text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁publications , ▁public ▁sem in ars ▁and ▁col lo qu ia ▁for ▁lay ▁audiences . ▁ ▁Prin ciples ▁of ▁belief ▁and ▁practice ▁ ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁presents ▁a ▁far ▁more ▁radical ▁departure ▁from ▁traditional ▁Jewish ▁religion ▁than ▁Mor dec ai ▁Kap lan ▁( co - found er ▁of ▁Re construction ist ▁Jud a ism ) ▁ever ▁env ision ed . ▁ ▁Kap lan ▁re defined ▁God ▁and ▁other ▁traditional ▁religious ▁terms ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁natural ist ▁out look , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁traditional ▁prayer ▁language . ▁ ▁W ine ▁rejected ▁this ▁approach ▁as ▁confusing , ▁since ▁participants ▁could ▁asc ribe ▁to ▁these ▁words ▁whatever ▁definitions ▁they ▁fav ored . ▁W ine ▁stro ve ▁to ▁achieve ▁philosoph ical ▁consistency ▁and ▁stability ▁by ▁creating ▁rit uals ▁and ▁ceremon ies ▁that ▁were ▁purely ▁non - the istic . ▁ ▁Services ▁were ▁created ▁for ▁Sh ab bat , ▁R osh ▁Hash an ah , ▁Y om ▁K ip pur , ▁and ▁other ▁Jewish ▁holidays ▁and ▁fest ivals , ▁often ▁with ▁re interpret ation ▁of ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁holiday ▁to ▁bring ▁it ▁into ▁conform ity ▁with ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁philosophy . ▁ ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁was ▁developed ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁ret aining ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁and ▁continu ity ▁among ▁non - rel igious . ▁Rec ogn izing ▁that ▁congreg ational ▁religious ▁life ▁was ▁th riving , ▁W ine ▁believed ▁that ▁sec ular ▁Jews ▁who ▁had ▁rejected ▁the ism ▁would |
▁be ▁attracted ▁to ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁provided ▁all ▁the ▁same ▁forms ▁and ▁activities ▁as , ▁for ▁example , ▁Re form ▁tem ples , ▁but ▁which ▁expressed ▁a ▁purely ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁view point . ▁The ▁International ▁Institute ▁for ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism , ▁which ▁is ▁sponsored ▁by ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁and ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Sec ular ▁Jewish ▁Organ izations , ▁trains ▁r abb is ▁and ▁other ▁leaders ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁in ▁Israel . ▁The ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁was ▁organized ▁with ▁the ▁mission ▁to ▁mobil ize ▁people ▁to ▁celebrate ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁and ▁culture ▁consistent ▁with ▁a ▁human istic ▁philosophy ▁of ▁life . ▁ ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁and ▁inter mar riage ▁Within ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism , ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁is ▁largely ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁self - ident ification . ▁R abb is ▁and ▁other ▁trained ▁leaders ▁off ici ate ▁at ▁inter mar riages ▁between ▁Jews ▁and ▁non - J ew s , ▁and ▁the ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁movement , ▁unlike ▁the ▁Conservative ▁and ▁Orth odox ▁Jewish ▁denom inations , ▁does ▁not ▁take ▁any ▁position ▁or ▁action ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁inter mar riage , ▁rather ▁it ▁aff ir ms ▁that ▁" Inter mar riage ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁Jewish ▁reality — a ▁natural ▁consequence ▁of ▁a ▁liberal ▁society ▁in ▁which ▁individuals ▁have ▁the ▁freedom ▁to ▁marry ▁wh ome ver ▁they ▁wish ... that ▁inter mar riage ▁is ▁neither ▁good ▁nor ▁bad , ▁just ▁as ▁we ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁marriage ▁of |
▁two ▁Jews , ▁in ▁itself , ▁is ▁neither ▁good ▁nor ▁bad . ▁ ▁The ▁moral ▁worth ▁of ▁a ▁marriage ▁always ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁relationship — on ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁mutual ▁love ▁and ▁respect ▁that ▁prev ails ." ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁r abb is ▁and ▁leaders ▁will ▁also ▁co - off ici ate ▁at ▁inter c ultural ▁mar riages ▁between ▁Jews ▁and ▁non - J ew s . ▁These ▁views ▁concerning ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁and ▁inter mar riage ▁are ▁critic ized ▁by ▁those ▁who ▁believe ▁that ▁they ▁will ▁hast en ▁the ▁ass im ilation ▁of ▁Jews ▁into ▁the ▁general ▁society ▁and ▁thus ▁advers ely ▁affect ▁Jewish ▁continu ity . ▁ ▁E gal itarian ism ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁is ▁e gal itarian ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁gender ▁and ▁gender ▁identification , ▁Jewish ▁status , ▁and ▁sexual ▁orientation . ▁Brit ▁sh alom ▁( b aby - n aming ▁ceremon ies ), ▁similar ▁for ▁boys ▁and ▁girls , ▁are ▁performed ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁brit ▁mil ah . ▁Those ▁who ▁identify ▁as ▁Jews ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁do ▁not , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁L GB TI ▁members , ▁may ▁participate ▁in ▁all ▁ways ▁in ▁all ▁Human istic ▁Jewish ▁rit uals ▁and ▁leadership ▁roles . ▁ ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁ord ains ▁both ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁as ▁r abb is , ▁and ▁its ▁first ▁rab bi ▁was ▁a ▁woman , ▁Tam ara ▁Kol ton , ▁who ▁was ▁ord ained ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Its ▁first ▁cant or ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁woman |
, ▁Deb or ah ▁Davis , ▁ord ained ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ; ▁however , ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁has ▁since ▁stopped ▁ord aining ▁cant ors . ▁The ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁issued ▁a ▁statement ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁stating ▁in ▁part , ▁" we ▁affirm ▁that ▁a ▁woman ▁has ▁the ▁moral ▁right ▁and ▁should ▁have ▁the ▁continuing ▁legal ▁right ▁to ▁decide ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁to ▁term inate ▁a ▁pregnancy ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁her ▁own ▁ethical ▁standards . ▁Because ▁a ▁decision ▁to ▁term inate ▁a ▁pregnancy ▁carries ▁serious , ▁irre vers ible ▁consequences , ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁with ▁great ▁care ▁and ▁with ▁keen ▁awareness ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁psychological , ▁emotional , ▁and ▁ethical ▁implications ." ▁ ▁They ▁also ▁issued ▁a ▁statement ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁condem ning ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁“ No ▁Tax p ayer ▁Fund ing ▁for ▁Ab ortion ▁Act ” ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives , ▁which ▁they ▁called ▁" a ▁direct ▁attack ▁on ▁a ▁woman ’ s ▁right ▁to ▁choose ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁they ▁issued ▁a ▁resolution ▁oppos ing ▁conscience ▁cl auses ▁that ▁allow ▁religious - aff ili ated ▁institutions ▁to ▁be ▁ex empt ▁from ▁generally ▁applicable ▁requirements ▁mand ating ▁re product ive ▁healthcare ▁services ▁to ▁individuals ▁or ▁employees . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁they ▁issued ▁a ▁resolution ▁stating ▁in ▁part , ▁" There fore , ▁be ▁it ▁resolved ▁that : ▁The ▁Society ▁for ▁Human |
istic ▁Jud a ism ▁whole heart edly ▁supports ▁the ▁observ ance ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁Equ ality ▁Day ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 6 ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁Nin ete enth ▁Am endment ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution ▁allowing ▁women ▁to ▁vote ; ▁The ▁Society ▁condem ns ▁gender ▁discrimination ▁in ▁all ▁its ▁forms , ▁including ▁restriction ▁of ▁rights , ▁limited ▁access ▁to ▁education , ▁violence , ▁and ▁sub j ug ation ; ▁and ▁The ▁Society ▁comm its ▁itself ▁to ▁maintain ▁vig il ance ▁and ▁speak ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁fight ▁to ▁bring ▁gender ▁equality ▁to ▁our ▁generation ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁generations ▁that ▁follow ." ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁issued ▁a ▁resolution ▁supporting ▁" the ▁legal ▁recognition ▁of ▁marriage ▁and ▁divorce ▁between ▁adults ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁sex ", ▁and ▁affirm ing ▁" the ▁value ▁of ▁marriage ▁between ▁any ▁two ▁committed ▁adults ▁with ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁obligations , ▁respons ibilities , ▁and ▁consequences ▁there of ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁they ▁pl ed ged ▁to ▁speak ▁out ▁against ▁hom oph ob ic ▁bul lying . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁H ille l ism ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁in ▁Metro ▁Detroit ▁ ▁Jewish ▁sec ular ism ▁ ▁M ī m ā ṃ s ā ▁( m im ans a ), ▁a ▁school ▁of ▁Hindu ▁philosophy , ▁having ▁some ▁similar ities ▁in ▁ep ist em ology . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Jewish ▁at he ists ▁and |
▁ag nost ics ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁ ▁International ▁Institute ▁for ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁ ▁Association ▁of ▁Human istic ▁R abb is ▁ ▁BBC ▁- ▁Relig ions ▁- ▁Jud a ism : ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁ ▁International ▁Federation ▁for ▁Sec ular ▁& ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁ ▁Lead ership ▁Conference ▁of ▁Sec ular ▁and ▁Human istic ▁Jews ▁ ▁Israel ▁program ▁of ▁International ▁Institute ▁for ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁ ▁Portal ▁of ▁Jewish ▁Sec ular ▁R ites ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁The ▁City ▁Cong regation ▁for ▁Human istic ▁Jud a ism ▁- ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sec ular ▁Jewish ▁culture ▁Jud a ism , ▁Human istic ▁Category : Sec ular ▁human ism <0x0A> </s> ▁Natural ▁science ▁is ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁science ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁description , ▁prediction , ▁and ▁understanding ▁of ▁natural ▁phen omena , ▁based ▁on ▁emp irical ▁evidence ▁from ▁observation ▁and ▁experiment ation . ▁Mechan isms ▁such ▁as ▁peer ▁review ▁and ▁repeat ability ▁of ▁findings ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁ensure ▁the ▁valid ity ▁of ▁scientific ▁advances . ▁ ▁Natural ▁science ▁can ▁be ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁main ▁branches : ▁life ▁science ▁( or ▁biological ▁science ) ▁and ▁physical ▁science . ▁Physical ▁science ▁is ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁branches , ▁including ▁physics , ▁chemistry , ▁astr onomy ▁and ▁Earth ▁science . ▁These ▁branches ▁of ▁natural ▁science ▁may ▁be ▁further ▁divided ▁into ▁more ▁specialized ▁branches ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁fields ). ▁As |
▁emp irical ▁sciences , ▁natural ▁sciences ▁use ▁tools ▁from ▁the ▁formal ▁sciences , ▁such ▁as ▁mathemat ics ▁and ▁logic , ▁conver ting ▁information ▁about ▁nature ▁into ▁measurements ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁explained ▁as ▁clear ▁statements ▁of ▁the ▁" l aws ▁of ▁nature ". ▁ ▁Modern ▁natural ▁science ▁succeeded ▁more ▁classical ▁approaches ▁to ▁natural ▁philosophy , ▁usually ▁tr aced ▁to ▁ancient ▁Greece . ▁Gal ile o , ▁Des cart es , ▁B acon , ▁and ▁Newton ▁deb ated ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁using ▁approaches ▁which ▁were ▁more ▁mathematical ▁and ▁more ▁experimental ▁in ▁a ▁method ical ▁way . ▁Still , ▁philosoph ical ▁pers pectives , ▁con ject ures , ▁and ▁pres upp os itions , ▁often ▁overlook ed , ▁remain ▁necessary ▁in ▁natural ▁science . ▁System atic ▁data ▁collection , ▁including ▁discovery ▁science , ▁succeeded ▁natural ▁history , ▁which ▁emerged ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁by ▁describing ▁and ▁class ifying ▁plants , ▁animals , ▁miner als , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁Today , ▁" natural ▁history " ▁suggests ▁observ ational ▁descriptions ▁aimed ▁at ▁popular ▁audiences . ▁ ▁Criteria ▁ ▁Philosoph ers ▁of ▁science ▁have ▁suggested ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁criteria , ▁including ▁Karl ▁Pop per ' s ▁controversial ▁fals ifi ability ▁crit er ion , ▁to ▁help ▁them ▁different iate ▁scientific ▁ende av ors ▁from ▁non - sc ient ific ▁ones . ▁Valid ity , ▁accuracy , ▁and ▁quality ▁control , ▁such ▁as ▁peer ▁review ▁and ▁repeat ability ▁of ▁findings , ▁are ▁amongst ▁the ▁most ▁respected ▁criteria ▁in ▁the ▁present - day ▁global ▁scientific ▁community . |
▁ ▁Br anches ▁of ▁natural ▁science ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁This ▁field ▁en compass es ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁discipl ines ▁that ▁exam ines ▁phen omena ▁related ▁to ▁living ▁organ isms . ▁The ▁scale ▁of ▁study ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁sub - component ▁bi oph ys ics ▁up ▁to ▁complex ▁ec ologies . ▁Bi ology ▁is ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁characteristics , ▁classification ▁and ▁behaviors ▁of ▁organ isms , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁how ▁species ▁were ▁formed ▁and ▁their ▁interactions ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁the ▁environment . ▁ ▁The ▁biological ▁fields ▁of ▁bot any , ▁z ool ogy , ▁and ▁medicine ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁early ▁periods ▁of ▁civilization , ▁while ▁micro bi ology ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁with ▁the ▁invention ▁of ▁the ▁micro scope . ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁that ▁bi ology ▁became ▁a ▁un ified ▁science . ▁Once ▁scientists ▁discovered ▁common al ities ▁between ▁all ▁living ▁things , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁they ▁were ▁best ▁studied ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁ ▁Some ▁key ▁developments ▁in ▁bi ology ▁were ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁gen etics ; ▁evolution ▁through ▁natural ▁selection ; ▁the ▁germ ▁theory ▁of ▁disease ▁and ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁techniques ▁of ▁chemistry ▁and ▁physics ▁at ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁cell ▁or ▁organic ▁mole cule . ▁ ▁Modern ▁bi ology ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁sub dis cipl ines ▁by ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁organ ism ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁scale ▁being ▁studied . ▁M ole cular ▁bi ology ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁fundamental ▁chemistry ▁of ▁life , |
