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-) ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁award ▁criteria ▁were ▁changed ▁and ▁the ▁video ▁acc ol ades ▁were ▁presented ▁under ▁the ▁categories ▁Best ▁Con cept ▁Music ▁Video ▁and ▁Best ▁Performance ▁Music ▁Video . ▁The ▁awards ▁were ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁format ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁Except ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁Gram my ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Long ▁Form ▁Music ▁Video ▁recip ients ▁include ▁the ▁artists , ▁directors , ▁and ▁producers ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁winning ▁videos . ▁ ▁Sing ers ▁Mad onna ▁and ▁St ing ▁hold ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁wins ▁as ▁a ▁perform er ▁in ▁this ▁category , ▁with ▁two ▁each , ▁while ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁three ▁films ▁about ▁The ▁Beat les ▁among ▁the ▁winners . ▁However , ▁in ▁two ▁instances , ▁The ▁Beat les ▁were ▁not ▁recognized ▁as ▁individual ▁winners . ▁To ▁date , ▁three ▁directors ▁won ▁the ▁award ▁twice : ▁David ▁Mal let , ▁Jon as ▁A ker l und ▁and ▁Bob ▁S me aton . ▁Mad onna ▁holds ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁nom ination ▁with ▁four . ▁The ▁British ▁pop ▁rock ▁group ▁E ury thm ics ▁and ▁Cold play ▁hold ▁the ▁record ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁nom inations ▁as ▁a ▁perform er ▁without ▁a ▁win , ▁with ▁three ▁each . ▁ ▁Rec ip ients ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 5 , |
▁only ▁the ▁artists ▁were ▁presented ▁with ▁an ▁award . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁the ▁award ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁artist ( s ) ▁and ▁the ▁video ▁director ( s ). ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁on wards , ▁the ▁award ▁has ▁been ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁artist ( s ), ▁video ▁director ( s ) ▁and ▁video ▁producer ( s ). ▁( N om inations ▁list ▁performing ▁artists ▁only ). ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 s ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 s ▁▁ ▁Each ▁year ▁is ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁article ▁about ▁the ▁Gram my ▁Awards ▁held ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁Director ( s ) ▁are ▁only ▁indicated ▁if ▁they ▁were ▁presented ▁a ▁Gram my ▁Award . ▁ ▁Award ▁was ▁not ▁presented . ▁Music ▁video ▁categories ▁presented ▁that ▁year ▁included ▁Best ▁Con cept ▁Music ▁Video ▁and ▁Best ▁Performance ▁Music ▁Video . ▁ ▁Award ▁not ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁performing ▁artist ▁( only ▁to ▁video ▁director ( s ) ▁and ▁video ▁producer ( s )) ▁Director ▁unknown ; ▁award ▁presented ▁to ▁video ▁producers ▁only ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Gram my ▁Award ▁categories ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁most ▁expensive ▁music ▁videos ▁ ▁One ▁shot ▁( mus ic ▁video ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁Gram my ▁Awards ▁▁▁ ▁Long ▁Form ▁Music ▁Video ▁Category : Music ▁video ▁awards <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁R ally ▁Sweden ▁( |
form ally ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁ 6 4 . ▁R ally ▁Sweden ) ▁was ▁a ▁motor ▁racing ▁event ▁for ▁rally ▁cars ▁that ▁was ▁held ▁over ▁four ▁days ▁between ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁It ▁marked ▁the ▁sixty - four th ▁running ▁of ▁the ▁R ally ▁Sweden , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁World ▁R ally ▁Championship , ▁W RC - 2 ▁and ▁W RC - 3 ▁seasons . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁snow ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁eight ▁Special ▁St ages ▁were ▁cancelled ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁rally , ▁including ▁the ▁opening ▁Super ▁Special ▁stage ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁day ▁three ▁stages ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁final ▁Power ▁Stage . ▁The ▁pen ult imate ▁stage , ▁SS 2 0 , ▁was ▁cancelled ▁during ▁the ▁event . ▁Of ▁the ▁ 2 1 ▁scheduled ▁stages , ▁only ▁ 1 2 ▁were ▁run . ▁ ▁Def ending ▁World ▁Champion ▁Sé bast ien ▁Og ier ▁started ▁won ▁his ▁second ▁consecutive ▁rally ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁and ▁his ▁third ▁R ally ▁Sweden ▁victory . ▁ ▁Entry ▁list ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Event ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Special ▁stages ▁ ▁Power ▁Stage ▁The ▁" Power ▁stage " ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁stage ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁rally . ▁ ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁after ▁the ▁event ▁ ▁W RC ▁ ▁D ri vers ' ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Manufact urers ' ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁W RC 2 ▁D ri vers ' ▁Championship |
▁stand ings ▁ ▁W RC 3 ▁D ri vers ' ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁official ▁website ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁R ally ▁Championship ▁ ▁Sweden ▁Category : Sw edish ▁R ally ▁R ally <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁D ug o ▁Sel o – N ov ska ▁railway ▁( ), ▁officially ▁designated ▁as ▁the ▁M 1 0 3 ▁railway , ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁Cro at ia ▁that ▁connect s ▁D ug o ▁Sel o , ▁situated ▁east ▁of ▁national ▁capital ▁Zag reb , ▁to ▁Nov ska ▁and ▁the ▁M 1 0 5 ▁railway ▁extending ▁east ▁towards ▁Bel grade . ▁Its ▁route ▁follows ▁the ▁S ava ▁River ▁valley . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁railway ▁Pan - Europe an ▁Cor rid or ▁X ▁running ▁from ▁Sal z burg ▁and ▁L j ubl j ana ▁towards ▁Sk op je ▁and ▁The ss al on iki . ▁ ▁The ▁M 1 0 3 ▁railway ▁is ▁elect r ified ▁using ▁a ▁ 2 5 ▁k V ▁ 5 0 Hz ▁AC ▁overhead ▁line ▁system ▁and ▁single - track ed . ▁The ▁maximum ▁permitted ▁speed ▁along ▁the ▁D ug o ▁Sel o – M os l ava č ka ▁Gra čen ica ▁section ▁is ▁, ▁while ▁the ▁maximum ▁speed ▁along ▁Mos l ava č ka ▁Gra čen ica – N ov ska ▁section ▁. ▁ ▁At ▁its ▁western ▁termin us ▁in ▁D ug o ▁Sel o , ▁the ▁railway ▁connect s ▁to ▁the ▁M 1 0 2 ▁and |
▁M 2 0 1 ▁rail ways ▁connecting ▁Zag reb ▁and ▁Budapest ▁( via ▁K op riv nica ) ▁respectively . ▁In ▁Ban ova ▁Jar uga , ▁the ▁railway ▁connect s ▁to ▁the ▁L 2 0 5 ▁railway ▁extending ▁north ▁towards ▁Lip ik . ▁At ▁the ▁southern ▁termin us ▁of ▁the ▁railway , ▁located ▁in ▁Nov ska , ▁the ▁railway ▁links ▁to ▁the ▁M 1 0 4 ▁railway ▁connecting ▁Zag reb ▁via ▁S is ak ▁as ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁M 1 0 5 ▁railway . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁D ug o ▁Sel o – N ov ska ▁railway ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁route ▁of ▁the ▁O rient ▁Express ▁service ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Zag reb – Bel grade ▁railway , ▁elect r ification ▁was ▁finished ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rail ways ▁in ▁Cro at ia ▁ ▁M aps ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁lines ▁in ▁Cro at ia <0x0A> </s> ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁The ▁J unk ers ▁Ju ▁ 6 0 ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁single ▁engine ▁a irl iner ▁built ▁in ▁prototype ▁form ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁meet ▁a ▁requirement ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁Reich s ver kehr s minister ium ▁( Re ich ▁Transport ▁Ministry ) ▁for ▁a ▁German - built |
▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁Lock he ed ▁V ega ▁with ▁which ▁to ▁equip ▁De utsche ▁Luft ▁Hans a . ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁a ▁sle ek , ▁cant ile ver ▁mon opl ane ▁of ▁conventional ▁configuration , ▁with ▁wings ▁sk inned ▁in ▁the ▁cor rug ated ▁d ural umin ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁hall mark ▁of ▁J unk ers ▁designs ▁up ▁to ▁this ▁time , ▁although ▁this ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁last ▁J unk ers ▁aircraft ▁to ▁have ▁this ▁feature . ▁The ▁main ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁tail wheel ▁under car riage ▁were ▁re tract able . ▁ ▁The ▁Ju ▁ 6 0 ▁was ▁evaluated ▁by ▁De utsche ▁Luft ▁Hans a ▁against ▁the ▁He ink el ▁He ▁ 7 0 . ▁With ▁the ▁latter ▁able ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁a ▁top ▁speed ▁ 7 5 km / h ▁( 4 7 m ph ) ▁better ▁than ▁the ▁Ju ▁ 6 0 , ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁J unk ers ▁design ▁was ▁halt ed ▁before ▁the ▁third ▁prototype ▁had ▁been ▁completed . ▁The ▁two ▁examples ▁that ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁constructed ▁eventually ▁saw ▁service ▁with ▁the ▁Luft w affe ▁as ▁l ia ison ▁aircraft ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁The ▁work ▁done ▁on ▁the ▁design ▁would ▁later ▁form ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁Ju ▁ 1 6 0 . ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Hugo ▁J unk ers ▁Home page ▁ ▁У го лок ▁не ба ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁German ▁a irl in ers ▁Ju ▁ 0 6 |
0 ▁Category : Single - eng ined ▁tr actor ▁aircraft ▁Category : Air craft ▁first ▁fl own ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁Committee ▁on ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁and ▁Government al ▁Affairs ▁is ▁the ▁chief ▁overs ight ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate . ▁It ▁has ▁juris diction ▁over ▁matters ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁and ▁other ▁hom eland ▁security ▁concerns , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁functioning ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁itself , ▁including ▁the ▁National ▁Archives , ▁budget ▁and ▁accounting ▁measures ▁other ▁than ▁appropri ations , ▁the ▁Census , ▁the ▁federal ▁civil ▁service , ▁the ▁affairs ▁of ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Post al ▁Service . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁Committee ▁on ▁Government al ▁Affairs ▁before ▁hom eland ▁security ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁its ▁respons ibilities ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁It ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁Senate ' s ▁chief ▁investig ative ▁and ▁overs ight ▁committee . ▁Its ▁chair ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁Senate ▁committee ▁chair ▁who ▁can ▁issue ▁sub po enas ▁without ▁a ▁committee ▁vote . ▁ ▁History ▁While ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ▁can ▁be ▁tr aced ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁its ▁modern ▁origins ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ex pend it ures ▁in ▁the ▁Executive ▁Dep art ments ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁The ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ex pend it ures ▁in ▁the ▁Executive ▁Department ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁Government ▁Operations |
▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁which ▁was ▁re organ ized ▁as ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁Government al ▁Affairs ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁After ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁Intelligence ▁Re form ▁and ▁T error ist ▁Pre vention ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁Committee ▁became ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁and ▁Government al ▁Affairs ▁and ▁added ▁hom eland ▁security ▁to ▁its ▁juris diction . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁five ▁current ▁sub commit te es , ▁the ▁P erman ent ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Invest ig ations ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁and ▁most ▁stor ied , ▁having ▁been ▁created ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁Government ▁Operations ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁The ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁the ▁O vers ight ▁of ▁Government ▁Management , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Work force , ▁and ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁was ▁established ▁after ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁Government al ▁Affairs ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁The ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Federal ▁Financial ▁Management , ▁Government ▁Information , ▁Federal ▁Services ▁and ▁International ▁Security ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Two ▁ad ▁h oc ▁sub commit te es ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁expanded ▁hom eland ▁security ▁juris diction . ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Dis aster ▁Rec overy ▁and ▁the ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁State , ▁Local , ▁and ▁Private ▁S ector ▁Pre pared ness ▁and ▁Integr ation . ▁The ▁Sub commit |
tee ▁on ▁Contract ing ▁was ▁added ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁Dis aster ▁and ▁State , ▁Local , ▁and ▁Private ▁S ector ▁sub commit te es ▁were ▁merged ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁Sub commit tee ▁on ▁Dis aster ▁Rec overy ▁and ▁Inter govern ment al ▁Affairs . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁years , ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁and ▁Government al ▁Affairs ▁and ▁its ▁predecess ors ▁have ▁dealt ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁important ▁issues , ▁including ▁government ▁account ability , ▁Congress ional ▁eth ics , ▁regulatory ▁affairs , ▁and ▁systems ▁and ▁information ▁security . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁after ▁the ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁established ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security , ▁the ▁Committee ▁adopted ▁primary ▁overs ight ▁of ▁the ▁creation ▁and ▁subsequent ▁policies , ▁operations , ▁and ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁Department . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁past ▁decade , ▁the ▁committee ▁has ▁focused ▁particularly ▁on ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁a ▁major ▁cat ast rop he , ▁such ▁as ▁Hur ricane ▁K atr ina ; ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁home g rown ▁terror ism ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ; ▁and ▁the ▁vulner abilities ▁of ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁most ▁critical ▁networks , ▁those ▁operating ▁systems ▁upon ▁which ▁our ▁national ▁defense , ▁economy , ▁and ▁way ▁of ▁life ▁depend , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁power ▁grid , ▁water ▁treatment ▁facilities , ▁transportation ▁and ▁financial ▁networks , ▁nuclear ▁react ors , ▁and |
▁dam s . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁staff ▁working ▁for ▁committee ▁ranking ▁member ▁Senator ▁Tom ▁Cob urn ▁issued ▁a ▁report ▁raising ▁concerns ▁that ▁some ▁password s ▁protecting ▁highly ▁sensitive ▁government ▁data ▁" w ould n ’ t ▁pass ▁must er ▁for ▁even ▁the ▁most ▁basic ▁civilian ▁email ▁account ." ▁ ▁Members , ▁ 1 1 6 th ▁Congress ▁ ▁Members , ▁ 1 1 5 th ▁Congress ▁ ▁Source ▁ ▁Sub commit te es ▁ ▁Chair men ▁ ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ex pend it ures ▁in ▁Executive ▁Dep art ments , ▁ 1 9 2 1 – 1 9 5 2 ▁ ▁Med ill ▁McC orm ick ▁( R - Ill .) ▁ 1 9 2 1 – 1 9 2 5 ▁ ▁David ▁A . ▁Reed ▁( R - P a .) ▁ 1 9 2 5 – 1 9 2 7 ▁ ▁Freder ic ▁M . ▁S ack ett ▁( R - K y .) ▁ 1 9 2 7 – 1 9 3 0 ▁ ▁Guy ▁D . ▁G off ▁( R - W . V a .) ▁ 1 9 3 0 – 1 9 3 1 ▁ ▁Frederick ▁Ste i wer ▁( R - O re .) ▁ 1 9 3 1 – 1 9 3 3 ▁ ▁J . ▁Hamilton ▁Lewis ▁( D - Ill .) ▁ 1 9 3 3 – 1 9 3 9 ▁ ▁Frederick ▁Van ▁Nu ys ▁( D - Ind .) ▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 |
9 4 2 ▁ ▁J . ▁L ister ▁Hill ▁( D - A la .) ▁ 1 9 4 2 – 1 9 4 7 ▁ ▁George ▁D . ▁A iken ▁( R - V t .) ▁ 1 9 4 7 – 1 9 4 9 ▁ ▁John ▁L . ▁McC le ll an ▁( D - Ar k .) ▁ 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 2 ▁ ▁Committee ▁on ▁Government ▁Operations , ▁ 1 9 5 2 – 1 9 7 7 ▁ ▁John ▁L . ▁McC le ll an ▁( D - Ar k .) ▁ 1 9 5 2 – 1 9 5 3 ▁ ▁Joseph ▁R . ▁McC arth y ▁( R - W is .) ▁ 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 5 5 ▁ ▁John ▁L . ▁McC le ll an ▁( D - Ar k .) ▁ 1 9 5 5 – 1 9 7 2 ▁ ▁Samuel ▁J . ▁Er vin ▁Jr . ▁( D - N . C .) ▁ 1 9 7 2 – 1 9 7 4 ▁ ▁Abraham ▁A . ▁R ib ic off ▁( D - Conn .) ▁ 1 9 7 4 – 1 9 7 7 ▁ ▁Committee ▁on ▁Government al ▁Affairs , ▁ 1 9 7 7 – 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Abraham ▁A . ▁R ib ic off ▁( D - Conn .) ▁ 1 9 7 7 – 1 9 8 1 ▁ ▁William ▁V . ▁Roth , ▁Jr |
. ▁( R - Del .) ▁ 1 9 8 1 – 1 9 8 7 ▁ ▁John ▁H . ▁Glen n , ▁Jr . ▁( D - Oh io ) ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 1 9 9 5 ▁ ▁William ▁V . ▁Roth , ▁Jr . ▁( R - Del .) ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁ ▁Theod ore ▁F . ▁Stevens ▁( R - Al aska ) ▁ 1 9 9 5 – 1 9 9 7 ▁ ▁Fred ▁D . ▁Thompson ▁( R - T enn .) ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Joseph ▁I . ▁Lie ber man ▁( D - Conn .) ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Fred ▁D . ▁Thompson ▁( R - T enn .) ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Joseph ▁I . ▁Lie ber man ▁( D - Conn .) ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Susan ▁M . ▁Collins ▁( R - M aine ) ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Committee ▁on ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁and ▁Government al ▁Affairs , ▁ 2 0 0 5 – present ▁ ▁Susan ▁M . ▁Collins ▁( R - M aine ) ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Joseph ▁I . ▁Lie ber man ▁( I - Conne cticut .) ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁Tom ▁Car per ▁( D - Del aware ) ▁ 2 0 |
1 3 – 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Ron ▁Johnson ▁( R - W is consin ) ▁ 2 0 1 5 – present ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁current ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁commit te es ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁Committee ▁Website ▁( Arch ive ) ▁ ▁Senate ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁and ▁Government al ▁Affairs ▁Committee . ▁Leg is lation ▁activity ▁and ▁reports , ▁Congress . gov . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Government ▁Print ing ▁Office ▁( G PO ) ▁Page ▁for ▁the ▁Committee ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁and ▁Government al ▁Affairs ▁ ▁Hom eland ▁Security ▁Category : Dis aster ▁prepared ness ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . <0x0A> </s> ▁El sa ▁Gr ave ▁( 1 7 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁– ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁novel ist , ▁poet ▁and ▁artist . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Gr ave ' s ▁father , ▁Carl ▁Wol r ath ▁Gr ave , ▁was ▁a ▁mining ▁engineer ▁and ▁her ▁mother , ▁El sa ▁R egin a ▁J är le , ▁a ▁teacher . ▁The ▁family ▁first ▁lived ▁in ▁G unn ar st orp ▁in ▁Sc ania , ▁moved ▁to ▁Bill es holm ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁to ▁Ny v ång ▁near ▁Å st orp ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 8 |
