁I da ▁Sa xt on ▁McK in ley , ▁ 2 9 th ▁First ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁wife ▁of ▁William ▁McK in ley ▁ ▁William ▁McK in ley , ▁ 2 5 th ▁U . S . ▁President ; ▁inter red ▁in ▁C anton ▁at ▁the |
▁McK in ley ▁National ▁Memorial ▁ ▁Alan ▁Page , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pro ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁and ▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ; ▁current ▁Associ ate ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁ ▁John ▁A . ▁Scal i , ▁United ▁States ▁Amb assador , ▁United ▁Nations ▁ ▁Kirk ▁Sch uring , ▁Republican , ▁Ohio ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁ ▁Sports ▁▁ ▁Todd ▁Black ledge , ▁football ▁player , ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Ch iefs , ▁Pittsburgh ▁Steel ers ; ▁college ▁football ▁comment ator ▁ ▁Dick ▁C unning ham , ▁NBA ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁Mil w au kee ▁Buck s ▁and ▁Houston ▁Rock ets , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁NBA ▁champion ▁ ▁Dan ▁D ier dorf , ▁football ▁player , ▁television ▁comment ator , ▁College ▁and ▁Pro ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁F amer ▁ ▁Mike ▁D oss , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Wayne ▁Font es , ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁coach , ▁Detroit ▁L ions ▁ ▁D ust in ▁Fox , ▁football ▁player , ▁Buffalo ▁B ills ; ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Tim ▁Fox ▁ ▁Tim ▁Fox , ▁football ▁player , ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots , ▁San ▁Diego ▁Ch arg ers , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁R ams ; ▁uncle ▁of ▁D ust in ▁Fox ▁ ▁Gary ▁Grant , ▁basketball ▁player , ▁L . A . ▁Cl ip pers , ▁NY ▁Kn icks , ▁Miami ▁Heat , ▁Portland ▁Trail ▁Bl az ers ▁ ▁John ▁Gr ims ley , ▁football ▁player , ▁University ▁of ▁Kentucky , ▁Houston ▁Oil ers , ▁Miami ▁Dol ph ins ▁ ▁Ron nie ▁Harris , ▁box er |
, ▁gold ▁medal ist , ▁light weight , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁Brian ▁Hart line , ▁wide ▁receiver ▁for ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Mike ▁Hart line ▁ ▁Mike ▁Hart line , ▁former ▁quarter back ▁for ▁the ▁Kentucky ▁Wild c ats ▁football ▁team , ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Brian ▁Hart line ▁ ▁Michael ▁Haw kins , ▁basketball ▁player ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Hay , ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁founding ▁contributor ▁ ▁D irk ▁Hay h urst , ▁baseball ▁player ▁ ▁Dick ▁H imes , ▁football ▁player , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁ ▁Phil ▁Hub b ard , ▁basketball ▁player ▁and ▁coach , ▁Olympic ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁ ▁Tim ▁H uff man , ▁football ▁player , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁ ▁Chuck ▁H utch ison , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁K osta ▁K ou f os , ▁basketball ▁player , ▁Utah ▁Jazz , ▁Denver ▁N ug gets ▁and ▁Greece ▁national ▁team ; ▁former ▁Ohio ▁State ▁Buc key es ▁player ▁ ▁Kirk ▁Low der mil k , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁J amar ▁Martin , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁C . J . ▁McC oll um , ▁basketball ▁player , ▁Portland ▁Trail ▁Bl az ers ▁ ▁Josh ▁Mc Dan iels , ▁offensive ▁coord inator ▁for ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots ▁ ▁Keith ▁Mc Le od , ▁basketball ▁player ▁ ▁Ray mar ▁Morgan , ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁for ▁Bar ak ▁Net anya ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁Mar ion ▁Mot ley , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Th ur man ▁Mun son , ▁baseball ▁player |
, ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁American ▁League ▁Most ▁Val uable ▁Player , ▁ 7 - time ▁All - Star ▁ ▁Mark ▁Murphy , ▁football ▁player , ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers ▁ ▁Don ▁Ne h len , ▁football ▁coach , ▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁ ▁Alan ▁Page , ▁football ▁player , ▁College ▁and ▁Pro ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁F amer ▁ ▁Ken ny ▁Pet erson , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Ed ▁Po ole , ▁baseball ▁player ▁R ene e ▁Pow ell , ▁former ▁LP GA ▁Gol fer ▁▁ ▁Ed ▁Rate , ▁ ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Nick ▁Roman , ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Er nie ▁Roth , ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁manager ▁known ▁as ▁Abd ull ah ▁Far ou k ▁and ▁The ▁Grand ▁W izard ▁of ▁Wrest ling ▁ ▁George ▁Sa imes , ▁football ▁player ▁ 1 9 6 3 – 1 9 7 2 , ▁Buffalo ▁B ills , ▁Denver ▁Bron cos , ▁member ▁of ▁American ▁Football ▁League ▁All - Time ▁Team ▁( first ▁team , ▁defense ) ▁ ▁Eric ▁Snow , ▁basketball ▁player ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Per cy ▁Snow ▁ ▁Per cy ▁Snow , ▁football ▁player , ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Ch iefs ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Eric ▁Snow ▁ ▁Larry ▁S ny der , ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁ath lete , ▁Ohio ▁State ▁coach ▁for ▁Jesse ▁O w ens ▁ ▁Chris ▁Spiel man , ▁football ▁player , ▁College ▁Football ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁ ▁Rick ▁Spiel man , ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ; ▁brother ▁of ▁Chris ▁Spiel man ▁ ▁Le R oy ▁Spr ank le , |
▁high ▁school ▁multi - s port ▁coach , ▁author , ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁C anton ▁Independ ents ▁ ▁Char ley ▁St ance u , ▁baseball ▁player ▁New ▁York ▁Yan ke es , ▁Philadelphia ▁Phill ies ▁ ▁Nick ▁We athers poon , ▁Illinois ▁and ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁ ▁Don ▁Will is , ▁pool ▁player ▁ ▁Dave ▁W ott le , ▁gold ▁medal ist ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 0 0 ▁meter ▁run ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁ ▁Individ uals ▁related ▁to ▁P reg nant ▁Woman ▁Mur der ▁Inc idents ▁ ▁Jess ie ▁Davis , ▁pregnant ▁woman ▁( m ur der ed ) ▁ ▁Bobby ▁Cut ts , ▁murdered ▁pregnant ▁woman ▁ ▁Other ▁Not able ▁Pers ons ▁▁▁ ▁Mother ▁Angel ica , ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁nun ▁and ▁found ress ▁of ▁the ▁E ternal ▁Word ▁Television ▁Network ▁ ▁Jess ie ▁Davis , ▁pregnant ▁woman ▁( m ur der ed ) ▁ ▁Hel ias ▁D ound oul ak is , ▁Greek - American ▁soldier , ▁O SS ▁spy , ▁and ▁designer ▁of ▁the ▁A rec ib o ▁Ant en na , ▁once ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁radio ▁teles cope ▁ ▁Ted ▁Henry , ▁broadcast ▁journalist ▁ ▁James ▁Oliver ▁Hub er ty , ▁committed ▁a ▁shooting ▁sp ree ▁in ▁a ▁McDonald ' s ▁restaurant ▁ ▁Re ub en ▁K lam er , ▁invent or ▁of ▁The ▁Game ▁of ▁Life ▁and ▁various ▁other ▁toys ; ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁Toy ▁Industry ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ; ▁hon ored ▁by ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Inst itution |
▁ ▁Don ▁M elle tt , ▁newspaper ▁editor ▁ ▁Marshall ▁Rosen berg , ▁creator ▁of ▁Non vi olent ▁Commun ication ▁ ▁Rh oda ▁W ise , ▁st ig mat ist ▁named ▁a ▁Serv ant ▁of ▁God ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁ ▁C . J . ▁Me ff ie , ▁Pil ates ▁entrepreneur ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁C anton ▁C anton ▁▁▁ 4 . ▁[ P reg nant cy ] <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ohio ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁and ▁Heritage ▁Garden ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁residence ▁was ▁built ▁during ▁ 1 9 2 3 – 1 9 2 5 ▁by ▁industrial ist ▁Mal colm ▁D . ▁Jeff rey ▁and ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁governor ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁The ▁m ansion ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ 3 5 8 ▁North ▁Park view ▁Avenue ▁in ▁B ex ley , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁and ▁en cl ave ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁capital , ▁Columb us . ▁It ▁is ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁official ▁state ▁governor ' s ▁resid ences ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁located ▁within ▁its ▁state ' s ▁capital ▁( the ▁others ▁being ▁Dr um th w acket , ▁located ▁in ▁Pr inceton , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁instead ▁of ▁T rent on ; ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Governor ' s ▁M ansion , ▁located ▁in ▁Map le ▁Bl uff , ▁instead ▁of ▁Madison ; ▁and ▁the ▁Tennessee ▁Governor ' s ▁M ansion , ▁located ▁in ▁Oak ▁Hill ▁instead ▁of ▁Nash |
ville , ▁Tennessee ). ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁current ▁m ansion ▁that ▁houses ▁the ▁governor ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁governor ' s ▁m ansion ▁and ▁was ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁to ▁house ▁the ▁governor ▁and ▁his ▁family . ▁The ▁original ▁residence , ▁located ▁at ▁ 1 2 3 4 ▁East ▁Broad ▁Street ▁in ▁Columb us , ▁was ▁purchased ▁after ▁an ▁embarrass ing ▁incident ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁occurred ▁with ▁the ▁governor - elect ▁James ▁M . ▁C ox . ▁Govern ors ▁were ▁expected ▁to ▁find ▁their ▁own ▁housing ▁and ▁Mr . ▁C ox ▁was ▁expecting ▁to ▁move ▁into ▁a ▁house ▁after ▁his ▁recent ▁election . ▁Unfortunately , ▁this ▁house ▁was ▁rent ed ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁elected ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State , ▁William ▁D . ▁F ult on . ▁In ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁avoid ▁such ▁incidents , ▁House ▁Bill ▁ 5 5 9 ▁was ▁passed ▁to ▁secure ▁a ▁residence ▁for ▁the ▁governor ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁house ▁was ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁for ▁Charles ▁H . ▁Lind en berg , ▁a ▁local ▁business ▁owner ▁and ▁a ▁founder ▁of ▁M . C . ▁Lil ley ▁and ▁Company . ▁The ▁house ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁Governor ▁until ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁after ▁the ▁house ▁became ▁dil ap id ated ▁and ▁needed ▁extensive ▁repairs ▁and ▁renov ations . ▁When ▁it ▁was ▁discovered ▁these ▁repairs ▁were ▁not ▁covered ▁in ▁the ▁budget |
, ▁the ▁state ▁found ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁cheaper ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁new ▁residence ▁altogether . ▁ ▁The ▁residence ▁in ▁B ex ley , ▁Ohio ▁was ▁commissioned ▁by ▁Mal colm ▁Jeff rey , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁J . ▁A . ▁Jeff rey , ▁founder ▁of ▁Jeff rey ▁Manufact uring ▁Company . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Robert ▁Gil more ▁Han ford , ▁a ▁Columb us - based ▁architect . ▁Ground ▁was ▁broken ▁for ▁the ▁house ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁The ▁Jeff re ys ▁occupied ▁the ▁home ▁until ▁Mal colm ▁Jeff rey ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁then ▁sold ▁to ▁Florence ▁Jeff rey ▁Carl ile , ▁Mal colm ▁Jeff rey ' s ▁sister . ▁Under ▁Mrs . ▁Carl ile ' s ▁ownership ▁the ▁house ▁gained ▁a ▁master ▁suite ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁floor ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁screen ed ▁porch . ▁Upon ▁Mrs . ▁Carl ile ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁the ▁house ▁was ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁Very ▁Re ver end ▁Charles ▁U . ▁Harris , ▁who ▁in ▁turn ▁offered ▁the ▁residence ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁The ▁house ▁has ▁been ▁occupied ▁by ▁Ohio ' s ▁govern ors ▁ever ▁since , ▁except ▁for ▁ 1 9 7 5 – 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁terms ▁of ▁Governor ▁James ▁A . ▁Rh odes . ▁( He ▁had ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁house ▁during ▁his ▁first ▁two ▁terms , ▁from |
▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁but ▁then ▁acquired ▁a ▁Columb us ▁residence ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁and ▁remained ▁there ▁after ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁govern orship .) ▁ ▁Governor ▁John ▁Kas ich ▁owned ▁a ▁private ▁residence ▁in ▁the ▁Columb us ▁sub urb ▁of ▁W ester ville ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁M ansion ▁during ▁his ▁two ▁terms ▁( 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 9 ). ▁ ▁Kas ich ▁did ▁use ▁the ▁m ansion ▁for ▁meetings , ▁re ceptions ▁and ▁special ▁events . ▁ ▁Current ▁Governor , ▁Michael ▁De W ine , ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Fran ▁moved ▁into ▁the ▁home ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁On ▁week ends , ▁the ▁De W ines ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁family ▁farm ▁in ▁C ed ar ville , ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁Ex terior ▁The ▁residence ▁is ▁fr amed ▁by ▁Park view ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁Maryland ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁and ▁Columbia ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁house ▁is ▁surrounded ▁on ▁all ▁sides ▁by ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Garden ; ▁to ▁the ▁nort heast ▁is ▁the ▁Car riage ▁House , ▁G ift ▁Shop ▁& ▁Gu est ▁Services , ▁and ▁Green house . ▁Direct ly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁entrance ▁is ▁the ▁Heritage ▁F ount ain . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁Garden ▁When ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁was ▁rel oc ated ▁to ▁its ▁current ▁location ▁the ▁grounds ▁were ▁occupied ▁by ▁some ▁plants ▁and ▁trees . ▁Over ▁time ▁several ▁works ▁of |
