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▁the ▁singer ' s ▁music ▁video ▁" Par ad ise ▁( Not ▁for ▁Me ) ". ▁A ▁fifth ▁contest ant ▁decided ▁on ▁wearing ▁a ▁k im ono ▁from ▁the ▁video ▁of ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ", ▁but ▁changed . ▁This ▁run way ▁show ▁was ▁critic ized ▁by ▁V ulture , ▁for ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁variety ▁of ▁Mad onna ' s ▁icon ic ▁looks ▁outside ▁of ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ". ▁ ▁Mas ah iro ▁I to ▁has ▁cited ▁the ▁song ' s ▁music ▁video ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁inspir ations ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁Sil ent ▁Hill ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁Europe ▁CD 1 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Al bum ▁Version )" ▁– ▁ 4 : 2 7 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Radio ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 5 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( K ru der ▁& ▁Dorf me ister ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 1 1 : 1 0 ▁ ▁Europe ▁CD 2 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Future ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 8 : 2 0 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Ph unk ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 8 : 0 0 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( V ik ram ▁Rem ix )" ▁– ▁ 8 : 3 8 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Mix show |
)" ▁– ▁ 5 : 3 7 ▁ ▁Rem ix es ▁ ▁Club ▁ 6 9 ▁Mix es ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁V ocal ▁Club ▁Mix ) ▁– ▁ 7 : 5 1 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Mix show )" ▁– ▁ 5 : 3 7 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Radio ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 5 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Future ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 8 : 2 0 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Future ▁Dub )" ▁– ▁ 5 : 4 8 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Speed ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 1 1 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Speed ▁Dub )" ▁– ▁ 1 1 : 2 5 ▁▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( Cl ub ▁ 6 9 ▁Ph unk ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 8 : 0 0 ▁ ▁Tal vin ▁Singh ▁Mix es ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( V ik ram ▁Rem ix )" ▁– ▁ 8 : 3 8 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( V ik ram ▁Radio ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 7 : 4 3 ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( V ik ram ▁Cy ber cut )" ▁– ▁ 1 3 |
: 4 4 ▁K ru der ▁& ▁Dorf me ister ▁Mix ▁ ▁" Nothing ▁Really ▁Mat ters ▁( K ru der ▁& ▁Dorf me ister ▁Mix )" ▁– ▁ 1 1 : 1 0 ▁ ▁C red its ▁and ▁personnel ▁ ▁Mad onna ▁– ▁lead ▁vocals , ▁song writer , ▁producer ▁Patrick ▁Leonard ▁– ▁song writer ▁William ▁Or bit ▁– ▁producer ▁Mar ius ▁De ▁V ries ▁– ▁producer ▁N iki ▁Har is ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁Don na ▁De L ory ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁Steve ▁S idel ny k ▁– ▁drum ▁programming ▁Mark ▁End ert ▁– ▁engineer ▁Jon ▁Ing olds by ▁– ▁engineer ▁Patrick ▁McC arth y ▁– ▁engineer ▁Dave ▁Re itz as ▁– ▁engineer ▁Matt ▁Silva ▁– ▁engineer ▁Ted ▁J ensen ▁– ▁master ing ▁Kevin ▁Reagan ▁– ▁art ▁direction , ▁design ▁Luis ▁San chez ▁– ▁photography ▁ ▁C red its ▁adapted ▁from ▁Ray ▁of ▁Light ▁album ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Week ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Year - end ▁charts ▁ ▁Cert ifications ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁singles ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁( Sp ain ) ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁dance ▁singles ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁( U . S .) ▁List ▁of ▁UK ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁singles ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁singles ▁Category : Billboard ▁Dance ▁Club ▁Songs ▁number - one ▁singles ▁Category : Mad onna ▁( ent ertain er ) ▁songs |
▁Category : Number - one ▁singles ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁Category : Number - one ▁singles ▁in ▁Spain ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Mad onna ▁( ent ertain er ) ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Patrick ▁Leonard ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Mad onna ▁( ent ertain er ) ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁William ▁Or bit ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Mar ius ▁de ▁V ries ▁Category : Music ▁videos ▁directed ▁by ▁Joh an ▁Ren ck ▁Category : M aver ick ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bre ton ▁Social - National ▁Work ers ' ▁Movement ▁() ▁was ▁a ▁national ist , ▁separ at ist , ▁and ▁F asc ist ▁movement ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁by ▁Th é oph ile ▁Je us set . ▁It ▁emerged ▁in ▁Br itt any ▁from ▁a ▁dev iation ist ▁f action ▁of ▁the ▁Bre ton ▁National ▁Party ; ▁it ▁disappeared ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁Its ▁ 2 5 - point ▁program ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁a ▁" pop ular ▁Bre ton ▁state ▁made ▁for ▁the ▁people ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁people ", ▁integrated ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁European ▁order , ▁reject ing ▁" Ga ull ism , ▁the ▁last ▁red oubt ▁of ▁the ▁Bre ton ▁bour ge ois ie " ▁and ▁resting ▁on ▁" the ▁pe asant ▁class , ▁the ▁most ▁numerous ▁in ▁Br itt any ", ▁assert ing ▁" bread ▁for ▁B ret ons , |
▁peace ▁within ▁Europe ▁and ▁freedom ▁for ▁Br itt any ", ▁taking ▁as ▁given ▁that ▁it ▁could ▁count ▁" not ▁on ▁England , ▁nor ▁France , ▁nor ▁Germany ▁to ▁acquire ▁it ", ▁but ▁only ▁" through ▁the ▁power ▁and ▁confidence ▁that ▁one ▁finds ▁in ▁the ▁Bre ton ▁people ". ▁ ▁Having ▁adopted ▁for ▁a ▁flag ▁a ▁standard ▁( des igned ▁by ▁Ol ier ▁M ord rel ▁several ▁years ▁before ) ▁closely ▁re sem bling ▁a ▁Nazi ▁flag ▁— ▁black ▁ ermine ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁a ▁white ▁circle ▁on ▁a ▁red ▁field ▁representing ▁" the ▁blood ▁of ▁the ▁worker " ▁— ▁Th é oph ile ▁Je us set ▁recru ited ▁several ▁followers ▁in ▁the ▁workshops ▁and ▁fact ories ▁of ▁Il le - et - V il aine ▁and ▁organized ▁about ▁twenty ▁meetings ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁rooms ▁of ▁restaurants ▁in ▁R ennes . ▁Its ▁founder ▁ren ounced ▁the ▁dialect ic , ▁and ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁direct ▁action ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁Communist - separ at ists ▁who ▁it ▁had ▁joined ▁his ▁cause . ▁He ▁then ▁took ▁up ▁a ▁gra ff iti ▁campaign ▁directed ▁against ▁François ▁R i pert ▁( the ▁pré f et ▁of ▁Il le - et - V il aine ), ▁and ▁un le ashed ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁com r ades ▁into ▁the ▁bot an ical ▁garden ▁of ▁R ennes , ▁to ▁sm ash ▁the ▁statue ▁of ▁the ▁" trait or " ▁Ber tr and ▁du ▁G ues cl in . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁La ▁B ret agne ▁dans ▁la |
▁guerre ▁by ▁H erv é ▁Le ▁Bot er f . ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁far ▁right ▁Bre ton ▁national ism ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Political ▁movements ▁in ▁Br itt any ▁( 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 5 0 ) ▁ ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : B re ton ▁national ist ▁parties ▁Category : F asc ist ▁parties ▁in ▁France ▁Category : N azi ▁parties ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁in ▁Br itt any ▁Category : B re ton ▁collabor ators ▁with ▁Nazi ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Ana ▁Maria ▁Br aga ▁M affe is ▁( born ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁television ▁present er ▁and ▁journalist . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Br aga ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁as ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Italian ▁Nat ale ▁Gi useppe ▁M affe is ▁and ▁Brazil ian ▁L our des ▁Br aga . ▁She ▁graduated ▁with ▁degrees ▁in ▁bi ology ▁and ▁z ool ogy ▁at ▁the ▁São ▁Paulo ▁State ▁University ▁in ▁São ▁José ▁do ▁Rio ▁Pre to . ▁She ▁also ▁holds ▁Italian ▁citizens hip , ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁father . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Br aga ▁started ▁her ▁career ▁in ▁journal ism ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁news program ▁Red e ▁T up i ▁de ▁Not í cias ▁at ▁Red e ▁T up i . ▁She ▁later |
▁worked ▁at ▁Editor a ▁A br il ▁as ▁a ▁commercial ▁director ▁for ▁fashion ▁magazines ▁such ▁as ▁Cl á ud ia . ▁She ▁att ained ▁national ▁recognition ▁at ▁Red e ▁Record , ▁where ▁she ▁presented ▁the ▁morning ▁show ▁Note ▁e ▁An ote ▁and ▁the ▁talk - show ▁Program a ▁Ana ▁Maria ▁Br aga . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁she ▁presents ▁the ▁variety ▁program ▁Mais ▁V oc ê , ▁at ▁Red e ▁Gl ob o , ▁which ▁she ▁co - host s ▁with ▁a ▁par rot ▁pupp et ▁named ▁Lou ro ▁José . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁she ▁married ▁French ▁business man ▁Johnny ▁Luc et ▁in ▁her ▁own ▁home ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Television ▁▁ ▁Present er ▁▁ 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 8 0 ▁Red e ▁T up i ▁de ▁Not í cias ▁( R ede ▁T up i ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 - 1 9 9 9 ▁Note ▁e ▁An ote ▁( R ede ▁Record ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 - 1 9 9 9 ▁Program a ▁Ana ▁Maria ▁Br aga ▁( R ede ▁Record ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 - Current ▁Mais ▁V oc ê ▁( R ede ▁Gl ob o ) ▁ ▁Special ▁particip ations ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁- ▁V oc ê ▁Dec ide ▁- ▁( E p : ▁" O l ha ▁o ▁Pass ar inho ") ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁- ▁O ▁Cl one ▁- |
▁herself ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁- ▁A ▁Grande ▁F am ília ▁- h ers elf ▁( E p : ▁" A ▁qu entin ha ▁de ▁B eb el ") ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁- ▁S ít io ▁do ▁Pic ap au ▁Am are lo ▁- h ers elf ▁( E ps : ▁" A ▁ped ra ▁m ág ica ▁de ▁T up ã " ▁e ▁" O ▁Sum i ço ▁da ▁Em ília ") ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁- ▁A ▁Di ar ista ▁- h ers elf ( E p : ▁" A que le ▁do ▁Pro j ac ") ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁- ▁S ob ▁Nova ▁Dire ção ▁- ▁herself ▁( E p : ▁" A x é ▁do ▁D eng o ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁- ▁B ele za ▁P ura ▁- h ers elf ▁( th o ▁chapters ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁- ▁Jun to ▁e ▁Mist ur ado ▁- h ers elf ▁( E p : ▁" ce le br idades ▁bl oco ▁ 2 ") ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁- ▁Pass ione ▁- ▁herself ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁- ▁Mal ha ção ▁Con ect ados ▁- ▁herself ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁- ▁Lou co ▁por ▁El as ▁- ▁herself ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁- ▁Che ias ▁de ▁Char me ▁- ▁herself ▁( two ▁chapters ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁- ▁S ang ue ▁B om ▁- ▁herself ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁- ▁Al |
to ▁Astr al ▁- ▁herself ▁ ▁Cin ema ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁- ▁X ux a ▁e ▁os ▁Du end es ▁- ▁Z ing a ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁- ▁X ux a ▁e ▁os ▁Du end es ▁ 2 ▁- ▁No ▁Cam inho ▁das ▁F adas ▁- ▁Z ing a ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁- ▁As ▁A vent uras ▁de ▁Cr ô ▁- ▁herself ▁ ▁Record ings ▁▁ ▁S olo ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Sou ▁Eu ▁ ▁Special ▁guest ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁" Na ▁Tr il ha ▁do ▁Am or " ▁on ▁ ▁F á bio ▁J ún ior ' s ▁Mais ▁de ▁ 2 0 ▁e ▁P ou cos ▁An os ▁ ▁Books ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Mais ▁V oc ê ▁ 1 0 ▁An os ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁À ▁Es per a ▁dos ▁Fil hos ▁da ▁L uz ▁- ▁fiction ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁D icas ▁de ▁Qu ase ▁T udo ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁Che f ▁em ▁Cas a ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁ ▁Mais ▁V oc ê : ▁Vi ag ens ▁e ▁Re ce itas ▁Intern acion ais ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁A ▁Co zin ha ▁R á p ida ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁( in ▁Portuguese ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁people ▁of ▁Italian |
▁descent ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁people ▁of ▁Portuguese ▁descent ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁television ▁present ers ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁journalists ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : W omen ▁television ▁present ers ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁Roman ▁Cath ol ics ▁Category : Act ress es ▁of ▁Italian ▁descent ▁Category : S ão ▁Paulo ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C it iz ens ▁of ▁Italy ▁through ▁descent ▁Category : People ▁from ▁São ▁Paulo ▁( state ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Brazil ian ▁women ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Brazil ian ▁women <0x0A> </s> ▁Mont astr uc ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁T arn - et - G aron ne ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁Occ it anie ▁region ▁in ▁southern ▁France . ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁Mon tr astr uc ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁" Mont astr uc ▁rock ▁shelter " ▁in ▁which ▁pre hist oric ▁remains ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁Brun iqu el . ▁ ▁( These ▁include ▁the ▁car ving ▁of ▁the ▁Sw im ming ▁Re inde er ▁which ▁is ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁and ▁which ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁in ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Object s ▁and ▁the ▁M amm oth ▁spe ar ▁throw er .) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁T arn - et - G aron ne ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁IN SEE ▁ |
▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁T arn - et - G aron ne <0x0A> </s> ▁Lad isl au ▁" G ioni " ▁B ros ov sz ky ▁() ▁( 2 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁– ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁football ▁mid f iel der ▁with ▁Polish ▁roots . ▁His ▁daughter , ▁Mon ica ▁B ros ov sz ky - B orig a ▁was ▁a ▁basketball ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁ 2 7 0 ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁Rom ania ▁women ' s ▁national ▁basketball ▁team ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁Liga ▁Na ț ional ă ▁ 6 ▁times ▁with ▁BC ▁IC IM ▁Ar ad ▁and ▁C SM ▁T â rg ovi ș te . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Club ▁U TA ▁Ar ad ▁Div izia ▁A : ▁ 1 9 6 8 – 6 9 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 – 7 0 ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁Total ▁matches ▁played ▁in ▁Roman ian ▁First ▁League : ▁ 3 1 4 ▁matches ▁- ▁ 1 0 0 ▁goals ▁Top sc orer ▁of ▁U TA ▁Ar ad ▁in ▁Roman ian ▁First ▁League : ▁ 1 0 0 ▁goals . ▁European ▁Cup s : ▁ 1 6 ▁matches ▁- ▁ 4 ▁goals ▁Rom ania ▁U ▁ 2 3 : ▁ 1 3 ▁matches ▁- ▁ 1 ▁goals ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Ar |
ad , ▁Rom ania ▁Category : R oman ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Rom ania ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : FC ▁U TA ▁Ar ad ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁German ▁football ▁championship , ▁the ▁ 2 2 nd ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁competition , ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Sp V gg ▁Für th , ▁defe ating ▁Her tha ▁B SC ▁ 3 – 2 ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁For ▁Sp V gg ▁Für th ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁national ▁championship ▁after ▁wins ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁but ▁the ▁club ▁would ▁never ▁again ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁after ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁highlight ▁of ▁the ▁decade ▁after ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁that ▁saw ▁seven ▁of ▁the ▁ten ▁national ▁championship s ▁go ▁to ▁Middle ▁Fran con ian ▁clubs ▁ 1 . ▁FC ▁N ür n berg ▁and ▁Sp V gg ▁Für th . ▁For ▁Her tha ▁B SC ▁it ▁marked ▁the ▁fourth ▁consecutive ▁final ▁loss , ▁the ▁only ▁club ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁Her tha ▁had ▁previously ▁lost ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁final ▁to ▁Für th ▁as ▁well ▁but ▁would ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁back - to - back ▁championship s ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁ ▁Her tha ' s ▁Han ne ▁S ob ek ▁was ▁the ▁top ▁sc orer ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁championship |
▁with ▁six ▁goals . ▁ ▁Six teen ▁club ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁knock - out ▁competition , ▁two ▁from ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁feder ations ▁plus ▁an ▁additional ▁third ▁club ▁from ▁the ▁South ▁and ▁West . ▁In ▁all ▁cases ▁the ▁regional ▁champions ▁qualified ▁and ▁almost ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁run ners - up , ▁except ▁in ▁Central ▁Germany ▁where ▁the ▁second ▁spot ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁regional ▁cup ▁winner . ▁In ▁the ▁West ▁the ▁third ▁spot ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁third ▁placed ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁championship ▁while , ▁in ▁the ▁South , ▁the ▁third ▁spot ▁was ▁determined ▁in ▁a ▁separate ▁qual ifying ▁competition ▁for ▁run ners - up ▁and ▁third ▁placed ▁teams . ▁ ▁Qual ified ▁teams ▁The ▁teams ▁qualified ▁through ▁the ▁regional ▁championship s : ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁ ▁Round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁The ▁round ▁of ▁ 1 6 , ▁played ▁on ▁ 9 ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 9 : ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Quarter - fin als ▁The ▁quarter - fin als , ▁played ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 9 : ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Sem i - fin als ▁The ▁semi - fin als , ▁played ▁on ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁with ▁the ▁re play ▁played ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July : ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Re play ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁kick er ▁All man ach ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁by ▁kick er , ▁page ▁ 1 6 |
0 ▁to ▁ 1 7 8 ▁- ▁German ▁championship ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁German ▁Championship ▁ 1 9 2 8 – 2 9 ▁at ▁w elt f uss ball . de ▁▁ ▁German ▁Championship ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁at ▁R SS SF ▁▁ 1 ▁German ▁Category : G erman ▁football ▁championship ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁Arm and ▁Hav et ▁( 1 7 9 5 , ▁Rou en ▁– ▁ 1 8 2 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁bot an ist . ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 2 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Rou en ▁Category : F rench ▁bot an ists <0x0A> </s> ▁S ik hs ▁form ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁minority ▁in ▁Iran , ▁with ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁estimate ▁stating ▁some ▁ 6 0 ▁families ▁to ▁be ▁res iding ▁in ▁Iran . ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁speak ▁Pun j abi ▁among ▁themselves , ▁and ▁Pers ian ▁and ▁Bal och ▁with ▁the ▁larger ▁community . ▁Most ▁S ik hs ▁living ▁in ▁Iran ▁are ▁Iran ian ▁citizens . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁first ▁presence ▁of ▁S ik hs ▁to ▁Iran ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁when ▁both ▁S ikh ▁business ▁people ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁S ikh ▁troops ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁military ▁during ▁its ▁occupation ▁of ▁Iran . ▁The ▁primary ▁target ▁of ▁S ikh ▁immigration ▁was ▁initially ▁the ▁ham let ▁of ▁Za hed an , ▁near ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁then - B rit ish ▁India ▁( now ▁Pakistan ) ▁during |
▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁when ▁the ▁Trans - I ran ian ▁Railway ▁project ▁was ▁started . ▁ ▁An ▁Indian ▁school ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁located ▁in ▁Za hed an ▁serving ▁S ikh ▁families . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁there ▁were ▁around ▁ 2 5 0 ▁S ik hs ▁in ▁Za hed an ▁who ▁own ▁motor ▁parts ▁distribut orship s , ▁construction ▁firms ▁and ▁import - export ▁companies . ▁After ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Revolution ▁a ▁number ▁S ik hs ▁left ▁for ▁India ▁and ▁Europe ▁and ▁remaining ▁shifted ▁to ▁the ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Te hr an . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁State ▁Government ▁of ▁Pun j ab , ▁India ▁announced ▁that ▁a ▁chair ▁will ▁be ▁installed ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁G uru ▁N an ak ▁in ▁ 1 1 ▁universities ▁including ▁University ▁of ▁Relig ions ▁and ▁Den om inations ▁in ▁Iran . ▁The ▁Chair ▁will ▁conduct ▁research ▁on ▁life ▁and ▁teach ings ▁of ▁G uru ▁N an ak . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Mas j id - e - H ind an ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁Car pent ers ▁Island ▁was ▁an ▁island ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁St . ▁C lement ' s ▁Bay ▁in ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁County , ▁Maryland , ▁pat ented ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁to ▁Susan ▁E . ▁Car p enter , ▁Amanda ▁Car p enter , ▁Rebecca ▁Car p enter , ▁and ▁Mat ilda ▁Car p enter ▁and |
▁certified ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁William ▁Car p enter . ▁The ▁land ▁pat ented ▁included ▁surrounding ▁waters ▁and ▁measured ▁one ▁and ▁three ▁quarter ▁acres . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁island ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁" l ost ▁islands " ▁of ▁C hes ape ake ▁Bay , ▁which ▁is ▁situated ▁between ▁Maryland ▁and ▁Virginia ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁the ▁C hes ape ake ▁Bay ▁Category : C hes ape ake ▁Bay ▁waters hed ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁Maryland ▁Category : Land forms ▁of ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁County , ▁Maryland <0x0A> </s> ▁Sem ah ▁Sar f ati ▁( 1 6 2 4 - 1 7 1 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Tun is ian ▁Rab bi ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Chief ▁Rab bi ▁of ▁Tun is ia ▁and ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Bet ▁din ▁of ▁Tun is ia . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁life , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Holy ▁Land , ▁dying ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 7 . ▁Following ▁a ▁sch ism ▁between ▁the ▁Gran as ▁and ▁Tw ans a ▁communities , ▁in ▁which ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁students ▁— ▁Abraham ▁Ta ï eb ▁and ▁Isaac ▁L umb ro so ▁respectively ▁— ▁both ▁succeeded ▁him ▁as ▁Chief ▁Rab bi ▁of ▁Tun is ia . ▁Another ▁student ▁was ▁Ta ï eb ' s ▁success or , ▁M essa oud - R aph a ël ▁El - F ass i . ▁ ▁Rab bi ▁Ser |
f ati ▁played ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁rev ival ▁of ▁Jewish ▁study ▁in ▁Tun is ia ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁While ▁his ▁judg ements ▁and ▁comment aries ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁published ▁in ▁its ▁own ▁volume , ▁his ▁work ▁has ▁been ▁cited ▁by ▁his ▁students ▁and ▁their ▁success ors . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁or ator ies ▁in ▁H ara , ▁the ▁Jewish ▁quarter ▁of ▁Tun is , ▁ ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Rab bi . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 1 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : 1 6 2 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁r abb is ▁Category : Ch ief ▁r abb is ▁Category : T un is ian ▁r abb is ▁Category : W iki Project ▁Africa ▁articles ▁Category : W iki Project ▁Tun is ia ▁articles <0x0A> </s> ▁Leo ▁Sach s ▁( H eb rew : ▁ ל י א ו ▁ ז ק ס ; ▁ ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁– ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German - born ▁Israeli ▁molecular ▁bi ologist ▁and ▁cancer ▁research er . ▁Born ▁in ▁Leip zig , ▁he ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁and ▁to ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁There ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁We iz mann ▁Institute ▁of ▁Science . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Leo ▁Sach s ▁moved ▁to ▁England ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 |
3 ▁following ▁Hitler ' s ▁rise ▁to ▁power . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁B Sc ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wales ▁in ▁Bang or . ▁His ▁original ▁dream ▁was ▁to ▁help ▁establish ▁a ▁k ib but z ▁in ▁Palest ine , ▁and ▁he ▁even ▁spent ▁two ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁farm ▁labor er , ▁mil king ▁c ows . ▁But ▁the ▁doors ▁to ▁Palest ine ▁were ▁virtually ▁closed ▁by ▁the ▁British , ▁so ▁Sach s ▁began ▁studying ▁agricultural ▁bot any ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wales , ▁became ▁fasc inated ▁along ▁the ▁way ▁by ▁gen etics ▁and ▁development , ▁and ▁ended ▁up ▁completing ▁a ▁PhD ▁in ▁gen etics ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁at ▁Cambridge ▁University . ▁ ▁Upon ▁moving ▁to ▁Israel , ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁fled gling ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁he ▁knew ▁best ▁– ▁as ▁a ▁genetic ist ▁at ▁the ▁We iz mann ▁Institute . ▁Because ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁animal ▁studies ▁yet ▁at ▁the ▁Institute , ▁Sach s ▁started ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁theory ▁that ▁human ▁am ni otic ▁fluid , ▁which ▁bat hes ▁the ▁baby ▁in ▁the ▁wom b , ▁contains ▁fet al ▁cells ▁that ▁provide ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁fet us . ▁His ▁research ▁proved ▁him ▁right , ▁showing ▁that ▁these ▁cells ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁baby ' s ▁gender ▁and ▁other ▁important ▁genetic ▁properties . ▁Sach s ' s ▁research ▁formed ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁am ni oc entes is , ▁the ▁widely ▁used ▁pre n atal ▁diagnosis ▁of ▁human ▁diseases . ▁ |
▁Eventually , ▁Sach s ▁secured ▁his ▁own ▁laboratory ▁and ▁a ▁supply ▁of ▁m ice ▁and ▁began ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁question ▁that ▁would ▁anchor ▁his ▁research ▁throughout : ▁What ▁controls ▁normal ▁development ▁and ▁what ▁happens ▁when ▁development ▁goes ▁wrong ? ▁Why ▁does ▁the ▁machinery ▁in ▁cancer ▁cells ▁run ▁am ok , ▁causing ▁ab normal ▁pro lifer ation ? ▁ ▁Focus ing ▁on ▁blood ▁stem ▁cells , ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁bone ▁mar row ▁cells ▁that ▁produce ▁some ▁ 2 0 0 ▁billion ▁new ▁blood ▁cells ▁every ▁day , ▁Sach s ▁ended ▁up , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁designing ▁the ▁first ▁cell ▁culture ▁system ▁able ▁to ▁grow , ▁clone , ▁and ▁indu ce ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁normal ▁blood ▁cells . ▁Using ▁this ▁process , ▁he ▁subsequently ▁discovered ▁and ▁identified ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁prote ins ▁that ▁plays ▁a ▁key ▁role ▁in ▁controlling ▁normal ▁blood ▁cell ▁development . ▁Later ▁named ▁colony ▁stim ulating ▁factors ▁( CS F ) ▁and ▁inter le uk ins , ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁CS F ▁prote ins ▁is ▁now ▁used ▁worldwide ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁clinical ▁procedures , ▁including ▁boost ing ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁infection - f ight ing ▁white ▁blood ▁cells ▁in ▁cancer ▁patients ▁under going ▁chem otherapy ▁or ▁radiation , ▁and ▁improving ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁bone ▁mar row ▁and ▁peripher al ▁blood ▁cell ▁trans pl ants . ▁ ▁Sach s ▁also ▁demonstrated , ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁that ▁m align ancy ▁can ▁be ▁revers ed . ▁He ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁prote ins ▁he ▁had |
▁identified , ▁along ▁with ▁some ▁other ▁comp ounds , ▁set ▁le uk emic ▁cells ▁back ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁track ▁– ▁indu cing ▁them ▁to ▁different iate ▁into ▁normal - be h aving ▁mature ▁cells . ▁This ▁approach , ▁using ▁ret ino ic ▁acid ▁combined ▁with ▁chem otherapy , ▁is ▁now ▁standard ▁procedure ▁in ▁treating ▁human ▁prom y el oc yt ic ▁le uk em ia , ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁greatly ▁increased ▁survival ▁rates . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁We iz mann ▁Institute , ▁he ▁established ▁a ▁section ▁on ▁gen etics ▁and ▁vi rol ogy ▁and ▁for ▁ 2 7 ▁years , ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁served ▁as ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ' s ▁Gen etics ▁Department . ▁In ▁addition , ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Dean ▁of ▁We iz mann ' s ▁Bi ology ▁Fac ulty . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ours ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁M ole cular ▁Bi ology ▁Organ isation ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁Sach s ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Israel ▁Prize , ▁for ▁natural ▁sciences ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Member , ▁Israel ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Human ities ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Sach s ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Roth sch ild ▁Prize ▁in ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Sciences ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁he |
▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Wolf ▁Prize ▁in ▁Medicine , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁Israeli ▁scientist ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Wolf ▁Prize ; ▁for ▁his ▁" cont ribut ions ▁to ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁function ▁and ▁dys function ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁cells ▁through ▁[ his ] ▁studies ▁on ▁... ▁the ▁el uc id ation ▁of ▁mechanisms ▁governing ▁the ▁control ▁and ▁different iation ▁of ▁normal ▁and ▁cancer ▁cells ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Sach s ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Brist ol - My ers ▁S qu ib b ▁Award ▁for ▁Dist ingu ished ▁A chie vement ▁in ▁Cancer ▁Research , ▁New ▁York ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Doctor ▁Honor is ▁C aus a , ▁Bor de aux ▁University , ▁France ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Sach s ▁was ▁awarded ▁The ▁Royal ▁Society ▁Well come ▁Foundation ▁Prize , ▁London ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Sach s ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Alfred ▁P . ▁S lo an ▁Prize , ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁Cancer ▁Research ▁Foundation , ▁New ▁York ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁Foreign ▁Associ ate ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁( N AS ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Sach s ▁received ▁the ▁Ot ▁Han ag id ▁( Med al ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ) ▁award , ▁presented ▁annually ▁by ▁Jerusalem ' s ▁Sha are ▁Z ed ek ▁Medical ▁Center , ▁for ▁his ▁pione ering ▁work ▁in ▁cancer ▁research . |
▁The ▁presentation ▁noted ▁that ▁" He ▁discovered ▁and ▁identified ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁prote ins ▁among ▁them ▁colony - st im ulating ▁factors ▁and ▁some ▁inter le uk ins ▁that ▁control ▁the ▁vi ability ▁and ▁growth ▁of ▁blood ▁stem ▁cells ▁and ▁their ▁development ▁into ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁mature ▁blood ▁cells ." ▁It ▁noted ▁further ▁that ▁his ▁" re search ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁on ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁am ni otic ▁fluid ▁to ▁diagn ose ▁a ▁fet us ▁s ▁genetic ▁properties ▁has ▁formed ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁today ' s ▁pre n atal ▁diagnosis ▁of ▁human ▁diseases ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Foreign ▁Member , ▁Academ ia ▁Europ ae a ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Member ▁Honor ary ▁Fellow , ▁University ▁of ▁Wales , ▁Bang or ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Ham - Was ser man ▁L ect ure , ▁American ▁Society ▁of ▁H emat ology , ▁San ▁Francisco ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁Honor ary ▁Life ▁Members hip ▁Award , ▁International ▁C yt ok ine ▁Society ; ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁E met ▁Prize ▁for ▁Life ▁Sciences , ▁Medicine ▁and ▁Gen etics ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Israel ▁Prize ▁recip ients ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Fac |
ulty ▁Home page ▁ ▁Sach s ▁on ▁NAS ▁website ▁Sha are ▁Z ed ek ▁Hon ors ▁We iz mann ▁Institute ' s ▁Prof . ▁Leo ▁Sach s ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Bang or ▁University ▁Category : Foreign ▁associ ates ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Category : English ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Israel ▁Category : G erman ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁England ▁Category : Is rael ▁Prize ▁in ▁life ▁sciences ▁recip ients ▁who ▁were ▁bi ologists ▁Category : E ME T ▁Prize ▁recip ients ▁in ▁the ▁Life ▁Sciences ▁Category : Is rael i ▁bi ologists ▁Category : Is rael i ▁genetic ists ▁Category : Is rael i ▁Jews ▁Category : Is rael i ▁people ▁of ▁German - J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : J ew ish ▁scientists ▁Category : J ew ish ▁em igr ants ▁from ▁Nazi ▁Germany ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : M ole cular ▁bi ologists ▁Category : W olf ▁Prize ▁in ▁Medicine ▁la ure ates ▁Category : We iz mann ▁Institute ▁faculty ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁Academ ia ▁Europ ae a ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁M ole cular ▁Bi ology ▁Organization ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Israel ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Human ities <0x0A> </s> ▁Frank ▁B . ▁Good ▁( 1 8 8 4 – 1 9 3 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁cin emat ographer ▁who ▁l ensed ▁more |
▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁films ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁working ▁on ▁Jackie ▁Co ogan ▁produ ctions ▁and ▁was ▁an ▁early ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Society ▁of ▁Cin emat ograph ers . ▁ ▁Partial ▁film ography ▁▁▁ ▁Let ▁K atie ▁Do ▁It ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Going ▁Stra ight ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Little ▁School ▁Ma ' am ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁G ret chen ▁the ▁Green horn ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Jack ▁and ▁the ▁Be anst alk ▁( 1 9 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Al add in ▁and ▁the ▁Wonder ful ▁L amp ▁( 1 9 1 7 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Little ▁Sister ▁of ▁Every body ▁( 1 9 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Carol yn ▁of ▁the ▁Corn ers ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Love ▁That ▁D ares ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ ▁When ▁F ate ▁Dec ides ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Cycl one ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁T error ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁U nt amed ▁( 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Stra ight ▁from ▁the ▁Should er ▁( 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ ▁Daddy ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Long ▁Live ▁the ▁King ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Boy ▁of ▁F land ers ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁ |
▁Little ▁Robinson ▁Cr us oe ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁W izard ▁of ▁Oz ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁R ag ▁Man ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁An ▁En emy ▁of ▁Men ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁G ild ed ▁Butter fly ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁D ix ie ▁Mer chant ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁Johnny ▁Get ▁Your ▁Hair ▁Cut ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁W ise ▁W ife ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Fleet wing ▁( 1 9 2 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁California ▁Mail ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁ ▁Golden ▁Da wn ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Life ▁of ▁the ▁Party ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁Ghost ▁Par ade ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Ph arm ac ist ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁ ▁Fight ing ▁to ▁Live ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Pe ck ' s ▁Bad ▁Boy ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁D ude ▁R anger ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Cow boy ▁Mill ion aire ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁Hard ▁Rock ▁Harr igan ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Mine ▁with ▁the ▁Iron ▁Door ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁B order ▁Pat rol man ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Is le ▁of ▁F ury ▁( 1 |
9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Daniel ▁Bo one ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Park ▁Avenue ▁Logger ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁Hollywood ▁Cow boy ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁Wind j am mer ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Road ▁to ▁Hollywood ▁( 1 9 4 7 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : American ▁cin emat ograph ers ▁Category : American ▁cin emat ographer ▁stub s ▁Category : 1 8 8 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Bed ford ▁cord , ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Bed ford ▁in ▁England , ▁is ▁a ▁durable ▁fabric ▁that ▁re semb les ▁cord uro y . ▁ ▁The ▁we ave ▁has ▁faint ▁length wise ▁rid ges , ▁but ▁without ▁the ▁filling ▁y arn s ▁that ▁make ▁the ▁distinct ▁w ales ▁characteristic ▁of ▁cord uro y . ▁It ▁can ▁have ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁narrow - width ▁stri pes ▁with ▁thin ▁lines ▁between . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁stiff ▁construction , ▁it ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁in ▁up hol st ery ▁or ▁in ▁outer wear ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁require ▁drap ing . ▁T rous ers ▁made ▁with ▁Bed ford ▁cord ▁are ▁sometimes ▁called ▁" B ed ford ▁c ords ." ▁ ▁A ▁water - rep ell ent ▁cotton ▁version ▁of ▁Bed ford ▁cord ▁called ▁J ungle ▁Cl oth ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁for ▁flight ▁clothing ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s - 1 |
9 4 0 s ▁era . ▁Today ▁J ungle ▁Cl oth ▁is ▁made ▁exclusively ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁special ▁order ▁to ▁the ▁gar ment ▁trade . ▁It ▁is ▁about ▁ 1 4 oz ▁in ▁weight ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁water ▁treated . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁a ▁dress ▁made ▁of ▁Bed ford ▁cord ▁figured ▁into ▁the ▁trial ▁of ▁L izz ie ▁B orden . ▁Var ious ▁testim on ies ▁about ▁" the ▁Bed ford ▁Cord " ▁gave ▁conflic ting ▁ideas ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁the ▁dress , ▁which ▁was ▁burned ▁by ▁B orden ▁after ▁the ▁mur ders ▁of ▁her ▁father ▁and ▁step mother , ▁was ▁st ained ▁by ▁blood ▁or ▁by ▁paint . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : W oven ▁fab rics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁F athers ▁is ▁a ▁concept ual ▁and ▁perform ative ▁work ▁of ▁critical ▁and ▁bi ographical ▁content ▁by ▁artist ▁Ab el ▁Az con a . ▁The ▁F athers ▁was ▁first ▁performed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁Madrid ▁with ▁the ▁final ▁performance , ▁also ▁in ▁Madrid , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁an ▁exhibition ▁format . ▁The ▁dur ational ▁piece ▁included ▁dozens ▁of ▁female ▁survivors ▁of ▁prost itution ▁who ▁gave ▁a ▁physical ▁description ▁of ▁their ▁last ▁client . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁ten - m eter - long ▁table , ▁composite ▁artists ▁listened ▁to ▁them ▁and ▁drew ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁clients . ▁The ▁performance ▁generated ▁dozens ▁of ▁port ra its ▁which , ▁at ▁the ▁closing ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 |