, ▁Gr ave ▁studied ▁art ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁at ▁Isaac ▁Gr ü new ald ' s ▁school ▁in ▁Stockholm . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁she ▁graduated ▁in ▁Rom ance ▁languages ▁and ▁history ▁of ▁art ▁from ▁L und ▁University . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁she ▁established ▁herself ▁as ▁an ▁early ▁modern ist ▁with ▁her ▁collection ▁In kr ä kt are ▁( In tr ud ers ). ▁Gr ave ▁developed ▁her ▁own ▁special ▁symbol ic ▁style ▁in ▁poems ▁often ▁critical ▁of ▁Western ▁civilization . ▁She ▁gained ▁fame ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁when ▁she ▁published ▁her ▁third ▁collection , ▁B ort för kl aring ▁( Ex c use ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁with ▁the ▁poem ▁S vin bor st n att ▁( H og ' s ▁Brist le ▁Night ) ▁dep ict ing ▁p igs ▁in ▁a ▁sty ▁which ▁achieve ▁almost ▁human ▁characteristics . ▁A ▁topic ▁she ▁frequently ▁addresses ▁is ▁mother hood , ▁ev oking ▁an ▁angry , ▁sor row ful ▁mother ▁pain fully ▁performing ▁her ▁tasks , ▁as ▁in ▁Den ▁bl å a ▁him len ▁( The ▁Blue ▁Sky , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ), ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁poem ▁D j up haus maker ad ▁( Deep ▁Sea ▁Mas quer ade ). ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁when ▁she ▁published ▁Sat an eller , ▁many ▁critics ▁had ▁had ▁enough ▁of ▁her ▁cruel ▁lit an ies , ▁full ▁of ▁anger ▁and ▁des pond ency . ▁ ▁Gr ave ▁also |
▁wrote ▁a ▁novel , ▁A riel , ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁narr ator , ▁Marina , ▁seeks ▁freedom ▁from ▁conventional ▁women ' s ▁roles . ▁Her ▁play ▁Fl ä sk s ab bat ▁( B acon ▁Sab b ath ), ▁published ▁in ▁Tre ▁ly ris ka ▁gr äl ▁( 1 9 6 2 ), ▁is ▁a ▁devast ating ▁criticism ▁of ▁Western ▁material ism ▁convey ed ▁by ▁presenting ▁the ▁gl utton ous ▁behaviour ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁at ▁Christ m ast ime . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁El sa ▁Gr ave ▁S äll sk abet ▁( El sa ▁Gr ave ▁Society ) ▁in ▁Swedish ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Sw edish ▁women ▁po ets ▁Category : Sw edish ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : Sw edish ▁women ▁artists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Swedish ▁po ets ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Swedish ▁novel ists ▁Category : Mod ern ist ▁po ets ▁Category : Mod ern ist ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Swedish ▁women ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁State ▁Road ▁ 1 7 3 ▁( SR ▁ 1 7 3 ), ▁locally ▁known ▁as ▁Blue ▁Angel ▁Park way , ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁thorough fare ▁in ▁the ▁P ens ac ola , ▁Florida ▁met ropolitan ▁area . ▁ ▁SR ▁ 1 7 3 ▁has ▁its ▁southern ▁termin us ▁at ▁the ▁western ▁entrance ▁to ▁NAS ▁P ens ac ola |
, ▁and ▁runs ▁south – n orth ▁through ▁West ▁P ens ac ola ▁to ▁its ▁northern ▁termin us ▁at ▁State ▁Road ▁ 2 9 7 ▁( P ine ▁Forest ▁Road ). ▁ ▁Route ▁Description ▁SR ▁ 1 7 3 , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Blue ▁Angel ▁Park way ▁for ▁its ▁entire ▁length , ▁curves ▁away ▁from ▁its ▁southern ▁termin us ▁at ▁the ▁western ▁entrance ▁to ▁NAS ▁P ens ac ola ▁and ▁runs ▁north west ▁through ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Sher man ▁Gro ve , ▁before ▁crossing ▁SR ▁ 2 9 2 ▁and ▁cur ving ▁to ▁head ▁nort heast ▁through ▁West ▁P ens ac ola . ▁Just ▁south ▁of ▁crossing ▁US ▁ 9 8 / SR ▁ 3 0 , ▁the ▁road ▁turns ▁directly ▁north , ▁cross es ▁US ▁ 9 8 / SR ▁ 3 0 , ▁and ▁then ▁curves ▁nort heast ▁to ▁north ▁again ▁through ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Mill view , ▁inter sect ing ▁with ▁SR ▁ 2 9 8 , ▁and ▁heading ▁into ▁Bell view . ▁ ▁Just ▁before ▁reaching ▁US ▁ 9 0 / SR ▁ 1 0 A , ▁the ▁road ▁turns ▁sharply ▁east , ▁cross es ▁US ▁ 9 0 / SR ▁ 1 0 A , ▁and ▁term inates ▁at ▁its ▁intersection ▁with ▁SR ▁ 2 9 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁Florida ▁Department ▁of ▁Transport ation ▁annual ▁average ▁daily ▁traffic ▁( A AD T ) ▁numbers ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁show ▁average ▁numbers ▁starting ▁at ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁on ▁the |
▁southern ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁road , ▁increasing ▁to ▁between ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 2 , 0 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁around ▁SR ▁ 2 9 8 , ▁and ▁again ▁decre asing ▁to ▁ 1 6 , 0 0 0 ▁as ▁the ▁road ▁approaches ▁Bell view , ▁hitting ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁per ▁day ▁at ▁the ▁road ' s ▁northern ▁termin us . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁today ' s ▁rout ing ▁of ▁SR ▁ 1 7 3 , ▁from ▁today ' s ▁US ▁ 9 8 / SR ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁the ▁sharp ▁turn ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁close ▁to ▁today ' s ▁northern ▁termin us , ▁is ▁being ▁shown ▁as ▁a ▁bit umin ous ▁road , ▁and ▁is ▁signed ▁as ▁SR ▁ 2 9 7 . ▁ ▁SR ▁ 2 9 7 ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁included ▁what ▁is ▁today ▁signed ▁as ▁CR ▁ 2 9 7 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁today ' s ▁SR ▁ 2 9 8 ▁from ▁CR ▁ 2 9 7 ▁and ▁SR ▁ 1 7 3 , ▁which ▁runs ▁alongside ▁Per d ido ▁Bay . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁indic ations ▁of ▁ongoing ▁construction ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁US ▁ 9 8 / SR ▁ 3 0 , ▁but ▁very ▁little ▁road way ▁in ▁that ▁direction ▁had ▁been ▁completed ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁On ▁maps ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁the ▁rout ing ▁of ▁SR ▁ |
1 7 3 ▁from ▁its ▁southern ▁termin us ▁to ▁its ▁intersection ▁with ▁CR ▁ 2 9 6 , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁extension ▁of ▁SR ▁ 2 9 6 ▁west ▁of ▁US ▁ 9 0 / SR ▁ 1 0 A , ▁is ▁showing ▁as ▁having ▁been ▁completed ▁with ▁hard ▁surface . ▁ ▁North ▁of ▁CR ▁ 2 9 6 ▁in ▁Bell view , ▁the ▁road way ▁was ▁not ▁signed ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁state ▁nor ▁county ▁road ▁for ▁two ▁blocks , ▁until ▁CR ▁ 2 9 7 ▁picks ▁up ▁and ▁carries ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁US ▁ 9 0 / SR ▁ 1 0 A . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁today ' s ▁rout ing ▁of ▁SR ▁ 1 7 3 , ▁including ▁the ▁portion ▁north ▁of ▁CR ▁ 2 9 6 , ▁which ▁cross es ▁US ▁ 9 0 / SR ▁ 1 0 A , ▁and ▁term inates ▁at ▁SR ▁ 2 9 7 , ▁is ▁shown ▁as ▁having ▁been ▁completed . ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Florida ▁ 1 7 3 ▁( A AR oad s ) ▁▁ 1 7 3 ▁ 1 7 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁broad - fo oted ▁climbing ▁mouse ▁( R hip id om ys ▁lat iman us ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁rod ent ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁C ric et idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Colombia , ▁E cu ador , ▁Pan ama ▁and ▁Peru . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Inf on atura ▁ ▁Category |
: R hip id om ys ▁Category : M amm als ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁T isz ak ere cs eny ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sz abol cs - S z at m ár - B ereg ▁county , ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Great ▁Pl ain ▁region ▁of ▁eastern ▁Hung ary . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁It ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 9 9 0 ▁people ▁( 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁T isz ak ere cs eny <0x0A> </s> ▁O w mal - e ▁Est ad ▁Ah mad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁O wm ā l - e ▁Est ā d ▁A ḩ mad ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁O wm ā l ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Kh v osh ▁Rud ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Band pe y - ye ▁G har bi ▁District , ▁Bab ol ▁County , ▁Maz and aran ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 1 , ▁in ▁ 1 1 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Bab ol ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh on ▁K ole ▁Black ▁( born ▁August ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁in ▁C inc inn ati , ▁Ohio , ▁United ▁States ) ▁is ▁an ▁African ▁American ▁journalist , ▁screen writer ▁and ▁author |
. ▁ ▁Wr itten ▁Work ▁K ole ▁Black ▁is ▁a ▁journalist ▁and ▁novel ist ▁who ▁writes ▁under ▁the ▁Sp aul den ▁Publishing ▁im print ▁of ▁Connecticut ▁Press . ▁Sh on ▁Cole ▁Black ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁R AT C HE T ▁( a ▁series ▁of ▁teen ▁fiction ▁novels , ▁that ▁revol ve ▁around ▁a ▁teen age ▁girl ▁who ▁esc apes ▁the ▁gri ps ▁of ▁her ▁ab usive ▁mother ▁by ▁running ▁away ▁to ▁the ▁streets , ▁where ▁she ▁disco vers ▁that ▁all ▁that ▁gl it ters ▁is ▁not ▁gold ). ▁▁ ▁K ole ▁Black ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁" C inc inn ati ' s ▁Fin est ", ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁four ▁female ▁police ▁officers ▁whose ▁lif el ong ▁friendship ▁is ▁put ▁to ▁the ▁test ▁when ▁a ▁tragic ▁event ▁forces ▁each ▁of ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁all ▁they ▁sw ore ▁protect . ▁ ▁Additionally , ▁K ole ▁Black ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁Sex ▁Ther apy ▁series , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁relationship ▁books ▁that ▁provide ▁women ▁an ▁honest ▁and ▁insight ful ▁glimpse ▁into ▁the ▁mind ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁man . ▁Tit les ▁include ; ▁Sex - T her apy : ▁A ▁Woman ' s ▁Guide ▁To ▁Under standing ▁why ▁men ▁che at , ▁Sex - T her apy : ▁A ▁Woman ' s ▁Guide ▁To ▁Under standing ▁why ▁men ▁fear ▁commitment . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁five ▁novels , ▁The ▁Ch ance ▁She ▁T ook , ▁The ▁R isk ▁of ▁Ch ance , ▁The ▁Game ▁of ▁Ch ance , ▁Ch |
ance ▁& ▁Dr ama ' ▁and ▁" The ▁End ▁of ▁All ▁Ch ance ". ▁Part ▁of ▁ ▁The ▁Ch ance ▁Series ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁THE ▁R AT C HE T ▁SER IES , ▁a ▁continuing ▁s aga ▁that ▁centers ▁around ▁one ▁woman ' s ▁desperate ▁attempt ▁to ▁escape ▁the ▁gri ps ▁of ▁a ▁psych otic ▁ex - boy friend ▁and ▁his ▁murder ous ▁drug ▁cart el ▁. ▁ ▁K ole ▁Black ▁has ▁also ▁written ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Sh on ▁Cole ▁Black ▁for ▁C land est ine ▁International ▁Aff ili ates , ▁a ▁print ▁media ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Time - War ner ▁Publishing . ▁ ▁K ole ▁Black ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁acc red ited ▁singer / s ong writer , ▁chart ing ▁an ▁independent ▁hit ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁his ▁EP ▁entitled ▁Ac oustic ▁S essions , ▁compr ising ▁several ▁ac oustic ▁ball ads ▁( When ▁A ▁Man ▁Find s ▁A ▁W ife , ▁Take ▁Love ▁Slow , ▁should a ▁Be en ▁There , ▁Paper M oon ) ▁being ▁heavily ▁requested ▁and ▁stream ed ▁on ▁Amazon , ▁Spot ify ▁and ▁i T unes . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ 1 K ole Black . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar am ▁Han ▁S if uent es ▁is ▁a ▁Korean ▁American ▁social ▁practice ▁fiber ▁artist , ▁writer , ▁cur ator , |
▁and ▁an ▁adj unct ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Art ▁Institute ▁of ▁Chicago . ▁S if uent es ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Se oul , ▁South ▁Korea ▁and ▁immigr ated ▁to ▁Mod esto , ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁She ▁currently ▁res ides ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁S if uent es ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁where ▁she ▁earned ▁her ▁BA ▁in ▁Art ▁and ▁Latin ▁American ▁Studies . ▁She ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁Baltimore , ▁where ▁she ▁earned ▁her ▁Post - B ac cal a ure ate ▁Cert ificate ▁in ▁Fine ▁Art ▁from ▁the ▁Maryland ▁Institute ▁College ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁followed ▁by ▁an ▁M FA ▁in ▁fiber ▁and ▁Material ▁Studies ▁from ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Art ▁Institute ▁of ▁Chicago ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁S if uent es ' s ▁work ▁had ▁been ▁displayed ▁in ▁various ▁exhib itions , ▁both ▁national ▁and ▁international . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Wind gate ▁Museum ▁Intern ▁at ▁the ▁Smith son ian ' s ▁Arch ive ▁of ▁American ▁Art ▁and ▁is ▁independently ▁cur ating ▁an ▁A AA ▁oral ▁history ▁collection ▁on ▁craft . ▁S if uent es ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 3 ▁Cur ator ial ▁Fellow ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Art ▁Institute ▁of ▁Chicago . ▁ ▁S if uent es ' s ▁solo ▁exhib itions ▁included ▁the ▁ |
2 0 1 5 ▁A ▁Mend : ▁A ▁Collection ▁of ▁Sc rap s , ▁shown ▁at ▁Bab son ▁College ▁in ▁Massachusetts . ▁In ▁it , ▁S if uent es ▁represented ▁the ▁labor - ent ailing ▁jobs ▁that ▁were ▁common ▁for ▁immigrants ▁by ▁collecting ▁scrap s ▁of ▁je an ▁from ▁Chicago ▁seam st ress es ▁and ▁tail ors ▁and ▁se wing ▁them ▁together . ▁Her ▁other ▁exhib itions ▁include ▁U . S . ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁Test ▁Sam pler , ▁where ▁S if uent es ▁addresses ▁the ▁soc io hist oric ▁role ▁of ▁women ▁and ▁function ▁of ▁non cit izen ▁communities . ▁In ▁this , ▁she ▁hand - se ws ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁civ ic ▁study ▁questions ▁and ▁answers ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Natural ization ▁Test . ▁ ▁Protest ▁B anner ▁L ending ▁Library ▁ ▁S if uent es ' s ▁Protest ▁B anner ▁L ending ▁Library ▁project ▁was ▁con ceived ▁following ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁presidential ▁election . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁S if uent es ▁felt ▁unable ▁to ▁attend ▁protests ▁because ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁small ▁child , ▁and ▁unsafe ▁there ▁because ▁she ▁was ▁not , ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁a ▁US ▁citizen . ▁The ▁library ▁is ▁a ▁space ▁where ▁folks ▁can ▁make ▁b anners , ▁but ▁also ▁borrow ▁a ▁b anner ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁protest ▁and ▁then ▁be ▁returned . ▁The ▁project ▁has ▁taken ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Jane ▁Add ams ▁H ull - H ouse ▁Museum ▁in ▁partnership ▁with ▁Gallery ▁ 4 0 0 , ▁Smart ▁Museum |
, ▁Com fort ▁Station , ▁Chicago ▁Cultural ▁Center , ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Art ▁Institute ▁of ▁Chicago , ▁ ▁the ▁Art ▁Institute ▁of ▁Chicago , ▁the ▁Hand wer ker ▁Gallery ▁at ▁I th aca ▁College , ▁the ▁Johnson ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Whit ney ▁Museum ▁— ▁where ▁she ▁worked ▁with ▁C au leen ▁Smith ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Whit ney ▁B ien n ial ' s ▁programming . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁- ▁Smith son ian ▁Artist ▁Research ▁Fellow ship , ▁Smith son ian ▁Inst itution , ▁Washington ▁D . C . ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁- ▁Be az ley ▁Design s ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁exhibition ▁at ▁the ▁Design ▁Museum , ▁London ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁- ▁Pul itzer ▁Arts ▁Foundation ▁resid ency , ▁St . ▁Louis ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Artist ▁page ▁on ▁ 3 Ar ts . org ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sch ool ▁of ▁the ▁Art ▁Institute ▁of ▁Chicago ▁faculty ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley ▁al umn i ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁Chicago ▁Category : Sch ool ▁of ▁the ▁Art ▁Institute ▁of ▁Chicago ▁al umn i ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Chicago ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Nord st rom , ▁Inc . ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁luxury ▁department ▁store ▁chain ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 |
1 ▁by ▁John ▁W . ▁Nord st rom ▁and ▁Carl ▁F . ▁Wall in . ▁It ▁origin ated ▁as ▁a ▁shoe ▁store , ▁and ▁evolved ▁into ▁a ▁full - line ▁retail er ▁with ▁departments ▁for ▁clothing , ▁foot wear , ▁hand b ags , ▁jewelry , ▁accessories , ▁cos met ics , ▁and ▁frag r ances . ▁Some ▁stores ▁feature ▁home ▁furn ish ings ▁and ▁wedding ▁departments , ▁and ▁several ▁have ▁in - house ▁caf es , ▁restaurants , ▁and ▁es press o ▁bars . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Nord st rom ▁operates ▁ 1 1 7 ▁stores ▁in ▁ 4 0 ▁U . S . ▁states , ▁three ▁Canadian ▁provin ces , ▁and ▁Puerto ▁Rico . ▁The ▁corporate ▁headquarters ▁and ▁flag ship ▁store ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Frederick ▁& ▁Nelson ▁building ▁in ▁Seattle , ▁Washington ; ▁a ▁second ▁flag ship ▁store ▁is ▁located ▁near ▁Columb us ▁Circle ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Its ▁subs idi aries ▁include ▁the ▁off - price ▁department ▁store ▁chain ▁Nord st rom ▁R ack ▁and ▁the ▁members - only ▁online ▁store ▁H aute Look . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Early ▁history ▁John ▁W . ▁Nord st rom ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 7 1 , ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁L ule å ▁in ▁Northern ▁Sweden . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁Nord st rom ▁immigr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 6 . ▁His ▁name ▁at ▁birth ▁was |
▁Joh an ▁Nord str öm , ▁which ▁he ▁later ▁ang lic ized ▁to ▁John ▁Nord st rom . ▁After ▁landing ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁he ▁began ▁working ▁in ▁Michigan ▁and ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁save ▁enough ▁money ▁to ▁purchase ▁a ▁ ▁pot ato ▁farm ▁in ▁Ar lington , ▁Washington . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Kl ond ike ▁Gold ▁R ush ▁in ▁Canada ' s ▁Y uk on ▁Terr itory . ▁After ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁prospect ing , ▁he ▁finally ▁struck ▁gold , ▁but ▁sold ▁his ▁disput ed ▁claim ▁for ▁$ 1 3 , 0 0 0 . ▁Return ing ▁to ▁Seattle ▁with ▁his ▁new found ▁wealth , ▁he ▁married ▁H ilda ▁Carl son ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁and ▁searched ▁for ▁a ▁business ▁venture . ▁He ▁eventually ▁settled ▁on ▁a ▁shoe ▁store ▁that ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁called ▁Wall in ▁& ▁Nord st rom . ▁Carl ▁F . ▁Wall in , ▁the ▁co - found er ▁of ▁the ▁store , ▁was ▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁adjacent ▁shoe ▁repair ▁shop . ▁John ▁and ▁H ilda ▁had ▁five ▁children , ▁three ▁of ▁whom ▁would ▁follow ▁him ▁into ▁the ▁family ▁business , ▁Ever ett ▁W . ▁( 1 9 0 3 ), ▁El mer ▁J . ▁( 1 9 0 4 ) ▁and ▁Lloyd ▁N . ▁Nord st rom . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁John ▁W . ▁Nord st rom ▁retired ▁and ▁sold ▁his ▁shares ▁to ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁sons , |
▁Ever ett ▁and ▁El mer . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁Wall in ▁also ▁retired ▁and ▁sold ▁his ▁shares ▁to ▁them . ▁The ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁grand ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁rem od eled ▁Second ▁Avenue ▁store ▁marked ▁the ▁change ▁of ▁name ▁to ▁Nord st rom ' s . ▁Lloyd ▁Nord st rom ▁subsequently ▁joined ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁three ▁brothers ▁ran ▁the ▁business ▁together ▁for ▁almost ▁forty ▁years . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁Nord st rom ' s ▁had ▁expanded ▁to ▁eight ▁stores ▁in ▁two ▁states ▁but ▁still ▁sold ▁only ▁shoes . ▁Their ▁expansion ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁customer ▁service , ▁deep ▁product ▁offer ings ▁and ▁full ▁size ▁ranges . ▁App arel ▁came ▁with ▁its ▁purchase ▁of ▁Best ▁App arel ▁of ▁Seattle ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁company ' s ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁Nord st rom ▁Best . ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁taken ▁public ▁on ▁NAS DA Q . ▁It ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁under ▁the ▁tick er ▁symbol ▁J WN ▁after ▁John ▁W . ▁Nord st rom , ▁its ▁founder . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁Nord st rom ▁expanded ▁into ▁Alaska ▁( the ▁only ▁time ▁by ▁acquisition ) ▁by ▁purchasing ▁Northern ▁Commercial ▁Company ▁and ▁opened ▁its ▁first ▁Nord st rom |
▁R ack ▁clear ance ▁store ▁in ▁Seattle . ▁A ▁strong ▁north west ▁regional ▁retail er ▁with ▁sales ▁already ▁approaching ▁$ 2 5 0 ▁million ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁third - larg est ▁special ty ▁retail er ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁company ▁opened ▁its ▁first ▁Southern ▁California ▁store ▁at ▁South ▁Coast ▁Pl aza ▁in ▁Costa ▁M esa ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁it ▁had ▁opened ▁ 2 6 ▁stores ▁plus ▁R acks ▁in ▁California . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁expansion ▁rel ied ▁on ▁creating ▁a ▁strongly ▁decent ral ized ▁regional ▁structure , ▁beginning ▁with ▁the ▁Nort heast ▁in ▁the ▁T ys ons ▁Cor ner ▁Center ▁in ▁Virginia ▁( 1 9 8 8 ), ▁the ▁Mid west ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁Oak bro ok ▁Center ▁in ▁Illinois ▁( 1 9 9 1 ), ▁the ▁Sout heast ▁in ▁Atlanta ▁( 1 9 9 8 ), ▁and ▁the ▁South west ▁in ▁Dallas ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁In ▁a ▁new ▁region , ▁the ▁initial ▁store ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁base ▁for ▁training ▁and ▁recruit ment ▁for ▁subsequent ▁expansion , ▁and ▁was ▁usually ▁backed ▁by ▁its ▁own ▁distribution ▁center . ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Nord st rom ▁opened ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 6 ▁full - line ▁department ▁stores . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Nord st rom ▁opened ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁stores ▁called ▁Place ▁Two ▁to ▁sell ▁a ▁more ▁limited ▁selection ▁of ▁app |
arel ▁in ▁smaller ▁markets . ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁there ▁were ▁ten ▁Place ▁Two ▁stores , ▁but ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁up grad ing ▁the ▁smaller ▁stores , ▁especially ▁from ▁a ▁systems ▁perspective , ▁out we ighed ▁the ▁benefit , ▁and ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁dis contin ued . ▁The ▁company ▁also ▁expanded ▁into ▁direct ▁sales ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁beginning ▁with ▁a ▁catalog ▁division ▁led ▁by ▁John ▁N .' s ▁son ▁Dan ▁that ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁an ▁e - commerce ▁business . ▁Nord st rom . com ' s ▁fulfill ment ▁and ▁contact ▁centers ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁C ed ar ▁Rap ids , ▁Iowa ; ▁and ▁Seattle , ▁Washington . ▁Currently , ▁it ▁has ▁distribution ▁centers ▁in ▁Ontario , ▁California ; ▁New ark , ▁California ; ▁Portland , ▁Oregon ; ▁Dub u que , ▁Iowa ; ▁Upper ▁Mar l bor o , ▁Maryland ; ▁and ▁G aines ville , ▁Florida . ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁Nord st rom ▁F SB , ▁a ▁wh olly ▁owned ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Nord st rom , ▁Inc ., ▁is ▁a ▁feder ally ▁char tered ▁savings ▁bank ▁doing ▁business ▁as ▁Nord st rom ▁Bank . ▁It ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁in ▁Scot ts dale , ▁Arizona , ▁with ▁its ▁customer ▁contact ▁center ▁in ▁Cent ennial , ▁Colorado . ▁Nord st rom ▁F SB ▁was ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁Nord st rom ▁National ▁Credit ▁Bank ▁and ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Nord |
st rom ▁F SB ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁bank ▁offers ▁various ▁banking ▁and ▁credit ▁products , ▁such ▁as ▁Nord st rom ▁Sign ature ▁V IS A , ▁Nord st rom ▁retail ▁credit ▁and ▁de bit ▁cards , ▁interest - b earing ▁checking ▁accounts , ▁check ▁cards , ▁and ▁cert ificates ▁of ▁depos its . ▁It ▁offers ▁Nord st rom ▁customers ▁cards ▁under ▁Nord st rom ▁R ew ards ▁– ▁its ▁customer ▁loyalty ▁program ▁– ▁where ▁customers ▁earn ▁points ▁when ▁making ▁purchases ▁with ▁the ▁card ▁at ▁Nord st rom ▁and ▁other ▁retail ers . ▁Other ▁rewards ▁include ▁Nord st rom ▁Notes ▁which ▁are ▁rede emed ▁or ▁used ▁like ▁cash ▁in ▁stores ▁for ▁new ▁purchases ▁and ▁the ▁Nord st rom ▁Sign ature ▁V IS A ▁card ▁also ▁has ▁an ▁optional ▁travel / le isure ▁rewards ▁feature . ▁The ▁Nord st rom ▁R ew ards ▁program ▁features ▁ 4 ▁levels ▁of ▁status ▁depending ▁on ▁annual ▁spending ▁and ▁offers ▁various ▁promot ional ▁times ▁throughout ▁the ▁year ▁to ▁earn ▁double , ▁triple ▁and ▁even ▁ten - times ▁points . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Nord st rom ▁opened ▁their ▁first ▁store ▁location ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁State . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁The ▁West chester , ▁an ▁up scale ▁shopping ▁m all ▁in ▁White ▁Pl ains , ▁New ▁York , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Nord st rom ▁has ▁since ▁opened ▁stores ▁in ▁Garden ▁City , ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁Manhattan . ▁▁ ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁ 1 |
9 9 5 , ▁the ▁fourth ▁generation ▁of ▁brothers ▁and ▁cous ins ▁had ▁been ▁co - pres idents ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁After ▁John ▁Whit acre ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁non - N ord st rom ▁CEO ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Nord st rom ▁replaced ▁its ▁downtown ▁Seattle ▁store ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁flag ship ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Frederick ▁& ▁Nelson ▁building ▁across ▁the ▁street . ▁At ▁, ▁the ▁downtown ▁Seattle ▁location ▁is ▁the ▁chain ' s ▁largest ▁store . ▁By ▁contrast , ▁the ▁smallest ▁Nord st rom ▁store , ▁as ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁in ▁Sal em , ▁Oregon , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁just ▁under ▁. ▁This ▁location ▁has ▁been ▁since ▁closed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁the ▁Nord st rom ▁family ▁re assert ed ▁its ▁control , ▁with ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁Bruce ▁A . ▁( Bl ake , ▁Erik ▁and ▁Peter ) ▁assuming ▁senior ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁which ▁they ▁continue ▁to ▁hold . ▁Blake ▁Nord st rom ▁served ▁as ▁sole ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 1 4 ▁with ▁Erik ▁and ▁Peter ▁joining ▁him ▁as ▁co - Pres idents ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁▁ ▁Nord st rom ▁sold ▁its ▁stand - alone ▁bout ique ▁chain ▁Fa ç on n able ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁though ▁it ▁still ▁offers ▁that ▁label |
▁in ▁its ▁line up . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 s ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Nord st rom ▁announced ▁the ▁acquisition ▁of ▁H aute Look , ▁an ▁LA - based ▁online ▁retail er ▁that ▁offers ▁flash ▁sales ▁on ▁designer ▁goods . ▁The ▁deal ▁included ▁Nord st rom ▁paying ▁$ 1 8 0 ▁million ▁in ▁stock ▁and ▁a ▁three - year ▁" ear n - out " ▁payment ▁based ▁on ▁H aute Look ' s ▁financial ▁performance . ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Nord st rom ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁closing ▁the ▁downtown ▁Indian apolis , ▁Indiana ▁Circle ▁Center ▁Mall ▁location ▁due ▁to ▁decl ining ▁business ▁at ▁the ▁site . ▁The ▁remaining ▁location ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁at ▁the ▁F ashion ▁Mall ▁at ▁Ke yst one ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁future ▁Nord st rom ▁R ack ▁store ▁in ▁the ▁Rivers ▁Edge ▁Shop ping ▁Center , ▁also ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side , ▁remained ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁two ▁locations ▁in ▁the ▁state . ▁Erik ▁Nord st rom , ▁president ▁of ▁stores ▁at ▁Nord st rom ▁stated , ▁" We ' ve ▁enjoyed ▁serving ▁our ▁customers ▁in ▁downtown ▁Indian apolis , ▁but ▁unfortunately ▁our ▁business ▁has ▁declined ▁over ▁the ▁long ▁term ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁and ▁despite ▁our ▁efforts ▁to ▁turn ▁things ▁around ▁we ▁don ' t ▁see ▁the ▁out look ▁significantly ▁changing ." ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Nord st rom ▁opened ▁the ▁store ▁Tre asure ▁& ▁Bond |
▁in ▁So H o , ▁New ▁York . ▁Int ended ▁to ▁test ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁tum ult uous ▁high - end ▁department ▁store ▁scene ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁all ▁profits ▁of ▁Tre asure ▁& ▁Bond ▁are ▁don ated ▁to ▁charity . ▁The ▁customer ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁smaller ▁store ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁younger ▁sisters ▁of ▁the ▁typical ▁Nord st rom ▁customer . ▁ ▁Nord st rom ▁announced ▁plans ▁to ▁open ▁a ▁Nord st rom ▁R ack ▁in ▁Mil w au kee ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁In ▁late ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Nord st rom ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁also ▁be ▁opening ▁a ▁full - line ▁Nord st rom ▁Department ▁Store ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁Mil w au kee ▁at ▁May f air ▁Mall , ▁a ▁half - mile ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁Nord st rom ▁R ack ▁location . ▁Mil w au kee ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁met ropolitan ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁Nord st rom ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Such ▁un met ▁demand ▁was ▁highlighted ▁in ▁Nord st rom ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁open ▁in ▁the ▁Mil w au kee ▁area . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Nord st rom ▁announced ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁Min ne apolis - Saint ▁Paul ▁met ropolitan ▁region . ▁The ▁store , ▁to ▁be ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁R id ged ale ▁Center , ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁second ▁in ▁the |
▁area . ▁Following ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁its ▁Mall ▁of ▁America ▁opening ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Nord st rom ▁sought ▁to ▁expand ▁in ▁the ▁T win ▁C ities ▁market . ▁Pl ans ▁for ▁a ▁R id ged ale ▁Center ▁store ▁were ▁first ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁cancel ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁location ▁eventually ▁opened ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Pete ▁and ▁Erik ▁Nord st rom ▁joined ▁their ▁brother ▁Blake ▁Nord st rom ▁as ▁co - pres idents ▁of ▁Nord st rom . ▁This ▁arrangement ▁lasted ▁till ▁Blake ▁Nord st rom ' s ▁death ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Before ▁this ▁appointment , ▁Pete ▁Nord st rom ▁was ▁executive ▁vice ▁president ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁merch and ising ▁while ▁Erik ▁Nord st rom ▁was ▁executive ▁vice ▁president ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁Nord st rom . com . ▁▁ ▁Nord st rom ▁opened ▁its ▁first ▁R ack ▁location ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Nord st rom ▁opened ▁their ▁first ▁Nord st rom ▁R ack ▁store ▁in ▁Del aware . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁opening ▁its ▁first ▁full - line ▁store ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁a ▁three - floor ▁store ▁at ▁ 5 7 th ▁Street ▁and ▁Broadway , |
▁in ▁the ▁Columb us ▁Circle ▁neighborhood . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Nord st rom ▁entered ▁into ▁a ▁partnership ▁with ▁Tes la ▁Mot ors ▁under ▁which ▁the ▁autom aker ▁opened ▁retail ▁g aller ies ▁inside ▁the ▁Nord st rom ▁locations ▁in ▁The ▁Gro ve , ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁in ▁South P ark ▁Mall ▁in ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁and ▁in ▁Som erset ▁Collection ▁in ▁T roy , ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Nord st rom ▁began ▁selling ▁products ▁from ▁J . ▁C rew , ▁Ol ivia ▁Pal ermo ▁+ ▁Chelsea 2 8 , ▁Ad ore ▁Me , ▁and ▁E lo qu ii . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Nord st rom ▁announced ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁expanding ▁their ▁natural ▁beauty - focus ed ▁stations . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Bloom berg ▁News ▁reported ▁that ▁Nord st rom ▁would ▁ce ase ▁to ▁carry ▁Iv anka ▁Trump ' s ▁brand ed ▁fashion ▁line , ▁c iting ▁weak ▁sales . ▁The ▁retail er ▁cuts ▁ 1 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁most ▁poorly ▁performing ▁brands ▁each ▁year . ▁Nord st rom ' s ▁action ▁came ▁after ▁a ▁boy cott ▁campaign ▁against ▁retail ers ▁carrying ▁products ▁having ▁Trump ▁family ▁labels . ▁ ▁President ▁Donald ▁Trump ▁responded ▁with ▁a ▁twe et ▁directed ▁at ▁Nord st rom , ▁condem ning ▁the ▁brand ▁for ▁its ▁treatment ▁of ▁his ▁daughter . ▁The ▁company ' s ▁stock ▁dropped ▁by ▁ 0 . 6 5 % ▁in |
▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁twe et ▁before ▁ending ▁the ▁day ▁with ▁a ▁gain ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 %. ▁Fort une ▁declared ▁this ▁quick ▁recovery ▁to ▁have ▁broken ▁Trump ' s ▁market - m oving ▁" t weet ▁curse ". ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Nord st rom ▁launched ▁its ▁first ▁" N ord st rom ▁Local " ▁in ▁West ▁Hollywood , ▁which ▁is ▁set ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁personal ▁shopping ▁and ▁sty ling , ▁rather ▁than ▁carrying ▁merch and ise . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Nord st rom ▁Inc .' s ▁founding ▁family , ▁which ▁owned ▁ 3 1 . 2 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁company , ▁said ▁it ▁was ▁looking ▁to ▁take ▁Nord st rom ▁private . ▁In ▁October , ▁the ▁family ▁suspended ▁its ▁efforts , ▁because ▁of ▁trouble ▁completing ▁a ▁financing ▁package . ▁L enders ▁were ▁asking ▁for ▁ 1 3 ▁percent ▁interest , ▁about ▁twice ▁the ▁typical ▁rate ▁for ▁retail ers . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Blake ▁Nord st rom , ▁co - pres ident ▁of ▁Nord st rom , ▁died ▁suddenly ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 5 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁lifetime ▁employee ▁of ▁his ▁family ' s ▁company , ▁rising ▁through ▁the ▁ranks ▁until ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁vice - pres ident ▁and ▁then ▁co - pres ident . ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 s ▁On ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Erik ▁Nord st rom ▁became ▁the ▁sole |
▁CEO ▁of ▁Nord st rom . ▁ ▁Nord st rom ▁announced ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁temporarily ▁close ▁all ▁locations ▁to ▁help ▁contain ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁COVID - 1 9 . ▁ ▁International ▁expansion ▁ ▁The ▁Cal g ary ▁store ▁opened ▁in ▁Ch in ook ▁Centre ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁Ott awa ▁store ▁opened ▁in ▁R ide au ▁Centre ▁on ▁March ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁Vancouver ▁Pacific ▁Centre ▁store ▁opened ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁Toronto ▁E aton ▁Centre ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁a ▁second ▁Toronto ▁location ▁was ▁opened ▁at ▁York dale ▁Shop ping ▁Centre ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Additionally , ▁a ▁third ▁Toronto ▁store ▁in ▁Sher way ▁Gard ens ▁opened ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁first ▁Nord st rom ▁R ack ▁opened ▁at ▁V augh an ▁M ills ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ; ▁and ▁then ▁a ▁second ▁location ▁in ▁De er foot ▁M ead ows ▁in ▁Cal g ary ▁and ▁a ▁flag ship ▁location ▁at ▁One ▁B loor ▁in ▁Toronto ▁opened ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Nord st rom ▁R ack ▁opened ▁three ▁other ▁additional ▁stores ▁in ▁Fall ▁ 2 0 1 |
8 ; ▁one ▁at ▁Heart land ▁Town ▁Centre ▁in ▁Mississ au ga , ▁one ▁at ▁Ott awa ▁Train y ards , ▁and ▁finally ▁one ▁at ▁South ▁Ed mont on ▁Commons . ▁ ▁Nord st rom ▁opened ▁a ▁ 1 3 8 , 0 0 0 - square - foot , ▁two - level , ▁full - line ▁store ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁The ▁Mall ▁of ▁San ▁Juan ▁in ▁San ▁Juan , ▁Puerto ▁Rico . ▁After ▁Hur ricane ▁Maria ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁store ▁suffered ▁major ▁water ▁damage ▁and ▁it ▁closed ▁temporarily ▁after ▁the ▁hur ricane . ▁Nord st rom ▁re op ened ▁the ▁store ▁on ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁b anners ▁ ▁Corpor ate ▁identity ▁ ▁Log o ▁ ▁Sales ▁events ▁ ▁Nord st rom ▁holds ▁six ▁annual ▁sales . ▁Two ▁of ▁these ▁are ▁Half - Year ly ▁sales , ▁which ▁take ▁place ▁semi - ann ually ▁in ▁May ▁and ▁late ▁December , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁three ▁additional ▁season al ▁sales . ▁ ▁Nord st rom ' s ▁largest ▁sale ▁event ▁is ▁the ▁Nord st rom ▁Ann iversary ▁Sale , ▁which ▁is ▁held ▁each ▁July . ▁Limited ▁amounts ▁of ▁merch and ise ▁set ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁fall ▁are ▁sent ▁to ▁Nord st rom ▁stores ▁early , ▁where ▁they ▁are ▁sold ▁at ▁discount . ▁For ▁ten ▁days ▁prior ▁to ▁Ann iversary ▁Sale , ▁Nord st rom ▁gives ▁early ▁access ▁to ▁members ▁who ▁make ▁appoint ments |
. ▁ ▁Rank ings ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Nord st rom ▁was ▁listed ▁at ▁No . ▁ 7 2 ▁in ▁Fort une ▁magazine ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Best ▁Companies ▁to ▁Work ▁For ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Nord st rom ▁is ▁a ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁member ▁of ▁Fort une ▁magazine ' s ▁" 1 0 0 ▁Best ▁Companies ▁to ▁Work ▁For ". ▁ ▁Nord st rom ▁was ▁No . ▁ 3 6 ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁list ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁No . ▁ 2 4 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁No . ▁ 4 6 ▁ ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁No . ▁ 8 8 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁For ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁year ▁in ▁a ▁row , ▁they ▁made ▁the ▁list ▁coming ▁in ▁at ▁No . ▁ 9 4 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁it ▁ranked ▁number ▁ 5 3 , ▁and ▁dropped ▁to ▁ 6 1 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 1 8 3 rd ▁on ▁the ▁Fort une ▁ 5 0 0 ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁United ▁States ▁corporations ▁by ▁revenue . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁fashion ▁trade ▁magazine , ▁Women ' s ▁W ear ▁Daily ▁reported ▁Nord st rom ▁as ▁the ▁top ▁fashion ▁retail er . ▁▁ |