▁art , ▁per imeter ▁f encing ▁and ▁low ▁garden ▁walls ▁were ▁installed ▁and ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁gardens . ▁ ▁The ▁Heritage ▁Garden ▁was ▁developed ▁and ▁planted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁First ▁Lady ▁Hope ▁T aft . ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁garden ▁is ▁to ▁dep ict ▁the ▁diverse ▁ge ological ▁areas ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁new ▁gardens ▁and ▁recent ▁add itions ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁solar ▁panels ▁and ▁por ous ▁drive way ▁have ▁led ▁to ▁recognition ▁as ▁the ▁grounds ▁being ▁the ▁green est ▁governor ' s ▁residence ▁in ▁America . ▁ ▁As ▁one ▁starts ▁from ▁the ▁Car riage ▁House ▁and ▁passes ▁by ▁the ▁northern ▁gates , ▁the ▁Ge olog ic ▁Walk ▁is ▁presented . ▁This ▁walk ▁circles ▁the ▁entire ▁residence ▁and ▁begins ▁the ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁ge ological ▁regions ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁Al leg hen y ▁Garden ▁extends ▁along ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁property ▁wall ▁from ▁the ▁entry ▁gates ▁on ▁Maryland ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁entry ▁gate ▁on ▁Park view ▁Avenue . ▁This ▁garden ▁dep icts ▁the ▁nort he astern ▁area ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁Several ▁trees ▁and ▁plants ▁present ▁in ▁this ▁garden ▁are ▁not ▁from ▁the ▁Al leg hen y ▁region ▁but ▁have ▁remained ▁due ▁to ▁being ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁landscape . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁this ▁garden ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 6 - ton ▁b ould er ▁carried ▁by ▁a ▁gl ac ier ▁from ▁Canada ▁to ▁Ohio ▁during ▁the ▁Ice ▁Age . ▁ ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁west ▁lawn ▁consists ▁of ▁the |
▁Governor ' s ▁Gro ve ▁and ▁celebr ates ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁home . ▁Each ▁governor ▁has ▁planted ▁a ▁tree ▁in ▁this ▁area , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁H oney ▁loc ust ▁planted ▁by ▁C . ▁William ▁O ' Ne ill , ▁the ▁H igan ▁ch erry ▁planted ▁by ▁John ▁J . ▁Gill igan , ▁and ▁the ▁six ▁Red bud s ▁planted ▁by ▁Dick ▁Cel este , ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁his ▁six ▁children . ▁A ▁Kentucky ▁coff e et ree ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁residence ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁from ▁Governor ▁Er nie ▁F let cher ▁of ▁Kentucky . ▁ ▁Ext ending ▁from ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁residence ▁is ▁the ▁Ar riv al ▁Pl aza , ▁a ▁starting ▁point ▁for ▁anyone ▁tour ing ▁the ▁prem ises , ▁which ▁then ▁forms ▁the ▁First ▁Lady ' s ▁Cour tyard . ▁The ▁Heritage ▁F ount ain ▁is ▁a ▁center piece ▁to ▁the ▁cour tyard . ▁Sym met rical ▁plant ings ▁surround ▁the ▁cour tyard ▁and ▁two ▁flag pol es ▁flying ▁the ▁national ▁and ▁state ▁flag ▁frame ▁the ▁western ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁cour tyard . ▁ ▁The ▁M ead ow ▁Garden ▁and ▁the ▁Wood land ▁Garden ▁frame ▁the ▁southern ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁property . ▁The ▁County ▁Walk , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁stones ▁bearing ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁each ▁county , ▁leads ▁from ▁the ▁drive ▁to ▁the ▁gardens ▁and ▁past ▁the ▁Tax us ▁H edge ▁into ▁the ▁Dog wood ▁Gl ade . ▁A ▁large ▁brick ▁dep iction ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Se al ▁of ▁Ohio ▁sits ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁gl |
ade ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁gift ▁from ▁L icking ▁County ▁during ▁the ▁George ▁V oin ov ich ▁administration . ▁ ▁Past ▁the ▁state ▁seal ▁are ▁the ▁Sister ▁State ▁Cher ry ▁T rees ▁given ▁to ▁Ohio ▁from ▁the ▁S ait ama ▁P ref ect ure ▁in ▁Japan . ▁These ▁trees ▁frame ▁the ▁First ▁Family ▁Pat io . ▁Stand ing ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁pat io ▁is ▁a ▁clone ▁of ▁a ▁T idal ▁Bas in ▁Y osh ino ▁ch erry ▁tree ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia . ▁The ▁tree ▁was ▁formally ▁don ated ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁National ▁Ar b oret um . ▁ ▁The ▁Water ▁Garden ▁sits ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁pat io ▁and ▁consists ▁of ▁ 6 ▁pool s ▁with ▁ 2 ▁large ▁ urn s ▁in ▁the ▁corners ▁to ▁rec ir culate ▁the ▁water . ▁The ▁water ▁garden ▁features ▁a ▁diverse ▁collection ▁of ▁aqu atic ▁plants . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sw amp ▁Garden ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁pat io , ▁and ▁above ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁cr ab ▁apple ▁gro ve ▁with ▁the ▁sculpt ure ▁named ▁“ To ▁Life .” ▁This ▁sculpt ure ▁by ▁Alfred ▁Tib or ▁dep icts ▁a ▁father ▁with ▁a ▁child ▁on ▁his ▁shoulders , ▁a ▁mother , ▁and ▁two ▁children ▁playing ▁around ▁them . ▁ ▁The ▁Head lands ▁Sand ▁D une ▁Garden , ▁representing ▁the ▁Lake ▁E rie ▁shore line , ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁apple ▁gro ve , ▁with ▁the ▁Oak ▁Open ings ▁Sand ▁D une , ▁representing ▁the ▁landscape ▁to ▁the |
▁west ▁of ▁Tol edo , ▁fr aming ▁the ▁path ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side . ▁These ▁gardens ▁represent ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁Ohio ▁made ▁when ▁gl ac iers ▁depos ited ▁a ▁yellow - b rown ▁sand ▁from ▁the ▁bed ▁of ▁Lake ▁E rie . ▁When ▁the ▁gl ac iers ▁ret reated ▁and ▁the ▁lake ▁levels ▁dropped , ▁the ▁sand ▁was ▁left ▁and ▁formed ▁hills ▁and ▁rid ges ▁making ▁its ▁own ▁unique ▁habitat . ▁Some ▁notable ▁plants ▁in ▁this ▁garden ▁are ▁the ▁blue ▁su nd ial ▁l up ine ▁and ▁the ▁pr ick ly ▁pear ▁c act us . ▁The ▁old ▁will ow ▁tree ▁standing ▁in ▁the ▁garden ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁when ▁the ▁house ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁provides ▁some ▁shade ▁to ▁the ▁garden . ▁ ▁The ▁Al var ▁Rock ▁Garden ▁& ▁Fen ▁contains ▁two ▁somewhat ▁circular ▁flower ▁beds ▁with ▁large ▁bare ▁sl abs ▁of ▁dol om ite ▁and ▁lim estone . ▁The ▁larger ▁“ is land ” ▁contains ▁sl abs ▁with ▁gl ac ial ▁stri ations ▁and ▁plant ing ▁of ▁hard y ▁plants ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁L akes ide ▁D ais y . ▁The ▁smaller ▁“ is land ” ▁contains ▁a ▁sl ab ▁containing ▁numerous ▁foss ils ▁and ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁plant ▁varieties ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁larger ▁bed . ▁ ▁The ▁App al ach ian ▁Garden ▁frames ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁gardens ▁and ▁represents ▁the ▁App al ach ian ▁Pl ate au . ▁The ▁garden ▁consists ▁of ▁raised ▁beds ▁with ▁out cro pping ▁of ▁rocks . ▁These ▁re semble ▁the ▁rock |
y ▁“ h anging ▁gardens ” ▁in ▁which ▁plants ▁creep ▁out ▁and ▁hang ▁over ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁cl iff ▁sides ▁and ▁out cro ps ▁of ▁the ▁area . ▁These ▁hanging ▁gardens ▁feature ▁large ▁stones ▁from ▁the ▁washed ▁out ▁covered ▁bridge ▁near ▁Z anes ville ▁and ▁large ▁Pe eb les ▁dol om ite ▁from ▁Adams ▁County . ▁ ▁The ▁P ione er ▁Garden ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁garden . ▁The ▁f ocal ▁point ▁is ▁a ▁cutting - g rown ▁apple ▁tree ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁living ▁trees ▁planted ▁by ▁Johnny ▁" Ap ples eed " ▁Chap man . ▁Sur round ing ▁this ▁area ▁are ▁plants ▁with ▁major ▁significant ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁pione ers ▁ ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁The ▁Earth ' s ▁Har vest ▁Agricult ural ▁Garden ▁is ▁directly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁green house . ▁The ▁garden ▁was ▁planted ▁originally ▁by ▁Governor ▁Cel este ▁and ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁its ▁current ▁size . ▁The ▁many ▁raised ▁beds ▁allow ▁a ▁great ▁variety ▁of ▁plants ▁to ▁grow , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁room ▁for ▁rows ▁of ▁fruit ▁trees , ▁ber ry ▁plants , ▁and ▁grap ev ines . ▁Ham my ▁Birth day ▁Ohio , ▁a ▁large ▁sculpt ure ▁sponsored ▁by ▁the ▁Ohio ▁B ic ent ennial ▁Commission , ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁this ▁garden ▁after ▁participating ▁in ▁C inc inn ati ' s ▁Big ▁P ig ▁G ig ▁event . ▁ ▁The ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁pig ▁dep ict ▁a ▁b ic ent ennial ▁barn ▁on ▁one ▁side ▁and ▁a |
▁corn field ▁on ▁the ▁other . ▁ ▁The ▁Wall ed ▁Garden ▁in ▁the ▁far ▁nort heast ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁property ▁ ▁provides ▁enough ▁flowers ▁for ▁the ▁decor ation ▁of ▁the ▁house , ▁and ▁plenty ▁of ▁vegetables ▁for ▁the ▁daily ▁consumption ▁of ▁the ▁residence . ▁The ▁garden ▁also ▁houses ▁several ▁plants ▁found ▁only ▁along ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁River , ▁including ▁the ▁renown ed ▁Am mon ' s ▁Blue . ▁ ▁The ▁Green house ▁sits ▁between ▁the ▁garden ▁and ▁the ▁Car riage ▁House / G ift ▁Shop . ▁The ▁main ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁Green house ▁is ▁to ▁nurse ▁sick ▁plants ▁back ▁to ▁health ▁and ▁to ▁start ▁new ▁plants ▁for ▁the ▁gardens . ▁The ▁G ift ▁Shop ▁and ▁Service ▁Building ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁benefit ▁the ▁Friends ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁and ▁Heritage ▁Garden , ▁a ▁non - profit ▁organization ▁with ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁the ▁maintenance ▁of ▁the ▁property . ▁Large ▁solar ▁panels ▁grace ▁the ▁roof ▁of ▁these ▁structures ▁and ▁supply ▁the ▁residence ▁with ▁electricity ▁with ▁the ▁extra ▁power ▁being ▁sold ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁K ett le ▁Lake ▁Bog ▁rest s ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁carriage ▁house . ▁The ▁K ett le ▁Lake ▁Bog ▁Garden ▁is ▁partially ▁en closed ▁by ▁cur ved ▁brick ▁walls ▁with ▁built - in ▁ben ches . ▁In ▁the ▁center ▁is ▁a ▁depression ▁once ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁fish pond , ▁but ▁was ▁partially ▁filled ▁with ▁quart z ▁gr avel ▁and ▁was ▁transformed ▁into ▁a ▁bog . ▁Cr an berry , ▁P itch |
er ▁plant , ▁Pe at , ▁ ▁S ph ag num ▁m oss ▁and ▁Bog ▁or ch id ▁are ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁plants ▁that ▁fill ▁the ▁current ▁garden . ▁ ▁The ▁Garden ▁of ▁the ▁Lost ▁also ▁rest s ▁in ▁the ▁location ▁as ▁the ▁bog ▁and ▁illustr ate ▁the ▁many ▁plants ▁that ▁were ▁lost ▁to ▁Ohio ▁due ▁to ▁gl ac ial ▁movements ▁and ▁climate ▁changes . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁plants ▁in ▁this ▁garden ▁are ▁Sweet b ay ▁magn olia ▁and ▁Florida ▁c ork wood . ▁ ▁The ▁reverse ▁L - shaped ▁Jeff rey - C arl ile ▁Rose ▁Garden ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁northern ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Terr ace ▁and ▁contain ▁several ▁varieties ▁of ▁ro ses ▁b red ▁by ▁Ohio ans . ▁There ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁rose ▁garden ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁ever ▁since ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁The ▁ro ses ▁planted ▁by ▁the ▁Carl iles ▁died ▁due ▁to ▁soil - borne ▁illness es ▁and ▁disease . ▁Master ▁garden ers ▁were ▁hired ▁to ▁repl ant ▁and ▁cultiv ate ▁the ▁gardens . ▁ ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁East ▁La wn ▁from ▁the ▁Rose ▁Garden ▁is ▁the ▁L - shaped ▁Pra ir ie ▁Garden . ▁River ▁gr avel ▁lines ▁the ▁beds ▁and ▁represents ▁the ▁western ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁Among ▁the ▁plants ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁garden ▁are ▁Sh oot ing ▁stars , ▁Sp ider wort , ▁and ▁Pur ple ▁con ef lower . ▁The ▁per g ola ▁runs ▁along ▁the ▁southern ▁border ▁of ▁this ▁garden ▁and ▁has ▁several ▁climbing ▁plants ▁such ▁as ▁W |