7 , ▁were ▁exhib ited ▁with ▁the ▁prem ise ▁that ▁any ▁of ▁them ▁could ▁be ▁Az con a ' s ▁father . ▁The ▁bi ographical ▁work ▁creates ▁a ▁critical ▁disc ourse ▁with ▁prost itution ▁and ▁its ▁inherit ance , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Az con a ▁himself , ▁of ▁an ▁unknown ▁father , ▁having ▁been ▁con ceived ▁during ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁prost itution . ▁▁ ▁Az con a ' s ▁works ▁push ▁his ▁body ▁to ▁the ▁limit ▁and ▁are ▁usually ▁related ▁to ▁social ▁issues . ▁Az con a ▁states ▁that ▁within ▁his ▁works ▁he ▁purs ues ▁an ▁end ▁beyond ▁the ▁purely ▁aesthetic . ▁His ▁intent ▁with ▁his ▁works ▁is ▁to ▁question ▁the ▁view er ▁and ▁force ▁them ▁to ▁react , ▁making ▁his ▁own ▁body ▁the ▁representation ▁of ▁critical ▁and ▁political ▁subjects . ▁The ▁themes ▁of ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁performances ▁are ▁mostly ▁aut obi ographical ▁and ▁focused ▁on ▁issues ▁such ▁as ▁abandon ment , ▁violence , ▁abuse , ▁child ▁abuse , ▁mental ▁illness , ▁dep riv ation ▁of ▁liberty , ▁prost itution , ▁life ▁and ▁death . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Performance ▁Art ▁ ▁Install ation ▁ ▁End urance ▁art ▁ ▁Pro st itution ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Per form ances <0x0A> </s> ▁Q B 1 ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Astr onomy ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁first ▁trans - Ne pt un ian ▁object ▁to ▁be ▁discovered ▁after ▁Pl uto ▁and ▁Char on ▁Cub ew ano , ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁trans - Ne pt un ian ▁objects ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁classical |
▁K ui per ▁B elt ▁objects ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁ ▁Q B 1 ▁( game ), ▁a ▁NT N ▁B uzz time ▁interactive ▁American ▁football ▁game ▁of ▁predict ing ▁what ▁play ▁the ▁quarter back ▁will ▁make ▁ ▁Q b 1 ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Al gebra ic ▁che ss ▁notation ▁for ▁a ▁Queen ▁moving ▁to ▁b 1 ▁in ▁English <0x0A> </s> ▁N ono ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁N ono , ▁Ill ub abor ▁wore da ▁in ▁the ▁O rom ia ▁Region ▁of ▁Eth iop ia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁O rom ia ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁Sche pers ▁Bos man ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁fashion ▁designer ▁du o ▁consisting ▁of ▁San ne ▁Sche pers ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁He er len , ▁The ▁Netherlands ) ▁and ▁Anne ▁Bos man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Amsterdam , ▁The ▁Netherlands ). ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁San ne ▁Sche pers ▁and ▁Anne ▁Bos man ▁both ▁graduated ▁with ▁hon ors ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁from ▁Art E Z ▁University ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁Arn hem , ▁BA ▁fashion ▁design . ▁Their ▁gradu ation ▁collections ▁were ▁awarded ▁with ▁various ▁fashion ▁pri zes . ▁ ▁Sche pers ▁continued ▁her ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁Institut ▁Franç ais ▁de ▁la ▁Mode ▁( IF M ) ▁in ▁Paris . ▁She ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁team ▁of ▁Robert ▁Cl er ger ie ▁to ▁special ize ▁her ▁studies ▁further ▁at ▁l ’ Ē cole - de - Style ▁in ▁Romans - |
sur - Is ère . ▁Bos man ▁graduated ▁from ▁Central ▁Saint ▁Mart ins ▁London , ▁MA ▁Mens wear . ▁They ▁gained ▁work ▁experience ▁at ▁Cl er ger ie , ▁Christopher ▁K ane , ▁Vik tor ▁& ▁R olf ▁and ▁Alexander ▁van ▁Sl ob be , ▁before ▁starting ▁their ▁designer ▁du o ▁collaboration ▁named ▁Sche pers ▁Bos man ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁du o ▁presented ▁their ▁debut ▁collection ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 6 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Amsterdam ▁F ashion ▁Week ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Short ly ▁there after ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁Les ▁E to iles ▁Award ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁the ▁Paris ▁fashion ▁week , ▁the ▁jury ▁consisted ▁of ▁Alex is ▁M ab ille ▁and ▁D ita ▁von ▁Te ese ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁All ▁Sche pers ▁Bos man ▁collections ▁and ▁gar ments ▁are ▁designed , ▁developed ▁and ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁New ▁collection ▁present ations ▁and ▁sales ▁take ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁mens wear ▁fashion week s ▁in ▁Paris . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁– ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁Les ▁E to iles ▁Award ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁– ▁H & M ▁Design ▁Award ▁Pe oples ▁Choice ▁Award ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁– ▁H & M ▁Design ▁Award ▁The ▁Netherlands ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁– ▁L icht ing ▁Tal ent ▁Award ▁ ▁Coll abor ations ▁▁ ▁Sche pers ▁Bos man ▁for ▁H acked ▁By ▁– ▁H acked ▁By _ ▁x ▁Sche pers ▁Bos |
man ▁( 2 0 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Sche pers ▁Bos man ▁for ▁Pin q pon q ▁– ▁pin q pon q ▁x ▁Sche pers ▁Bos man ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : D utch ▁designers ▁Category : D utch ▁fashion ▁designers <0x0A> </s> ▁H arl ene ▁Anderson ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁Psych ologist ▁and ▁a ▁co found er ▁for ▁the ▁Post mod ern ▁Coll abor ative ▁Appro ach ▁to ▁therapy . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁Anderson ▁and ▁her ▁colle ague ▁Harold ▁A . ▁G ool ish ian ▁pione ered ▁a ▁new ▁technique ▁that ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁relate ▁to ▁patients ▁within ▁therapy ▁through ▁language ▁and ▁collaboration , ▁and ▁without ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁diagnostic ▁labels . ▁This ▁approach ▁to ▁therapy ▁places ▁the ▁patient ▁in ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁therapy ▁session ▁and ▁asks ▁the ▁therapist ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁present ▁therapy ▁session ▁and ▁ignore ▁any ▁pre con ceived ▁not ions ▁they ▁may ▁have . ▁This ▁approach ▁was ▁first ▁developed ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁family ▁and ▁mental ▁health ▁therapy , ▁but ▁has ▁since ▁expanded ▁into ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁professional ▁practices ▁such ▁as ▁organiz ational ▁psychology , ▁higher ▁education , ▁and ▁research . ▁ ▁Education ▁▁ ▁Anderson ▁has ▁her ▁PhD ▁in ▁Psych ology ▁and ▁is ▁licensed ▁to ▁practice ▁professional ▁counsel ing ▁and ▁marriage ▁and ▁family ▁therapy . ▁Anderson ▁received ▁both ▁her ▁Bachelor ' s ▁and ▁Master ' s ▁Deg ree ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Houston , |
▁Texas . ▁She ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁receive ▁her ▁Doctor ate ▁in ▁Psych ology ▁with ▁a ▁focus ▁around ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁Family ▁Ther apy ▁from ▁Union ▁Institute ▁and ▁University ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁C inc inn ati , ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁Research ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Anderson ▁published ▁her ▁first ▁book ▁based ▁around ▁her ▁theory ▁around ▁collabor ative ▁therapy ▁called ▁" Con versation , ▁Language , ▁and ▁Poss ibilities : ▁A ▁Post mod ern ▁Appro ach ▁to ▁Ther apy ". ▁This ▁theory , ▁called ▁the ▁Post mod ern ▁Coll abor ative ▁Appro ach , ▁focuses ▁on ▁therap ists ▁collabor ating ▁with ▁their ▁clients ▁in ▁a ▁non - jud g ment al ▁way ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁client ▁is ▁being ▁accurately ▁understood . ▁Outside ▁of ▁therapy ▁sessions , ▁therap ists ▁must ▁continuously ▁go ▁through ▁a ▁process ▁of ▁self - ref lection ▁and ▁self - aware ness ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁avoid ▁the ▁inn ate ▁judgment al ▁nature ▁of ▁humans ▁from ▁cloud ing ▁their ▁own ▁opinion ▁of ▁a ▁future ▁therapy ▁session . ▁Within ▁therapy ▁sessions , ▁therap ists ▁take ▁on ▁a ▁convers ational ▁role ▁with ▁their ▁client ▁and ▁view ▁the ▁client ▁as ▁the ▁expert ▁in ▁the ▁conversation ▁rather ▁than ▁themselves . ▁Con tr ary ▁to ▁other ▁ther apeut ic ▁approaches ▁from ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁post mod ern ▁collabor ative ▁approach ▁requested ▁that ▁therap ists ▁do ▁not ▁use ▁diagnostic ▁labels ▁either ▁since ▁these ▁may ▁have ▁pre con ceived ▁not ions ▁and ▁opinions ▁behind ▁them ▁which ▁may ▁alter ▁a ▁therap ists ' ▁view ▁as |
▁well . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁H arl ene ▁Anderson ▁co found ed ▁several ▁inst itutes ▁that ▁further ▁research ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁psychology ▁and ▁therapy ▁fields . ▁First , ▁she ▁co found ed ▁the ▁Houston ▁Gal vest on ▁Institute ▁when ▁it ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁has ▁since ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁ 4 1 ▁years . ▁After ▁this , ▁Anderson ▁co found ed ▁the ▁Ta os ▁Institute ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁where ▁she ▁has ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁for ▁the ▁past ▁ 2 6 ▁years ▁and ▁currently ▁serves ▁as ▁an ▁advis or ▁in ▁their ▁doctor al ▁program . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Anderson ▁founded ▁and ▁became ▁acting ▁principal ▁of ▁Access ▁Success ▁International , ▁a ▁job ▁she ▁has ▁maintained ▁for ▁ 1 7 ▁years . ▁Anderson ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁for ▁Texas ▁Medical ▁Assistant ▁and ▁Development ▁and ▁the ▁Family ▁Business ▁Institute . ▁She ▁currently ▁works ▁as ▁a ▁consultant ▁for ▁businesses , ▁schools , ▁and ▁individuals ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁ke yn ote ▁speaker ▁at ▁con ferences ▁for ▁family ▁and ▁marriage ▁therapy ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Acc om pl ish ments / A wards ▁▁ ▁H arl ene ▁Anderson ▁has ▁won ▁several ▁awards ▁throughout ▁her ▁career ▁for ▁her ▁contributions ▁to ▁theory ▁development , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁innovative ▁practices ▁and ▁training . ▁These ▁include : ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Texas ▁Association ▁for ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁Family ▁Ther apy ▁award ▁for ▁L if etime ▁A chie vement . ▁▁ 2 0 |
0 0 ▁American ▁Association ▁for ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁Family ▁Ther apy ▁award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Contribut ions ▁to ▁Mar riage ▁and ▁Family ▁Ther apy . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Family ▁Ther apy ▁Award ▁for ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Contribut ion ▁to ▁Family ▁Ther apy ▁Theory ▁and ▁Practice . ▁ ▁Published ▁Books ▁▁▁▁ ▁Anderson , ▁H . ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁Con versation , ▁language , ▁and ▁possibilities : ▁A ▁post mod ern ▁approach ▁to ▁therapy . ▁Basic ▁Books . ▁▁ ▁Anderson , ▁H ., ▁& ▁J ensen , ▁P . ▁( Ed s .). ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Innov ations ▁in ▁the ▁reflect ing ▁process . ▁K arn ac ▁Books . ▁▁ ▁Anderson , ▁H ., ▁Co op err ider , ▁D . ▁L ., ▁Ger gen , ▁K . ▁J ., ▁Ger gen , ▁M . ▁M ., ▁Mc Name e , ▁S ., ▁& ▁Whit ney , ▁D . ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁The ▁appreci ative ▁organization . ▁Ch agr in ▁Falls , ▁O H : ▁Ta os ▁Institute ▁Public ations . ▁▁ ▁Anderson , ▁H ., ▁& ▁Ge h art , ▁D . ▁( Ed s .). ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁Coll abor ative ▁therapy : ▁Rel ationship s ▁and ▁conversations ▁that ▁make ▁a ▁difference . ▁R out ledge . ▁ ▁Represent ative ▁Journal ▁Art icles ▁▁▁▁ ▁Anderson , ▁H . ▁& ▁London , ▁S . ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁Coll abor ative ▁learning : ▁Te achers |
▁learning ▁through ▁relationships ▁and ▁conversations . ▁Nova ▁Pers pect iva ▁S ist em ica . ▁▁ ▁Anderson , ▁H . ▁& ▁Sw im , ▁S . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁Learning ▁as ▁collabor ative ▁conversation : ▁Comb ining ▁the ▁student ' s ▁and ▁the ▁teacher ' s ▁expertise . ▁Human ▁systems : ▁The ▁Journal ▁of ▁System ic ▁Consult ation ▁and ▁Management , ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 4 5 - 1 6 0 . ▁▁ ▁Ger gen , ▁K ., ▁Hoff man , ▁L . ▁& ▁Anderson , ▁H . ▁( 1 9 9 5 ). ▁Is ▁diagnosis ▁a ▁disaster ?: ▁A ▁construction ist ▁trial ogue . ▁In ▁F . ▁Kas low ▁( Ed .), ▁Hand book ▁of ▁rel ational ▁diagnosis ▁( pp . ▁ 1 0 2 - 1 1 8 ). ▁New ▁York : ▁John ▁W iley ▁& ▁S ons . ▁▁ ▁G ool ish ian , ▁H . ▁& ▁Anderson , ▁H . ▁( 1 9 8 0 , ▁Summer ). ▁Dis cussion : ▁Eng agement ▁techniques ▁in ▁family ▁therapy . ▁International ▁Journal ▁of ▁Family ▁Ther apy , ▁ 2 ( 2 ). ▁▁ ▁G ool ish ian , ▁H . ▁& ▁Anderson , ▁H . ▁( 1 9 8 7 ). ▁Language ▁systems ▁and ▁therapy : ▁An ▁ev olving ▁idea . ▁Psych otherapy , ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 5 2 9 - 5 3 8 . ▁▁ ▁London , ▁S . ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁Coll abor ative ▁therapy . ▁( S ylv ia |
▁London ▁with ▁ref lections ▁by ▁H arl ene ▁Anderson ). ▁In ▁A . ▁R amb o , ▁C . ▁West , ▁A . ▁L . ▁Sch o ole y ▁& ▁T . ▁V . ▁Boy d ▁( Ed s ). ▁Family ▁therapy ▁review : ▁Con tr asting ▁contemporary ▁models . ▁New ▁York : ▁R out ledge . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Coll abor ative ▁therapy ▁Hans - W er ner ▁G ess mann ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁psych other ap ists ▁Category : Family ▁therap ists ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : T a os ▁Institute <0x0A> </s> ▁High gate ▁Man or ▁is ▁a ▁man or ▁located ▁on ▁Verm ont ▁Route ▁ 2 0 7 ▁in ▁High gate , ▁Verm ont . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁home , ▁as ▁a ▁bed ▁and ▁breakfast , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁dance ▁hall . ▁Local ▁legend ▁says ▁that ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁a ▁doctor ▁who ▁once ▁owned ▁the ▁house ▁and ▁performed ▁experiments ▁on ▁them ▁have ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁house ▁since ▁they ▁died . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Construction ▁The ▁man or ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁by ▁Captain ▁Steve ▁Key es . ▁ ▁B ax ter ▁acquisition ▁Dr . ▁Henry ▁B ax ter ▁purchased ▁the ▁land ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁from ▁the ▁Key es ▁family ▁sometime ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁Dr . ▁B ax ter ▁opened ▁his ▁practice ▁in ▁the ▁man or , ▁where ▁there ▁are ▁still ▁blood ▁st |
ains ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁library . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁he ▁performed ▁experiments ▁on ▁his ▁children , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁did ▁not ▁live ▁past ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ten . ▁ ▁V ac ation ▁resort ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Henry ▁B ax ter ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 , ▁Philip ▁Sch mitt ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁man or . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁it ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁vacation ▁resort ▁with ▁great ▁success . ▁Many ▁dign it aries , ▁including ▁Al ▁Cap one , ▁frequ ented ▁the ▁man or ▁and ▁a ▁spe ake asy ▁hidden ▁underground . ▁ ▁Under ground ▁rail road ▁The ▁man or ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁stops ▁for ▁the ▁Under ground ▁Rail road ▁before ▁entering ▁into ▁Canada . ▁There ▁are ▁still ▁tunn els ▁under ▁the ▁man or ▁that ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁nearby ▁river . ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁sight ings ▁of ▁an ▁African ▁American ▁spirit ▁near ▁the ▁man or . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Verm ont ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁High gate , ▁Verm ont ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Verm ont ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁Under ground ▁Rail road ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Young ▁Sc ots ▁or ▁Young ▁Scot ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Young ▁Sc ots ▁for ▁Independ ence , ▁the ▁youth ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁National ▁Party ▁Young ▁Scot , ▁ ▁the |
▁national ▁information ▁and ▁citizens hip ▁organisation ▁for ▁young ▁people ▁aged ▁ 1 1 - 2 6 ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Young ▁Sc ots ' ▁Society , ▁a ▁Scottish ▁national ist ▁organisation ▁at ▁the ▁break ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁( J une ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 7 4 2 ▁ ▁October ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 7 9 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁lawyer , ▁politician , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Contin ental ▁Congress ▁representing ▁North ▁Carolina ▁from ▁ 1 7 7 4 ▁through ▁ 1 7 7 7 . ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁sign er ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence , ▁along ▁with ▁fellow ▁North ▁Carol ini ans ▁Joseph ▁He w es ▁and ▁John ▁Penn . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁child ▁of ▁five , ▁born ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts , ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 7 4 2 . ▁His ▁father , ▁William ▁Ho oper , ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁minister ▁who ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁prior ▁to ▁immigr ating ▁to ▁Boston , ▁and ▁his ▁mother , ▁Mary ▁D enn ie , ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁John ▁D enn ie , ▁a ▁well - res pected ▁merchant ▁from ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁Ho oper ' s ▁father ▁had ▁hoped ▁that ▁Ho oper ▁would ▁follow ▁in ▁his ▁foot steps ▁as ▁an ▁Ep isc op al ▁minister , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁seven ▁placed ▁Ho oper ▁in ▁Boston ▁Latin |
▁School ▁headed ▁by ▁Mr . ▁John ▁Lov ell , ▁a ▁highly ▁distinguished ▁educ ator ▁in ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 7 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁sixteen , ▁Ho oper ▁entered ▁Harvard ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁considered ▁an ▁indust ri ous ▁student ▁and ▁was ▁highly ▁regarded . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 0 ▁Ho oper ▁graduated ▁from ▁Harvard ▁with ▁hon ors , ▁obtaining ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Arts . ▁ ▁However , ▁after ▁gradu ating , ▁Ho oper ▁did ▁not ▁wish ▁to ▁pursue ▁a ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁cler gy ▁as ▁his ▁father ▁had ▁hoped . ▁Instead , ▁Ho oper ▁decided ▁on ▁a ▁career ▁in ▁law , ▁studying ▁under ▁James ▁Ot is , ▁a ▁popular ▁attorney ▁in ▁Boston ▁who ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁radical . ▁Ho oper ▁studied ▁under ▁Ot is ▁until ▁ 1 7 6 4 , ▁and ▁once ▁completing ▁his ▁bar ▁exam ▁decided ▁to ▁leave ▁Massachusetts ▁in ▁part ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁abundance ▁of ▁lawyers ▁in ▁Boston . ▁ ▁Life ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 4 ▁Ho oper ▁moved ▁temporarily ▁to ▁Wil ming ton , ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁where ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁practice ▁law ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁circuit ▁court ▁lawyer ▁for ▁Cape ▁F ear . ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁began ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁highly ▁respected ▁reputation ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁among ▁the ▁wealthy ▁farmers ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁fellow ▁lawyers . ▁Ho oper ▁increased ▁his ▁influence ▁by ▁representing ▁the ▁colonial ▁government ▁in ▁several ▁court ▁cases . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 7 , ▁Ho oper ▁married ▁Anne ▁Clark , |
▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁wealthy ▁early ▁sett ler ▁to ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁sh er iff ▁of ▁New ▁Han over ▁County . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁had ▁a ▁son , ▁William , ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 8 , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Elizabeth , ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 0 ▁and ▁then ▁another ▁son , ▁Thomas , ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 2 . ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁quickly ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁move ▁up ▁the ▁ranks , ▁first ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁Deputy ▁Attorney ▁of ▁the ▁Sal is bury ▁District , ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 0 ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Deputy ▁Attorney ▁General ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁Init ially ▁Ho oper ▁supported ▁the ▁British ▁colonial ▁government ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁As ▁Deputy ▁Attorney ▁General ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 8 ▁Ho oper ▁worked ▁with ▁Col onial ▁Governor ▁William ▁Try on ▁to ▁suppress ▁a ▁rebell ious ▁group ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Reg ul ators ▁who ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁the ▁Reg ulation . ▁ ▁The ▁Reg ul ators ▁had ▁been ▁operating ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁for ▁some ▁time , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 0 ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁dragged ▁Ho oper ▁through ▁the ▁streets ▁in ▁Hills borough ▁during ▁a ▁ri ot . ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁advised ▁that ▁Governor ▁Try on ▁use ▁as ▁much ▁force ▁as ▁was ▁necessary ▁to ▁stamp ▁out ▁the ▁reb els , ▁and ▁even ▁accompanied ▁the ▁troops ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Al am ance ▁in ▁ 1 7 |
7 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁House ▁of ▁Burg ess es ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 5 . ▁ ▁American ▁Revolution ▁involvement ▁ ▁Ho oper ' s ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁colonial ▁governments ▁began ▁to ▁er ode , ▁causing ▁problems ▁for ▁him ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁past ▁support ▁of ▁Governor ▁Try on . ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁had ▁been ▁labeled ▁a ▁L oyal ist , ▁and ▁therefore ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁immediately ▁accepted ▁by ▁Patri ots . ▁Ho oper ▁eventually ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁General ▁Assembly ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 3 , ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁opponent ▁to ▁colonial ▁attempts ▁to ▁pass ▁laws ▁that ▁would ▁reg ulate ▁the ▁provincial ▁courts . ▁This ▁in ▁turn ▁helped ▁to ▁sour ▁his ▁reputation ▁among ▁L oyal ists . ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁recognized ▁that ▁independence ▁was ▁likely ▁to ▁occur , ▁and ▁mentioned ▁this ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁his ▁friend ▁James ▁I red ell , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁colon ies ▁were ▁" str iding ▁fast ▁to ▁independence , ▁and ▁ere ▁long ▁will ▁build ▁an ▁empire ▁upon ▁the ▁ru ins ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ." ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁assembly ▁Ho oper ▁slowly ▁became ▁a ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ▁and ▁independence . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁governor ▁dis band ed ▁the ▁assembly , ▁Ho oper ▁helped ▁to ▁organize ▁a ▁new ▁colonial ▁assembly . ▁Ho oper ▁was ▁also ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Committee ▁of ▁Cor respond ence ▁and ▁In quiry . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 4 ▁Ho oper ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁delegate ▁to |
▁the ▁First ▁Contin ental ▁Congress , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁on ▁numerous ▁commit te es . ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁was ▁again ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Second ▁Contin ental ▁Congress , ▁but ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁was ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁congress ▁and ▁work ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁assist ing ▁in ▁forming ▁a ▁new ▁government . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁matters ▁in ▁dealing ▁with ▁this ▁new ▁government ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁Ho oper ▁missed ▁the ▁vote ▁appro ving ▁the ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁on ▁the ▁Fourth ▁of ▁July , ▁ 1 7 7 6 ; ▁however , ▁he ▁arrived ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁sign ▁it ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 7 7 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 7 , ▁due ▁to ▁continued ▁financial ▁concerns , ▁Ho oper ▁resigned ▁from ▁Congress , ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁North ▁Carolina ▁to ▁resume ▁his ▁law ▁career . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁the ▁Revolution ▁the ▁British ▁attempted ▁to ▁capture ▁Ho oper , ▁and ▁with ▁his ▁country ▁home ▁in ▁Fin ian ▁vulnerable ▁to ▁British ▁attacks , ▁Ho oper ▁moved ▁his ▁family ▁to ▁Wil ming ton . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 1 ▁the ▁British ▁captured ▁Wil ming ton , ▁to ▁where ▁Corn wall is ▁and ▁his ▁forces ▁fell ▁back ▁after ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gu il ford ▁Court ▁House , ▁and ▁Ho oper ▁found ▁himself ▁separated ▁from ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁British ▁burned ▁his ▁est ates ▁in ▁both ▁Fin ian ▁and ▁Wil ming ton , ▁so ▁Ho oper ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁rely ▁on ▁friends ▁for |
▁food ▁and ▁shelter ▁during ▁this ▁time , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁nursing ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁health ▁when ▁he ▁contract ed ▁mal aria . ▁Finally , ▁after ▁nearly ▁a ▁year ▁of ▁separation , ▁Ho oper ▁was ▁reun ited ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁and ▁they ▁settled ▁in ▁Hills borough , ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁where ▁Ho oper ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁assembly ▁until ▁ 1 7 8 3 . ▁ ▁Post - Rev olution ▁years ▁After ▁the ▁Revolution ▁Ho oper ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁law , ▁but ▁he ▁lost ▁favor ▁with ▁the ▁public ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁political ▁stance . ▁ ▁Ho oper ▁fell ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁the ▁Federal ist ▁Party ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁influential ▁connections , ▁his ▁m istr ust ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁class , ▁and ▁his ▁widely ▁critic ized ▁soft ▁deal ings ▁with ▁L oyal ists , ▁toward ▁whom ▁he ▁was ▁generally ▁forg iving . ▁This ▁kind ▁and ▁fair ▁treatment ▁made ▁some ▁even ▁label ▁him ▁a ▁L oyal ist . ▁Ho oper ▁was ▁again ▁called ▁to ▁public ▁service ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 6 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁federal ▁judge ▁in ▁a ▁border ▁dispute ▁between ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁Massachusetts , ▁though ▁the ▁case ▁was ▁settled ▁out ▁of ▁court . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁Ho oper ▁camp a igned ▁heavily ▁for ▁North ▁Carolina ▁to ▁rat ify ▁the ▁new ▁United ▁States ▁Constitution , ▁but ▁by ▁this ▁time ▁Ho oper ▁had ▁become ▁quite ▁ill , ▁eventually ▁dying ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 |
7 9 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 4 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁laid ▁to ▁rest ▁in ▁the ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church yard ▁in ▁Hills borough , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁His ▁remains ▁were ▁later ▁re inter red ▁at ▁Gu il ford ▁Cour th ouse ▁National ▁Military ▁Park . ▁ ▁His ▁home ▁at ▁Hills borough , ▁the ▁Nash - H o oper ▁House , ▁was ▁declared ▁a ▁National ▁Historic ▁Land mark ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Hills borough ▁Historic ▁District . ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Fr ad in , ▁Den is ▁Br ind ell . ▁ ▁The ▁Sign ers : ▁The ▁ 5 6 ▁Stories ▁Behind ▁the ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁Walker ▁and ▁Company , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁▁ ▁Good win , ▁A . C . ▁" B rief ▁Biography ▁and ▁Gene al ogy ▁of ▁William ▁Ho oper ." ▁ ▁Anc est ry . com ▁( 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 8 ). ▁Access ed ▁April ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Loss ing , ▁B . J . ▁L ives ▁of ▁the ▁Sign ers ▁of ▁the ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁Al edo , ▁Tex .: ▁Wall Build ers ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Low ry , ▁Harold ▁D . ▁" Will iam ▁Ho oper ." ▁ ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁Desc end ants ▁of ▁the ▁Sign ers ▁of ▁the ▁Decl |
aration ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Access ed ▁April ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Sn ell , ▁Charles ▁W . ▁Sign ers ▁of ▁the ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence : ▁Bi ographical ▁Sk et ches . ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Interior , ▁National ▁Park ▁Service . ▁ 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Access ed ▁April ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Wood , ▁Gordon ▁S . ▁The ▁American ▁Revolution : ▁A ▁History . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁Modern ▁Library , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁North ▁Carolina ▁History ▁Project ▁ ▁National ▁Park ▁Service ▁Bi ographical ▁Sk et ches ▁ ▁Biography ▁by ▁Rev . ▁Charles ▁A . ▁Good rich , ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁ ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁Desc end ants ▁of ▁the ▁Sign ers ▁of ▁the ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 9 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : American ▁Ep isc op al ians ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Scottish ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁slave ▁owners ▁Category : N orth ▁Carolina ▁Federal ists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Hills borough , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : Contin ental ▁Congress men ▁from ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : Sign ers ▁of |
▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : L aw yers ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : New ▁Latin - language ▁po ets ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Provinc ial ▁Congress es ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Carolina ▁House ▁of ▁Burg ess es <0x0A> </s> ▁Lost ▁Dutch man ▁State ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁state ▁park ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁Super st ition ▁Mountains ▁in ▁central ▁Arizona , ▁USA , ▁and ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Lost ▁Dutch man ' s ▁Gold ▁Mine , ▁a ▁famous ▁gold ▁mine ▁legendary ▁among ▁the ▁tales ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁West . ▁It ▁is ▁accessible ▁about ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Phoenix ▁via ▁U . S . ▁Highway ▁ 6 0 , ▁the ▁Super st ition ▁Free way . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁first ▁developed ▁as ▁a ▁day ▁use ▁rec reation ▁area ▁by ▁the ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Land ▁Management ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁The ▁ ▁ab ut ting ▁the ▁T onto ▁National ▁Forest ▁was ▁transferred ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁via ▁legisl ative ▁action ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Arizona , ▁creating ▁the ▁Lost ▁Dutch man ▁State ▁Park . ▁The ▁park ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Features ▁▁ ▁The ▁park ▁offers ▁camp ing ▁facilities , ▁day ▁use ▁parking ▁and ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁trail head ▁for ▁the ▁trails ▁leading ▁into ▁the ▁T onto ▁National ▁Forest ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Super st ition ▁Mountains ▁are ▁located . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁walks ▁are ▁from |
▁the ▁park ▁onto ▁the ▁National ▁Forest ▁Service ▁trails ▁that ▁lead ▁across ▁the ▁western ▁face ▁of ▁the ▁Super st itions ▁( J ac ob ' s ▁Cross cut ▁trail ) ▁and ▁up ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁this ▁edge ▁using ▁S iph on ▁Draw ▁trail . ▁ ▁Many ▁people ▁conf use ▁these ▁National ▁Forest ▁trails ▁with ▁trails ▁that ▁are ▁maintained ▁by ▁Lost ▁Dutch man ▁State ▁Park . ▁ ▁S iph on ▁Draw ▁and ▁Super st ition ▁R id g eline ▁Trail ▁ ▁S iph on ▁Draw ▁to ▁Fl at iron ▁S iph on ▁Draw ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁trail , ▁and ▁leads ▁to ▁the ▁icon ic ▁" Fl at iron " ▁which ▁looks ▁like ▁a ▁ship ' s ▁bow ▁j ut ting ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁range . ▁The ▁last ▁mile ▁of ▁h iking ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Fl at iron ▁is ▁a ▁steep ▁b ould er ▁sc ram ble . ▁The ▁land ▁is ▁class ed ▁as ▁in ▁maintained ▁wild erness ▁area ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁offer ▁trail ▁signs ▁or ▁mark ers . ▁The ▁last ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁trail ▁to ▁the ▁Fl at iron ▁are ▁a ▁class ▁four ▁sc ram ble ▁called ▁' The ▁Wall '. ▁Park ▁Rangers ▁recommend ▁gloves . ▁The ▁last ▁mile ▁is ▁not ▁suitable ▁for ▁h iking ▁with ▁dogs . ▁ ▁Super st ition ▁R id g eline ▁Fl at iron ▁to ▁Per al ta ▁Trail head ▁The ▁trail ▁continues ▁along ▁the ▁r idge ▁to ▁Per al ta ▁Trail head ▁about ▁ ▁away . ▁The ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁trail ▁from ▁Lost ▁Dutch man |
▁State ▁Park ▁to ▁the ▁Bas in , ▁half ▁way ▁up , ▁is ▁well ▁marked ▁and ▁popular , ▁and ▁required ▁route ▁finding ▁skills ▁are ▁minimal . ▁The ▁last ▁mile ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Fl at iron ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁r idge ▁is ▁un mark ed ▁wild erness ▁area . ▁From ▁the ▁Fl at iron ▁along ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁r idge ▁to ▁Per al ta ▁Trail head , ▁the ▁trail ▁is ▁much ▁less ▁obvious ▁as ▁it ▁gets ▁much ▁less ▁traffic , ▁marked ▁only ▁by ▁c air ns . ▁This ▁area ▁is ▁extremely ▁remote ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁accessed ▁only ▁the ▁trail heads ▁at ▁each ▁end . ▁H og ▁C any on ▁or ▁Hier og lyph ics ▁C any on ▁provide ▁possible ▁escape ▁routes ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁emergency , ▁but ▁these ▁trails ▁are ▁more ▁rug ged ▁and ▁require ▁more ▁advanced ▁route ▁finding ▁skill ▁than ▁the ▁rid g eline ▁itself . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁remote ▁and ▁difficult ▁nature ▁of ▁these ▁can y ons , ▁h ik ers ▁should ▁prepare ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁entire ▁h ike ▁and ▁bring ▁emergency ▁gear ▁with ▁them . ▁ ▁This ▁h ike ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁attempted ▁in ▁summer . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁water ▁along ▁the ▁route , ▁and ▁ ▁little ▁shade , ▁and ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁water ▁that ▁must ▁be ▁consumed ▁may ▁exceed ▁the ▁carrying ▁capacity ▁of ▁even ▁the ▁strongest ▁h ik ers . ▁Even ▁in ▁winter ▁or ▁shoulder ▁season , ▁each ▁h iker ▁should ▁carry ▁between ▁one ▁and ▁two ▁gall ons ▁of ▁pure ▁water . ▁ ▁The ▁rid g eline ▁has |
▁a ▁net ▁elev ation ▁gain ▁of ▁about ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁lowest ▁point ▁at ▁S iph on ▁Draw ▁Trail ▁head ▁at ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁as ▁it ▁sk irts ▁Super st ition ▁Peak ▁at ▁about ▁. ▁However , ▁the ▁accum ulated ▁elev ation ▁gain ▁is ▁about ▁ ▁more ▁than ▁Bright ▁Angel ▁Trail ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁C any on . ▁Furthermore , ▁Bright ▁Angel ▁Trail ▁has ▁water ▁available ▁from ▁pot able ▁water ▁stations , ▁and ▁from ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁Bright ▁Angel ▁Creek ▁and ▁the ▁Colorado ▁River , ▁while ▁the ▁Super st ition ▁R id g eline ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁water . ▁ ▁Pro posed ▁closure ▁a verted ▁ ▁The ▁park ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁close ▁on ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁A ▁man ▁from ▁Kat y , ▁Texas ▁don ated ▁$ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁so ▁the ▁park ▁could ▁stay ▁open . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Lost ▁Dutch man ▁State ▁Park ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Arizona ▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁P inal ▁County , ▁Arizona ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Category : State ▁parks ▁of ▁Arizona <0x0A> </s> ▁N anz hou ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁of ▁Z h uz hou ▁County , ▁Hun an , ▁China . ▁Am alg am ating ▁the ▁former ▁N any ang q iao ▁and ▁Z hou ping ▁two ▁town ships , ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 |
. ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁end , ▁its ▁population ▁is ▁ 5 0 , 8 0 0 . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 1 9 ▁villages ▁and ▁a ▁community , ▁its ▁administrative ▁centre ▁is ▁N anz hou ▁Village ▁( 南 洲 村 ). ▁ ▁Sub div isions ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Div isions ▁of ▁Z h uz hou ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Du P ont ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁planned ▁Sound er ▁comm uter ▁rail ▁station ▁in ▁Du P ont , ▁Washington , ▁US . ▁It ▁is ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁Inter state ▁ 5 ▁and ▁Center ▁Drive , ▁along ▁the ▁Point ▁Def iance ▁B yp ass . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 3 6 , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁extension ▁from ▁Lake wood ▁station ▁approved ▁by ▁Sound ▁Trans it ▁ 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁would ▁be ▁built ▁adjacent ▁to ▁a ▁bus ▁station ▁and ▁park ▁and ▁ride ▁that ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Pier ce ▁County , ▁Washington ▁Category : Future ▁Sound er ▁comm uter ▁rail ▁stations <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁tele commun ication , ▁a ▁demand ▁assignment ▁is ▁a ▁method ▁which ▁several ▁users ▁share ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁communication ▁channel ▁on ▁a ▁real - time ▁basis , ▁i . e ., ▁a ▁user ▁needing ▁to ▁communicate ▁with ▁another |
▁user ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁network ▁requests ▁the ▁required ▁circuit , ▁uses ▁it , ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁call ▁is ▁finished , ▁the ▁circuit ▁is ▁released , ▁making ▁the ▁circuit ▁available ▁to ▁other ▁users . ▁▁ ▁Dem and ▁assignment ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁conventional ▁telephone ▁switching , ▁in ▁which ▁common ▁trunk s ▁are ▁provided ▁for ▁many ▁users , ▁on ▁a ▁demand ▁basis , ▁through ▁a ▁limited - size ▁trunk ▁group . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Time - ass ignment ▁speech ▁inter polation ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Tele tra ffic <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁rail ▁transport ▁began ▁in ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁BC ▁in ▁Anc ient ▁Greece . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁divided ▁up ▁into ▁several ▁discrete ▁periods ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁principal ▁means ▁of ▁track ▁material ▁and ▁mot ive ▁power ▁used . ▁ ▁Anc ient ▁systems ▁ ▁Ev idence ▁indicates ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁ 6 ▁to ▁ 8 . 5 km ▁long ▁Di olk os ▁p aved ▁track way , ▁which ▁transport ed ▁boats ▁across ▁the ▁Ist h mus ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁in ▁Greece ▁from ▁around ▁ 6 0 0 ▁BC . ▁Whe eled ▁vehicles ▁pulled ▁by ▁men ▁and ▁animals ▁ran ▁in ▁gro oves ▁in ▁lim estone , ▁which ▁provided ▁the ▁track ▁element , ▁preventing ▁the ▁w ag ons ▁from ▁leaving ▁the ▁intended ▁route . ▁The ▁Di olk os ▁was ▁in ▁use ▁for ▁over ▁ 6 5 0 ▁years , ▁until ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century ▁AD . ▁P aved ▁track ways ▁were ▁also ▁later ▁built ▁in ▁Roman ▁Egypt . ▁ ▁Pre - |