2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 5 th ▁year ▁that ▁Nord st rom ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Fort une ▁ 5 0 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁Category : Dep artment ▁stores ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Dep artment ▁stores ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Seattle ▁Category : Cl othing ▁retail ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : Ret ail ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁initial ▁public ▁offer ings <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁former ▁Rand all ▁Memorial ▁Building , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Village ▁Ca fe , ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁commercial ▁building ▁located ▁at ▁Bl owing ▁Rock , ▁W ata uga ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 ▁ 1 / 2 - story , ▁weather board ed ▁cottage ▁with ▁steep ▁g able ▁roof . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁one - story ▁hip ▁roof ed ▁wing . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁Ep isc op al ▁Church ▁congreg ation ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁workshop ▁and ▁training ▁center ▁for ▁mountain ▁hand ic raft s . ▁ ▁It ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁community ▁centre . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on |
▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Com mercial ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : Com mercial ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁W ata uga ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁W ata uga ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁Andrea ▁Bar z ag li ▁ ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁former ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁centre - back . ▁A ▁four - time ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Serie ▁A ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year , ▁Bar z ag li ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁and ▁most ▁consistent ▁defend ers ▁of ▁his ▁generation . ▁ ▁After ▁playing ▁for ▁several ▁smaller ▁Italian ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁divisions ▁of ▁Italian ▁football ▁in ▁his ▁early ▁career , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁Serie ▁A ▁debut ▁with ▁Ch ie vo ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁and ▁eventually ▁came ▁to ▁prom in ence ▁while ▁playing ▁for ▁Pal ermo . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁German ▁side ▁V f L ▁Wol fs burg , ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁for ▁two ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁seasons , ▁winning ▁a ▁Bundes liga ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Italy , ▁joining ▁Ju vent us |
, ▁where ▁he ▁later ▁won ▁eight ▁consecutive ▁Serie ▁A ▁titles ▁between ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁among ▁other ▁tro ph ies , ▁including ▁four ▁consecutive ▁Cop pa ▁Italia ▁titles ▁between ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁At ▁international ▁level , ▁he ▁represented ▁the ▁Italian ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁on ▁ 7 3 ▁occasions ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁taking ▁part ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁where ▁he ▁obtained ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal , ▁at ▁two ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup s ▁( 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 4 ), ▁three ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Championships ▁( 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ), ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁FIFA ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup , ▁where ▁himself ▁and ▁the ▁team ▁also ▁won ▁bronze . ▁He ▁was ▁most ▁notably ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁World ▁Cup ▁winning ▁squad , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁starting ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁squad ▁that ▁reached ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁final . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁in ▁Italy ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 – 9 9 ▁season , ▁Bar z ag li ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁professional ▁football ▁appearance ▁with ▁semi - prof ess ional ▁R ond in ella ▁Cal cio ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Serie ▁B ▁side ▁A . C |
. ▁P isto ies e ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 0 1 , ▁in ▁a ▁co - own ership ▁deal . ▁He ▁initially ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁mid f iel der , ▁before ▁being ▁moved ▁to ▁defence ▁by ▁manager ▁Gi useppe ▁P illon . ▁A ▁year ▁later ▁he ▁rejo ined ▁R ond in ella ▁Cal cio ▁in ▁Serie ▁C 2 . ▁He ▁then ▁signed ▁for ▁Asc oli ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 0 2 ▁season ▁( from ▁P iac enza , ▁a ▁Serie ▁A ▁side ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁and ▁helped ▁them ▁gain ▁promotion ▁to ▁Serie ▁B . ▁He ▁remained ▁in ▁Asc oli ▁for ▁another ▁year ▁without ▁further ▁success . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁he ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁P iac enza ▁in ▁another ▁co - own ership ▁deal . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Serie ▁A ▁debut ▁with ▁Ch ie vo ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 – 1 ▁draw ▁at ▁B res cia ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁the ▁def ender ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁Serie ▁A ▁outfit ▁Pal ermo , ▁helping ▁the ▁club ▁to ▁an ▁UEFA ▁Cup ▁spot ▁during ▁his ▁first ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁club . ▁Bar z ag li ▁was ▁best owed ▁with ▁the ▁captain ' s ▁ar mb and ▁after ▁Eug en io ▁Cor ini ▁controvers ially ▁left ▁the ▁Sic il ian ▁club ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season . |
▁ ▁Wol fs burg ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁was ▁in ▁contract ▁negotiations ▁with ▁Fi orent ina ▁and ▁was ▁widely ▁expected ▁to ▁sign . ▁To ▁everyone ' s ▁surprise ▁the ▁deal ▁fell ▁through ▁as ▁Bar z ag li , ▁a ▁native ▁Fl orent ine , ▁had ▁already ▁stated ▁his ▁e ag erness ▁to ▁join . ▁Bar z ag li ' s ▁agent ▁spoke ▁to ▁media ▁saying : ▁" The ▁difference ▁between ▁what ▁we ▁were ▁asking ▁and ▁what ▁they ▁offered ▁was ▁minimal – ▁it ▁amount ed ▁to ▁£ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁Andrea ▁was ▁willing ▁to ▁give ▁up ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁money ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁Fi orent ina , ▁but ▁they ▁didn ’ t ▁take ▁our ▁requests ▁into ▁consideration ". ▁Instead ▁Bar z ag li ▁choose ▁to ▁join ▁V f L ▁Wol fs burg ▁and ▁the ▁Bundes liga ▁following ▁fellow ▁Italian ▁and ▁team mate ▁Crist ian ▁Z acc ardo . ▁He ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁number ▁ 4 3 . ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁Italian ▁international ▁sn ub bed ▁Fi orent ina ' s ▁five - year ▁£ 1 . 2 ▁million ▁contract ▁for ▁V f L ▁Wol fs burg ' s ▁three - year ▁offer ▁of ▁£ 2 . 5 ▁million . ▁The ▁official ▁transfer ▁fee ▁was ▁€ 1 2 . 9 5 ▁million . ▁Bar z ag li ▁played ▁every ▁minute ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁Bundes liga ▁championship ▁winning ▁season ▁for ▁Wol fs burg |
. ▁He ▁later ▁cred ited ▁his ▁Wol fs burg ▁coach ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁season , ▁Felix ▁Mag ath , ▁for ▁having ▁helped ▁him ▁to ▁improve ▁as ▁a ▁football er ▁and ▁for ▁inst illing ▁a ▁stronger ▁ment ality ▁and ▁work ▁eth ic ▁in ▁him . ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁debut ▁in ▁Wol fs burg ' s ▁ 3 – 1 ▁home ▁win ▁over ▁C SK A ▁Moscow . ▁He ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁for ▁Wol fs burg ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 0 ▁win ▁over ▁T SG ▁Hoff en heim ▁on ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁closed ▁his ▁second ▁season ▁at ▁Wol fs burg ▁with ▁two ▁appearances ▁in ▁the ▁Champions ▁League ▁and ▁three ▁in ▁the ▁Europa ▁League , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 1 ▁goal ▁in ▁ 2 4 ▁league ▁appearances . ▁In ▁his ▁third ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁German ▁club , ▁he ▁collected ▁ 1 7 ▁league ▁appearances ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Ju vent us ▁in ▁January . ▁ ▁Ju vent us ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁left ▁Wol fs burg ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Italy , ▁joining ▁Serie ▁A ▁gi ants ▁Ju vent us ▁for ▁a ▁contract ▁of ▁€ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁fixed ▁and ▁€ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁variable , ▁which ▁would |
▁keep ▁him ▁at ▁the ▁club ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Bar z ag li ' s ▁contract ▁with ▁Wol fs burg ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁exp ire ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁Tur in ▁club ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁away ▁defeat ▁against ▁his ▁former ▁team ▁Pal ermo , ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 3 rd ▁match - day ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁on ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁His ▁first ▁six ▁months ▁with ▁the ▁B ian con eri ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁a ▁ter ribly ▁disappoint ing ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁campaign ▁under ▁Lu igi ▁Del ner i , ▁which ▁saw ▁the ▁club ▁finish ▁only ▁seventh ▁in ▁Serie ▁A , ▁with ▁Bar z ag li ▁making ▁ 1 5 ▁appearances ▁in ▁the ▁league ▁that ▁season . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁Antonio ▁Con te ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁Ju vent us ▁coach , ▁Bar z ag li ▁became ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ju vent us ▁back line , ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁club ' s ▁most ▁consistent ▁perform ers , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁a ▁recall ▁to ▁the ▁national ▁team . ▁Ju vent us ▁finished ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁best ▁defence ▁in ▁Italy ▁and ▁in ▁Europe , ▁only ▁conced ing ▁ 2 0 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 3 8 ▁appearances . ▁Bar z ag li ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁for ▁Ju |
vent us ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁scoring ▁a ▁penalty ▁against ▁At al anta ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁league ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁home ▁win . ▁He ▁helped ▁Ju vent us ▁win ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁sc ud etto ▁und efe ated , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Super cop pa ▁Ital iana ; ▁Ju vent us ▁also ▁made ▁the ▁final ▁of ▁the ▁Cop pa ▁Italia ▁that ▁season . ▁His ▁stellar ▁season ▁earned ▁him ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Serie ▁A ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁he ▁renew ed ▁his ▁contract ▁with ▁Ju vent us ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁season , ▁Bar z ag li ▁made ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 5 ▁appearances ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions ▁for ▁Ju vent us , ▁his ▁highest ▁personal ▁t ally ▁since ▁his ▁first ▁season ▁at ▁Wol fs burg . ▁Most ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁made ▁alongside ▁Leon ardo ▁Bon ucc i ▁and ▁G ior gio ▁Chi ell ini ▁in ▁Antonio ▁Con te ' s ▁now ▁typical ▁three - man ▁back line ▁and ▁ 3 – 5 – 2 ▁formation , ▁as ▁the ▁club ▁again ▁prev ailed ▁in ▁Serie ▁A , ▁winning ▁their ▁second ▁consecutive ▁title , ▁and ▁made ▁their ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁quarter - fin als ▁of ▁the ▁Champions ▁League ▁and ▁the ▁semi - fin als ▁of ▁the |
▁Cop pa ▁Italia ; ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁performances ▁together , ▁the ▁three - man ▁defence ▁earned ▁the ▁nick name ▁BBC , ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁players ' ▁initial s , ▁and ▁soon ▁the ▁tri o ▁established ▁themselves ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁def ences ▁in ▁world ▁football ▁during ▁the ▁following ▁seasons . ▁Although ▁Bar z ag li ▁did ▁not ▁score ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁season , ▁he ▁impressed , ▁however , ▁in ▁the ▁home ▁fixture ▁against ▁Roma ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁when ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁half , ▁ran ▁past ▁an ▁opponent ▁with ▁a ▁" som br ero ", ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁lung - bur st ing ▁run ▁that ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁a ▁through - ball ▁assist ▁for ▁Sebastian ▁Giov in co , ▁as ▁Ju vent us ▁won ▁the ▁match ▁ 4 – 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁season , ▁Bar z ag li ' s ▁consistent ▁performances ▁continued ▁for ▁Ju vent us , ▁despite ▁having ▁dealt ▁with ▁injury ▁problems ▁throughout ▁the ▁season . ▁Ju vent us ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Super cop pa ▁Ital iana ▁and ▁their ▁third ▁consecutive ▁Serie ▁A ▁title , ▁their ▁th irt i eth ▁overall , ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁ 1 0 2 ▁points , ▁finishing ▁again ▁with ▁the ▁best ▁defence ▁in ▁the ▁League . ▁Ju vent us ▁disappointed ▁in ▁Europe , ▁however , ▁and ▁were ▁eliminated ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁stage ▁of ▁the |
▁Champion ' s ▁League , ▁although ▁they ▁managed ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁semi - fin als ▁of ▁the ▁Europa ▁League ▁that ▁season . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 9 ▁After ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁World ▁Cup , ▁Bar z ag li ▁end ured ▁an ▁injury ▁and ▁was ▁operated ▁in ▁Finland ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁being ▁ruled ▁out ▁for ▁three ▁months . ▁Bar z ag li ▁missed ▁the ▁entire ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁season , ▁and ▁only ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁starting ▁line - up ▁in ▁a ▁friendly ▁match ▁with ▁the ▁youth ▁side . ▁He ▁was ▁called ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁leg ▁of ▁Ju vent us ' s ▁semi - final ▁match - up ▁against ▁Fi orent ina ▁in ▁the ▁Cop pa ▁Italia . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁appearance ▁for ▁Ju vent us ▁since ▁his ▁injury ▁ 8 ▁months ▁before , ▁coming ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁in ▁Ju vent us ' s ▁ 1 – 0 ▁home ▁win ▁over ▁S ass u olo ▁on ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Bar z ag li ▁started ▁the ▁next ▁league ▁game ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁helping ▁Ju vent us ▁to ▁keep ▁a ▁clean ▁sheet ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 – 0 ▁away ▁win ▁over ▁Pal ermo . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁helped ▁Ju vent us ▁keep ▁a ▁clean |
▁sheet ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 – 0 ▁away ▁victory ▁over ▁S amp d oria , ▁which ▁allowed ▁the ▁Tur in ▁club ▁to ▁clin ch ▁the ▁Serie ▁A ▁title ▁for ▁a ▁fourth ▁consecutive ▁season . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁May , ▁he ▁featured ▁in ▁Ju vent us ' s ▁ 2 – 1 ▁victory ▁over ▁L az io ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Cop pa ▁Italia ▁Final , ▁as ▁Ju vent us ▁completed ▁a ▁domestic ▁double ▁that ▁season ; ▁this ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁club ' s ▁record ▁t enth ▁Cop pa ▁Italia ▁title . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁June , ▁Bar z ag li ▁started ▁for ▁Ju vent us ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁Final , ▁ahead ▁of ▁his ▁injured ▁defensive ▁team mate ▁Chi ell ini , ▁but ▁were ▁defeated ▁ 3 – 1 ▁by ▁Barcelona ▁at ▁Berlin ' s ▁Olymp i ast ad ion . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁July , ▁Bar z ag li ▁sustained ▁a ▁thigh ▁strain , ▁and ▁was ▁initially ▁ruled ▁out ▁for ▁three ▁weeks , ▁meaning ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁miss ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Super cop pa ▁Ital iana ; ▁however , ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁recover ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁start ▁the ▁match ▁as ▁Ju vent us ▁defeated ▁L az io ▁ 2 – 0 ▁on ▁ 8 ▁August ▁to ▁claim ▁a ▁record ▁seventh ▁Super cop pa ▁Ital iana ▁title . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season , ▁Bar z ag |
li ▁demonstrated ▁his ▁vers at ility ▁by ▁filling ▁in ▁for ▁the ▁recover ing ▁Ste phan ▁L icht ste iner ▁as ▁a ▁right back ; ▁in ▁this ▁position , ▁he ▁made ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁impressive ▁performances , ▁including ▁an ▁assist ▁for ▁Á l var o ▁Mor ata ' s ▁opening ▁goal ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁home ▁win ▁over ▁Sev illa ▁in ▁the ▁Champions ▁League ▁group ▁stage ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁September , ▁which ▁earned ▁him ▁the ▁Ju vent us ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁Award ▁for ▁October . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁November , ▁Bar z ag li ▁made ▁his ▁ 3 0 0 th ▁Serie ▁A ▁appearance ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁away ▁win ▁over ▁Emp oli . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁scored ▁his ▁second ▁ever ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁since ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁away ▁win ▁over ▁At al anta ; ▁coinc ident ally , ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁also ▁came ▁against ▁At al anta , ▁ 9 1 ▁games ▁earlier . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁May , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁ 1 5 0 th ▁Serie ▁A ▁appearance ▁for ▁Ju vent us ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁away ▁defeat ▁to ▁Ver ona ; ▁this ▁was ▁his ▁ 3 0 th ▁league ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁and ▁his ▁ 4 0 th ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions , ▁the ▁most ▁he ▁had ▁tot alled ▁since ▁the ▁ |