ister ia ▁and ▁C lem atis . ▁ ▁Res idence ▁The ▁residence ▁is ▁of ▁the ▁Jac obe an ▁Rev ival ▁style , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁modern ▁elements ▁bl ending ▁into ▁the ▁original ▁scheme . ▁The ▁walls ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁st ucc o ▁and ▁lim estone ▁with ▁Bed ford ▁stone ▁qu o ins ▁on ▁the ▁corners , ▁c apping ▁of ▁the ▁g ables , ▁and ▁fr aming ▁the ▁windows ▁and ▁door frames . ▁The ▁stone ▁exterior ▁are ▁broken ▁up ▁by ▁portions ▁of ▁half - tim ber ed ▁panels ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁floor . ▁The ▁g able ▁roof ▁is ▁of ▁st ur dy ▁pit ched ▁sl ate ▁with ▁several ▁large ▁brick ▁chim neys ▁pro tr uding ▁from ▁the ▁house . ▁The ▁second ▁floor ▁also ▁contains ▁several ▁bay ▁windows . ▁ ▁The ▁front ▁entrance ▁is ▁reached ▁by ▁a ▁flight ▁of ▁stairs ▁and ▁sits ▁within ▁a ▁two - story ▁g abled ▁projection . ▁Dor ic ▁pil asters ▁are ▁carved ▁into ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁door ▁frame ▁and ▁support ▁carved ▁ro set tes ▁located ▁above ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁door . ▁As ▁the ▁projection ▁reaches ▁towards ▁the ▁sky , ▁mach icol ation ▁adds ▁interest ▁to ▁the ▁vertical ▁plane . ▁The ▁large ▁oak ▁door ▁rest s ▁on ▁massive ▁h ing es ▁and ▁has ▁several ▁carved ▁rec essed ▁panels ▁and ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁transition ▁to ▁the ▁inside . ▁ ▁Interior ▁The ▁first ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁residence ▁serves ▁as ▁public ▁rooms ▁and ▁reception ▁areas . ▁These ▁rooms ▁feature ▁works ▁of ▁notable ▁Ohio ans ▁or ▁are ▁historic ▁to ▁the ▁house ▁collections |
. ▁The ▁second ▁floor ▁houses ▁the ▁private ▁quarters ▁of ▁the ▁governor ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁and ▁represents ▁the ▁preferences ▁of ▁the ▁governor . ▁ ▁The ▁entrance ▁hall ▁is ▁laid ▁out ▁over ▁a ▁pol ished ▁sl ate ▁stone ▁floor ▁and ▁carved ▁oak ▁panel ing ▁reaching ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁oak - be amed ▁ceiling . ▁A ▁stair case ▁with ▁a ▁carved ▁open ▁str ap work - ▁pattern ▁bal ustr ade ▁gr aces ▁the ▁hall . ▁Two ▁torch ier es ▁and ▁chairs ▁original ▁to ▁the ▁house ▁are ▁located ▁to ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁door ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁chest ▁belonging ▁to ▁Mrs . ▁Carl ile , ▁the ▁last ▁private ▁resident ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁ ▁The ▁formal ▁dining ▁room ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁entrance ▁hall ▁and ▁has ▁full ▁oak ▁panel ing ▁and ▁pl aster ▁ceiling ▁decor ations ▁shaped ▁like ▁ro set tes . ▁A ▁carved ▁stone ▁fire place ▁and ▁mant el ▁is ▁rec essed ▁into ▁the ▁wall ▁to ▁the ▁right . ▁The ▁fire place ▁has ▁a ▁decor ative ▁carved ▁f rie ze ▁supporting ▁the ▁mant el ▁and ▁is ▁resting ▁on ▁Dor ic ▁pil asters . ▁A ▁bay ▁window ▁is ▁the ▁f ocal ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁room ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁small ▁lip ▁forming ▁the ▁base . ▁The ▁bay ▁is ▁formed ▁by ▁six ▁large ▁rect angular ▁bottom ▁windows ▁with ▁six ▁smaller ▁square ▁windows ▁on ▁top . ▁To ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁room ▁are ▁two ▁sets ▁of ▁French ▁doors ▁with ▁a ▁rect angular ▁window ▁above . ▁A ▁large ▁dining ▁table ▁rest s ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the |
▁room , ▁with ▁a ▁gold ▁and ▁crystal ▁ch and el ier ▁hanging ▁above ▁the ▁table . ▁ ▁The ▁s unk en ▁living ▁room ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁entrance ▁hall ▁and ▁also ▁has ▁full ▁oak ▁panel ing ▁and ▁pl aster ▁decor ative ▁ro set tes ▁on ▁the ▁ceiling . ▁A ▁fire place ▁identical ▁to ▁the ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁dining ▁room ▁sits ▁across ▁from ▁the ▁entrance ▁hall ▁doors . ▁To ▁the ▁right ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁bay ▁window ▁much ▁like ▁the ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁dining ▁room , ▁ ▁which ▁overlook s ▁the ▁front ▁yard ▁and ▁gardens . ▁Two ▁large ▁French ▁doors ▁frame ▁the ▁fire place ▁and ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁sitting ▁room ▁beyond . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Mai rose , ▁Mary ▁Alice ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Our ▁First ▁Family ' s ▁Home : ▁The ▁Ohio ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁and ▁Heritage ▁Garden ▁At hens , ▁Ohio : ▁Ohio ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ohio ▁Governor ' s ▁Res idence ▁and ▁Heritage ▁Garden ▁ ▁Ohio P ix ▁Phot os ▁of ▁Ohio ' s ▁Governor ' s ▁M ansion ▁from ▁the ▁Ohio ▁Historical ▁Society ▁Import ant ▁tour ▁information ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : G overn ors ' ▁m ans ions ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Hist oric ▁house ▁museum s ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁Category : |
G overn ment ▁buildings ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁San ter ▁is ▁a ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁ ▁Anna ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁Italian ▁cross - country ▁sk ier ▁Benjamin ▁D . ▁San ter , ▁climate ▁research er ▁at ▁Lawrence ▁Liver more ▁National ▁Labor atory ▁Brad ley ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁Australian ▁figure ▁sk ater ▁D ieder ick ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁British ▁television ▁producer ▁Jacques ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 7 ), ▁Luxem bourg ian ▁politician ▁Mark ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 6 ), ▁Ang lic an ▁b ishop ▁Patrick ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁Luxem bourg ian ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Christian ▁Social ▁People ' s ▁Party ▁S ask ia ▁San ter ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁Italian ▁bi ath lete ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁N ath alie ▁San ter - B j ør nd alen ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 2 ), ▁Italian ▁bi ath lete <0x0A> </s> ▁P ter oc hel us ▁d uff us i ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Mur ic idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category |
: M ur ic idae ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁cel est ial ▁mechanics , ▁the ▁argument ▁of ▁lat itude ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁angular ▁parameter ▁that ▁defines ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁a ▁body ▁moving ▁along ▁a ▁Ke pler ▁orbit . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁angle ▁between ▁the ▁asc ending ▁node ▁and ▁the ▁body . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁commonly ▁used ▁true ▁anom aly ▁and ▁argument ▁of ▁per i aps is . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁argument ▁of ▁lat itude , ▁ ▁the ▁true ▁anom aly , ▁and ▁ ▁the ▁argument ▁of ▁per i aps is . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁W ak ker , ▁K . ▁F . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁" A st rod ynamics ", ▁D elf t ▁University ▁of ▁Technology . ▁ ▁Category : Or bits <0x0A> </s> ▁B ün z au ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁of ▁Sch les wig - Hol stein , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁flows ▁into ▁the ▁St ör ▁near ▁S arl hus en . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Sch les wig - Hol stein ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Sch les wig - Hol stein ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl imate ▁vari ability ▁is ▁the ▁term ▁to ▁describe ▁variations ▁in ▁the ▁mean ▁state ▁and ▁other ▁characteristics ▁of ▁climate ▁( such ▁as ▁chances ▁or ▁possibility ▁of ▁extreme ▁weather , ▁etc .) ▁" on ▁all ▁spatial ▁and ▁temporal ▁scales ▁beyond ▁that ▁of ▁individual ▁weather |
▁events ." ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁vari ability ▁does ▁not ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁caused ▁system atically ▁and ▁occurs ▁at ▁random ▁times . ▁Such ▁vari ability ▁is ▁called ▁random ▁vari ability ▁or ▁noise . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁periodic ▁vari ability ▁occurs ▁relatively ▁regularly ▁and ▁in ▁distinct ▁modes ▁of ▁vari ability ▁or ▁climate ▁patterns . ▁▁▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁years , ▁the ▁definitions ▁of ▁climate ▁vari ability ▁and ▁the ▁related ▁term ▁climate ▁change ▁have ▁shifted . ▁While ▁the ▁term ▁climate ▁change ▁now ▁implies ▁change ▁that ▁is ▁both ▁long - term ▁and ▁of ▁human ▁caus ation , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁the ▁word ▁climate ▁change ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁what ▁we ▁now ▁describe ▁as ▁climate ▁vari ability , ▁that ▁is , ▁clim atic ▁incons ist encies ▁and ▁anom al ies . ▁ ▁M odes ▁of ▁vari ability ▁▁ ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁modes ▁of ▁vari ability : ▁recur ring ▁patterns ▁of ▁temperature ▁or ▁other ▁climate ▁variables . ▁They ▁are ▁quant ified ▁with ▁different ▁indices . ▁Much ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁Dow ▁Jones ▁Industrial ▁Average , ▁which ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁stock ▁prices ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁companies , ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁fluctuations ▁in ▁the ▁stock ▁market ▁as ▁a ▁whole , ▁climate ▁indices ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁essential ▁elements ▁of ▁climate . ▁Cl imate ▁indices ▁are ▁generally ▁dev ised ▁with ▁the ▁twin ▁objectives ▁of ▁simplicity ▁and ▁complet eness , ▁and ▁each ▁index ▁typically ▁represents ▁the ▁status ▁and ▁timing ▁of ▁the ▁climate ▁factor ▁it ▁represents . ▁By ▁their ▁very ▁nature , ▁indices ▁are |
▁simple , ▁and ▁combine ▁many ▁details ▁into ▁a ▁general ized , ▁overall ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁or ▁ocean ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁character ize ▁the ▁factors ▁which ▁impact ▁the ▁global ▁climate ▁system . ▁ ▁A ▁climate ▁oscill ation ▁or ▁climate ▁cycle ▁is ▁any ▁recur ring ▁cycl ical ▁oscill ation ▁within ▁global ▁or ▁regional ▁climate , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁climate ▁pattern . ▁These ▁fluctuations ▁in ▁atm ospher ic ▁temperature , ▁sea ▁surface ▁temperature , ▁precip itation ▁or ▁other ▁parameters ▁can ▁be ▁quasi - period ic , ▁often ▁occurring ▁on ▁inter - ann ual , ▁multi - ann ual , ▁dec ad al , ▁mult ide c ad al , ▁century - wide , ▁mill ennial ▁or ▁longer ▁times cal es . ▁They ▁are ▁not ▁perfectly ▁periodic ▁and ▁a ▁Fou rier ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁data ▁does ▁not ▁give ▁a ▁sharp ▁spectrum . ▁ ▁A ▁prominent ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁El ▁Ni ño ▁Southern ▁O sc ill ation , ▁involving ▁sea ▁surface ▁temperatures ▁along ▁a ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁equ ator ial ▁Central ▁and ▁East ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁and ▁the ▁western ▁coast ▁of ▁tropical ▁South ▁America , ▁but ▁which ▁affects ▁climate ▁worldwide . ▁ ▁Records ▁of ▁past ▁climate ▁conditions ▁are ▁recovered ▁through ▁ge ological ▁examination ▁of ▁pro x ies , ▁found ▁in ▁gl ac ier ▁ice , ▁sea ▁bed ▁sed iment , ▁tree ▁ring ▁studies ▁or ▁otherwise . ▁ ▁El ▁Ni ño – S ou thern ▁O sc ill ation ▁ ▁El ▁Ni ño – S ou thern ▁O sc ill ation ▁( EN SO ) |
▁is ▁a ▁global ▁coupled ▁ocean - at mos phere ▁phenomenon . ▁El ▁Ni ño ▁and ▁La ▁Ni ña ▁are ▁important ▁temperature ▁fluctuations ▁in ▁surface ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁tropical ▁Eastern ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁The ▁name ▁El ▁Ni ño , ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁for ▁" the ▁little ▁boy ", ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Christ ▁child , ▁because ▁the ▁phenomenon ▁is ▁usually ▁noticed ▁around ▁Christmas ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁off ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁South ▁America . ▁La ▁Ni ña ▁means ▁" the ▁little ▁girl ". ▁ ▁Their ▁effects ▁on ▁climate ▁in ▁the ▁sub t rop ics ▁and ▁the ▁trop ics ▁are ▁profound . ▁The ▁air ▁pressure ▁difference ▁between ▁T ah iti ▁and ▁Darwin ▁fluct u ates ▁monthly ▁or ▁season ally ▁as ▁the ▁Southern ▁O sc ill ation ▁( SO ). ▁ ▁EN SO ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁interact ing ▁parts ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁global ▁system ▁of ▁coupled ▁ocean - at mos phere ▁climate ▁fluctuations ▁caused ▁by ▁ocean ic ▁and ▁atm ospher ic ▁circulation . ▁EN SO ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁known ▁source ▁of ▁inter - ann ual ▁vari ability ▁in ▁weather ▁and ▁climate ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁The ▁cycle ▁occurs ▁every ▁two ▁to ▁seven ▁years , ▁with ▁El ▁Ni ño ▁lasting ▁nine ▁months ▁to ▁two ▁years ▁within ▁the ▁longer ▁term ▁cycle , ▁though ▁not ▁all ▁areas ▁glob ally ▁are ▁affected . ▁EN SO ▁has ▁sign atures ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific , ▁Atlantic ▁and ▁Indian ▁O ce ans . ▁ ▁M add en – J ul ian ▁oscill ation ▁▁ ▁The ▁M add en – J |
