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, ▁she ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁to ▁J el ena ▁J ank ović , ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 0 – 6 . ▁In ▁dou bles , ▁she ▁partner ed ▁Ch an ▁Y ung - jan ▁and ▁defeated ▁Mon ique ▁Adam cz ak ▁and ▁Nicole ▁K riz , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 1 . ▁The ▁pair ▁defeated ▁ ▁All a ▁K ud ry av t se va ▁and ▁Ek ater ina ▁Mak ar ova ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round , ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 6 – 4 . ▁In ▁the ▁third ▁round , ▁they ▁lost ▁to ▁sixth ▁seeds ▁Lisa ▁Raymond ▁and ▁Ren na e ▁St ub bs , ▁ 5 – 7 , ▁ 3 – 6 . ▁ ▁Nic ules cu ▁then ▁played ▁an ▁IT F ▁tournament ▁in ▁Mid land , ▁but ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁to ▁El eni ▁Dan i il id ou ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 2 – 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁Mem ph is , ▁she ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁qual ifying ▁to ▁Val érie ▁T ét re ault . ▁In ▁dou bles , ▁she ▁reached ▁the ▁sem if inals ▁along ▁with ▁R iza ▁Z al amed a , ▁losing ▁to ▁V ania ▁King ▁and ▁Mich a ë lla ▁K raj ice k , ▁ 1 – 6 , ▁ 4 – 6 . ▁ ▁At ▁Indian ▁Wells , ▁she ▁lost ▁in ▁qual ifying ▁to ▁T amar ine ▁T anas ug arn . ▁In ▁dou bles , ▁together |
▁with ▁Mich a ë lla ▁K raj ice k , ▁she ▁lost ▁in ▁first ▁round ▁to ▁Beth anie ▁Mat tek - S ands ▁and ▁Yan ▁Z i , ▁ 6 – 7 , ▁ 2 – 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁Mar b ella ▁failed ▁to ▁qualify ▁in ▁singles , ▁but ▁in ▁dou bles ▁she ▁partner ed ▁Sophie ▁L ef è vre . ▁They ▁defeated ▁Krist ina ▁Bar ro is ▁and ▁Io ana ▁R al uc a ▁Ol aru ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁[ 1 0 – 7 ]. ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round , ▁they ▁lost ▁to ▁Virginia ▁Ru ano ▁P asc ual ▁and ▁Me gh ann ▁Sh augh ness y , ▁ 2 – 6 , ▁ 4 – 6 . ▁ ▁She ▁made ▁again ▁her ▁best ▁in ▁T ash k ent , ▁where ▁she ▁reached ▁her ▁first ▁W TA ▁sem if inals ▁but ▁lost ▁to ▁El ena ▁V es n ina . ▁ ▁Although ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁she ▁was ▁struggling ▁between ▁ranks ▁ 1 0 0 ▁and ▁ 1 5 0 , ▁by ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁she ▁reached ▁top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁again ▁and ▁ended ▁the ▁year ▁as ▁No . ▁ 8 2 ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁and ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁in ▁Rom ania . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁Cons istent ▁game , ▁advance ▁to ▁top ▁ 3 0 ▁At ▁the ▁Australian ▁Open , ▁Nic ules cu ▁defeated ▁Time |
a ▁B acs ins z ky ▁in ▁straight ▁sets , ▁ 6 – 0 , ▁ 6 – 3 . ▁F acing ▁off ▁against ▁the ▁ 3 2 nd ▁seed , ▁T sv et ana ▁P iron k ova ▁of ▁Bulgar ia , ▁Nic ules cu ▁cru ised ▁through ▁the ▁match ▁winning ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 6 – 1 . ▁In ▁the ▁third ▁round , ▁she ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁French ▁Open ▁champion ▁Frances ca ▁Sch i av one , ▁ 0 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 7 . ▁ ▁Nic ules cu ▁defeated ▁Pat ric ia ▁May r - A ch le it ner ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁and ▁compat ri ot ▁Alex andra ▁D ul gh er u ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 0 , ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁third ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Open . ▁In ▁defe ating ▁Luc ie ▁Š af á ř ová , ▁ 6 – 0 , ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁Nic ules cu ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁fourth ▁round ▁of ▁a ▁Grand ▁Sl am ▁singles ▁competition ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁her ▁career , ▁where ▁she ▁lost ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 3 – 6 ▁to ▁un seed ed ▁Angel ique ▁Ker ber . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁T ier - 1 ▁China ▁Open , ▁she ▁shocked ▁the ▁world ▁with ▁a ▁domin ating ▁victory ▁over ▁fourth ▁seed ▁Li ▁Na , ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 6 – 0 ▁in |
▁the ▁first ▁round ▁and ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁sem if inals , ▁where ▁she ▁lost ▁to ▁event ual ▁runner - up , ▁Andrea ▁Pet kov ic . ▁ ▁She ▁advanced ▁to ▁her ▁first ▁W TA ▁final ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁tournament ▁in ▁Luxem bourg , ▁losing ▁to ▁Victoria ▁Az aren ka , ▁ 2 – 6 , ▁ 2 – 6 . ▁En ▁route ▁to ▁the ▁final , ▁she ▁spent ▁many ▁hours ▁on ▁court ▁with ▁a ▁ 6 – 7 , ▁ 7 – 5 , ▁ 7 – 6 ▁first - round ▁victory ▁over ▁Kar in ▁Kn app , ▁a ▁second - round ▁ 7 – 6 , ▁ 3 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 1 ▁win ▁over ▁An abel ▁Med ina ▁G arr ig ues , ▁and ▁a ▁ 7 – 5 , ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁win ▁in ▁three ▁hours ▁over ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁final ist ▁Anne ▁Ke oth av ong ▁in ▁the ▁sem if inals . ▁ ▁The ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁found ▁her ▁as ▁No . ▁ 3 0 ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁in ▁Rom ania . ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Career ▁high , ▁small ▁set back , ▁still ▁top ▁ 6 0 ▁At ▁the ▁Australian ▁Open , ▁Nic ules cu ▁made ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁third ▁round ▁by ▁defe ating ▁Al iz é ▁Corn et ▁and ▁Paul ine ▁Par ment ier , ▁but ▁she ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁then – world ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁Caroline |
▁W oz ni ack i , ▁ 2 – 6 , ▁ 2 – 6 . ▁ ▁She ▁reached ▁quarter fin als ▁in ▁D oh a , ▁where ▁she ▁lost ▁to ▁Sam anth a ▁St os ur . ▁ ▁Her ▁best ▁result ▁was ▁again ▁the ▁final ▁in ▁Luxem bourg , ▁lost ▁to ▁Ven us ▁Williams . ▁ ▁Although ▁in ▁February ▁Nic ules cu ▁had ▁reached ▁rank ▁No . ▁ 2 8 , ▁her ▁career ▁high ▁so ▁far , ▁the ▁incons istent ▁results ▁during ▁the ▁season ▁made ▁her ▁go ▁down ▁to ▁world ▁No . ▁ 5 8 ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Ste ady ▁position , ▁first ▁W TA ▁title ▁As ide ▁two ▁W TA ▁sem if inals ▁in ▁S hen z hen ▁and ▁Mon ter rey , ▁Nic ules cu ▁won ▁her ▁first ▁singles ▁W TA ▁title ▁in ▁Flor ian ó pol is . ▁ ▁She ▁played ▁in ▁round ▁one ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁Grand ▁Sl am ▁events , ▁but ▁lost ▁the ▁games ▁constantly . ▁ ▁Yet , ▁winning ▁enough ▁games ▁and ▁points ▁in ▁W TA ▁tour naments , ▁she ▁kept ▁her ▁top - 6 0 ▁position , ▁finishing ▁the ▁season ▁as ▁No . ▁ 5 9 ▁in ▁the ▁W TA ▁rank ings . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁Second ▁W TA ▁title , ▁top ▁ 5 0 ▁again ▁In ▁all , ▁Nic ules cu ▁had ▁an ▁improving ▁season , ▁reaching ▁round ▁three ▁at ▁Australian ▁Open , ▁round ▁two ▁at ▁Roland ▁Gar ros ▁and ▁W |
im bled on , ▁quarter fin als ▁in ▁S hen z hen , ▁Hob art ▁and ▁Flor ian ó pol is , ▁and ▁sem if inals ▁in ▁Buch arest . ▁The ▁best ▁result ▁was ▁her ▁winning ▁the ▁tournament ▁in ▁Gu ang z hou , ▁as ▁her ▁second ▁W TA ▁title . ▁ ▁Thus , ▁she ▁entered ▁top ▁ 5 0 ▁again ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁T ough ▁matches , ▁steady ▁game ▁Much ▁of ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁was ▁particularly ▁difficult ▁for ▁Nic ules cu , ▁as ▁she ▁often ▁faced ▁difficult ▁draws . ▁For ▁instance ▁she ▁drew ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁Ser ena ▁Williams ▁twice ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁Indian ▁Wells ▁and ▁Miami . ▁While ▁she ▁managed ▁to ▁test ▁Williams ▁with ▁a ▁ 5 – 7 , ▁ 5 – 7 ▁score , ▁she ▁was ▁not ▁able ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁set ▁against ▁her ▁in ▁either ▁match . ▁She ▁also ▁suffered ▁first - round ▁losses ▁at ▁S hen z hen , ▁Hob art , ▁the ▁Australian ▁Open , ▁Dub ai , ▁Pr ague , ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁Open . ▁ ▁Nic ules cu ▁won ▁the ▁Mar se ille ▁clay ▁ 1 0 0 K ▁tournament ▁in ▁June . ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁she ▁defeated ▁first - seed ed ▁Ag n iesz ka ▁Rad wa ń ska ▁ 5 – 7 , ▁ 6 – 4 , ▁ 6 – 0 ▁at ▁the ▁Not ting ham ▁grass ▁tournament ▁to |
▁earn ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁where ▁she ▁lost ▁to ▁teenager ▁Ana ▁Kon j uh ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁ 4 – 6 , ▁ 2 – 6 . ▁All ▁five ▁matches ▁she ▁played ▁went ▁to ▁three ▁sets . ▁She ▁then ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁at ▁Birmingham ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁seed , ▁Barb ora ▁Str ý c ová . ▁ ▁Nic ules cu ▁earned ▁a ▁spot ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁round ▁at ▁the ▁W im bled on ▁Championships ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁defe ating ▁Mon ica ▁Pu ig ▁ 5 – 7 , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 1 , ▁J ana ▁Č ep el ová ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁and ▁Krist ý na ▁Pl í š k ová ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 7 – 5 . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁she ▁has ▁made ▁it ▁past ▁the ▁third ▁round ▁at ▁a ▁major . ▁Despite ▁winning ▁the ▁first ▁set ▁of ▁her ▁fourth - round ▁match ▁ 6 - 1 ▁and ▁having ▁a ▁positive ▁head - to - head ▁record ▁against ▁the ▁player , ▁she ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁ 1 5 th - seed ed ▁Time a ▁B acs ins z ky , ▁who ▁took ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁sets . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 : ▁Dou bles ▁success ▁Nic ules cu ▁reached ▁a ▁career - high ▁ranking ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁in ▁dou bles ▁in ▁July . ▁She ▁partner ed ▁with ▁San ia ▁Mir za ▁to ▁win |
▁in ▁New ▁Haven . ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 : ▁W im bled on ▁dou bles ▁final ▁and ▁first ▁W TA ▁ 1 2 5 ▁series ▁crown ▁She ▁started ▁her ▁season ▁at ▁S hen z hen ▁Open ▁with ▁a ▁victory , ▁defe ating ▁Z hang ▁K ail in , ▁but ▁she ▁lost ▁her ▁second ▁match ▁to ▁Wang ▁Q i ang . ▁ ▁Nic ules cu ▁also ▁played ▁at ▁Hob art ▁International , ▁where ▁she ▁made ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁and ▁lost ▁to ▁El ise ▁M ert ens , ▁ 3 – 6 , ▁ 1 – 6 . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁Australian ▁Open , ▁she ▁lost ▁to ▁Anna ▁Bl ink ova ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁Then , ▁Nic ules cu ▁played ▁dou bles ▁with ▁Ab ig ail ▁Spe ars , ▁but ▁they ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁to ▁Andrea ▁Pet kov ic ▁and ▁Mir j ana ▁Lu č ić - B aron i . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁W TA ▁ 1 2 5 ▁Series ▁Open ▁at ▁Lim og es ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁November . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁style ▁Nic oles cu ▁plays ▁right - handed , ▁with ▁powerful ▁tops pin ▁back hand ▁and ▁un predict able ▁fore hand ▁slice . ▁She ▁has ▁great ▁vol ley ing ▁ability ▁and ▁great ▁foot work . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Her ▁mother , ▁Crist iana ▁Sil via ▁Nic ules cu ▁is ▁a ▁pharm aceut ical ▁sales ▁representative ; ▁her ▁father ▁M ih ai ▁Nic ules cu ▁is ▁an ▁engineer . ▁Nic ules cu ▁has ▁an ▁older |
▁sister , ▁Gab ri ela , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁tennis ▁player ▁too ▁and ▁attended ▁University ▁of ▁Id aho , ▁after ▁transfer ring ▁from ▁US C ▁after ▁her ▁junior ▁year . ▁ ▁Mon ica ▁Nic ules cu ▁cited ▁Mart ina ▁H ing is ▁and ▁Andre ▁Ag ass i ▁as ▁her ▁tennis ▁id ols . ▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁fin als ▁ ▁Grand ▁Sl am ▁fin als ▁ ▁Dou bles : ▁ 1 ▁( 1 ▁runner - up ) ▁ ▁Premier - M and atory / P rem ier - 5 ▁fin als ▁ ▁Dou bles : ▁ 3 ▁( 3 ▁runner - ups ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁career ▁fin als ▁ ▁Singles : ▁ 8 ▁( 3 ▁titles , ▁ 5 ▁runner - ups ) ▁ ▁Dou bles : ▁ 2 6 ▁( 9 ▁titles , ▁ 1 7 ▁runner - ups ) ▁ ▁W TA ▁ 1 2 5 K ▁series ▁fin als ▁ ▁Singles : ▁ 1 ▁( 1 ▁title ) ▁ ▁IT F ▁Circ uit ▁fin als ▁ ▁Singles : ▁ 2 4 ▁( 1 9 ▁titles , ▁ 5 ▁runner – ups ) ▁ ▁Dou bles : ▁ 3 7 ▁( 2 1 ▁titles , ▁ 1 6 ▁runner – ups ) ▁ ▁Performance ▁tim elines ▁ ▁Singles ▁Only ▁main - draw ▁results ▁in ▁W TA ▁Tour , ▁Grand ▁Sl am ▁tour naments ▁and ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁win – loss ▁records . ▁ ▁This ▁table ▁is ▁current ▁through ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁China ▁Open . |
▁ ▁Dou bles ▁Updated ▁up ▁to ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁W TA ▁Tour ▁career ▁earnings ▁ ▁* as ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Head - to - head ▁record ▁against ▁top - ten ▁players ▁Nic ules cu ' s ▁win - loss ▁record ▁against ▁certain ▁players ▁who ▁have ▁been ▁ranked ▁world ▁No . ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁higher ▁is ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁Top - 1 0 ▁wins ▁per ▁season ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Mon ica ▁Nic ules cu ▁Blog ▁( in active ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sl at ina , ▁Rom ania ▁Category : R oman ian ▁female ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁tennis ▁players ▁of ▁Rom ania ▁Category : T ennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Is at ou ▁Tour ay ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁G amb ian ▁politician , ▁activ ist , ▁and ▁social ▁reform er . ▁A ▁noted ▁campaign er ▁against ▁female ▁gen ital ▁m util ation ▁( F GM ), ▁she ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁G amb ian ▁presidential ▁candidate ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁before ▁dropping ▁out ▁to ▁endorse ▁Ad ama ▁Bar row ▁and ▁Coal ition ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁She ▁then ▁served ▁in ▁Bar row ' |
s ▁cabinet , ▁as ▁trade ▁minister , ▁and ▁then ▁as ▁health ▁minister . ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Tour ay ▁became ▁Vice - Pres ident ▁of ▁The ▁G amb ia , ▁replacing ▁her ▁predecess or , ▁O us ain ou ▁Dar bo e ▁in ▁a ▁major ▁cabinet ▁res h uffle . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁▁ ▁Tour ay ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Victoria ▁Hospital , ▁Bath urst , ▁Col ony ▁of ▁the ▁G amb ia , ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁She ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁at ▁ 4 4 ▁Grant ▁Street ▁in ▁Bath urst , ▁which ▁was ▁renamed ▁Ban j ul ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Her ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁K aur . ▁She ▁attended ▁Cr ab ▁Island ▁Second ary ▁Technical ▁School ▁and ▁was ▁noted ▁as ▁a ▁good ▁ath lete ▁during ▁her ▁school ▁days . ▁ ▁Tour ay ▁attended ▁Us man ▁Dan f od iy o ▁University ▁in ▁Nigeria , ▁gradu ating ▁with ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁education ▁and ▁English . ▁She ▁then ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Institute ▁of ▁Social ▁Studies ▁in ▁The ▁H ague , ▁Netherlands , ▁where ▁she ▁graduated ▁with ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁development ▁studies . ▁She ▁completed ▁a ▁PhD ▁in ▁development ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Development ▁Studies , ▁University ▁of ▁Sus sex , ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Social ▁activ ism ▁▁ ▁Tour ay ▁is ▁noted ▁as ▁an ▁activ ist ▁against ▁female ▁gen ital ▁m util ation |
▁( F GM ). ▁She ▁co - found ed ▁the ▁G amb ia ▁Committee ▁on ▁Trad itional ▁Pract ices ▁( G AM CO TR AP ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁which ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁ending ▁F GM . ▁She ▁became ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁G AM CO TR AP , ▁frequently ▁calling ▁on ▁politicians ▁to ▁out law ▁F GM , ▁despite ▁government ▁restrictions ▁on ▁reporting ▁of ▁the ▁issue . ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁sym pos ium , ▁religious ▁leaders ▁and ▁medical ▁personnel ▁came ▁together ▁to ▁sign ▁the ▁Ban j ul ▁Decl aration , ▁which ▁condem ned ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁F GM . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Tour ay ▁was ▁chair person ▁of ▁the ▁G amb ia ▁Chapter ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Africa ▁Network ▁for ▁Peace building ▁( W AN EP ). ▁She ▁served ▁as ▁Secretary - General ▁of ▁the ▁Inter - A fr ican ▁Committee ▁on ▁Trad itional ▁Pract ices ▁A ffect ing ▁the ▁Health ▁of ▁Women ▁and ▁Children ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁She ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁deputy ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Development ▁Institute ▁( M DI ), ▁where ▁she ▁founded ▁a ▁gender ▁and ▁development ▁unit . ▁However , ▁she ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁resign ▁after ▁repeated ▁threats ▁from ▁authorities . ▁She ▁was ▁twice ▁arrested ▁and ▁accused ▁on ▁false ▁charges , ▁both ▁times ▁these ▁were ▁eventually ▁dropped . ▁The ▁second ▁time , ▁she ▁was ▁only ▁released ▁after ▁paying ▁a ▁€ 3 |
6 , 0 0 0 ▁bail . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁presidential ▁election ▁▁ ▁Tour ay ▁announced ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁run ▁as ▁an ▁Independent ▁candidate ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁presidential ▁election ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁She ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁G amb ia . ▁During ▁her ▁announcement ▁ceremony ▁she ▁said ▁that , ▁if ▁elected , ▁she ▁would ▁only ▁serve ▁a ▁five - year ▁term . ▁Am ie ▁Bo j ang ▁S is so ho ▁cha ired ▁the ▁meeting , ▁and ▁among ▁the ▁speakers ▁were ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁Fat ou m ata ▁Tamb aj ang . ▁Her ▁candid acy ▁was ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁V angu ard ▁Africa ▁Foundation . ▁Tour ay ▁said ▁that , ▁if ▁elected , ▁she ▁would ▁" restore ▁the ▁sovere ig nt y ▁of ▁the ▁people , ▁end ▁imp unity ▁and ▁decent ral ise ▁authority ▁and ▁power ." ▁ ▁Opp os ition ▁parties ▁decided ▁to ▁form ▁an ▁elect oral ▁coalition ▁to ▁support ▁one ▁candidate ▁in ▁the ▁election ▁against ▁Y ah ya ▁Jam me h . ▁Tour ay ▁was ▁initially ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁that ▁formed ▁Coal ition ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁but ▁was ▁absent ▁in ▁their ▁meeting ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁when ▁deleg ates ▁chose ▁Ad ama ▁Bar row ▁as ▁the ▁candidate . ▁However , ▁on ▁ 4 ▁November ▁she ▁announced ▁her ▁support ▁for ▁Bar row ▁and ▁withd rew ▁from ▁the ▁race . ▁Bar row ▁subsequently ▁won |