2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁season . ▁After ▁helping ▁Ju vent us ▁to ▁a ▁fifth ▁consecutive ▁Serie ▁A ▁title , ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May , ▁Bar z ag li ▁extended ▁his ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁club ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁season . ▁ ▁On ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁dis loc ated ▁his ▁shoulder ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁minute ▁of ▁play ▁against ▁Ch ie vo ▁after ▁falling ▁awkward ly ▁and ▁was ▁stretch ered ▁off ▁the ▁pitch ▁and ▁taken ▁to ▁hospital . ▁Tests ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁estimated ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁out ▁for ▁two ▁months . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁action ▁sooner ▁than ▁expected ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁December , ▁coming ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 8 th ▁minute ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 – 0 ▁home ▁win ▁over ▁Roma . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁started ▁in ▁his ▁second ▁Champions ▁League ▁Final ▁in ▁three ▁years ▁with ▁Ju vent us , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁defeated ▁ 4 – 1 ▁by ▁defending ▁champions ▁Real ▁Madrid . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁extended ▁his ▁contract ▁with ▁Ju vent us ▁for ▁one ▁season . ▁After ▁initially ▁struggling ▁with ▁injuries ▁early ▁on ▁in ▁the ▁season , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁starting ▁line - up ▁for ▁the ▁club ' s ▁league ▁fixture ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁September , |
▁and ▁made ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 th ▁Serie ▁A ▁appearance ▁with ▁Ju vent us ▁during ▁the ▁match , ▁capt aining ▁the ▁team ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁home ▁win ▁over ▁B olog na . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁October , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁ 5 0 th ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁appearance ▁( ex cl uding ▁qual ifying ▁rounds ), ▁coming ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁late ▁substitute ▁for ▁Juan ▁Cu adr ado ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 – 0 ▁away ▁win ▁over ▁Manchester ▁United . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁after ▁appearing ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁away ▁defeat ▁to ▁SP AL , ▁Bar z ag li ▁announced ▁he ▁would ▁retire ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁May , ▁in ▁Ju vent us ' s ▁final ▁home ▁game ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁Serie ▁A ▁season , ▁a ▁ 1 – 1 ▁draw ▁against ▁At al anta , ▁Bar z ag li ▁made ▁his ▁final ▁appearance ▁of ▁his ▁career , ▁and ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁send - off ▁as ▁Ju vent us ▁celebrated ▁winning ▁the ▁Serie ▁A ▁title . ▁In ▁the ▁ 6 1 st ▁minute , ▁he ▁came ▁off ▁for ▁Mario ▁Mand ž uk ić ▁and ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁standing ▁ov ation ▁by ▁the ▁crowd . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁ ▁Youth ▁career , ▁senior ▁debut ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁World ▁Cup ▁victory ▁Bar z ag li ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁under - |
2 1 ▁side ▁that ▁conqu ered ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 2 1 ▁Championship ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁manager ▁Cl audio ▁Gent ile , ▁and ▁he ▁also ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁At hens ▁that ▁year , ▁winning ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁his ▁first ▁senior ▁international ▁cap ▁for ▁Italy ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁in ▁ 1 – 0 ▁friendly ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁Finland ▁under ▁Italian ▁coach ▁Marc ello ▁L ippi . ▁He ▁was ▁called ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁and , ▁while ▁not ▁expecting ▁to ▁play ▁at ▁all , ▁was ▁deployed ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 – 0 ▁victory ▁against ▁Australia ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round , ▁following ▁Marco ▁M ater az zi ' s ▁sending - off . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁appeared ▁again , ▁starting ▁in ▁his ▁side ' s ▁ 3 – 0 ▁victory ▁over ▁Ukraine ▁in ▁the ▁quarter - fin als ▁following ▁M ater az zi ' s ▁suspension ▁and ▁Al ess andro ▁N esta ' s ▁injury ; ▁he ▁appeared ▁for ▁the ▁full ▁ 9 0 ▁minutes ▁in ▁this ▁fixture , ▁and ▁kept ▁clean ▁sheets ▁in ▁both ▁matches . ▁Italy ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁World ▁Cup ▁final ▁that ▁year ▁on ▁pen alties ▁over ▁France . ▁ ▁Post - World ▁Cup ▁victory ▁and ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁A ▁key ▁member ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁defence ▁under ▁new ▁Italy ▁manager ▁Roberto ▁Don ad oni , ▁Bar |
z ag li ▁was ▁deployed ▁six ▁times ▁in ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁qual ifying ▁matches , ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁crucial ▁ 2 – 1 ▁victory ▁over ▁Scotland . ▁He ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁Italy ' s ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁squad , ▁and ▁partner ed ▁alongside ▁M ater az zi ▁in ▁the ▁heavy ▁ 0 – 3 ▁defeat ▁against ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁after ▁Italian ▁skip per ▁Fab io ▁Cann av aro ▁on ▁ 2 ▁June ▁suffered ▁an ▁injury ▁in ▁training . ▁Bar z ag li ▁later ▁suffered ▁an ▁injury ▁in ▁training ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁June , ▁which ▁kept ▁him ▁out ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁as ▁Italy ▁were ▁eliminated ▁on ▁pen alties ▁in ▁the ▁quarter - fin als ▁by ▁the ▁event ual ▁champions ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁fall out ▁from ▁Italy ' s ▁heavy ▁opening ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁Bar z ag li ▁subsequently ▁appeared ▁for ▁the ▁A zz ur ri ▁only ▁one ▁time ▁during ▁the ▁following ▁three ▁years , ▁in ▁Italy ' s ▁ 2 – 1 ▁World ▁Cup ▁qual ifier ▁away ▁win ▁against ▁Cy pr us ▁after ▁Al ess andro ▁G amber ini ▁fell ▁injured ▁after ▁ 6 0 ▁seconds . ▁In ▁spite ▁of ▁winning ▁the ▁Bundes liga ▁with ▁Wol fs burg ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁picked ▁by ▁Marc ello ▁L ippi ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁FIFA ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup , ▁or ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁World |
▁Cup ▁tour naments , ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Return ▁to ▁the ▁national ▁team : ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁World ▁Cup ▁On ▁ 2 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁after ▁three ▁years ▁of ▁absence , ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁called ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁national ▁team ▁by ▁manager ▁Ces are ▁Pr and elli , ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁consistent ▁and ▁excellent ▁performances ▁for ▁Ju vent us ; ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁October , ▁he ▁started ▁in ▁Italy ' s ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁qual ifier ▁away ▁match ▁against ▁Ser bia , ▁and ▁also ▁subsequently ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁qual ifier ▁against ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁Pr and elli ▁for ▁the ▁ 3 2 - man ▁short list ▁for ▁Italy ' s ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁squad ; ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁ 2 3 ▁members ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁squad ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁May . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁in ▁a ▁preparation ▁match ▁for ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁against ▁Russia , ▁he ▁capt ained ▁the ▁team ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁after ▁Gian lu igi ▁Buff on ▁was ▁taken ▁off ▁to ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁Morgan ▁De ▁San ct is . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁June , ▁Bar z ag li ▁suffered ▁an ▁injury ▁during |
▁training , ▁which ▁put ▁his ▁place ▁at ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁je op ard y ; ▁despite ▁initial ▁concerns ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁tournament , ▁he ▁was ▁kept ▁in ▁the ▁squad ▁by ▁Pr and elli ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁his ▁back - up , ▁Dav ide ▁Ast ori , ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁only ▁miss ▁Italy ' s ▁opening ▁group ▁matches ▁against ▁Spain ▁and ▁Cro at ia . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁after ▁recover ing ▁from ▁his ▁injury , ▁Bar z ag li ▁was ▁picked ▁over ▁Leon ardo ▁Bon ucc i ▁to ▁play ▁against ▁Ireland ▁alongside ▁Ju vent us ▁team mate ▁Chi ell ini ▁in ▁Italy ' s ▁last ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁group ▁stage . ▁In ▁his ▁first ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁he ▁a ided ▁the ▁team ▁to ▁keep ▁a ▁clean ▁sheet ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁win ▁over ▁Ireland , ▁which ▁allowed ▁Italy ▁to ▁qualify ▁for ▁the ▁knock - out ▁round . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁started ▁in ▁Italy ' s ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁quarter - final ▁match ▁against ▁England , ▁which ▁also ▁resulted ▁in ▁an ▁Italian ▁victory ▁on ▁pen alties , ▁after ▁the ▁match ▁had ▁finished ▁ 0 – 0 ▁following ▁extra ▁time . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁continued ▁his |
▁success ▁in ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁by ▁a iding ▁Italy ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁victory ▁against ▁Germany . ▁Italy ▁were ▁eventually ▁defeated ▁by ▁defending ▁European ▁and ▁World ▁Champions ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁Final ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ; ▁although ▁they ▁were ▁defeated ▁ 4 – 0 , ▁their ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁automatically ▁qualified ▁them ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Bar z ag li ▁retained ▁his ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁starting ▁line up ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁World ▁Cup ▁Qual ifying ▁campaign , ▁as ▁Italy ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁tournament ▁und efe ated , ▁with ▁two ▁matches ▁to ▁spare . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Bar z ag li ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁Pr and elli ' s ▁ 3 1 - man ▁short - list ▁for ▁Italy ' s ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁FIFA ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup ▁squad ; ▁he ▁was ▁eventually ▁called ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁ 2 3 - man ▁Italy ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁FIFA ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup ▁in ▁Brazil ▁on ▁ 3 ▁June , ▁and ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁three ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁five ▁matches ▁throughout ▁the ▁tournament , ▁starting ▁in ▁Italy ' s ▁two ▁opening ▁group ▁wins ▁against ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Japan , ▁whilst ▁he ▁was ▁rested ▁in ▁Italy ' s ▁defeat ▁to ▁hosts ▁and ▁event ual ▁champions ▁Brazil ; ▁after ▁picking ▁up ▁an ▁injury ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final ▁penalty ▁shoot - out ▁defeat |
▁against ▁Spain , ▁he ▁missed ▁Italy ' s ▁penalty ▁shoot - out ▁victory ▁over ▁U rugu ay ▁in ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁match , ▁which ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁tournament ▁in ▁third ▁place , ▁their ▁best ▁ever ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup . ▁Bar z ag li ▁was ▁also ▁named ▁to ▁Pr and elli ' s ▁ 3 0 - man ▁short - list ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁World ▁Cup ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁later ▁called ▁up ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁starting ▁centre backs ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁in ▁Brazil ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June . ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁all ▁three ▁of ▁Italy ' s ▁group ▁matches ▁throughout ▁the ▁World ▁Cup , ▁also ▁making ▁his ▁ 5 0 th ▁cap ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁group ▁match ▁defeat ▁against ▁U rugu ay , ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁knocked ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁with ▁three ▁points . ▁ ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁World ▁Cup ▁qual ifying ▁campaign ▁and ▁retirement ▁After ▁featuring ▁for ▁Italy ▁in ▁defence ▁during ▁their ▁successful ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁qual ifying ▁campaign ▁under ▁manager ▁Antonio ▁Con te , ▁Bar z ag li ▁stated ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁retire ▁from ▁international ▁football ▁after ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁he |
▁was ▁officially ▁named ▁to ▁Con te ' s ▁ 2 3 - man ▁Italy ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁tournament . ▁Bar z ag li ▁started ▁in ▁every ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁helping ▁his ▁nation ▁to ▁keep ▁three ▁clean ▁sheets ▁alongside ▁Bon ucc i ▁and ▁Chi ell ini , ▁as ▁Italy ▁reached ▁the ▁quarter - fin als , ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁eliminated ▁by ▁Germany ▁ 6 – 5 ▁on ▁pen alties ▁on ▁ 2 ▁July , ▁despite ▁successfully ▁conver ting ▁his ▁penalty ▁in ▁the ▁resulting ▁shoot - out ▁against ▁the ▁reign ing ▁World ▁Cup ▁champions . ▁Following ▁the ▁defeat ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁initially ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁final ▁international ▁match ▁of ▁his ▁career , ▁a ▁vis ibly ▁emotional ▁Bar z ag li ▁stated ▁in ▁a ▁press ▁conference ▁with ▁R AI ▁Sport : ▁" We ▁really ▁did ▁give ▁everything . ▁Unfortunately ▁what ▁we ’ re ▁left ▁with ▁is ▁defeat ▁and ▁in ▁my ▁view ▁nothing ▁will ▁remain ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁good ▁things ▁we ▁did . ▁All ▁that ▁remains ▁is ▁disappointment ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁nobody ▁will ▁remember ▁anything ▁about ▁this ▁Naz ionale ▁that ▁truly ▁gave ▁everything . ▁We ▁really ▁enjoyed ▁our ▁time ▁together ▁and ▁wanted ▁it ▁to ▁continue . ▁We ’ re ▁sad ." ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁tournament , ▁new ▁national ▁team ▁manager ▁Gian ▁Pier o ▁Vent ura ▁commun icated ▁his ▁decision ▁to ▁attempt ▁to ▁convince ▁Bar z ag li ▁to ▁remain ▁with ▁the ▁national ▁team , ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁def ender ▁had ▁previously ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁ret iring ▁from ▁international ▁football ▁after |
▁the ▁competition . ▁After ▁speaking ▁to ▁Vent ura , ▁Bar z ag li ▁stated ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁in ▁early ▁August ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁consider ▁continuing ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁the ▁Italy ▁national ▁team ▁if ▁he ▁were ▁to ▁receive ▁a ▁call - up ; ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁August , ▁he ▁was ▁officially ▁called ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁national ▁team ▁once ▁again ▁for ▁a ▁friendly ▁match ▁against ▁France ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September , ▁and ▁for ▁Italy ' s ▁first ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁World ▁Cup ▁qual ification ▁match ▁on ▁ 5 ▁September , ▁against ▁Israel . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁international ▁football ▁in ▁Italy ' s ▁ 3 – 1 ▁friendly ▁home ▁defeat ▁to ▁France . ▁ ▁Italy ▁finished ▁in ▁Group ▁G ▁in ▁second ▁place ▁behind ▁Spain , ▁and ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁play - off ▁against ▁Sweden . ▁Italy ▁failed ▁to ▁qualify ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁after ▁a ▁ 1 – 0 ▁aggregate ▁loss ▁to ▁Sweden ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Im medi ately ▁following ▁the ▁second ▁leg ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁November , ▁a ▁ 0 – 0 ▁home ▁draw ▁which ▁ultimately ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁his ▁ 7 3 rd ▁and ▁final ▁international ▁appearance , ▁Bar z ag li ▁announced ▁his ▁retirement ▁from ▁the ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁After ▁retirement ▁Following ▁his ▁retirement ▁from ▁professional ▁football , ▁Bar z ag li ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Ju vent us ' s ▁coaching ▁staff ▁under ▁the ▁club ' s ▁new ▁manager ▁Maur izio ▁Sar |
ri ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Style ▁of ▁play ▁Reg arded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁defend ers ▁of ▁his ▁generation , ▁Bar z ag li ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁strong , ▁command ing ▁and ▁powerful ▁physical ▁build ▁as ▁a ▁centre - back , ▁and ▁for ▁being ▁" strong ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁anticip ation , ▁concentration ▁and ▁pos itional ▁sense ." ▁Consider ed ▁a ▁" late - blo omer ", ▁he ▁has ▁stood ▁out ▁in ▁Italy ▁and ▁in ▁Europe ▁in ▁recent ▁years , ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁mark ing , ▁intelligence , ▁a erial ▁prow ess , ▁and ▁tack ling ▁ability , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁correct ▁behaviour , ▁capacity ▁to ▁read ▁the ▁game , ▁and ▁his ▁ade pt ness ▁in ▁one ▁on ▁one ▁situations ; ▁these ▁attributes ▁have ▁enabled ▁him ▁to ▁establish ▁himself ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁defend ers ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁and ▁be ▁voted ▁to ▁the ▁Serie ▁A ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁for ▁three ▁consecutive ▁seasons , ▁also ▁making ▁him ▁an ▁important ▁member ▁of ▁both ▁his ▁club ▁and ▁national ▁sides . ▁His ▁calm ▁compos ure , ▁tact ical ▁awareness , ▁consistency , ▁technique , ▁vision , ▁and ▁ball ▁playing ▁ability ▁have ▁recently ▁enabled ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁and ▁most ▁complete ▁defend ers ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Despite ▁not ▁being ▁the ▁quick est ▁def ender ▁over ▁short ▁distances , ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁pace , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁anticip ation , ▁timing , ▁and ▁ability ▁to ▁read ▁the ▁game , |