ul ian ▁oscill ation ▁( M JO ) ▁is ▁an ▁equ ator ial ▁traveling ▁pattern ▁of ▁anom alous ▁rain fall ▁that ▁is ▁planet ary ▁in ▁scale . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁characterized ▁by ▁an ▁east ward ▁progress ion ▁of ▁large ▁regions ▁of ▁both ▁enhanced ▁and ▁supp ressed ▁tropical ▁rain fall , ▁observed ▁mainly ▁over ▁the ▁Indian ▁and ▁Pacific ▁O ce ans . ▁ ▁The ▁anom alous ▁rain fall ▁is ▁usually ▁first ▁evident ▁over ▁the ▁western ▁Indian ▁Ocean , ▁and ▁remains ▁evident ▁as ▁it ▁propag ates ▁over ▁the ▁very ▁warm ▁ocean ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁and ▁central ▁tropical ▁Pacific . ▁This ▁pattern ▁of ▁tropical ▁rain fall ▁then ▁generally ▁becomes ▁very ▁faint ▁as ▁it ▁moves ▁over ▁the ▁cool er ▁ocean ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁Pacific , ▁but ▁re appe ars ▁over ▁the ▁tropical ▁Atlantic ▁and ▁Indian ▁O ce ans . ▁The ▁wet ▁phase ▁of ▁enhanced ▁conve ction ▁and ▁precip itation ▁is ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁dry ▁phase ▁where ▁conve ction ▁is ▁supp ressed . ▁Each ▁cycle ▁last s ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 – 6 0 ▁days . ▁The ▁M JO ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 6 0 - day ▁oscill ation , ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 6 0 - day ▁wave , ▁or ▁the ▁intr ase ason al ▁oscill ation . ▁ ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁oscill ation ▁( NA O ) ▁ ▁Ind ices ▁of ▁the ▁NA O ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁difference ▁of ▁normalized ▁sea ▁level ▁pressure ▁( SL P ) ▁between ▁Pont a ▁Del g ada , ▁Az ores ▁and |
▁St y kk ish ol m ur / R ey k jav ik , ▁I cel and . ▁The ▁S LP ▁anom al ies ▁at ▁each ▁station ▁were ▁normalized ▁by ▁division ▁of ▁each ▁season al ▁mean ▁pressure ▁by ▁the ▁long - term ▁mean ▁( 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁standard ▁dev iation . ▁Normal ization ▁is ▁done ▁to ▁avoid ▁the ▁series ▁being ▁dominated ▁by ▁the ▁greater ▁vari ability ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁stations . ▁Pos itive ▁values ▁of ▁the ▁index ▁indicate ▁stronger - than - a verage ▁w ester l ies ▁over ▁the ▁middle ▁lat itudes . ▁ ▁Northern ▁Ann ular ▁Mode ▁( N AM ) ▁and ▁Southern ▁Ann ular ▁Mode ▁( S AM ) ▁ ▁The ▁ann ular ▁modes ▁are ▁naturally ▁occurring , ▁hem isp her ic - wide ▁patterns ▁of ▁climate ▁vari ability . ▁On ▁times cal es ▁of ▁weeks ▁to ▁months ▁they ▁explain ▁ 2 0 - 3 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁vari ability ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁hem isp her es . ▁The ▁Northern ▁Ann ular ▁Mode ▁or ▁Ar ctic ▁O sc ill ation ▁( A O ) ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Hem is phere , ▁and ▁the ▁Southern ▁Ann ular ▁Mode ▁or ▁Ant ar ctic ▁oscill ation ▁( AA O ) ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁hem is phere . ▁The ▁ann ular ▁modes ▁have ▁a ▁strong ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁temperature ▁and ▁precip itation ▁of ▁mid - to - high ▁lat itude ▁land ▁masses , ▁such ▁as ▁Europe ▁and ▁Australia , ▁by ▁alter ing ▁the |
▁average ▁paths ▁of ▁storm s . ▁The ▁NA O ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁regional ▁index ▁of ▁the ▁A O / N AM . ▁They ▁are ▁defined ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁E OF ▁of ▁sea ▁level ▁pressure ▁or ▁ge op ot ential ▁height ▁from ▁ 2 0 ° N ▁to ▁ 9 0 ° N ▁( N AM ) ▁or ▁ 2 0 ° S ▁to ▁ 9 0 ° S ▁( S AM ). ▁ ▁Pacific ▁dec ad al ▁oscill ation ▁( P DO ) ▁ ▁The ▁P DO ▁is ▁a ▁pattern ▁of ▁Pacific ▁climate ▁vari ability ▁that ▁shifts ▁phases ▁on ▁at ▁least ▁inter - dec ad al ▁time ▁scale , ▁usually ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁years . ▁The ▁P DO ▁is ▁detected ▁as ▁warm ▁or ▁cool ▁surface ▁waters ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean , ▁north ▁of ▁ 2 0 ° N . ▁ ▁During ▁a ▁" w arm ", ▁or ▁" pos itive ", ▁phase , ▁the ▁west ▁Pacific ▁becomes ▁cool ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁ocean ▁war ms ; ▁during ▁a ▁" c ool " ▁or ▁" negative " ▁phase , ▁the ▁opposite ▁pattern ▁occurs . ▁ ▁The ▁mechanism ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁pattern ▁last s ▁over ▁several ▁years ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁identified ; ▁one ▁suggestion ▁is ▁that ▁a ▁thin ▁layer ▁of ▁warm ▁water ▁during ▁summer ▁may ▁shield ▁deeper ▁cold ▁waters . ▁A ▁P DO ▁signal ▁has ▁been ▁recon struct ed ▁to ▁ 1 6 6 1 ▁through ▁tree - ring ▁chron ologies ▁in ▁the ▁B aja ▁California ▁area |
. ▁ ▁Inter dec ad al ▁Pacific ▁oscill ation ▁( IP O ) ▁ ▁The ▁Inter dec ad al ▁Pacific ▁oscill ation ▁( IP O ▁or ▁ID ) ▁displays ▁similar ▁sea ▁surface ▁temperature ▁( S ST ) ▁and ▁sea ▁level ▁pressure ▁patterns ▁to ▁the ▁P DO , ▁with ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁ 1 5 – 3 0 ▁years , ▁but ▁affects ▁both ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁Pacific . ▁In ▁the ▁tropical ▁Pacific , ▁maximum ▁S ST ▁anom al ies ▁are ▁found ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁equ ator . ▁This ▁is ▁quite ▁different ▁from ▁the ▁quasi - dec ad al ▁oscill ation ▁( Q DO ) ▁with ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 8 – 1 2 ▁years ▁and ▁maximum ▁S ST ▁anom al ies ▁str add ling ▁the ▁equ ator , ▁thus ▁re sem bling ▁EN SO . ▁ ▁Examples ▁Many ▁oscill ations ▁on ▁different ▁time - sc ales ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁or ▁hypothes ized . ▁Here ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁known ▁or ▁proposed ▁clim atic ▁oscill ations .: ▁▁ ▁the ▁M add en – J ul ian ▁oscill ation ▁( M JO ) ▁- ▁An ▁east ward ▁moving ▁pattern ▁of ▁increased ▁rain fall ▁over ▁the ▁trop ics ▁with ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁days . ▁the ▁Qu asi - b ien n ial ▁oscill ation ▁– ▁a ▁well - under stood ▁oscill ation ▁in ▁wind ▁patterns ▁in ▁the ▁str atos phere ▁around ▁the ▁equ ator . ▁Over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 2 8 ▁months ▁the ▁dominant ▁wind ▁changes ▁from ▁eas |
ter ly ▁to ▁w ester ly ▁and ▁back . ▁ ▁the ▁El ▁Ni ño ▁Southern ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁A ▁large ▁scale ▁pattern ▁of ▁war mer ▁and ▁c older ▁tropical ▁sea ▁surface ▁temperatures ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁with ▁worldwide ▁effects . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁self - s ust aining ▁oscill ation , ▁whose ▁mechanisms ▁are ▁well - stud ied . ▁The ▁period ▁of ▁the ▁oscill ation ▁typically ▁varies ▁between ▁two ▁and ▁eight ▁years . ▁ ▁the ▁Pacific ▁dec ad al ▁oscill ation ▁– ▁The ▁dominant ▁pattern ▁of ▁sea ▁surface ▁vari ability ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Pacific ▁on ▁a ▁dec ad al ▁scale . ▁It ▁is ▁thought ▁not ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁phenomenon , ▁but ▁instead ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁different ▁physical ▁processes . ▁ ▁the ▁Inter dec ad al ▁Pacific ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁Bas in ▁wide ▁vari ability ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁with ▁a ▁period ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Mult ide c ad al ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁A ▁pattern ▁of ▁vari ability ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁of ▁about ▁ 5 5 ▁to ▁ 7 0 ▁years , ▁with ▁effects ▁on ▁rain fall , ▁d rought s ▁and ▁hur ricane ▁frequency ▁and ▁intensity . ▁ ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Cent ennial ▁O sc ill ation ▁- ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁climate ▁model ▁art ifact ▁ ▁a ▁ 6 0 - year ▁climate ▁cycle ▁recorded ▁in ▁many ▁ancient ▁cal end ars ▁ ▁North ▁African ▁climate ▁cycles ▁– ▁tens ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁years ▁ ▁the ▁gl ac ial |
▁periods ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁ice ▁age ▁– ▁period ▁around ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ 0 0 0 ▁years ▁( see ▁Qu atern ary ▁gl ac iation # A str onom ical ▁cycles ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 - year ▁problem ) ▁ ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁oscill ation ▁– ▁no ▁particular ▁periodic ity ▁ ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁no ▁particular ▁periodic ity ▁ ▁the ▁North ▁Pacific ▁O sc ill ation ▁– ▁? ▁ ▁Some ▁natural ▁periodic ities ▁in ▁the ▁sun ▁exist , ▁and ▁these ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁show ▁up ▁as ▁periodic ities ▁in ▁climate : ▁▁ ▁the ▁Schw abe ▁Cy cle ▁or ▁sun spot ▁cycle ▁– ▁about ▁ 1 1 ▁years ▁( may ▁be ▁disc ern ible ▁in ▁climate ▁records ; ▁see ▁solar ▁variation ) ▁ ▁the ▁H ale ▁Cy cle ▁or ▁double ▁sun spot ▁cycle ▁- ▁about ▁ 2 2 ▁years ▁ ▁the ▁Gle iss berg ▁Cy cle ▁- ▁a ▁solar ▁cycle ▁of ▁about ▁ 8 8 ▁years ▁ ▁the ▁Su ess ▁Cy cle ▁or ▁De ▁V ries ▁Cy cle ▁- ▁a ▁solar ▁cycle ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁years ▁ ▁the ▁Hall stadt zeit / H all st att ▁Cy cle ▁- ▁a ▁solar ▁cycle ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 , 2 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁years ▁ ▁An om al ies ▁in ▁oscill ations ▁sometimes ▁occur ▁when ▁they ▁coinc ide , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁dip ole ▁anom aly ▁( a ▁combination ▁of ▁the ▁Ar ctic |
▁and ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁oscill ations ) ▁and ▁the ▁longer - term ▁Young er ▁Dry as , ▁a ▁sudden ▁non - linear ▁cooling ▁event ▁that ▁occurred ▁at ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁Hol oc ene ▁inter gl ac ial . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁vol c ano es , ▁large ▁er u ptions ▁such ▁as ▁Mount ▁Tamb ora ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁Year ▁Without ▁a ▁Summer , ▁typically ▁cool ▁the ▁climate , ▁especially ▁when ▁the ▁vol c ano ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁trop ics . ▁Around ▁ 7 0 ▁ 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁the ▁T oba ▁super vol c ano ▁er u ption ▁created ▁an ▁especially ▁cold ▁period ▁during ▁the ▁ice ▁age , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁possible ▁genetic ▁bott lene ck ▁in ▁human ▁populations . ▁However , ▁out g ass ing ▁from ▁large ▁ igne ous ▁provin ces ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Perm ian ▁S iber ian ▁T rap s ▁can ▁input ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁into ▁the ▁atmosphere , ▁war ming ▁the ▁climate . ▁Tr igger ing ▁of ▁other ▁mechanisms , ▁such ▁as ▁meth ane ▁cl ath rate ▁depos its ▁as ▁during ▁the ▁P ale oc ene - E oc ene ▁Th erm al ▁Max imum , ▁increased ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁clim atic ▁temperature ▁change ▁and ▁ocean ic ▁ext in ctions . ▁ ▁Another ▁longer - term ▁near - mill ennial ▁oscill ation ▁involves ▁the ▁Dans ga ard - O esch ger ▁cycles , ▁occurring ▁on ▁roughly ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 - |
year ▁cycles ▁during ▁the ▁last ▁gl ac ial ▁maximum . ▁They ▁may ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁Hol oc ene ▁Bond ▁events , ▁and ▁may ▁involve ▁factors ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁responsible ▁for ▁Heinrich ▁events . ▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁and ▁causes ▁There ▁are ▁close ▁correl ations ▁between ▁Earth ' s ▁climate ▁oscill ations ▁and ▁astronom ical ▁factors ▁( b ary center ▁changes , ▁solar ▁variation , ▁cos mic ▁ray ▁flux , ▁cloud ▁al bed o ▁feedback , ▁Mil ank ov ic ▁cycles ), ▁and ▁modes ▁of ▁heat ▁distribution ▁between ▁the ▁ocean - at mos phere ▁climate ▁system . ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁current , ▁historical ▁and ▁pale oc lim at ological ▁natural ▁oscill ations ▁may ▁be ▁mask ed ▁by ▁significant ▁vol can ic ▁er u ptions , ▁impact ▁events , ▁ir regular ities ▁in ▁climate ▁proxy ▁data , ▁positive ▁feedback ▁processes ▁or ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁emissions ▁of ▁sub stances ▁such ▁as ▁green house ▁g ases . ▁ ▁Effect s ▁Ext reme ▁phases ▁of ▁short - term ▁climate ▁oscill ations ▁such ▁as ▁EN SO ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁characteristic ▁patterns ▁of ▁flood s ▁and ▁d rought s ▁( including ▁meg ad rought s ), ▁mon so onal ▁dis ruption ▁and ▁extreme ▁temperatures ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁heat ▁waves ▁and ▁cold ▁waves . ▁Sh orter - term ▁climate ▁oscill ations ▁typically ▁do ▁not ▁directly ▁result ▁in ▁longer - term ▁climate ▁change ▁in ▁temperatures . ▁However , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁underlying ▁climate ▁trends ▁such ▁as ▁recent ▁global ▁war ming ▁and ▁oscill ations ▁can ▁be ▁cum ulative ▁to |
▁global ▁temperature , ▁producing ▁shorter - term ▁fluctuations ▁in ▁the ▁instrumental ▁and ▁satellite ▁temperature ▁records . ▁ ▁Coll aps es ▁of ▁past ▁civil izations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁May a ▁may ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁cycles ▁of ▁precip itation , ▁especially ▁d rought , ▁that ▁in ▁this ▁example ▁also ▁correl ates ▁to ▁the ▁Western ▁Hem is phere ▁W arm ▁Pool . ▁ ▁One ▁example ▁of ▁possible ▁correl ations ▁between ▁factors ▁affecting ▁the ▁climate ▁and ▁global ▁events , ▁popular ▁with ▁the ▁media , ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁study ▁on ▁the ▁correlation ▁between ▁wheat ▁prices ▁and ▁sun spot ▁numbers . ▁ ▁Analysis ▁and ▁un cert aint ies ▁Rad iative ▁for c ings ▁and ▁other ▁factors ▁in ▁a ▁climate ▁oscill ation ▁must ▁obey ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁atm ospher ic ▁therm od ynamics . ▁However , ▁because ▁Earth ' s ▁climate ▁is ▁inher ently ▁a ▁complex ▁system , ▁simple ▁Fou rier ▁analysis ▁or ▁climate ▁mod elling ▁often ▁does ▁not ▁create ▁a ▁perfect ▁re plication ▁of ▁the ▁observed ▁or ▁in ferred ▁conditions . ▁No ▁climate ▁cycle ▁is ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁perfectly ▁periodic , ▁although ▁the ▁Mil ank ov ich ▁cycles ▁( based ▁on ▁multiple ▁super im posed ▁orb ital ▁cycles ▁and ▁Earth ' s ▁pre cess ion ) ▁are ▁quite ▁close ▁to ▁being ▁periodic ▁( per haps ▁almost ▁periodic ? ). ▁ ▁One ▁difficulty ▁in ▁detect ing ▁climate ▁cycles ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁climate ▁has ▁been ▁changing ▁in ▁non - cycl ic ▁ways ▁over ▁most ▁pale oc lim at ological ▁times cal es . ▁For |