ste am ▁ ▁Wood en ▁r ails ▁introduced ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 1 5 , ▁Card inal ▁Mat th ä us ▁Lang ▁wrote ▁a ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁Re iss z ug , ▁a ▁fun icular ▁railway ▁at ▁the ▁Ho hens al z burg ▁Fort ress ▁in ▁Austria . ▁The ▁line ▁originally ▁used ▁wooden ▁r ails ▁and ▁a ▁he mp ▁haul age ▁rope ▁and ▁was ▁operated ▁by ▁human ▁or ▁animal ▁power , ▁through ▁a ▁t read wheel . ▁The ▁line ▁still ▁exists ▁and ▁remains ▁operational , ▁although ▁in ▁updated ▁form . ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁oldest ▁operational ▁railway . ▁ ▁W agon ways ▁( or ▁tram ways ), ▁with ▁wooden ▁r ails ▁and ▁horse - d rawn ▁traffic , ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 5 0 s ▁to ▁facilitate ▁transportation ▁of ▁ore ▁tub s ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁mines . ▁They ▁soon ▁became ▁popular ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁their ▁operation ▁was ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Georg ius ▁Agr ic ola ▁( image ▁left ) ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 5 5 6 ▁work ▁De ▁re ▁metall ica . ▁This ▁line ▁used ▁" H und " ▁cart s ▁with ▁un fl anged ▁wheels ▁running ▁on ▁wooden ▁pl anks ▁and ▁a ▁vertical ▁pin ▁on ▁the ▁truck ▁fitting ▁into ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁pl anks ▁to ▁keep ▁it ▁going ▁the ▁right ▁way . ▁The ▁min ers ▁called ▁the ▁w ag ons ▁H unde ▁(" dog s ") ▁from ▁the ▁noise ▁they ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁tracks . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁references ▁to ▁wagon |
ways ▁in ▁central ▁Europe ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁ ▁A ▁wagon way ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁England ▁by ▁German ▁min ers ▁at ▁Cal d beck , ▁C umb ria , ▁possibly ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 6 0 s . ▁A ▁wagon way ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁Pres c ot , ▁near ▁Liverpool , ▁sometime ▁around ▁ 1 6 0 0 , ▁possibly ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 5 9 4 . ▁Own ed ▁by ▁Philip ▁Lay ton , ▁the ▁line ▁carried ▁coal ▁from ▁a ▁pit ▁near ▁Pres c ot ▁Hall ▁to ▁a ▁termin us ▁about ▁half ▁a ▁mile ▁away . ▁A ▁fun icular ▁railway ▁was ▁made ▁at ▁Bro se ley ▁in ▁Sh ro pshire ▁some ▁time ▁before ▁ 1 6 0 4 . ▁This ▁carried ▁coal ▁for ▁James ▁Cl iff ord ▁from ▁his ▁mines ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁river ▁Sever n ▁to ▁be ▁loaded ▁onto ▁barg es ▁and ▁carried ▁to ▁rivers ide ▁towns . ▁The ▁W oll aton ▁W agon way , ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 4 ▁by ▁Hun ting don ▁Be a um ont , ▁has ▁sometimes ▁err one ously ▁been ▁cited ▁as ▁the ▁earliest ▁British ▁railway . ▁It ▁ran ▁from ▁St rel ley ▁to ▁W oll aton ▁near ▁Not ting ham . ▁ ▁The ▁M idd leton ▁Railway ▁in ▁Le eds , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 8 , ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁world ' s ▁oldest ▁operational ▁railway ▁( other ▁than ▁fun icular s ), ▁al beit ▁now ▁in ▁an ▁up graded ▁form . |
▁In ▁ 1 7 6 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁America ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Lew ist on , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Metal ▁r ails ▁introduced ▁ ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁steam ▁engines ▁for ▁power ing ▁blast ▁air ▁to ▁blast ▁furn aces ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁increase ▁in ▁British ▁iron ▁production ▁after ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 7 5 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 7 6 0 s , ▁the ▁Coal bro ok dale ▁Company ▁began ▁to ▁fix ▁plates ▁of ▁cast ▁iron ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁surface ▁of ▁wooden ▁r ails , ▁which ▁increased ▁their ▁dur ability ▁and ▁load - b earing ▁ability . ▁At ▁first ▁only ▁ball oon ▁loops ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁turning ▁w ag ons , ▁but ▁later , ▁mov able ▁points ▁were ▁introduced ▁that ▁allowed ▁passing ▁loops ▁to ▁be ▁created . ▁ ▁A ▁system ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁which ▁un fl anged ▁wheels ▁ran ▁on ▁L - shaped ▁metal ▁plates ▁these ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁plate ways . ▁John ▁Cur r , ▁a ▁She ff ield ▁coll ier y ▁manager , ▁invented ▁this ▁fl anged ▁rail ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 7 , ▁though ▁the ▁exact ▁date ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁disput ed . ▁The ▁plate ▁rail ▁was ▁taken ▁up ▁by ▁Benjamin ▁Out ram ▁for ▁wagon ways ▁serving ▁his ▁can als , ▁manufacturing ▁them ▁at ▁his ▁Butter ley ▁iron works . ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 3 , ▁William ▁Jess op ▁opened ▁the ▁Sur rey ▁Iron ▁Railway , ▁a ▁double ▁track ▁plate way , ▁sometimes ▁err one ously ▁cited ▁as |
▁world ' s ▁first ▁public ▁railway , ▁in ▁south ▁London . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 9 , ▁William ▁Jess op ▁had ▁introduced ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁all - iron ▁edge ▁rail ▁and ▁fl anged ▁wheels ▁for ▁an ▁extension ▁to ▁the ▁Ch arn wood ▁Forest ▁Canal ▁at ▁N an p ant an , ▁L ough borough , ▁Le ices ter shire . ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 0 , ▁Jess op ▁and ▁his ▁partner ▁Out ram ▁began ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁edge - ra ils . ▁Jess op ▁became ▁a ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁Butter ley ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 0 . ▁The ▁first ▁public ▁edge way ▁( th us ▁also ▁first ▁public ▁railway ) ▁built ▁was ▁the ▁Lake ▁Lock ▁Rail ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 6 . ▁Although ▁the ▁primary ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁to ▁carry ▁coal , ▁it ▁also ▁carried ▁passengers . ▁ ▁These ▁two ▁systems ▁of ▁construct ing ▁iron ▁rail ways , ▁the ▁" L " ▁plate - ra il ▁and ▁the ▁smooth ▁edge - ra il , ▁continued ▁to ▁exist ▁side ▁by ▁side ▁into ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁fl anged ▁wheel ▁and ▁edge - ra il ▁eventually ▁proved ▁its ▁superior ity ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁standard ▁for ▁rail ways . ▁ ▁Cast ▁iron ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁satisf actory ▁material ▁for ▁r ails ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁br ittle ▁and ▁broke ▁under ▁heavy ▁loads . ▁The ▁w rought ▁iron ▁invented ▁by ▁John ▁B irk in sh aw ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁replaced ▁cast |
▁iron . ▁W rought ▁iron ▁( us ually ▁simply ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" iron ") ▁was ▁a ▁du ct ile ▁material ▁that ▁could ▁under go ▁considerable ▁de formation ▁before ▁breaking , ▁making ▁it ▁more ▁suitable ▁for ▁iron ▁r ails . ▁But ▁w rought ▁iron ▁was ▁expensive ▁to ▁produce ▁until ▁Henry ▁Cort ▁pat ented ▁the ▁p udd ling ▁process ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 3 , ▁Cort ▁also ▁pat ented ▁the ▁rolling ▁process , ▁which ▁was ▁ 1 5 ▁times ▁faster ▁at ▁consolid ating ▁and ▁sh aping ▁iron ▁than ▁hammer ing . ▁These ▁processes ▁greatly ▁lowered ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁producing ▁iron ▁and ▁iron ▁r ails . ▁The ▁next ▁important ▁development ▁in ▁iron ▁production ▁was ▁hot ▁blast ▁developed ▁by ▁James ▁Be a um ont ▁Neil son ▁( pat ented ▁ 1 8 2 8 ), ▁which ▁considerably ▁reduced ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁co ke ▁( f uel ) ▁or ▁char co al ▁needed ▁to ▁produce ▁pig ▁iron . ▁W rought ▁iron ▁was ▁a ▁soft ▁material ▁that ▁contained ▁sl ag ▁or ▁d ross . ▁The ▁soft ness ▁and ▁d ross ▁t ended ▁to ▁make ▁iron ▁r ails ▁dist ort ▁and ▁del am inate ▁and ▁they ▁typically ▁lasted ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁in ▁use , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁as ▁little ▁as ▁one ▁year ▁under ▁high ▁traffic . ▁All ▁these ▁developments ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁iron ▁eventually ▁led ▁to ▁replacement ▁of ▁composite ▁wood / iron ▁r ails ▁with ▁superior ▁all - iron ▁r ails . ▁ ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Bes |
se mer ▁process , ▁enabling ▁steel ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁in exp ens ively , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁era ▁of ▁great ▁expansion ▁of ▁rail ways ▁that ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁Steel ▁r ails ▁lasted ▁several ▁times ▁longer ▁than ▁iron . ▁Steel ▁r ails ▁made ▁heav ier ▁loc omot ives ▁possible , ▁allowing ▁for ▁longer ▁trains ▁and ▁improving ▁the ▁productivity ▁of ▁rail ro ads . ▁The ▁Bes se mer ▁process ▁introduced ▁nit rogen ▁into ▁the ▁steel , ▁which ▁caused ▁the ▁steel ▁to ▁become ▁br ittle ▁with ▁age . ▁The ▁open ▁he arth ▁furn ace ▁began ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁Bes se mer ▁process ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁improving ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁steel ▁and ▁further ▁reducing ▁costs . ▁Steel ▁completely ▁replaced ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁iron ▁in ▁r ails , ▁becoming ▁standard ▁for ▁all ▁rail ways . ▁ ▁Steam ▁power ▁introduced ▁▁ ▁James ▁W att , ▁a ▁Scottish ▁invent or ▁and ▁mechanical ▁engineer , ▁greatly ▁improved ▁the ▁steam ▁engine ▁of ▁Thomas ▁New com en , ▁h ither to ▁used ▁to ▁pump ▁water ▁out ▁of ▁mines . ▁W att ▁developed ▁a ▁recip roc ating ▁engine ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 , ▁capable ▁of ▁power ing ▁a ▁wheel . ▁Although ▁the ▁W att ▁engine ▁powered ▁cotton ▁mill s ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁machinery , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁large ▁station ary ▁engine . ▁It ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁otherwise : ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁bo iler ▁technology ▁necess itated ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁low ▁pressure ▁steam ▁acting ▁upon ▁a ▁vacuum |
▁in ▁the ▁cyl inder ; ▁this ▁required ▁a ▁separate ▁con den ser ▁and ▁an ▁air ▁pump . ▁Nevertheless , ▁as ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁bo ilers ▁improved , ▁W att ▁investigated ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁high - press ure ▁steam ▁acting ▁directly ▁upon ▁a ▁pist on . ▁This ▁raised ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁a ▁smaller ▁engine , ▁that ▁might ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁power ▁a ▁vehicle ▁and ▁he ▁pat ented ▁a ▁design ▁for ▁a ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 . ▁His ▁employee ▁William ▁Mur do ch ▁produced ▁a ▁working ▁model ▁of ▁a ▁self - prop elled ▁steam ▁carriage ▁in ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁full - scale ▁working ▁railway ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁by ▁Richard ▁T rev ith ick , ▁a ▁British ▁engineer ▁born ▁in ▁Corn wall . ▁This ▁used ▁high - press ure ▁steam ▁to ▁drive ▁the ▁engine ▁by ▁one ▁power ▁stroke . ▁The ▁transmission ▁system ▁employed ▁a ▁large ▁fly wheel ▁to ▁even ▁out ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁pist on ▁rod . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 1 8 0 4 , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁steam - powered ▁railway ▁journey ▁took ▁place ▁when ▁T rev ith ick ' s ▁un named ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁haul ed ▁a ▁train ▁along ▁the ▁tram way ▁of ▁the ▁Pen yd ar ren ▁iron works , ▁near ▁Mer th yr ▁T yd fil ▁in ▁South ▁Wales . ▁T rev ith ick ▁later ▁demonstrated ▁a ▁loc omot ive ▁operating ▁upon |
▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁circular ▁rail ▁track ▁in ▁Bloom sb ury , ▁London , ▁the ▁C atch ▁Me ▁Who ▁Can , ▁but ▁never ▁got ▁beyond ▁the ▁experimental ▁stage ▁with ▁railway ▁loc omot ives , ▁not ▁least ▁because ▁his ▁engines ▁were ▁too ▁heavy ▁for ▁the ▁cast - iron ▁plate way ▁track ▁then ▁in ▁use . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁commer c ially ▁successful ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁was ▁Matthew ▁Murray ' s ▁rack ▁loc omot ive ▁Sal am anca ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁M idd leton ▁Railway ▁in ▁Le eds ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 . ▁This ▁twin - cy l inder ▁loc omot ive ▁was ▁not ▁heavy ▁enough ▁to ▁break ▁the ▁edge - ra ils ▁track ▁and ▁solved ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁ad hes ion ▁by ▁a ▁c og - wheel ▁using ▁teeth ▁cast ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁r ails . ▁Thus ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁rack ▁railway . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁by ▁the ▁loc omot ive ▁P uff ing ▁Billy ▁built ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Black ett ▁and ▁William ▁H ed ley ▁for ▁the ▁W yl am ▁Coll ier y ▁Railway , ▁the ▁first ▁successful ▁loc omot ive ▁running ▁by ▁ad hes ion ▁only . ▁This ▁was ▁accomplished ▁by ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁weight ▁between ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁wheels . ▁P uff ing ▁Billy ▁is ▁now ▁on ▁display ▁in ▁the ▁Science ▁Museum ▁in ▁London , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁oldest ▁loc omot ive ▁in ▁existence . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁George ▁Stephen son , ▁inspired |
▁by ▁the ▁early ▁loc omot ives ▁of ▁T rev ith ick , ▁Murray ▁and ▁H ed ley , ▁persu aded ▁the ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁K illing worth ▁coll ier y ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁to ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁steam - powered ▁machine . ▁Stephen son ▁played ▁a ▁p iv otal ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁and ▁widespread ▁adoption ▁of ▁the ▁steam ▁loc omot ive . ▁His ▁designs ▁considerably ▁improved ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁pione ers . ▁He ▁built ▁the ▁loc omot ive ▁Bl ü cher , ▁also ▁a ▁successful ▁fl anged - wheel ▁ad hes ion ▁loc omot ive . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁he ▁built ▁the ▁loc omot ive ▁Loc om otion ▁for ▁the ▁Stock ton ▁and ▁Dar lington ▁Railway ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁east ▁of ▁England , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁public ▁steam ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁although ▁it ▁used ▁both ▁horse ▁power ▁and ▁steam ▁power ▁on ▁different ▁runs . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁he ▁built ▁the ▁loc omot ive ▁R ocket , ▁which ▁entered ▁in ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁Rain hill ▁Tri als . ▁This ▁success ▁led ▁to ▁Stephen son ▁establishing ▁his ▁company ▁as ▁the ▁pre - em inent ▁builder ▁of ▁steam ▁loc omot ives ▁for ▁rail ways ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁Europe . ▁The ▁first ▁public ▁railway ▁which ▁used ▁only ▁steam ▁loc omot ives , ▁all ▁the ▁time , ▁was ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁Railway , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 . ▁ |
▁Steam ▁power ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁dominant ▁power ▁system ▁in ▁rail ways ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁century . ▁ ▁Electric ▁power ▁introduced ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁known ▁electric ▁loc omot ive ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁by ▁chem ist ▁Robert ▁David son ▁of ▁Aber de en ▁in ▁Scotland , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁powered ▁by ▁gal van ic ▁cells ▁( b atter ies ). ▁Thus ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁earliest ▁battery ▁electric ▁loc omot ive . ▁David son ▁later ▁built ▁a ▁larger ▁loc omot ive ▁named ▁Gal v ani , ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Society ▁of ▁Arts ▁Exhib ition ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 . ▁The ▁seven - ton ▁vehicle ▁had ▁two ▁direct - drive ▁reluct ance ▁mot ors , ▁with ▁fixed ▁elect rom agn ets ▁acting ▁on ▁iron ▁bars ▁attached ▁to ▁a ▁wooden ▁cyl inder ▁on ▁each ▁ax le , ▁and ▁simple ▁commut ators . ▁It ▁haul ed ▁a ▁load ▁of ▁six ▁tons ▁at ▁four ▁miles ▁per ▁hour ▁( 6 ▁kilom eters ▁per ▁hour ) ▁for ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁. ▁It ▁was ▁tested ▁on ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁and ▁Glasgow ▁Railway ▁in ▁September ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁but ▁the ▁limited ▁power ▁from ▁batteries ▁prevented ▁its ▁general ▁use . ▁It ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁railway ▁workers , ▁who ▁saw ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁their ▁job ▁security . ▁ ▁Wer ner ▁von ▁S iem ens ▁demonstrated ▁an ▁electric ▁railway ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁in ▁Berlin . ▁The ▁world ' s ▁first ▁electric ▁tram ▁line , ▁G |
ross - L ich ter fel de ▁Tr am way , ▁opened ▁in ▁L ich ter fel de ▁near ▁Berlin , ▁Germany , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁S iem ens . ▁The ▁tram ▁ran ▁on ▁ 1 8 0 ▁Vol t ▁DC , ▁which ▁was ▁supplied ▁by ▁running ▁r ails . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁the ▁track ▁was ▁equipped ▁with ▁an ▁overhead ▁wire ▁and ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁extended ▁to ▁Berlin - L ich ter fel de ▁West ▁station . ▁The ▁Volk ' s ▁Electric ▁Railway ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁in ▁Bright on , ▁England . ▁The ▁railway ▁is ▁still ▁operational , ▁thus ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁oldest ▁operational ▁electric ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁M öd ling ▁and ▁H inter br ü hl ▁Tr am ▁opened ▁near ▁Vienna ▁in ▁Austria . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁tram ▁line ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁regular ▁service ▁powered ▁from ▁an ▁overhead ▁line . ▁Five ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁electric ▁t rol le ys ▁were ▁pione ered ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁on ▁the ▁Richmond ▁Union ▁Pass enger ▁Railway , ▁using ▁equipment ▁designed ▁by ▁Frank ▁J . ▁Spr ague . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁use ▁of ▁elect r ification ▁on ▁a ▁main ▁line ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁four - mile ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁B elt ▁Line ▁of ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Rail road ▁( B & O ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁connecting ▁the ▁main |
▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁B & O ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁line ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁through ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁tunn els ▁around ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁Baltimore ' s ▁downtown . ▁ ▁Electric ity ▁quickly ▁became ▁the ▁power ▁supply ▁of ▁choice ▁for ▁sub ways , ▁ab ett ed ▁by ▁the ▁Spr ague ' s ▁invention ▁of ▁multiple - unit ▁train ▁control ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁By ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁most ▁street ▁rail ways ▁were ▁elect r ified . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁practical ▁AC ▁electric ▁loc omot ive ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Charles ▁Brown , ▁then ▁working ▁for ▁O er lik on , ▁Z ür ich . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 1 , ▁Brown ▁had ▁demonstrated ▁long - distance ▁power ▁transmission , ▁using ▁three - phase ▁AC , ▁between ▁a ▁hydro - elect ric ▁plant ▁at ▁Lau ffen ▁am ▁Ne ck ar ▁and ▁Frankfurt ▁am ▁Main ▁West , ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 2 8 0 km . ▁Using ▁experience ▁he ▁had ▁gained ▁while ▁working ▁for ▁Jean ▁He il mann ▁on ▁steam - elect ric ▁loc omot ive ▁designs , ▁Brown ▁observed ▁that ▁three - phase ▁mot ors ▁had ▁a ▁higher ▁power - to - weight ▁ratio ▁than ▁DC ▁mot ors ▁and , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁a ▁commut ator , ▁were ▁simpler ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁and ▁maintain . ▁However , ▁they ▁were ▁much ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁DC ▁mot ors ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁and ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁mounted ▁in ▁under floor ▁bog ies : ▁they ▁could ▁only ▁be ▁carried |