▁the ▁ 1 ▁December ▁election . ▁ ▁Minister ial ▁career ▁▁ ▁Tour ay ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁Trade , ▁Regional ▁Integr ation ▁and ▁Em ployment ▁in ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁of ▁Ad ama ▁Bar row ▁on ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁In ▁a ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁res h uffle , ▁Tour ay ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Social ▁W elfare . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁Dr ▁Al h aj i ▁Mal ang ▁Tour ay , ▁a ▁physician . ▁They ▁have ▁four ▁children ▁and ▁three ▁grand children . ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁Democr acy ▁Network ' s ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Jean ne ▁J . ▁Kirk pat rick ▁Award ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : V ice - Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁G amb ia ▁Category : G amb ian ▁activ ists ▁Category : A fr ican ▁femin ists ▁Category : G overn ment ▁minister s ▁of ▁the ▁G amb ia ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ban j ul ▁Category : Us man u ▁Dan f od iy o ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sus sex ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁politicians ▁Category : W omen ▁government ▁minister s ▁of ▁the ▁G amb ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Elizabeth ▁A br ams , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁Liz ▁( st yl ized ▁as ▁LI Z ) |
▁or ▁Liz ▁Y 2 K , ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁singer ▁and ▁actress ▁from ▁Tar z ana , ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California . ▁She ▁is ▁currently ▁signed ▁to ▁Mad ▁Dec ent ▁and ▁Pres cription ▁Songs . ▁Liz ▁makes ▁self - pro claimed ▁" S ail or ▁Moon ▁R & B " ▁and ▁" future ▁pop " ▁and ▁her ▁music ▁has ▁been ▁continuously ▁stated ▁to ▁be ▁" un ap olog et ically ▁pop " ▁sound ing . ▁ ▁Liz ▁gained ▁more ▁attention ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁when ▁she ▁released ▁a ▁single , ▁made ▁with ▁producer ▁Sophie , ▁called ▁" When ▁I ▁Rule ▁the ▁World " ▁which ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁Samsung ▁commercial . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁additionally ▁recognized ▁for ▁her ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s / ear ly ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁influence ▁which ▁is ▁preval ent ▁in ▁both ▁her ▁music ▁and ▁fashion . ▁The ▁" Y 2 K " ▁in ▁her ▁social ▁media ▁handles ▁is ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁this . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁Liz ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁and ▁grew ▁up ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁arts . ▁For ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁of ▁her ▁childhood , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁ball er ina ▁and ▁d anced ▁with ▁The ▁J off rey ▁B allet ▁of ▁Chicago ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁dancing ▁and ▁music , ▁she ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁background ▁in ▁acting ▁and ▁has ▁had ▁several ▁came os ▁in ▁TV ▁shows , ▁co - star red ▁in ▁feature - length ▁films , ▁and |
▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁commercial s ▁throughout ▁her ▁artistic ▁career . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁wanted ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁musician ▁since ▁she ▁was ▁little ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁sing ▁around ▁seven ▁years ▁old . ▁She ▁started ▁working ▁with ▁writers ▁and ▁producers ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁old ▁after ▁she ▁aud ition ed ▁for ▁the ▁girl ▁group ▁No ▁Sec rets ▁which ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁make . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁her ▁teens ▁and ▁early ▁tw enties , ▁Liz ▁performed ▁ac oust ically ▁at ▁small ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁with ▁her ▁keyboard ▁and ▁would ▁sell ▁CD s ▁at ▁her ▁shows . ▁ ▁Mus ical ▁career ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 – present ▁Liz ▁is ▁Mad ▁Dec ent ' s ▁first ▁pop ▁artist ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁signed ▁to ▁the ▁label . ▁Before ▁signing ▁with ▁Mad ▁Dec ent , ▁Liz ▁was ▁writing ▁for ▁and ▁working ▁with ▁many ▁different ▁DJ s ▁and ▁stud ios ▁in ▁the ▁E DM ▁community . ▁It ▁was ▁through ▁this ▁community ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁Di plo ▁who ▁later ▁signed ▁her ▁to ▁his ▁label ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Liz ▁released ▁two ▁EP s ▁and ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁eight ▁songs ▁which ▁included ▁collabor ating ▁with ▁producers ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁Pic ard ▁Brothers , ▁D jem ba ▁D jem ba , ▁Ryan ▁Hem sw orth , ▁and ▁Kevin ▁Se aton . ▁She ▁also ▁released ▁the ▁music ▁videos ▁for ▁" H ush " ▁and ▁" U ▁Over ▁The m " ▁during ▁this |
▁year . ▁The ▁website ▁K ick ▁K ick ▁Sn are ▁named ▁Liz ▁as ▁their ▁favorite ▁solo ▁artist ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁her ▁melod ies ▁" b end , ▁twist , ▁and ▁we ave ▁around ▁the ▁nost alg ic ▁backing ▁tracks ▁in ▁just ▁the ▁right ▁way " ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁" 9 0 ' s ▁influenced , ▁but ▁forward ▁thinking ". ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁this , ▁Char li ▁X C X ▁asked ▁her ▁to ▁open ▁for ▁her ▁True ▁Rom ance ▁U . S . ▁Tour ▁alongside ▁K IT T EN . ▁It ▁was ▁during ▁this ▁tour ▁that ▁Liz ▁sold ▁her ▁Tour ▁CD . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Liz ▁released ▁her ▁seven ▁track ▁EP ▁Just ▁Like ▁You ▁which ▁she ▁made ▁available ▁to ▁download ▁for ▁free ▁through ▁her ▁Sound Cloud . ▁She ▁also ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Ph ar rell ▁Williams ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁" That ' s ▁My ▁Man ," ▁which ▁appeared ▁on ▁The ▁Amaz ing ▁Sp ider - Man ▁ 2 ▁sound track . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁this ▁song ▁was ▁released ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁her ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁" All ▁The m ▁Boys ." ▁ ▁Liz ▁had ▁met ▁and ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁producer ▁Sophie ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁" When ▁I ▁Rule ▁the ▁World " ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁released ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁Samsung ▁commercial ▁and ▁then ▁later ▁appeared ▁in ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁M TV ' s |
▁Scre am . ▁Short ly ▁following ▁the ▁song ' s ▁release ▁was ▁its ▁music ▁video ▁which ▁gained ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁attention ▁for ▁its ▁over - the - top ▁gl oss y ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁aesthetic ▁and ▁hyper pop ▁sound . ▁The ▁song ▁made ▁both ▁The ▁Guard ian ' s ▁and ▁The ▁Id ol ator ' s ▁list ▁for ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁songs ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ." ▁ ▁During ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Liz ▁released ▁her ▁mi xt ape , ▁Cross ▁Your ▁Heart , ▁which ▁she ▁made ▁available ▁to ▁stream ▁through ▁her ▁Sound Cloud . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁ 3 3 - minute , ▁one - track ▁file ▁consisting ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁different ▁songs ▁made ▁with ▁producers ▁such ▁as ▁Hen rik ▁the ▁Artist , ▁L ido , ▁Mess ▁Kid , ▁King ▁Henry , ▁and ▁Valent ino ▁Khan . ▁To ▁complement ▁the ▁mi xt ape , ▁Liz ▁team ed ▁up ▁with ▁Nic op anda ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁five - part ▁fashion ▁editorial . ▁During ▁the ▁shoot , ▁Liz ▁had ▁to ▁continuously ▁put ▁g ly cer ine ▁on ▁her ▁face ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁" pl astic " ▁look ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁photos . ▁The ▁mi xt ape ▁received ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁positive ▁press ▁which ▁included ▁No ise y ▁calling ▁it ▁" one ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 ' s ▁most ▁forward - th inking ▁pop ▁releases ." ▁ ▁Liz ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁being ▁influential ▁and ▁being ▁a ▁" t ast em |
aker " ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁her ▁and ▁her ▁musical ▁career . ▁She ▁places ▁high ▁value ▁on ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁progress ▁with ▁music ▁and ▁pop ▁culture ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁follow ▁music ▁trends ▁without ▁fully ▁understanding ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁that ▁music ' s ▁origin . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Liz ▁released ▁her ▁first ▁full - length ▁studio ▁album ▁Plan et ▁Y 2 K ▁under ▁M oving ▁Castle ▁with ▁the ▁singles ▁" D iam ond ▁in ▁the ▁Dark ", ▁" B TR ▁ 2 GTH R ", ▁" L ot tery ", ▁" L ag una ▁N ights ", ▁and ▁" Int u ition ". ▁ ▁Style ▁and ▁influences ▁ ▁Mus ical ▁Liz ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁felt ▁she ▁made ▁more ▁original ▁sound ing ▁music ▁when ▁she ▁went ▁back ▁and ▁studied ▁the ▁artists ▁that ▁influenced ▁her ▁growing ▁up . ▁ ▁Art ists ▁such ▁as ▁Jimmy ▁Jam ▁and ▁Terry ▁Lewis , ▁Max ▁Martin , ▁N SYNC , ▁A ali y ah , ▁Ash anti , ▁M ý a ▁and ▁Craig ▁David . ▁She ▁says ▁those ▁sounds ▁had ▁a ▁big ▁impact ▁on ▁her ▁and ▁helped ▁her ▁figure ▁out ▁who ▁she ▁was ▁as ▁an ▁artist ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁person . ▁ ▁Some ▁other ▁artists ▁that ▁influenced ▁her ▁are ▁Brit ney ▁Spe ars , ▁Jan et ▁Jackson , ▁G wen ▁Ste f ani , ▁Mad onna , ▁Rob yn , ▁Christ ina ▁A gu il era , ▁and ▁Maria h ▁Care y . ▁Additionally , ▁Liz ▁says ▁that ▁Brit ney ▁Spe |
ars ▁taught ▁her ▁" how ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁pop ▁star ". ▁ ▁Japanese ▁culture ▁has ▁been ▁stated ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁effect ▁on ▁her ▁music ▁as ▁well . ▁She ▁likes ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁innoc ence ▁in ▁her ▁work ▁which ▁she ▁feels ▁is ▁present ▁in ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁Japanese ▁music . ▁ ▁Her ▁music ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁tongue - in - che ek ▁at ▁times , ▁and ▁she ▁enjo ys ▁taking ▁on ▁a ▁different ▁character ▁for ▁each ▁of ▁her ▁songs . ▁ ▁F ashion ▁Liz ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁found ▁wearing ▁big ▁jer se ys , ▁past el ▁colored ▁track su its , ▁and ▁vintage ▁pieces ▁that ▁she ▁finds ▁in ▁swap ▁meets . ▁She ▁enjo ys ▁clothing ▁that ▁feels ▁nost alg ic ▁to ▁her ▁and ▁takes ▁influence ▁from ▁her ▁childhood ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s / ear ly ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁aesthetic . ▁ ▁She ▁states ▁comfort ▁as ▁a ▁priority ▁in ▁her ▁fashion ▁choices ▁and ▁we ars ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁overs ized ▁clothing . ▁She ▁also ▁often ▁mix es ▁tomb oy ▁pieces ▁with ▁gir ly ▁pieces . ▁ ▁Liz ▁believes ▁music ▁and ▁fashion ▁go ▁hand ▁in ▁hand ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁inspired ▁by ▁designers ▁and ▁creative ▁directors ▁with ▁how ▁they ▁" help ▁create ▁icon ic ▁moments ▁in ▁pop ▁culture ." ▁ ▁T ours ▁Mad ▁Dec ent ▁Block ▁Party ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Support ing ▁Char li ▁X C X ▁True ▁Rom ance ▁U . S . ▁Head lin ing ▁Tour ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) |
▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Studio ▁albums ▁ ▁Dem o ▁albums ▁ ▁EP s ▁ ▁Mi xt apes ▁ ▁Singles / Tr acks ▁ ▁Co vers ▁ ▁Music ▁videos ▁ ▁Gu est ▁appearances ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁sing ers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Tar z ana , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Mad ▁Dec ent ▁artists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁sing ers ▁Category : Mon ster cat ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁Eu cl ide an ▁geometry , ▁M uss el man ' s ▁theorem ▁is ▁a ▁property ▁of ▁certain ▁circles ▁defined ▁by ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁triangle . ▁ ▁Specific ally , ▁let ▁ ▁be ▁a ▁triangle , ▁and ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁its ▁vertices . ▁ ▁Let ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁vertices ▁of ▁the ▁reflection ▁triangle ▁, ▁obtained ▁by ▁mir r oring ▁each ▁vertex ▁of ▁ ▁across ▁the ▁opposite ▁side . ▁ ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁circum center ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Consider ▁the ▁three ▁circles ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁points ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁, ▁respectively . ▁ ▁The ▁theorem ▁says ▁that ▁these ▁three ▁M uss el man ▁circles ▁meet ▁in ▁a ▁point ▁, ▁that ▁is ▁the ▁inverse ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁circum center ▁of ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁is og onal ▁conj ug ate ▁or ▁the ▁nine - point ▁center ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁common |
▁point ▁ ▁is ▁point ▁ ▁in ▁Clark ▁Kim ber ling ' s ▁list ▁of ▁triangle ▁centers . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁theorem ▁was ▁proposed ▁as ▁an ▁advanced ▁problem ▁by ▁John ▁Rogers ▁M uss el man ▁and ▁Ren é ▁Go orm ag ht igh ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁and ▁a ▁proof ▁was ▁presented ▁by ▁them ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁A ▁general ization ▁of ▁this ▁result ▁was ▁stated ▁and ▁proved ▁by ▁Go orm ag ht igh . ▁ ▁Go orm ag ht igh ’ s ▁general ization ▁ ▁The ▁general ization ▁of ▁M uss el man ' s ▁theorem ▁by ▁Go orm ag ht igh ▁does ▁not ▁mention ▁the ▁circles ▁explicitly . ▁ ▁As ▁before , ▁let ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁vertices ▁of ▁a ▁triangle ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁its ▁circum center . ▁ ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁orth oc enter ▁of ▁, ▁that ▁is , ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁its ▁three ▁alt itude ▁lines . ▁ ▁Let ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁be ▁three ▁points ▁on ▁the ▁segments ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁, ▁such ▁that ▁. ▁ ▁Consider ▁the ▁three ▁lines ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁, ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁though ▁the ▁points ▁ ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁, ▁respectively . ▁Let ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁inter sections ▁of ▁these ▁per pend icular ▁with ▁the ▁lines ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁, ▁respectively . ▁ ▁It ▁had ▁been ▁observed ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Ne ub erg , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁that ▁the ▁three ▁points ▁, |
▁, ▁and ▁ ▁lie ▁on ▁a ▁common ▁line ▁. ▁ ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁projection ▁of ▁the ▁circum center ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁line ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁the ▁point ▁on ▁ ▁such ▁that ▁. ▁ ▁Go orm ag ht igh ▁proved ▁that ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁inverse ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁circum circle ▁of ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁is og onal ▁conj ug ate ▁of ▁the ▁point ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁E uler ▁line ▁, ▁such ▁that ▁. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Tri angle ▁geometry ▁Category : The ore ms ▁in ▁plane ▁geometry <0x0A> </s> ▁Sher iff ▁of ▁T omb stone ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁American ▁Western ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Joseph ▁K ane ▁and ▁star ring ▁Roy ▁Rogers . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Law man ▁Bre tt ▁St arr ▁leaves ▁his ▁job ▁in ▁D odge ▁City ▁to ▁take ▁up ▁a ▁sh er iff ' s ▁job ▁in ▁T omb stone , ▁Arizona ▁where ▁his ▁two ▁brothers ▁are . ▁Bre tt ▁finds ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁position ▁has ▁been ▁offered ▁to ▁the ▁un sc rup ulous ▁law man ▁Sh ot gun ▁Cass idy . ▁ ▁St arr ▁imp erson ates ▁Sh ot gun ▁and ▁after ▁he ▁is ▁appointed ▁sh er iff ▁seeks ▁to ▁expose ▁the ▁corruption ▁and ▁wrong do ing ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁authorities . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Roy ▁Rogers ▁as ▁Bre tt ▁St arr ▁George ▁" G ab by " ▁Hay es ▁as ▁Judge ▁Gab by ▁Wh itt aker ▁E ly se ▁Kn ox ▁as ▁Mary ▁Cars on ▁Add ison ▁Rich ards ▁as |
▁Mayor ▁Luke ▁Ke eler ▁Sally ▁Pay ne ▁as ▁Queen ie ▁Wh itt aker , ▁a ka ▁Queen ie ▁La T our ▁Harry ▁Woods ▁as ▁Sh ot gun ▁Cass idy ▁Ze ff ie ▁T il bury ▁as ▁Gr anny ▁Cars on ▁Hal ▁Tal ia fer ro ▁as ▁A . J . ▁Sl ade ▁Jay ▁Nov ello ▁as ▁John ▁Anderson ▁/ ▁Joe ▁Mart ine z ▁Jack ▁In gram ▁as ▁Bill ▁St arr ▁ ▁Sound track ▁▁ ▁Roy ▁Rogers ▁- ▁" R id in ' ▁On ▁a ▁Rock y ▁Road " ▁ ▁Sally ▁Pay ne , ▁with ▁Oscar ▁G ahan ▁( P iano ) ▁and ▁Sp ade ▁Co ole y ▁( F iddle ▁Player ) ▁- ▁" Two - G un ▁Pete " ▁ ▁Sally ▁Pay ne ▁- ▁" Don ' t ▁Gam ble ▁With ▁Rom ance " ▁ ▁Roy ▁Rogers ▁and ▁George ▁" G ab by " ▁Hay es ▁- ▁" S ons ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁So il " ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁Western ▁( gen re ) ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Rep ublic ▁Pictures ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁Car ring ton ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁comic ▁writer ▁and ▁voice ▁actor ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁animated ▁series ▁The ▁Sim ps ons . ▁He ▁co - w rote ▁the ▁episode ▁" H |
omer ' s ▁Tri ple ▁B yp ass " ▁with ▁Gary ▁Apple ▁and ▁has ▁provided ▁occasional ▁voice work , ▁most ▁notably ▁as ▁S ides how ▁Ra he em ▁( K rust y ' s ▁milit ant ▁black ▁sides how ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ) ▁in ▁" I ▁Love ▁Lisa ", ▁the ▁black ▁comed ian ▁who ▁does ▁the ▁joke ▁about ▁black ▁drivers ▁versus ▁white ▁drivers ▁in ▁" H omer ▁and ▁A pu ", ▁the ▁dr ill ▁ser ge ant ▁in ▁" Sim pson ▁T ide ," ▁and ▁a ▁sport sc aster ▁in ▁" Mill ion ▁D ollar ▁Ab ie ". ▁ ▁Car ring ton ▁has ▁also ▁written ▁for ▁The ▁Jamie ▁Fox x ▁Show , ▁The ▁P roud ▁Family , ▁and ▁The ▁Gregory ▁H ines ▁Show ▁and ▁did ▁some ▁voice ▁work ▁for ▁The ▁Crit ic ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁Martin ▁and ▁made ▁appearances ▁as ▁the ▁host ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁children ' s ▁game ▁show ▁Think ▁Fast ! ▁and ▁appears ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁journalists ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁screen ed ▁in ▁the ▁queue ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁theme ▁park ▁ride ▁Space ▁Mountain . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁writer ▁and ▁producer ▁of ▁That ' s ▁So ▁R aven . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : American ▁television ▁writers ▁Category : M ale ▁television ▁writers ▁Category : American |