▁while ▁cell ular ▁bi ology ▁is ▁the ▁examination ▁of ▁the ▁cell ; ▁the ▁basic ▁building ▁block ▁of ▁all ▁life . ▁At ▁a ▁higher ▁level , ▁an at omy ▁and ▁phys i ology ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁internal ▁structures , ▁and ▁their ▁functions , ▁of ▁an ▁organ ism , ▁while ▁ec ology ▁looks ▁at ▁how ▁various ▁organ isms ▁inter rel ate . ▁ ▁Chem istry ▁ ▁Const itut ing ▁the ▁scientific ▁study ▁of ▁matter ▁at ▁the ▁atomic ▁and ▁molecular ▁scale , ▁chemistry ▁deals ▁primarily ▁with ▁collections ▁of ▁atoms , ▁such ▁as ▁g ases , ▁mole cules , ▁cryst als , ▁and ▁met als . ▁The ▁composition , ▁statistical ▁properties , ▁transform ations ▁and ▁reactions ▁of ▁these ▁materials ▁are ▁studied . ▁Chem istry ▁also ▁involves ▁understanding ▁the ▁properties ▁and ▁interactions ▁of ▁individual ▁atoms ▁and ▁mole cules ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁larger - scale ▁applications . ▁ ▁Most ▁chemical ▁processes ▁can ▁be ▁studied ▁directly ▁in ▁a ▁laboratory , ▁using ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁( o ften ▁well - test ed ) ▁techniques ▁for ▁manip ulating ▁materials , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁underlying ▁processes . ▁Chem istry ▁is ▁often ▁called ▁" the ▁central ▁science " ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁role ▁in ▁connecting ▁the ▁other ▁natural ▁sciences . ▁ ▁Early ▁experiments ▁in ▁chemistry ▁had ▁their ▁roots ▁in ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁Al che my , ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁beliefs ▁combining ▁myst icism ▁with ▁physical ▁experiments . ▁The ▁science ▁of ▁chemistry ▁began ▁to ▁develop ▁with ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Robert ▁Boy le , ▁the ▁discover er ▁of ▁gas , ▁and ▁Ant oine |
▁Lav ois ier , ▁who ▁developed ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁the ▁Conserv ation ▁of ▁mass . ▁ ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁chemical ▁elements ▁and ▁atomic ▁theory ▁began ▁to ▁system at ize ▁this ▁science , ▁and ▁researchers ▁developed ▁a ▁fundamental ▁understanding ▁of ▁states ▁of ▁matter , ▁ ions , ▁chemical ▁bonds ▁and ▁chemical ▁reactions . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁this ▁science ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁complement ary ▁chemical ▁industry ▁that ▁now ▁plays ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁economy . ▁ ▁Phys ics ▁ ▁Phys ics ▁embod ies ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁fundamental ▁constitu ents ▁of ▁the ▁universe , ▁the ▁forces ▁and ▁interactions ▁they ▁ex ert ▁on ▁one ▁another , ▁and ▁the ▁results ▁produced ▁by ▁these ▁interactions . ▁In ▁general , ▁physics ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁fundamental ▁science , ▁because ▁all ▁other ▁natural ▁sciences ▁use ▁and ▁obey ▁the ▁principles ▁and ▁laws ▁set ▁down ▁by ▁the ▁field . ▁Phys ics ▁rel ies ▁heavily ▁on ▁mathemat ics ▁as ▁the ▁logical ▁framework ▁for ▁form ulation ▁and ▁quant ification ▁of ▁principles . ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁the ▁universe ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁history ▁and ▁largely ▁der ives ▁from ▁direct ▁observation ▁and ▁experiment ation . ▁The ▁form ulation ▁of ▁theories ▁about ▁the ▁governing ▁laws ▁of ▁the ▁universe ▁has ▁been ▁central ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁physics ▁from ▁very ▁early ▁on , ▁with ▁philosophy ▁gradually ▁yield ing ▁to ▁systematic , ▁quant itative ▁experimental ▁testing ▁and ▁observation ▁as ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁verification . ▁Key ▁historical ▁developments ▁in ▁physics ▁include ▁Isaac ▁Newton ' s ▁theory ▁of ▁universal ▁grav itation ▁and ▁classical ▁mechanics , ▁an |
▁understanding ▁of ▁electricity ▁and ▁its ▁relation ▁to ▁magnet ism , ▁Einstein ' s ▁theories ▁of ▁special ▁and ▁general ▁rel ativity , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁therm od ynamics , ▁and ▁the ▁quantum ▁mechanical ▁model ▁of ▁atomic ▁and ▁sub atomic ▁physics . ▁ ▁The ▁field ▁of ▁physics ▁is ▁extremely ▁broad , ▁and ▁can ▁include ▁such ▁diverse ▁studies ▁as ▁quantum ▁mechanics ▁and ▁theoretical ▁physics , ▁applied ▁physics ▁and ▁opt ics . ▁Modern ▁physics ▁is ▁becoming ▁increasingly ▁specialized , ▁where ▁researchers ▁tend ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁a ▁particular ▁area ▁rather ▁than ▁being ▁" univers al ists " ▁like ▁Isaac ▁Newton , ▁Albert ▁Einstein ▁and ▁Lev ▁Land au , ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁multiple ▁areas . ▁ ▁Astr onomy ▁ ▁This ▁discipline ▁is ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁objects ▁and ▁phen omena ▁that ▁orig inate ▁outside ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁atmosphere . ▁It ▁is ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁evolution , ▁physics , ▁chemistry , ▁met e or ology , ▁and ▁motion ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁objects , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁formation ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁universe . ▁ ▁Astr onomy ▁includes ▁the ▁examination , ▁study ▁and ▁modeling ▁of ▁stars , ▁planets , ▁com ets , ▁galaxies ▁and ▁the ▁cos mos . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁information ▁used ▁by ▁astronom ers ▁is ▁gathered ▁by ▁remote ▁observation , ▁although ▁some ▁laboratory ▁reprodu ction ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁phen omena ▁has ▁been ▁performed ▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁molecular ▁chemistry ▁of ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁medium ). ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁origins ▁of ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁features ▁and ▁phen omena ▁can ▁be |
▁tr aced ▁back ▁to ▁ant iqu ity , ▁the ▁scientific ▁method ology ▁of ▁this ▁field ▁began ▁to ▁develop ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁A ▁key ▁factor ▁was ▁Gal ile o ' s ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁teles cope ▁to ▁examine ▁the ▁night ▁sky ▁in ▁more ▁detail . ▁ ▁The ▁mathematical ▁treatment ▁of ▁astr onomy ▁began ▁with ▁Newton ' s ▁development ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁mechanics ▁and ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁grav itation , ▁although ▁it ▁was ▁triggered ▁by ▁earlier ▁work ▁of ▁astronom ers ▁such ▁as ▁Ke pler . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁astr onomy ▁had ▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁formal ▁science , ▁with ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁instruments ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁spect ro scope ▁and ▁photography , ▁along ▁with ▁much - im pro ved ▁teles cop es ▁and ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁professional ▁observ ator ies . ▁ ▁Inter dis cipl inary ▁studies ▁ ▁The ▁dist in ctions ▁between ▁the ▁natural ▁science ▁discipl ines ▁are ▁not ▁always ▁sharp , ▁and ▁they ▁share ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁cross - dis cipl ine ▁fields . ▁Phys ics ▁plays ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁natural ▁sciences , ▁as ▁represented ▁by ▁ast ro phys ics , ▁ge oph ys ics , ▁chemical ▁physics ▁and ▁bi oph ys ics . ▁Like wise ▁chemistry ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁such ▁fields ▁as ▁bi oc hem istry , ▁chemical ▁bi ology , ▁ge oc hem istry ▁and ▁ast ro chem istry . ▁ ▁A ▁particular ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁scientific ▁discipline ▁that ▁draws ▁upon ▁multiple ▁natural ▁sciences ▁is |
▁environmental ▁science . ▁This ▁field ▁studies ▁the ▁interactions ▁of ▁physical , ▁chemical , ▁ge ological , ▁and ▁biological ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁environment , ▁with ▁particular ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁human ▁activities ▁and ▁the ▁impact ▁on ▁b iod ivers ity ▁and ▁sustain ability . ▁This ▁science ▁also ▁draws ▁upon ▁expertise ▁from ▁other ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁economics , ▁law , ▁and ▁social ▁sciences . ▁ ▁A ▁comparable ▁discipline ▁is ▁ocean ography , ▁as ▁it ▁draws ▁upon ▁a ▁similar ▁bread th ▁of ▁scientific ▁discipl ines . ▁Ocean ography ▁is ▁sub - c ategor ized ▁into ▁more ▁specialized ▁cross - dis cipl ines , ▁such ▁as ▁physical ▁ocean ography ▁and ▁marine ▁bi ology . ▁As ▁the ▁marine ▁ecosystem ▁is ▁very ▁large ▁and ▁diverse , ▁marine ▁bi ology ▁is ▁further ▁divided ▁into ▁many ▁sub fields , ▁including ▁special izations ▁in ▁particular ▁species . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁subset ▁of ▁cross - dis cipl inary ▁fields ▁which , ▁by ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁problems ▁that ▁they ▁address , ▁have ▁strong ▁current s ▁that ▁run ▁counter ▁to ▁special ization . ▁Put ▁another ▁way : ▁In ▁some ▁fields ▁of ▁integr ative ▁application , ▁specialists ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁field ▁are ▁a ▁key ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁dialog . ▁Such ▁integr ative ▁fields , ▁for ▁example , ▁include ▁n anos ci ence , ▁ast ro bi ology , ▁and ▁complex ▁system ▁in format ics . ▁ ▁Earth ▁science ▁ ▁Earth ▁science ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁ge os ci ence ), ▁is ▁an ▁all - em br acing ▁term ▁for ▁the |
▁sciences ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁planet ▁Earth , ▁including ▁ge ology , ▁ge oph ys ics , ▁ge oc hem istry , ▁hyd rol ogy , ▁met e or ology , ▁and ▁ocean ography . ▁ ▁Although ▁mining ▁and ▁precious ▁stones ▁have ▁been ▁human ▁interests ▁throughout ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁civilization , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁related ▁sciences ▁of ▁economic ▁ge ology ▁and ▁mineral ogy ▁did ▁not ▁occur ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁The ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁earth , ▁particularly ▁p ala e ont ology , ▁bl oss omed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁growth ▁of ▁other ▁discipl ines , ▁such ▁as ▁ge oph ys ics , ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁plate ▁t ect on ics ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁which ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁similar ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁Earth ▁sciences ▁as ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁evolution ▁had ▁on ▁bi ology . ▁Earth ▁sciences ▁today ▁are ▁closely ▁linked ▁to ▁pet role um ▁and ▁mineral ▁resources , ▁climate ▁research ▁and ▁to ▁environmental ▁assessment ▁and ▁rem ed iation . ▁ ▁At m ospher ic ▁sciences ▁ ▁Though ▁sometimes ▁considered ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁earth ▁sciences , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁independent ▁development ▁of ▁its ▁concepts , ▁techniques ▁and ▁practices ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁fact ▁of ▁it ▁having ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁sub - dis cipl ines ▁under ▁its ▁wing , ▁the ▁atm ospher ic ▁sciences ▁is ▁also ▁considered ▁a ▁separate ▁branch ▁of ▁natural ▁science . ▁This |
▁field ▁studies ▁the ▁characteristics ▁of ▁different ▁layers ▁of ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁from ▁ground ▁level ▁to ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁The ▁times c ale ▁of ▁the ▁study ▁also ▁varies ▁from ▁days ▁to ▁centuries . ▁Sometimes ▁the ▁field ▁also ▁includes ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁clim atic ▁patterns ▁on ▁planets ▁other ▁than ▁earth . ▁ ▁Ocean ography ▁ ▁The ▁serious ▁study ▁of ▁o ce ans ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁to ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century . ▁As ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁natural ▁science , ▁it ▁is ▁relatively ▁young ▁but ▁stand - alone ▁programs ▁offer ▁special izations ▁in ▁the ▁subject . ▁Though ▁some ▁controvers ies ▁remain ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁categor ization ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁under ▁earth ▁sciences , ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁sciences ▁or ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁field ▁in ▁its ▁own ▁right , ▁most ▁modern ▁workers ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁agree ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁mature d ▁to ▁a ▁state ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁parad ig ms ▁and ▁practices . ▁As ▁such ▁a ▁big ▁family ▁of ▁related ▁studies ▁sp anning ▁every ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁o ce ans ▁is ▁now ▁classified ▁under ▁this ▁field . ▁ ▁Material s ▁science ▁ ▁Material s ▁science ▁is ▁a ▁relatively ▁new , ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁field ▁which ▁deals ▁with ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁matter ▁and ▁its ▁properties ; ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁discovery ▁and ▁design ▁of ▁new ▁materials . ▁Origin ally ▁developed ▁through ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁metall ur gy , ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁properties ▁of ▁materials ▁and ▁sol ids ▁has ▁now ▁expanded ▁into ▁all ▁materials . ▁The ▁field ▁covers ▁the ▁chemistry , |
▁physics ▁and ▁engineering ▁applications ▁of ▁materials ▁including ▁met als , ▁cer am ics , ▁artificial ▁pol ym ers , ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁The ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁deals ▁with ▁relating ▁structure ▁of ▁material ▁with ▁it ▁properties . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁fore front ▁of ▁research ▁in ▁science ▁and ▁engineering . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁fore ns ic ▁engineering ▁( the ▁investigation ▁of ▁materials , ▁products , ▁structures ▁or ▁components ▁that ▁fail ▁or ▁do ▁not ▁operate ▁or ▁function ▁as ▁intended , ▁causing ▁personal ▁injury ▁or ▁damage ▁to ▁property ) ▁and ▁failure ▁analysis , ▁the ▁latter ▁being ▁the ▁key ▁to ▁understanding , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁various ▁av iation ▁accidents . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁pressing ▁scientific ▁problems ▁that ▁are ▁faced ▁today ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁limitations ▁of ▁the ▁materials ▁that ▁are ▁available ▁and , ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁break through s ▁in ▁this ▁field ▁are ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁significant ▁impact ▁on ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁technology . ▁ ▁The ▁basis ▁of ▁materials ▁science ▁involves ▁studying ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁materials , ▁and ▁relating ▁them ▁to ▁their ▁properties . ▁Once ▁a ▁materials ▁scientist ▁knows ▁about ▁this ▁structure - property ▁correlation , ▁they ▁can ▁then ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁relative ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁material ▁in ▁a ▁certain ▁application . ▁The ▁major ▁determin ants ▁of ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁a ▁material ▁and ▁thus ▁of ▁its ▁properties ▁are ▁its ▁constitu ent ▁chemical ▁elements ▁and ▁the ▁way ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁processed ▁into ▁its ▁final ▁form . ▁These ▁characteristics , ▁taken ▁together ▁and |