▁instance , ▁we ▁are ▁now ▁in ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁global ▁war ming . ▁In ▁a ▁larger ▁time frame , ▁the ▁Earth ▁is ▁emerging ▁from ▁the ▁latest ▁ice ▁age , ▁cooling ▁from ▁the ▁Hol oc ene ▁clim atic ▁opt imum ▁and ▁war ming ▁from ▁the ▁so - called ▁" L ittle ▁Ice ▁Age ", ▁which ▁means ▁that ▁climate ▁has ▁been ▁constantly ▁changing ▁over ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁or ▁so . ▁During ▁warm ▁periods , ▁temperature ▁fluctuations ▁are ▁often ▁of ▁a ▁lesser ▁amplitude . ▁The ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁period , ▁dominated ▁by ▁repeated ▁gl aci ations , ▁developed ▁out ▁of ▁more ▁stable ▁conditions ▁in ▁the ▁Mi oc ene ▁and ▁P li oc ene ▁climate . ▁Hol oc ene ▁climate ▁has ▁been ▁relatively ▁stable . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁changes ▁complic ate ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁looking ▁for ▁cycl ical ▁behavior ▁in ▁the ▁climate . ▁ ▁Pos itive ▁feedback , ▁negative ▁feedback , ▁and ▁ec ological ▁in ert ia ▁from ▁the ▁land - o cean - at mos phere ▁system ▁often ▁att enu ate ▁or ▁reverse ▁smaller ▁effects , ▁whether ▁from ▁orb ital ▁for c ings , ▁solar ▁variations ▁or ▁changes ▁in ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁green house ▁g ases . ▁Most ▁clim at ologists ▁recognize ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁various ▁tip ping ▁points ▁that ▁push ▁small ▁for c ings ▁beyond ▁a ▁certain ▁threshold ▁that ▁makes ▁the ▁change ▁irre vers ible ▁while ▁the ▁for c ings ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁place . ▁Certain ▁feedback s ▁involving ▁processes ▁such ▁as ▁clouds |
▁are ▁also ▁uncertain ; ▁for ▁contr ails , ▁natural ▁cir rus ▁clouds , ▁ocean ic ▁dim eth yl ▁sul f ide ▁and ▁a ▁land - based ▁equivalent , ▁competing ▁theories ▁exist ▁concerning ▁effects ▁on ▁clim atic ▁temperatures , ▁for ▁example ▁contrast ing ▁the ▁I ris ▁hypothesis ▁and ▁C LA W ▁hypothesis . ▁ ▁Through ▁ge olog ic ▁and ▁historical ▁time ▁ ▁Var ious ▁climate ▁for c ings ▁are ▁typically ▁in ▁flux ▁throughout ▁ge olog ic ▁time , ▁and ▁some ▁processes ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁temperature ▁may ▁be ▁self - reg ulating . ▁For ▁example , ▁during ▁the ▁Snow ball ▁Earth ▁period , ▁large ▁gl ac ial ▁ice ▁sheets ▁sp anned ▁to ▁Earth ' s ▁equ ator , ▁covering ▁nearly ▁its ▁entire ▁surface , ▁and ▁very ▁high ▁al bed o ▁created ▁extremely ▁low ▁temperatures , ▁while ▁the ▁accum ulation ▁of ▁snow ▁and ▁ice ▁likely ▁removed ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁through ▁atm ospher ic ▁de position . ▁However , ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁plant ▁cover ▁to ▁absorb ▁atm ospher ic ▁CO 2 ▁em itted ▁by ▁vol c ano es ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁green house ▁gas ▁could ▁accum ulate ▁in ▁the ▁atmosphere . ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁absence ▁of ▁exposed ▁sil icate ▁rocks , ▁which ▁use ▁CO 2 ▁when ▁they ▁under go ▁weather ing . ▁This ▁created ▁a ▁war ming ▁that ▁later ▁melt ed ▁the ▁ice ▁and ▁brought ▁Earth ' s ▁temperature ▁back ▁to ▁equilibrium . ▁During ▁the ▁following ▁e ons ▁of ▁the ▁P ale oz o ic , ▁cos mic ▁ray ▁flux ▁and ▁occasional ▁nearby |
▁super n ova ▁explos ions ▁( one ▁hypothesis ▁for ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁Ord ov ician – Sil ur ian ▁ext inction ▁event ) ▁and ▁g amma ▁ray ▁burst s ▁may ▁have ▁induced ▁ice ▁ages ▁or ▁other ▁sudden ▁climate ▁changes . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁the ▁C en oz o ic , ▁multiple ▁climate ▁for c ings ▁led ▁to ▁war ming ▁and ▁cooling ▁of ▁the ▁atmosphere , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁ice ▁sheet , ▁subsequent ▁mel ting , ▁and ▁its ▁later ▁reg l ac iation . ▁The ▁temperature ▁changes ▁occurred ▁somewhat ▁suddenly , ▁at ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 – 7 6 0 ▁p pm ▁and ▁temperatures ▁approximately ▁ 4 ° C ▁war mer ▁than ▁today . ▁During ▁the ▁Ple ist oc ene , ▁cycles ▁of ▁gl aci ations ▁and ▁inter gl ac ials ▁occurred ▁on ▁cycles ▁of ▁roughly ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 year s , ▁but ▁may ▁stay ▁longer ▁within ▁an ▁inter gl ac ial ▁when ▁orb ital ▁ecc entric ity ▁approaches ▁zero , ▁as ▁during ▁the ▁current ▁inter gl ac ial . ▁Pre vious ▁inter gl ac ials ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁E em ian ▁phase ▁created ▁temperatures ▁higher ▁than ▁today , ▁higher ▁sea ▁levels , ▁and ▁some ▁partial ▁mel ting ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Ant ar ctic ▁ice ▁sheet . ▁The ▁warm est ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁inter gl ac ial ▁occurred ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁Hol oc ene ▁Opt imum , ▁when ▁temperatures ▁were |
▁a ▁few ▁degrees ▁C els ius ▁war mer ▁than ▁today , ▁and ▁a ▁strong ▁African ▁Mon so on ▁created ▁grass land ▁conditions ▁in ▁the ▁S ah ara ▁during ▁the ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁Sub pl uv ial . ▁Since ▁that ▁time , ▁several ▁cooling ▁events ▁have ▁occurred , ▁including : ▁ ▁the ▁P ior a ▁O sc ill ation ▁the ▁Middle ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁Cold ▁E poch ▁the ▁Hom er ic ▁Min imum ▁the ▁Iron ▁Age ▁Cold ▁E poch ▁cooling ▁during ▁the ▁Dark ▁A ges ▁the ▁Sp ör er ▁Min imum ▁the ▁" L ittle ▁Ice ▁Age " ▁the ▁Dal ton ▁Min imum ▁vol can ic ▁cool ings ▁such ▁as ▁from ▁L aki ▁in ▁I cel and ▁the ▁phase ▁of ▁cooling ▁c . ▁ 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 7 0 , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁global ▁cooling ▁hypothes es ▁ ▁In ▁contrast , ▁several ▁warm ▁periods ▁have ▁also ▁taken ▁place , ▁and ▁they ▁include ▁but ▁are ▁not ▁limited ▁to : ▁the ▁Old er ▁Per on ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁Hol oc ene ▁opt imum ▁a ▁warm ▁period ▁during ▁the ▁a pe x ▁of ▁the ▁M ino an ▁civilization ▁the ▁Roman ▁W arm ▁Period ▁the ▁Med ieval ▁W arm ▁Period ▁the ▁retreat ▁of ▁gl ac iers ▁since ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁the ▁" Mod ern ▁W arm ing " ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁Certain ▁effects ▁have ▁occurred ▁during ▁these ▁cycles . ▁For ▁example , ▁during ▁the ▁Med ieval ▁W arm ▁Period , ▁the ▁American ▁Mid west ▁was ▁in |
▁d rought , ▁including ▁the ▁Sand ▁Hills ▁of ▁Neb r aska ▁which ▁were ▁active ▁sand ▁d unes . ▁The ▁black ▁death ▁pl ague ▁of ▁Y ers in ia ▁p est is ▁also ▁occurred ▁during ▁Med ieval ▁temperature ▁fluctuations , ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁changing ▁clim ates . ▁ ▁Given ▁that ▁records ▁of ▁solar ▁activity ▁are ▁accurate , ▁solar ▁activity ▁may ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁war ming ▁that ▁pe aked ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 0 - year ▁temperature ▁cycles ▁that ▁result ▁in ▁roughly ▁ 0 . 5 ° C ▁of ▁war ming ▁during ▁the ▁increasing ▁temperature ▁phase . ▁However , ▁solar ▁cycles ▁fail ▁to ▁account ▁for ▁war ming ▁observed ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day ▁. ▁Events ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁North west ▁Pass age ▁and ▁recent ▁record ▁low ▁ice ▁min ima ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁Ar ctic ▁shr ink age ▁have ▁not ▁taken ▁place ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁several ▁centuries , ▁as ▁early ▁expl or ers ▁were ▁all ▁unable ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁Ar ctic ▁crossing , ▁even ▁in ▁summer . ▁Sh ifts ▁in ▁bi omes ▁and ▁habitat ▁ranges ▁are ▁also ▁unpre ced ented , ▁occurring ▁at ▁rates ▁that ▁do ▁not ▁coinc ide ▁with ▁known ▁climate ▁oscill ations ▁. ▁The ▁ext inction ▁of ▁many ▁tropical ▁am ph ib ian ▁species , ▁especially ▁in ▁cloud ▁forests , ▁have ▁been ▁attributed ▁to ▁changing ▁global ▁temperatures , ▁fun gal ▁disease ▁and ▁possible ▁influence ▁from ▁unus |
ually ▁extreme ▁phases ▁of ▁ocean ic ▁climate ▁oscill ations . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁At m ospher ic ▁anom aly ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 - year ▁problem ▁Global ▁cat astro ph ic ▁risk ▁Historical ▁clim at ology ▁Tele connection ▁E poch ▁( ge ology ) ▁ ▁Books ▁and ▁reports ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁El ▁Ni ño ' s ▁Ext ended ▁Family : ▁An ▁Introduction ▁to ▁the ▁Cycl ic ▁Pattern s ▁that ▁Det ermine ▁Global ▁We ather ▁- ▁NASA ▁Earth ▁Observ atory ▁Earth ▁Changes ▁Gallery : ▁Cl imate ▁O sc ill ations ▁- ▁Michael ▁Wells ▁Mand ev ille ▁ 5 . 2 ▁Internal ▁climate ▁vari ability ▁- ▁Catholic ▁University ▁of ▁Lou v ain ▁Under standing ▁global ▁climate ▁patterns ▁- ▁USA ▁Today , ▁April ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Ocean ic ▁and ▁At m ospher ic ▁Cl imate ▁Data ▁- ▁Cl imate ▁Pred iction ▁Center , ▁NO AA ▁Global ▁Cl imate ▁Change : ▁V ital ▁Sign s ▁of ▁the ▁Plan et ▁- ▁NASA ▁Cl imate ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : At m ospher ic ▁chemistry ▁Category : At m ospher ic ▁dynamics ▁Category : Cl imate ▁patterns ▁Category : Cl imate ▁history ▁Category : O sc ill ation ▁ ▁et : K li im ats ü kl id ▁fa : ن و س ا ن ▁ ا ق ل ی م ▁fr : O sc ill ation ▁clim atique ▁ja : 気 候 サ イ ク ル ▁ms : P eng ay un an ▁ik lim |
▁z h : 气 候 振 <0xE8> <0x8D> <0xA1> <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁ ▁February ▁ 1 6 ▁– ▁Com poser ▁William ▁Boy ce ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁Cat hedral . ▁The ▁music ▁at ▁his ▁funeral ▁features ▁the ▁mass ed ▁cho irs ▁of ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁itself , ▁West min ster ▁Ab bey ▁and ▁the ▁Chap el ▁Royal . ▁April ▁– ▁The ▁London ▁Magazine ▁reports ▁on ▁the ▁organ - play ing ▁of ▁three - year - old ▁pro dig y ▁William ▁C rot ch . ▁December ▁ 2 6 ▁– ▁Te atro ▁alla ▁Scal a ▁in ▁Milan ▁opens ▁its ▁oper atic ▁car n ival ▁season ▁with ▁Josef ▁M ys live č ek ' s ▁new ▁opera ▁Arm ida . ▁The ▁opera ▁house ▁at ▁E sz ter h á za ▁burn s ▁down . ▁Me z zo - s op r ano ▁Lu ig ia ▁Pol z elli ▁and ▁her ▁viol in ist ▁husband ▁Antonio ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁E ster h á zy ▁court , ▁where ▁she ▁quickly ▁becomes ▁the ▁lover ▁of ▁Joseph ▁Hay dn . ▁ ▁Opera ▁ ▁Johann ▁Christian ▁Bach ▁– ▁Am ad is ▁de ▁G au le ▁D omen ico ▁C im ar osa ▁ ▁L ' inf ed elt à ▁fed ele ▁L ' ital iana ▁in ▁Lond ra ▁Christ oph ▁Will ib ald ▁Gl uck ▁– ▁I ph ig én ie ▁en ▁T aur ide ▁André ▁Ernest ▁Mod este ▁Gr é try ▁– ▁L ' am ant ▁j al oux ▁Joseph ▁Hay dn ▁– ▁L ' |
is ola ▁dis ab it ata ▁Wol fg ang ▁Am ade us ▁Moz art ▁– ▁Za ide ▁Giovanni ▁P ais i ello ▁– ▁Dem et rio , ▁R . 1 . 5 9 ▁Antonio ▁Sal ieri ▁– ▁Il ▁Tal is man o ▁ ▁Class ical ▁music ▁ ▁Anna ▁Am alia ▁– ▁Organ ▁T rio ▁in ▁C ▁major ▁Carl ▁Philipp ▁E manuel ▁Bach ▁– ▁Cl avier - S on aten ▁für ▁Ken ner ▁und ▁Lie b hab er , ▁W q . 5 5 ▁Claude - B én igne ▁Bal bast re ▁– ▁Son ates ▁en ▁Qu atu or , ▁Op . ▁ 3 ▁( Par is ) ▁William ▁Boy ce ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁Vol unt aries ▁for ▁the ▁Organ ▁M uz io ▁C lement i ▁▁ 6 ▁Son at as , ▁Op . ▁ 2 ▁ 3 ▁P iano ▁Du ets ▁and ▁ 3 ▁Son at as , ▁Op . ▁ 3 ▁François ▁Joseph ▁G os sec ▁– ▁Sym ph onie ▁Con cert ante ▁du ▁B allet ▁de ▁Mir za , ▁B . 9 0 ▁Joseph ▁Hay dn ▁ ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 7 0 ▁in ▁D ▁major ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 7 1 ▁in ▁B - flat ▁major , ▁Hob . I : 7 1 ▁Michael ▁Hay dn ▁– ▁Sym phony ▁No . 2 3 ▁in ▁D ▁major , ▁M H ▁ 2 8 7 , ▁P . 4 3 ▁Wol fg ang ▁Am ade us ▁Moz art ▁S inf onia ▁Con cert ante ▁for ▁Vi olin , ▁Vi |
ola ▁and ▁Orchestra ▁Con cer to ▁in ▁E - flat ▁major ▁for ▁Two ▁P ian os ▁Ser en ade ▁in ▁D ▁major , ▁" Post horn " ▁K . 3 2 0 ▁Church ▁Son ata ▁in ▁C ▁major , ▁K . 3 2 9 / 3 1 7 a ▁Johann ▁Heinrich ▁Rol le ▁– ▁Th ir za ▁und ▁ihre ▁S ö h ne ▁( or ator io ) ▁ ▁Method s ▁and ▁theory ▁writ ings ▁Anton ▁B em itz ried er ▁– ▁Nou vel ▁ess ai ▁sur ▁l ' harm onie ▁François ▁Vincent ▁Cor bel in ▁– ▁Mé th ode ▁de ▁Har pe ▁Franz ▁Paul ▁R ig ler ▁– ▁An le itung ▁zum ▁Kl avier ▁Francisco ▁In á cio ▁Sol ano ▁– ▁ ▁Francesco ▁Antonio ▁Vall otti ▁– ▁D ella ▁sc ien za ▁te or ica ▁e ▁pr at ica ▁della ▁modern a ▁mus ica ▁( On ▁the ▁scientific ▁theory ▁and ▁practice ▁of ▁modern ▁music ) ▁ ▁Birth s ▁ ▁January ▁ 8 ▁– ▁John ▁White , ▁composer ▁January ▁ 1 5 ▁– ▁Jean ▁Cor all i , ▁bal let ▁producer ▁and ▁ch ore ographer ▁February ▁ 1 ▁– ▁Nik ol aus ▁von ▁K ru ff t , ▁Aust rian ▁composer ▁( d ied ▁ 1 8 1 8 ) ▁February ▁ 5 ▁– ▁François ▁van ▁Camp enh out , ▁singer ▁and ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 4 8 ) ▁February ▁ 2 2 ▁– ▁Jo ach im ▁Nicol as ▁E gg ert , ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 |