▁male ▁voice ▁actors ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁game ▁show ▁hosts ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁" In side ▁Out " ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁song ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁group ▁Od ys sey ▁from ▁their ▁album ▁Happy ▁Together . ▁ ▁The ▁bass ▁line ▁in ▁this ▁track ▁was ▁copied ▁from ▁the ▁group ▁Sl ave ' s ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁hit ▁' Watch ing ▁You '. ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁group ' s ▁second ▁highest ▁chart ing ▁single ▁on ▁the ▁UK ▁Singles ▁Chart , ▁where ▁it ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 3 , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁certified ▁silver ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁It ▁was ▁ranked ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 5 ▁among ▁the ▁" Tr acks ▁of ▁the ▁Year " ▁for ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁by ▁N ME . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁▁ 7 " ▁single ▁▁ ▁A ▁- ▁" In side ▁Out " ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 4 ▁B ▁- ▁" Love ' s ▁Al right " ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 0 ▁▁ 1 2 " ▁single ▁▁ ▁A ▁- ▁" In side ▁Out " ▁- ▁ 6 : 2 0 ▁B ▁- ▁" Love ' s ▁Al right " ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 6 ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Music ▁Video ▁on ▁YouTube ▁ ▁Od ys sey ▁( 2 ) ▁- ▁Inside ▁Out ▁on ▁Disc ogs ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁songs ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁singles ▁Category |
: O d ys sey ▁( band ) ▁songs ▁Category : R CA ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr avis ▁Mey er ▁is ▁chief ▁met e or ologist ▁at ▁the ▁T ul sa ▁News ▁Station ▁K OT V , ▁Channel ▁ 6 . ▁He ▁transferred ▁from ▁another ▁T ul sa ▁station , ▁K T UL , ▁Channel ▁ 8 . ▁Mey er ▁has ▁been ▁on ▁television ▁in ▁T ul sa ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁providing ▁weather ▁information ▁to ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁eastern ▁Oklahoma . ▁When ▁Mey er ▁switched ▁to ▁K OT V ▁Channel ▁ 6 , ▁he ▁would ▁eventually ▁fill ▁the ▁spot ▁of ▁veteran ▁and ▁much ▁respected ▁met e or ologist ▁Jim ▁G iles . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁The ▁News ▁on ▁ 6 ▁Oklahoma ' s ▁News ▁Channel ▁ 8 ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Tele vision ▁personal ities ▁from ▁T ul sa , ▁Oklahoma ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : American ▁television ▁met e or ologists <0x0A> </s> ▁Faith ▁Chap el ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁chap el ▁on ▁Old ▁Plant ation ▁Road ▁in ▁J ek yll ▁Island , ▁Georgia ▁and ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁non - den omin ational ▁chap el ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁state ▁of ▁Georgia ▁purchased ▁it ▁along ▁with ▁J ek yll ▁Island ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁administer ed ▁by ▁the ▁J |
ek yll ▁Island ▁State ▁Park ▁Authority ▁and ▁was ▁opened ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁▁ ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁wood ▁" A " ▁frame ▁and ▁a ▁brick ▁foundation . ▁The ▁interior ▁and ▁exterior ▁walls ▁are ▁sh ing led , ▁with ▁g arg oy les ▁that ▁are ▁re plic as ▁of ▁the ▁ones ▁at ▁Not re ▁D ame ▁Cat hedral . ▁ ▁The ▁chap el ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁st ained - glass ▁windows . ▁One ▁is ▁" David ' s ▁Window " ▁which ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁Louis ▁Com fort ▁T iff any ; ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁" The ▁Ad oration ▁of ▁the ▁Christ ▁Child " ▁by ▁M ait land ▁Arm strong ▁and ▁his ▁daughter , ▁Helen ▁M ait land ▁Arm strong . ▁ ▁Phot os ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : Ind ivid ually ▁listed ▁contributing ▁properties ▁to ▁historic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : Ch urches ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : Properties ▁of ▁religious ▁function ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : Sh ingle ▁Style ▁architecture ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁Category : Ch urches |
▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁G ly nn ▁County , ▁Georgia ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁G ly nn ▁County , ▁Georgia ▁Category : J ek yll ▁Island <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cro at ian ▁Medical ▁Association ▁( ; ▁ab bre vi ation ▁H L Z ) ▁is ▁an ▁organization ▁of ▁phys icians ▁and ▁dent ists ▁in ▁Cro at ia ▁whose ▁purpose ▁is ▁to ▁improve ▁professional ▁and ▁scientific ▁work ▁and ▁the ▁health ▁protection ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁interests ▁of ▁its ▁members , ▁and ▁to ▁foster ▁medical ▁eth ics . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁in ▁Zag reb ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Z bor ▁li je č nika ▁H rv ats ke ▁i ▁Sl av on ije . ▁(" Med ical ▁Association ▁of ▁Cro at ia ▁and ▁Sl av onia "). ▁Organ iz ational ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁are ▁ 2 6 ▁subs idi aries ▁in ▁major ▁Cro at ian ▁cities , ▁and ▁ 1 2 6 ▁professional ▁societies ▁and ▁sections , ▁which ▁are ▁named ▁and ▁divided ▁after ▁different ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁profession . ▁ ▁The ▁Association ▁organ izes ▁various ▁scientific ▁con ferences ▁and ▁congress es ▁of ▁Cro at ian ▁phys icians , ▁issues ▁professional ▁scientific ▁jour nals ▁L ije č ni č ki ▁v jes nik , ▁Act a ▁stom at olog ica ▁cro at ica ▁and ▁other ▁publications ▁( e . g . ▁Medic ins ka ▁bibli ot ek a ▁in ▁ |
9 1 ▁volumes ). ▁ ▁The ▁Association ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Medical ▁Association . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Med ical ▁associations ▁based ▁in ▁Cro at ia ▁Category : Med ical ▁and ▁health ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Cro at ia ▁Category : 1 8 7 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Austria - H ung ary ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁H uk am ▁Chand ▁K ach w ai ▁( born ▁July ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁in ▁U jj ain , ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ) ▁was ▁a ▁leader ▁of ▁B har ati ya ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁L ok ▁Sab ha ▁from ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Member ▁ ▁of ▁ ▁Third , ▁ ▁Fourth , ▁ ▁Fifth ▁ ▁and ▁Six th ▁▁ ▁L ok ▁▁ ▁Sab ha ▁▁ ▁representing ▁ ▁D ew as , ▁ ▁U jj ain , ▁ ▁More na ▁and ▁U jj ain ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : People ▁from ▁U jj ain ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : 6 th ▁L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁Category : 3 rd ▁L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁Category : 4 th ▁L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁Category : 5 th ▁L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁Category : L ok ▁Sab ha ▁members ▁from ▁Mad |
h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : B har ati ya ▁J ana ▁San gh ▁politicians ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁More na ▁district ▁Category : People ▁from ▁D ew as ▁district ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁U jj ain ▁Category : Jan ata ▁Party ▁politicians ▁Category : B har ati ya ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁politicians ▁from ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh <0x0A> </s> ▁V ũ ng ▁R ô ▁Bay ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁bay ▁in ▁Ph ú ▁Y ên ▁Province , ▁Vietnam . ▁V ũ ng ▁R ô ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁commune ▁( x ã ) ▁of ▁H ò a ▁X u ân ▁Nam , ▁ Đ ô ng ▁H ò a ▁District , ▁Ph ú ▁Y ên ▁Province , ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁C ả ▁Pass ▁mountains . ▁The ▁bay ▁is ▁the ▁natural ▁border ▁of ▁provin ces ▁of ▁Ph ú ▁Y ên ▁and ▁Kh án h ▁H ò a . ▁ ▁V ung ▁Ro ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁ Đ è o ▁C ả , ▁ Đ á ▁B ia ▁and ▁H ò n ▁B à ▁mountains ▁from ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁the ▁west ▁respectively . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁fine ▁sand ▁seas ides ▁by ▁the ▁bay . ▁The ▁bay ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁cor al ▁re ef s . ▁ ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁the ▁bay ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁V ũ ng ▁R ô ▁Bay ▁Inc ident . ▁ ▁In |
▁July ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁secured ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Operation ▁John ▁Paul ▁Jones ▁and ▁the ▁ 3 9 th ▁Engine er ▁Batt alion ▁constructed ▁a ▁small ▁port ▁facility ▁here ▁to ▁support ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁operations ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁relie ve ▁the ▁log ist ical ▁pressure ▁on ▁T uy ▁H ò a . ▁The ▁base ▁was ▁named ▁Port ▁Lane ▁after ▁L TC ▁Ernest ▁Lane ▁who ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Land forms ▁of ▁Ph ú ▁Y ên ▁Province ▁Category : B ays ▁of ▁Vietnam ▁Category : Land forms ▁of ▁Kh án h ▁H ò a ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Mess uy ▁( M ess uw y ) ▁was ▁V icer oy ▁of ▁K ush , ▁Governor ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁L ands , ▁Sc ribe ▁of ▁the ▁T ables ▁of ▁the ▁Two ▁L ands ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Mer ne pt ah ▁and ▁perhaps ▁Set i ▁II ▁and ▁A men mes se . ▁ ▁V icer oy ▁of ▁K ush ▁Mess uy ▁was ▁appointed ▁V icer oy ▁of ▁K ush ▁in ▁year ▁ 5 ▁of ▁Mer ne pt ah ▁and ▁followed ▁K ha em t ir ▁in ▁office . ▁Mess uy ▁added ▁many ▁in scription ▁to ▁tem ples ▁and ▁sites ▁in ▁N ub ia , ▁including ▁Am ada , ▁Ak sha , ▁Am ara , ▁Temple ▁of ▁Be it ▁el - W ali , ▁W adi ▁es - |
S eb ua , ▁and ▁B ige h ▁Island . ▁ ▁Ident ification ▁of ▁Mess uy ▁with ▁Ph ara oh ▁A men mes se ▁R olf ▁K ra uss ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁suggest ▁that ▁Mess uy ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁identified ▁with ▁A men mes se . ▁K ra us ▁con ject ured ▁that ▁Mess uy ▁had ▁taken ▁power ▁in ▁Southern ▁Egypt ▁after ▁a ▁short ▁reign ▁of ▁Set i - Mer ne pt ah , ▁the ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁of ▁Mer ne pt ah . ▁One ▁argument ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁V icer oy ▁Mess uy ▁taking ▁on ▁a ▁royal ▁role ▁is ▁an ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁U ra e us ▁to ▁the ▁brow ▁of ▁Mess uy ' s ▁dep ictions ▁in ▁the ▁Temple ▁of ▁Am ada . ▁Dod son ▁for ▁instance ▁is ▁a ▁pro ponent ▁of ▁this ▁theory , ▁but ▁it ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁generally ▁accepted . ▁ ▁Others ▁such ▁as ▁Y ur co ▁suggest ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁ ura e us , ▁but ▁merely ▁weather ing ▁of ▁the ▁stone ▁that ▁gives ▁a ▁false ▁impression ▁of ▁one . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁Bur ial ▁Mess uy ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁buried ▁at ▁An iba . ▁This ▁tomb ▁was ▁exc av ated ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁Georg ▁Ste ind or ff . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ic ero ys ▁of ▁K ush ▁Category : Off icial s ▁of ▁the ▁Nin ete enth ▁D yn asty ▁of ▁Egypt <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁Miami ▁Red sk ins ▁football ▁team ▁was ▁an ▁American |
▁football ▁team ▁that ▁represented ▁Miami ▁University ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁college ▁football ▁season . ▁In ▁their ▁fourth ▁and ▁final ▁season ▁under ▁head ▁coach ▁Sid ▁Gill man , ▁the ▁Red sk ins ▁compiled ▁a ▁ 9 – 0 – 1 ▁record , ▁out sc ored ▁all ▁opponents ▁by ▁a ▁combined ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 4 0 ▁to ▁ 9 7 , ▁and ▁defeated ▁Texas ▁Tech , ▁ 1 3 – 1 2 , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Sun ▁Bowl . ▁ ▁Miami ▁University ▁and ▁Western ▁Michigan ▁College ▁were ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁MAC ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁Wayne ▁University ▁then ▁resigned ▁from ▁the ▁conference ▁in ▁protest ▁over ▁the ▁admission ▁of ▁schools ▁not ▁located ▁in ▁urban ▁centers . ▁Because ▁Miami ▁and ▁Western ▁Michigan ▁did ▁not ▁schedule ▁a ▁full ▁sl ate ▁of ▁games ▁against ▁MAC ▁opponents ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁eligible ▁to ▁compete ▁for ▁the ▁conference ▁championship . ▁ ▁Schedule ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Miami ▁( O H ) ▁Category : M iami ▁Red H aw ks ▁football ▁seasons ▁Category : Sun ▁Bowl ▁champion ▁seasons ▁Category : Col lege ▁football ▁und efe ated ▁seasons ▁Miami ▁Red sk ins ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁Res cu ers ▁can ▁mean : ▁ ▁General ▁topics ▁ ▁res cu ers , ▁people ▁who ▁perform ▁resc ues ▁ ▁rescue ▁services ▁ ▁rescue ▁squad ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Res c ue ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁ ▁The ▁Res cu ers ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁ ▁Res |
c ue ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁Ult imate ▁Marvel ▁characters . ▁▁ ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁A ▁Ant - Man ▁Ab om ination ▁( L am , ▁Ch ang ) ▁- ▁alive ▁Abraham ▁Corn el ius ▁- ▁dead ▁Abraham ▁Er sk ine ▁- ▁dead ▁Ad rian ▁To omes ▁Ag ath a ▁H ark ness ▁A IM ▁agents ▁( MOD OK ' s ▁servants ) ▁Alpha ▁Dog ▁Am ph ib ian ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁An ac onda ▁( S itz n ski , ▁Bl anche ) ▁Anc ient ▁One ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁Arc ade ▁( unknown ) ▁Arc anna ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Arn im ▁Z ola ▁Angel ▁( W or thing ton ▁III , ▁Warren ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Ar senal ▁- ▁dead ▁A sp ▁( Ne fer t iti , ▁Cle o ) ▁As semble ▁- ▁dead ▁At rea ▁August us ▁" G us " ▁Be e zer ▁Adam ▁War lock ▁▁ ▁A va ▁Ant ▁Man ▁ ▁B ▁Bal der ▁- ▁dead ▁Baron ▁Z em o ▁Baron ▁Str ucker ▁Be ast ▁( Mc C oy , ▁Henry ▁" H ank ") ▁- ▁dead ▁Be et le ▁( unknown ) ▁Ben ▁Parker ▁( dead ) ▁Ben ▁Re illy ▁Bet ty ▁Br ant ▁Bet ty ▁Ross ▁Big ▁Ber tha ▁( Unknown ) ▁Bishop ▁- ▁dead ▁Black ▁B olt ▁Black ▁Cat ▁( Hard y , ▁Fel icia ) ▁Black ▁Jack ▁T arr ▁Black ▁Knight ▁( Alex , ▁surn ame ▁unknown ) |
▁Black ▁M amba ▁( Se aly , ▁T anya ) ▁Black ▁Pan ther ▁( U d aku , ▁T ' Ch alla ) ▁Black ▁W id ow ▁( Ch ang , ▁Mon ica ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Black ▁W id ow ▁( R oman off , ▁Nat asha ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Black l ash ▁( Sc ott , ▁Marc ) ▁Bl ade ▁( unknown ) ▁Bl ob ▁( real ▁name ▁Fred ▁J . ▁D uk es ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Bl ur ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Bol iv ar ▁Tr ask ▁B om bs hell ▁Bo omer ang ▁( My ers , ▁Fred ) ▁B ucky ▁Bul ld o zer ▁Bull se ye ▁( Po index ter , ▁Benjamin ) ▁( only ▁ever ▁known ▁as ▁Benjamin ▁Po index ter ) ▁ ▁Bruce ▁B anner ▁ ▁C ▁C able ▁( Future ▁Version ▁of ▁W olver ine ) ▁- ▁location ▁unknown ▁Call isto ▁Cam elli ia ▁C annon ball ▁( G uth rie , ▁Sam ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁America ▁( R og ers , ▁Steve ) ▁Captain ▁Atl as ▁Captain ▁Britain ▁( Br add ock , ▁Brian ) ▁Captain ▁France ▁( E ther lin ck , ▁Hugo ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁Italy ▁( Land i , ▁U mber to ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁Marvel ▁ ▁Captain ▁Spain ▁( F ra ile , ▁Carlos ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁UK ▁Carn age ▁- ▁f used ▁with ▁Ven om , ▁currently ▁G wen ▁St acy ▁Carol ▁Dan vers ▁Cath r ine ▁M ora ▁Ch ame le on |
▁The ▁Champion ▁Ch ita uri ▁Ult imate ▁Marvel ▁The ▁Colonel ▁( Al - R ah man , ▁Abd ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Col oss us ▁Cont essa ▁Valent ina ▁Al leg ra ▁di ▁Font aine ▁Cross b ones ▁( B rock , ▁Rum low ) ▁Cry stal ▁Cycl ops ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁Marvel ▁ ▁D ▁D ai ▁Thomas ▁Daniel ▁Tol iver ▁D are dev il ▁( M urd ock , ▁Matthew ▁" M att ") ▁- ▁dead ▁D azz ler ▁( B la ire , ▁All ison ▁" Ali ") ▁- ▁dead ▁De acon ▁Fro st ▁Dead pool ▁( W il son , ▁W ade ) ▁Death ▁Ad der ▁( unknown ) ▁Death l ok ▁( unknown ) ▁Death st rike ▁( O y ama , ▁Y ur iko ) ▁- ▁dead ▁D erek ▁Morgan ▁Det on ate ▁( John son , ▁Mike ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Det on ator ▁( G ib son , ▁Rick y ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Di ablo ▁( Est eb an ▁Cor az on ▁de ▁Ab lo ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁( V an ▁Dam me , ▁Victor )- ▁dead ▁Doctor ▁Oct op us ▁( Oct av ius , ▁Otto ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Doctor ▁Str ange ▁( Str ange , ▁Stephen ▁Sr .) ▁- ▁unknown ▁Doctor ▁Str ange ▁( Str ange , ▁Stephen ▁Jr .) ▁- ▁dead ▁ ▁Dol ores ▁Dom ino ▁D rake ▁R aven ▁ ▁Donald ▁R ox x on ▁Do omb ot ▁Doctor ▁Spect rum ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Dr . ▁Fa ust |
us ▁D read k night ▁( B ram ▁V els ing ) ▁Dream catch er ▁De ▁L one ▁Wolf ▁( As im ▁Lim bu ) ▁ ▁E ▁E cho ▁( May a ▁L ope z ) ▁E go ▁Elect ro ▁( D illon , ▁Max ) ▁Ele k tra ▁( N atch ios , ▁Ele k tra ) ▁Emma ▁Fro st ▁- ▁dead ▁En chant ress ▁- ▁dead ▁En id ▁Rich ards ▁ ▁F ▁Fal con ▁( W il son , ▁Sam ) ▁F ancy ▁Dan ▁( R ub en stein , ▁Dan ) ▁F and ral ▁- ▁dead ▁Fen ris ▁( v on ▁Str ucker , ▁Andrea ▁and ▁Andre as ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Fil ament ▁Fin ▁Case y ▁( I v ory ▁Shadow ) ▁Fire power ▁Fire star ▁( All en , ▁Elizabeth ▁" L iz ") ▁For ge ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁F ount ain ▁Franklin ▁" F og gy " ▁Nelson ▁Franklin ▁Rich ards ▁Franklin ▁Storm ▁Fred ▁" Fl ash " ▁Thompson ▁F ury ▁ ▁G ▁G ah ▁L ak ▁T us ▁G allow glass ▁G amb it ▁( Le Be au , ▁Rem y ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Gam ora ▁G arr ison ▁K ane ▁G eld off ▁Ghost ▁Ghost ▁R ider ▁Ghost ware ▁G iant ▁Man ▁/ ▁Ant ▁Man ▁/ ▁Yellow j acket ▁( P ym , ▁Henry ▁" H ank ") ▁- ▁dead ▁G iant ▁Man ▁( Sc ott ▁Lang ) ▁Gl adi ator ▁( unknown ) ▁Glen n ▁Tal bot ▁Green ▁G ob lin ▁( O |
sb orn , ▁Norman ) ▁- ▁dead ▁G org on ▁Gr ass ▁Hop per ▁G ri zz ly ▁Gregory ▁St ark ▁- ▁dead ▁G wen ▁St acy ▁- ▁dead ▁G wen ▁St acy ▁( clone )/ C arn age ▁G root ▁ ▁H ▁Ham mer ▁( C ant y , ▁Eisen h ower ) ▁Ham mer head ▁( unknown ) ▁Hard - D rive ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Hav ok ▁( Sum mers , ▁Alexander ▁" Alex ") ▁Haw k - O wl ▁( D anner , ▁Jack ) ▁Haw key e ▁( B art on , ▁Cl int ) ▁He ather ▁Hudson ▁He im d all ▁- ▁dead ▁H ela ▁Hell cat ▁( Walk er , ▁P ats y ) ▁Hob g ob lin ▁( H arry ▁O sb orn ) ▁- ▁dead ▁H og un ▁- ▁dead ▁Howard ▁the ▁D uck ▁H ul k ▁( B anner , ▁Robert ▁Bruce ) ▁Human ▁Tor ch ▁( St orm , ▁John ▁" John ny ") ▁Human ▁Tor ch ▁( Mar vel ▁Z omb ies ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Hur ricane ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Hy per ion ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁ ▁I ▁Ice man ▁( D rake , ▁Robert ▁" B obby ") ▁Im possible ▁Man ▁In ert ia ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁In visible ▁Woman ▁( S us an ▁Storm ) ▁Iron ▁F ist ▁( R and , ▁Daniel ▁" D anny ") ▁Iron ▁Man ▁( St ark , ▁Antonio ▁" T ony ", ▁Dead ) |