▁related ▁through ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁therm od ynamics ▁and ▁k inet ics , ▁govern ▁a ▁material ' s ▁micro structure , ▁and ▁thus ▁its ▁properties . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Some ▁scholars ▁trace ▁the ▁origins ▁of ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁far ▁back ▁as ▁pre - liter ate ▁human ▁societies , ▁where ▁understanding ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁was ▁necessary ▁for ▁survival . ▁People ▁observed ▁and ▁built ▁up ▁knowledge ▁about ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁animals ▁and ▁the ▁useful ness ▁of ▁plants ▁as ▁food ▁and ▁medicine , ▁which ▁was ▁passed ▁down ▁from ▁generation ▁to ▁generation . ▁These ▁primitive ▁understand ings ▁gave ▁way ▁to ▁more ▁formal ized ▁in quiry ▁around ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁BC ▁in ▁the ▁Mes op ot am ian ▁and ▁Anc ient ▁Egyptian ▁cultures , ▁which ▁produced ▁the ▁first ▁known ▁written ▁evidence ▁of ▁natural ▁philosophy , ▁the ▁pre cursor ▁of ▁natural ▁science . ▁While ▁the ▁writ ings ▁show ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁astr onomy , ▁mathemat ics ▁and ▁other ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁physical ▁world , ▁the ▁ultimate ▁aim ▁of ▁in quiry ▁about ▁nature ' s ▁work ings ▁was ▁in ▁all ▁cases ▁religious ▁or ▁myth ological , ▁not ▁scientific . ▁ ▁A ▁tradition ▁of ▁scientific ▁in quiry ▁also ▁emerged ▁in ▁Anc ient ▁China , ▁where ▁T ao ist ▁al chem ists ▁and ▁philosoph ers ▁experiment ed ▁with ▁el ix irs ▁to ▁extend ▁life ▁and ▁cure ▁a il ments . ▁They ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁y in ▁and ▁y ang , ▁or ▁contrast ing ▁elements ▁in ▁nature ; ▁the ▁y in ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁femin |
inity ▁and ▁cold ness , ▁while ▁y ang ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁mascul inity ▁and ▁warmth . ▁The ▁five ▁phases ▁– ▁fire , ▁earth , ▁metal , ▁wood ▁and ▁water ▁– ▁described ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁transform ations ▁in ▁nature . ▁Water ▁turned ▁into ▁wood , ▁which ▁turned ▁into ▁fire ▁when ▁it ▁burned . ▁The ▁as hes ▁left ▁by ▁fire ▁were ▁earth . ▁Using ▁these ▁principles , ▁Chinese ▁philosoph ers ▁and ▁doctors ▁explored ▁human ▁an at omy , ▁character izing ▁org ans ▁as ▁predomin antly ▁y in ▁or ▁y ang ▁and ▁understood ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁pulse , ▁the ▁heart ▁and ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁blood ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁centuries ▁before ▁it ▁became ▁accepted ▁in ▁the ▁West . ▁ ▁Little ▁evidence ▁surv ives ▁of ▁how ▁Anc ient ▁Indian ▁cultures ▁around ▁the ▁Ind us ▁River ▁understood ▁nature , ▁but ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁pers pectives ▁may ▁be ▁reflected ▁in ▁the ▁V ed as , ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁sacred ▁Hindu ▁texts . ▁They ▁reveal ▁a ▁con ception ▁of ▁the ▁universe ▁as ▁ever - expand ing ▁and ▁constantly ▁being ▁recycl ed ▁and ▁reform ed . ▁Sur ge ons ▁in ▁the ▁Ay ur ved ic ▁tradition ▁saw ▁health ▁and ▁illness ▁as ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁three ▁hum ors : ▁wind , ▁b ile ▁and ▁ph leg m . ▁A ▁healthy ▁life ▁was ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁balance ▁among ▁these ▁hum ors . ▁In ▁Ay ur ved ic ▁thought , ▁the ▁body ▁consisted ▁of ▁five ▁elements : ▁earth , ▁water , ▁fire , ▁wind ▁and ▁empty ▁space . ▁Ay ur ved ic ▁surge |
ons ▁performed ▁complex ▁sur ger ies ▁and ▁developed ▁a ▁detailed ▁understanding ▁of ▁human ▁an at omy . ▁ ▁Pre - S ocratic ▁philosoph ers ▁in ▁Anc ient ▁Greek ▁culture ▁brought ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁a ▁step ▁closer ▁to ▁direct ▁in quiry ▁about ▁cause ▁and ▁effect ▁in ▁nature ▁between ▁ 6 0 0 ▁and ▁ 4 0 0 ▁BC , ▁although ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁magic ▁and ▁myth ology ▁remained . ▁Natural ▁phen omena ▁such ▁as ▁earthqu akes ▁and ▁e cl ips es ▁were ▁explained ▁increasingly ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁nature ▁itself ▁instead ▁of ▁being ▁attributed ▁to ▁angry ▁gods . ▁Th ales ▁of ▁M ile t us , ▁an ▁early ▁philos opher ▁who ▁lived ▁from ▁ 6 2 5 ▁to ▁ 5 4 6 ▁BC , ▁explained ▁earthqu akes ▁by ▁the or izing ▁that ▁the ▁world ▁flo ated ▁on ▁water ▁and ▁that ▁water ▁was ▁the ▁fundamental ▁element ▁in ▁nature . ▁In ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century ▁BC , ▁Le uc ipp us ▁was ▁an ▁early ▁exponent ▁of ▁atom ism , ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁the ▁world ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁fundamental ▁ind iv isible ▁particles . ▁Py th ag or as ▁applied ▁Greek ▁innov ations ▁in ▁mathemat ics ▁to ▁astr onomy , ▁and ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁earth ▁was ▁spher ical . ▁ ▁Arist ot el ian ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁( 4 0 0 ▁BC – 1 1 0 0 ▁AD ) ▁ ▁Later ▁S ocratic ▁and ▁Pl at onic ▁thought ▁focused ▁on ▁eth ics , ▁mor als ▁and ▁art ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁attempt ▁an ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁physical ▁world |
; ▁Pl ato ▁critic ized ▁pre - S ocratic ▁think ers ▁as ▁material ists ▁and ▁anti - rel ig ion ists . ▁Arist ot le , ▁however , ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁Pl ato ▁who ▁lived ▁from ▁ 3 8 4 ▁to ▁ 3 2 2 ▁BC , ▁paid ▁closer ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁in ▁his ▁philosophy . ▁In ▁his ▁History ▁of ▁Anim als , ▁he ▁described ▁the ▁inner ▁work ings ▁of ▁ 1 1 0 ▁species , ▁including ▁the ▁st ing ray , ▁cat fish ▁and ▁be e . ▁He ▁investigated ▁chick ▁emb ry os ▁by ▁breaking ▁open ▁eggs ▁and ▁observ ing ▁them ▁at ▁various ▁stages ▁of ▁development . ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁works ▁were ▁influential ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁bi ology ▁for ▁his ▁pione ering ▁work ▁in ▁that ▁science . ▁He ▁also ▁presented ▁philosoph ies ▁about ▁physics , ▁nature ▁and ▁astr onomy ▁using ▁in duct ive ▁reasoning ▁in ▁his ▁works ▁Phys ics ▁and ▁M ete or ology . ▁ ▁While ▁Arist ot le ▁considered ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁more ▁seriously ▁than ▁his ▁predecess ors , ▁he ▁approached ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁theoretical ▁branch ▁of ▁science . ▁Still , ▁inspired ▁by ▁his ▁work , ▁Anc ient ▁Roman ▁ ▁philosoph ers ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 st ▁century ▁AD , ▁including ▁Lu cret ius , ▁Sen eca ▁and ▁Pl iny ▁the ▁Eld er , ▁wrote ▁treat ises ▁that ▁dealt ▁with ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁in ▁varying ▁degrees ▁of ▁depth . |
▁Many ▁Anc ient ▁Roman ▁Ne op lat on ists ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁centuries ▁also ▁adapted ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁teach ings ▁on ▁the ▁physical ▁world ▁to ▁a ▁philosophy ▁that ▁emphas ized ▁spiritual ism . ▁Early ▁medieval ▁philosoph ers ▁including ▁Mac rob ius , ▁Cal cid ius ▁and ▁Mart ian us ▁Cap ella ▁also ▁examined ▁the ▁physical ▁world , ▁largely ▁from ▁a ▁cosm ological ▁and ▁cosm ographical ▁perspective , ▁putting ▁forth ▁theories ▁on ▁the ▁arrangement ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁bodies ▁and ▁the ▁heav ens , ▁which ▁were ▁pos ited ▁as ▁being ▁composed ▁of ▁a ether . ▁ ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁works ▁on ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁translated ▁and ▁studied ▁amid ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁By z antine ▁Empire ▁and ▁Abb as id ▁Cal iph ate . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁By z antine ▁Empire ▁John ▁Phil op on us , ▁an ▁Alexand rian ▁Arist ot el ian ▁comment ator ▁and ▁Christian ▁the olog ian , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁who ▁questioned ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁teaching ▁of ▁physics . ▁Unlike ▁Arist ot le ▁who ▁based ▁his ▁physics ▁on ▁ver bal ▁argument , ▁Phil op on us ▁instead ▁rel ied ▁on ▁observation , ▁and ▁argued ▁for ▁observation ▁rather ▁than ▁resort ing ▁into ▁ver bal ▁argument . ▁He ▁introduced ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁imp et us . ▁John ▁Phil op on us ' ▁criticism ▁of ▁Arist ot el ian ▁principles ▁of ▁physics ▁served ▁as ▁inspiration ▁for ▁Gal ile o ▁Gal ile i ▁during ▁the ▁Scient ific ▁Revolution |
. ▁ ▁A ▁rev ival ▁in ▁mathemat ics ▁and ▁science ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁Cal iph ate ▁from ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁on ward , ▁when ▁Muslim ▁scholars ▁expanded ▁upon ▁Greek ▁and ▁Indian ▁natural ▁philosophy . ▁The ▁words ▁alcohol , ▁algebra ▁and ▁z en ith ▁all ▁have ▁Arab ic ▁roots . ▁ ▁Med ieval ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁( 1 1 0 0 – 1 6 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁works ▁and ▁other ▁Greek ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁did ▁not ▁reach ▁the ▁West ▁until ▁about ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century , ▁when ▁works ▁were ▁translated ▁from ▁Greek ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁into ▁Latin . ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁European ▁civilization ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁brought ▁with ▁it ▁further ▁advances ▁in ▁natural ▁philosophy . ▁European ▁invent ions ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁horses ho e , ▁horse ▁collar ▁and ▁crop ▁rotation ▁allowed ▁for ▁rapid ▁population ▁growth , ▁eventually ▁giving ▁way ▁to ▁urban ization ▁and ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁schools ▁connected ▁to ▁monaster ies ▁and ▁cat hed r als ▁in ▁modern - day ▁France ▁and ▁England . ▁A ided ▁by ▁the ▁schools , ▁an ▁approach ▁to ▁Christian ▁the ology ▁developed ▁that ▁sought ▁to ▁answer ▁questions ▁about ▁nature ▁and ▁other ▁subjects ▁using ▁logic . ▁This ▁approach , ▁however , ▁was ▁seen ▁by ▁some ▁det ract ors ▁as ▁her es y . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century , ▁Western ▁European ▁scholars ▁and ▁philosoph ers ▁came ▁into ▁contact ▁with ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁knowledge ▁of ▁which ▁they ▁had |
▁previously ▁been ▁ignorant : ▁a ▁large ▁cor pus ▁of ▁works ▁in ▁Greek ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁that ▁were ▁preserved ▁by ▁Islamic ▁scholars . ▁Through ▁translation ▁into ▁Latin , ▁Western ▁Europe ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁Arist ot le ▁and ▁his ▁natural ▁philosophy . ▁These ▁works ▁were ▁taught ▁at ▁new ▁universities ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁Oxford ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁although ▁the ▁practice ▁was ▁frowned ▁upon ▁by ▁the ▁Catholic ▁church . ▁A ▁ 1 2 1 0 ▁dec ree ▁from ▁the ▁Syn od ▁of ▁Paris ▁ordered ▁that ▁" no ▁lect ures ▁are ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁in ▁Paris ▁either ▁publicly ▁or ▁priv ately ▁using ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁books ▁on ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁or ▁the ▁comment aries , ▁and ▁we ▁for bid ▁all ▁this ▁under ▁pain ▁of ▁ex commun ication ." ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁Spanish ▁philos opher ▁Domin icus ▁G und iss alin us ▁translated ▁a ▁treat ise ▁by ▁the ▁earlier ▁Pers ian ▁scholar ▁Al - F ar abi ▁called ▁On ▁the ▁Sciences ▁into ▁Latin , ▁calling ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁mechanics ▁of ▁nature ▁scient ia ▁natural is , ▁or ▁natural ▁science . ▁G und iss alin us ▁also ▁proposed ▁his ▁own ▁classification ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁sciences ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 1 5 0 ▁work ▁On ▁the ▁Division ▁of ▁Philosoph y . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁detailed ▁classification ▁of ▁the ▁sciences ▁based ▁on ▁Greek ▁and ▁Arab ▁philosophy ▁to ▁reach ▁Western ▁Europe . ▁G und iss alin us ▁defined ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁" the ▁science ▁considering ▁only ▁things ▁un abstract |
ed ▁and ▁with ▁motion ," ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁mathemat ics ▁and ▁sciences ▁that ▁rely ▁on ▁mathemat ics . ▁Following ▁Al - F ar abi , ▁he ▁then ▁separated ▁the ▁sciences ▁into ▁eight ▁parts , ▁including ▁physics , ▁cosm ology , ▁met e or ology , ▁miner als ▁science ▁and ▁plant ▁and ▁animal ▁science . ▁ ▁Later ▁philosoph ers ▁made ▁their ▁own ▁class ifications ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁sciences . ▁Robert ▁Kil ward by ▁wrote ▁On ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Sciences ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁that ▁class ed ▁medicine ▁as ▁a ▁mechanical ▁science , ▁along ▁with ▁agriculture , ▁hunting ▁and ▁theater ▁while ▁defining ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁the ▁science ▁that ▁deals ▁with ▁bodies ▁in ▁motion . ▁Roger ▁B acon , ▁an ▁English ▁f ri ar ▁and ▁philos opher , ▁wrote ▁that ▁natural ▁science ▁dealt ▁with ▁" a ▁principle ▁of ▁motion ▁and ▁rest , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁elements ▁of ▁fire , ▁air , ▁earth ▁and ▁water , ▁and ▁in ▁all ▁in an imate ▁things ▁made ▁from ▁them ." ▁These ▁sciences ▁also ▁covered ▁plants , ▁animals ▁and ▁cel est ial ▁bodies . ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁a ▁Catholic ▁priest ▁and ▁the olog ian ▁Thomas ▁Aqu inas ▁defined ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁dealing ▁with ▁" mobile ▁beings " ▁and ▁ ▁" th ings ▁which ▁depend ▁on ▁a ▁matter ▁not ▁only ▁for ▁their ▁existence ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁their ▁definition ." ▁There ▁was ▁wide ▁agreement ▁among ▁scholars ▁in ▁medieval ▁times ▁that ▁natural ▁science ▁was ▁about ▁bodies ▁in ▁motion , ▁although ▁there |