▁within ▁loc omot ive ▁bodies . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁Hung arian ▁engineer ▁K ál m án ▁K and ó ▁developed ▁a ▁new ▁type ▁ 3 - phase ▁as ynchron ous ▁electric ▁drive ▁mot ors ▁and ▁gener ators ▁for ▁electric ▁loc omot ives . ▁K and ó ' s ▁early ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁designs ▁were ▁first ▁applied ▁in ▁a ▁short ▁three - phase ▁AC ▁tram way ▁in ▁Ev ian - les - B ains ▁( Fr ance ), ▁which ▁was ▁constructed ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁O er lik on ▁installed ▁the ▁first ▁commercial ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁on ▁the ▁L ug ano ▁Tr am way . ▁Each ▁ 3 0 - ton ne ▁loc omot ive ▁had ▁two ▁ ▁mot ors ▁run ▁by ▁three - phase ▁ 7 5 0 V ▁ 4 0 Hz ▁fed ▁from ▁double ▁overhead ▁lines . ▁Three - phase ▁mot ors ▁run ▁at ▁constant ▁speed ▁and ▁provide ▁regener ative ▁br aking , ▁and ▁are ▁well ▁suited ▁to ▁steep ly ▁grad ed ▁routes , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁main - line ▁three - phase ▁loc omot ives ▁were ▁supplied ▁by ▁Brown ▁( by ▁then ▁in ▁partnership ▁with ▁Walter ▁B over i ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁on ▁the ▁ 4 0 km ▁Burg dorf — Th un ▁line , ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁Italian ▁rail ways ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁to |
▁introduce ▁electric ▁tr action ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁length ▁of ▁a ▁main ▁line ▁rather ▁than ▁just ▁a ▁short ▁stretch . ▁The ▁ 1 0 6 km ▁V alt ell ina ▁line ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁designed ▁by ▁K and ó ▁and ▁a ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁G anz ▁works . ▁The ▁electrical ▁system ▁was ▁three - phase ▁at ▁ 3 k V ▁ 1 5 Hz . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁K and ó ▁invented ▁and ▁developed ▁the ▁rot ary ▁phase ▁conver ter , ▁enabling ▁electric ▁loc omot ives ▁to ▁use ▁three - phase ▁mot ors ▁whilst ▁supplied ▁via ▁a ▁single ▁overhead ▁wire , ▁carrying ▁the ▁simple ▁industrial ▁frequency ▁( 5 0 Hz ) ▁single ▁phase ▁AC ▁of ▁the ▁high ▁voltage ▁national ▁networks . ▁ ▁An ▁important ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁wider ▁adoption ▁of ▁AC ▁tr action ▁came ▁from ▁SN CF ▁of ▁France ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁company ▁conducted ▁trials ▁at ▁ 5 0 Hz , ▁and ▁established ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁standard . ▁Following ▁SN CF ' s ▁successful ▁trials , ▁ 5 0 Hz ▁( now ▁also ▁called ▁industrial ▁frequency ) ▁was ▁adopted ▁as ▁standard ▁for ▁main ▁lines ▁across ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Dies el ▁power ▁introduced ▁ ▁E ar liest ▁recorded ▁examples ▁of ▁an ▁internal ▁comb ust ion ▁engine ▁for ▁railway ▁use ▁included ▁a ▁prototype ▁designed ▁by ▁William ▁D ent ▁Pri est man , ▁which ▁was ▁examined ▁by ▁Sir ▁William ▁Thom son ▁in ▁ 1 |
8 8 8 ▁who ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁"[ P ri est man ▁oil ▁engine ] ▁mounted ▁upon ▁a ▁truck ▁which ▁is ▁worked ▁on ▁a ▁temporary ▁line ▁of ▁r ails ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁adaptation ▁of ▁a ▁pet role um ▁engine ▁for ▁loc omot ive ▁purposes ." . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁a ▁ ▁two ▁ax le ▁machine ▁built ▁by ▁Pri est man ▁Brothers ▁was ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁H ull ▁D ocks . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁Rud olf ▁Dies el , ▁Ad olf ▁Kl ose ▁and ▁the ▁steam ▁and ▁dies el ▁engine ▁manufacturer ▁Geb r ü der ▁Sul zer ▁founded ▁Dies el - S ul zer - K l ose ▁G mb H ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁dies el - powered ▁loc omot ives . ▁Sul zer ▁had ▁been ▁manufacturing ▁dies el ▁engines ▁since ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁The ▁Pr ussian ▁State ▁Rail ways ▁ordered ▁a ▁dies el ▁loc omot ive ▁from ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁The ▁world ' s ▁first ▁dies el - powered ▁loc omot ive ▁was ▁operated ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁on ▁the ▁Winter thur – Rom ans horn ▁railway ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁but ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁commercial ▁success . ▁The ▁loc omot ive ▁weight ▁was ▁ 9 5 ▁ton nes ▁and ▁the ▁power ▁was ▁ 8 8 3 k W ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁speed ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 km / h . ▁Small ▁numbers ▁of ▁prototype ▁dies el |
▁loc omot ives ▁were ▁produced ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁countries ▁through ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 2 0 s . ▁ ▁A ▁significant ▁break through ▁occurred ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁when ▁Herm ann ▁L emp , ▁a ▁General ▁Electric ▁electrical ▁engineer , ▁developed ▁and ▁pat ented ▁a ▁reliable ▁direct ▁current ▁electrical ▁control ▁system ▁( sub sequ ent ▁improvements ▁were ▁also ▁pat ented ▁by ▁L emp ). ▁L emp ' s ▁design ▁used ▁a ▁single ▁lever ▁to ▁control ▁both ▁engine ▁and ▁generator ▁in ▁a ▁coord inated ▁fashion , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁prototype ▁for ▁all ▁dies el – elect ric ▁loc omot ive ▁control ▁systems . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁world ' s ▁first ▁functional ▁dies el – elect ric ▁rail c ars ▁were ▁produced ▁for ▁the ▁König lich - S äch s ische ▁St aat se isen b ah nen ▁( R oyal ▁Sax on ▁State ▁Rail ways ) ▁by ▁W agg on fab rik ▁R ast att ▁with ▁electric ▁equipment ▁from ▁Brown , ▁B over i ▁& ▁C ie ▁and ▁dies el ▁engines ▁from ▁Swiss ▁Sul zer ▁AG . ▁They ▁were ▁classified ▁as ▁. ▁The ▁first ▁regular ▁use ▁of ▁dies el – elect ric ▁loc omot ives ▁was ▁in ▁switching ▁( sh unter ) ▁applications . ▁General ▁Electric ▁produced ▁several ▁small ▁switching ▁loc omot ives ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁( the ▁famous ▁" 4 4 - ton ner " ▁switch er ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁West ing house |
▁Electric ▁and ▁Bald win ▁collabor ated ▁to ▁build ▁switching ▁loc omot ives ▁starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁the ▁Canadian ▁National ▁Rail ways ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁North ▁American ▁railway ▁to ▁use ▁dies els ▁in ▁main line ▁service ▁with ▁two ▁units , ▁ 9 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 9 0 0 1 , ▁from ▁West ing house . ▁ ▁High - speed ▁rail ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁elect r ified ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁T ō ka id ō ▁Sh ink ans en ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁between ▁Tokyo ▁and ▁Os aka ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Since ▁then ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁transport , ▁functioning ▁at ▁speeds ▁up ▁and ▁above ▁ 3 0 0 km / h , ▁has ▁been ▁built ▁in ▁Japan , ▁Spain , ▁France , ▁Germany , ▁Italy , ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China , ▁Taiwan ▁( Rep ublic ▁of ▁China ), ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁South ▁Korea , ▁Sc and in avia , ▁Belgium ▁and ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁The ▁construction ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁lines ▁has ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁dramatic ▁decline ▁of ▁short ▁haul ▁flights ▁and ▁autom otive ▁traffic ▁between ▁connected ▁cities , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁London – Par is – Br uss els ▁corridor , ▁Madrid – Bar cel ona , ▁Milan – R ome – N ap les , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁other ▁major ▁lines . ▁ ▁High - speed ▁trains ▁normally ▁operate ▁on ▁standard ▁gauge ▁tracks ▁of ▁continuously ▁wel ded |
▁rail ▁on ▁grade - separ ated ▁right - of - way ▁that ▁incorpor ates ▁a ▁large ▁turning ▁radius ▁in ▁its ▁design . ▁While ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁is ▁most ▁often ▁designed ▁for ▁passenger ▁travel , ▁some ▁high - speed ▁systems ▁also ▁offer ▁fre ight ▁service . ▁ ▁H ydro gen ▁power ▁introduced ▁▁ ▁Al st om ▁Cor ad ia ▁i L int ▁hydro gen - powered ▁train ▁entered ▁service ▁in ▁Lower ▁Sax ony , ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁History ▁by ▁country ▁ ▁Europe ▁ ▁Belgium ▁▁ ▁Belgium ▁took ▁the ▁lead ▁in ▁the ▁Industrial ▁Revolution ▁on ▁the ▁Cont inent ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 0 s . ▁It ▁provided ▁an ▁ideal ▁model ▁for ▁showing ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways ▁for ▁speed ing ▁the ▁industrial ▁revolution . ▁After ▁splitting ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁the ▁new ▁country ▁decided ▁to ▁stim ulate ▁industry . ▁It ▁planned ▁and ▁funded ▁a ▁simple ▁cross - shaped ▁system ▁that ▁connected ▁the ▁major ▁cities , ▁ports ▁and ▁mining ▁areas ▁and ▁linked ▁to ▁neighbor ing ▁countries . ▁Un us ually , ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁state ▁became ▁a ▁major ▁contributor ▁to ▁early ▁rail ▁development ▁and ▁champion ed ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁network ▁with ▁no ▁du plication ▁of ▁lines . ▁Belgium ▁thus ▁became ▁the ▁railway ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁was ▁built ▁along ▁British ▁lines , ▁often ▁with ▁British ▁engineers ▁doing ▁the ▁planning . ▁Prof its ▁were ▁low ▁but ▁the ▁infrastructure ▁necessary ▁for ▁rapid ▁industrial ▁growth ▁was |
▁put ▁in ▁place . ▁The ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁Belgium , ▁running ▁from ▁northern ▁Br uss els ▁to ▁Me che len , ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 3 5 . ▁ ▁Britain ▁ ▁Early ▁developments ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁railway ▁in ▁Britain ▁was ▁a ▁wagon way ▁system , ▁a ▁horse ▁drawn ▁wooden ▁rail ▁system , ▁used ▁by ▁German ▁min ers ▁at ▁Cal d beck , ▁C umb ria , ▁England , ▁perhaps ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 5 6 0 s . ▁A ▁wagon way ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁Pres c ot , ▁near ▁Liverpool , ▁sometime ▁around ▁ 1 6 0 0 , ▁possibly ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 5 9 4 . ▁Own ed ▁by ▁Philip ▁Lay ton , ▁the ▁line ▁carried ▁coal ▁from ▁a ▁pit ▁near ▁Pres c ot ▁Hall ▁to ▁a ▁termin us ▁about ▁half ▁a ▁mile ▁away . ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 8 0 3 , ▁Jess op ▁opened ▁the ▁Sur rey ▁Iron ▁Railway , ▁south ▁of ▁London ▁err one ously ▁considered ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁Britain , ▁also ▁a ▁horse - d rawn ▁one . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁word , ▁as ▁it ▁function ed ▁like ▁a ▁turn pi ke ▁road . ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁official ▁services , ▁as ▁anyone ▁could ▁bring ▁a ▁vehicle ▁on ▁the ▁railway ▁by ▁paying ▁a ▁toll . ▁ ▁The ▁M idd leton ▁Railway ▁in ▁Le eds , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 8 , ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁world ' s ▁oldest ▁operational |
▁railway ▁( other ▁than ▁fun icular s ), ▁al beit ▁now ▁in ▁an ▁up graded ▁form . ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Lew ist on , ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁first ▁passenger ▁Hor sec ar ▁or ▁tram , ▁Sw anse a ▁and ▁M umb les ▁Railway ▁was ▁opened ▁between ▁Sw anse a ▁and ▁M umb les ▁in ▁Wales ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 7 . ▁Horse ▁remained ▁prefer able ▁mode ▁for ▁tram ▁transport ▁even ▁after ▁arrival ▁of ▁steam ▁engines , ▁well ▁till ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁major ▁reason ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁horse - c ars ▁were ▁clean ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁steam ▁driven ▁tr ams ▁which ▁caused ▁smoke ▁in ▁city ▁streets . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁Oliver ▁Evans , ▁an ▁American ▁engineer ▁and ▁invent or , ▁published ▁his ▁vision ▁of ▁what ▁steam ▁rail ways ▁could ▁become , ▁with ▁cities ▁and ▁towns ▁linked ▁by ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁long ▁distance ▁rail ways ▁pl ied ▁by ▁speed y ▁loc omot ives , ▁greatly ▁speed ing ▁up ▁personal ▁travel ▁and ▁goods ▁transport . ▁Evans ▁specified ▁that ▁there ▁should ▁be ▁separate ▁sets ▁of ▁parallel ▁tracks ▁for ▁trains ▁going ▁in ▁different ▁directions . ▁However , ▁conditions ▁in ▁the ▁infant ▁United ▁States ▁did ▁not ▁enable ▁his ▁vision ▁to ▁take ▁hold . ▁This ▁vision ▁had ▁its ▁counter part ▁in ▁Britain , ▁where ▁it ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁far ▁more ▁influential . ▁William ▁James , ▁a ▁rich ▁and ▁influential ▁survey or ▁and |
▁land ▁agent , ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁to ▁suggest ▁a ▁national ▁network ▁of ▁rail ways . ▁It ▁seems ▁likely ▁that ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁James ▁attended ▁the ▁demonstr ation ▁running ▁of ▁Richard ▁T rev ith ick ' s ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁C atch ▁me ▁who ▁can ▁in ▁London ; ▁certainly ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁consider ▁the ▁long - term ▁development ▁of ▁this ▁means ▁of ▁transport . ▁He ▁proposed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁projects ▁that ▁later ▁came ▁to ▁fru ition ▁and ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁carrying ▁out ▁a ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁Railway . ▁Unfortunately ▁he ▁became ▁bankrupt ▁and ▁his ▁schemes ▁were ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁George ▁Stephen son ▁and ▁others . ▁However , ▁he ▁is ▁cred ited ▁by ▁many ▁histor ians ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" F ather ▁of ▁the ▁Railway ". ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁that ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Stock ton ▁and ▁Dar lington ▁Railway , ▁world ' s ▁first ▁public ▁railway , ▁proved ▁that ▁the ▁rail ways ▁could ▁be ▁made ▁as ▁useful ▁to ▁the ▁general ▁shipping ▁public ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁coll ier y ▁owner . ▁This ▁railway ▁broke ▁new ▁ground ▁by ▁using ▁r ails ▁made ▁of ▁rolled ▁w rought ▁iron , ▁produced ▁at ▁Bed lington ▁Iron works ▁in ▁North umber land . ▁Such ▁r ails ▁were ▁stronger . ▁This ▁railway ▁linked ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Dar lington ▁with ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁Stock ton - on - T ees ▁and ▁was ▁intended ▁to |
▁enable ▁local ▁coll ier ies ▁( which ▁were ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁line ▁by ▁short ▁branches ) ▁to ▁transport ▁their ▁coal ▁to ▁the ▁d ocks . ▁As ▁this ▁would ▁const itute ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁traffic , ▁the ▁company ▁took ▁the ▁important ▁step ▁of ▁offering ▁to ▁haul ▁the ▁coll ier y ▁w ag ons ▁or ▁ch al dr ons ▁by ▁loc omot ive ▁power , ▁something ▁that ▁required ▁a ▁scheduled ▁or ▁tim et abled ▁service ▁of ▁trains . ▁However , ▁the ▁line ▁also ▁function ed ▁as ▁a ▁toll ▁railway , ▁on ▁which ▁private ▁horse - d rawn ▁w ag ons ▁could ▁be ▁carried . ▁This ▁curious ▁hybrid ▁of ▁a ▁system ▁( which ▁also ▁included , ▁at ▁one ▁stage , ▁a ▁horse - d rawn ▁passenger ▁wagon ) ▁could ▁not ▁last ▁and ▁within ▁a ▁few ▁years , ▁traffic ▁was ▁restricted ▁to ▁tim et abled ▁trains . ▁( However , ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁private ▁owned ▁w ag ons ▁continued ▁on ▁rail ways ▁in ▁Britain ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s .) ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Stock ton ▁and ▁Dar lington ▁encouraged ▁the ▁rich ▁investors ▁in ▁the ▁rapidly ▁industrial ising ▁North ▁West ▁of ▁England ▁to ▁emb ark ▁upon ▁a ▁project ▁to ▁link ▁the ▁rich ▁cotton ▁manufacturing ▁town ▁of ▁Manchester ▁with ▁the ▁th riving ▁port ▁of ▁Liverpool . ▁The ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁Railway ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁railway , ▁in ▁that ▁both ▁the ▁goods ▁and ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁were ▁operated ▁by ▁scheduled ▁or ▁tim et abled ▁loc omot ive ▁haul ed ▁trains . ▁When ▁it ▁was |
▁built , ▁there ▁was ▁serious ▁doubt ▁that ▁loc omot ives ▁could ▁maintain ▁a ▁regular ▁service ▁over ▁the ▁distance ▁involved . ▁A ▁widely ▁reported ▁competition ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 ▁called ▁the ▁Rain hill ▁Tri als , ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁most ▁suitable ▁steam ▁engine ▁to ▁haul ▁the ▁trains . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁loc omot ives ▁were ▁entered , ▁including ▁Nov el ty , ▁Per se ver ance ▁and ▁S ans ▁P are il . ▁The ▁winner ▁was ▁Stephen son ' s ▁R ocket , ▁which ▁ste amed ▁better ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁multi - t ub ular ▁bo iler ▁( s uggest ed ▁by ▁Henry ▁Bo oth , ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁company ). ▁ ▁The ▁promot ers ▁were ▁mainly ▁interested ▁in ▁goods ▁traffic , ▁but ▁after ▁the ▁line ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁they ▁were ▁surprised ▁to ▁find ▁that ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁was ▁just ▁as ▁rem un er ative . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁railway ▁influenced ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁rail ways ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁Britain ▁and ▁abroad . ▁The ▁company ▁hosted ▁many ▁visiting ▁deput ations ▁from ▁other ▁railway ▁projects ▁and ▁many ▁railway men ▁received ▁their ▁early ▁training ▁and ▁experience ▁upon ▁this ▁line . ▁The ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁line ▁was , ▁however , ▁only ▁ ▁long . ▁The ▁world ' s ▁first ▁trunk ▁line ▁can ▁be ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁Grand ▁Jun ction ▁Railway , ▁opening ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁and ▁link ing ▁a ▁mid point ▁on ▁the ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester |
▁Railway ▁with ▁Birmingham , ▁via ▁Cre we , ▁Staff ord ▁and ▁W olver ham pton . ▁ ▁Further ▁development ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁loc omot ives ▁in ▁revenue ▁service ▁were ▁small ▁four - whe eled ▁ones ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁R ocket . ▁However , ▁the ▁inclined ▁cyl ind ers ▁caused ▁the ▁engine ▁to ▁rock , ▁so ▁they ▁first ▁became ▁horizontal ▁and ▁then , ▁in ▁his ▁" Plan et " ▁design , ▁were ▁mounted ▁inside ▁the ▁frames . ▁While ▁this ▁improved ▁stability , ▁the ▁" cr ank ▁ax les " ▁were ▁extremely ▁pr one ▁to ▁break age . ▁Gre ater ▁speed ▁was ▁achieved ▁by ▁larger ▁driving ▁wheels ▁at ▁expense ▁of ▁a ▁tendency ▁for ▁wheel ▁slip ▁when ▁starting . ▁Gre ater ▁tr active ▁effort ▁was ▁obtained ▁by ▁smaller ▁wheels ▁coupled ▁together , ▁but ▁speed ▁was ▁limited ▁by ▁the ▁frag ility ▁of ▁the ▁cast ▁iron ▁connecting ▁ro ds . ▁Hence , ▁from ▁the ▁beginning , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁distinction ▁between ▁the ▁light ▁fast ▁passenger ▁loc omot ive ▁and ▁the ▁slower ▁more ▁powerful ▁goods ▁engine . ▁Edward ▁B ury , ▁in ▁particular , ▁ref ined ▁this ▁design ▁and ▁the ▁so - called ▁" B ury ▁Pattern " ▁was ▁popular ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁years , ▁particularly ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁and ▁Birmingham . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁by ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁Stephen son ▁had ▁produced ▁larger , ▁more ▁stable , ▁engines ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 - 2 - 2 ▁" Pat ent ee " ▁and ▁six - cou pled ▁goods ▁engines . ▁Loc omot |