▁Iron ▁Mong er ▁( Ob ad iah ▁St ane ) ▁ ▁J ▁Jack al ▁J ai ▁" The ▁Mal achi ▁Dest roy er " ▁A min ▁James ▁Br add ock ▁James ▁Hudson ▁James ▁Ru pert ▁" J im " ▁Rh odes ▁( War ▁Machine ) ▁James ▁Buch an an ▁" B ucky " ▁Barn es ▁Jane ▁Foster ▁Jar vis , ▁Ed win ▁Jean ne ▁de ▁Wol fe ▁- ▁dead ▁Jennifer ▁Wal ters ▁Jessica ▁Jones ▁Jimmy ▁Hudson ▁John ▁Ry ker ▁John ▁St acy ▁- ▁dead ▁J . ▁Jon ah ▁James on ▁Jug ger n aut ▁( Mark o , ▁C ain ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Justin ▁Ham mer ▁- ▁dead ▁J umper ▁( C ah y adi , ▁Andre ) ▁ ▁K ▁K aine ▁ ▁K ang ▁the ▁Con quer or ▁Karen ▁Grant ▁( Je an ▁Grey ) ▁Kar ma ▁( M ahn , ▁X i ' an ▁C oy ) ▁K arn ak ▁Ka - Z ar ▁Ken ny ▁" King ▁Kong " ▁Mc F arl ane ▁King pin ▁( F isk , ▁Wilson ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Kr aven ▁The ▁Hunter ▁( K rav in off , ▁Serge i ) ▁- ▁dead ▁K ree ▁K org ▁ ▁L ▁Lady ▁L ark ▁Lay la ▁mill er ▁Lee ▁( first ▁name ▁unknown ) ▁Le ech ▁Lev i athan ▁L iam ▁Jen kins ▁Lie ber man ▁( first ▁name ▁unknown ) ▁Lil andra ▁N er am ani ▁L izard ▁( Conn ors , ▁Curt us ) ▁Lock j aw ▁L oki ▁ ▁Long shot ▁( Cent ino |
, ▁Arthur ) ▁L ucky ▁( ▁Dead pool ▁ 2 ▁) ▁ ▁M ▁Mad ame ▁Web ▁Mad ▁Tit an ▁Mag da ▁Mag ician ▁( B og gs , ▁Ell iot ) ▁Mag net o ▁( L ens her r , ▁Erik )- ▁dead ▁Marvel ▁Girl ▁( G rey , ▁Jean ) ▁Man - A pe ▁( M ' b aku ) ▁Mand arin ▁Man - Th ing ▁( S all is , ▁Ted ) ▁▁ ▁M ant is ▁Mark ▁Ra xt on ▁Mary ▁Parker ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁Watson ▁Master ▁Men ace ▁( Em il ▁B urb ank ) ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Master mind ▁( unknown ) ▁Max im us ▁May ▁Parker ▁Mel issa ▁Beck erman ▁M ep hist o ▁Miles ▁Warren ▁Miles ▁Bull ock ▁" Capt ain ▁Winter " ▁Miles ▁Mor ales ▁M ister ▁Fant astic / M aker ▁( Rich ards , ▁Reed ) ▁M ister ▁Fant astic ▁( Rich ards , ▁Reed ) ▁( Mar vel ▁zomb ies ) ▁- ▁dead ▁M ister ▁G olog ▁M ister ▁N ix ▁Mr . ▁Rose ▁Ms . ▁Marvel ▁MOD OK ▁( T ar leton , ▁George ) ▁Mo jo ▁Adams ▁M ole ▁Man ▁( M ole ke v ic , ▁Arthur ) ▁Mor b ius ▁( unknown , ▁but ▁implied ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Vlad ▁T ep es ▁Dr ac ula ) ▁Mo ira ▁Mac Tag g ert ▁Magn ific ent ▁Br ute ▁Mor lock s ▁Mont ana ▁( B ale , ▁Mont ana ) ▁Mo ond r agon ▁( D |
ou glas , ▁He ather ) ▁Med usa ▁Moon ▁Knight ▁( S pect or , ▁Marc ) ▁Mult iple ▁Man ▁( Mad ro x , ▁James ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Myst er io ▁Myst ique ▁( unknown ) ▁ ▁N ▁Nam or ▁Nathan iel ▁Rich ards ▁N erd ▁H ul k ▁( Clone ▁of ▁Original ▁H ul k ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Neb ula ▁( guard ians ▁of ▁the ▁galaxy ) ▁The ▁New ▁S entin els ▁Night mare ▁Night c raw ler ▁( W agner , ▁Kurt ) ▁- ▁alive ▁N ighth awk ▁( Rich mond , ▁Kyle ) ▁Nick ▁F ury ▁N ih il ▁- ▁dead ▁North star ▁( Be a ub ier , ▁Jean - Paul ) ▁Nova ▁( R ick ▁Jones ) ▁Nu ke ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Nu ke ▁Mal achi ▁" The ▁J elly fish " ▁Kelly ▁- ▁dead ▁ ▁O ▁Od in ▁- ▁dead ▁Om ega ▁Red ▁( unknown ) ▁The ▁One ▁Above ▁All ▁On sl aught ▁Or b ▁We aver ▁( unknown ) ▁O wl ▁Ox ▁( S anche z , ▁Bruno ) ▁ ▁P ▁Pal ad in ▁( M arc ▁Spect or ) ▁Pen ult imate ▁Ult imate ▁Marvel ▁Per un ▁( unknown ) ▁Pete ▁Wis dom ▁Phil ▁C oul son ▁Phoenix ▁Force ▁Ph oe be ▁Mc All ister ▁P iled river ▁Pol aris ▁( D ane , ▁L orna ) ▁( dead ) ▁Power ▁Man ▁( C age , ▁Luke ) ▁Power ▁Princess ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Pr imal ▁Scre amer ▁Princess |
▁Python ▁The ▁Pr incipal ▁( J ones , ▁Larry ) ▁P row ler ▁( A aron ▁Davis ) ▁Pro sim ian ▁( unknown ) ▁Prote us ▁( X avier , ▁David ) ▁( dead ) ▁Ult imate ▁Marvel ▁Psy loc ke ▁( Br add ock , ▁El is abeth ▁" B ets y ") ▁Pun isher ▁( Cast le , ▁Frank ) ▁( dead ) ▁Py ro ▁( unknown ) ▁Poss ester ▁( John ston , ▁Alex ) ▁( new ▁Marvel ▁Character ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁P epper ▁Pot ts ▁( I ron ▁Man ▁series ) ▁ ▁Q ▁Qu as ar ▁Qu icks il ver ▁( L ens her r , ▁Piet ro ) ▁( dead ) ▁ ▁R ▁R age ▁Ray ▁Con nar ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁- ▁dead ▁Red ▁Ghost ▁Red ▁Guard ian ▁Red ▁Was p ▁( Pet ra ▁L ask ov ) ▁R H IN O ▁Rh ona ▁B urch ill ▁Rob bie ▁B urch ill ▁Richard ▁Parker ▁R inger ▁( D avis , ▁Anthony ) ▁Rob bie ▁Roberts on ▁Rog ue ▁( An na ▁Marie ▁( s urn ame ▁unknown )) ▁Ron an ▁the ▁Acc user ▁Ron in ▁( S pect or , ▁Marc ) ▁Rock ▁Man ▁( B ry an ▁St igg ler ) ▁ ▁S ▁Sab ra ▁Sab re to oth ▁( C reed , ▁Victor ) ▁ ▁Sal uki ▁( unknown ) ▁Sam ual ▁S tern s ▁Sand man ▁( Mark o , ▁Fl int ) ▁S as qu atch ▁Sam ▁Bull it ▁Scar let |
▁W itch ▁( L ens her r , ▁W anda ) ▁( dead ) ▁Sch iz oid ▁Man ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Sc orp ion ▁( clone ▁of ▁Peter ▁Parker ) ▁- ▁Status ▁unknown ▁S entin els ▁S entry ▁Shadow cat ▁( P ry de , ▁K itty ) ▁Sh ang - Ch i ▁Sh aman ▁S . H . I . E . L . D . ▁Sh in obi ▁Shaw ▁Sh ape ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Sh aron ▁Carter ▁Ult imate ▁Marvel ▁Sky - E ater ▁Sk r ull ▁Sebastian ▁Shaw ▁- ▁dead ▁Sp ider - G irl ▁( P ark er , ▁May ) ▁Sp ider - Man ▁( P ark er , ▁Peter ▁Benjamin ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Sp ider - W oman ▁( D rew , ▁Jessica ) ▁Sh ocker ▁Storm ▁ ▁T ▁T andy ▁Bow en ▁T ara ▁Tar ant ula ▁- ▁dead ▁ ▁Ted dy ▁Allen ▁Th ad de us ▁A lo ys ius ▁Cad wall ader ▁" D um - D um " ▁D ug an ▁Th ad de us ▁E . ▁" Th under bol t " ▁Ross ▁Th anos ▁ ▁Th ing ▁( G rim m , ▁Benjamin ▁J . ▁" Ben ") ▁Th ing ▁( Mar vel ▁Z omb ies ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Thor ▁- ▁alive ▁ ▁Th under ball ▁T ink er er ▁( S tern , ▁E lij ah ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Tit an ium ▁Man ▁To ad ▁( unknown ) ▁Tom ▁Th umb ▁( S quad ron |
▁Supreme ) ▁T rey ▁Lang st rom ▁T rit on ▁T yr one ▁Cash ▁Th under bol t ▁Tony ▁St ark ▁( ▁Iron ▁Man ▁) ▁ ▁U ▁Ul tr on ▁Un us ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁U rich , ▁Ben ▁Un ic orn ▁ ▁V ▁V alk y rie ▁( Bar bara ▁( s urn ame ▁unknown )) ▁- ▁dead ▁Val ▁Cooper ▁V amp ire ▁x ▁Van isher ▁( unknown ) ▁Ven om ▁( B rock , ▁Eddie ▁Jr .) ▁V ind icator ▁( W ra ith , ▁John ) ▁V yk ni ▁Vision ▁- ▁dead ▁V ulture ▁( Dr ago , ▁Black ie ) ▁V enge ance ▁Vol st agg ▁- ▁dead ▁V amp ire ▁( New ▁major ▁super v ill ain ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁W ▁Was p ▁( P ym , ▁Jan et ) ▁ ▁Wh iz ▁Kid ▁( T aki , ▁M ats uy a ) ▁Wild pack ▁( C hen , ▁Pow ell , ▁Quarter main ) ▁W olver ine ▁( How lett , ▁James ▁" Log an ") ▁ ▁W oo , ▁Jimmy ▁Wood y ▁( K ip ple , ▁H ank ) ▁War ▁Machine # U lt imate ▁Marvel ▁( J ames ▁Rh odes ) ▁W ong ▁Wh iz zer ▁W re cker ▁Wol fs b ane ▁( R ah ne ▁S incl air ) ▁War lock ▁ ▁X ▁X - 2 3 ▁( La ura , ▁Kin ney ) ▁X orn ▁( K uan - Y i ) ▁X - man |
▁( from ▁future ) ▁ ▁Y ▁Y mir ▁Yellow j acket ▁( D ar ren ▁Cross ) ▁Y on du ▁( Guard ians ▁of ▁the ▁Galaxy ) ▁ ▁Z ▁Z ab u ▁Zero ▁Z orn ▁( S hen - Y i ) ▁ ▁Z ola ▁ ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁N ain a ▁Peak ▁is ▁the ▁highest ▁hill ▁in ▁N ain ital ▁district ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand ▁State ▁in ▁India . ▁▁ ▁The ▁trail ▁to ▁the ▁peak ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁N anda ▁Dev i ▁H imal ay an ▁bird ▁conservation ▁reserve . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : H ills ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand <0x0A> </s> ▁Or ig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁documentary ▁series ▁shown ▁on ▁BBC ▁Two . ▁It ▁is ▁about ▁human ▁evolution ▁and ▁is ▁presented ▁by ▁Alice ▁Roberts . ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁three ▁episodes , ▁each ▁an ▁hour ▁long . ▁▁ ▁Episode ▁ 1 : ▁air ▁date ▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁- ▁B ones ▁ ▁Episode ▁ 2 : ▁air ▁date ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁- ▁G uts ▁ ▁Episode ▁ 3 : ▁air ▁date ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁- ▁Br ains ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Da wn ▁of ▁Human ity ▁( 2 0 1 5 ▁P BS ▁documentary ) ▁ ▁Life ▁tim eline ▁ ▁Nature ▁tim eline ▁ ▁Pre hist oric ▁Aut ops |
y ▁( 2 0 1 2 ▁BBC ▁documentary ) ▁ ▁The ▁Inc red ible ▁Human ▁Jour ney ▁( 2 0 0 9 ▁BBC ▁documentary ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁. ▁▁▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁at ▁Doc u W iki . net . ▁▁▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁at ▁Amazon . com . ▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁– ▁video ▁search ▁on ▁YouTube . ▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁– ▁video ▁search ▁on ▁D ail ym otion . ▁▁▁ ▁Human ▁Tim eline ▁( Inter active ) ▁– ▁Smith son ian , ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁( Aug ust ▁ 2 0 1 6 ). ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : B BC ▁high ▁definition ▁program mes ▁Category : B BC ▁television ▁document aries ▁Category : B rit ish ▁television ▁min iser ies ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : Document ary ▁films ▁about ▁pre hist oric ▁life <0x0A> </s> ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁a ▁heritage - listed ▁post ▁office ▁at ▁ 4 7 ▁Ox ley ▁Street , ▁Bour ke , ▁Bour ke ▁Sh ire , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Architect ' s ▁Office ▁under ▁James ▁Barn et ▁and ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁by ▁E . ▁H es eler . ▁It |
▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁and ▁Tele graph ▁Office . ▁The ▁property ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Australia ▁Post ▁and ▁the ▁Ke ane ▁Family ▁Trust . ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁official ▁post al ▁service ▁in ▁Australia ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 0 9 , ▁when ▁the ▁Sydney ▁merchant ▁Isaac ▁Nich ols ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Post master ▁in ▁the ▁colony ▁of ▁N SW . ▁Prior ▁to ▁this ▁mail ▁had ▁been ▁distributed ▁directly ▁by ▁the ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁mail ▁arrived , ▁however ▁this ▁system ▁was ▁neither ▁reliable ▁nor ▁secure . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁the ▁colonial ▁administration ▁was ▁empower ed ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁Post master ▁General ' s ▁Department , ▁which ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁administer ed ▁from ▁Britain . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁the ▁first ▁post ▁offices ▁outside ▁of ▁Sydney ▁were ▁established , ▁with ▁offices ▁in ▁Bath urst , ▁Campbell town , ▁Par ram atta , ▁Liverpool , ▁New castle , ▁Pen r ith ▁and ▁Wind sor . ▁By ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁there ▁were ▁forty ▁post ▁offices ▁in ▁the ▁colony , ▁with ▁more ▁opening ▁as ▁settlement ▁spread . ▁The ▁advance ▁of ▁post al ▁services ▁was ▁further ▁increased ▁as ▁the ▁railway ▁network ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁established ▁throughout ▁N SW ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁Also , ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 , |
▁the ▁Post master ▁General ▁W . ▁H . ▁Christ ie ▁noted ▁that ▁accommodation ▁facilities ▁for ▁post mas ters ▁in ▁some ▁post ▁offices ▁was ▁quite ▁limited , ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁importance ▁that ▁" post ▁masters ▁should ▁res ide ▁and ▁sleep ▁under ▁the ▁same ▁roof ▁as ▁the ▁office ". ▁ ▁The ▁appointment ▁of ▁James ▁Barn et ▁as ▁Act ing ▁Col onial ▁Architect ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁a ▁considerable ▁increase ▁in ▁funding ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁works ▁program . ▁Between ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Architect ' s ▁Office ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁maintenance ▁of ▁ 1 6 9 ▁post ▁offices ▁and ▁tele graph ▁offices ▁in ▁N SW . ▁The ▁post ▁offices ▁constructed ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁were ▁designed ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁architect ural ▁styles , ▁as ▁Barn et ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁local ▁parliament ary ▁representatives ▁always ▁preferred ▁" d ifferent ▁patterns ". ▁ ▁The ▁construction ▁of ▁new ▁post ▁offices ▁continued ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s ▁Dep ression ▁years ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Walter ▁Liberty ▁Vern on , ▁who ▁retained ▁office ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁While ▁twenty - seven ▁post ▁offices ▁were ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁funding ▁to ▁the ▁Government ▁Architect ' s ▁Office ▁was ▁cut ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁causing ▁Vern on ▁to ▁post |
p one ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁projects . ▁ ▁Following ▁Federation ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Government ▁took ▁over ▁responsibility ▁for ▁post , ▁tele graph ▁and ▁telephone ▁offices , ▁with ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Home ▁Affairs ▁Works ▁Division ▁being ▁made ▁responsible ▁for ▁post ▁office ▁construction . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁construction ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Works ▁and ▁Rail ways , ▁with ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Interior ▁responsible ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁the ▁Post master ▁General ' s ▁Department ▁was ▁abol ished ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Post ▁and ▁Tele commun ications ▁Department , ▁with ▁Tele com ▁and ▁Australia ▁Post ▁being ▁created . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁Australian ▁Post al ▁Corporation ▁Act ▁established ▁Australia ▁Post ▁as ▁a ▁self ▁funding ▁entity , ▁which ▁her ald ed ▁a ▁new ▁direction ▁in ▁property ▁management , ▁including ▁a ▁move ▁towards ▁smaller ▁shop ▁front ▁style ▁post ▁offices ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁larger , ▁more ▁traditional ▁buildings . ▁ ▁For ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁history , ▁the ▁post ▁office ▁has ▁been ▁responsible ▁for ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁community ▁services ▁including ▁mail ▁distribution , ▁as ▁agencies ▁for ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Sav ings ▁Bank , ▁elect oral ▁en rol ments , ▁and ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁tele graph ▁and ▁telephone ▁services . ▁The ▁town ▁post ▁office ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁f ocal ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁community , ▁most ▁often ▁built ▁in ▁a ▁prominent ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁town ▁close ▁to ▁other ▁public ▁buildings , ▁creating |
▁a ▁nucle us ▁of ▁civ ic ▁buildings ▁and ▁community ▁pride . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁The ▁Post ▁Office ▁at ▁Bour ke ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁with ▁Joseph ▁Be cker ▁appointed ▁as ▁its ▁first ▁post master . ▁Be cker ▁was ▁an ▁employee ▁of ▁the ▁firm ▁Alexander ▁Ross ▁and ▁Co , ▁whose ▁building ▁acted ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁post ▁office . ▁This ▁office ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁located ▁at ▁Fort ▁Bour ke , ▁some ▁ ▁down ▁the ▁Dar ling ▁River ▁at ▁N ult a ▁N ult a . ▁Fort ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁a ▁tele graph ▁office ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁Bour ke , ▁also ▁in ▁a ▁rent ed ▁prem ises . ▁The ▁two ▁offices ▁were ▁am alg am ated ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁although ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁operating ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁building ▁since ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁saw ▁considerable ▁economic ▁growth ▁in ▁Bour ke , ▁with ▁river ▁trade ▁bo oming . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁new ▁buildings ▁were ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁town , ▁creating ▁a ▁small ▁civ ic ▁prec inct . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁a ▁site ▁for ▁the ▁proposed ▁new ▁Post ▁Office ▁was ▁selected ▁on ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁Government ▁Reserve ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁Court ▁House . |
▁A ▁sum ▁of ▁£ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁was ▁proposed ▁for ▁the ▁ere ction ▁of ▁an ▁office ▁measuring ▁ 3 5 ▁feet ▁by ▁ 2 0 ▁feet , ▁with ▁a ▁residence ▁compr ising ▁two ▁sitting ▁rooms , ▁four ▁bedroom s , ▁kitchen , ▁pan try ▁and ▁stable . ▁A ▁bathroom ▁was ▁added ▁later . ▁ ▁By ▁May ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁no ▁tend ers ▁had ▁been ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Architect ▁o wing ▁to ▁the ▁excessive ▁cost , ▁however ▁by ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁the ▁tender ▁of ▁E . ▁H es eler ▁for ▁a ▁single - store y ▁office ▁had ▁been ▁approved , ▁with ▁an ▁underground ▁well ▁and ▁site ▁fence . ▁The ▁new ▁building ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁however ▁by ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁extensive ▁repairs ▁were ▁required ▁due ▁to ▁white ▁ant ▁damage ▁and ▁a ▁le aking ▁roof , ▁with ▁the ▁well ▁also ▁requiring ▁cleaning ▁and ▁re br icking . ▁The ▁post master ▁also ▁requested ▁the ▁ere ction ▁of ▁a ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁Tele graph ▁Department . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁obvious ▁that ▁alter ations ▁would ▁reduce ▁the ▁living ▁space ▁for ▁the ▁post master , ▁an ▁additional ▁store y ▁was ▁proposed ▁for ▁the ▁building ▁to ▁provide ▁additional ▁accommodation . ▁For ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁£ 1 5 9 0 ▁an ▁additional ▁store y , ▁ver and ah ▁and ▁internal ▁modifications ▁were ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁with ▁a ▁weather board ▁stable |
▁building ▁also ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁Bour ke ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bus iest ▁and ▁most ▁important ▁post ▁and ▁tele graph ▁offices ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁outside ▁of ▁Sydney , ▁due ▁to ▁Bour ke ▁being ▁a ▁major ▁service ▁centre ▁for ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁N SW ▁and ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁Queensland . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁one ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁adjacent ▁land ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Office ▁was ▁acquired ▁for ▁a ▁stable ▁yard . ▁Further ▁work ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 0 0 , ▁including ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁entrance ▁lobby ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁the ▁old ▁lobby ▁being ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁mess enger ' s ▁room . ▁A ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁post master ▁was ▁also ▁to ▁be ▁built . ▁A ▁tele graph ▁operating ▁table ▁was ▁also ▁to ▁be ▁installed , ▁with ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁add itions ▁being ▁advised ▁on ▁ 4 ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁£ 7 3 0 . ▁The ▁old ▁tim ber ▁lobby ▁was ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁due ▁to ▁it ▁being ▁deemed ▁unnecessary ▁and ▁eaten ▁by ▁white ▁an ts . ▁ ▁The ▁construction ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁rear ▁en closed ▁ver and ah ▁is ▁unknown , ▁however ▁it ▁appears ▁to ▁date ▁from ▁around ▁- 1 9 1 0 s . ▁The ▁rear ▁service ▁wing ▁under w ent ▁a ▁change ▁of ▁use ▁s ▁with ▁the ▁probable ▁expansion |