▁was ▁division ▁about ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁fields ▁including ▁medicine , ▁music ▁and ▁perspective . ▁Philosoph ers ▁p onder ed ▁questions ▁including ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁a ▁vacuum , ▁whether ▁motion ▁could ▁produce ▁heat , ▁the ▁colors ▁of ▁rain b ows , ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁earth , ▁whether ▁element al ▁chemicals ▁exist ▁and ▁wherein ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁rain ▁is ▁formed . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁centuries ▁up ▁through ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁natural ▁science ▁was ▁often ▁m ing led ▁with ▁philosoph ies ▁about ▁magic ▁and ▁the ▁occ ult . ▁Natural ▁philosophy ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁forms , ▁from ▁treat ises ▁to ▁enc ycl oped ias ▁to ▁comment aries ▁on ▁Arist ot le . ▁The ▁interaction ▁between ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁and ▁Christianity ▁was ▁complex ▁during ▁this ▁period ; ▁some ▁early ▁the olog ians , ▁including ▁Tat ian ▁and ▁E use b ius , ▁considered ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁an ▁out cro pping ▁of ▁pag an ▁Greek ▁science ▁and ▁were ▁suspicious ▁of ▁it . ▁Although ▁some ▁later ▁Christian ▁philosoph ers , ▁including ▁Aqu inas , ▁came ▁to ▁see ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁inter pre ting ▁script ure , ▁this ▁suspicion ▁pers isted ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁and ▁ 1 3 th ▁centuries . ▁The ▁Cond em n ation ▁of ▁ 1 2 7 7 , ▁which ▁for b ade ▁setting ▁philosophy ▁on ▁a ▁level ▁equal ▁with ▁the ology ▁and ▁the ▁debate ▁of ▁religious ▁construct s ▁in ▁a ▁scientific ▁context , ▁showed ▁the ▁pers istence ▁with ▁which ▁Catholic ▁leaders ▁res isted ▁the |
▁development ▁of ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁even ▁from ▁a ▁the ological ▁perspective . ▁Aqu inas ▁and ▁Albert us ▁Magn us , ▁another ▁Catholic ▁the olog ian ▁of ▁the ▁era , ▁sought ▁to ▁distance ▁the ology ▁from ▁science ▁in ▁their ▁works . ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁see ▁what ▁one ' s ▁interpretation ▁of ▁Arist ot le ▁has ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁the ▁teaching ▁of ▁the ▁faith ," ▁he ▁wrote ▁in ▁ 1 2 7 1 . ▁ ▁Newton ▁and ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution ▁( 1 6 0 0 – 1 8 0 0 ) ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁and ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries , ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁under w ent ▁an ▁evolution ▁beyond ▁comment ary ▁on ▁Arist ot le ▁as ▁more ▁early ▁Greek ▁philosophy ▁was ▁un covered ▁and ▁translated . ▁The ▁invention ▁of ▁the ▁printing ▁press ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁the ▁invention ▁of ▁the ▁micro scope ▁and ▁teles cope , ▁and ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation ▁fundament ally ▁altered ▁the ▁social ▁context ▁in ▁which ▁scientific ▁in quiry ▁evolved ▁in ▁the ▁West . ▁Christopher ▁Columb us ' s ▁discovery ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁world ▁changed ▁per ceptions ▁about ▁the ▁physical ▁makeup ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁while ▁observations ▁by ▁Cop ern icus , ▁Ty co ▁Bra he ▁and ▁Gal ile o ▁brought ▁a ▁more ▁accurate ▁picture ▁of ▁the ▁solar ▁system ▁as ▁he li oc entric ▁and ▁proved ▁many ▁of ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁theories ▁about ▁the ▁heaven ly ▁bodies ▁false . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁ 1 7 th - century ▁philosoph ers , |
▁including ▁Thomas ▁Hob bes , ▁John ▁Loc ke ▁and ▁Francis ▁B acon ▁made ▁a ▁break ▁from ▁the ▁past ▁by ▁reject ing ▁Arist ot le ▁and ▁his ▁medieval ▁followers ▁out right , ▁calling ▁their ▁approach ▁to ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁as ▁super f icial . ▁ ▁The ▁titles ▁of ▁Gal ile o ' s ▁work ▁Two ▁New ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Johannes ▁Ke pler ' s ▁New ▁Astr onomy ▁unders core d ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁of ▁change ▁that ▁took ▁hold ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁as ▁Arist ot le ▁was ▁dismissed ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁novel ▁methods ▁of ▁in quiry ▁into ▁the ▁natural ▁world . ▁B acon ▁was ▁instrumental ▁in ▁popular izing ▁this ▁change ; ▁he ▁argued ▁that ▁people ▁should ▁use ▁the ▁arts ▁and ▁sciences ▁to ▁gain ▁domin ion ▁over ▁nature . ▁To ▁achieve ▁this , ▁he ▁wrote ▁that ▁" human ▁life ▁[ must ] ▁be ▁end owed ▁with ▁new ▁discover ies ▁and ▁powers ." ▁He ▁defined ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁as ▁" the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁C auses ▁and ▁secret ▁mot ions ▁of ▁things ; ▁and ▁en larg ing ▁the ▁bounds ▁of ▁Human ▁Empire , ▁to ▁the ▁effect ing ▁of ▁all ▁things ▁possible ." ▁B acon ▁proposed ▁scientific ▁in quiry ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁fed ▁by ▁the ▁collabor ative ▁research ▁of ▁scientists , ▁a ▁vision ▁that ▁was ▁unpre ced ented ▁in ▁its ▁scope , ▁amb ition ▁and ▁form ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Natural ▁philosoph ers ▁came ▁to ▁view ▁nature ▁increasingly ▁as ▁a ▁mechanism ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁taken ▁apart ▁and ▁understood , ▁much ▁like ▁a ▁complex ▁clock . ▁Natural ▁philosoph |
ers ▁including ▁Isaac ▁Newton , ▁Ev angel ista ▁Tor ric elli ▁and ▁Francesco ▁Red i ▁conducted ▁experiments ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁water , ▁measuring ▁atm ospher ic ▁pressure ▁using ▁a ▁bar ometer ▁and ▁dis pro ving ▁spont aneous ▁generation . ▁Scient ific ▁societies ▁and ▁scientific ▁jour nals ▁emerged ▁and ▁were ▁spread ▁widely ▁through ▁the ▁printing ▁press , ▁touching ▁off ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution . ▁Newton ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 7 ▁published ▁his ▁The ▁Mathemat ical ▁Prin ciples ▁of ▁Natural ▁Philosoph y , ▁or ▁Pr incip ia ▁Mathemat ica , ▁which ▁set ▁the ▁ground work ▁for ▁physical ▁laws ▁that ▁remained ▁current ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Some ▁modern ▁scholars , ▁including ▁Andrew ▁C unning ham , ▁Perry ▁Williams ▁and ▁Flor is ▁Cohen , ▁argue ▁that ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁is ▁not ▁properly ▁called ▁a ▁science , ▁and ▁that ▁genuine ▁scientific ▁in quiry ▁began ▁only ▁with ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution . ▁According ▁to ▁Cohen , ▁" the ▁em anc ip ation ▁of ▁science ▁from ▁an ▁over arch ing ▁entity ▁called ▁' natural ▁philosophy ' ▁is ▁one ▁defining ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁Scient ific ▁Revolution ." ▁Other ▁histor ians ▁of ▁science , ▁including ▁Edward ▁Grant , ▁cont end ▁that ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution ▁that ▁bl oss omed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th , ▁ 1 8 th ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁centuries ▁occurred ▁when ▁principles ▁learned ▁in ▁the ▁exact ▁sciences ▁of ▁opt ics , ▁mechanics ▁and ▁astr onomy ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁questions ▁raised ▁by ▁natural ▁philosophy . ▁Grant ▁arg ues ▁that ▁Newton |
▁attempted ▁to ▁expose ▁the ▁mathematical ▁basis ▁of ▁nature ▁– ▁the ▁im mutable ▁rules ▁it ▁ob eyed ▁– ▁and ▁in ▁doing ▁so ▁joined ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁and ▁mathemat ics ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁producing ▁an ▁early ▁work ▁of ▁modern ▁physics . ▁ ▁The ▁scientific ▁revolution , ▁which ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁hold ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁represented ▁a ▁sharp ▁break ▁from ▁Arist ot el ian ▁modes ▁of ▁in quiry . ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁principal ▁advances ▁was ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁scientific ▁method ▁to ▁investigate ▁nature . ▁Data ▁was ▁collected ▁and ▁repeat able ▁measurements ▁made ▁in ▁experiments . ▁Scient ists ▁then ▁formed ▁hypothes es ▁to ▁explain ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁these ▁experiments . ▁The ▁hypothesis ▁was ▁then ▁tested ▁using ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁fals ifi ability ▁to ▁prove ▁or ▁dis pro ve ▁its ▁accuracy . ▁The ▁natural ▁sciences ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁natural ▁philosophy , ▁but ▁the ▁adoption ▁of ▁the ▁scientific ▁method ▁took ▁science ▁beyond ▁the ▁realm ▁of ▁philosoph ical ▁con ject ure ▁and ▁introduced ▁a ▁more ▁structured ▁way ▁of ▁exam ining ▁nature . ▁ ▁Newton , ▁an ▁English ▁mat hem atic ian , ▁and ▁phys ic ist , ▁was ▁the ▁sem inal ▁figure ▁in ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution . ▁Draw ing ▁on ▁advances ▁made ▁in ▁astr onomy ▁by ▁Cop ern icus , ▁Bra he , ▁and ▁Ke pler , ▁Newton ▁derived ▁the ▁universal ▁law ▁of ▁grav itation ▁and ▁laws ▁of ▁motion . ▁These ▁laws ▁applied ▁both ▁on ▁earth ▁and ▁in ▁outer ▁space , ▁un iting ▁two ▁spher es ▁of ▁the ▁physical ▁world ▁previously ▁thought |
▁to ▁function ▁independently ▁of ▁each ▁other , ▁according ▁to ▁separate ▁physical ▁rules . ▁Newton , ▁for ▁example , ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁t ides ▁were ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁grav itational ▁pull ▁of ▁the ▁moon . ▁Another ▁of ▁Newton ' s ▁advances ▁was ▁to ▁make ▁mathemat ics ▁a ▁powerful ▁explan atory ▁tool ▁for ▁natural ▁phen omena . ▁While ▁natural ▁philosoph ers ▁had ▁long ▁used ▁mathemat ics ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁measurement ▁and ▁analysis , ▁its ▁principles ▁were ▁not ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁understanding ▁cause ▁and ▁effect ▁in ▁nature ▁until ▁Newton . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁scientists ▁including ▁Charles - Aug ust in ▁de ▁C oul omb , ▁Al ess andro ▁Vol ta , ▁and ▁Michael ▁Far ad ay ▁built ▁upon ▁Newton ian ▁mechanics ▁by ▁exploring ▁elect romag net ism , ▁or ▁the ▁inter play ▁of ▁forces ▁with ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁charges ▁on ▁electric ally ▁charged ▁particles . ▁Far ad ay ▁proposed ▁that ▁forces ▁in ▁nature ▁operated ▁in ▁" fields " ▁that ▁filled ▁space . ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁fields ▁contrast ed ▁with ▁the ▁Newton ian ▁construct ▁of ▁grav itation ▁as ▁simply ▁" action ▁at ▁a ▁distance ", ▁or ▁the ▁attraction ▁of ▁objects ▁with ▁nothing ▁in ▁the ▁space ▁between ▁them ▁to ▁interven e . ▁James ▁Cl erk ▁Max well ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁un ified ▁these ▁discover ies ▁in ▁a ▁co herent ▁theory ▁of ▁elect rod ynamics . ▁Using ▁mathematical ▁equations ▁and ▁experiment ation , ▁Max well ▁discovered ▁that ▁space ▁was ▁filled |
▁with ▁charged ▁particles ▁that ▁could ▁act ▁upon ▁themselves ▁and ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁a ▁medium ▁for ▁the ▁transmission ▁of ▁charged ▁waves . ▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁advances ▁in ▁chemistry ▁also ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution . ▁Ant oine ▁Lav ois ier , ▁a ▁French ▁chem ist , ▁ref ut ed ▁the ▁ph log ist on ▁theory , ▁which ▁pos ited ▁that ▁things ▁burned ▁by ▁releasing ▁" ph log ist on " ▁into ▁the ▁air . ▁Joseph ▁Pri est ley ▁had ▁discovered ▁oxygen ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁but ▁Lav ois ier ▁discovered ▁that ▁comb ust ion ▁was ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁ox id ation . ▁He ▁also ▁constructed ▁a ▁table ▁of ▁ 3 3 ▁elements ▁and ▁invented ▁modern ▁chemical ▁nom en cl ature . ▁F ormal ▁biological ▁science ▁remained ▁in ▁its ▁inf ancy ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁when ▁the ▁focus ▁lay ▁upon ▁the ▁classification ▁and ▁categor ization ▁of ▁natural ▁life . ▁This ▁growth ▁in ▁natural ▁history ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Carl ▁Lin na e us , ▁whose ▁ 1 7 3 5 ▁tax onomy ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁use . ▁Lin na e us ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 5 0 s ▁introduced ▁scientific ▁names ▁for ▁all ▁his ▁species . ▁▁ 1 9 th - century ▁developments ▁( 1 8 0 0 – 1 9 0 0 ) ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁science ▁had ▁come ▁into ▁the ▁pur view ▁of ▁professionals ▁and ▁institutions . |
▁In ▁so ▁doing , ▁it ▁gradually ▁acquired ▁the ▁more ▁modern ▁name ▁of ▁natural ▁science . ▁The ▁term ▁scientist ▁was ▁co ined ▁by ▁William ▁Whe well ▁in ▁an ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁review ▁of ▁Mary ▁Som erv ille ' s ▁On ▁the ▁Conne x ion ▁of ▁the ▁Sciences . ▁But ▁the ▁word ▁did ▁not ▁enter ▁general ▁use ▁until ▁nearly ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁century . ▁ ▁Modern ▁natural ▁science ▁( 1 9 0 0 – present ) ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁famous ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁text book ▁Th erm od ynamics ▁and ▁the ▁Free ▁Energy ▁of ▁Chem ical ▁Sub stances ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁chem ist ▁Gilbert ▁N . ▁Lewis ▁and ▁the ▁American ▁physical ▁chem ist ▁Mer le ▁Rand all , ▁the ▁natural ▁sciences ▁contain ▁three ▁great ▁branches : ▁ ▁As ide ▁from ▁the ▁logical ▁and ▁mathematical ▁sciences , ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁great ▁branches ▁of ▁natural ▁science ▁which ▁stand ▁apart ▁by ▁reason ▁of ▁the ▁variety ▁of ▁far ▁reaching ▁ded u ctions ▁drawn ▁from ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁primary ▁post ulates ▁— ▁they ▁are ▁mechanics , ▁elect rod ynamics , ▁and ▁therm od ynamics . ▁ ▁Today , ▁natural ▁sciences ▁are ▁more ▁commonly ▁divided ▁into ▁life ▁sciences , ▁such ▁as ▁bot any ▁and ▁z ool ogy ; ▁and ▁physical ▁sciences , ▁which ▁include ▁physics , ▁chemistry , ▁astr onomy , ▁and ▁Earth ▁sciences . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Emp ir icism ▁ ▁Br anches ▁of ▁science ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁academic ▁discipl ines ▁and ▁sub - dis cipl ines ▁ ▁Natural ▁Sciences ▁( C |