ives ▁were ▁travelling ▁longer ▁distances ▁and ▁being ▁worked ▁more ▁extens ively . ▁The ▁North ▁Mid land ▁Railway ▁expressed ▁their ▁concern ▁to ▁Robert ▁Stephen son ▁who ▁was , ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁their ▁general ▁manager , ▁about ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁heat ▁on ▁their ▁fire boxes . ▁After ▁some ▁experiments , ▁he ▁pat ented ▁his ▁so - called ▁Long ▁Bo iler ▁design . ▁These ▁became ▁a ▁new ▁standard ▁and ▁similar ▁designs ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁other ▁manufacturers , ▁particularly ▁Sh arp ▁Brothers ▁whose ▁engines ▁became ▁known ▁affection ately ▁as ▁" Sh arp ies ". ▁ ▁The ▁longer ▁wheel base ▁for ▁the ▁longer ▁bo iler ▁produced ▁problems ▁in ▁corner ing . ▁For ▁his ▁six - cou pled ▁engines , ▁Stephen son ▁removed ▁the ▁fl anges ▁from ▁the ▁centre ▁pair ▁of ▁wheels . ▁For ▁his ▁express ▁engines , ▁he ▁shifted ▁the ▁trailing ▁wheel ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 - 2 - 0 ▁formation , ▁as ▁in ▁his ▁" Great ▁A ". ▁There ▁were ▁other ▁problems : ▁the ▁fire box ▁was ▁restricted ▁in ▁size ▁or ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁mounted ▁behind ▁the ▁wheels ; ▁and ▁for ▁improved ▁stability ▁most ▁engineers ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁gravity ▁should ▁be ▁kept ▁low . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁extreme ▁outcome ▁of ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁C ram pton ▁loc omot ive ▁which ▁mounted ▁the ▁driving ▁wheels ▁behind ▁the ▁fire box ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁made ▁very ▁large ▁in ▁diameter . ▁These ▁achieved ▁the ▁h ither to ▁un he ard ▁of ▁speed ▁of ▁ ▁but ▁were ▁very ▁pr one ▁to ▁wheels l ip . ▁With |
▁their ▁long ▁wheel base , ▁they ▁were ▁un successful ▁on ▁Britain ' s ▁w inding ▁tracks , ▁but ▁became ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁France , ▁where ▁the ▁popular ▁expression ▁became ▁prend re ▁le ▁C ram pton . ▁ ▁John ▁Gray ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁and ▁Bright on ▁Railway ▁dis bel ie ved ▁the ▁necessity ▁for ▁a ▁low ▁centre ▁of ▁gravity ▁and ▁produced ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁loc omot ives ▁that ▁were ▁much ▁adm ired ▁by ▁David ▁Joy ▁who ▁developed ▁the ▁design ▁at ▁the ▁firm ▁of ▁E . ▁B . ▁Wilson ▁and ▁Company ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁ 2 - 2 - 2 ▁Jenny ▁Lind ▁loc omot ive , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁passenger ▁loc omot ives ▁of ▁its ▁day . ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁Stephen son ▁ 0 - 6 - 0 ▁Long ▁Bo iler ▁loc omot ive ▁with ▁inside ▁cyl ind ers ▁became ▁the ▁ar che ty pal ▁goods ▁engine . ▁ ▁Exp and ing ▁network ▁ ▁Rail ways ▁quickly ▁became ▁essential ▁to ▁the ▁swift ▁movement ▁of ▁goods ▁and ▁labour ▁that ▁was ▁needed ▁for ▁industrial ization . ▁In ▁the ▁beginning , ▁can als ▁were ▁in ▁competition ▁with ▁the ▁rail ways , ▁but ▁the ▁rail ways ▁quickly ▁gained ▁ground ▁as ▁steam ▁and ▁rail ▁technology ▁improved ▁and ▁rail ways ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁places ▁where ▁can als ▁were ▁not ▁practical . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s , ▁many ▁steam - powered ▁rail ways ▁had ▁reached ▁the ▁f ring es ▁of ▁built - up ▁London . ▁But ▁the ▁new ▁companies ▁were ▁not ▁permitted ▁to |
▁demol ish ▁enough ▁property ▁to ▁pen et rate ▁the ▁City ▁or ▁the ▁West ▁End , ▁so ▁passengers ▁had ▁to ▁dis emb ark ▁at ▁P adding ton , ▁E ust on , ▁King ' s ▁Cross , ▁Fen ch urch ▁Street , ▁Ch aring ▁Cross , ▁Water lo o ▁or ▁Victoria ▁and ▁then ▁make ▁their ▁own ▁way ▁by ▁hack ney ▁carriage ▁or ▁on ▁foot ▁into ▁the ▁centre , ▁thereby ▁mass ively ▁increasing ▁con gest ion ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁A ▁Met ropolitan ▁Railway ▁was ▁built ▁underground ▁to ▁connect ▁several ▁of ▁these ▁separate ▁railway ▁termin als ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁" Met ro ". ▁ ▁Social ▁and ▁economic ▁consequences ▁ ▁The ▁rail ways ▁changed ▁British ▁society ▁in ▁numerous ▁and ▁complex ▁ways . ▁Although ▁recent ▁attempts ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁economic ▁significance ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways ▁have ▁suggested ▁that ▁their ▁overall ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁G DP ▁was ▁more ▁modest ▁than ▁an ▁earlier ▁generation ▁of ▁histor ians ▁sometimes ▁assumed , ▁it ▁is ▁nonetheless ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁rail ways ▁had ▁a ▁size able ▁impact ▁in ▁many ▁spher es ▁of ▁economic ▁activity . ▁The ▁building ▁of ▁rail ways ▁and ▁loc omot ives , ▁for ▁example , ▁called ▁for ▁large ▁quantities ▁of ▁heavy ▁materials ▁and ▁thus ▁provided ▁a ▁significant ▁stim ulus ▁or ▁' back ward ▁link age ', ▁to ▁the ▁coal - min ing , ▁iron - production , ▁engineering ▁and ▁construction ▁industries . ▁ ▁They ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁reduce ▁transaction ▁costs , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁lowered ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁goods : ▁the ▁distribution ▁and ▁sale |
▁of ▁per ish able ▁goods ▁such ▁as ▁meat , ▁milk , ▁fish ▁and ▁vegetables ▁were ▁transformed ▁by ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways , ▁giving ▁rise ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁cheaper ▁produce ▁in ▁the ▁shops ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁far ▁greater ▁variety ▁in ▁people ' s ▁di ets . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁by ▁improving ▁personal ▁mobility ▁the ▁rail ways ▁were ▁a ▁significant ▁force ▁for ▁social ▁change . ▁Rail ▁transport ▁had ▁originally ▁been ▁con ceived ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁moving ▁coal ▁and ▁industrial ▁goods ▁but ▁the ▁railway ▁operators ▁quickly ▁realised ▁the ▁potential ▁market ▁for ▁railway ▁travel , ▁leading ▁to ▁an ▁extremely ▁rapid ▁expansion ▁in ▁passenger ▁services . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁railway ▁passengers ▁tre bled ▁in ▁just ▁eight ▁years ▁between ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 5 0 : ▁traffic ▁volumes ▁roughly ▁dou bled ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁and ▁then ▁dou bled ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁historian ▁D erek ▁Ald cro ft ▁has ▁noted , ▁' in ▁terms ▁of ▁mobility ▁and ▁choice ▁they ▁added ▁a ▁new ▁dimension ▁to ▁everyday ▁life '. ▁ ▁Bulgar ia ▁▁ ▁The ▁R use ▁– ▁V arna ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁Bulgar ian ▁territory , ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁It ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁by ▁the ▁Turkish ▁government , ▁by ▁commission ing ▁for ▁it ▁an ▁English ▁company ▁managed ▁by ▁William ▁Glad stone , ▁a ▁politician , ▁and ▁the ▁Bark ley ▁brothers , ▁civil |
▁engineers . ▁The ▁line , ▁which ▁was ▁ 2 2 3 km ▁long , ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁ ▁France ▁▁ ▁In ▁France , ▁rail ways ▁were ▁first ▁operated ▁by ▁private ▁coal ▁companies ▁the ▁first ▁legal ▁agreement ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁railway ▁was ▁given ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 ▁and ▁the ▁line ▁( from ▁Saint - É t ienne ▁to ▁André zie ux ) ▁was ▁operated ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 7 . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁equipment ▁was ▁imported ▁from ▁Britain ▁but ▁this ▁stim ulated ▁machinery ▁m akers , ▁which ▁soon ▁created ▁a ▁national ▁heavy ▁industry . ▁Tr ains ▁became ▁a ▁national ▁medium ▁for ▁the ▁modern ization ▁of ▁backward ▁regions ▁and ▁a ▁leading ▁advocate ▁of ▁this ▁approach ▁was ▁the ▁poet - polit ician ▁Al ph on se ▁de ▁Lam art ine . ▁One ▁writer ▁hoped ▁that ▁rail ways ▁might ▁improve ▁the ▁lot ▁of ▁" pop ulations ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁centuries ▁behind ▁their ▁fell ows " ▁and ▁eliminate ▁" the ▁sav age ▁instinct s ▁born ▁of ▁isolation ▁and ▁mis ery ." ▁Con sequently , ▁France ▁built ▁a ▁central ized ▁system ▁that ▁radi ated ▁from ▁Paris ▁( plus ▁lines ▁that ▁cut ▁east ▁to ▁west ▁in ▁the ▁south ). ▁This ▁design ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁achieve ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁goals ▁rather ▁than ▁maxim ize ▁efficiency . ▁ ▁After ▁some ▁consolid ation , ▁six ▁companies ▁controlled ▁mon opol ies ▁of ▁their ▁regions , ▁subject ▁to ▁close ▁control ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁fa res , ▁fin ances ▁and ▁even ▁minute ▁technical |
▁details . ▁The ▁central ▁government ▁department ▁of ▁Pont s ▁et ▁Cha uss ées ▁[ brid ges ▁and ▁roads ] ▁brought ▁in ▁British ▁engineers ▁and ▁workers , ▁handled ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁construction ▁work , ▁provided ▁engineering ▁expertise ▁and ▁planning , ▁land ▁acquisition ▁and ▁construction ▁of ▁permanent ▁infrastructure ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁track ▁bed , ▁br idges ▁and ▁tunn els . ▁It ▁also ▁subs id ized ▁milit arily ▁necessary ▁lines ▁along ▁the ▁German ▁border , ▁which ▁was ▁considered ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁defense . ▁Private ▁operating ▁companies ▁provided ▁management , ▁hired ▁labor , ▁laid ▁the ▁tracks ▁and ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁stations . ▁They ▁purchased ▁and ▁maintained ▁the ▁rolling ▁stock — 6 , 0 0 0 ▁loc omot ives ▁were ▁in ▁operation ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁which ▁aver aged ▁ 5 1 , 6 0 0 ▁passengers ▁a ▁year ▁or ▁ 2 1 , 2 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁fre ight . ▁. ▁ ▁Although ▁starting ▁the ▁whole ▁system ▁at ▁once ▁was ▁polit ically ▁exped ient , ▁it ▁delayed ▁completion ▁and ▁forced ▁even ▁more ▁rel iance ▁on ▁temporary ▁experts ▁brought ▁in ▁from ▁Britain . ▁Fin ancing ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁problem . ▁The ▁solution ▁was ▁a ▁narrow ▁base ▁of ▁funding ▁through ▁the ▁Roth sch ild s ▁and ▁the ▁closed ▁circles ▁of ▁the ▁B ourse ▁in ▁Paris , ▁so ▁France ▁did ▁not ▁develop ▁the ▁same ▁kind ▁of ▁national ▁stock ▁exchange ▁that ▁flour ished ▁in ▁London ▁and ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁system ▁did ▁help ▁modern ize ▁the ▁parts ▁of ▁rural ▁France ▁it ▁reached ▁and ▁help ▁to ▁develop |
▁many ▁local ▁industrial ▁centers , ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁( co al ▁and ▁iron ▁mines ) ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁( text iles ▁and ▁heavy ▁industry ). ▁Crit ics ▁such ▁as ▁É mile ▁Z ola ▁complained ▁that ▁it ▁never ▁over c ame ▁the ▁corruption ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁system , ▁but ▁rather ▁contributed ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁rail ways ▁probably ▁helped ▁the ▁industrial ▁revolution ▁in ▁France ▁by ▁facil itating ▁a ▁national ▁market ▁for ▁raw ▁materials , ▁w ines , ▁che es es ▁and ▁imported ▁and ▁export ed ▁manufactured ▁products . ▁In ▁The ▁R ise ▁of ▁Rail - Power ▁in ▁War ▁and ▁Con quest , ▁ 1 8 3 3 – 1 9 1 4 , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁Ed win ▁A . ▁Pr att ▁wrote , ▁" the ▁French ▁rail ways ▁… ▁att ained ▁a ▁remarkable ▁degree ▁of ▁success . ▁… ▁It ▁was ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁ 7 5 , 9 6 6 ▁men ▁and ▁ 4 , 4 6 9 ▁horses ▁transport ed ▁by ▁rail ▁from ▁Paris ▁to ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁or ▁to ▁the ▁front iers ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁S ard in ia ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁April ▁[ d uring ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁Second ▁Italian ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ] ▁would ▁have ▁taken ▁sixty ▁days ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁journey ▁by ▁road . ▁… ▁This … ▁was ▁about ▁twice ▁as ▁fast ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁achievement ▁recorded ▁up ▁to ▁that ▁time ▁on ▁the ▁German ▁rail ways . ▁" ▁Yet ▁the |
▁goals ▁set ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁for ▁their ▁railway ▁system ▁were ▁moral istic , ▁political ▁and ▁military ▁rather ▁than ▁economic . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁fre ight ▁trains ▁were ▁shorter ▁and ▁less ▁heavily ▁loaded ▁than ▁those ▁in ▁such ▁rapidly ▁industrial izing ▁nations ▁such ▁as ▁Britain , ▁Belgium ▁or ▁Germany . ▁Other ▁infrastructure ▁needs ▁in ▁rural ▁France , ▁such ▁as ▁better ▁roads ▁and ▁can als , ▁were ▁neg lected ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁expense ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways , ▁so ▁it ▁seems ▁likely ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁net ▁negative ▁effects ▁in ▁areas ▁not ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁trains . ▁ ▁Germany ▁▁ ▁An ▁operation ▁was ▁illustrated ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 6 ▁by ▁Georg ius ▁Agr ic ola ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁De ▁re ▁metall ica . ▁This ▁line ▁used ▁" H und " ▁cart s ▁with ▁un fl anged ▁wheels ▁running ▁on ▁wooden ▁pl anks ▁and ▁a ▁vertical ▁pin ▁on ▁the ▁truck ▁fitting ▁into ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁pl anks ▁to ▁keep ▁it ▁going ▁the ▁right ▁way . ▁The ▁min ers ▁called ▁the ▁w ag ons ▁H unde ▁(" dog s ") ▁from ▁the ▁noise ▁they ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁tracks . ▁This ▁system ▁became ▁very ▁popular ▁across ▁Europe . ▁ ▁The ▁take off ▁stage ▁of ▁economic ▁development ▁came ▁with ▁the ▁rail road ▁revolution ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s , ▁which ▁opened ▁up ▁new ▁markets ▁for ▁local ▁products , ▁created ▁a ▁pool ▁of ▁middle ▁managers , ▁increased ▁the ▁demand ▁for ▁engineers , ▁architect s ▁and ▁skilled ▁mach in ists ▁and ▁stim ulated ▁investments |
▁in ▁coal ▁and ▁iron . ▁Political ▁dis unity ▁of ▁three ▁dozen ▁states ▁and ▁a ▁per vas ive ▁conserv at ism ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁to ▁build ▁rail ways ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 s . ▁However , ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s , ▁trunk ▁lines ▁did ▁link ▁the ▁major ▁cities ; ▁each ▁German ▁state ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁lines ▁within ▁its ▁own ▁borders . ▁Econom ist ▁Friedrich ▁List ▁sum med ▁up ▁the ▁advantages ▁to ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁system ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 : ▁▁ ▁As ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁national ▁defence , ▁it ▁facil it ates ▁the ▁concentration , ▁distribution ▁and ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁army . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁the ▁improvement ▁of ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁nation . ▁It ▁brings ▁talent , ▁knowledge ▁and ▁skill ▁of ▁every ▁kind ▁readily ▁to ▁market . ▁ ▁It ▁sec ures ▁the ▁community ▁against ▁de arth ▁and ▁fam ine ▁and ▁against ▁excessive ▁fluct uation ▁in ▁the ▁prices ▁of ▁the ▁necess aries ▁of ▁life . ▁ ▁It ▁prom otes ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁the ▁nation , ▁as ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁tendency ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁Phil ist ine ▁spirit ▁ar ising ▁from ▁isolation ▁and ▁provincial ▁prejud ice ▁and ▁van ity . ▁It ▁bind s ▁nations ▁by ▁lig aments ▁and ▁prom otes ▁an ▁inter change ▁of ▁food ▁and ▁of ▁commod ities , ▁thus ▁making ▁it ▁feel ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁unit . ▁The ▁iron ▁r ails ▁become ▁a ▁nerve ▁system , ▁which , ▁on ▁the ▁one ▁hand , ▁strengthen s |
▁public ▁opinion , ▁and , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁strengthen s ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁for ▁police ▁and ▁government al ▁purposes . ▁ ▁L acking ▁a ▁technological ▁base ▁at ▁first , ▁the ▁Germans ▁imported ▁their ▁engineering ▁and ▁hardware ▁from ▁Britain , ▁but ▁quickly ▁learned ▁the ▁skills ▁needed ▁to ▁operate ▁and ▁expand ▁the ▁rail ways . ▁In ▁many ▁cities , ▁the ▁new ▁railway ▁shops ▁were ▁the ▁cent res ▁of ▁technological ▁awareness ▁and ▁training , ▁so ▁that ▁by ▁ 1 8 5 0 , ▁Germany ▁was ▁self - s ufficient ▁in ▁meeting ▁the ▁demands ▁of ▁rail road ▁construction ▁and ▁the ▁rail ways ▁were ▁a ▁major ▁imp et us ▁for ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁steel ▁industry . ▁Ob servers ▁found ▁that ▁even ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁their ▁engineering ▁was ▁inferior ▁to ▁Britain ' s . ▁However , ▁German ▁un ification ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁stim ulated ▁consolid ation , ▁national isation ▁into ▁state - owned ▁companies ▁and ▁further ▁rapid ▁growth . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁situation ▁in ▁France , ▁the ▁goal ▁was ▁support ▁of ▁industrial isation ▁and ▁so ▁heavy ▁lines ▁cr iss cross ed ▁the ▁Ru hr ▁and ▁other ▁industrial ▁districts ▁and ▁provided ▁good ▁connections ▁to ▁the ▁major ▁ports ▁of ▁Hamburg ▁and ▁B rem en . ▁By ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁Germany ▁had ▁ 9 , 4 0 0 ▁loc omot ives ▁pulling ▁ 4 3 , 0 0 0 ▁passengers ▁and ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁fre ight ▁a ▁day ▁and |
▁for ged ▁ahead ▁of ▁France . ▁ ▁Italy ▁ ▁Netherlands ▁▁ ▁Rail ▁transport ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁is ▁generally ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁begun ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁when ▁the ▁first ▁train , ▁drawn ▁by ▁the ▁loc omot ive ▁De ▁Are nd , ▁successfully ▁made ▁the ▁ 1 6 km ▁trip ▁from ▁Amsterdam ▁to ▁Ha ar lem . ▁However , ▁the ▁first ▁plan ▁for ▁a ▁rail road ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁was ▁launched ▁only ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁rail road ▁opened ▁in ▁Britain . ▁ ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁rail ▁transport ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁can ▁be ▁described ▁in ▁six ▁er as : ▁▁ ▁the ▁period ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁the ▁first ▁plans ▁were ▁made ▁for ▁a ▁rail road , ▁▁ 1 8 4 0 – 1 8 6 0 ▁rail ro ads ▁experienced ▁their ▁early ▁expansion , ▁▁ 1 8 6 0 – 1 8 9 0 ▁the ▁government ▁started ▁ordering ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁new ▁lines , ▁▁ 1 8 9 0 – 1 9 3 8 ▁the ▁different ▁rail ro ads ▁were ▁consolid ated ▁into ▁two ▁large ▁rail ro ads , ▁▁ 1 9 3 8 – 1 9 9 2 ▁Nederland se ▁Sp oor w egen ▁was ▁granted ▁a ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁rail ▁transport , ▁and ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁present ▁the ▁Nederland se ▁Sp oor w egen ▁lost ▁its ▁mon opol y . ▁ ▁Poland ▁▁ ▁Poland ▁restored ▁its ▁own ▁independence ▁as ▁the ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 |
8 ▁from ▁the ▁German , ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁and ▁Russian ▁Emp ires . ▁First ▁Polish ▁loc omot ive ▁Ok 2 2 ▁( 1 0 0 km / h ) ▁started ▁operating ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁Import ed ▁electric ▁loc omot ives ▁English ▁Electric ▁EL . 1 0 0 ▁( 1 0 0 km / h ) ▁were ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁Wars aw ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁New ▁Polish ▁loc omot ive ▁P m 3 6 - 1 ▁( 1 4 0 km / h ) ▁was ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Ex position ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Technology ▁in ▁Modern ▁Life ▁in ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁New ▁Polish ▁electric ▁loc omot ive ▁EP 0 9 ▁( 1 6 0 km / h ) ▁was ▁designed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁started ▁regular ▁operation ▁link ing ▁Wars aw ▁and ▁Kr ak ów ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁PK P ▁Inter city ▁New ▁P end ol ino ▁trains ▁by ▁Al st om ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁' Express ▁Inter city ▁Prem ium ' ▁began ▁operating ▁on ▁the ▁CM K ▁line ▁( 2 2 4 km ▁line ▁from ▁Kr ak ów ▁and ▁Kat ow ice ▁to ▁Wars aw ) ▁with ▁trains ▁reaching ▁ 2 0 0 km / h ▁( 1 2 4 m ph ) ▁as ▁a ▁regularly ▁scheduled ▁operation . ▁ ▁Russia |
▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 3 0 s , ▁the ▁Russian ▁father ▁and ▁son ▁invent ors ▁the ▁Ch ere pan ov s ▁built ▁the ▁first ▁Russian ▁steam ▁loc omot ive . ▁The ▁first ▁railway ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Russia ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁between ▁Saint - P eters burg ▁and ▁Ts ars k oy e ▁Sel o . ▁It ▁was ▁ 2 7 km ▁long ▁and ▁linked ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Pal aces ▁at ▁Ts ars k oy e ▁Sel o ▁and ▁Pav lov sk . ▁The ▁track ▁gauge ▁was ▁. ▁Russia ▁was ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁big ▁transportation ▁systems ▁and ▁ge ograph ically ▁suited ▁to ▁rail ro ads , ▁with ▁long ▁flat ▁stret ches ▁of ▁land ▁and ▁compar atively ▁simple ▁land ▁acquisition . ▁It ▁was ▁ham per ed , ▁however , ▁by ▁its ▁out mod ed ▁political ▁situation ▁and ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁capital . ▁Foreign ▁initiative ▁and ▁capital ▁were ▁required . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁Americans ▁who ▁brought ▁the ▁technology ▁of ▁railway ▁construction ▁to ▁Russia . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁planning ▁began ▁for ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁Russia ' s ▁first ▁important ▁railway ; ▁it ▁linked ▁Moscow ▁and ▁St ▁Peters burg . ▁ ▁Spain ▁▁ ▁Cuba , ▁then ▁a ▁Spanish ▁colony , ▁built ▁its ▁first ▁rail ▁line ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁rail ▁transport ▁in ▁pen ins ular ▁Spain ▁begins ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁with ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁railway ▁line ▁between ▁Barcelona ▁and ▁Mat ar ó . ▁In ▁ 1 |