▁and ▁is ▁a ▁fast ▁spr inter . ▁Although ▁he ▁is ▁usually ▁deployed ▁as ▁a ▁centre - back ▁in ▁a ▁three ▁or ▁four - man ▁defence , ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁capable ▁of ▁playing ▁as ▁a ▁full - back ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁fl ank . ▁Due ▁to ▁his ▁highly ▁consistent ▁defensive ▁performances ▁in ▁recent ▁years , ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁given ▁the ▁nick names ▁" The ▁Wall " ▁and ▁" La ▁Roc cia " ▁( the ▁rock ) ▁by ▁fans . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁ability ▁as ▁a ▁def ender , ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁highly ▁regarded ▁for ▁his ▁work - rate , ▁discipline , ▁ment ality , ▁and ▁ded ication ▁in ▁training , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁lon ge v ity . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Bar z ag li ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁M add al ena ▁were ▁married ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁son ▁Matt ia ▁and ▁a ▁daughter ▁Cam illa . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁International ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Club ▁R ond in ella ▁ ▁Serie ▁D : ▁ 1 9 9 8 – 9 9 ▁ ▁Asc oli ▁ ▁Serie ▁C 1 : ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 0 2 ▁ ▁Super cop pa ▁di ▁L ega ▁di ▁Pr ima ▁Division e : ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 0 2 ▁ ▁Wol fs burg ▁ ▁Bundes liga : ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁ ▁Ju vent us ▁ ▁Serie ▁A : ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 , ▁ |
2 0 1 2 – 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁ ▁Super cop pa ▁Ital iana : ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Cop pa ▁Italia : ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁Run ner - up : ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁ ▁International ▁Italy ▁ ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Olympic ▁Bron ze ▁Medal : ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Championship ▁runner - up : ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁FIFA ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup ▁third ▁place : ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 2 1 ▁Championship : ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Individual ▁ ▁Serie ▁A ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Year : ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 |
4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁ ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Group ▁Stage : ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Prem io ▁Naz ionale ▁Car ri era ▁E sem pl are ▁" Ga et ano ▁Sc ire a ": ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁Or ders ▁▁ 5 th ▁Class / K night : ▁Cav ali ere ▁Ord ine ▁al ▁Mer ito ▁della ▁Repub blic a ▁Ital iana : ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁▁ ▁CON I : ▁Golden ▁Coll ar ▁of ▁Sports ▁Mer it : ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁▁ 4 th ▁Class / Off icer : ▁U ff icial e ▁Ord ine ▁al ▁Mer ito ▁della ▁Repub blic a ▁Ital iana : ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁L ega Ser ie A . it ▁▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁A IC ▁▁▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁Italia 1 9 1 0 . com ▁▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁F IG C . it ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁F ies ole ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁T usc any ▁Category : It al ian ▁football ers ▁Category : It aly ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : It aly ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : It aly ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁football ers ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Italy ▁Category : Foot ball |
ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁A ▁players ▁Category : A . C . ▁Ch ie vo Ver ona ▁players ▁Category : S . S . D . ▁Pal ermo ▁players ▁Category : FI FA ▁World ▁Cup - winning ▁players ▁Category : U . S . ▁P isto ies e ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁players ▁Category : A sc oli ▁Cal cio ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : V f L ▁Wol fs burg ▁players ▁Category : J u vent us ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : UE FA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁players ▁Category : UE FA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁players ▁Category : It al ian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : B und es liga ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : It al ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Ser ie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁D ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁medal ists ▁in ▁football ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁FIFA ▁Confeder ations ▁Cup ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁players ▁Category : UE FA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁central ▁defend ers ▁Category : Off ic ers ▁of |
▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁Republic <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁page ▁contains ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁j arg on ▁used ▁to ▁varying ▁degrees ▁by ▁rail f ans , ▁train spot ters , ▁and ▁railway ▁employees ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁including ▁nick names ▁for ▁various ▁loc omot ives ▁and ▁multiple ▁units . ▁Although ▁not ▁exhaust ive , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁entries ▁in ▁this ▁list ▁appear ▁from ▁time ▁to ▁time ▁in ▁specialist , ▁rail - related ▁publications . ▁There ▁may ▁be ▁significant ▁regional ▁variation ▁in ▁usage . ▁ ▁A ▁▁ ▁Abs olute ▁block ▁sign alling ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁sign alling ▁scheme ▁designed ▁to ▁ensure ▁the ▁safe ▁operation ▁of ▁a ▁railway ▁by ▁allowing ▁only ▁one ▁train ▁to ▁occup y ▁a ▁defined ▁section ▁of ▁track ▁( block ) ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁ ▁An nett ' s ▁key ▁ ▁A ▁large ▁key ▁which ▁locks ▁le vers ▁or ▁other ▁items ▁of ▁sign alling ▁appar atus , ▁thereby ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁portable ▁form ▁of ▁inter lock ing ▁ ▁As pect ▁ ▁The ▁indication ▁displayed ▁by ▁a ▁colour - light ▁signal ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁yellow ▁aspect ) ▁ ▁Aut oco ach ▁ ▁A ▁passenger ▁coach ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁driving ▁cab ▁and ▁controls ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁an ▁aut ot r ain ▁ ▁Autom atic ▁warning ▁system ▁( A WS ) ▁ ▁The ▁specific ▁form ▁of ▁limited ▁cab ▁sign alling ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁to ▁help ▁train ▁drivers ▁observe ▁and ▁obey ▁warning ▁signals ▁ ▁B ▁▁ ▁Baby ▁D elt ic ▁ |
▁D 5 9 0 0 ▁class ▁Bo - Bo ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ives , ▁constructed ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁Electric ▁company . ▁They ▁used ▁a ▁single ▁Nap ier ▁D elt ic ▁engine / generator ▁combination , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁two - eng ines ▁layout ▁and ▁Co - Co ▁wheel ▁arrangement ▁of ▁the ▁much ▁longer ▁D elt ic ▁loc omot ives ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁manufacturer , ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁bore ▁a ▁very ▁strong ▁family ▁re sembl ance . ▁ ▁Baby ▁War ship ▁ ▁North ▁British ▁D 6 3 0 0 ▁class ▁loc omot ives , ▁which ▁used ▁one ▁dies el ▁engine ▁coupled ▁to ▁a ▁hyd ra ul ic ▁transmission , ▁making ▁them ▁effectively ▁half ▁a ▁D 6 0 0 ▁War ship ▁or ▁D 8 0 0 ▁War ship , ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁had ▁two ▁engines ▁ ▁Bag p ipes ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 3 / 1 ▁loc omot ives , ▁specifically ▁those ▁fitted ▁for ▁push - pull ▁working ▁with ▁ 4 TC ▁stock ▁ ▁Bas ils ▁ ▁A ▁nick name ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 7 5 5 ▁bi - mode ▁/ ▁dies el ▁multiple ▁units . ▁N amed ▁for ▁the ▁TV ▁character ▁Bas il ▁F aw l ty ▁due ▁to ▁many ▁te ething ▁problems ▁on ▁introduction . ▁ ▁Bed ▁pan ▁ ▁A ▁name ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁service ▁that ▁used ▁to ▁operate ▁between ▁Bed ford ▁and ▁London ▁St . ▁P anc ras ; ▁this ▁service ▁has ▁subsequently ▁been ▁replaced ▁by ▁cross - London ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁Th |
ames link ▁route . ▁It ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁when ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁line ▁from ▁Bed ford ▁to ▁St ▁P anc ras , ▁and ▁not ▁any ▁service ▁in ▁particular . ▁ ▁Black ▁Five ▁ ▁A ▁L MS ▁Stan ier ▁Class ▁ 5 ▁ 4 - 6 - 0 . ▁Class ▁of ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁named ▁from ▁their ▁black ▁' m ixed - tra ffic ' ▁li very ▁and ▁' Class ▁ 5 ' ▁power ▁rating . ▁ ▁Blood ▁and ▁C ust ard ▁ ▁The ▁Crim son ▁and ▁C ream ▁li very ▁used ▁on ▁BR ' s ▁coaches ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 6 0 s ▁ ▁Bobby ▁ ▁A ▁sign aller . ▁From ▁Robert ▁Pe el ; ▁originally , ▁the ▁railway ▁police ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁sign alling . ▁ ▁Bod ys n atch er ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 5 7 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ives — made ▁by ▁trans plant ing ▁a ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁re condition ed ▁power ▁unit ▁and ▁altern ator ▁into ▁a ▁Class ▁ 4 7 ▁bod ys hell ▁▁ ▁Bog ie ▁ ▁The ▁under car riage ▁assembly ▁of ▁rolling ▁stock ▁incorpor ating ▁the ▁train ▁wheels , ▁suspension , ▁br akes ▁and , ▁in ▁powered ▁units , ▁the ▁tr action ▁mot ors ▁ ▁Book ing ▁cl erk ▁ ▁A ▁member ▁of ▁staff ▁at ▁railway ▁stations , ▁employed ▁to ▁sell ▁tickets ▁to ▁passengers , ▁able ▁to ▁provide ▁advice ▁on ▁tick eting ▁and ▁route ▁options , ▁and ▁responsible |
▁for ▁the ▁daily ▁accounts ▁and ▁aud iting ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁ ▁B one ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 5 8 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive — from ▁the ▁shape : ▁the ▁body ▁is ▁narrow ▁with ▁wide ▁c abs . ▁( Al so ▁called ▁egg ▁timer .) ▁Iron ically , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁work ings ▁of ▁this ▁class ▁was ▁a ▁rail fan ▁special ▁called ▁the ▁B one ▁Break er ▁which ▁ended ▁in ▁a ▁buffer stop ▁collision ▁and ▁a ▁passenger ▁breaking ▁his ▁leg . ▁ ▁B one ▁Sh aker ▁ ▁London ▁Under ground ▁A 6 0 ▁and ▁A 6 2 ▁Stock , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁shake y ▁ride ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁trains . ▁The ▁nick name ▁was ▁co ined ▁by ▁an ▁IT V ▁News ▁reporter ▁during ▁a ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁A ▁Stock ' s ▁last ▁day ▁of ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁Line . ▁ ▁Bra ke ▁van ▁ ▁A ▁heavy ▁vehicle ▁with ▁powerful ▁br akes ▁which ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁goods ▁trains ▁in ▁the ▁days ▁when ▁most ▁w ag ons ▁were ▁not ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁continuous ▁br aking ▁system . ▁Its ▁function ▁was ▁to ▁supplement ▁the ▁loc omot ive ' s ▁br aking ▁power ▁in ▁slow ing ▁and ▁stopping ▁the ▁train ▁and ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁cou pl ings ▁uniform ly ▁tight ▁by ▁select ive ▁light ▁br aking ▁to ▁avoid ▁sn atch ing ▁and ▁break ages . ▁It ▁also ▁convey ed ▁the ▁train ▁guard , ▁hence ▁its ▁alternative ▁name ▁of ▁" gu ards ▁van ". ▁Part ly ▁analog ous |
▁to ▁cab oose ▁and ▁its ▁syn ony ms . ▁ ▁Br ush ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 4 7 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" Br ush ▁Type ▁ 4 ". ▁Follow ers ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁are ▁often ▁known ▁as ▁" Br ush ▁b ash ers ". ▁ ▁B ubble ▁car ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 1 2 1 ▁or ▁ 1 2 2 ▁single ▁rail car . ▁This ▁name ▁was ▁later ▁made ▁official ▁by ▁Ch il tern ▁Rail ways , ▁the ▁final ▁company ▁to ▁have ▁operated ▁the ▁ 1 2 1 ▁in ▁main line ▁service . ▁ ▁Bull head ▁rail ▁ ▁A ▁steel ▁rail ▁section ▁commonly ▁used ▁in ▁ 6 0 ft ▁lengths ▁on ▁almost ▁all ▁railway ▁lines ▁throughout ▁Britain ▁until ▁c 1 9 5 0 , ▁which ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁shape ▁must ▁be ▁supported ▁in ▁cast ▁iron ▁chairs ▁that ▁are ▁screw ed ▁to ▁the ▁sleep ers . ▁It ▁is ▁still ▁found ▁on ▁some ▁London ▁Under ground ▁lines , ▁on ▁secondary ▁and ▁preserved ▁lines , ▁and ▁in ▁yards . ▁The ▁rail ▁has ▁two ▁heads ▁( shaped ▁somewhat ▁like ▁a ▁vertical ▁d um bb ell ) ▁which ▁led ▁some ▁people ▁to ▁assume ▁that ▁when ▁one ▁side ▁became ▁worn , ▁the ▁rail ▁could ▁be ▁in verted ▁and ▁re install ed ▁for ▁further ▁service ▁rather ▁than ▁being ▁replaced ▁( it ▁can ' t , ▁because ▁the ▁two ▁heads ▁are ▁different ▁sizes , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁top ▁became ▁worn ▁down ▁sufficiently ▁to ▁fit ▁in |
▁the ▁chairs ▁when ▁the ▁rail ▁is ▁in verted , ▁both ▁the ▁top ▁and ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁rail ▁would ▁be ▁too ▁small ▁for ▁further ▁use ). ▁ ▁C ▁▁ ▁Cant ▁ ▁The ▁sup ere lev ation ▁angle ▁of ▁a ▁track ▁( the ▁relative ▁level ▁of ▁one ▁rail ▁to ▁the ▁other ), ▁typically ▁around ▁a ▁curve ▁ ▁Cape ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁tele graph ic ▁code word ▁to ▁note ▁the ▁cancellation ▁of ▁a ▁passenger ▁train ▁service ▁ ▁Car ▁trans porter ▁wagon ▁or ▁car ▁trans porter ▁van ▁ ▁A ▁specialized ▁fre ight ▁car ▁for ▁transport ing ▁autom ob iles ▁Cat ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 6 8 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive ▁ ▁C attle ▁ ▁Pass engers ▁( part icular ly ▁commut ers , ▁who ▁often ▁complain ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁treated ▁" like ▁cattle ") ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁area ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁immediately ▁off ▁the ▁ball ast ▁shoulder ▁which ▁provides ▁a ▁safe ▁area ▁for ▁workers ▁to ▁stand ▁when ▁trains ▁approach ▁ ▁Chair ▁ ▁A ▁cast ▁iron ▁br acket ▁screw ed ▁to ▁the ▁sle eper ▁and ▁used ▁to ▁support ▁bull ▁head ▁rail ▁that ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁place ▁by ▁a ▁wooden ▁key ▁( wedge ) ▁or ▁spring ▁steel ▁clip — st ill ▁found ▁on ▁preserved ▁rail ways ▁and ▁in ▁yards ▁ ▁Check ▁rail ▁ ▁A ▁double ▁rail ▁section ▁of ▁track , ▁sometimes ▁found ▁in ▁train ▁yards ▁and ▁on ▁br idges ▁to ▁prevent ▁der ail ments ▁or ▁limit ▁damage ▁caused ▁by ▁der ail ments , ▁by ▁having ▁rail ▁on ▁both ▁sides |
▁of ▁the ▁wheel ▁fl ange . ▁Also ▁found ▁on ▁curves ▁with ▁a ▁tight ▁radius ▁and ▁sw itches ▁and ▁cross ings ▁ ▁Ch im ney , ▁fun nel , ▁or ▁stack ▁ ▁A ▁sm ok est ack ▁ ▁Ch op per ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 2 0 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive ▁ ▁Ch ord ▁ ▁A ▁curve ▁connecting ▁two ▁otherwise - un connected ▁rail ▁lines ▁that ▁lie ▁at ▁tang ents ▁to ▁that ▁curve ▁( Us ually ▁both ▁lines ▁are ▁straight , ▁one ▁being ▁at ▁a ▁higher ▁level ▁than ▁the ▁other .) ▁ ▁Cl ag ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁exhaust ▁of ▁steam ▁loc omot ives , ▁" cl ag " ▁is ▁a ▁term ▁describing ▁the ▁often ▁spectacular ▁ ▁( part icular ly ▁black ened , ▁as ▁in ▁Class ▁ 3 7 , ▁or ▁whites m oked , ▁as ▁in ▁Class ▁ 5 5 ) ▁exhaust ▁emissions ▁of ▁many ▁older ▁British ▁dies el ▁loc omot ives , ▁especially , ▁Class es ▁ 5 2 ▁and ▁ 5 5 . ▁ ▁Coach ▁ ▁Railway ▁vehicle ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁passenger ▁trains ▁ ▁Coffee ▁pot ▁ ▁Ap plied ▁to ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁SR ▁Q 1 ▁class ▁steam ▁loc omot ives ▁ ▁Com posite ▁ ▁A ▁passenger ▁car ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁class ▁of ▁accommodation ▁provided ▁( e . g . ▁first ▁and ▁third ). ▁In ▁earlier ▁days ▁of ▁three - class ▁travel , ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁class , ▁and ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁class ▁compos ites ▁were ▁also ▁built . ▁A ▁car |
▁with ▁first , ▁second , ▁and ▁third ▁classes ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁tri - com posite . ▁ ▁Connect ing ▁rod ▁ ▁The ▁drive ▁rod ▁connecting ▁the ▁cross head ▁to ▁a ▁driving - wheel ▁or ▁ax le ▁in ▁a ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁ ▁Cou pling ▁( UK ) ▁ ▁The ▁mechanical ▁conne ctor ▁at ▁either ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁railway ▁carriage ▁allowing ▁it ▁to ▁couple ▁together ▁with ▁other ▁car riages ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁train ▁ ▁C rom pton ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 3 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive ▁( f itted ▁with ▁C rom pton ▁Park inson ▁electrical ▁equipment ). ▁See ▁also ▁S lim ▁Jim . ▁ ▁D ▁▁ ▁D arth ▁V aders ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 4 6 0 ▁Jun iper ▁electric ▁multiple ▁units ▁( EM Us ), ▁so ▁called ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁sl oping ▁cab ▁ends , ▁which ▁re sembled ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁helmet ▁worn ▁by ▁the ▁Star ▁Wars ▁vill ain ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁ ▁D elt ics ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 5 5 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ives ▁( the ▁" D elt ics "), ▁which ▁use ▁twin ▁Nap ier ▁D elt ic ▁power ▁units ▁ ▁Det on ator ▁ ▁A ▁small ▁explos ive ▁device ▁str apped ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁a ▁rail ▁to ▁alert ▁an ▁approaching ▁train ▁of ▁danger ▁ahead ▁by ▁creating ▁a ▁loud ▁noise ▁upon ▁contact ▁with ▁a ▁loc omot ive ▁wheel ▁ ▁D ood le bug ▁ ▁W agg on ▁und ▁Mas ch inen |
bau ▁rail bus es ▁E 7 9 9 6 0 - 6 4 , ▁introduced ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁ ▁Down ▁ ▁A ▁direction ▁( us ually ▁away ▁from ▁London , ▁other ▁capital ▁city , ▁or ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁concerned ) ▁or ▁side ▁( on ▁left - running ▁rail ways , ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁when ▁facing ▁in ▁the ▁down ▁direction ). ▁ ▁Dr ain ▁ ▁The ▁Water lo o ▁& ▁City ▁line , ▁a ▁short ▁line ▁in ▁London , ▁is ▁nick named ▁" The ▁Dr ain ". ▁ ▁Driver ▁ ▁The ▁operator ▁of ▁a ▁railway ▁loc omot ive ▁ ▁D riving ▁trailer ▁ ▁A ▁passenger ▁coach ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁full ▁set ▁of ▁train ▁controls ▁at ▁one ▁end , ▁allowing ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁push - pull ▁train ▁operation ▁ ▁D riving ▁Van ▁Tra iler ▁( D VT ) ▁ ▁A ▁class ▁of ▁control ▁car ▁▁ ▁D ust y ▁Bin ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 2 1 , ▁from ▁the ▁game ▁show ▁ 3 - 2 - 1 , ▁featuring ▁the ▁animated ▁character ▁" D ust y ▁Bin " ▁ ▁Dutch ▁ ▁The ▁li very ▁of ▁British ▁Rail ▁Civil ▁Engine ers ▁department ▁rolling ▁stock , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁re sembl ance ▁of ▁Nederland se ▁Sp oor w egen ' s ▁corporate ▁li very ▁ ▁D ys on ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 9 2 ▁so ▁called ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁sound ▁their ▁tr action ▁blow ers ▁make ▁as ▁they ▁go ▁past . ▁ ▁E ▁▁ ▁E gg ▁T imer ▁ ▁British |
▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 5 8 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive ▁ ▁F ▁▁▁ ▁F ag ▁packet ▁li very ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁li very ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Great ▁Western ▁H ST s — a ▁green ▁colour ▁scheme , ▁f ading ▁to ▁iv ory ▁with ▁shiny ▁gold ▁stri pe ▁below ▁the ▁windows , ▁so ▁called ▁because ▁it ▁re semb les ▁the ▁packaging ▁of ▁a ▁brand ▁of ▁Roth man ' s ▁cig arettes ▁(' f ags ') ▁ ▁Fer ret ▁and ▁D art board ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁em blem ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁featuring ▁a ▁lion ▁ramp ant ▁holding ▁a ▁wheel . ▁From ▁a ▁distance ▁the ▁wheel ▁has ▁a ▁passing ▁re sembl ance ▁to ▁a ▁d art board . ▁ ▁Fish pl ate ▁ ▁A ▁metal ▁plate ▁that ▁jo ins ▁the ▁ends ▁of ▁r ails ▁in ▁joint ed ▁track ▁ ▁Fl at ▁jun ction ▁ ▁A ▁jun ction ▁in ▁which ▁all ▁track ▁cross ings ▁take ▁place ▁at ▁grade ▁and ▁rout ings ▁must ▁therefore ▁be ▁controlled ▁by ▁signals ▁and ▁inter lock ing ▁ ▁Fl at ▁wagon ▁ ▁A ▁type ▁of ▁rolling ▁stock , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁flat - bottom ed ▁car ▁with ▁no ▁sides ▁on ▁which ▁fre ight ▁( including ▁inter modal ▁containers ) ▁can ▁be ▁stack ed . ▁A ▁bulk head ▁is ▁a ▁flat car ▁with ▁walls ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁and ▁rear . ▁A ▁center - be am ▁bulk head ▁is ▁a ▁bulk head ▁flat car ▁with ▁an ▁additional ▁wall ▁divid ing ▁one ▁side ▁of |
▁the ▁flat car ▁from ▁the ▁other , ▁but ▁still ▁without ▁any ▁sides . ▁ ▁Fly ▁sh unting ▁ ▁The ▁practice ▁of ▁unc ou pling ▁a ▁loc omot ive ▁from ▁a ▁car ▁in ▁motion ▁and ▁running ▁over ▁a ▁switch , ▁where up on ▁an ▁employee ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁lines ▁the ▁switch ▁to ▁di vert ▁the ▁car ▁onto ▁an ▁adjacent ▁track . ▁Once ▁common place , ▁this ▁practice ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁several ▁law su its ▁against ▁rail road ▁companies ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁strictly ▁prohib ited ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁high ▁risk ▁to ▁life ▁and ▁property . ▁ ▁F lying ▁Ban ana ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁design ▁of ▁G WR ▁dies el ▁rail c ars , ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁This ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁adopted ▁for ▁the ▁Network ▁Rail ▁New ▁Me asure ment ▁Train , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁all - over ▁yellow ▁li very . ▁Also ▁occasionally ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁High ▁Speed ▁Train . ▁ ▁Form ation ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁of ▁rail ▁vehicles ▁making ▁up ▁a ▁train , ▁or ▁more ▁commonly ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁loc omot ives ▁connected ▁together ▁for ▁multiple - unit ▁( M U ) ▁operation ▁ ▁Four ▁foot ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁between ▁the ▁running ▁r ails ▁of ▁a ▁standard - g auge ▁track ; ▁the ▁actual ▁distance ▁is ▁. ▁See ▁also ▁six - foot ▁and ▁ten - foot . ▁ ▁G ▁▁ ▁Good s ▁ ▁The ▁products ▁which ▁are ▁carried ▁ ▁Good s ▁van , ▁goods ▁wagon , ▁or ▁goods ▁truck , ▁railway ▁wagon , ▁or ▁wagon ▁ ▁A ▁type |
▁of ▁rolling ▁stock ▁with ▁a ▁flat ▁bottom ▁en closed ▁on ▁all ▁sides ▁and ▁top , ▁which ▁is ▁loaded ▁and ▁un loaded ▁from ▁sliding ▁doors ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁ ▁G oyle ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 1 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive — from ▁" g arg oyle " ▁( after ▁the ▁somewhat ▁un gain ly ▁head code ▁boxes ▁above ▁the ▁driving ▁c abs ) ▁ ▁G ric er ▁ ▁A ▁rail ▁enthusi ast ▁ ▁Grid ▁or ▁grid ▁iron ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 5 6 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive , ▁from ▁the ▁large ▁gr illes ▁▁ ▁G ron k ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 0 8 ▁or ▁Class ▁ 0 9 ▁sh unter ▁ ▁Grow ler ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 7 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive ▁( from ▁the ▁engine ▁sound ) ▁ ▁Guard ▁ ▁The ▁person ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁a ▁train ▁and ▁its ▁crew . ▁On ▁passenger ▁trains , ▁a ▁condu ctor ▁is ▁also ▁responsible ▁for ▁tasks ▁such ▁as ▁assist ing ▁passengers ▁and ▁collecting ▁tickets . ▁ ▁G urg ler ▁ ▁A ▁nick name ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 1 , ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁its ▁engine ▁noise ▁ ▁H ▁▁ ▁Head sh unt ▁ ▁A ▁length ▁of ▁track ▁feeding ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁sid ings ▁that ▁perm its ▁the ▁sid ings ▁to ▁be ▁sh unted ▁without ▁blocking ▁the ▁main ▁line , ▁or ▁where ▁two ▁lines ▁merge ▁into ▁one ▁before ▁ending ▁with ▁a ▁buffer , |
▁to ▁allow ▁a ▁run - round ▁procedure ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁ ▁Ho over ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 5 0 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive — from ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁the ▁engine ▁cooling ▁fans ▁being ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁vacuum ▁clean er , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁ref urb ishment ▁which ▁removed ▁this ▁characteristic ▁ ▁H ym ek ▁ ▁A ▁D 7 0 0 0 ▁class ▁loc omot ive ▁using ▁a ▁V 1 6 ▁May bach ▁dies el ▁engine ▁coupled ▁to ▁a ▁M ek ydro ▁hyd ra ul ic ▁transmission ▁▁ ▁Happy ▁Train ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 6 5 ▁because ▁their ▁rev ised ▁front ▁end ▁re semb les ▁a ▁grin ning ▁face . ▁ ▁J ▁▁ ▁J avel in ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 9 5 ▁electric ▁multiple ▁units , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁usage ▁during ▁the ▁London ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁on ▁Olympic ▁J avel in ▁Sh utt le ▁services ▁ ▁J oint ▁station ▁ ▁A ▁railway ▁station ▁at ▁which ▁tracks ▁and ▁facilities ▁are ▁shared ▁by ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁rail ways ▁ ▁K ▁▁ ▁K est rel ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁H S 4 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Key ▁ ▁Tim ber ▁or ▁spr ung ▁steel ▁block ▁used ▁to ▁secure ▁Bull head ▁rail ▁into ▁the ▁chairs ▁ ▁L ▁▁ ▁L amp ▁ ▁A ▁portable ▁( o ften ▁hand held ) ▁light ▁source ▁that ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁signal ▁train ▁cre ws ▁▁ ▁Large - logo ▁li very ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁new ▁British ▁Rail |
▁loc omot ive ▁liver ies ▁applied ▁after ▁many ▁years ▁of ▁all - over ▁rail ▁blue . ▁For ▁this ▁li very , ▁the ▁loc o ▁c abs ▁were ▁entirely ▁' warning ▁yellow ', ▁with ▁black ▁window ▁surround s ▁( the ▁yellow ▁usually ▁wr apping ▁round ▁behind ▁the ▁cab ▁doors ); ▁the ▁main ▁bod ys ides ▁were ▁still ▁rail ▁blue ▁but ▁featured ▁very ▁large ▁running ▁numbers ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁white ▁British ▁Rail ▁' double ▁arrow ' ▁logo ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁the ▁full ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁body . ▁It ▁was ▁applied ▁to ▁ref urb ished ▁Class ▁ 5 0 ▁loc omot ives , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁L ights ab er ▁ ▁The ▁cut ter ' s ▁torch , ▁co ined ▁by ▁Modern ▁Rail ways ▁magazine ▁as ▁a ▁pun ▁on ▁the ▁Class ▁ 4 6 0 ▁' D arth ▁V aders ' ▁having ▁their ▁front ▁ends ▁cut ▁off ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁am alg am ation ▁with ▁the ▁Class ▁ 4 5 8 s ▁ ▁Location ▁case ▁ ▁A ▁track side ▁cabinet ▁used ▁to ▁house ▁sign alling ▁equipment ▁such ▁as ▁rel ays ▁or ▁transform ers ▁ ▁Lo op ▁ ▁A ▁second ▁parallel ▁track ▁( running ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁distance ) ▁on ▁single - track ▁railway ▁lines , ▁allowing ▁a ▁train ▁to ▁pass ▁another ▁ ▁M ▁▁ ▁Main ▁line ▁ ▁A ▁principal ▁ar tery ▁of ▁a ▁railway ▁system ▁ ▁Mer ry - go - round ▁( M GR ) ▁train ▁ ▁Coal ▁train ▁running ▁between ▁a ▁coal ▁mine ▁and ▁a ▁power ▁station , ▁loading ▁and ▁un |
loading ▁without ▁stopping ▁or ▁sh unting ▁ ▁Met rov ick ▁ ▁Loc omot ives ▁constructed ▁by ▁Met ropolitan - V ick ers , ▁especially ▁the ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 2 8 ▁( D 5 7 0 0 ▁class ) ▁Co - Bo ▁ ▁Mic key ▁Mouse ▁ ▁An ▁Iv att ▁ 2 MT ▁class ▁ 2 - 6 - 0 ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁Mil k ▁Float ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 1 3 ▁electric ▁multiple ▁unit , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁distinctive ▁hum ming ▁sound ▁made ▁by ▁this ▁class ▁of ▁EM U ▁ ▁M otion ▁ ▁Collect ive ▁term ▁for ▁the ▁connecting ▁rod , ▁coupling ▁ro ds , ▁and ▁val ve ▁gear — forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁running ▁gear ▁ ▁Motor ▁train ▁ ▁A ▁branch - line ▁train ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁and ▁passenger ▁car riages ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁driven ▁from ▁either ▁end ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁ro dd ing ▁to ▁the ▁reg ulator ▁and ▁an ▁additional ▁vacuum ▁bra ke ▁val ve . ▁The ▁fire man ▁remains ▁with ▁the ▁loc omot ive ▁and , ▁when ▁the ▁driver ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁other ▁end , ▁the ▁fire man ▁controls ▁the ▁cut ▁off ▁and ▁vacuum ▁e ject ors ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁usual ▁duties . ▁ ▁MT Val ▁ ▁A ▁high - speed ▁train ▁consisting ▁of ▁one ▁MT U ▁eng ined ▁power ▁car , ▁and ▁one ▁Val enta ▁eng ined ▁power ▁car ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁Mult iple ▁working ▁ ▁The ▁ability ▁of ▁dies el ▁and ▁electric ▁loc omot ives ▁or ▁multiple ▁units |
▁to ▁be ▁joined ▁together ▁and ▁controlled ▁from ▁one ▁driving ▁station . ▁Such ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁joined ▁loc omot ives ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁consist ▁or ▁( col lo qu ially ) ▁" l ash - up " ▁and ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁" M U ed ▁together ". ▁ ▁N ▁▁ ▁Network er ▁Club man ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 1 6 8 ▁Club man ▁unit ▁with ▁original ▁front ▁end , ▁so ▁called ▁because ▁it ▁re semb les ▁the ▁front ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁Network er ▁ ▁Normal ▁ ▁A ▁non - enth us i ast ▁ ▁O ▁▁ ▁Open ▁wagon ▁ ▁A ▁type ▁of ▁rolling ▁stock ▁with ▁a ▁flat ▁bottom ▁and ▁relatively ▁low ▁sides , ▁used ▁to ▁haul ▁material ▁such ▁as ▁ore ▁or ▁scrap , ▁and ▁loaded ▁and ▁un loaded ▁from ▁the ▁top ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁covered ▁or ▁un covered ▁ ▁Over bridge ▁ ▁A ▁bridge ▁over ▁the ▁railway ▁ ▁Over lap ▁ ▁A ▁distance ▁( norm ally ▁ 1 8 0 ▁metres ▁or ▁set ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁permitted ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁line ) ▁beyond ▁a ▁stop ▁signal ▁which ▁must ▁be ▁clear ▁before ▁the ▁preced ing ▁stop ▁signal ▁can ▁display ▁a ▁proceed ▁aspect ; ▁allows ▁a ▁margin ▁in ▁case ▁a ▁train ▁overs h oot s ▁a ▁signal ▁before ▁stopping ▁ ▁P ▁▁ ▁Peak ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 4 4 , ▁Class ▁ 4 5 , ▁or ▁Class ▁ 4 6 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive — so ▁named ▁because ▁the ▁earliest ▁of ▁these ▁loc o ▁types , ▁the |
▁ten ▁Class ▁ 4 4 s , ▁were ▁named ▁after ▁mountains ▁▁ ▁Person ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁possession ▁( P IC OP ) ▁ ▁The ▁railway ▁or ▁contract or ' s ▁official ▁responsible ▁for ▁safe ▁working ▁during ▁engineer ' s ▁possession ▁ ▁Pl astic ▁pig ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 4 4 2 , ▁" W esse x ▁Elect rics " ▁( elect ric ▁multiple ▁units ) — so - named ▁for ▁being ▁mostly ▁made ▁out ▁of ▁pl ast ics ▁in ▁construction ▁ ▁Point ▁machine ▁ ▁A ▁motor ▁or ▁device ▁which ▁operates ▁points ▁ ▁Points ▁ ▁The ▁artic ulating ▁r ails ▁that ▁determine ▁the ▁route ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁Poss ession ▁Cl os ure ▁of ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁railway ▁for ▁engineering ▁or ▁track ▁renew al ▁purposes ▁ ▁Pred ator ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 7 0 , ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁alien ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁films ▁▁ ▁P ump ▁t rol ley ▁ ▁A ▁small , ▁hand - powered ▁rail road ▁car ▁used ▁for ▁track ▁inspection ▁ ▁R ▁▁ ▁R ake ▁ ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁rolling ▁stock ▁coupled ▁together ▁ ▁Rat ▁ ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 2 5 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ives — and ▁related ▁classes — re put edly ▁origin ating ▁from ▁a ▁term ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁L MR ▁of ▁British ▁Rail ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁where ▁ 2 5 s ▁were ▁as ▁common ▁as ▁" r ats "; ▁the ▁Scottish - based ▁Class ▁ 2 6 ▁and ▁ 2 |
7 ▁were ▁sometimes ▁known ▁as ▁" Mac R ats ". ▁See ▁also ▁S pl ut . ▁ ▁Reb el ▁Alliance ▁ ▁South ▁West ▁Tr ains , ▁co ined ▁by ▁Modern ▁Rail ways ▁as ▁a ▁pun ▁on ▁the ▁D arth ▁V ader ▁front ▁ends ▁of ▁the ▁s ▁being ▁cut ▁off ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁am alg am ation ▁with ▁the ▁Class ▁ 4 5 8 ▁units ▁( which ▁amid st ▁the ▁pun ▁was ▁dub bed ▁as ▁their ▁' star ▁fleet ', ▁all ▁a ▁pun ▁on ▁Star ▁Wars ) ▁ ▁Ro ar er ▁ ▁Early ▁British ▁Rail ▁ 2 5 k V ▁AC ▁electric ▁loc omot ive ▁of ▁types ▁' AL 1 ' – ' AL 5 ' ▁( l ater ▁Class es ▁ 8 1 , ▁ 8 2 , ▁ 8 3 , ▁ 8 4 , ▁ 8 5 ), ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁loud ▁wh ine ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁tr action ▁motor ▁cooling ▁fans ▁when ▁the ▁loc omot ive ▁is ▁at ▁rest . ▁The ▁name ▁origin ated ▁with ▁the ▁AL 3 ▁type . ▁Although ▁the ▁other ▁types ▁exhibit ▁a ▁less ▁notice able ▁noise , ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁applied ▁equally ▁to ▁any ▁of ▁them . ▁ ▁Rule ▁Book ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁of ▁rules ▁for ▁the ▁safe ▁operation ▁of ▁the ▁railway , ▁maintained ▁by ▁the ▁Rail ▁Safety ▁and ▁Stand ards ▁Board . ▁ ▁Running ▁powers ▁ ▁The ▁legal ▁right ▁of ▁one ▁railway ▁company ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁tracks ▁of ▁another , ▁as ▁agreed ▁to ▁by ▁the ▁companies ▁concerned ▁or ▁their ▁predecess ors ▁ ▁S |
▁▁▁ ▁S hed ▁ ▁A ▁Canadian - built ▁Class ▁ 6 6 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive ▁( from ▁the ▁roof ▁shape ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁cor rug ated ▁bod ys ides ) ▁ ▁Sh unter ▁ ▁A ▁small ▁loc omot ive ▁used ▁for ▁as sem bling ▁trains ▁and ▁moving ▁rail road ▁cars ▁around ▁ ▁A ▁person ▁involved ▁in ▁such ▁work ▁ ▁Sign al ▁passed ▁at ▁danger ▁( SP AD ) ▁ ▁An ▁incident ▁when ▁a ▁train ▁passes ▁a ▁stop ▁signal ▁without ▁authority ▁ ▁Sign al - post ▁telephone ▁( SP T ) ▁ ▁A ▁direct ▁no - d ial ▁telephone ▁link ▁to ▁the ▁relevant ▁signal ▁box , ▁positioned ▁on ▁or ▁near ▁a ▁signal ▁ ▁Silver ▁bullet ▁ ▁China ▁Clay ▁sl ur ry ▁w ag ons ▁ ▁Six ▁foot ▁ ▁The ▁space ▁between ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁adjacent ▁lines , ▁nomin ally ▁six ▁feet ▁wide . ▁See ▁also ▁four - foot ▁and ▁ten - foot . ▁ ▁Skip per ▁ ▁Class ▁ 1 4 2 ▁DM Us ▁ ▁Sl ack ▁ ▁A ▁temporary ▁speed ▁restriction ▁to ▁protect , ▁for ▁example , ▁sections ▁of ▁track ▁in ▁poor ▁condition ▁and ▁await ing ▁repair . ▁Also ▁applies ▁to ▁the ▁timing ▁tolerance ▁included ▁in ▁tim et able ▁sched ules ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁such ▁restrictions . ▁ ▁Sl ack ▁action ▁ ▁Lo osen ess ▁in ▁a ▁train ▁caused ▁by ▁m ating ▁clear ances ▁in ▁cou pl ers ▁ ▁Sl am - door ▁train ▁ ▁Any ▁dies el ▁or ▁electric ▁multiple ▁unit ▁with ▁manually ▁opening ▁h ing ed |
▁doors ▁( most ly ▁the ▁British ▁rail ▁classes ▁ 4 2 3 ▁and ▁ 4 2 1 ), ▁so ▁called ▁after ▁the ▁noise ▁made ▁by ▁passengers ▁sl am ming ▁the ▁doors ▁▁ ▁S le eper ▁ ▁B ars ▁of ▁wood ▁or ▁concrete ▁placed ▁beneath ▁and ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁track ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁r ails ▁ ▁S lim ▁Jim ▁ ▁N arrow - b od ied ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 3 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive ▁( ident ified ▁as ▁sub - class ▁ 3 3 / 2 ) — built ▁for ▁the ▁conf ined ▁loading ▁gauge ▁on ▁the ▁H ast ings ▁line . ▁See ▁also ▁C rom pton ). ▁ ▁Sl ip ▁coach ▁ ▁A ▁passenger ▁coach ▁that ▁is ▁dis connected ▁from ▁a ▁train ▁without ▁the ▁train ▁having ▁to ▁stop . ▁While ▁the ▁train ▁continued ▁on ▁its ▁route , ▁the ▁slip ▁coach ▁would ▁be ▁guided ▁and ▁stopped ▁by ▁a ▁guard ▁on ▁board ▁using ▁the ▁coach ' s ▁own ▁bra ke ▁mechanism . ▁This ▁practice ▁was ▁almost ▁entirely ▁limited ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁was ▁dis contin ued ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁Sp inner ▁A ▁Mid land ▁Railway ▁ 1 1 5 ▁Class ▁steam ▁loc omot ive , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁large ▁driving ▁wheels ▁S pl ut ▁ ▁Another ▁nick name ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 2 5 , ▁referring ▁to ▁their ▁habit ▁of ▁spl utter ing ▁when ▁their ▁engines ▁cut ▁out ▁and ▁failed , ▁which ▁they ▁often ▁did |
. ▁See ▁also ▁Rat . ▁Station ▁pilot ▁ ▁A ▁sh unting ▁engine ▁based ▁at ▁a ▁major ▁passenger ▁station ▁and ▁used ▁for ▁passenger - train ▁sh unting ▁duties ▁Stop ▁and ▁examine ▁ ▁A ▁now - def unct ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁rule ▁which ▁required ▁a ▁train ▁crew ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁train ▁and ▁examine ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁an ▁unexpected ▁noise , ▁vibr ation , ▁etc . ▁Section ▁T W ▁of ▁the ▁Network ▁Rail ▁rule book ▁covers ▁the ▁requirements ▁when ▁working ▁a ▁modern ▁train . ▁Sub way ▁ ▁A ▁tunnel ▁passing ▁underneath ▁the ▁railway ▁tracks ▁to ▁allow ▁passengers ▁to ▁cross ▁from ▁one ▁platform ▁to ▁another ▁ ▁Super ▁ 6 0 ▁ ▁A ▁re built ▁class ▁ 6 0 , ▁up graded ▁by ▁D BS . ▁Main ly ▁seen ▁in ▁an ▁overall ▁red ▁li very , ▁with ▁half - y ellow ▁front s , ▁but ▁a ▁couple ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁S ector ▁li very . ▁Sup ere lev ation ▁ ▁The ▁banking ▁of ▁rail road ▁track ▁on ▁curves . ▁Specific ally , ▁the ▁practice ▁on ▁high ▁speed ▁lines ▁( where ▁the ▁cant ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁higher ) ▁of ▁gently ▁introducing ▁the ▁elev ation ▁of ▁the ▁outer ▁rail ▁before ▁the ▁bend ▁starts , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁sudden ▁l urches . ▁Syn onymous ▁with ▁cant . ▁ ▁T ▁▁ ▁T ad p ole ▁ ▁A ▁ 3 R ▁dies el ▁electric ▁multiple ▁unit ▁( DE M U ), ▁named ▁due ▁to ▁having ▁two ▁vehicles ▁ 8 ft ▁ 2 ½ in ▁wide ▁and ▁one |
▁vehicle ▁ 9 ft ▁ 3 in ▁wide ▁ ▁T ank ▁engine ▁ ▁A ▁loc omot ive ▁that ▁carries ▁its ▁own ▁fuel ▁and ▁water ▁instead ▁of ▁haul ing ▁a ▁tender ▁ ▁Ted dy ▁Bear ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 1 4 ▁dies el - h yd ra ul ic ▁loc omot ive ▁for ▁sh unting ▁and ▁trip ▁working . ▁Co ined ▁by ▁Sw ind on ▁Works ' ▁fore man ▁George ▁Cole ▁who ▁qu ipped ▁" We ' ve ▁built ▁the ▁Great ▁Bear , ▁now ▁we ' re ▁going ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁Ted dy ▁Bear ! ". ▁ ▁Ten ▁foot ▁ ▁The ▁space ▁between ▁sets ▁of ▁lines ▁( e . g . ▁between ▁pairs ▁of ▁fast ▁and ▁slow ▁lines ). ▁See ▁also ▁four - foot ▁and ▁six - foot . ▁ ▁Term inus ▁( UK ) ▁ ▁A ▁station ▁s ited ▁where ▁a ▁railway ▁line ▁or ▁service ▁ends ▁or ▁term inates ▁▁ ▁Ter rier ▁ ▁The ▁L B & SC R ▁A 1 ▁Class ▁ 0 - 6 - 0 ▁steam ▁loc omot ive , ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁its ▁distinctive ▁" b ark " ▁when ▁running ▁ ▁Theatre ▁indicator ▁ ▁An ▁ill um inated ▁number ▁usually ▁attached ▁to ▁signal ▁indicating ▁arrival ▁platform ▁for ▁train ▁approaching ▁a ▁station ▁ ▁Th ous ands ▁ ▁Class ▁ 5 2 ▁dies el - h yd ra ul ic ▁loc omot ives ▁( the ▁" W estern s ") ▁given ▁the ▁number ▁range ▁beginning ▁with ▁D 1 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Th umper ▁ ▁Southern ▁DE |