amb ridge ), ▁for ▁the ▁Tri pos ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Nature ▁of ▁Science ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Def ining ▁Natural ▁Sciences ▁Led oux , ▁S . ▁F ., ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Def ining ▁Natural ▁Sciences , ▁Be havior ology ▁Today , ▁ 5 ( 1 ), ▁ 3 4 – 3 6 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁Recent ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁ ▁Natural ▁Sciences ▁Cont ains ▁updated ▁information ▁on ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁Natural ▁Sciences ▁including ▁bi ology , ▁ge ography ▁and ▁the ▁applied ▁life ▁and ▁earth ▁sciences . ▁ ▁Reviews ▁of ▁Books ▁About ▁Natural ▁Science ▁This ▁site ▁contains ▁over ▁ 5 0 ▁previously ▁published ▁reviews ▁of ▁books ▁about ▁natural ▁science , ▁plus ▁selected ▁essays ▁on ▁tim ely ▁topics ▁in ▁natural ▁science . ▁ ▁Scient ific ▁Grant ▁Awards ▁Database ▁Cont ains ▁details ▁of ▁over ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁scientific ▁research ▁projects ▁conducted ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁ 2 5 ▁years . ▁E ! S ci ence ▁Up - to - date ▁science ▁news ▁aggreg ator ▁from ▁major ▁sources ▁including ▁universities . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Br anches ▁of ▁science <0x0A> </s> ▁Eric ▁T ain o ▁( born ▁March ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁in ▁Jersey ▁City , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁United ▁States ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁A TP ▁Tour ▁American ▁tennis ▁player ▁who ▁later ▁represented ▁the ▁Philippines ▁in ▁international ▁competition . ▁Before ▁turning ▁pro , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁# 1 ▁player ▁and ▁captain ▁of ▁the |
▁then ▁# 2 ▁nation ally ▁ranked ▁U CL A ▁tennis ▁team ▁and ▁achieved ▁All - American ▁hon ors . ▁His ▁team mates ▁included ▁fellow ▁pros ▁Justin ▁G im el st ob ▁and ▁Kevin ▁Kim . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁junior ▁player , ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁US ▁Open ▁– ▁Boys ' ▁Dou bles ▁with ▁Jimmy ▁Jackson ▁by ▁defe ating ▁the ▁Chile ans ▁future ▁World ▁no . ▁ 1 ▁singles ▁player ▁Marcel o ▁R í os ▁and ▁ ▁Gabriel ▁Sil ber stein . ▁He ▁started ▁a ▁professional ▁career ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁achieved ▁the ▁highest ▁ranking ▁of ▁World ▁No . ▁ 1 2 2 ▁as ▁a ▁singles ▁player ▁on ▁the ▁A TP ▁Tour ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁ranked ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ 5 2 nd ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁as ▁a ▁dou bles ▁player . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁dou bles ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Singapore ▁Open ▁with ▁Bel ar us ian ▁partner ▁and ▁future ▁World ▁no . ▁ 1 ▁dou bles ▁player ▁Max ▁Mir ny i ▁beating ▁The ▁Wood ies ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁T ain o ▁won ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁dou bles ▁tournament ▁at ▁the ▁Asian ▁Games ▁held ▁in ▁D oh a , ▁Q atar ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁fellow ▁Filip ino - American ▁partner ▁Cec il ▁M ami it , ▁losing ▁to ▁Indian ▁pair ▁and ▁top ▁dou bles |
▁players ▁Ma he sh ▁Bh up ath i ▁and ▁Le ander ▁Pa es . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Davis ▁Cup ▁team ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Since ▁his ▁retirement , ▁T ain o ▁returned ▁to ▁U CL A ▁to ▁finish ▁his ▁degree ▁and ▁remains ▁active ▁in ▁tennis , ▁coaching ▁and ▁playing ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁where ▁he ▁res ides ▁with ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁Tit les ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : American ▁sports people ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁descent ▁Category : Fil ip ino ▁male ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : Fil ip ino ▁people ▁of ▁American ▁descent ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Jersey ▁City , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : T ennis ▁people ▁from ▁California ▁Category : T ennis ▁people ▁from ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : U CL A ▁Bru ins ▁men ' s ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁tennis ▁Category : US ▁Open ▁( ten nis ) ▁junior ▁champions ▁Category : T ennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines |
▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁tennis ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Sout heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Sout heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Gr and ▁Sl am ▁( ten nis ) ▁champions ▁in ▁boys ' ▁dou bles <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Atlanta ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁( At l anta IX ) ▁is ▁an ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁Point ▁situated ▁in ▁Atlanta , ▁Georgia , ▁USA . ▁Atlanta IX ▁is ▁a ▁fast - grow ing , ▁neutral ▁and ▁independent ▁pe ering ▁point . ▁The ▁beg innings ▁of ▁the ▁Atlanta IX ▁can ▁be ▁tr aced ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁The ▁current ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Atlanta IX ▁was ▁re - est ab lished ▁on ▁September ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁by ▁Michael ▁Luck ing , ▁Great Access . com , ▁W V ▁F iber ▁( now ▁Host . net ) ▁and ▁ 5 6 ▁Mar iet ta ▁Street ▁Part ners . ▁Atlanta IX ▁was ▁originally ▁created ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁exchange ▁point ▁sponsored ▁by ▁the ▁don ations ▁of ▁the ▁found ers . ▁Today ▁Atlanta IX ▁continues ▁to ▁run ▁without ▁any ▁re - oc cur ring ▁charges ▁to ▁the ▁participants . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁one ▁time ▁port ▁fees ▁were ▁institut ed ▁to ▁aid ▁in ▁paying ▁for ▁a ▁recently ▁up graded ▁switch ▁infrastructure . ▁In ▁January ▁ |
2 0 0 7 , ▁Michael ▁Luck ing ▁purchased ▁a ▁new ▁Found ry ▁Network s ▁Jet core ▁ 1 5 0 0 0 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁support ▁ 1 0 ▁G ig ab it ▁E ther net ▁connections . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁switch ▁fabric ▁was ▁migr ated ▁to ▁a ▁C isco ▁ 6 5 0 9 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁support ▁line ▁rate ▁ 1 0 ▁gig ab it ▁E ther net . ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁Atlanta IX ▁began ▁supporting ▁IP v 6 . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 6 4 ▁registered ▁( 4 0 ▁active ) ▁participants ▁of ▁the ▁Atlanta IX , ▁advertising ▁over ▁ 2 1 , 0 0 0 ▁unique ▁IP v 4 ▁B GP ▁routes . ▁ ▁Technology ▁ ▁The ▁Atlanta IX ▁operates ▁a ▁single ▁C isco ▁ 6 5 0 9 ▁switch . ▁Particip ants ▁can ▁connect ▁via ▁ 1 0 0 base TX , ▁ 1 0 0 0 base S X , ▁ 1 0 0 0 base L X , ▁or ▁ 1 0 0 0 0 base L R ▁connections . ▁Atlanta IX ▁also ▁offers ▁aggreg ated ▁links , ▁which ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁speeds ▁beyond ▁ 1 ▁G bit / s . ▁The ▁bund ling ▁of ▁two ▁ 1 ▁G bit / s ▁et her net ▁connections ▁can ▁provide ▁speeds ▁of ▁ 2 ▁G bit / s , ▁and ▁so ▁on |
. ▁While ▁these ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁use , ▁some ▁participants ▁are ▁now ▁up grad ing ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁G ig ab it ▁E ther net . ▁ ▁Location ▁▁ 5 6 ▁Mar iet ta ▁St ▁N W ▁ 2 nd ▁Floor , ▁C age ▁M 3 3 ▁Atlanta , ▁GA ▁ 3 0 3 0 3 ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁Atlanta ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁by ▁Bay ▁Network s , ▁E poch ▁Network s , ▁S iem ens ▁Business ▁Services , ▁and ▁Grid Net . ▁Then ▁known ▁as ▁A IX , ▁the ▁pe ering ▁point ▁provided ▁ 1 0 Base T , ▁T 1 ▁and ▁DS 3 ▁connect ivity . ▁The ▁A IX ▁was ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁P OP ▁of ▁E poch ▁Network s . ▁A IX ▁never ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁Point , ▁in ▁part ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁high ▁re - oc cur ring ▁costs ▁of ▁connecting ▁to ▁the ▁switch . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Michael ▁Luck ing , ▁then ▁an ▁employee ▁of ▁E poch ▁Network s , ▁now ▁inc ar cer ated ▁for ▁murder , ▁de comm ission ed ▁the ▁equipment . ▁In ▁mid - 2 0 0 3 , ▁while ▁meeting ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁other ▁pe ering ▁coord in ators ▁in ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Area , ▁Michael ▁decided ▁to ▁resur rect ▁the ▁exchange . ▁By ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Michael ▁had ▁worked ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁ 5 6 ▁Mar iet ta ▁Street |
▁Part ners ▁to ▁provide ▁space ▁and ▁power , ▁W V ▁F iber ▁( Now ▁Host . net ) ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁first ▁switch ▁and ▁cab ling , ▁and ▁Great Access . com ▁to ▁provide ▁domain ▁hosting , ▁and ▁any ▁costs ▁for ▁domain ▁names ▁and ▁IP ▁address ▁registration ▁fees . ▁The ▁new ▁Atlanta IX ▁operated ▁at ▁no ▁expense ▁to ▁participants . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Michael ▁provided ▁a ▁second ▁switch ▁capable ▁of ▁supporting ▁ 1 0 ▁G ig ab it ▁E ther net ▁connections . ▁The ▁Atlanta IX ▁then ▁began ▁charging ▁a ▁one ▁time ▁port ▁fee ▁to ▁aid ▁in ▁paying ▁back ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁the ▁recently ▁up graded ▁switch ▁infrastructure . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁Points ▁by ▁size ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Current ▁Particip ants ▁ ▁Us age ▁Information ▁ ▁Category : Intern et ▁exchange ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gulf ▁and ▁Mississippi ▁Rail road ▁ ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁regional ▁rail road ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁upon ▁its ▁creation ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁With ▁over ▁ ▁of ▁track ▁in ▁the ▁states ▁of ▁Mississippi , ▁Tennessee , ▁and ▁Alabama ▁it ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁largest ▁spin - off ▁rail ro ads ▁in ▁the ▁post - St agg ers ▁Act ▁era . ▁Mid South ▁Rail ▁acquired ▁the ▁entire ▁G & M ▁rail road ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁operating ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁entity , ▁South R ail . ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Southern ▁purchased ▁Mid |
South ▁Rail ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁G & M ▁lines ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁service ▁under ▁K CS . ▁ ▁History ▁Near ly ▁all ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁Gulf ▁& ▁Mississippi ▁were ▁previously ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Gulf , ▁Mobile , ▁& ▁Ohio ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁acquisition ▁of ▁that ▁rail road ▁by ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Central . ▁The ▁GM & O ▁previously ▁maintained ▁two ▁parallel ▁routes ▁through ▁eastern ▁Mississippi , ▁and ▁the ▁eastern most ▁route ▁from ▁Cor inth , ▁Mississippi , ▁to ▁Mobile , ▁Alabama , ▁, ▁formed ▁the ▁back bone ▁of ▁the ▁G & M ▁system . ▁This ▁route , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Ar tes ia , ▁Mississippi ▁through ▁T us cal o osa ▁to ▁Hol t , ▁Alabama ▁line ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Mobile ▁& ▁Ohio ▁prior ▁to ▁mer ger ▁with ▁the ▁GM & N ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁Cor inth – Mobile ▁route , ▁the ▁G & M ▁owned ▁a ▁route ▁from ▁M idd leton , ▁Tennessee , ▁to ▁Wood land , ▁Mississippi , ▁including ▁a ▁branch ▁to ▁T up elo , ▁Mississippi , ▁through ▁track age ▁rights ▁with ▁Bur lington ▁Northern . ▁This ▁allowed ▁access ▁between ▁the ▁main ▁G & M ▁system ▁and ▁the ▁dis connected ▁line ▁from ▁M idd leton ▁to ▁Wood land . ▁Init ially ▁the ▁dis connected ▁branch ▁was ▁reached ▁through ▁Cor inth ▁and ▁M idd leton ▁via ▁track age ▁rights ▁with ▁the ▁Southern . ▁Further ▁lines ▁included ▁Aber de en |
▁to ▁La ure l , ▁Mississippi , ▁and ▁Union ▁to ▁Wal nut ▁Gro ve , ▁Mississippi . ▁ ▁Tr acks ▁between ▁A ck erman ▁and ▁La ure l , ▁M idd leton ▁and ▁Wood land , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁branch ▁from ▁Union ▁to ▁Wal nut ▁Gro ve ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Gulf , ▁Mobile , ▁& ▁Northern ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁The ▁Aber de en ▁to ▁A ck erman ▁route ▁was ▁an ▁Illinois ▁Central ▁line ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁Gulf ▁& ▁Mississippi ▁route ▁without ▁Mobile ▁& ▁Ohio ▁or ▁Gulf , ▁Mobile , ▁& ▁Northern ▁heritage . ▁ ▁The ▁Gulf ▁& ▁Mississippi ▁purchased ▁the ▁lines ▁and ▁began ▁service ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁commod ities ▁including ▁l umber , ▁wood ▁products , ▁chemicals , ▁and ▁grain ▁were ▁haul ed ▁over ▁the ▁rail road , ▁generated ▁around ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁annual ▁car loads . ▁However , ▁the ▁rail road ▁was ▁short ▁lived , ▁and ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Mid South ▁subs idi ary ▁South R ail . ▁ ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Southern ▁purchased ▁Mid South ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁and ▁South R ail ▁hold ings ▁were ▁merged ▁into ▁K CS ▁operations ▁along ▁with ▁Mid South . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Gulf ▁& ▁Mississippi ▁network ▁surv ives ▁under ▁K CS , ▁although ▁some ▁segments ▁have ▁been ▁abandoned ▁and ▁others ▁sold ▁to ▁other ▁short line ▁operations |
▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Mer id ian ▁Southern ▁or ▁Mississippi ▁Tennessee . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁Mississippi ▁rail ro ads ▁Category : Def unct ▁Alabama ▁rail ro ads ▁Category : Def unct ▁Tennessee ▁rail ro ads ▁Category : R ail way ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Category : Sp in - offs ▁of ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Central ▁Gulf ▁Rail road <0x0A> </s> ▁Institut o ▁de ▁Ass ist ência ▁M éd ica ▁ao ▁Serv id or ▁P úblic o ▁Est ad ual ▁( I AM SPE ) ▁( State ▁Government ▁Em ployee ▁Medical ▁Ass istance ▁Institute ) ▁is ▁an ▁econom ically ▁self - s ufficient ▁government al ▁health ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁State ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo ▁that ▁att ends ▁to ▁the ▁health ▁needs ▁of ▁state ▁government ▁employees , ▁their ▁families , ▁and ▁depend ents . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁huge ▁institution , ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁State ▁Government ▁Em ployee ▁Hospital ▁( H ospital ▁do ▁Serv id or ▁P úblic o ▁Est ad ual ) ▁" Fr anc isco ▁Mor ato ▁de ▁Ol ive ira " ▁( HS PE - F MO ) ▁in ▁the ▁capital , ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁as ▁Dep art amento ▁de ▁Ass ist ência ▁M éd ica ▁ao ▁Serv id or ▁P úblic o ▁( D AM SPE ) ▁in ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁it ▁was |
▁opened ▁as ▁H SPE - F MO ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁it ▁became ▁I AM SPE . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Brazil ian ▁laws , ▁only ▁government ▁workers ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo ▁State ▁presenting ▁their ▁pays l ips ▁with ▁the ▁monthly ▁contributions ▁have ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁hospital ▁complex es . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : H ospital ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁serv id or ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Brazil <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Regiment ▁was ▁a ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Corps ▁reg iment ▁in ▁the ▁California ▁National ▁Guard . ▁It ▁served ▁in ▁Alaska ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁was ▁organized ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁as ▁a ▁tr actor - d rawn ▁coast ▁artillery ▁reg iment ▁in ▁the ▁California ▁National ▁Guard . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁re design ated ▁as ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 5 1 st ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Regiment ▁( HD ). ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁three ▁field ▁artillery ▁batt al ions ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁Army - wide ▁re organ ization . ▁ ▁Organ ized ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁by ▁re design ating ▁the ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Art illery , ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Corps , ▁California ▁National ▁Guard ▁as ▁the ▁ |
2 5 0 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁( Tra ctor ▁D rawn ) ▁( TD ) ▁Regiment . ▁Its ▁main ▁arm ory ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁Mission ▁District ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁The ▁reg iment ▁was ▁initially ▁armed ▁with ▁ 2 4 ▁ 1 5 5 ▁mm ▁M 1 9 1 8 ▁guns ▁on ▁mobile ▁mount s ▁in ▁six ▁batteries ▁of ▁four ▁guns ▁each , ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁received ▁the ▁ 1 5 5 ▁mm ▁M 1 ▁gun ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁federal ▁service ▁at ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Camp ▁Mc Qu a ide , ▁California ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁M oved ▁to ▁Alaska ▁via ▁Seattle ▁port ▁of ▁emb ark ation ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁Element s ▁of ▁the ▁reg iment ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁har bor ▁defense ▁commands ▁at ▁K odi ak ▁Island , ▁Dutch ▁Harbor , ▁and ▁S it ka , ▁Alaska . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁withd rawn ▁from ▁Alaska , ▁arriving ▁at ▁Seattle ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁Fort ▁Lewis , ▁Washington ▁the ▁next ▁day . ▁It ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁or ▁available ▁to ▁the ▁Western ▁Defense ▁Command ▁for ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁On ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 |
4 4 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Camp ▁Gr uber , ▁Oklahoma . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁the ▁reg iment ▁was ▁in activ ated ▁and ▁broken ▁up . ▁The ▁reg imental ▁Head quarters ▁and ▁Head quarters ▁B attery ▁( HH B ) ▁became ▁H H B ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Field ▁Art illery ▁Group ▁and ▁ 1 st - 3 rd ▁batt al ions ▁became ▁the ▁ 5 3 5 th , ▁ 5 3 6 th , ▁and ▁ 5 3 7 th ▁Field ▁Art illery ▁Batt al ions , ▁respectively . ▁The ▁ 5 3 5 th ▁and ▁ 5 3 6 th ▁were ▁initially ▁armed ▁with ▁twelve ▁ 1 5 5 ▁mm ▁M 1 ▁guns ▁each , ▁rear med ▁with ▁twelve ▁ 8 - inch ▁how itz ers ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁The ▁ 5 3 5 th ▁was ▁deployed ▁to ▁Europe , ▁arriving ▁in ▁France ▁on ▁ 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁returning ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁for ▁dem obil ization ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁ 5 3 6 th ▁was ▁deployed ▁to ▁Italy , ▁arriving ▁there ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁ 5 3 7 th ▁did ▁not ▁complete ▁organization ▁until ▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁re design ated ▁on ▁ 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁as ▁the ▁ 5 |
3 7 th ▁Chem ical ▁Mort ar ▁Batt alion ▁armed ▁with ▁ 4 . 2 - inch ▁mort ars , ▁which ▁remained ▁at ▁Camp ▁Gr uber ▁until ▁dem obil ized ▁on ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Field ▁Art illery ▁Group ▁was ▁deployed ▁to ▁Europe , ▁arriving ▁in ▁France ▁ 1 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁in ▁Germany ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁group ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁for ▁dem obil ization ▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Line age ▁The ▁line age ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁traces ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁California ▁Infan try ▁Regiment , ▁which ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁reg iment ' s ▁line age ▁continued ▁with ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Corps ▁( C AC ), ▁California ▁National ▁Guard ▁( C ANG ) ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁Sub sequently , ▁this ▁unit ▁was ▁re design ated ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Coast ▁Defense ▁Command ▁( CD C ) ▁( 1 9 1 7 ), ▁ 1 st ▁Pro vis ional ▁Batt alion , ▁C AC , ▁C ANG ▁( date ▁unknown ), ▁ 1 st ▁C DC ▁( 1 9 2 1 ), ▁and ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁( 1 9 2 3 ). ▁ ▁Campaign ▁stream ers ▁World ▁War ▁II |
▁ ▁Pacific ▁theater ▁without ▁in scription ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Se aco ast ▁defense ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Corps ▁ ▁Harbor ▁Defense ▁Command ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁G aines , ▁William ▁C ., ▁Historical ▁Sk et ches ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Reg iments ▁ 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 5 0 , ▁National ▁Guard ▁Army ▁Reg iments ▁ 1 9 7 - 2 6 5 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁website ▁▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁at ▁Fort W iki . com ▁ ▁California ▁National ▁Guard ▁in ▁W W II ▁at ▁California ▁Military ▁Museum , ▁includes ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁CA ▁ ▁Article ▁about ▁def enses ▁of ▁S eward , ▁A K ▁in ▁W W II ▁ ▁Article ▁about ▁Fort ▁Aber c rom bie , ▁K odi ak , ▁A K ▁ ▁Category : Co ast ▁artillery ▁reg iments ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁in ▁Alaska ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Edu ardo ▁Kap stein ▁( born ▁ 2 8 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 4 ; ▁date ▁of ▁death ▁unknown ) ▁was ▁a ▁Chile an ▁basketball ▁player . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the |
▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁basketball ▁players ▁of ▁Chile ▁Category : B asket ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : B asket ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Bad al te ▁Ris ht on ▁Ki ▁D asta an ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁television ▁drama ▁series ▁which ▁premier ed ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁on ▁Z ee ▁TV . The ▁series ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁Iran ▁with ▁named ▁ ر ا ب ط ه ▁ ه ا ▁to ▁the ▁January ▁ 9 ▁to ▁ 1 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ 2 0 : 0 0 ▁night ▁was ▁broadcast ▁networks ▁G EM ▁Bol ly wood ... ▁The ▁series ▁is ▁a ▁Hind i ▁version ▁of ▁Z ee ▁Bang la ' s ▁show ▁K he la , ▁and ▁is ▁produced ▁by ▁R avi ▁O j ha . ▁The ▁show ▁was ▁first ▁a ired ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁Bad al te ▁Ris ht on ▁Ki ▁D asta an ▁transl ates ▁to ▁" a ▁tale ▁of ▁fick le ▁relationships ". ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁relationships ▁and ▁the ▁fight ▁against ▁patri arch al ▁society |
. ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁occurs ▁within ▁the ▁sp acious ▁Ast h ana ▁family ▁home . ▁ ▁Bal raj ▁Ast h ana , ▁as ▁the ▁patri arch ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁believes ▁he ▁can ▁control ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁house . ▁ ▁However , ▁each ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁carries ▁several ▁secrets ▁that ▁they ▁hide ▁from ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁Bal raj ' s ▁elder ▁brother , ▁K ail ash , ▁died ▁myster iously ▁years ▁earlier . ▁ ▁His ▁wid ow , ▁Al oka , ▁and ▁their ▁three ▁children ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁house : ▁Ak h il , ▁Ag as th ya , ▁and ▁Deep ika . ▁ ▁Ak h il ▁is ▁a ▁dut iful ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁law , ▁whose ▁wife ▁Sh y ama ▁also ▁carries ▁secrets . ▁ ▁Together ▁they ▁have ▁a ▁daughter , ▁R imi . ▁ ▁Bal raj , ▁as ▁well , ▁is ▁presented ▁as ▁a ▁wid ower . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁three ▁living ▁children . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁daughters ▁are ▁P all avi , ▁N up ur , ▁and ▁An u ja . ▁ ▁P all avi ▁def ied ▁her ▁father ' s ▁wishes ▁and ▁married ▁a ▁writer ▁named ▁N ir an jan . ▁ ▁He ▁often ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁soft ▁heart ▁and ▁soft ▁mind , ▁but ▁a ▁deep ▁and ▁clever ▁character ▁lies ▁beneath . ▁ ▁An ir udd h ▁Ast h ana ▁married ▁N and ini , ▁whose ▁father ▁formerly ▁owned ▁the ▁house ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Ast h ana ▁family ▁now ▁lives |
. ▁ ▁Bal raj ▁deeply ▁loved ▁his ▁son , ▁but ▁was ▁inf uri ated ▁that ▁the ▁marriage ▁had ▁not ▁yet ▁produced ▁any ▁children . ▁ ▁Hold ing ▁the ▁house ▁together ▁is ▁Be e ji . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁taken ▁in ▁by ▁the ▁Ast h ana ▁family ▁when ▁Bal raj ▁and ▁K ail ash ▁were ▁still ▁children , ▁and ▁promised ▁their ▁family ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁take ▁care ▁of ▁them . ▁ ▁When ▁Bal raj ' s ▁wife ▁U ma ▁never ▁returned ▁from ▁hospital , ▁Be e ji ▁raised ▁the ▁children ▁as ▁her ▁own . ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁is ▁thrown ▁into ▁mour ning ▁when ▁An i ▁suddenly ▁dies ▁in ▁a ▁tragic ▁car ▁accident . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁his ▁lover ▁Me era ▁arrives ▁at ▁the ▁Ast h ana ▁house , ▁un aware ▁that ▁An i ▁was ▁married . ▁ ▁When ▁Bal raj ▁disco vers ▁that ▁Me era ▁is ▁pregnant ▁with ▁An i ' s ▁child , ▁he ▁con co ct s ▁a ▁scheme ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁an ▁he ir ▁is ▁produced ▁to ▁inherit ▁Bal raj ' s ▁estate . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁series ▁progress es , ▁it ▁is ▁revealed ▁that ▁Me era ' s ▁family ▁is ▁inter tw ined ▁with ▁the ▁Ast han as ▁in ▁ways ▁that ▁could ▁reveal ▁Bal raj ' s ▁deep est ▁secrets . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Add iti ▁Gu pt a ▁- ▁N and ini ▁T iw ari ▁/ ▁Ast h ana ▁/ ▁K ash y ap - An ir ud h ’ s ▁wife . ▁ ▁San je |
eda ▁She ikh ▁- ▁Me era ▁K hand pal - An ur id h ’ s ▁lover ▁and ▁his ▁child ’ s ▁mother . ▁ ▁B ha um ik ▁S amp at ▁- ▁Dr . ▁Ne el ▁ ▁Kir an ▁K arm ark ar ▁- ▁Bal raj ▁Ast h ana - An ur id h ’ s ▁father . ▁ ▁Ab hin av ▁Sh uk la ▁- ▁An ir udd h ▁Bal raj ▁Ast h ana ▁/ ▁An i - N and ini ’ s ▁husband ▁and ▁Me era ’ s ▁lover . ▁( Dead ) ▁ ▁Tan ush ree ▁Ka ush al ▁- ▁Al oka ▁K ail ash ▁Ast h ana ▁/ ▁Ta iji ▁/ ▁Am ma ji ▁ ▁Nam r ata ▁Th apa ▁- ▁P all avi ▁ ▁Rich a ▁Son i - ▁Sh y ama ▁Ak h il ▁Ast h ana ▁/ ▁B ij li ▁ ▁Mon a ▁Amb ega on kar ▁- ▁Be e ji - An ur id h ’ s ▁mother . ▁ ▁Ch ait anya ▁Ch oud h ury ▁- ▁Ak h il ▁K ail ash ▁Ast h ana - An ur id h ’ s ▁step ▁brother ▁and ▁Ag as th ya ’ s ▁elder ▁brother . ▁ ▁Ab ha as ▁Me ht a ▁- ▁Ag as th ya ▁K ail ash ▁Ast h ana - An ur id h ’ s ▁step ▁brother ▁and ▁Ag as th ya ’ s ▁younger ▁brother . ▁ ▁R ishi ▁Kh ur ana ▁- ▁N ir an jan |
▁ ▁Sh alu ▁Sh re ya ▁- ▁An u ja ▁ ▁R ag ini ▁Kh anna ▁as ▁R ag ini ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁drama ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Z ee ▁TV ▁television ▁series ▁Category : H indi - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : Tele vision ▁shows ▁set ▁in ▁Delhi ▁Category : Ind ian ▁television ▁soap ▁oper as ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁Indian ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁Indian ▁television ▁series ▁end ings <0x0A> </s> ▁Jul iet ▁Nicole ▁Sim ms ▁B iers ack ▁( born ▁February ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁rock ▁singer , ▁song writer , ▁poet , ▁composer , ▁musician , ▁producer , ▁and ▁entrepreneur . ▁ ▁She ▁established ▁a ▁fan ▁base ▁as ▁the ▁front woman ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁Autom atic ▁Love letter . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁- ▁in ▁the ▁band ' s ▁earliest ▁years ▁- ▁she ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁Kevin ▁L yman . ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁her ▁being ▁a ▁returning ▁act ▁on ▁the ▁War ped ▁Tour ▁summer ▁circuit . ▁After ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁working ▁the ▁circuit ▁solo ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁Sim ms ▁has ▁since ▁produced ▁her ▁content ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁artist . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Sim ms ▁married ▁Black ▁Ve il ▁Br ides ▁front man ▁Andy ▁B iers ack . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Autom |
atic ▁Love letter ▁▁ ▁Sim ms ▁was ▁the ▁front woman ▁and ▁song writer ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁Autom atic ▁Love letter ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 1 , ▁releasing ▁four ▁EP s ▁and ▁two ▁full - length ▁album ▁until ▁their ▁dis band ment ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Autom atic ▁Love letter ▁released ▁its ▁debut ▁album , ▁Truth ▁or ▁D are , ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁album ▁The ▁Kids ▁Will ▁Take ▁Their ▁Mon sters ▁On ▁through ▁an ▁independent ▁record ▁label , ▁Paper ▁& ▁Pl ast ick , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Autom atic ▁Love letter ▁was ▁formed ▁with ▁Sim ms ▁on ▁guitar ▁and ▁lead ▁vocals , ▁Daniel ▁Cur rier ▁on ▁drums , ▁and ▁brother ▁Tommy ▁Sim ms ▁playing ▁bass ▁and ▁producing , ▁with ▁bass ist ▁Sean ▁N oll ▁sitting ▁in ▁on ▁occasion ▁in ▁Tommy ' s ▁home ▁studio ▁in ▁the ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁was ▁first ▁called ▁Stars ▁and ▁Sc ars ▁and ▁recorded ▁its ▁first ▁song ▁together ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁n aming ▁the ▁song ▁after ▁the ▁band ▁but ▁written ▁by ▁Sim ms . ▁They ▁also ▁recorded ▁" T in ▁Liz zy ", ▁written ▁by ▁Tommy . ▁ ▁Sim ms ▁ac oust ically ▁laid ▁down ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁songs ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁writing ▁over ▁the ▁last ▁three ▁years ▁for ▁consideration ▁for ▁her ▁first ▁major ▁label ▁album . ▁S igned ▁by ▁All ison ▁H |