1 3 ) ▁February ▁ 2 3 ▁– ▁Johann ▁Cas par ▁A ibling er , ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 6 7 ) ▁March ▁ 1 ▁– ▁Jacob ▁Gott fried ▁We ber , ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 3 9 ) ▁March ▁ 1 3 ▁– ▁Oliver ▁Shaw , ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 4 8 ) ▁April ▁ 1 1 ▁– ▁Louise ▁Reich ard t , ▁German ▁composer ▁( d ied ▁ 1 8 2 6 ) ▁April ▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁William ▁K ny v ett , ▁composer ▁May ▁ 2 8 ▁– ▁Thomas ▁Moore , ▁poet ▁and ▁ly ric ist ▁August ▁ 1 ▁– ▁Francis ▁Scott ▁Key , ▁song writer ▁September ▁ 1 0 ▁– ▁Louis ▁Alexand re ▁Pic c inn i ▁October ▁ 1 5 ▁– ▁Joh an ▁O lo f ▁Wall in , ▁song writing ▁b ishop ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁February ▁ 7 ▁– ▁William ▁Boy ce , ▁composer ▁April ▁ 6 ▁– ▁Tom mas o ▁Tra etta , ▁composer ▁April ▁ 7 ▁– ▁Martha ▁Ray , ▁singer ▁December ▁ 5 ▁– ▁Herm ann ▁Anton ▁G eline k , ▁organ ist ▁and ▁viol in ist ▁( born ▁ 1 7 0 9 ) ▁December ▁ 2 8 ▁– ▁G enn aro ▁M anna , ▁composer ▁date ▁unknown ▁– ▁Jos se ▁B out my , ▁organ ist ▁and ▁har ps ich ord ist ▁( born ▁ 1 6 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 th ▁century ▁in |
▁music ▁Category : Music ▁by ▁year <0x0A> </s> ▁B om mal att am ▁() ▁is ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Indian ▁T amil ▁language ▁comedy ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁M uk tha ▁S rin ivas an ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁V . ▁Ram as amy . ▁The ▁script ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Cho ▁Ram as w amy . ▁Music ▁was ▁by ▁V . ▁Kum ar . ▁It ▁stars ▁Ja ish ank ar , ▁Jay al al ith aa , ▁N ages h , ▁Major ▁Sund ar ar aj an , ▁Cho ▁Ram as w amy ▁and ▁Man or ama ▁playing ▁lead ▁roles . ▁V . ▁S . ▁R ag hav an , ▁Sach u ▁and ▁O . ▁A . ▁K . ▁Dev ar ▁played ▁key ▁roles . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Ja ish ank ar ▁as ▁Su k um ar ▁ ▁Jay al al ith aa ▁as ▁Mal ath y ▁ ▁N ages h ▁as ▁Dur ai ▁ ▁Man or ama ▁as ▁Ch in na ▁P on nu ▁ ▁Cho ▁Ram as w amy ▁as ▁J amb aj ar ▁Jak ku ▁ ▁Sach u ▁as ▁Ge eth a ▁ ▁Major ▁Sund ar ar aj an ▁as ▁R ath nam / Bal ▁Raj ▁ ▁V . ▁S . ▁R ag hav an ▁as ▁Dr . ▁D ham od har an ▁ ▁O . ▁A . ▁K . ▁The var ▁as ▁Ch ith amb aram ▁ ▁Sound track ▁ ▁Music ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁V . ▁Kum ar ▁and ▁lyrics ▁were ▁written ▁by ▁Va ali , ▁Al ang udi |
▁Som u , ▁Na . ▁Pand ur ang an ▁and ▁Av in asi ▁Man i . ▁For ▁the ▁song ▁" V aa ▁V ath iy are ", ▁S rin ivas an ▁wanted ▁the ▁usage ▁of ▁Mad ras ▁B ash ai , ▁but ▁Va ali ▁felt ▁it ▁was ▁hard ▁for ▁him , ▁so ▁M . ▁L . ▁G ov ind ▁was ▁hired ▁to ▁" prov ide ▁the ▁apt ▁words ▁to ▁go ▁with ▁it ", ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁lines ▁in ▁the ▁song ▁like ▁" J amba ar ▁Jak ku , ▁Na ▁S aid ap etta ▁K ok ku ". ▁That ▁also ▁became ▁T amil ▁cinema ' s ▁first ▁ga ana ▁song . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁T amil - language ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁M uk tha ▁S rin ivas an ▁Category : Ind ian ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Craig ▁Mont gomery ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁on ▁the ▁CBS ▁soap ▁opera ▁As ▁the ▁World ▁Turn s . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁port rayed ▁by ▁Scott ▁Bry ce ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Hunt ▁Block ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Jeff rey |
▁Me ek ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁Jon ▁Lind st rom ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁The ▁role ▁of ▁Craig ▁Mont gomery ▁has ▁been ▁played ▁by ▁four ▁separate ▁actors ▁through ▁the ▁character ' s ▁run . ▁Scott ▁Bry ce ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁from ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁to ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁May ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁to ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁April ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁February ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Hunt ▁Block ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁actor ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁character ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁before ▁Jeff rey ▁Me ek ▁joined ▁from ▁September ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁April ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Jon ▁Lind st rom ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁actor ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁character ▁from ▁December ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁September ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁Bry ce ▁is ▁often ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the |
▁most ▁well ▁known ▁actor ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁and ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Lead ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Dr ama ▁Series ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for ▁two ▁So ap ▁Opera ▁Dig est ▁Awards ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁Following ▁his ▁final ▁appearance ▁on ▁the ▁show , ▁Bry ce ▁appeared ▁on ▁ABC ' s ▁One ▁Life ▁to ▁Live ▁as ▁Dr . ▁C ros by ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁eventually ▁co - created ▁and ▁executive ▁produced ▁the ▁web ▁series ▁Ste amb o at ▁with ▁Michael ▁O ' Le ary ▁of ▁Gu iding ▁Light . ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁cable ▁television ▁show ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁broadcast ▁on ▁the ▁Internet . ▁Block ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁day time ▁roles ▁including ▁Ben ▁Warren ▁on ▁CBS ' ▁Gu iding ▁Light , ▁Lee ▁Ram sey ▁on ▁One ▁Life ▁to ▁Live ▁and ▁Guy ▁Don oh ue ▁on ▁All ▁My ▁Children . ▁Following ▁his ▁exit , ▁he ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁feature ▁film ▁Salt , ▁which ▁star red ▁Angel ina ▁J ol ie ▁and ▁Lie v ▁Sch re iber . ▁Me ek ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁career ▁all ▁throughout ▁television ▁including ▁The ▁W B ▁series ▁Char med ▁and ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁soap ▁opera ▁Search ▁for ▁Tom orrow . ▁ ▁Lind st rom ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁role ▁after ▁the ▁exit ▁of ▁Bry ce . |
▁He ▁is ▁a ▁veteran ▁of ▁day time ▁dram as , ▁having ▁most ▁notably ▁played ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Kevin ▁Collins ▁on ▁ABC ' s ▁General ▁Hospital ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁show ' s ▁spin - off ▁Port ▁Charles ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁Kevin ' s ▁twin ▁brother ▁Ryan ▁Chamber l ain ▁on ▁G H ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁His ▁other ▁day time ▁roles ▁include ▁Br ady ▁Chap in ▁on ▁R it uals ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁Mark ▁McC orm ick ▁on ▁NBC ' s ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁Paul ▁Jar re ▁on ▁Gener ations ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Lind st om ▁was ▁also ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Lead ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Dr ama ▁Series ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁on ▁AT WT ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Lind st rom ▁was ▁also ▁pre - nom inated ▁for ▁the ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁AT WT , ▁Lind st om ▁continues ▁to ▁act ▁and ▁most ▁recently ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁romantic ▁comedy ▁What ▁H app ens ▁Next ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁co - star ring ▁Wend y ▁Mal ick , ▁who ▁stars ▁on |
▁the ▁TV ▁Land ▁sit com ▁Hot ▁in ▁Cleveland . ▁The ▁actor ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁CBS ▁series ▁Blue ▁Blood s ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁released ▁a ▁CD ▁with ▁his ▁band ▁The ▁High ▁L ones ome ▁that ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁Family ▁and ▁relationships ▁Craig ▁Mont gomery ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Bart ▁Mont gomery ▁and ▁Ly la ▁Craw ford , ▁making ▁him ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁M argo ▁Mont gomery ▁Hughes , ▁Cr icket ▁Mont gomery ▁and ▁K atie ▁Per etti . ▁His ▁relationships ▁often ▁surround ▁Luc inda ▁Wal sh ▁and ▁her ▁daughter ▁Sierra ▁Est eb an . ▁While ▁he ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Sierra ▁and ▁had ▁two ▁children ▁with ▁her ▁including ▁Bry ant ▁and ▁Lucy ▁Mont gomery , ▁his ▁attraction ▁for ▁Luc inda ▁eventually ▁resulted ▁in ▁their ▁cont empt ▁for ▁one ▁another ▁and ▁battles ▁in ▁business . ▁Craig ▁is ▁often ▁involved ▁in ▁mysterious ▁business ▁deal ings ▁and ▁his ▁attempts ▁for ▁power ▁t ended ▁to ▁cloud ▁his ▁judg ement ▁when ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁what ▁was ▁best ▁for ▁his ▁family . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁married ▁to ▁B ets y ▁Stewart , ▁Barbara ▁Ryan , ▁Ros anna ▁Cab ot , ▁whom ▁he ▁adopted ▁their ▁son ▁Cab ot ▁S incl air ▁with , ▁and ▁Meg ▁S ny der . ▁His ▁children ▁also ▁include ▁Gabriel ▁Car as ▁and ▁Johnny ▁Mont gomery , ▁products ▁of ▁affairs ▁with ▁L yd ia ▁Car as ▁and ▁Jennifer ▁Mun son . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : As ▁the ▁World ▁Turn s ▁characters ▁Category : Tele vision ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
8 2 ▁Category : F ict ional ▁murder ers ▁Category : F ict ional ▁business people ▁Category : F ict ional ▁crim inals ▁on ▁soap ▁oper as ▁Category : M ale ▁characters ▁in ▁television <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁listing ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁Est onia ▁by ▁the ▁population ▁size ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁land ▁area ▁is ▁expressed ▁in ▁km ² , ▁and ▁the ▁density ▁is ▁expressed ▁in ▁inhabitants ▁per ▁km ² ▁of ▁land ▁area . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁pop ulated ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁countries ▁▁▁ ▁Municipal ities ▁of ▁Est onia ▁by ▁population ▁Est oni ar ▁Est onia <0x0A> </s> ▁Roland ▁Frederick ▁God f rey ▁M BE ▁( 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Bob ▁God f rey , ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁anim ator ▁whose ▁career ▁sp anned ▁more ▁than ▁fifty ▁years . ▁He ▁is ▁probably ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁children ' s ▁cart oon ▁series ▁Ro ob arb ▁( 1 9 7 4 – 7 5 ), ▁Noah ▁and ▁N elly ▁in ... ▁Sk yl Ar k ▁( 1 9 7 6 - 7 7 ) ▁and ▁Henry ' s ▁Cat ▁( 1 9 8 3 – 9 5 ) ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁T rio ▁chocolate ▁bis c uit ▁advertis ements ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁However |
, ▁he ▁also ▁produced ▁a ▁BA FT A ▁and ▁Academy ▁award - winning ▁short ▁film ▁Great ▁( 1 9 7 5 ), ▁a ▁hum orous ▁bi ography ▁of ▁Is amb ard ▁Kingdom ▁Brun el . ▁Further ▁Academy ▁Awards ▁nom inations ▁received ▁were ▁for ▁K ama ▁S ut ra ▁R ides ▁Again ▁( 1 9 7 1 ), ▁Dream ▁D oll ▁( 1 9 7 9 ), ▁with ▁Z lat ko ▁Gr g ic , ▁and ▁Small ▁Talk ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁with ▁anim ator ▁Kevin ▁Bald win . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁God f rey ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁West ▁M ait land , ▁Australia , ▁but ▁his ▁British ▁parents ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁a ▁baby . ▁He ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁Il ford , ▁Es sex , ▁and ▁Le y ton ▁Art ▁School , ▁at ▁first ▁working ▁at ▁Le ver ▁Brothers ▁as ▁a ▁graphic ▁artist ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Royal ▁Marine ▁and ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁D - Day ▁land ings . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁taken ▁on ▁by ▁the ▁L ark ins ▁Studio ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁Peter ▁Sach s ▁before ▁leaving ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁Bi ographic ▁with ▁Keith ▁Lear ner ▁and ▁Jeff ▁H ale . ▁Other ▁members ▁joined ▁them ▁later , ▁including ▁Nancy ▁H anna ▁and ▁V era ▁Lin ne car ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁The ▁company , ▁set ▁up ▁to ▁make |