▁of ▁tele commun ications ▁facilities . ▁Install ation ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁kitchen ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁floor ▁residence ▁and ▁bathroom ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁floor ▁occurred ▁- 7 0 s , ▁followed ▁by ▁installation ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁toile ts ▁and ▁staff ▁facilities ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁en closed ▁ver and ah ▁- 8 0 s . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁remains ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁river boat ▁period ▁of ▁great ▁prosper ity ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁communications ▁to ▁the ▁north western ▁region ▁of ▁N SW ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁century . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁a ▁two - store y ▁Victorian ▁Fil ig ree ▁style ▁building ▁of ▁cream ▁painted ▁double ▁brick ▁lower ▁store y ▁and ▁redd ish - b rown ▁face ▁brick ▁upper ▁store y . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁single - store y ▁painted ▁double ▁brick ▁wing ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁section ▁and ▁an ▁en closed ▁weather board ▁skill ion ▁ver and ah ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁wing . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁building ▁has ▁a ▁wide , ▁two - store y ▁ver and ah ▁that ▁wrap s ▁around ▁three ▁fac ades ▁and ▁is ▁partly ▁en closed ▁to ▁the ▁eastern ▁side ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁floor ▁with ▁weather board ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁with ▁fib re ▁cement ▁sheet ▁and ▁fly screen . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁asym met rical ▁( the ▁original ▁section ▁having ▁been ▁symmet rical ) ▁and ▁has ▁an ▁early ▁single - store y ▁cream ▁painted ▁brick ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁centre ▁front |
▁fac ade , ▁extending ▁out ▁from ▁beneath ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁ver and ah . ▁The ▁addition ▁has ▁a ▁separate ▁h ipped ▁a wn ing ▁of ▁cor rug ated ▁iron , ▁a ▁white ▁painted , ▁cur ved ▁solid ▁tim ber ▁val ance ▁and ▁tim ber ▁posts . ▁ ▁The ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁is ▁cor rug ated ▁iron , ▁and ▁is ▁two ▁tier ed ▁with ▁a ▁h ipped ▁roof ▁and ▁shaped ▁e aves ▁br ack ets . ▁It ▁sits ▁above ▁a ▁h ipped ▁and ▁skill ion ▁first ▁floor ▁ver and ah ▁a wn ing ▁supported ▁on ▁green ▁painted ▁cast ▁iron ▁posts ▁with ▁white ▁painted ▁original ▁cast ▁iron ▁br ack ets ▁and ▁bal ustr ade . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁floor ▁tim ber ▁board ed ▁ver and ah ▁is ▁supported ▁on ▁cast ▁iron ▁posts ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁posts , ▁with ▁an ▁original ▁white ▁painted , ▁deep , ▁cur ved , ▁vertical ▁p aling ▁val ance . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁cream ▁painted ▁cor b elled ▁chim neys ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁penetr ating ▁the ▁top ▁roof ▁r idge ▁lines ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁roof . ▁Between ▁the ▁chim neys ▁is ▁an ▁intr usive ▁air ▁condition ing ▁unit . ▁Two ▁additional ▁face ▁brick ▁cor b elled ▁chim neys ▁are ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁wing ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁sides ▁and ▁another ▁face ▁brick ▁single ▁chim ney ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁laundry ▁in ▁the ▁weather board ▁skill ion ▁addition ▁at ▁the ▁far ▁eastern ▁end . ▁Another ▁intr usive ▁air ▁condition ing ▁unit |
▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁wing . ▁ ▁Do ors ▁and ▁windows ▁appear ▁largely ▁original . ▁They ▁include ▁tim ber ▁s ash ▁windows ▁and ▁French ▁doors ▁with ▁flat ▁brick ▁ar ches ▁( rub bed ▁red ▁brick ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁floor ), ▁painted ▁stone ▁s ills ▁and ▁some ▁pol ished ▁stone ▁th resh olds ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁floor ▁ver and ah ▁doors . ▁ ▁Sign age ▁to ▁the ▁building ▁compris es ▁the ▁building ▁title ▁and ▁post code ▁above ▁the ▁front ▁addition ▁a wn ing ▁and ▁a ▁standard ▁Australia ▁Post ▁sign ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁not ▁attached . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁small ▁brass ▁pl aque ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁front ▁addition ▁fac ade ▁indicating ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁flood ▁level . ▁ ▁The ▁interior ▁ground ▁floor ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁main ▁areas , ▁including ▁the ▁small , ▁carpet ed ▁retail ▁area ▁with ▁standard ▁modern ▁Australia ▁Post ▁fit out ▁compr ising ▁display ▁wall ▁pan elling , ▁security ▁mir rors ▁and ▁l am inated ▁coun ters ▁in ▁a ▁grey ▁colour ▁scheme . ▁To ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁retail ▁area ▁is ▁the ▁vin yl - f lo ored ▁mail ▁sort ing ▁and ▁storage ▁area , ▁post ▁boxes ▁and ▁staff ▁facilities ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁ver and ah . ▁Also ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁is ▁the ▁carpet ed ▁residential ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁floor ▁including ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁rear , ▁en closed ▁ver and ah . ▁ ▁The ▁mail ▁area ▁in ▁particular ▁has ▁been ▁considerably ▁altered , ▁with ▁modern ▁shel ving |
, ▁post ▁boxes , ▁blocked ▁fire pl aces ▁and ▁later ▁open ings . ▁The ▁walls ▁to ▁this ▁area ▁are ▁rendered ▁and ▁painted ▁grey ▁and ▁the ▁ground ▁floor ▁ret ains ▁a ▁s ▁pl aster ▁and ▁batt en ▁ceiling . ▁Original ▁elements ▁have ▁been ▁retained , ▁including ▁columns ▁and ▁pil asters ▁with ▁decorated ▁cap itals ▁and ▁original ▁wall ▁v ents . ▁The ▁ground ▁floor ▁residential ▁area ▁appears ▁largely ▁original , ▁ret aining ▁doors , ▁windows , ▁arch itr aves , ▁sk ir ting , ▁picture ▁r ails ▁and ▁corn ices , ▁except ing ▁the ▁substant ially ▁changed ▁residential ▁kitchen ▁currently ▁under going ▁renov ation . ▁ ▁The ▁residence , ▁incorpor ating ▁the ▁upper ▁floor ▁and ▁rear ▁ground ▁floor , ▁generally ▁ret ains ▁its ▁original ▁doors ▁and ▁windows , ▁with ▁French ▁doors ▁and ▁fan lights ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁ver and ah , ▁later ▁screen ▁doors , ▁var n ished ▁join ery , ▁grey ▁marble ▁( upper ▁floor ), ▁or ▁sl ate ▁and ▁tim ber ▁fire pl aces ▁( ground ▁floor ) ▁and ▁stair . ▁ ▁The ▁stair ▁compris es ▁turned ▁tim ber ▁posts ▁and ▁bal usters ▁and ▁carved ▁br ack ets ▁on ▁the ▁outer ▁string er , ▁with ▁a ▁var n ished ▁tim ber ▁board ed ▁l ining ▁to ▁the ▁under ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁upper ▁flight ▁and ▁tim ber ▁side ▁pan elling . ▁The ▁walls ▁have ▁been ▁re - rend ered ▁and ▁painted , ▁the ▁former ▁library ▁being ▁wall p ap ered . ▁Some ▁ce il ings ▁have ▁been ▁altered ▁with ▁batt ens ▁and ▁new ▁ce |
il ings . ▁The ▁upper ▁floor ▁has ▁a ▁complete ▁new , ▁lowered , ▁pl aster board ▁ceiling ▁and ▁corn ice ▁with ▁air ▁condition ing ▁registers ▁installed . ▁Un sym pathetic ▁light ▁f itt ings ▁have ▁been ▁installed ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁and ▁upper ▁floors . ▁The ▁upper ▁floor ▁ver and ah ▁has ▁an ▁un finished ▁narrow ▁tim ber ▁board ed ▁floor ▁and ▁a ▁painted ▁v - joint ed ▁board ed ▁so ff it . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁dom ed ▁old ▁brick ▁tank ▁in ▁the ▁rear ▁yard ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁and ▁an ▁English ▁bond ▁brick ▁out building , ▁which ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁en closed ▁ver and ah ▁via ▁a ▁covered ▁way . ▁The ▁out building ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁of ▁original ▁construction ▁as ▁the ▁former ▁service ▁wing ▁containing ▁kitchen ▁and ▁other ▁services . ▁The ▁open ings ▁to ▁the ▁southern ▁side ▁have ▁been ▁br icked ▁in , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁currently ▁used ▁by ▁Tel stra , ▁with ▁a ▁ver and ah ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side . ▁The ▁out building ▁is ▁currently ▁separated ▁from ▁Post ▁Office ▁usage , ▁however ▁it ▁remains ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁cur til age . ▁A ▁car port ▁and ▁rust icated ▁weather board ▁shed , ▁neither ▁significant , ▁are ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁back yard . ▁ ▁A ▁large ▁Tel stra ▁communications ▁tower ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁domin ates ▁the ▁roof scape . ▁To ▁the ▁western ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁uns ym pathetic , ▁a ust ere ▁single - store y |
▁Tel stra ▁exchange ▁building ▁in ▁red ▁brick . ▁To ▁the ▁east ▁is ▁the ▁brick ▁and ▁tile ▁National ▁Australia ▁Bank . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁a ▁predomin antly ▁single - store y , ▁wide ▁street scape , ▁punct uated ▁by ▁the ▁two - store y ▁buildings ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Fitz ger ald ▁Post ▁Office ▁Hotel ▁opposite ▁and ▁other ▁t aller ▁fac ades . ▁Ve get ation ▁is ▁sp arse ▁to ▁the ▁street ▁and ▁shop front ▁a wn ings ▁are ▁common . ▁ ▁Tele phone ▁boxes ▁have ▁been ▁installed ▁on ▁the ▁p ave ment ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁L ach lan ▁Street ▁fac ade . ▁Sl ender ▁sym pathetic ▁street ▁lighting ▁pol es ▁have ▁been ▁well ▁sp aced ▁out ▁along ▁the ▁street , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁young ▁trees ▁in ▁traffic ▁islands ▁to ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁Pa vers ▁have ▁been ▁laid ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁foot path ▁and ▁ab ut ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁ground ▁floor ▁walls . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁appear ▁to ▁generally ▁be ▁in ▁very ▁good ▁condition ▁except ing ▁general ▁wear ▁and ▁tear ▁as ▁at ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁archae ological ▁potential ▁within ▁the ▁grounds , ▁particularly ▁within ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁brick ▁tank ▁and ▁former ▁service ▁wing . ▁The ▁open ings ▁to ▁the ▁former ▁service ▁wing ▁have ▁been ▁br icked ▁in ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁isolated ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁Tel stra . ▁The ▁exterior ▁appears ▁generally ▁intact , ▁however ▁the ▁interior |
▁was ▁in access ible . ▁ ▁The ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁largely ▁intact , ▁and ▁ret ains ▁the ▁features ▁which ▁make ▁it ▁cult ur ally ▁significant , ▁including ▁architect ural ▁details ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁decor ative ▁tim ber ▁val ance , ▁iron ▁balcon y ▁rail ings , ▁iron ▁br ack ets , ▁and ▁its ▁overall ▁scale , ▁form ▁and ▁style . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁listing ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁significant ▁at ▁a ▁State ▁level ▁for ▁its ▁historical ▁associations , ▁aesthetic ▁qualities ▁and ▁social ▁meaning . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁histor ically ▁significant ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁communications ▁for ▁the ▁north western ▁region ▁of ▁N SW ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁century . ▁The ▁form ▁and ▁scale ▁of ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁reflects ▁the ▁river boat ▁period ▁of ▁great ▁prosper ity ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁also ▁provides ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁changing ▁nature ▁of ▁post al ▁and ▁tele commun ications ▁practices ▁in ▁N SW , ▁particularly ▁in ▁serv icing ▁a ▁widely ▁dispers ed ▁regional ▁community . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁aest het ically ▁significant ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁strong ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Fil ig ree ▁style , ▁and ▁makes ▁an ▁important ▁aesthetic ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁civ ic ▁prec inct ▁in ▁Bour ke . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Architect ' s ▁Office ▁under ▁James ▁Barn et . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁also ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁significant ▁to ▁the ▁Bour ke ▁community ' s ▁sense ▁of ▁place . ▁ ▁Bour |
ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁having ▁satisfied ▁the ▁following ▁criteria . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁course , ▁or ▁pattern , ▁of ▁cultural ▁or ▁natural ▁history ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁histor ically ▁significant ▁because ▁it ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bus iest ▁post ▁and ▁tele graph ▁offices ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁outside ▁of ▁Sydney ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁nineteenth ▁century , ▁as ▁Bour ke ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁service ▁centre ▁for ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁N SW ▁and ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁Q LD . ▁The ▁Post ▁Office ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁communications ▁for ▁the ▁community ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁century . ▁The ▁form ▁and ▁scale ▁of ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁also ▁reflect ▁the ▁river boat ▁period ▁of ▁great ▁prosper ity ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Architect ' s ▁Office ▁under ▁James ▁Barn et , ▁which ▁designed ▁and ▁maintained ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁post ▁offices ▁across ▁N SW ▁between ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁also ▁provides ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁changing ▁nature ▁of ▁post al ▁and ▁tele commun ications ▁practices ▁in ▁N SW , ▁particularly ▁in ▁serv icing ▁a ▁widely ▁dispers ed ▁regional ▁community . ▁ ▁The ▁add itions ▁made ▁to ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁accommodation ▁facilities ▁for ▁the ▁res iding ▁post mas ters ▁reflects ▁the ▁changing |
▁requirements ▁and ▁standards ▁in ▁working ▁conditions ▁in ▁N SW . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁aesthetic ▁characteristics ▁and / or ▁a ▁high ▁degree ▁of ▁creative ▁or ▁technical ▁achievement ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁aest het ically ▁significant ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁fine ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Fil ig ree ▁style . ▁The ▁architect ural ▁style ▁and ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁also ▁make ▁it ▁a ▁f ocal ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁civ ic ▁prec inct ▁of ▁Bour ke , ▁end owing ▁it ▁with ▁land mark ▁qualities . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁or ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁community ▁or ▁cultural ▁group ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁for ▁social , ▁cultural ▁or ▁spiritual ▁reasons . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁prominent ▁civ ic ▁building , ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁communications ▁for ▁the ▁region , ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁significant ▁to ▁the ▁Bour ke ▁community ' s ▁sense ▁of ▁place . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁potential ▁to ▁yield ▁information ▁that ▁will ▁contribute ▁to ▁an ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁cultural ▁or ▁natural ▁history ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁has ▁some ▁potential ▁to ▁contain ▁archae ological ▁information ▁which ▁may ▁provide ▁information ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁previous ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁and ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁out - build ings ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁Post ▁Office . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁possess es ▁un common , ▁rare ▁or ▁end ang ered ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁cultural ▁or ▁natural ▁history ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . |
▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁an ▁ar che ty pal ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁country ▁post ▁office , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁strongly ▁express ive ▁of ▁Australian ▁country ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁Victorian ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁principal ▁characteristics ▁of ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁cultural ▁or ▁natural ▁places / environ ments ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Fil ig ree ▁style ▁of ▁architecture . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁nineteenth ▁century ▁post ▁offices ▁in ▁N SW ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Architect ' s ▁Office ▁under ▁James ▁Barn et . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Att ribut ion ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : B our ke , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : Post ▁office ▁buildings ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : Art icles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : 1 8 8 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁Category : J ames ▁Barn et ▁buildings <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁L ega ▁Basket ▁All ▁Star ▁Game , ▁also ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Italian ▁Basket ball ▁All ▁Star ▁game , ▁is ▁an ▁all - star ▁game ▁organ ised ▁annually ▁by ▁L ega ▁Basket , ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁R CS ▁Sport ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁Basket ball ▁Federation . ▁ ▁It ▁brings ▁together ▁a ▁selection |
▁of ▁players ▁from ▁the ▁L ega ▁Basket ▁Serie ▁A ▁( L BA ), ▁the ▁highest - t ier ▁professional ▁basketball ▁league ▁in ▁Italy , ▁to ▁play ▁between ▁themselves , ▁or ▁against ▁another ▁opponent . ▁ ▁First ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁the ▁event ▁has ▁seen ▁a ▁fluct u ating ▁history , ▁with ▁numerous ▁changes ▁of ▁format ▁through ▁the ▁years , ▁including ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁the ▁senior ▁men ' s ▁Italian ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁season , ▁the ▁annual ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁All - Star ▁Game ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁held ▁that ▁gathered ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁game ▁all ▁the ▁major ▁stars ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁basketball ▁league . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Italian ▁Basket ball ▁Federation ▁organ ised ▁an ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁to ▁celebrate ▁Italy ' s ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁The ▁first ▁All ▁Star ▁Game , ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁was ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁L ega ▁Basket , ▁the ▁entity ▁responsible ▁for ▁organ ising ▁the ▁top ▁two ▁professional ▁le agues ▁in ▁Italy , ▁the ▁first - t ier ▁Serie ▁A ▁and ▁second - t ier ▁Serie ▁A 2 . ▁ ▁Two ▁teams ▁from ▁the ▁respective ▁divisions ▁were ▁chosen ▁by ▁the ▁public , ▁at ▁the ▁league ' s ▁games ▁a ▁few ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁game , ▁also ▁selecting ▁the ▁coaches ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁Pal as port ▁di |
▁San ▁S iro ▁in ▁Milan . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁edition , ▁the ▁event ▁was ▁term ed ▁the ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁U LE B ▁and ▁was ▁organ ised ▁in ▁partnership ▁with ▁the ▁Spanish ▁A CB ▁League ' s ▁organ izing ▁body , ▁the ▁A CB , ▁seeing ▁a ▁squad ▁from ▁each ▁league ▁compete ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁The ▁formula ▁was ▁repeated ▁the ▁next ▁year , ▁this ▁time ▁in ▁Rome . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁U LE B , ▁saw ▁a ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁top - t ier ▁French ▁Pro ▁A ▁League ▁also ▁take ▁part . ▁The ▁three ▁squad s , ▁mostly ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁foreign ▁players , ▁played ▁each ▁other ▁in ▁games ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁ 2 0 ▁minute ▁quarter ▁in ▁Val encia ' s ▁Fu ente ▁de ▁San ▁Luis . ▁ ▁The ▁senior ▁men ' s ▁Italian ▁national ▁team ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁All ▁Star ▁Games . ▁Origin ally , ▁the ▁squad ▁of ▁Serie ▁A ▁based ▁players ▁was ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁squad , ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁player ▁( the ▁Spain - based ▁Nik ola ▁Rad ul ović ) ▁from ▁the ▁Euro B asket ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁bronze ▁medal ▁team ▁absent ▁for ▁the ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁edition . ▁ ▁In ▁more ▁recent ▁ed itions , ▁with ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁players ▁abroad ▁( to ▁the ▁NBA ▁for ▁example ), ▁the ▁Italy ▁squad s ▁have ▁been ▁more ▁experimental , ▁and |
▁have ▁consisted ▁mostly ▁of ▁reserve ▁players ▁and ▁promising ▁players . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ed itions ▁saw ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁E A 7 ▁Emp orio ▁Ar man i ▁Mil ano ▁players , ▁as ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁Euro Le ague ▁games ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁period . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁L ega ▁Basket ▁cancel ed ▁the ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁L BA ▁season . ▁That ▁was ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁General ▁Meeting ▁of ▁the ▁L BA ▁clubs , ▁which ▁met ▁in ▁B olog na , ▁at ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁L ega ▁Basket . ▁According ▁to ▁L ega ▁Basket ' s ▁President , ▁Eg id io ▁B ian chi , ▁L ega ▁Basket ▁is ▁currently ▁unable ▁to ▁produce ▁an ▁interesting ▁format ▁under ▁which ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁All ▁Star ▁Game . ▁ ▁Ed itions ▁ ▁Three - Point ▁Cont est ▁The ▁Three - point ▁contest ▁( ), ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Fest ina ▁Three ▁Points ▁Cont est ▁for ▁spons orship ▁reasons , ▁was ▁first ▁organ ised ▁during ▁the ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁edition , ▁Oscar ▁Sch midt ▁is ▁the ▁record - holder ▁with ▁four ▁wins , ▁adding ▁an ▁un off icial ▁title ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁after ▁beating ▁the ▁official ▁winner ▁Miche le ▁M ian ▁in ▁an ▁extra ▁contest . ▁The ▁latest ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁edition ▁saw ▁the ▁contest ants ▁try ▁to ▁score ▁as ▁many |
▁three - point ▁field ▁goals ▁as ▁possible ▁from ▁five ▁shooting ▁positions ▁around ▁the ▁three - point ▁line , ▁with ▁each ▁position ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁rack ▁with ▁four ▁balls ▁worth ▁three - points ▁and ▁a ▁special ▁" M oney ▁Ball " ▁worth ▁six , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁twenty ▁five ▁shots ▁in ▁one ▁minute , ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁score ▁crow ning ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁Sl am ▁d unk ▁contest ▁The ▁sl am ▁d unk ▁contest ▁( ), ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Open job met is ▁Sl am ▁D unk ▁Cont est ▁for ▁spons orship ▁reasons , ▁was ▁first ▁organ ised ▁by ▁Spain ' s ▁A CB ▁during ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁ed itions ▁played ▁in ▁that ▁country . ▁The ▁first ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁organ ised ▁by ▁L ega ▁Basket ▁was ▁during ▁the ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁edition , ▁d unk ▁specialist ▁James ▁White ▁is ▁the ▁record - holder ▁with ▁two ▁wins ▁( Ch and ler ▁Thompson ▁won ▁both ▁A CB ▁ed itions ). ▁White ▁refused ▁to ▁defend ▁his ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁having ▁decided ▁to ▁retire ▁from ▁d unk ▁cont ests ▁following ▁his ▁last ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁NBA ▁Sl am ▁D unk ▁Cont est . ▁It ▁formerly ▁saw ▁the ▁contest ants ▁each ▁have ▁two ▁d unk ▁attempts , ▁with ▁the ▁pair ▁performing ▁the ▁best ▁jud ged ▁d unk s ▁reaching ▁the ▁final , ▁where ▁another ▁couple ▁of ▁attempts ▁c rowned ▁the ▁winner . ▁The |
▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁edition ▁saw ▁the ▁contest ants ▁separated ▁into ▁two ▁teams , ▁consisting ▁of ▁players ▁De Qu an ▁Jones ▁and ▁Tony ▁Mitchell ▁each ▁pa ired ▁with ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Da ▁Move ▁fre estyle ▁group , ▁whose ▁five ▁attempts ▁each ▁were ▁jud ged ▁by ▁a ▁panel ▁of ▁experts ▁and ▁the ▁public ▁ ▁Family ▁Sh oot out ▁The ▁Grund ig ▁sponsored ▁Family ▁Sh oot out ▁was ▁a ▁one - off ▁event ▁organ ised ▁during ▁the ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁edition . ▁It ▁saw ▁four ▁pairs ▁of ▁current ▁or ▁former ▁professional ▁players ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁family ▁contest ▁success ive ▁rounds ▁of ▁four ▁shots ▁from ▁different ▁positions . ▁The ▁father - son ▁pair ▁of ▁N ando ▁and ▁Ste f ano ▁Gent ile ▁prev ailed ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁over ▁brothers ▁Miche le ▁and ▁Luc a ▁V ital i . ▁ ▁Under - 2 3 ▁game ▁The ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁edition ▁saw ▁a ▁game ▁played ▁between ▁mostly ▁( but ▁not ▁exclusively ) ▁under - 2 3 ▁Italian ▁players ▁in ▁view ▁of ▁jud ging ▁their ▁potential ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bel grade ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁project ▁by ▁the ▁national ▁team ▁organisation . ▁Andrea ▁Michel ori ▁top - sc ored ▁with ▁ 2 8 ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁between ▁Blues ▁and ▁Wh ites ▁that ▁finished ▁ 9 0 - 7 2 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁box sc ores ▁by ▁L ega ▁Basket ▁ ▁Ret riev ed ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 |
1 5 ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁team ▁and ▁individual ▁results ▁by ▁L ega ▁Basket ▁ ▁Ret riev ed ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Category : B asket ball ▁All - Star ▁Games ▁Category : Ann ual ▁sport ing ▁events ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Rec ur ring ▁sport ing ▁events ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁Under ground ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁by ▁guitar ist ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy , ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁on ▁N iss i ▁Records . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁demo ▁tracks ▁recorded ▁by ▁Ke ag gy ▁in ▁his ▁home ▁studio . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁on ▁CD ▁by ▁the ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy ▁Club , ▁and ▁features ▁a ▁different ▁track ▁order . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy . ▁▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁LP ▁and ▁c ass ette ▁release ▁Side ▁one ▁ ▁" What ▁a ▁Love " ▁— ▁ 3 : 5 6 ▁ ▁" The ▁R ans om " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 7 ▁ ▁" Dead line " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" Th ink ▁About ▁It " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" One ▁in ▁a ▁Mill ion " ▁— ▁ 4 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" I ▁Know ▁Someone " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 1 ▁ ▁" A |
▁Gl orious ▁Sun set " ▁( c ass ette ▁only ) ▁ ▁Side ▁two ▁ ▁" The ▁Two ▁of ▁You " ▁— ▁ 4 : 5 6 ▁ ▁" P aid ▁in ▁Full " ▁— ▁ 4 : 2 0 ▁ ▁" What ▁You ▁Are ▁Inside " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" Follow ▁Me ▁On " ▁— ▁ 3 : 2 4 ▁ ▁" The ▁Sur viv or " ▁— ▁ 5 : 1 2 ▁ ▁" When ▁I ▁Say ▁I ▁Love ▁You " ▁( c ass ette ▁only ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁CD ▁re - release ▁ ▁" P aid ▁in ▁Full " ▁— ▁ 4 : 2 0 ▁ ▁" I ▁Know ▁Someone " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 8 ▁ ▁" Dead line " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 3 ▁ ▁" What ▁a ▁Love " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 5 ▁ ▁" The ▁Two ▁of ▁You " ▁— ▁ 5 : 0 1 ▁ ▁" One ▁in ▁a ▁Mill ion " ▁— ▁ 4 : 3 3 ▁ ▁" The ▁R ans om " ▁— ▁ 3 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" What ▁You ▁Are ▁Inside " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" A ▁Gl orious ▁Sun set " ▁— ▁ 4 : 0 2 ▁ ▁" Follow ▁Me ▁On " ▁— ▁ 3 : 2 2 ▁ ▁" Th ink ▁About ▁It " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 6 ▁ ▁" When ▁I ▁Say ▁I ▁Love ▁You " ▁— ▁ |
3 : 1 1 ▁ ▁" The ▁Sur viv or " ▁— ▁ 5 : 1 6 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy : ▁gu it ars , ▁drum ▁programming , ▁per cussion , ▁bass , ▁key boards , ▁vocals ▁Bern ad ette ▁Ke ag gy : ▁partial ▁lead ▁vocal ▁on ▁" Th ink ▁About ▁It " ▁ ▁Production ▁notes ▁Produ ced , ▁recorded ▁and ▁mixed ▁by ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy . ▁Songs ▁written ▁and ▁recorded : ▁autumn ▁ 1 9 8 2 - spring ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁albums ▁Category : Phil ▁Ke ag gy ▁albums ▁Category : Dem o ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁J ør gen ▁Tr amm ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁row er . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁eight ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Dan ish ▁male ▁row ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁Denmark ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : People ▁from ▁E sb j erg <0x0A> </s> ▁Don n ▁Sl é ib he ▁U a ▁G ad h ra , ▁King ▁of ▁S li ab h ▁L ugh a , ▁died ▁ 1 1 8 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁Ann als ▁of ▁L ough |
▁Ce ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁contemporary ▁reference ▁to ▁Don n ▁Sl é ib he , ▁l acon ically ▁reporting ▁that ▁Don ns le ib he ▁O ' G ad h ra ▁mort u us ▁est ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 1 8 1 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁http :// www . ucc . ie / c elt / published / T 1 0 0 0 1 0 A / index . html ▁ ▁Category : People ▁from ▁County ▁May o ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁Irish ▁mon arch s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁K ling on ▁Dictionary ▁( T K D ) ▁is ▁a ▁book ▁by ▁Marc ▁O kr and ▁describing ▁the ▁K ling on ▁language . ▁First ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁then ▁again ▁with ▁an ▁add end um ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁it ▁includes ▁pron unci ation , ▁gram mar ▁and ▁voc abulary . ▁It ▁has ▁sold ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁hundred ▁thousand ▁copies ▁ ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁five ▁languages . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁a ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁gram mar ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁examples ▁for ▁every ▁rule . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁suitable ▁for ▁active ▁learning ▁and ▁practice ▁of ▁the ▁language , ▁because ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁contain ▁any ▁exercises . ▁It ▁has ▁never ▁been ▁intended ▁as ▁a ▁learning ▁book . ▁Its ▁source ▁was ▁intended ▁as ▁a ▁guide ▁for ▁script writ ers ▁and ▁actors . ▁It ▁was ▁only ▁later ▁sold ▁for ▁merch and ising ▁for ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁fans . ▁ |
▁Summary ▁ ▁The ▁dictionary ▁is ▁written ▁from ▁an ▁in - un iverse ▁perspective . ▁After ▁a ▁brief ▁introduction ▁about ▁the ▁K ling on ▁culture ▁and ▁also ▁how ▁the ▁book ▁has ▁been ▁written , ▁the ▁pron unci ation ▁of ▁the ▁K ling on ▁letters ▁is ▁described . ▁Instead ▁of ▁using ▁ph on etic ▁symbols , ▁the ▁letters ▁of ▁the ▁Latin ▁al phabet ▁are ▁used , ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁written ▁in ▁upper ▁case ▁to ▁distinguish ▁special ▁pron unci ations . ▁For ▁instance ▁q ▁and ▁Q ▁are ▁different ▁sounds , ▁and ▁the ▁combination ▁ng ▁is ▁considered ▁as ▁one ▁single ▁letter . ▁The ▁largest ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁is ▁a ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁gram mar , ▁including ▁briefly ▁described ▁rules ▁sorted ▁by ▁type ▁of ▁words , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁few ▁examples ▁for ▁each ▁gram mat ical ▁topic . ▁The ▁last ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁contains ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁voc abulary ▁with ▁roughly ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁words , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁useful ▁phrases . ▁The ▁add end um ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁contains ▁some ▁new ▁gram mat ical ▁details ▁and ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁new ▁words ▁that ▁appeared ▁in ▁or ▁were ▁created ▁for ▁later ▁movies ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁Star ▁Tre k : ▁The ▁Next ▁Generation . ▁ ▁Digital ▁ed itions ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁book ▁is ▁available ▁for ▁E - book ▁readers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁publisher ▁Simon ▁& ▁Sch uster ▁introduced ▁an ▁iPhone ▁application |
▁version ▁of ▁The ▁K ling on ▁Dictionary ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁three ▁applications ▁rolled ▁into ▁a ▁K ling on ▁Language ▁Suite . ▁The ▁new ▁digital ▁format ▁features ▁a ▁precise ▁pron unci ation ▁guide , ▁rules ▁for ▁proper ▁use ▁of ▁aff ix es ▁and ▁suffix es , ▁and ▁a ▁search ▁menu . ▁ ▁Trans l ations ▁ ▁The ▁dictionary ▁was ▁first ▁translated ▁into ▁Portuguese ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁Brazil ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Its ▁title ▁was ▁simply ▁D icion ário ▁da ▁lí ng ua ▁k ling on . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁translation ▁was ▁German ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁bearing ▁the ▁title ▁Das ▁off iz ielle ▁W ör ter buch ▁K ling on isch / De utsch ▁(" The ▁Official ▁K ling on - G erman ▁Dictionary "). ▁That ▁book ▁contains ▁many ▁ty pos ▁and ▁incorrect ▁transl ations , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁mis leading ▁when ▁learning ▁the ▁language . ▁A ▁rev ised ▁version , ▁corrected ▁by ▁K ling on ▁teacher ▁Lie ven ▁L ita er , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Italian ▁translation ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁publisher ▁F an ucc i ▁Edit ore ▁and ▁named ▁Il ▁diz ion ario ▁K ling on - It al iano ▁(" The ▁K ling on - It al ian ▁Dictionary "). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁dictionary ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁Czech ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁K ling ons k ý ▁sl ov ní k ▁( K ling on ▁Dictionary |
). ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁ 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 9 ▁Swedish ▁translation , ▁K ling ons k ▁or db ok , ▁( with ▁Swedish ▁examples ▁and ▁with ▁additional ▁material ▁from ▁later ▁canonical ▁works ) ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁at ▁the ▁K ling ons ka ▁Ak adem ien ▁website . ▁ ▁T riv ia ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁season ▁ 2 ▁episode ▁" The ▁P ant y ▁Pi ñ ata ▁Pol ar ization " ▁of ▁The ▁Big ▁Bang ▁Theory , ▁the ▁dictionary ▁is ▁being ▁used ▁during ▁a ▁game ▁of ▁K ling on ▁B oggle . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁season ▁ 1 0 ▁episode ▁ 7 ▁of ▁The ▁Big ▁Bang ▁Theory , ▁while ▁She ld on ▁and ▁Amy ▁are ▁having ▁sup per ▁with ▁Leonard ▁and ▁Pen ny , ▁She ld on ▁speaks ▁K ling on ▁with ▁Leonard ▁to ▁hide ▁what ▁they ▁are ▁speaking ▁about ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁girls . ▁ ▁Follow ▁up ▁ ▁New ▁voc abulary ▁and ▁gram mar ▁rules , ▁published ▁after ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁two ▁audio - c ourses ▁and ▁two ▁more ▁books ▁by ▁Marc ▁O kr and , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁schol arly ▁journal ▁Hol Q e D ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁K ling on ▁Language ▁Institute ▁( 1 9 9 2 - 2 0 0 4 ): ▁▁ ▁Con vers ational ▁K ling on ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁- ▁aud ioc ourse ▁ ▁Power ▁K ling on ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁ ▁- ▁aud ioc ourse |
▁ ▁The ▁K ling on ▁Way ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁K ling on ▁for ▁the ▁Gal actic ▁Tr av eller ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁K ling on ▁gram mar ▁ ▁K ling ons ▁ ▁The ▁K ling on ▁Way ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁reference ▁books ▁ ▁Al ien ▁language ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁K ling on ▁Language ▁Institute ▁ ▁K ling on ▁Dictionary ▁for ▁iPhone ▁ ▁K ling on ▁Mult iling ual ▁Dictionary ▁ ▁Category : Construct ed ▁languages ▁resources ▁Dictionary ▁Category : Star ▁Tre k ▁reference ▁books ▁Category : P ocket ▁Books ▁books ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : English ▁b iling ual ▁d iction aries <0x0A> </s> ▁É ric ▁Pac ô me ▁N ' D ri ▁( born ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁I vor ian ▁ath lete ▁special izing ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres . ▁ ▁Particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁he ▁achieved ▁third ▁place ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁heat , ▁thus ▁secur ing ▁qual ification ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁round . ▁He ▁then ▁achieved ▁e ighth ▁place ▁in ▁his ▁second ▁round ▁heat , ▁thus ▁failing ▁to ▁secure ▁qual ification ▁to ▁the ▁semi - fin als . ▁He ▁also ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁N ' |
D ri ▁has ▁won ▁two ▁med als ▁in ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁at ▁the ▁Je ux ▁de ▁la ▁Franc oph onie ; ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁N ' D ri ▁co - holds ▁the ▁national ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁relay ▁record ▁of ▁ 3 8 . 6 0 ▁seconds , ▁achieved ▁with ▁team mates ▁I bra him ▁Me ité , ▁Ah med ▁Dou hou ▁and ▁Y ves ▁Son an ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Ed mont on . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : I vor ian ▁male ▁spr inters ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : A thlet es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athletes ▁of ▁Iv ory ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁B ayer ▁design ation ▁X i ▁Cap ric orn i ▁( ξ ▁Cap , ▁ ξ ▁Cap ric orn i ) ▁is ▁shared ▁by ▁two ▁star ▁systems , ▁in ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁Cap ric orn us : ▁▁ ξ ¹ ▁Cap ric orn i ▁▁ ξ ² ▁Cap |
ric orn i , ▁being ▁the ▁br ighter ▁of ▁the ▁two , ▁often ▁simply ▁called ▁ ξ ▁Cap ric orn i ▁They ▁are ▁separated ▁by ▁ 0 . 2 5 ° ▁in ▁the ▁sky . ▁ ▁Cap ric orn i , ▁X i ▁Category : Cap ric orn us ▁( const ell ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Eric ▁W en ner berg , ▁born ▁January ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁in ▁Land sk ron a , ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁b obs led der ▁who ▁competed ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁four - man ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁F IB T ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Lake ▁Pl ac id , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁W en ner berg ▁died ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁in ▁Seg elt orp . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Bob s le igh ▁four - man ▁world ▁championship ▁medal ists ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁Eric ▁W en ner berg ▁Biography ▁and ▁Statistics ▁Sweden ▁Bob s le igh ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Gren ob le ▁Winter ▁Games ▁Eric ▁W en ner berg ▁- ▁www . s ok . se ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : Sw edish ▁male ▁b obs led ders ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁b obs led ders ▁of ▁Sweden |
▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Os lo ▁University ▁College ▁( ; ▁Hi O ) ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁state ▁university ▁college ▁in ▁Norway ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 8 , 0 0 0 ▁students ▁and ▁approx . ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁employees . ▁Os lo ▁University ▁College ▁merged ▁with ▁Ak ers hus ▁University ▁College ▁to ▁form ▁Os lo ▁and ▁Ak ers hus ▁University ▁College ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁this ▁institution ▁became ▁Os lo ▁Met ropolitan ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁O UC ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁when ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁college ▁system ▁was ▁re struct ured ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁smaller ▁colleges ▁in ▁the ▁Os lo ▁area ▁merged . ▁From ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁centre ▁of ▁Os lo ▁along ▁Pil est red et ▁street . ▁The ▁main ▁campus ▁was ▁the ▁previous ▁F ry den l und ▁Brew ery ▁near ▁Bis lett ▁stadium . ▁O UC ▁offered ▁the ▁broad est ▁portfolio ▁of ▁professional ▁studies ▁available ▁in ▁Norway . ▁The ▁language ▁of ▁instruction ▁was ▁Norweg ian . ▁ ▁Fac ult ies ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Art , ▁Design ▁and ▁Dr ama ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Social ▁Sciences ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Education ▁and ▁International ▁Studies ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Engineering ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Health ▁Sciences ▁Fac |
ulty ▁of ▁Journal ism , ▁Library ▁and ▁Information ▁Science ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁N urs ing ▁ ▁Cent res ▁ ▁Centre ▁for ▁Educ ational ▁Research ▁and ▁Development ▁Centre ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Profess ions ▁National ▁Centre ▁for ▁Mult icult ural ▁Education ▁Learning ▁Centre ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Os lo ▁University ▁College ▁website ▁C ourses ▁taught ▁in ▁English ▁at ▁Os lo ▁University ▁College ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁* ▁Category : E duc ation ▁in ▁Os lo ▁Os lo ▁Category : Fl oren ce ▁Network ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Norway <0x0A> </s> ▁Sy bra ▁ind ist inct a ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Bre uning ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁ind ist inct a ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ose f ▁Bar atz ▁( , ▁born ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁died ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Z ion ist ▁activ ist ▁and ▁Israeli ▁politician . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁Co ş ni ţ a , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Kh erson ▁Governor ate ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁( t oday ▁in ▁the ▁Dub ă s ari ▁District ▁of ▁M old ova ), ▁Bar atz ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁a ▁H eder ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁Young ▁Z ion ▁movement |
▁in ▁Chi ş in ă u . ▁He ▁immigr ated ▁to ▁Ott oman - cont rolled ▁Palest ine ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁agriculture ▁in ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁and ▁Re h ov ot , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁stone ▁cut ter ▁in ▁Jerusalem , ▁Tel ▁Av iv , ▁Atl it ▁and ▁Z ikh ron ▁Ya ' akov . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁Bar atz ▁was ▁also ▁amongst ▁the ▁early ▁members ▁of ▁Deg ania ▁Ale f , ▁the ▁first ▁k ib but z . ▁ ▁Bar atz ▁was ▁also ▁sent ▁abroad ▁as ▁an ▁em iss ary , ▁to ▁Russia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁and ▁Austria ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁H agan ah , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Represent atives . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁K ness et ▁on ▁the ▁Map ai ▁list , ▁but ▁lost ▁his ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁elections . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 8 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Dub ă s ari ▁District ▁Category : People ▁from ▁T ir as pol sky ▁U y ez d ▁Category |
: M old ovan ▁Jews ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁Jews ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : J ew s ▁in ▁Ott oman ▁Palest ine ▁Category : J ew s ▁in ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine ▁Category : Is rael i ▁people ▁of ▁M old ovan - J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : Map ai ▁politicians ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁( M and atory ▁Palest ine ) ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁K ness et ▁( 1 9 4 9 – 1 9 5 1 ) ▁Category : H agan ah ▁members <0x0A> </s> ▁Fair V ote ▁( former ly ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Democr acy ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 0 1 ( c )( 3 ) ▁organization ▁that ▁advoc ates ▁elect oral ▁reform ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Found ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁as ▁Cit iz ens ▁for ▁Pro port ional ▁Rep resentation ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁proport ional ▁representation ▁in ▁American ▁elections , ▁the ▁organization ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁became ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Democr acy ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Fair V ote ▁to ▁reflect ▁its ▁support ▁of ▁such ▁platforms ▁as ▁ranked ▁choice ▁voting ▁( RC V ), ▁for ▁single - w inner ▁elections , ▁a ▁national ▁popular ▁vote ▁for ▁president , ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁am endment ▁to ▁the ▁Constitution , ▁and ▁universal |
▁vot er ▁registration . ▁Fair V ote ▁releases ▁regular ▁publications ▁on ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁elect oral ▁system , ▁including ▁Dub ious ▁Democr acy ▁and ▁Mon opol y ▁Politics . ▁ ▁Not able ▁members ▁of ▁Fair V ote ' s ▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁include ▁its ▁chair , ▁former ▁N ir v ana ▁bass ist ▁Krist ▁Nov os el ic . ▁The ▁previous ▁chair ▁was ▁former ▁Congress man ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁independent ▁presidential ▁candidate ▁John ▁Anderson . ▁ ▁About ▁ ▁Found ing ▁Fair V ote ▁was ▁founded ▁as ▁Cit iz ens ▁for ▁Pro port ional ▁Rep resentation ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁in ▁C inc inn ati , ▁Ohio , ▁by ▁a ▁diverse ▁group ▁of ▁scholars , ▁grass ro ots ▁activ ists , ▁civ ic ▁leaders , ▁and ▁politicians . ▁ ▁The ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁mer ger ▁of ▁several ▁smaller ▁groups ▁promoting ▁proport ional ▁representation ▁reform ▁into ▁a ▁single , ▁national ized ▁advoc acy ▁group , ▁it ▁originally ▁had ▁co - found er ▁Robert ▁Rich ie ▁as ▁executive ▁director , ▁co - found er ▁Matthew ▁C oss ol otto ▁as ▁president ▁and ▁third ▁co - found er ▁Steven ▁Hill ▁as ▁western ▁regional ▁director ▁based ▁in ▁Seattle ▁and ▁later ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁John ▁Anderson ▁was ▁head ▁of ▁its ▁national ▁advis ory ▁board ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁published ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁comment ary ▁advoc ating ▁R CV ▁in ▁presidential ▁elections . ▁The ▁C PR ▁ended ▁its ▁founding ▁year ▁operating ▁in ▁Alexand ria , ▁Virginia |
, ▁with ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 ▁members . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁tim eline ▁Since ▁its ▁founding , ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁expanded ▁its ▁reach ▁and ▁expressed ▁its ▁platforms ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁government ▁through ▁campaigns , ▁blogs , ▁news let ters , ▁lobby ing , ▁interviews , ▁am icus ▁cur ia e ▁brief s , ▁and ▁numerous ▁media ▁out lets . ▁Not able ▁events ▁include : ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁Ted ▁Ber ry , ▁the ▁first ▁African - American ▁mayor ▁of ▁C inc inn ati , ▁conduct s ▁a ▁wel coming ▁speech ▁at ▁the ▁C PR ▁opening ▁convention . ▁Ber ry ▁was ▁a ▁firm ▁supp orter ▁of ▁proport ional ▁representation ▁and ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁to ▁rein state ▁the ▁practice ▁in ▁C inc inn ati ▁after ▁its ▁repe al ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ 1 9 9 3 : ▁Cit iz ens ▁for ▁Pro port ional ▁Rep resentation ▁changes ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Democr acy ▁to ▁reflect ▁support ▁of ▁other ▁reform s , ▁such ▁as ▁R CV ▁and ▁universal ▁vot er ▁registration . ▁The ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Democr acy ▁rel oc ates ▁to ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁Robert ▁Rich ie ▁appears ▁on ▁national ▁radio ▁to ▁explain ▁a ▁federal ▁judge ' s ▁ruling ▁that ▁cum ulative ▁voting ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁settle ▁a ▁voting ▁rights ▁case ▁in ▁C |
ane ▁vs . ▁Wor cester ▁County , ▁M . D . ▁The ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Democr acy ▁releases ▁the ▁first ▁Dub ious ▁Democr acy , ▁its ▁b ian n ual ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁democracy ▁in ▁congress ional ▁elections . ▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁Steven ▁Hill ▁runs ▁the ▁first ▁campaign ▁for ▁elect oral ▁system ▁reform ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁for ▁several ▁decades , ▁a ▁vot er ▁initiative ▁to ▁pass ▁preference ▁voting ▁( pro port ional ▁representation ) ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁The ▁campaign ▁los es , ▁ 5 4 - 4 6 %, ▁but ▁sets ▁the ▁stage ▁for ▁future ▁vict ories . ▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁The ▁Center ▁releases ▁Mon opol y ▁Politics , ▁a ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁und em ocratic ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁single ▁winner ▁plural ity ▁system . ▁The ▁Center ' s ▁news ▁conference ▁is ▁fil med ▁on ▁C - SP AN , ▁and ▁Rob ▁Rich ie ' s ▁opinion ▁appears ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times . ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁R CV ▁for ▁state wide ▁elections ▁passes ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Mexico ▁State ▁Senate . ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Led ▁by ▁western ▁regional ▁director ▁Steven ▁Hill , ▁San ▁Francisco ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁city ▁to ▁pass ▁a ▁vot er ▁initiative , ▁ 5 4 - 4 6 %, ▁to ▁adopt ▁R CV ▁for ▁certain ▁city wide ▁elections ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Steven ▁Hill ' s ▁book ▁Fix ing ▁E lections : ▁the ▁Fail ure ▁of ▁American ' s ▁W |
inner ▁Take ▁All ▁E lections ▁is ▁published , ▁making ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁elect oral ▁system ▁reform ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁San ▁Francisco ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁city ▁since ▁Ann ▁Ar bor , ▁MI ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁to ▁use ▁R CV ▁in ▁public ▁elections , ▁after ▁su ing ▁rec al cit rant ▁city ▁officials ▁to ▁comp el ▁compliance ▁with ▁the ▁law . ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁Arkansas ▁inst itutes ▁R CV ▁for ▁overseas ▁military ▁voters ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁South ▁Carolina ▁inst itutes ▁R CV ▁for ▁military ▁and ▁overseas ▁voters ▁and ▁Oak land ▁and ▁Min ne apolis ▁pass ▁it ▁for ▁city ▁elections ▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁Maryland ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁state ▁to ▁pass ▁the ▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁plan ▁for ▁president ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁Oak land , ▁Berkeley ▁and ▁San ▁Le andro , ▁CA ▁all ▁use ▁R CV ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁to ▁elect ▁local ▁offices . ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Robert ▁Rich ie ▁writes ▁for ▁The ▁H uff ington ▁Post ▁supporting ▁a ▁national ▁popular ▁vote ▁for ▁president ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Robert ▁Rich ie ▁co auth ors ▁the ▁fourth ▁edition ▁of ▁Every ▁V ote ▁Equ al , ▁a ▁book ▁explaining ▁and ▁supporting ▁the ▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁Inter state ▁Comp act ▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁New ▁York ▁law makers ▁pass ▁a ▁national ▁popular ▁vote ▁bill ▁that ▁will ▁award ▁the ▁state ' s ▁elect oral ▁votes ▁to ▁the ▁candidate ▁who |
▁receives ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁vote ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Fair V ote ▁co - host s ▁with ▁the ▁Washington ▁College ▁of ▁Law ▁a ▁" Dem ocr acy ▁Sl am " ▁with ▁NBC ' s ▁Chuck ▁Todd ▁and ▁other ▁leading ▁journalists ▁and ▁profess ors , ▁with ▁its ▁key ▁reform s ▁receiving ▁high ▁ratings . ▁ 2 0 1 6 : ▁Maine ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁state ▁to ▁adopt ▁R CV ▁state wide , ▁with ▁Fair V ote ▁having ▁a ▁Fair V ote ▁Maine ▁arm ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁is ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Tak oma ▁Park , ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁Mission ▁The ▁stated ▁mission ▁of ▁Fair V ote ▁is ▁" a ▁non part isan ▁champion ▁of ▁elect oral ▁reform s ▁that ▁give ▁voters ▁greater ▁choice , ▁a ▁stronger ▁voice , ▁and ▁a ▁representative ▁democracy ▁that ▁works ▁for ▁all ▁Americans ." ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁concentr ates ▁its ▁efforts ▁on ▁elect oral ▁reform ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁through ▁research , ▁education , ▁out reach , ▁and ▁support ▁of ▁policies ▁that ▁foster ▁equal ▁representation ▁and ▁greater ▁trans parency ▁within ▁the ▁elect oral ▁administration . ▁ ▁The ▁organization ' s ▁projects ▁fall ▁into ▁three ▁broad ▁categories : ▁fair ▁access ▁to ▁participation , ▁fair ▁elections , ▁and ▁fair ▁representation . ▁To ▁that ▁end , ▁it ▁spons ors ▁programs ▁like ▁the ▁Democr acy ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁( So S ) ▁Project , ▁which ▁scrut in izes ▁practices ▁ob struct ing ▁the ▁voting ▁process ▁while ▁propos ing ▁solutions ▁to ▁hold ▁elect |
oral ▁officials ▁account able ▁for ▁their ▁actions . ▁The ▁Prom ote ▁Our ▁V ote ▁project ▁focuses ▁on ▁local ▁ideas ▁to ▁sp ur ▁participation . ▁ ▁Members ▁of ▁Fair V ote ▁regularly ▁write ▁blogs , ▁provide ▁comment ary ▁in ▁interviews , ▁and ▁offer ▁intern ships ▁for ▁interested ▁youth . ▁ ▁Public ▁perception ▁ ▁General ▁coverage ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁been ▁covered ▁by ▁many ▁major ▁news ▁out lets , ▁including ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁and ▁N PR , ▁which ▁tend ▁to ▁call ▁it ▁a ▁non part isan ▁voting ▁rights ▁advoc acy ▁group . ▁Other ▁commonly ▁used ▁terms ▁include : ▁" v oting ▁rights ▁organization ," ▁" election ▁reform ▁advoc acy ▁group ," ▁" n ational ▁reform ▁organization ," ▁and ▁" election ▁participation ▁and ▁reform ▁group ." ▁The ▁Denver ▁Post ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁as ▁" election - prote ction ▁campaign ers ." ▁ ▁Al leg ed ▁liberal ▁bias ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁profile ▁of ▁Fair V ote ▁co - found er ▁Steven ▁Hill , ▁Scott ▁James ▁called ▁Fair V ote ▁a ▁" left - wing ▁group ". ▁Other ▁writers ▁have ▁claimed ▁that ▁many ▁Fair V ote ▁policies , ▁such ▁as ▁R CV , ▁are ▁popular ▁in ▁" li ber al ▁en cl aves " ▁and ▁supported ▁by ▁" pop ul ist ▁groups " ▁such ▁as ▁Common ▁C ause , ▁an ▁advoc acy ▁organization , ▁and ▁thus ▁give ▁the ▁group ▁a ▁liberal ▁tilt . ▁Louis ▁Jacob son , ▁a ▁writer ▁for ▁Roll ▁Call , ▁arg ues ▁that ▁any |
▁group ▁supporting ▁the ▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁Inter state ▁Comp act ▁will ▁be ▁perceived ▁as ▁liberal - lean ing ▁because ▁of ▁Democratic ▁frustration ▁with ▁the ▁E lector al ▁College ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁President ial ▁E lection . ▁But ▁Rob ▁Rich ie , ▁Fair V ote ' s ▁president , ▁has ▁said , ▁"[ F air V ote ] ▁is ▁definitely ▁not ▁a ▁Democratic ▁stalk ing ▁horse ." ▁In ▁addition , ▁Fair V ote ▁points ▁to ▁John ▁Anderson , ▁who ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁first ▁advis ory ▁board ▁and ▁a ▁current ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors , ▁who ▁ran ▁for ▁President ▁as ▁an ▁Independent ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁In ▁fact , ▁before ▁Anderson ▁ran ▁for ▁President , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁Republican ▁Congress man ▁from ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁Pro posed ▁reform s ▁Re leased ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Re form ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁four ▁goals ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁hopes ▁to ▁reach ▁by ▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁ ▁Fair ▁Rep resentation ▁V oting ▁Rank ed ▁Choice ▁V oting ▁Const itutional ▁Right ▁to ▁V ote ▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁ ▁E lector al ▁procedure ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁advoc ates ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁instant - run off ▁voting ▁( IR V ) ▁in ▁single - w inner ▁elections . ▁Under ▁this ▁system , ▁voters ▁rank ▁candidates ▁in ▁order ▁of ▁preference , ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁more ▁widely ▁used ▁plural ity ▁voting ▁system . ▁This |