ag end orf , ▁host ▁of ▁F use ▁TV ' s ▁The ▁Pop ▁TV ▁Show , ▁then ▁working ▁at ▁E pic ▁Records , ▁Sim ms ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁form ▁Autom atic ▁Love letter ▁while ▁E pic ▁struggled ▁with ▁the ▁Sony ▁BM G ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Pay ola ▁Sc andal ▁and ▁internal ▁problems ▁finally ▁dropping ▁over ▁ 7 0 ▁bands ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Autom atic ▁Love letter ▁was ▁not ▁dropped ▁but ▁was ▁also ▁not ▁supported ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁tour ing ▁in ▁the ▁drum mer ' s ▁Ford ▁Ex curs ion ▁and ▁burning ▁their ▁own ▁copies ▁of ▁their ▁E pic - produ ced ▁CD ▁with ▁hand ▁painted ▁slip ▁covers ▁to ▁help ▁fund ▁their ▁tours . ▁ ▁Autom atic ▁Love letter ▁recorded ▁their ▁never - re leased ▁debut ▁EP ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁with ▁producer ▁Matt ▁S quire ▁( Pan ic ! ▁at ▁the ▁Dis co , ▁Boys ▁Like ▁Girls , ▁All ▁Time ▁Low , ▁C ute ▁is ▁What ▁We ▁A im ▁For , ▁The ▁Cab , ▁and ▁The ▁Maine ). ▁" He ▁challenged ▁me ▁and ▁I ▁challenged ▁him ," ▁Sim ms ▁said . ▁" I ▁felt ▁very ▁comfortable ▁and ▁that ' s ▁when ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁me ▁comes ▁out . ▁The ▁entire ▁time ▁was ▁play ful ▁and ▁fun ▁and ▁that ' s ▁what ▁music ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁me ▁— ▁having ▁a ▁good ▁time ." ▁Sim ms ▁took ▁her ▁song book ▁to ▁S quire ▁and ▁narrow ed ▁down ▁the ▁t unes ▁and ▁craft ed |
▁them ▁to ▁fit ▁together , ▁sometimes ▁taking ▁songs ▁in ▁entirely ▁new ▁directions . ▁" The ▁Answer ", ▁for ▁instance , ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁ball ad , ▁but ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁up beat ▁numbers ▁on ▁the ▁album . ▁Daniel ▁Cur rier ▁and ▁lead ▁guitar ist ▁Joe ▁Nelson ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁album , ▁Sean ▁N oll ▁officially ▁joining ▁just ▁before ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁first ▁tours ▁together ▁and ▁Tommy ▁occasionally ▁tour ing ▁with ▁the ▁band ▁to ▁play ▁lead ▁or ▁rhythm ▁guitar ▁in ▁larger ▁ven ues ▁and ▁outdoor ▁conc erts . ▁The ▁band ▁played ▁both ▁the ▁main ▁B amb oo z le ▁and ▁B amb oo z le ▁Left ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁tracks ▁ ▁" The ▁Answer ", ▁" P ark er ", ▁" Aug ust ▁ 2 8 Th ▁ 3 : 3 0 ▁A . M .", ▁" H ush " ▁and ▁" Make - up ▁S me ared ▁E yes ▁( Ac oustic )" ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁their ▁first ▁official ▁release ▁Rec over . ▁ ▁But ▁after ▁the ▁tour ▁when ▁E pic ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁release ▁the ▁album ▁Autom atic ▁Love letter ▁were ▁told ▁to ▁continue ▁tour ing ▁and ▁asked ▁by ▁then ▁President ▁Charlie ▁Walk ▁to ▁write ▁more ▁up beat ▁music . ▁ ▁Instead , ▁Sim ms ▁submitted ▁a ▁fan ▁favorite ▁" Black ▁In k ▁Rev enge " ▁which ▁was ▁rejected ▁several ▁times ▁for ▁re - write ▁until ▁it ▁became ▁" My ▁Good bye " ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁tracks ▁off ▁the ▁upcoming ▁Sony ▁release . ▁ |
▁" I ▁had ▁been ▁signed ▁to ▁E pic ▁for ▁going ▁on ▁three ▁years , ▁tou red ▁in ▁cars ▁with ▁my ▁completely ▁broke ▁band ▁and ▁was ▁feeling ▁like ▁I ▁disappointed ▁my ▁fans ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁promised ▁music ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁so ▁I ▁sat ▁in ▁my ▁room ▁for ▁four ▁days ▁re - writing ▁and ▁re - sub m itting ▁that ▁song ▁like ▁ 5 xs . ▁I ▁like ▁" My ▁Good bye " ▁a ▁L OT ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁pressure ▁and ▁the ▁desire ▁to ▁get ▁an ▁album ▁released ." ▁" My ▁Good bye ", ▁" The ▁Day ▁that ▁S aved ▁Us " ▁and ▁" H ush ▁( New ▁Version )" ▁were ▁quickly ▁released ▁as ▁another ▁self - t itled ▁EP ▁just ▁before ▁the ▁final ▁chapter ▁with ▁E pic ▁Records ▁when ▁they ▁fired ▁all ▁the ▁members ▁except ▁Cur rier ▁before ▁the ▁first ▁head lin ing ▁tour . ▁E pic ▁held ▁aud itions ▁for ▁new ▁members , ▁hired ▁Jacob ▁F ator oo chi , ▁James ▁Bow en ▁and ▁Wayne ▁Miller ▁then ▁halfway ▁through ▁the ▁tour ▁called ▁Sim ms ▁and ▁told ▁her ▁that ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁pay ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁she ▁was ▁on ▁tour ▁with ▁was ▁being ▁withd rawn ▁and ▁the ▁band ▁was ▁dropped . ▁ ▁Despite ▁this ▁devast ating ▁set back ▁the ▁new ▁hired ▁guys ▁pulled ▁together ▁and ▁stayed ▁on ▁to ▁complete ▁the ▁tour , ▁and ▁A . LL . w ent ▁on ▁to ▁sell ▁out ▁ven ues ▁like ▁the ▁Kn itting ▁Factory ▁in ▁LA ▁and ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁" |
It ▁was ▁very ▁liber ating . ▁After ▁crying ▁my ▁eyes ▁out ▁for ▁a ▁couple ▁hours ▁I ▁had ▁some ▁of ▁my ▁best ▁shows ▁ever ▁on ▁that ▁tour ." ▁Almost ▁immediately ▁the ▁band ▁was ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁Sony ▁and ▁Sim ms ▁asked ▁to ▁write ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁album ▁produced ▁by ▁Josh ▁Abraham . ▁ ▁S olo ▁career ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Sim ms ▁released ▁an ▁entirely ▁ac oustic ▁album ▁through ▁Paper ▁+ ▁Pl ast ick ▁Records ▁called ▁" The ▁Kids ▁Will ▁Take ▁Their ▁Mon sters ▁On ". ▁After ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁working ▁the ▁circuit ▁entirely ▁solo ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁Sim ms ▁transition ed ▁her ▁brand ing ▁and ▁has ▁since ▁produced ▁her ▁content ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁artist ▁releasing ▁ 2 ▁more ▁EP s , ▁several ▁singles ▁and ▁a ▁full ▁length ▁" All ▁or ▁Nothing ". ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁she ▁is ▁working ▁on ▁her ▁ 3 rd ▁studio ▁album ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁artist . ▁ ▁The ▁Voice ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Sim ms ▁was ▁a ▁contest ant ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁season ▁of ▁television ▁show ▁The ▁Voice . ▁She ▁sang ▁the ▁Beat les ' ▁" Oh ! ▁Dar ling " ▁for ▁her ▁blind ▁aud ition ▁and ▁chose ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Team ▁C ee ▁Lo . ▁Sim ms ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁live ▁rounds ▁after ▁defe ating ▁Sarah ▁Golden ▁in ▁a ▁du et . ▁In ▁her ▁first ▁live ▁show , ▁she ▁performed ▁" R ox anne " ▁by ▁The |
▁Police . ▁During ▁the ▁quarter - fin als , ▁Sim ms ▁covered ▁" C ry in '" ▁by ▁A eros m ith . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁female ▁contest ant ▁to ▁advance ▁onto ▁the ▁fin als , ▁ed ging ▁out ▁J amar ▁Rogers , ▁after ▁covering ▁" It ' s ▁A ▁Man ' s ▁Man ' s ▁Man ' s ▁World ". ▁Sim ms ' ▁cover ▁of ▁" It ' s ▁A ▁Man ' s ▁Man ' s ▁Man ' s ▁World " ▁reached ▁# 7 0 ▁and ▁also ▁att ained ▁positions ▁in ▁three ▁other ▁charts ▁on ▁Bill board . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁finale , ▁Sim ms ▁sang ▁Lyn yr d ▁Sk yn yr d ' s ▁" Free ▁Bird " ▁and ▁placed ▁second ▁behind ▁J erm aine ▁Paul . ▁ ▁Jul iet ▁Sim ms ' ▁" The ▁Voice ▁Per form ances " ▁singles ▁released ▁by ▁Universal ▁Republic ▁Records . ▁Made ▁available ▁on ▁i T unes ▁and ▁CD ▁ ▁Post - The ▁Voice ▁( 2 0 1 2 – present ) ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁finishing ▁The ▁Voice , ▁Sim ms ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁C ee Lo ▁Green , ▁her ▁coach ▁on ▁the ▁show . ▁Her ▁debut ▁single ▁" W ild ▁Child " ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁music ▁video ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁for ▁which ▁Green ▁is ▁an ▁executive ▁producer . ▁An ▁album ▁was ▁scheduled ▁for ▁release ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁but ▁ultimately |
▁was ▁not ▁released ▁after ▁she ▁left . ▁Sim ms ▁completed ▁a ▁US ▁tour ▁with ▁Second hand ▁Ser en ade ▁and ▁Ver on ica ▁Ball estr ini ▁during ▁March ▁and ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Sim ms ▁released ▁her ▁" All ▁or ▁Nothing " ▁EP . ▁The ▁recording ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁primarily ▁funded ▁by ▁P ledge Music , ▁A ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁EP ' s ▁fourth ▁track , ▁" End ▁of ▁the ▁World ", ▁was ▁released ▁that ▁May . ▁Sim ms ▁heavily ▁promoted ▁the ▁EP ▁during ▁War ped ▁Tour ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁Her ▁second ▁EP , ▁From ▁the ▁Gr ave , ▁was ▁released ▁July ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Most ▁recently ▁Sim ms ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁seventh ▁install ment ▁in ▁the ▁F ear less ▁Records ▁compilation ▁series ▁Punk ▁Go es ▁Pop . ▁She ▁and ▁her ▁husband , ▁Andy ▁B iers ack , ▁performed ▁a ▁du et ▁cover ▁of ▁A de le ' s ▁hit ▁song ▁When ▁We ▁Were ▁Young ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁A ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁also ▁released ▁for ▁the ▁cover ▁upon ▁release ▁of ▁Punk ▁Go es ▁Pop ▁Vol . ▁ 7 . ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁she ▁released ▁her ▁new ▁single ▁Take ▁Me , ▁which ▁was ▁written ▁about ▁the ▁emotional ▁hard ships ▁of ▁two ▁tour ing ▁musicians ▁in |
▁a ▁committed ▁relationship . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁May ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Sim ms ▁released ▁her ▁first ▁single , ▁‘ Bad ▁Love ’, ▁through ▁her ▁new ▁label ▁S umer ian ▁Records . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Music ▁V ide os ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Jul iet ▁Sim ms ▁ ▁Jul iet ▁Sim ms ▁Official ▁YouTube ▁channel ▁Jul iet ▁Sim ms ▁Official ▁Instagram ▁Jul iet ▁Sim ms ▁on ▁Apple ▁Music ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁ ▁Incl udes ▁a ▁bi ography ▁about ▁Sim ms . ▁ ▁Incl udes ▁a ▁bi ography ▁about ▁Sim ms . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁female ▁guitar ists ▁Category : F em ale ▁punk ▁rock ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁female ▁rock ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁female ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Clear water , ▁Florida ▁Category : American ▁singer - s ong writ ers ▁Category : American ▁soul ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁sing ers ▁Category : G uit ar ists ▁from ▁California ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁guitar ists <0x0A> </s> ▁K un ming ▁International ▁Trust ▁Co , ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁is |
▁a ▁Chinese ▁trust ▁company ▁based ▁in ▁K un ming , ▁Y unn an . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁firm ▁in ▁China ▁which ▁has ▁several ▁billion ▁y uan ▁( se ver al ▁hundred ▁million ▁dollars ) ▁of ▁assets ▁under ▁management ▁but ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁south west ▁province ▁of ▁Y unn an . ▁K un ming ▁Trust ▁is ▁currently ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁financial ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁K un ming ▁municipal ▁government , ▁which ▁has ▁agreed ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁trust ▁firm ' s ▁debt . ▁▁▁ ▁K un ming ▁Trust ▁was ▁ordered ▁by ▁China ' s ▁central ▁bank ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁an ▁internal ▁over ha ul ▁after ▁its ▁operations ▁ran ▁into ▁trouble , ▁due ▁partly ▁to ▁failed ▁investments ▁early ▁this ▁decade ▁that ▁involved ▁the ▁mis use ▁of ▁clients ' ▁assets , ▁according ▁to ▁reports ▁in ▁China ' s ▁official ▁media . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁Australian ▁bank ▁Mac qu ar ie ▁Group ▁planned ▁to ▁buy ▁just ▁under ▁ 2 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁K un ming ▁Trust . ▁After ▁spending ▁over ▁a ▁year ▁in ▁negotiations , ▁Mac qu ar ie ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁hold ▁management ▁control ▁and ▁have ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁appoint ▁senior ▁execut ives ▁at ▁K un ming ▁Trust , ▁and ▁it ▁will ▁work ▁with ▁other ▁new ▁domestic ▁investors ▁to ▁re structure ▁the ▁firm . ▁ ▁Services ▁ ▁equity ▁investment ▁insurance ▁secur ities ▁bro king ▁asset ▁management ▁private ▁equity ▁indirect ▁fund - raising ▁for ▁domestic ▁enter prises ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Financial ▁services ▁in ▁China ▁ ▁Re |
ferences ▁▁ ▁https :// www . re ut ers . com / article / bank ing fin ancial - SP / id UK SHA 3 3 4 1 0 5 2 0 0 8 0 7 0 2 ▁ ▁Category : Fin ancial ▁services ▁companies ▁of ▁China ▁Category : Fin ancial ▁services ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Y unn an ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁K un ming <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bh ut an ▁Communist ▁Party ▁( Mar x ist – Len in ist – M ao ist ) ▁is ▁a ▁banned ▁commun ist ▁party ▁in ▁Bh ut an . ▁ ▁The ▁CP B ▁( ML M ) ▁calls ▁for ▁a ▁New ▁Democratic ▁Revolution ▁and ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁the ▁Bh ut an ese ▁mon archy ▁and ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Wang ch uck . ▁Its ▁armed ▁wing ▁is ▁the ▁Bh ut an ▁T iger ▁Force . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁estimated ▁to ▁have ▁ 6 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁cad res . ▁The ▁party ▁is ▁banned ▁by ▁the ▁Bh ut an ese ▁government . ▁Its ▁leader ▁goes ▁by ▁the ▁nom ▁de ▁guerre ▁Com rade ▁U mesh . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Nep ali - spe aking ▁Bh ut an ese ▁peoples ▁protest ed ▁against ▁the ▁Bh ut an ▁government ▁for ▁democr at ization ▁and ▁language ▁reform s . ▁The ▁government ▁for c ibly ▁ev icted ▁the ▁pro tes ters , ▁where |