▁commercial s ▁for ▁IT V , ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁animated ▁commercial ▁to ▁be ▁shown ▁on ▁the ▁network . ▁While ▁still ▁working ▁at ▁L ark ins ▁God f rey ▁made ▁Big ▁Par ade ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁and ▁Watch ▁the ▁Bird ie ▁( 1 9 5 4 ), ▁a ▁film ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁painting ▁by ▁Paul ▁K lee , ▁both ▁were ▁fil med ▁in ▁the ▁basement ▁of ▁his ▁flat . ▁▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁He ▁subsequently ▁made ▁Do ▁It ▁Your self ▁Cart oon ▁Kit ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁which ▁sat ir ises ▁animation ▁and ▁commercial ▁advertising . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁different ▁animated ▁forms , ▁materials ▁and ▁techniques ▁makes ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁exciting ▁films ▁to ▁watch . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁cut out ▁animation ▁for ▁the ▁narr ator ▁pre - dates ▁Terry ▁Gill iam ' s ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁technique , ▁and ▁the ▁film ▁is ▁often ▁mis - cred ited ▁as ▁being ▁produced ▁by ▁Gill iam . ▁Michael ▁Bent ine ▁provided ▁the ▁narr ation ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁worked ▁with ▁God f rey ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁films ▁and ▁commercial s . ▁ ▁God f rey ' s ▁animated ▁work ▁during ▁the ▁later ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁continued ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁TV ▁commercial s , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁he ▁started ▁his ▁own ▁company ▁Bob ▁God f rey ' s ▁Movie ▁Emp or ium ▁to ▁develop ▁his ▁own ▁creative ▁projects ▁including ▁the ▁children ' |
s ▁cart oons . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁slightly ▁ris qu é ▁cart oons ▁sat ir ising ▁British ▁sexual ▁habits , ▁such ▁as ▁Henry ▁ 9 ▁To ▁ 5 , ▁which ▁was ▁also ▁awarded ▁a ▁BA FT A ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁He ▁also ▁animated ▁the ▁cart oon ▁Alf , ▁Bill ▁and ▁Fred . ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁animation , ▁he ▁produced ▁live - action ▁commercial s ▁and ▁short ▁films . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁them ▁star red ▁the ▁artist ▁Bruce ▁L ace y , ▁who ▁appeared ▁in ▁Battle ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁and ▁The ▁H anging ▁Tree . ▁His ▁interest ▁in ▁live ▁action ▁included ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁appearances ▁in ▁self - direct ed ▁commercial s ▁and ▁minor ▁film ▁roles , ▁including ▁The ▁Beat les ' ▁film ▁Help ! ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁and ▁Casino ▁Roy ale ▁( 1 9 6 7 ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁he ▁animated ▁four ▁episodes ▁of ▁The ▁Beat les , ▁an ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁featuring ▁the ▁pop ▁band , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁sub - contract ed ▁out ▁to ▁different ▁stud ios . ▁God f rey ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁unc red ited ▁adv iser ▁on ▁Yellow ▁Sub mar ine ▁( 1 9 6 8 ). ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁K ama ▁S ut ra ▁R ides ▁Again ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁Stanley ▁K ub rick ▁for ▁screening ▁with ▁the ▁UK ▁release ▁of ▁his ▁film ▁A ▁Cl ock work ▁Orange . ▁God |
f rey ▁noted ▁that ▁" Every one ▁working ▁in ▁films ▁knew ▁K ub rick ▁only ▁ever ▁ph oned ▁you ▁to ▁give ▁you ▁a ▁b oll ock ing , ▁so ▁when ▁I ▁realised ▁he ▁was ▁calling ▁to ▁do ▁me ▁a ▁favour ▁I ▁nearly ▁dropped ▁the ▁phone ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁he ▁presented ▁Do - It ▁Your self ▁Film ▁An imation ▁Show ▁on ▁BBC 1 ▁which ▁encouraged ▁children ▁to ▁do ▁animation ; ▁each ▁episode ▁had ▁established ▁anim ators ▁talking ▁about ▁their ▁work ▁and ▁different ▁animation ▁techniques . ▁Gu ests ▁included ▁Richard ▁Williams ▁and ▁Terry ▁Gill iam . ▁The ▁series ▁has ▁subsequently ▁been ▁acknowledged ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁anim ators , ▁including ▁Nick ▁Park , ▁as ▁a ▁significant ▁influence ▁on ▁them ▁making ▁animated ▁films . ▁For ▁both ▁Ro ob arb ▁( 1 9 7 4 – 7 5 ) ▁and ▁Noah ▁and ▁N elly ▁in ... ▁Sk yl Ar k ▁( 1 9 7 6 - 7 7 ), ▁Richard ▁B riers ▁was ▁the ▁voice - over ▁artist . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁short ▁film ▁Great ▁( 1 9 7 5 ), ▁a ▁hum orous ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁life ▁and ▁works ▁of ▁the ▁Victorian ▁engineer ▁Is amb ard ▁Kingdom ▁Brun el . ▁The ▁film ▁combined ▁animation ▁with ▁some ▁live ▁action ▁sequences . ▁Richard ▁B riers ▁provided ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁Brun el . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Great ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁British ▁film ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁An imated ▁Short ▁Film . ▁ ▁In ▁the |
▁Th ames ▁Television ▁documentary ▁The ▁Th ief ▁Who ▁Never ▁G ave ▁Up , ▁broadcast ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁anim ator ▁Richard ▁Williams ▁credits ▁God f rey ▁with ▁giving ▁his ▁career ▁its ▁initial ▁imp et us : ▁" B ob ▁God f rey ▁helped ▁me ... I ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁basement ▁and ▁would ▁do ▁work ▁in ▁kind , ▁and ▁he ▁would ▁let ▁me ▁use ▁the ▁camera ... [ it ▁was ] ▁a ▁bar ter ▁system ". ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁after ▁Henry ' s ▁Cat , ▁created ▁by ▁Stan ▁Hay ward ▁and ▁animated ▁and ▁narr ated ▁by ▁Bob ▁God f rey , ▁was ▁first ▁screen ed ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Bob ▁God f rey ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁M BE ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁L if etime ▁A chie vement ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁Brad ford ▁An imation ▁Festival ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁festival ▁including ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁of ▁his ▁films . ▁His ▁later ▁films ▁included ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁sat ires ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Steve ▁Bell , ▁such ▁as ▁Be aks ▁to ▁the ▁Gr ind stone ▁and ▁A ▁Journal ist ' s ▁T ale . ▁He ▁worked ▁with ▁Bell ▁again ▁on ▁the ▁series ▁Margaret ▁Th atch er : ▁Where ▁Am ▁I ▁Now ? ▁He ▁appeared ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁program mes ▁and ▁document aries ▁on ▁animation ▁over ▁the ▁years |
, ▁including ▁the ▁BBC ▁ 2 ▁documentary ▁The ▁Craft s men ▁and ▁the ▁documentary ▁series ▁An imation ▁Nation , ▁shown ▁on ▁BBC ▁Four ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁He ▁also ▁taught ▁animation ▁at ▁West ▁Sur rey ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Design ▁( now ▁University ▁for ▁the ▁Creative ▁Arts ). ▁ ▁Bob ▁God f rey ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁under ▁his ▁direction ▁and ▁Dick ▁Taylor , ▁An imation ▁became ▁a ▁separate ▁course ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁students ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁God f rey ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁Senior ▁Fellow ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁He ▁told ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 : ▁" I ▁teach ▁the ▁bas ics ▁of ▁animation , ▁then ▁it ' s ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁individual . ▁Great ▁illustr ators ▁don ' t ▁always ▁make ▁great ▁anim ators . ▁I ' ve ▁known ▁people ▁who ▁couldn ' t ▁draw ▁at ▁all ▁who ▁were ▁great ▁anim ators . ▁You ▁can ▁always ▁spot ▁the ▁ones ▁with ▁real ▁talent . ▁They ▁don ' t ▁listen ▁to ▁you ." ▁God f rey ▁received ▁a ▁L if etime ▁A chie vement ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Festival ▁of ▁An imated ▁Film ▁- ▁Anim af est ▁Zag reb ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Death ▁God f rey ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 1 . ▁ ▁Re ferences |
▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Bob ▁God f rey ▁Films ▁Website ▁of ▁The ▁Bob ▁God f rey ▁Collection ▁▁▁ ▁An imation ▁Research ▁Centre ▁archive ▁of ▁Bob ▁God f rey ' s ▁films ▁and ▁artwork ▁ ▁Remember ing ▁Bob ▁God f rey ▁at ▁FL IP ▁An imation ▁Magazine ▁Ret riev ed ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Small ▁Talk ▁on ▁YouTube ▁posted ▁by ▁co - direct or ▁Kevin ▁Bald win ▁▁ ▁Official ▁YouTube ▁channel ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Ac adem ics ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁Category : BA FT A ▁winners ▁( people ) ▁Category : Direct ors ▁of ▁Best ▁An imated ▁Short ▁Academy ▁Award ▁winners ▁Category : English ▁anim ators ▁Category : B rit ish ▁animated ▁film ▁directors ▁Category : English ▁television ▁directors ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁Category : R oyal ▁Mar ines ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : People ▁from ▁M ait land , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁Laura ▁Po it ras ▁( ; ▁born ▁February ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁director ▁and ▁producer ▁of ▁documentary ▁films . ▁She ▁lives ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁Po it ras ▁has ▁received ▁numerous ▁awards ▁for ▁her ▁work , ▁including ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁Feature ▁for ▁Cit izen four , ▁about ▁Edward ▁Snow den , ▁while ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁Country ▁received ▁a ▁nom |
ination ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁category ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁George ▁Pol k ▁Award ▁for ▁" n ational ▁security ▁reporting " ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁N SA ▁dis clos ures . ▁The ▁N SA ▁reporting ▁by ▁Po it ras , ▁Glen n ▁Green wald , ▁E wen ▁Mac A skill , ▁and ▁Bart on ▁G ell man ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁Public ▁Service ▁awarded ▁joint ly ▁to ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁and ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁Mac D ow ell ▁Col ony ▁Fellow , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Mac Ar thur ▁Fellow , ▁the ▁creator ▁of ▁Field ▁of ▁Vision , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁supporters ▁of ▁the ▁Freedom ▁of ▁the ▁Press ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁I . F . ▁Stone ▁Medal ▁for ▁Journal istic ▁Independ ence ▁by ▁Harvard ' s ▁N iem an ▁Foundation ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Born ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts , ▁Laura ▁Po it ras ▁is ▁the ▁middle ▁daughter ▁of ▁Pat ric ia ▁" Pat " ▁and ▁James ▁" J im " ▁Po it ras , ▁who ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁don ated ▁$ 2 0 mill ion ▁to ▁found ▁The ▁Po it ras ▁Center ▁for ▁A ffect ive ▁Dis orders ▁Research ▁at ▁McG overn ▁Institute ▁for ▁Br ain ▁Research , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology . ▁Her ▁parents ▁keep ▁a ▁home ▁in ▁Massachusetts |
, ▁but ▁live ▁mostly ▁in ▁Or lando , ▁Florida . ▁Her ▁sisters ▁are ▁Christ ine ▁Po it ras , ▁an ▁E SL ▁teacher , ▁and ▁Jennifer ▁Po it ras , ▁a ▁disaster ▁response ▁pl anner ▁and ▁consultant . ▁ ▁Grow ing ▁up , ▁Laura ▁planned ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁chef , ▁and ▁spent ▁several ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁cook ▁at ▁L ' Esp al ier , ▁a ▁French ▁restaurant ▁located ▁in ▁Boston ' s ▁Back ▁Bay ▁neighborhood . ▁However , ▁after ▁finishing ▁Sud bury ▁Valley ▁School , ▁where ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁classes , ▁no ▁grades , ▁and ▁no ▁division ▁of ▁students ▁by ▁age , ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁San ▁Francisco ▁and ▁lost ▁interest ▁in ▁becoming ▁a ▁chef . ▁Instead ▁she ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Art ▁Institute ▁with ▁experimental ▁film makers ▁Er nie ▁Ge hr ▁and ▁Jan is ▁Cry stal ▁Lip zin . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Po it ras ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁to ▁pursue ▁film making . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁graduated ▁from ▁The ▁New ▁School ▁for ▁Public ▁Eng agement ▁with ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree . ▁ ▁Career ▁Po it ras ▁co - direct ed , ▁produced , ▁and ▁shot ▁her ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁documentary , ▁Flag ▁Wars , ▁about ▁gent r ification ▁in ▁Columb us , ▁Ohio . ▁It ▁earned ▁a ▁Pe ab ody ▁Award , ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁at ▁both ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁South ▁by ▁South west ▁( S X SW ) ▁film ▁festival ▁and ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Les |