M U ▁( BR ▁Class es ▁ 2 0 1 – 2 0 7 ) — un like ▁conventional ▁DM Us ▁these ▁used ▁a ▁single , ▁compar atively ▁large ▁dies el ▁engine ▁and ▁electric ▁generator ▁mounted ▁immediately ▁behind ▁one ▁driving ▁cab . ▁The ▁power ▁units ▁made ▁a ▁distinctive ▁" th ump ing " ▁noise ▁when ▁working ▁hard . ▁ ▁Th under bird ▁ ▁A ▁loc omot ive ▁kept ▁on ▁stand by ▁at ▁a ▁strategic ▁location , ▁ready ▁to ▁rescue ▁a ▁failed ▁train — from ▁Th under bird s ▁ ▁To oth p aste ▁ ▁The ▁li very ▁used ▁by ▁Network ▁South E ast . ▁So ▁called ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁red , ▁white ▁and ▁blue ▁colours ▁re sem bling ▁the ▁colours ▁of ▁stri ped ▁tooth p aste . ▁ ▁Top ▁and ▁tail ▁ ▁A ▁train ▁with ▁loc omot ives ▁at ▁both ▁ends , ▁for ▁ease ▁of ▁changing ▁direction ▁ ▁Tra ctor ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 3 7 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive , ▁possibly ▁from ▁the ▁engine ▁sound , ▁also ▁because ▁they ▁could ▁be ▁found ▁haul ing ▁almost ▁anything ▁as ▁a ▁mixed - tra ffic ▁design ▁▁ ▁Train ▁driver ▁ ▁The ▁operator ▁of ▁a ▁loc omot ive ▁ ▁Train ▁engine ▁ ▁The ▁loc omot ive ▁closest ▁to ▁the ▁train ▁during ▁a ▁double - heading ▁operation ▁ ▁Train ▁register ▁ ▁A ▁book ▁or ▁loose - leaf ▁sheets ▁kept ▁in ▁a ▁signal ▁box ▁and ▁used ▁to ▁record ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁trains , ▁messages ▁passed , ▁and ▁other ▁presc ribed ▁events ▁▁ |
▁Tri angle ▁ ▁Three ▁railway ▁tracks ▁in ▁a ▁tri angular ▁form ▁with ▁points ▁at ▁all ▁three ▁corners — can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁turn ▁a ▁train ▁around ▁ ▁T ug ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 6 0 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive , ▁as ▁named ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁tremendous ▁pulling ▁power , ▁size ▁and ▁sl ugg ish ▁nature . ▁Class ▁ 6 0 s ▁up graded ▁by ▁DB ▁S chen ker ▁are ▁called ▁' Super ▁T ugs '. ▁ ▁U ▁▁ ▁U - Bo at ▁ ▁A ▁Southern ▁Railway ▁U ▁class ▁ 2 - 6 - 0 ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁ ▁Under bridge ▁ ▁A ▁bridge ▁carrying ▁the ▁railway ▁and ▁allowing ▁a ▁road way ▁to ▁pass ▁under ▁the ▁railway ▁ ▁Up ▁ ▁A ▁direction ▁( us ually ▁towards ▁London , ▁other ▁capital ▁city , ▁or ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁concerned ) ▁or ▁side ▁( on ▁left - running ▁rail ways , ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁when ▁facing ▁in ▁the ▁up ▁direction ). ▁The ▁opposite ▁of ▁down . ▁The ▁up ▁direction ▁is ▁usually ▁associated ▁with ▁even - number ed ▁trains ▁and ▁signals . ▁ ▁V ▁▁ ▁Van ▁ ▁A ▁type ▁of ▁rolling ▁stock ▁with ▁a ▁flat ▁bottom ▁en closed ▁on ▁all ▁sides ▁and ▁top , ▁which ▁is ▁loaded ▁and ▁un loaded ▁from ▁sliding ▁doors ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁ ▁W ▁▁ ▁War ship ▁ ▁A ▁D 6 0 0 ▁or ▁D 8 0 0 ▁class ▁dies el - h yd ra ul ic ▁loc omot ives , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁were |
▁named ▁after ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁vessels ▁ ▁Water ▁cr ane ▁ ▁A ▁device ▁used ▁for ▁delivering ▁a ▁large ▁volume ▁of ▁water ▁into ▁the ▁tank ▁or ▁tender ▁of ▁a ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁ ▁W ess ie ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 4 4 2 ▁electric ▁multiple ▁unit — from ▁the ▁" W esse x ▁Electric " ▁brand ▁name ▁used ▁at ▁launch ▁ ▁Western ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 5 2 ▁dies el - h yd ra ul ic ▁type ▁ 4 ▁loc omot ive , ▁ 7 4 ▁of ▁which ▁ran ▁on ▁BR ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁All ▁were ▁named ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁beginning ▁" W estern ..." . ▁Seven ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁have ▁been ▁preserved . ▁ ▁Wh ist ler ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 4 0 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive , ▁from ▁the ▁tur bo charg er ▁sound ; ▁this ▁nick name ▁is ▁also ▁occasionally ▁applied ▁to ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 2 0 ▁loc omot ives . ▁ ▁W iz zo ▁ ▁A ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 5 2 ▁dies el - h yd ra ul ic ▁type ▁ 4 ▁loc omot ive ▁ ▁W ool worth ▁ ▁A ▁South ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Ch ath am ▁Railway ▁N ▁class ▁ 2 - 6 - 0 ▁steam ▁loc omot ive , ▁built ▁at ▁W ool wich ▁Ar senal ▁ ▁Wor st ▁or ▁Wor st Group ▁ ▁A ▁der og atory ▁nick name ▁for ▁First Group , ▁especially ▁on |
▁First ▁Great ▁Western ▁" W or st ▁Late ▁Western " ▁( since ▁re - br anded ▁as ▁Great ▁Western ▁Railway ) ▁and ▁First ▁Capital ▁Connect ▁" W or st ▁C rap ital ▁Dis connect " ▁( since ▁ce ased ▁operations ) ▁or ▁First ▁H ull ▁Tr ains ▁" W or st ▁Hell ▁Tr ains " ▁ ▁Y ▁▁ ▁Ye oman ▁ ▁An ▁early ▁name ▁for ▁a ▁Class ▁ 5 9 ▁dies el - elect ric ▁loc omot ive , ▁the ▁first ▁priv ately ▁owned ▁( by ▁Foster ▁Ye oman ) ▁loc omot ives ▁to ▁operate ▁on ▁British ▁Rail , ▁o wing ▁to ▁their ▁names ▁starting ▁with ▁" Y e oman " ▁such ▁as ▁ 5 9 ▁ 0 0 1 ▁Ye oman ▁Ende av our ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Gl oss ary ▁of ▁Australian ▁railway ▁terms ▁ ▁Gl oss ary ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁railway ▁terms ▁ ▁Gl oss ary ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁railway ▁terms ▁ ▁Gl oss ary ▁of ▁rail ▁transport ▁terms ▁ ▁Pass enger ▁rail ▁termin ology ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁ 3 , 1 0 - D ih ydro xy dec ano ic ▁acid ▁is ▁a ▁chemical ▁found ▁in ▁royal ▁j elly . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 3 , 1 1 - D ih ydro x yd ode c ano ic ▁acid ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Fat ty ▁ac ids ▁Category : Di ols ▁Category : B ee ▁products ▁Category : B eta ▁hydro xy ▁ac |
ids <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁W CC W ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Championship ▁was ▁a ▁short - l ived ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁championship ▁promoted ▁by ▁World ▁Class ▁Championship ▁Wrest ling ▁( W CC W ). ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁minor ▁championship , ▁created ▁for ▁and ▁only ▁def ended ▁during ▁W CC W ' s ▁tours ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁was ▁never ▁def ended ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Mike ▁Von ▁Er ich ▁defeated ▁G ino ▁Hern ande z , ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁b illed ▁as ▁the ▁fin als ▁of ▁a ▁tournament , ▁but ▁in ▁reality ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁tournament ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁title ▁match ▁on ▁August ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁The ▁championship ▁was ▁abandoned ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁never ▁mentioned ▁after ▁Mike ▁Von ▁Er ich ' s ▁death . ▁As ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁championship , ▁it ▁is ▁won ▁not ▁by ▁actual ▁competition , ▁but ▁by ▁a ▁script ed ▁ending ▁to ▁a ▁match . ▁ ▁Title ▁history ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Professional ▁wrest ling ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : World ▁Class ▁Championship ▁Wrest ling ▁championship s ▁Category : Reg ional ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁championship s ▁Category : Pro f ess ional ▁wrest ling ▁in ▁Israel <0x0A> </s> ▁G ul ri ps hi ▁( , ▁; ▁, ▁G w yl ry ph sh ; ▁, ▁G ul ry ps h ) ▁is ▁an ▁urban ▁settlement ▁in ▁Ab kh az ia . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁ 1 2 km ▁from ▁Su kh |
umi , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁G ul ri ps hi ▁district . ▁ ▁Nik ol ay ▁S met sk oy ▁built ▁three ▁san ator ia ▁in ▁G ul ri ps h ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁for ▁patients ▁with ▁pul mon ary ▁diseases ▁and ▁founded ▁several ▁parks ▁with ▁sub t rop ical ▁plants . ▁After ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁the ▁san ator ia ▁were ▁national ised . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁G ul ri ps hi ▁has ▁a ▁hum id ▁sub t rop ical ▁climate ▁( K ö ppen : ▁C fa ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁G ul ri ps hi ▁District ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁G ul ri ps hi ▁District ▁Category : S uk hum ▁Ok rug <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁retro ingu inal ▁space ▁( or ▁Bog ros ' ▁space ) ▁is ▁the ▁extr aper it one al ▁space ▁situated ▁deep ▁to ▁the ▁ing u inal ▁lig ament . ▁It ' s ▁limited ▁by ▁the ▁fasc ia ▁trans vers alis ▁anterior ly , ▁the ▁per it one um ▁posterior ly ▁and ▁the ▁il iac ▁fasc ia ▁later ally . ▁This ▁pre per it one al ▁space ▁commun icates ▁with ▁pre ves ical ▁space ▁of ▁Ret z ius . ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁comp art ments . ▁The ▁med ial ▁comp artment ▁contains ▁vas cul ature ▁including ▁the ▁fem oral ▁ar tery ▁and ▁ve in . ▁The ▁later al ▁comp artment ▁allows ▁for ▁passage ▁of ▁the |
▁il iop so as ▁( primary ▁hip ▁flex or ), ▁allowing ▁attachment ▁to ▁the ▁fem ur , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁fem oral ▁nerve . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : P el vis <0x0A> </s> ▁D anni ▁Le igh ▁( born ▁February ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁in ▁Str as burg , ▁Virginia , ▁U . S .) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁singer . ▁At ▁age ▁ 1 9 , ▁she ▁rel oc ated ▁to ▁Or lando , ▁Florida , ▁int ending ▁to ▁aud ition ▁as ▁a ▁singer ▁at ▁Disney ▁World ▁but ▁ended ▁up ▁moving ▁to ▁Nash ville ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁signed ▁with ▁Aud ium ▁Records , ▁after ▁changing ▁labels ▁several ▁times , ▁following ▁De cca ' s ▁closure ▁and ▁release ▁by ▁Sony ' s ▁Mon ument ▁label . ▁Although ▁she ▁has ▁limited ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁she ' s ▁had ▁more ▁success ▁in ▁Europe ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁varied ▁methods ▁in ▁which ▁consumers ▁learn ▁about ▁new ▁music . ▁Over ▁time ▁she ▁has ▁also ▁developed ▁a ▁following ▁in ▁Korea , ▁Brazil ▁and ▁Japan . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁she ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁R ising ▁Star ▁Tro phy , ▁a ▁British ▁Country ▁Music ▁Award . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁she ▁released ▁A ▁Sh ot ▁of ▁Wh is key ▁and ▁a ▁Pray er . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁performed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁small ▁g igs ▁in ▁the ▁Austin , ▁Texas ▁area , ▁where ▁she ▁moved ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 0 2 . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁Magazine ▁listed ▁D anni ▁Le igh ▁among ▁hundreds ▁of ▁artists ▁whose ▁material ▁was ▁reported ly ▁destroyed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Universal ▁fire . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Music ▁videos ▁ ▁As ▁guest ▁musician ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁Billy ▁Ray ▁Cyr us ▁- ▁Southern ▁Rain ▁( Mon ument ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 : ▁Dale ▁Watson ▁- ▁Christmas ▁in ▁Texas ▁( Aud ium ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁D anni ▁Le igh ▁official ▁site ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁female ▁country ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁country ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : De cca ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mon ument ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : Country ▁musicians ▁from ▁Virginia ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Str as burg , ▁Virginia ▁Category : Enter tainment ▁One ▁Music ▁artists ▁Category : S ong writ ers ▁from ▁Virginia ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance ▁was ▁a ▁pione ering ▁punk ▁and ▁g oth ic ▁rock ▁band ▁of ▁the ▁underground ▁Greek ▁rock ▁scene ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁The ▁band ' s ▁energet ic ▁sound ▁and ▁combinations ▁of ▁several ▁styles ▁of ▁rock |
▁led ▁to ▁their ▁preval ence ▁within ▁the ▁underground ▁Greek ▁rock ▁scene ▁for ▁nearly ▁two ▁decades , ▁and ▁a ▁belief ▁by ▁many ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁top ▁Greek ▁g oth ic ▁rock ▁group ▁in ▁history . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Punk ▁era : 1 9 8 1 – 1 9 9 0 ▁Insp ired ▁by ▁punk ▁bands ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁Cl ash , ▁The ▁Dam ned ▁and ▁the ▁Dead ▁Boys , ▁lead ▁vocal ist ▁and ▁front man ▁Mike ▁P ou g oun as ▁formed ▁The ▁G ift ▁along ▁with ▁guitar ist ▁Cost as ▁Ven os ▁and ▁bass ist ▁T as os ▁D imit ri ad is ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁in ▁At hens . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁The ▁G ift ▁did ▁not ▁last , ▁and ▁the ▁band ▁later ▁changed ▁their ▁name ▁to ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance , ▁as ▁a ▁t ribute ▁to ▁punk ▁legend ▁Sid ▁V icious ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁pre - S ex ▁P ist ols ▁bands . ▁ ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance ▁quickly ▁gained ▁a ▁cult ▁status ▁throughout ▁the ▁underground ▁Greek ▁rock ▁scene ▁by ▁setting ▁themselves ▁apart ▁with ▁a ▁unique ▁punk ▁sound ▁that ▁incorporated ▁dozens ▁of ▁musical ▁styles ▁and ▁English - language ▁lyrics . ▁T as os ▁D imit ri ad is ▁and ▁Cost as ▁Ven os ▁left ▁the ▁group ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁replacing ▁these ▁vac ancies ▁with ▁Ach ile as ▁Ger om osh os ▁on ▁guitar ▁and ▁Har is ▁St av r ak as ▁on ▁bass , ▁ |
1 9 8 6 ▁saw ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance ' s ▁first ▁tape , ▁" An ov is ". ▁" An ov is " ▁helped ▁further ▁cement ▁the ▁band ' s ▁status ▁as ▁a ▁Greek ▁rock ▁main st ay , ▁a ▁status ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁their ▁secur ing ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁W ipe ▁Out ! ▁Records ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁This ▁new ▁contract ▁allowed ▁for ▁" Aut umn ▁Kids ", ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁most ▁popular ▁songs , ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁on ▁W ipe ▁Out !' s ▁ 1 2 ▁Raw ▁Greek ▁G roups ▁punk ▁rock ▁compilation ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance ▁under w ent ▁more ▁changes ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁as ▁George ▁Ven iz el os ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁drum mer ▁Bab is ▁E f th ym i ou , ▁bass ist ▁Har is ▁St av r ak as ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Te o ▁Bot inis , ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁Pl aton ▁Pap ad imit ri ou ▁joined ▁the ▁band , ▁turning ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance ▁into ▁a ▁five - man ▁band ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁Mike ▁P ou g oun as ▁remained ▁as ▁the ▁lead ▁vocal ist , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁original ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁Capital izing ▁on ▁the ▁exposure ▁from ▁W ipe ▁Out !' s ▁ 1 2 ▁Raw ▁Greek ▁G roups , ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom |
ance ▁began ▁work ▁on ▁their ▁first ▁album , ▁Dor ian ▁Grey . ▁Its ▁tracks ▁consisted ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁songs ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁including ▁" K ash mir " ▁and ▁" There ▁is ▁Nothing ▁We ▁Can ’ t ▁S olve ▁Together ". ▁A ▁cover ▁of ▁Marc ▁Bol an ' s ▁" Children ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution " ▁was ▁a ▁cult ▁hit ▁in ▁Greece . ▁The ▁Dor ian ▁Grey ▁LP ▁also ▁began ▁to ▁show case ▁an ▁evolution ▁in ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance ' s ▁sound , ▁as ▁they ▁incorporated ▁elements ▁from ▁other ▁musical ▁styles . ▁The ▁Dor ian ▁Grey ▁LP ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁band ' s ▁first ▁for ay ▁into ▁the ▁g oth ic ▁rock ▁style , ▁making ▁the ▁band ▁not ▁only ▁the ▁first ▁Greek ▁g oth ic ▁rock ▁band , ▁but ▁making ▁The ▁Dor ian ▁Grey ▁LP ▁the ▁first ▁Greek ▁g oth ic ▁rock ▁album ▁to ▁be ▁distributed ▁internation ally . ▁ ▁Dor ian ▁Gre ys ▁release ▁in ▁Greece ▁and ▁across ▁Europe ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁album ▁becoming ▁an ▁underground ▁hit ▁for ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁their ▁national ▁exposure ▁and ▁appearances ▁on ▁Greek ▁national ▁television ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁Similar ▁to ▁the ▁band ' s ▁later ▁albums , ▁Dor ian ▁Grey ▁was ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 0 ▁best ▁Greek ▁rock ▁albums ▁of ▁all ▁time . ▁ ▁G oth ic ▁rock ▁era : 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 8 ▁In |
▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance ▁capital ized ▁on ▁their ▁cult ▁success ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁Love ▁Me ans ▁Death ▁EP ▁and ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁Of ▁Rom ance … The ▁Story ▁So ▁Far . ▁During ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁the ▁Love ▁Me ans ▁Death ▁EP , ▁the ▁band ' s ▁line up ▁again ▁changed ▁as ▁guitar ist ▁D imit ris ▁Be is ▁replaced ▁Pl ato ▁Pap ad imit ri ou ▁and ▁Ach ile as ▁Ger om osh os . ▁Following ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Love ▁Me ans ▁Death , ▁Harry ▁St av r ak as ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁band ▁full - time ▁to ▁replace ▁Te o ▁Bot inis . ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁also ▁saw ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁Of ▁Rom ance … The ▁Story ▁So ▁Far . ▁ ▁Prim arily ▁a ▁compilation ▁of ▁previously ▁unre leased ▁material , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁tape ▁released ▁solely ▁within ▁the ▁UK , ▁adding ▁to ▁The ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Rom ance ' s ▁string ▁of ▁internation ally ▁released ▁music . ▁The ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁The ▁Ple asure ▁and ▁the ▁Pain ▁LP ▁revealed ▁the ▁band ' s ▁vers at ility ; ▁this ▁new ▁album ▁show c ased ▁a ▁style ▁more ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁g oth ic ▁rock ▁and ▁featured ▁Mike ▁P ou g oun as ▁on ▁key boards ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁vocals . ▁The ▁ 7 " ▁single , ▁" The ▁Ple asure ▁and ▁the ▁Pain " /" W inter |
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