▁is ▁widely ▁called ▁" rank ed - choice ▁voting " ▁( RC V ) ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Fair V ote ▁backed ▁a ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ball ot ▁initiative ▁am ending ▁Section ▁ 1 3 . 1 0 2 ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁char ter ▁to ▁allow ▁R CV ▁in ▁local ▁elections . ▁The ▁city ▁began ▁using ▁R CV ▁to ▁elect ▁local ▁officials ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁ball ot ▁initiatives ▁supported ▁by ▁Fair V ote ▁have ▁allowed ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁R CV ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁cities ▁( listed ▁with ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁use ): ▁ ▁Tak oma ▁Park , ▁Maryland ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Minnesota ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁Oak land , ▁California , ▁Berkeley ▁and ▁San ▁Le andro ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁Portland , ▁Maine ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁San ▁Le andro , ▁California ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁St . ▁Paul , ▁Minnesota ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Spring field , ▁Illinois ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Tell ur ide , ▁Colorado ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Mem ph is , ▁Tennessee ▁( not ▁yet ▁implemented ) ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁supports ▁modification ▁of ▁state ▁laws ▁governing ▁the ▁E lector al ▁College ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁president ▁is ▁elected ▁by ▁national ▁popular ▁vote . ▁Fair V ote ▁advoc |
ates ▁the ▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁Inter state ▁Comp act , ▁an ▁agreement ▁among ▁states ▁and ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁to ▁award ▁their ▁elect oral ▁votes ▁to ▁the ▁candidate ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁popular ▁vote ▁total ▁in ▁all ▁ 5 0 ▁states ▁and ▁DC . ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁played ▁an ▁active ▁role ▁in ▁lobby ing ▁state ▁officials ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁compact . ▁New ▁York ▁Assembly man ▁Fred ▁Th iele ▁said ▁he ▁first ▁proposed ▁New ▁York ' s ▁entrance ▁into ▁the ▁compact ▁after ▁being ▁approached ▁by ▁Fair V ote . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁advoc ates ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁proport ional ▁representation ▁( which ▁they ▁call ▁" f air ▁representation ▁voting ") ▁in ▁multi - se at ▁assembly ▁and ▁council ▁elections ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁this ▁system , ▁each ▁candidate ▁or ▁party ▁controls ▁a ▁share ▁of ▁seats ▁equal ▁to ▁its ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁The ▁organization ▁has ▁proposed ▁combining ▁several ▁congress ional ▁districts ▁into ▁one ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁proport ional ▁representation ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁California ▁and ▁Michigan ▁state ▁as sembl ies . ▁They ▁advocate ▁for ▁several ▁PR ▁systems , ▁including ▁ST V ▁( which ▁they ▁also ▁call ▁" Rank ed ▁Choice ▁V oting "), ▁cum ulative ▁voting , ▁un ordered ▁open ▁list ▁(" Open ▁T icket ▁V oting "), ▁S NT V ▁(" Single - V ote ▁Method "), ▁and ▁M MP ▁(" D istrict s ▁Plus "). ▁ ▁V oting ▁rights ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁backed ▁the ▁proposed ▁Right ▁to ▁V |
ote ▁Am endment ▁( H ouse ▁J oint ▁Res olution ▁ 4 4 ), ▁sponsored ▁by ▁Represent atives ▁Mark ▁P oc an ▁( D - WI ) ▁and ▁Keith ▁Ell ison ▁( D - M N ), ▁under ▁which ▁citizens ▁would ▁be ▁guaranteed ▁a ▁constitutional ▁right ▁to ▁vote . ▁Fair V ote ▁filed ▁a ▁policy ▁brief ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁legislation , ▁stating , ▁" We ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁is ▁a ▁corner stone ▁of ▁representative ▁democracy ▁that ▁depends ▁upon ▁broad ly ▁defined ▁vot er ▁el ig ibility , ▁universal ▁vot er ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁poll s , ▁and ▁election ▁integrity ." ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁also ▁advoc ated ▁universal ▁vot er ▁registration , ▁a ▁system ▁in ▁which ▁all ▁citizens ▁of ▁legal ▁voting ▁age ▁would ▁be ▁registered ▁to ▁vote ▁automatically . ▁ ▁Research ▁and ▁reports ▁ ▁E lection ▁research ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁conducted ▁research ▁on ▁both ▁presidential ▁and ▁Congress ional ▁elections . ▁Most ▁of ▁its ▁presidential ▁election ▁research ▁focuses ▁on ▁the ▁elect oral ▁college ' s ▁effects ▁on ▁campaign ing . ▁In ▁its ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁President ial ▁E lection ▁analysis , ▁Fair V ote ▁documented ▁the ▁large ▁dispar ity ▁in ▁both ▁time ▁and ▁money ▁spent ▁in ▁swing ▁states ▁( e . g ., ▁Florida ) ▁versus ▁safe ▁states ▁( e . g ., ▁Maryland ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁begun ▁publishing ▁data ▁on ▁how ▁much ▁time ▁sitting ▁pres idents ▁spend ▁in ▁swing ▁states . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁releases ▁two ▁main ▁documents ▁of ▁Congress |
ional ▁research ▁every ▁election ▁cycle . ▁The ▁first ▁is ▁" Mon opol y ▁Politics ", ▁which ▁contains ▁predictions ▁and ▁analysis ▁for ▁each ▁race . ▁Fair V ote ▁first ▁categor izes ▁each ▁seat ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁compet it iveness ; ▁seats ▁are ▁labeled ▁Safe ▁Democratic , ▁L ik ely ▁Democratic , ▁Le an ▁Democratic , ▁T oss ▁Up , ▁Le an ▁Republican , ▁L ik ely ▁Republican , ▁or ▁Safe ▁Republican . ▁Related ly , ▁Fair V ote ▁gives ▁each ▁district ▁a ▁part is ans hip ▁ranking ▁derived ▁from ▁previous ▁elections . ▁Fair V ote ▁then ▁predict s ▁what ▁percentage ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁candidates ▁will ▁receive . ▁Last ly , ▁the ▁research ▁tries ▁to ▁predict ▁inc umb ent ▁winning ▁percent ages ▁for ▁the ▁election ▁cycle . ▁For ▁example , ▁Fair V ote ▁expects ▁inc umb ents ▁to ▁do ▁ 4 . 5 % ▁better ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁than ▁they ▁did ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁major ▁document ▁is ▁" D ub ious ▁Democr acy ", ▁an ▁assessment ▁of ▁Congress ional ▁elections ' ▁fair ness . ▁By ▁aggreg ating ▁Congress ional ▁race ▁data ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁the ▁research ▁attempts ▁to ▁highlight ▁several ▁elements ▁of ▁Congress ional ▁elections — ▁the ▁ratio ▁of ▁competitive ▁to ▁non compet itive ▁districts , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁g erry mand ering , ▁and ▁vot er ▁turn out — ▁that ▁Fair V ote ▁believes ▁hurt ▁the ▁democratic ▁process . ▁In ▁the ▁report , ▁every ▁Congress ional ▁race ▁is |
▁placed ▁on ▁a ▁scale ▁of ▁compet it iveness , ▁from ▁T ight ▁( < 5 % ▁margin ▁of ▁victory ) ▁to ▁No ▁Cont est ▁( > 4 0 % ▁margin ▁of ▁victory ), ▁and ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁races ▁within ▁each ▁category ▁is ▁track ed ▁over ▁time . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁research ▁tracks ▁vot er ▁turn out ▁and ▁wasted ▁votes ▁over ▁time . ▁Last ly , ▁the ▁report ▁follows ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁inc umb ents ▁in ▁winning ▁re election ▁over ▁time . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁Mon opol y ▁Politics ▁and ▁Dub ious ▁Democr acy , ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁mid term ▁elections ▁Fair V ote ▁released ▁data ▁on ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁third - party ▁and ▁spo iler ▁candidates . ▁The ▁report ▁found ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁many ▁districts ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁winning ▁candidate ▁did ▁not ▁receive ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁vote , ▁a ▁fact ▁the ▁group ▁finds ▁problem atic . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁research ▁highlighted ▁races ▁in ▁which ▁Independ ents ▁gar ner ed ▁a ▁s izable ▁percentage ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁Fair V ote ▁created ▁Rep resentation ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁a ▁project ▁that ▁hopes ▁to ▁achieve ▁par ity ▁in ▁the ▁numbers ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁serving ▁in ▁elected ▁office . ▁The ▁project ▁has ▁three ▁main ▁goals : ▁institutional izing ▁changes ▁in ▁party ▁rules ▁to ▁recruit ▁and ▁train ▁more ▁women ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁office , ▁creating ▁family - friendly ▁legisl ative ▁sched ules , ▁and ▁replacing ▁single - member ▁districts ▁with ▁multi - member |
▁districts ▁with ▁proport ional ▁representation . ▁Rep resentation 2 0 2 0 ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁a ▁separate ▁non profit ▁called ▁Represent W omen ; ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁closely ▁aligned ▁with ▁Fair V ote . ▁ ▁V oting ▁rights ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁created ▁two ▁projects ▁that ▁aim ▁to ▁expand ▁and ▁protect ▁voting ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁first , ▁Prom ote ▁Our ▁V ote , ▁tries ▁to ▁provide ▁support ▁and ▁resources ▁for ▁groups ▁focused ▁on ▁expanding ▁voting ▁rights . ▁The ▁group ▁provides ▁elect oral ▁research , ▁legal ▁analysis , ▁and ▁communications ▁assistance . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Prom ote ▁Our ▁V ote ▁creates ▁support ▁for ▁a ▁constitutional ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁am endment ▁by ▁building ▁up ▁support ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁level , ▁focusing ▁mainly ▁on ▁college ▁camp uses . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁project ▁is ▁Democr acy ▁So S , ▁which ▁aims ▁to ▁familiar ize ▁voters ▁with ▁the ▁important ▁role ▁of ▁state - level ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁officials . ▁To ▁that ▁end , ▁the ▁project ▁has ▁issued ▁reports ▁on ▁state ▁election ▁prepared ness , ▁interviewed ▁state ▁election ▁officials , ▁and ▁published ▁vot er ▁guides ▁that ▁focus ▁on ▁election ▁reform ▁policies . ▁The ▁project ▁also ▁hopes ▁to ▁popular ize ▁its ▁candidate ▁surveys , ▁which ▁include ▁questions ▁about ▁election ▁planning ▁and ▁election ▁integrity . ▁ ▁In vol vement ▁in ▁court ▁cases ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁recent ▁court ▁cases ▁as ▁am ici ▁cur ia e ▁to ▁advance ▁fair ▁representation ▁voting , ▁particularly ▁under ▁the ▁California ▁and ▁federal ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act |
. ▁Not able ▁recent ▁cases ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁involved ▁include : ▁ ▁San chez ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Mod esto ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁San chez ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Mod esto ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁dealt ▁with ▁the ▁constitutional ity ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁( CV RA ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁California ▁Super ior ▁Court ▁of ▁Stan isl aus ▁County ▁declared ▁the ▁CV RA ▁un const itutional ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Mod esto , ▁pl aint iffs ▁En rique ▁San chez , ▁Emma ▁P ined o ▁and ▁Salvador ▁V era ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁Fifth ▁App ell ate ▁District ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al ▁of ▁California . ▁ ▁Along ▁with ▁Kath ay ▁F eng ▁from ▁the ▁organization ▁California ▁Common ▁C ause , ▁Fair V ote ▁submitted ▁an ▁am icus ▁cur ia e ▁brief ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁pl aint iffs . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁argued ▁that ▁winner - take - all ▁at - large ▁voting ▁systems ▁caused ▁" vote ▁dil ut ions ▁in ▁juris dict ions ▁affected ▁by ▁rac ially ▁polar ized ▁voting , ▁even ▁where ▁minority ▁voters ▁cannot ▁form ▁a ▁majority ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁member ▁district ." ▁ ▁Support ing ▁the ▁CV RA , ▁Fair V ote ▁viewed ▁the ▁law ▁requiring ▁courts ▁to ▁" f ashion ▁effective ▁rem ed ies ▁to ▁cure ▁vote ▁dil ution ▁affecting ▁smaller ▁and ▁dispers ed ▁minority ▁populations ." ▁ ▁Assert ing ▁that ▁the ▁CV RA ▁allows ▁California |
▁to ▁become ▁more ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁people , ▁Fair V ote ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁CV RA ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁and ▁constitutional ▁piece ▁of ▁government ▁reform . ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al ▁applied ▁rational ▁basis ▁review ▁to ▁CV RA ▁and ▁declared ▁the ▁law ▁constitutional , ▁revers ing ▁the ▁lower ▁court ' s ▁decision . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁v . ▁Village ▁of ▁Port ▁Che ster ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁alleged ▁that ▁Port ▁Che ster ' s ▁at - large ▁system ▁of ▁elect ing ▁its ▁board ▁of ▁trust ees ▁viol ated ▁Section ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁The ▁US ▁government ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁at - large ▁elect oral ▁system ▁denied ▁the ▁His panic ▁population ▁" an ▁equal ▁opportunity ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁political ▁process ▁and ▁to ▁elect ▁representatives ▁of ▁their ▁choice ." ▁ ▁In ▁United ▁States ▁v . ▁Village ▁of ▁Port ▁Che ster ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), ▁US ▁District ▁Judge ▁Stephen ▁Robinson ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁Southern ▁District ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁issued ▁a ▁decision ▁that ▁the ▁Village ' s ▁election ▁system ▁viol ated ▁the ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act ▁and ▁ordered ▁rem ed ial ▁plans ▁from ▁all ▁parties . ▁ ▁The ▁Def end ants ▁of ▁the ▁case , ▁the ▁Village ▁of ▁Port ▁Che ster , ▁proposed ▁cum ulative ▁voting ▁as ▁a ▁rem edy , ▁which ▁" all ows ▁citizens ▁to ▁cast ▁multiple ▁votes |
▁for ▁a ▁given ▁candidate ▁for ▁a ▁given ▁seat ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Bren nan ▁Center , ▁representing ▁Fair V ote ▁as ▁am icus ▁cur ia e , ▁submitted ▁a ▁brief ▁supporting ▁cum ulative ▁voting ▁as ▁a ▁rem edy , ▁but ▁also ▁propos ing ▁another ▁system ▁known ▁as ▁" choice ▁voting ", ▁a ▁process ▁of ▁ranking ▁candidates . ▁Fair V ote ▁argued ▁that ▁" c um ulative ▁and ▁choice ▁voting ▁avoid ▁the ▁necessity ▁for ▁deliberately ▁drawing ▁districts ▁along ▁racial ▁lines " ▁and ▁that ▁a ▁winner - take - all ▁system ▁would ▁not ▁allow ▁the ▁His panic ▁minority ▁population ▁to ▁gain ▁representation . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁also ▁argued ▁that ▁cum ulative ▁voting ▁is ▁appropriate ▁under ▁the ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act , ▁as ▁it ▁" ens ures ▁the ▁equal ▁principle ▁of ▁" one - person , ▁one ▁vote " ", ▁is ▁race - neut ral , ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁case ▁law ▁and ▁history . ▁On ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁Court ▁did ▁not ▁accept ▁choice ▁voting ▁but ▁accepted ▁Port ▁Che ster ' s ▁rem edy ▁of ▁cum ulative ▁voting . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Port ▁Che ster ▁elected ▁its ▁first ▁Lat ino ▁to ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Trust ees . ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁Minnesota ▁is ▁an ▁independent ▁al ly ▁of ▁Fair V ote |
. ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁Minnesota , ▁s iding ▁with ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis , ▁served ▁as ▁interven or - respond ent ▁in ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis , ▁a ▁case ▁that ▁was ▁att ested ▁at ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁dealt ▁with ▁the ▁constitutional ity ▁of ▁R CV , ▁which ▁was ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁for ▁its ▁municipal ▁elections . ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance , ▁a ▁non - profit ▁organization ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁app ell ants , ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁" method ▁viol ates ▁their ▁right ▁to ▁vote , ▁to ▁associate ▁for ▁political ▁purposes , ▁and ▁to ▁equal ▁protection ▁under ▁both ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Const itut ions ". ▁ ▁S iding ▁with ▁the ▁city , ▁Fair V ote ▁Minnesota ▁stated ▁that ▁instant - run off ▁voting ▁( IR V ) ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁R CV ▁that ▁allowed ▁voters ▁to ▁rank ▁multiple ▁candidates ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁ball ot . ▁They ▁argued ▁that ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁voting ▁had ▁legitimate ▁policy ▁reasons ▁such ▁as ▁simpl ifying ▁the ▁election ▁process , ▁saving ▁money , ▁increasing ▁vot er ▁turn - out , ▁ensuring ▁more ▁diverse ▁representation , ▁and ▁promoting ▁civil ▁election ▁campaigns . ▁ ▁In ▁their ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Fair V ote ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁app ell ants ▁bore ▁a ▁"" he avy ▁burden ▁of ▁persu asion " |
▁because ▁they ▁brought ▁a ▁facial ▁challenge ▁to ▁the ▁constitutional ity ▁of ▁IR V " ▁and ▁that ▁" Min ne apolis ▁IR V ▁is ▁constitutional ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁legitimate ▁interests , ▁im poses ▁no ▁burden ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote , ▁and ▁applies ▁to ▁all ▁voters ". ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁aff irmed ▁the ▁lower ▁district ▁court ' s ▁ruling ▁that ▁R CV ▁did ▁not ▁inf ringe ▁on ▁the ▁app ell ants ' ▁constitutional ▁rights , ▁thus ▁reject ing ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance ' s ▁challenge ▁to ▁R CV . ▁After ▁the ▁result , ▁Jean ne ▁M asse y , ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁Fair V ote ▁Minnesota , ▁appl aud ed ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁decision ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁Court ▁" bl azed ▁a ▁path ▁that ▁every ▁community ▁in ▁our ▁state ▁can ▁follow ▁toward ▁better ▁elections ▁and ▁a ▁stronger ▁democracy " ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁" a ▁res ound ing ▁endorse ment ▁of ▁ranked ▁choice ▁voting ". ▁ ▁Ja ure gi ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Pal md ale ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Juan ▁Ja ure gui , ▁the ▁pl aint iff , ▁filed ▁a ▁complaint ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁alleg ing ▁that ▁Pal md ale ' s ▁at - large ▁method ▁of ▁elect ing ▁members ▁to ▁its ▁City ▁Council ▁resulted ▁in ▁vote ▁dil ution ▁for ▁Lat ino ▁and ▁African ▁American ▁residents . ▁ ▁The ▁lawsuit ▁claimed ▁that ▁Pal md ale ' s ▁at - large ▁method ▁denied ▁minority ▁residents ▁effective ▁political ▁participation ▁and |
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