bian ▁& ▁Gay ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁the ▁Fil mm aker ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁Full ▁Frame ▁Document ary ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁launched ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁P BS ▁TV ▁series ▁PO V . ▁It ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Independent ▁Spirit ▁Award ▁and ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Em my ▁Award . ▁Po it ras ' s ▁other ▁early ▁films ▁include ▁O ' ▁Say ▁Can ▁You ▁See ... ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁and ▁Ex act ▁Fant asy ▁( 1 9 9 5 ). ▁ ▁Her ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁film ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁Country , ▁about ▁life ▁for ▁Iraq is ▁under ▁U . S . ▁occupation , ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁an ▁Academy ▁Award . ▁Her ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁film ▁The ▁O ath , ▁about ▁two ▁Y emen i ▁men ▁caught ▁up ▁in ▁America ' s ▁War ▁on ▁T error , ▁won ▁the ▁Excell ence ▁in ▁Cin emat ography ▁Award ▁for ▁U . S . ▁Document ary ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Sund ance ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁The ▁two ▁films ▁are ▁parts ▁of ▁a ▁tr il ogy . ▁The ▁third ▁part ▁Cit izen four ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁details ▁how ▁the ▁War ▁on ▁T error ▁increasingly ▁focuses ▁on ▁Americans ▁through ▁surveillance , ▁co vert ▁activities , ▁and ▁attacks ▁on ▁whist le bl ow ers . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁in ▁a ▁forum |
▁of ▁short ▁document aries ▁produced ▁by ▁independent ▁film makers , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁published ▁an ▁" Op - doc " ▁produced ▁by ▁Po it ras ▁entitled ▁The ▁Program . ▁It ▁was ▁pre liminary ▁work ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁included ▁in ▁a ▁documentary ▁planned ▁for ▁release ▁as ▁the ▁final ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁tr il ogy . ▁The ▁documentary ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁interviews ▁with ▁William ▁Bin ney , ▁a ▁ 3 2 - year ▁veteran ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Security ▁Agency , ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁whist le bl ower ▁and ▁described ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁St ell ar ▁Wind ▁project ▁that ▁he ▁helped ▁to ▁design . ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁program ▁he ▁worked ▁on ▁had ▁been ▁designed ▁for ▁foreign ▁esp ion age , ▁but ▁was ▁converted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁sp ying ▁on ▁citizens ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁prompt ing ▁concerns ▁by ▁him ▁and ▁others ▁that ▁the ▁actions ▁were ▁illegal ▁and ▁un const itutional ▁and ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁their ▁dis clos ures . ▁ ▁The ▁Program ▁implied ▁that ▁a ▁facility ▁being ▁built ▁at ▁Bl uff dale , ▁Utah ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁domestic ▁surveillance , ▁intended ▁for ▁storage ▁of ▁massive ▁amounts ▁of ▁data ▁collected ▁from ▁a ▁broad ▁range ▁of ▁communications ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁min ed ▁readily ▁for ▁intelligence ▁without ▁war r ants . ▁Po it ras ▁reported ▁that ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁would ▁hear ▁arguments ▁regarding ▁the ▁constitutional ity ▁of ▁the ▁am end ments ▁to ▁the ▁Foreign ▁Intelligence ▁Sur ve |
illance ▁Act ▁that ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁author ize ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁such ▁facilities ▁and ▁justify ▁such ▁actions . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Po it ras ▁took ▁an ▁active ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁three - month ▁ex position ▁of ▁Whit ney ▁B ien n ial ▁exhibition ▁of ▁contemporary ▁American ▁art . ▁ ▁Government ▁surveillance ▁Po it ras ▁has ▁been ▁subject ▁to ▁monitoring ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Government , ▁which ▁she ▁spec ulates ▁is ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁wire ▁transfer ▁she ▁sent ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁R iy ad h ▁al - Ad had h , ▁the ▁Iraq i ▁medical ▁doctor ▁and ▁Sun ni ▁political ▁candidate ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁her ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁documentary ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁Country . ▁After ▁completing ▁My ▁Country , ▁My ▁Country , ▁Po it ras ▁claims , ▁" I ' ve ▁been ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ' s ▁( D HS ) ▁watch ▁list " ▁and ▁have ▁been ▁not ified ▁by ▁airport ▁security ▁" that ▁my ▁' th reat ▁rating ' ▁was ▁the ▁highest ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁assign s ". ▁She ▁says ▁her ▁work ▁has ▁been ▁ham per ed ▁by ▁constant ▁harass ment ▁by ▁border ▁agents ▁during ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁dozen ▁border ▁cross ings ▁into ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁det ained ▁for ▁hours ▁and ▁interrog ated ▁and ▁agents ▁have ▁seized ▁her ▁computer , ▁cell ▁phone ▁and ▁reporters ▁notes ▁and ▁not ▁returned ▁them ▁for ▁weeks . ▁Once |
▁she ▁was ▁threatened ▁with ▁being ▁refused ▁entry ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁Glen n ▁Green wald ▁article ▁about ▁this , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁film ▁directors ▁started ▁a ▁petition ▁to ▁protest ▁the ▁government ' s ▁actions ▁against ▁her . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Po it ras ▁was ▁interviewed ▁about ▁surveillance ▁on ▁Democr acy ▁Now ! ▁and ▁called ▁elected ▁leaders ' ▁behavior ▁" sh ame ful ". ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁lawsuit ▁over ▁government ▁harass ment ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Po it ras ▁filed ▁a ▁request ▁under ▁the ▁Freedom ▁of ▁Information ▁Act ▁to ▁learn ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁being ▁searched , ▁det ained ▁and ▁interrog ated ▁on ▁multiple ▁occasions . ▁ ▁After ▁receiving ▁no ▁response ▁to ▁her ▁FO IA ▁request , ▁Po it ras ▁filed ▁a ▁lawsuit ▁against ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁and ▁other ▁security ▁agencies ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁More ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁later , ▁Po it ras ▁received ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 + ▁pages ▁of ▁material ▁from ▁the ▁federal ▁government . ▁The ▁documents ▁indicate ▁that ▁Po it ras ' s ▁repeated ▁det ain ments ▁were ▁due ▁to ▁U . S . ▁government ▁suspicion ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁prior ▁knowledge ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁amb ush ▁on ▁U . S . ▁troops ▁in ▁Iraq , ▁an ▁alleg ation ▁Po it ras ▁den ies . ▁ ▁Global ▁surveillance ▁dis clos ures ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Po it ras ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁initial |
▁three ▁journalists ▁to ▁meet ▁Edward ▁Snow den ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁to ▁receive ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁le aked ▁N SA ▁documents . ▁Po it ras ▁and ▁journalist ▁Glen n ▁Green wald ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁two ▁people ▁with ▁full ▁arch ives ▁of ▁Snow den ' s ▁ ▁le aked ▁N SA ▁documents , ▁according ▁to ▁Green wald . ▁ ▁Po it ras ▁helped ▁to ▁produce ▁stories ▁expos ing ▁previously ▁secret ▁U . S . ▁intelligence ▁activities , ▁which ▁earned ▁her ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Pol k ▁award ▁and ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁Public ▁Service ▁awarded ▁joint ly ▁to ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁and ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post . ▁She ▁later ▁worked ▁with ▁Jacob ▁App el ba um ▁and ▁writers ▁and ▁ed itors ▁at ▁Der ▁Sp ie gel ▁to ▁cover ▁dis clos ures ▁about ▁mass ▁surveillance , ▁particularly ▁those ▁relating ▁to ▁N SA ▁activity ▁in ▁Germany . ▁She ▁later ▁revealed ▁in ▁her ▁documentary ▁R isk ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁brief ▁romantic ▁relationship ▁with ▁App el ba um . ▁ ▁She ▁fil med , ▁edited , ▁and ▁produced ▁Channel ▁ 4 ' s ▁alternative ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Christmas ▁Message ▁by ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁" Al tern ative ▁Christmas ▁Message ", ▁featuring ▁Edward ▁Snow den . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Po it ras ▁joined ▁with ▁reporters ▁Green wald ▁and ▁Jeremy ▁Sc ah ill ▁to ▁establish ▁an ▁on - line ▁investig ative ▁journal ism ▁publishing ▁venture ▁funded ▁by |
▁e Bay ▁billion aire ▁Pierre ▁O mid yar , ▁what ▁became ▁First ▁Look ▁Media . ▁O mid yar ' s ▁" conc ern ▁about ▁press ▁freed oms ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁world " ▁spark ed ▁the ▁idea ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁media ▁out let . ▁The ▁first ▁publication ▁from ▁that ▁group , ▁a ▁digital ▁magazine ▁called ▁The ▁Inter cept , ▁launched ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Po it ras ▁stood ▁down ▁from ▁her ▁editor ▁role ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁Field ▁of ▁Vision , ▁a ▁First ▁Look ▁Media ▁project ▁focused ▁on ▁non - f iction ▁films . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Po it ras ▁joined ▁Green wald ▁and ▁Bart on ▁G ell man ▁via ▁Sk ype ▁on ▁a ▁panel ▁at ▁the ▁S ources ▁and ▁Sec rets ▁Conference ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁legal ▁and ▁professional ▁threats ▁to ▁journalists ▁covering ▁national ▁security ▁surveillance ▁and ▁whist le bl ower ▁stories , ▁like ▁that ▁of ▁Edward ▁Snow den . ▁Po it ras ▁was ▁asked ▁if ▁she ▁would ▁haz ard ▁an ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁she ▁responded ▁that ▁she ▁planned ▁to ▁attend ▁an ▁April ▁ 1 1 ▁event , ▁regardless ▁of ▁the ▁legal ▁or ▁professional ▁threats ▁pos ed ▁by ▁US ▁authorities . ▁Po it ras ▁and ▁Green wald ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁to ▁receive ▁their ▁awards ▁un im ped ed . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Po it ras ▁was ▁reun |
ited ▁with ▁Snow den ▁in ▁Moscow ▁along ▁with ▁Green wald . ▁▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁documentary ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁is ▁a ▁documentary ▁film ▁co - produ ced ▁by ▁Po it ras . ▁The ▁film , ▁about ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Media , ▁Pennsylvania ▁raid ▁of ▁FBI ▁offices , ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁Trib eca ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Cit izen four ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Cit izen four ▁is ▁a ▁documentary ▁about ▁Edward ▁Snow den ▁that ▁premier ed ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Po it ras ▁told ▁the ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁she ▁was ▁editing ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁Berlin ▁because ▁she ▁feared ▁her ▁source ▁material ▁would ▁be ▁seized ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁inside ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Film ▁executive ▁Harvey ▁We in stein ▁said ▁Cit izen four ▁had ▁changed ▁his ▁opinion ▁about ▁Edward ▁Snow den , ▁describing ▁the ▁documentary ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁movies , ▁period ." ▁▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post ▁about ▁Cit izen four ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁film ' s ▁release , ▁Po it ras ▁said ▁that ▁she ▁considered ▁herself ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁narr ator ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁but ▁made ▁a ▁choice ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁seen ▁on ▁camera : ▁" I ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁film making ▁tradition ▁where ▁I ' m ▁using ▁the ▁camera — it ' s ▁my ▁lens |
▁to ▁express ▁the ▁film making ▁I ▁do . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁that ▁a ▁writer ▁uses ▁their ▁language , ▁for ▁me ▁it ' s ▁the ▁images ▁that ▁tell ▁the ▁story ▁... ▁the ▁camera ▁is ▁my ▁tool ▁for ▁document ing ▁things , ▁so ▁I ▁stay ▁mostly ▁behind ▁it ." ▁Cit izen four ▁won ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Document ary ▁Feature ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Po it ras ▁is ▁port rayed ▁by ▁actress ▁Mel issa ▁Leo ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁film ▁Snow den , ▁directed ▁by ▁Oliver ▁Stone , ▁and ▁star ring ▁Joseph ▁Gordon - L ev itt ▁as ▁Snow den . ▁ ▁Ast ro ▁No ise ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁Whit ney ▁Museum ▁of ▁American ▁Art ▁opened ▁its ▁first ▁solo ▁museum ▁exhibition , ▁Ast ro ▁No ise ▁by ▁Po it ras , ▁port ray ing ▁imm ers ive ▁environments ▁that ▁incorporate ▁documentary ▁footage , ▁architect ural ▁inter ventions , ▁primary ▁documents , ▁and ▁narrative ▁structures ▁to ▁invite ▁visitors ▁to ▁interact ▁with ▁the ▁material ▁gathered ▁by ▁Po it ras ▁in ▁stri k ingly ▁intimate ▁and ▁direct ▁ways . ▁ ▁R isk ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Po it ras ▁auth ored ▁a ▁documentary ▁called ▁R isk , ▁on ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁Julian ▁Ass ange . ▁Po it ras ▁and ▁others ▁described ▁Ass ange ' s ▁statements ▁about ▁women ▁as ▁" tr ou bling ". ▁Ass ange ▁alleg es ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁victim ▁of |
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