8 5 2 , ▁the ▁first ▁narrow ▁gauge ▁line ▁was ▁built . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁a ▁line ▁reached ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁border . ▁By ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁the ▁Madrid - I run ▁line ▁had ▁been ▁opened ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁border ▁was ▁reached . ▁ ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁Canada ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Canadian ▁railway , ▁the ▁Ch am plain ▁and ▁St . ▁Lawrence ▁Rail road , ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁outside ▁of ▁Montreal , ▁a ▁season al ▁port age ▁railway ▁to ▁connect ▁river ▁traffic . ▁It ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁Alb ion ▁Railway ▁in ▁St ell art on , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁a ▁coll ier ▁railway ▁connecting ▁coal ▁mines ▁to ▁a ▁se ap ort . ▁In ▁Canada , ▁the ▁national ▁government ▁strongly ▁supported ▁railway ▁construction ▁for ▁political ▁goals . ▁First ▁it ▁wanted ▁to ▁kn it ▁the ▁far - fl ung ▁provin ces ▁together ▁and ▁second , ▁it ▁wanted ▁to ▁maxim ize ▁trade ▁inside ▁Canada ▁and ▁minimize ▁trade ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁to ▁avoid ▁becoming ▁an ▁economic ▁satellite . ▁The ▁Grand ▁Tr unk ▁Railway ▁of ▁Canada ▁linked ▁Toronto ▁and ▁Montreal ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 3 , ▁then ▁opened ▁a ▁line ▁to ▁Portland , ▁Maine ▁( which ▁was ▁ice - free ) ▁and ▁lines ▁to ▁Michigan ▁and ▁Chicago . ▁By ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁longest ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁Inter colon ial ▁line , ▁finished ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 , |
▁linked ▁the ▁Mar it imes ▁to ▁Quebec ▁and ▁Ontario , ▁t ying ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁Confeder ation . ▁ ▁Ang lo ▁entrepre neurs ▁in ▁Montreal ▁sought ▁direct ▁lines ▁into ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁sh unned ▁connections ▁with ▁the ▁Mar it imes , ▁with ▁a ▁goal ▁of ▁competing ▁with ▁American ▁rail road ▁lines ▁heading ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁Pacific . ▁Joseph ▁How e , ▁Charles ▁T upper ▁and ▁other ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁leaders ▁used ▁the ▁rhet oric ▁of ▁a ▁" c ivil izing ▁mission " ▁centered ▁on ▁their ▁British ▁heritage , ▁because ▁Atlantic - cent ered ▁railway ▁projects ▁promised ▁to ▁make ▁Hal if ax ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁an ▁inter colon ial ▁railway ▁system ▁tied ▁to ▁London . ▁Leonard ▁T il ley , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ' s ▁most ▁ar d ent ▁railway ▁promot er , ▁champion ed ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁" econom ic ▁progress ," ▁stress ing ▁that ▁Atlantic ▁Canad ians ▁needed ▁to ▁pursue ▁the ▁most ▁cost - effective ▁transportation ▁connections ▁possible ▁if ▁they ▁wanted ▁to ▁expand ▁their ▁influence ▁beyond ▁local ▁markets . ▁Adv oc ating ▁an ▁inter colon ial ▁connection ▁to ▁Canada ▁and ▁a ▁western ▁extension ▁into ▁larger ▁American ▁markets ▁in ▁Maine ▁and ▁beyond , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁entrepre neurs ▁promoted ▁ties ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁first , ▁connections ▁with ▁Hal if ax ▁second ▁and ▁routes ▁into ▁central ▁Canada ▁last . ▁Thus ▁met ropolitan ▁rival ries ▁between ▁Montreal , ▁Hal if ax ▁and ▁Saint ▁John ▁led ▁Canada ▁to ▁build ▁more ▁railway ▁lines ▁per ▁cap ita ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁industrial izing |
▁nation , ▁even ▁though ▁it ▁lack ed ▁capital ▁resources ▁and ▁had ▁too ▁little ▁fre ight ▁and ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁systems ▁to ▁turn ▁a ▁profit . ▁ ▁Den ▁Ot ter ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁challenges ▁popular ▁assumptions ▁that ▁Canada ▁built ▁trans contin ental ▁rail ways ▁because ▁it ▁feared ▁the ▁an nex ation ist ▁schemes ▁of ▁aggressive ▁Americans . ▁Instead ▁Canada ▁over built ▁rail ro ads ▁because ▁it ▁hoped ▁to ▁compete ▁with , ▁even ▁over take ▁Americans ▁in ▁the ▁race ▁for ▁contin ental ▁ric hes . ▁It ▁down play ed ▁the ▁more ▁realistic ▁Mar it imes - based ▁London - oriented ▁connections ▁and ▁turned ▁to ▁ut op ian ▁prospects ▁for ▁the ▁farm lands ▁and ▁miner als ▁of ▁the ▁west . ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁closer ▁ties ▁between ▁north ▁and ▁south , ▁symbol ized ▁by ▁the ▁Grand ▁Tr unk ' s ▁expansion ▁into ▁the ▁American ▁Mid west . ▁These ▁economic ▁links ▁promoted ▁trade , ▁commerce ▁and ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁ideas ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁countries , ▁integr ating ▁Canada ▁into ▁a ▁North ▁American ▁economy ▁and ▁culture ▁by ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁About ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Canad ians ▁migr ated ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Pacific , ▁par alle ling ▁the ▁American ▁border , ▁opened ▁a ▁vital ▁link ▁to ▁British ▁Canada ▁and ▁stim ulated ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁Pra ir ies . ▁The ▁CP ▁was ▁affili ated ▁with ▁James ▁J . ▁Hill ' s ▁American ▁rail ways ▁and ▁opened ▁even |
▁more ▁connections ▁to ▁the ▁South . ▁The ▁connections ▁were ▁two - way , ▁as ▁thousands ▁of ▁American ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Pra ir ies ▁after ▁their ▁own ▁front ier ▁had ▁closed . ▁ ▁Two ▁additional ▁trans contin ental ▁lines ▁were ▁built ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁coast — three ▁in ▁all — but ▁that ▁was ▁far ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁traffic ▁would ▁bear , ▁making ▁the ▁system ▁simply ▁too ▁expensive . ▁One ▁after ▁another , ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁lines ▁and ▁cover ▁their ▁def ic its . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁the ▁government ▁merged ▁the ▁Grand ▁Tr unk , ▁Grand ▁Tr unk ▁Pacific , ▁Canadian ▁Northern ▁and ▁National ▁Trans contin ental ▁lines ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁the ▁Canadian ▁National ▁Rail ways ▁system . ▁Since ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁equipment ▁was ▁imported ▁from ▁Britain ▁or ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁products ▁carried ▁were ▁from ▁farms , ▁mines ▁or ▁forests , ▁there ▁was ▁little ▁stim ulation ▁to ▁domestic ▁manufacturing . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁rail ways ▁were ▁essential ▁to ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁wheat ▁regions ▁in ▁the ▁Pra ir ies ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁coal ▁mining , ▁l umber ing ▁and ▁paper ▁making . ▁Impro ve ments ▁to ▁the ▁St . ▁Lawrence ▁water way ▁system ▁continued ▁ap ace ▁and ▁many ▁short ▁lines ▁were ▁built ▁to ▁river ▁ports . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁railway ▁in ▁Canada ▁is ▁a ▁wooden ▁rail road ▁reported ly ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁fort ress ▁at ▁Louis burg |
, ▁Nova ▁Scot ia . ▁ ▁Rail ro ads ▁played ▁a ▁large ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁from ▁the ▁industrial ▁revolution ▁in ▁the ▁North - east ▁ 1 8 1 0 – 5 0 ▁to ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁ 1 8 5 0 – 1 8 9 0 . ▁The ▁American ▁rail road ▁man ia ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Rail road ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁and ▁flour ished ▁until ▁the ▁Pan ic ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁bank rupted ▁many ▁companies ▁and ▁temporarily ▁ended ▁growth . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁South ▁started ▁early ▁to ▁build ▁rail ways , ▁it ▁concentrated ▁on ▁short ▁lines ▁link ing ▁cotton ▁regions ▁to ▁ocean ic ▁or ▁river ▁ports ▁and ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁an ▁inter connected ▁network ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁hand ic ap ▁during ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁North ▁and ▁Mid west ▁constructed ▁networks ▁that ▁linked ▁every ▁city ▁by ▁ 1 8 6 0 . ▁In ▁the ▁heavily ▁settled ▁Mid western ▁Corn ▁B elt , ▁over ▁ 8 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁farms ▁were ▁within ▁ 1 0 ▁miles ▁of ▁a ▁railway , ▁facil itating ▁the ▁ship ment ▁of ▁grain , ▁h ogs ▁and ▁cattle ▁to ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁markets . ▁A ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁short ▁lines ▁were ▁built , ▁but ▁thanks ▁to ▁a ▁fast ▁developing ▁financial ▁system ▁based ▁on ▁Wall ▁Street ▁and ▁orient ed ▁to ▁railway ▁bonds , ▁the ▁majority ▁were ▁consolid ated ▁into ▁ 2 0 ▁trunk ▁lines ▁by ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁State ▁and ▁local |
▁governments ▁often ▁subs id ized ▁lines , ▁but ▁rarely ▁owned ▁them . ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁was ▁largely ▁built ▁by ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁but ▁then ▁trucks ▁arrived ▁to ▁eat ▁away ▁the ▁fre ight ▁traffic ▁and ▁autom ob iles ▁( and ▁later ▁air pl anes ) ▁to ▁dev our ▁the ▁passenger ▁traffic . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁dies el ▁electric ▁loc omot ives ▁( after ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁made ▁for ▁much ▁more ▁efficient ▁operations ▁that ▁needed ▁fewer ▁workers ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁in ▁repair ▁shops . ▁ ▁M ile age ▁ ▁Route ▁mile age ▁pe aked ▁at ▁ 2 5 4 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁fell ▁to ▁ 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁about ▁ ▁of ▁rail road ▁track , ▁in ▁short ▁lines ▁linked ▁to ▁coal ▁and ▁gran ite ▁mines .). ▁After ▁this , ▁rail road ▁lines ▁grew ▁rapidly . ▁Ten ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁the ▁rail ways ▁had ▁grown ▁to ▁. ▁By ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁civil ▁war , ▁the ▁length ▁had ▁reached ▁, ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁North . ▁The ▁South ▁had ▁much ▁less ▁track age ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁ge ared ▁to ▁moving ▁cotton ▁short ▁distances ▁to ▁river ▁or ▁ocean ▁ports . ▁The ▁Southern ▁rail ro ads ▁were ▁destroyed ▁during ▁the ▁war ▁but ▁were ▁soon ▁re built . ▁By ▁ |
1 8 9 0 , ▁the ▁national ▁system ▁was ▁virtually ▁complete ▁with ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁the ▁symbol ically ▁important ▁trans contin ental ▁rail road ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁with ▁the ▁driving ▁of ▁a ▁golden ▁sp ike ▁( ne ar ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Og den ). ▁ ▁Latin ▁America ▁▁ ▁In ▁Latin ▁America ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries ▁rail ways ▁were ▁critical ▁elements ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁stages ▁of ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁Latin ▁American ▁economy , ▁especially ▁in ▁link ing ▁agricultural ▁regions ▁to ▁export - oriented ▁se ap orts . ▁After ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁Latin ▁American ▁governments ▁encouraged ▁further ▁rail ▁development ▁through ▁generous ▁con cess ions ▁that ▁included ▁government ▁subs id ies ▁for ▁construction . ▁Railway ▁construction ▁is ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁considerable ▁scholarship , ▁exam ining ▁the ▁economic , ▁political , ▁and ▁social ▁impacts ▁of ▁rail ro ads . ▁Rail ways ▁transformed ▁many ▁regions ▁of ▁Latin ▁America ▁beginning ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁nineteenth ▁century . ▁" In cre asing ▁exports ▁of ▁primary ▁commod ities , ▁rising ▁imports ▁of ▁capital ▁goods , ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁activities ▁drawing ▁directly ▁and ▁indirect ly ▁on ▁overseas ▁investment , ▁the ▁rising ▁share ▁of ▁manufacturing ▁in ▁output , ▁and ▁a ▁general ized ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁pace ▁and ▁scope ▁of ▁economic ▁activity ▁were ▁all ▁tied ▁closely ▁to ▁the ▁timing ▁and ▁character ▁of ▁the ▁region ' s ▁in frastr uct ural ▁development . ▁ ▁R ates ▁of ▁railway ▁line ▁construction ▁were ▁not ▁uniform , |
▁but ▁by ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁railway ▁line ▁construction ▁was ▁under way , ▁with ▁Cuba ▁leading ▁with ▁the ▁largest ▁railway ▁track ▁in ▁service ▁( 1 , 2 9 5 km ), ▁followed ▁by ▁Chile ▁( 7 9 7 km ), ▁Brazil ▁( 7 4 4 km ), ▁Argentina ▁( 7 3 2 km ), ▁Peru ▁( 6 6 9 km ), ▁and ▁Mexico ▁( 4 1 7 km ). ▁By ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁Argentina ▁( 1 6 , 5 6 3 km ), ▁Brazil ▁( 1 5 , 3 1 6 km ) ▁and ▁Mexico ▁( 1 3 , 6 1 5 km ) ▁were ▁the ▁leaders ▁in ▁length ▁of ▁track ▁in ▁service , ▁and ▁Peru , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁an ▁early ▁leader ▁in ▁railway ▁construction , ▁had ▁st agn ated ▁( 1 , 7 9 0 km ). ▁In ▁Mexico , ▁growing ▁national istic ▁f erv or ▁led ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁rail ro ads ▁under ▁national ▁control ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁government ▁corporation , ▁Fer roc arr iles ▁Nacional es ▁de ▁México ▁( FN M ), ▁that ▁exerc ised ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁trunk ▁rail ▁lines ▁through ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁share ▁ownership . ▁ ▁Asia ▁ ▁India ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁proposals ▁for ▁rail ways ▁in ▁India ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁Mad ras ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 2 . ▁The ▁first ▁train ▁in ▁India ▁ran |
▁from ▁Red ▁Hills ▁to ▁Ch int ad rip et ▁bridge ▁in ▁Mad ras ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁called ▁Red ▁Hill ▁Railway . ▁It ▁was ▁haul ed ▁by ▁a ▁rot ary ▁steam ▁engine ▁loc omot ive ▁manufactured ▁by ▁William ▁A very . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Sir ▁Arthur ▁Cot ton . ▁It ▁was ▁primarily ▁used ▁for ▁transport ing ▁gran ite ▁stones ▁for ▁road ▁building ▁work ▁in ▁Mad ras . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁a ▁railway ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁Dow les w aram ▁in ▁Raj ah mund ry . ▁It ▁was ▁called ▁God av ari ▁Dam ▁Construction ▁Railway . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁built ▁by ▁Arthur ▁Cot ton . ▁It ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁supply ▁stones ▁for ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁dam ▁over ▁God av ari . ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁Mad ras ▁Railway ▁was ▁incorporated . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Railway ▁company ▁was ▁incorporated . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁Great ▁Indian ▁Pen ins ular ▁Railway ▁( G IP R ) ▁was ▁incorporated . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 1 , ▁a ▁railway ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Ro or kee . ▁It ▁was ▁called ▁Sol ani ▁Aqu ed uct ▁Railway . ▁It ▁was ▁haul ed ▁by ▁steam ▁loc omot ive ▁Thom ason , ▁named ▁after ▁a ▁British ▁officer - in - charge . ▁It ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁transport ing ▁construction ▁materials ▁for ▁building ▁of ▁aqu ed uct ▁over ▁Sol ani ▁river . ▁In ▁ |
1 8 5 2 , ▁the ▁" Mad ras ▁Gu arante ed ▁Railway ▁Company " ▁was ▁incorporated . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁passenger ▁train ▁in ▁India ▁ran ▁between ▁Bomb ay ▁( B ori ▁B under ) ▁and ▁Th ane ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 3 . ▁The ▁ 1 4 - car riage ▁train ▁was ▁haul ed ▁by ▁three ▁steam ▁loc omot ives : ▁S ah ib , ▁S ind h ▁and ▁S ultan . ▁It ▁ran ▁for ▁about ▁ 3 4 ▁kilom eters ▁between ▁these ▁two ▁cities ▁carrying ▁ 4 0 0 ▁people . ▁The ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁G IP R . ▁This ▁railway ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ ▁broad ▁gauge , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁standard ▁for ▁the ▁rail ways ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁first ▁passenger ▁railway ▁train ▁in ▁eastern ▁India ▁ran ▁from ▁How rah , ▁near ▁Cal cut ta ▁to ▁Ho og ly , ▁for ▁distance ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁miles , ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁ 1 8 5 4 . ▁The ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁E IR . ▁The ▁first ▁passenger ▁train ▁in ▁South ▁India ▁ran ▁from ▁Roy ap ur am ▁/ ▁V ey as ar ap ady ▁( Mad ras ) ▁to ▁Wall aj ah ▁Road ▁( Arc ot ) ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁for ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁miles . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Mad ras ▁Railway . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 |
3 , ▁the ▁first ▁tram way ▁( a ▁horse - d rawn ▁tram way ) ▁opened ▁in ▁Cal cut ta ▁between ▁Se ald ah ▁and ▁Armen ian ▁G hat ▁Street , ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 3 . 8 km . ▁ ▁Iran ▁▁ ▁Iran ian ▁railway ▁history ▁goes ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁when ▁an ▁approximately ▁ 2 0 - km ▁long ▁railway ▁between ▁Te hr an ▁and ▁Ray ▁was ▁established . ▁After ▁this ▁time ▁many ▁short ▁rail ways ▁were ▁constructed ▁but ▁the ▁main ▁railway , ▁Trans - I ran ian ▁Railway , ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁operated ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁by ▁connecting ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁Gulf ▁to ▁the ▁Cas p ian ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Japan ▁▁ ▁Japan ▁developed ▁its ▁first ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁with ▁technical ▁and ▁mater iel ▁assistance ▁provided ▁by ▁several ▁western ▁nations ▁such ▁as ▁Britain ▁and ▁America . ▁ ▁Pakistan ▁▁ ▁It ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁when ▁the ▁first ▁railway ▁was ▁imagined ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁when ▁it ▁came ▁into ▁existence ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁built ▁from ▁Kar achi ▁to ▁Kot ri . ▁Since ▁then ▁rail ▁transport ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁mode ▁of ▁non - independ ent ▁transport ▁in ▁Pakistan . ▁ ▁Africa ▁ ▁Ang ola ▁ ▁Bot sw ana ▁ ▁Cong o ▁ ▁East ▁Africa ▁ ▁The ▁railway ▁was ▁built ▁from ▁the ▁Ken yan ▁port ▁of ▁M omb asa ▁to ▁Kamp ala , |
▁U g anda , ▁and ▁construction ▁was ▁ham per ed ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁man - e ating ▁l ions . ▁ ▁Egypt ▁ ▁Nam ib ia ▁( South ▁West ▁Africa ) ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁colony ▁of ▁South ▁West ▁Africa ▁was ▁the ▁- long ▁line ▁running ▁North - E ast ▁from ▁Wal vis ▁Bay ▁to ▁connect ▁with ▁the ▁existing ▁road ▁between ▁Sw ak op mund ▁and ▁Wind ho ek . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁ ▁gauge ▁and ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁Moz amb ique ▁ ▁South ▁Africa ▁ ▁Sud an ▁ ▁Z amb ia ▁ ▁Z imb ab we ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁: Category : R ail ▁transport ▁tim elines ▁ ▁George ▁Brad sh aw , ▁origin ator ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁tim et able ▁ ▁Historical ▁sizes ▁of ▁rail ro ads ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁John ▁B len kins op ▁( 1 7 8 3 – 1 8 3 1 ), ▁invent or ▁ ▁Mat th ias ▁W . ▁Bald win ▁( 1 7 9 5 – 1 8 6 6 ), ▁manufacturer ▁ ▁Old est ▁rail ro ads ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁P erman ent ▁way : ▁historical ▁development ▁ ▁Railway ▁speed ▁record ▁ ▁Railway ▁spine ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Gray ▁( 1 7 8 8 – 1 8 4 8 ), ▁railway ▁advocate , ▁published ▁ 1 st ▁ed . ▁of ▁Observ ations ▁on ▁a ▁General ▁Iron ▁Railway , ▁ 1 8 2 0 . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁railway ▁history ▁ |
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