▁they ▁were ▁put ▁into ▁refuge e ▁camps ▁in ▁eastern ▁Nep al . ▁Those ▁who ▁stayed ▁have ▁faced ▁widespread ▁discrimination . ▁Inside ▁the ▁refuge e ▁camps , ▁ins urg ent ▁groups ▁have ▁spr ung ▁up , ▁including ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁Bh ut an ▁( Mar x ist – Len in ist – M ao ist ). ▁The ▁CP B ▁( ML M ) ▁was ▁formed ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁as ▁announced ▁on ▁the ▁website ▁of ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁Nep al ▁( M ao ist ). ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁CP B ▁( ML M ) ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁on ▁the ▁website ▁of ▁the ▁C PN ▁( M ). ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁The ▁Royal ▁Bh ut an ▁Army ▁def used ▁a ▁bomb ▁planted ▁by ▁the ▁CP B ▁( ML M ) ▁in ▁Ph u ents hol ing ▁village , ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁border . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁During ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁constitutional ▁mon archy ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁M ao ists ▁rock ed ▁Bh ut an ▁with ▁five ▁explos ions ▁across ▁the ▁country , ▁including ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁Th im ph u . ▁They ▁also ▁declared ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁a ▁' People ' s ▁War '. ▁▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁Bh ut an ese ▁police ▁killed ▁five ▁alleged ▁M ao ists ▁and ▁arrested ▁sevent een |
▁more ▁in ▁various ▁operations ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁On ▁December ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁M ao ists ▁amb ushed ▁and ▁killed ▁four ▁forest ▁r angers ▁and ▁took ▁their ▁weapons ▁in ▁Sing ye ▁D z ong , ▁ 2 5 0 km ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁capital . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁A ▁Bh ut an ese ▁reporter ▁was ▁arrested ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁M ao ist . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁South ▁Asian ▁Association ▁of ▁Regional ▁Co - operation , ▁security ▁was ▁tight ened ▁after ▁threats ▁by ▁the ▁M ao ists . ▁ ▁Ide ology ▁Its ▁first ▁act ▁was ▁a ▁Ten - Point ▁Program ▁which ▁it ▁demanded ▁from ▁the ▁government . ▁Its ▁ide ology ▁der ives ▁from ▁M ao ▁Z ed ong . ▁They ▁call ▁for ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁a ▁People ’ s ▁war ▁and ▁a ▁New ▁Democratic ▁Revolution . ▁▁ ▁The ▁group ▁seeks ▁rep atri ation ▁for ▁the ▁Nep ali ▁refugees ▁and ▁the ▁declaration ▁of ▁Bh ut an ▁as ▁a ▁‘ so vere ign ▁democracy ’. ▁The ▁CP B ▁also ▁wants ▁to ▁turn ▁Bh ut an ▁into ▁a ▁republic . ▁ ▁International ▁connections ▁The ▁Bh ut an ese ▁M ao ists ▁have ▁connections ▁with ▁the ▁Nep ales e ▁M ao ists , ▁whom ▁they ▁consider ▁to ▁be ▁their ▁inspiration . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁CP B ▁have ▁also ▁formed ▁links ▁with ▁N ax al ite ▁Indian ▁North - E ast ▁reb els ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁U L FA ▁and |
▁N DF B ▁and ▁receive ▁training ▁from ▁those ▁groups , ▁including ▁bomb - making . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁Bh ut an ▁Un ified ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁Nep al ▁( M ao ist ) ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁India ▁( M ao ist ) ▁Nep ales e ▁Civil ▁War ▁Ins urg ency ▁in ▁Nort heast ▁India ▁N ax al ite – M ao ist ▁ins urg ency ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁milit ant ▁groups ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁parties ▁in ▁Asia ▁Category : Comm un ism ▁in ▁Bh ut an ▁Category : B anned ▁commun ist ▁parties ▁Category : M ao ist ▁parties ▁Category : Param il itary ▁organisations ▁based ▁in ▁Bh ut an ▁Category : B anned ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁Bh ut an ▁Category : Rep ublic an ism ▁in ▁Bh ut an <0x0A> </s> ▁Oh , ▁You ▁C razy ▁Moon ▁or ▁Oh ! ▁You ▁C razy ▁Moon ▁is ▁a ▁jazz ▁standard ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Van ▁He us en , ▁with ▁lyrics ▁by ▁Johnny ▁Bur ke . ▁It ▁was ▁recorded ▁by ▁Mel ▁T orm é ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁Frank ▁Sin atra ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Mel ▁T orm é ▁- ▁Sw ing in ' ▁on ▁the ▁Moon ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁ ▁Stan ▁Kent on ▁- ▁The ▁Rom antic ▁Appro ach ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁ ▁Sarah ▁V augh an ▁- ▁Snow bound ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) |
▁ ▁Tony ▁Bennett ▁- ▁When ▁L ights ▁Are ▁Low ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁Wes ▁Mont gomery ▁- ▁California ▁Dream ing ▁( 1 9 6 6 ), ▁Will ow ▁We ep ▁for ▁Me ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Frank ▁Sin atra ▁- ▁Moon light ▁Sin atra ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁Peg gy ▁Lee ▁- ▁Extra ▁Special ! ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁ ▁Mel ▁T orm é ▁and ▁George ▁She aring ▁- ▁An ▁E leg ant ▁Even ing ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁ ▁T rio ▁D és ol é ▁featuring ▁L orr aine ▁Car on ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁Sweet ▁Sur render ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : S ongs ▁with ▁music ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Van ▁He us en ▁Category : S ongs ▁with ▁lyrics ▁by ▁Johnny ▁Bur ke ▁( ly ric ist ) ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁about ▁the ▁Cr ater ▁Lake ▁in ▁P it kin ▁County , ▁Colorado . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁Ge ographic ▁Names ▁Information ▁System , ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁" Cr ater ▁L akes " ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁Colorado ▁Count ies : ▁ ▁Al am osa , ▁Arch u let a , ▁Delta , ▁Gar field , ▁Gil pin , ▁Grand , ▁Lar imer , ▁Rio ▁Bl anco , ▁and ▁San ▁Juan . ▁ ▁Cr ater ▁Lake ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁lake ▁in ▁the ▁El k ▁Mountains , ▁P it kin ▁County ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁State ▁of |
▁Colorado . ▁It ▁lies ▁just ▁nort heast ▁of ▁the ▁Mar oon ▁B ells ▁and ▁just ▁north west ▁of ▁Py ram id ▁Peak . ▁The ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁stri ated ▁Mar oon ▁B ells ▁from ▁Cr ater ▁Lake ▁and ▁the ▁view ▁from ▁nearby ▁Mar oon ▁Lake ▁are ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁phot ograp hed ▁mountain ▁scenes ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Cr ater ▁Category : Land slide - dam med ▁l akes ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁P it kin ▁County , ▁Colorado <0x0A> </s> ▁Following ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁notable ▁architect s ▁from ▁the ▁country ▁of ▁Sl oven ia . ▁ ▁A – M ▁ ▁I li ja ▁Arn aut ović ▁Max ▁Fab iani ▁Bor is ▁K obe ▁Cir il ▁Met od ▁K och ▁Frank o ▁Lu in ▁Mark o ▁Mu š ič ▁ ▁N – Z ▁ ▁Jo že ▁Ple č nik ▁Bor is ▁Pod re cca ▁Mar jet ica ▁Pot r č ▁Ed vard ▁Rav nik ar ▁V oj te h ▁Rav nik ar ▁Sav in ▁Sever ▁Vlad imir ▁Š ub ic ▁Vik tor ▁Sul č ič ▁Ivan ▁V urn ik ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Architect ure ▁of ▁Sl oven ia ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁architect s ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Sl oven es ▁ ▁Sl oven ia ▁Architect ▁ ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁Dar rell ▁or ▁D are ll ▁Brown ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Dar rell ▁Brown ▁( base ball ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 5 ), ▁former ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁out f iel der |
▁Dar rell ▁Brown ▁( mus ician ), ▁American ▁song writer ▁Dar rel ▁Brown ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁spr inter ▁from ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁Dar rel ▁Brown ▁( b asket ball ) ▁( 1 9 2 3 – 1 9 9 0 ), ▁American ▁basketball ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Speed ies ▁were ▁a ▁power ▁pop ▁band ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁area . ▁Their ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁song , ▁" Let ▁Me ▁Take ▁Your ▁Photo ," ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁He w lett ▁Pack ard ▁commercial ▁and ▁on ▁The ▁Ton ight ▁Show ▁with ▁Jay ▁L eno . ▁Members ▁included ▁Gregory ▁C rew d son ▁and ▁John ▁Carl ucc i . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : American ▁power ▁pop ▁groups ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Raf ael ▁Sab at ini ▁( 2 9 ▁April ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁– ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian - English ▁writer ▁of ▁romance ▁and ▁adventure ▁novels . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁worldwide ▁best s ellers : ▁The ▁Sea ▁Haw k ▁( 1 9 1 5 ), ▁Sc aram ou che ▁( 1 9 2 1 ), ▁Captain ▁Blood ▁( a . k . a . ▁The ▁Od ys sey ▁of ▁Captain ▁Blood ) ▁( 1 9 2 2 ), ▁and ▁Bell ar ion ▁the ▁Fort unate ▁( 1 9 2 6 ). ▁ ▁In ▁all , ▁Sab at ini ▁produced |
▁ 3 4 ▁novels , ▁eight ▁short ▁story ▁collections , ▁six ▁non - f iction ▁books , ▁numerous ▁un col lected ▁short ▁stories , ▁and ▁several ▁plays . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Raf ael ▁Sab at ini ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁I esi , ▁Italy , ▁to ▁an ▁English ▁mother , ▁Anna ▁Tra ff ord , ▁and ▁Italian ▁father , ▁V inc en zo ▁Sab at ini . ▁His ▁parents ▁were ▁opera ▁sing ers ▁who ▁then ▁became ▁teachers . ▁ ▁At ▁a ▁young ▁age , ▁Sab at ini ▁was ▁exposed ▁to ▁many ▁languages , ▁living ▁with ▁his ▁grandfather ▁in ▁England , ▁attending ▁school ▁in ▁Portugal , ▁and , ▁as ▁a ▁teenager , ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 7 , ▁when ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁to ▁live ▁permanently , ▁he ▁had ▁become ▁prof icient ▁in ▁five ▁languages . ▁He ▁quickly ▁added ▁a ▁sixth ▁language ▁– ▁English ▁– ▁to ▁his ▁lingu istic ▁collection . ▁ ▁He ▁conscious ly ▁chose ▁to ▁write ▁in ▁his ▁adopted ▁language , ▁because , ▁he ▁said , ▁" all ▁the ▁best ▁stories ▁are ▁written ▁in ▁English ". ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁brief ▁st int ▁in ▁the ▁business ▁world , ▁Sab at ini ▁went ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁writer . ▁He ▁wrote ▁short ▁stories ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s , ▁and ▁his ▁first ▁novel ▁came ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁he ▁married ▁Ruth ▁G oad ▁D ixon , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁Liverpool ▁merchant . ▁It ▁took |
▁Sab at ini ▁roughly ▁a ▁quarter ▁of ▁a ▁century ▁of ▁hard ▁work ▁before ▁he ▁att ained ▁success ▁with ▁Sc aram ou che ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁The ▁novel , ▁an ▁historical ▁romance ▁set ▁during ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution , ▁became ▁an ▁international ▁best s eller . ▁It ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁equally ▁successful ▁Captain ▁Blood ▁( 1 9 2 2 ). ▁All ▁of ▁his ▁earlier ▁books ▁were ▁rushed ▁into ▁re prints , ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁The ▁Sea ▁Haw k ▁( 1 9 1 5 ). ▁Sab at ini ▁was ▁a ▁pro l ific ▁writer ; ▁he ▁produced ▁a ▁new ▁book ▁approximately ▁every ▁year ▁and ▁maintained ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁popularity ▁with ▁the ▁reading ▁public ▁through ▁the ▁decades ▁that ▁followed . ▁ ▁Several ▁of ▁his ▁novels ▁were ▁adapted ▁into ▁films ▁during ▁the ▁silent ▁era , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁of ▁these ▁books ▁were ▁made ▁into ▁notable ▁films ▁in ▁the ▁sound ▁era , ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁respectively . ▁His ▁third ▁novel ▁B ard ely s ▁the ▁Magn ific ent ▁was ▁made ▁into ▁a ▁famous ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁" l ost " ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁title , ▁directed ▁by ▁King ▁V id or , ▁star ring ▁John ▁Gilbert , ▁and ▁long ▁view able ▁only ▁in ▁a ▁fragment ▁ex cer pt ed ▁in ▁V id or ' s ▁silent ▁comedy ▁Show ▁People ▁( 1 9 2 8 ). ▁A ▁few ▁intact ▁re els |
▁have ▁recently ▁been ▁discovered ▁in ▁Europe . ▁The ▁fully ▁restored ▁version ▁premi è red ▁on ▁T CM ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Two ▁silent ▁adapt ations ▁of ▁Sab at ini ▁novels ▁which ▁do ▁survive ▁intact ▁are ▁R ex ▁In gram ' s ▁Sc aram ou che ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁star ring ▁Ram ón ▁Nov ar ro , ▁and ▁The ▁Sea ▁Haw k ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁directed ▁by ▁Frank ▁Lloyd ▁and ▁star ring ▁Mil ton ▁S ills . ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁film ▁The ▁Sea ▁Haw k , ▁with ▁Er rol ▁Fly nn , ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁rem ake ▁but ▁a ▁wh olly ▁new ▁story ▁which ▁just ▁used ▁the ▁title . ▁A ▁silent ▁version ▁of ▁Captain ▁Blood ▁( 1 9 2 4 ), ▁star ring ▁J . ▁Warren ▁K err igan , ▁is ▁partly ▁lost , ▁surviving ▁only ▁in ▁an ▁in complete ▁copy ▁in ▁the ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress . ▁The ▁Black ▁Sw an ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) ▁was ▁fil med ▁star ring ▁T yr one ▁Power ▁and ▁Ma ure en ▁O ' H ara . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Sab at ini ' s ▁only ▁son , ▁Raf ael - Ang elo ▁( nick named ▁B ink ie ), ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁car ▁crash ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁Sab at ini ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Ruth ▁divor ced . ▁Later ▁that ▁year ▁he ▁moved |
▁from ▁London ▁to ▁Cl iff ord , ▁Here ford shire , ▁near ▁Hay - on - W ye . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁he ▁married ▁the ▁sculpt or ▁Christ ine ▁D ixon ▁( ▁Wood ), ▁his ▁former ▁sister - in - law . ▁They ▁suffered ▁further ▁tragedy ▁when ▁Christ ine ' s ▁son , ▁L ancel ot ▁D ixon , ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁flying ▁accident ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁R AF ▁wings ; ▁he ▁flew ▁his ▁aer opl ane ▁over ▁his ▁family ' s ▁house , ▁but ▁the ▁plane ▁went ▁out ▁of ▁control ▁and ▁crashed ▁in ▁flames ▁right ▁before ▁the ▁ob servers ' ▁eyes . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁illness ▁forced ▁Sab at ini ▁to ▁slow ▁his ▁pro l ific ▁method ▁of ▁composition , ▁though ▁he ▁did ▁write ▁several ▁works ▁during ▁that ▁time . ▁ ▁Sab at ini ▁died ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁February ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁Ad el b oden , ▁Switzerland . ▁On ▁his ▁head stone ▁his ▁wife ▁had ▁written , ▁" He ▁was ▁born ▁with ▁a ▁gift ▁of ▁laughter ▁and ▁a ▁sense ▁that ▁the ▁world ▁was ▁mad ", ▁the ▁first ▁line ▁of ▁Sc aram ou che . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Series ▁ ▁Sc aram ou che ▁ ▁Sc aram ou che ▁( 1 9 2 1 ), ▁a ▁tale ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁f ug itive ▁h ides ▁out ▁in ▁a ▁comm edia ▁dell ' arte |
▁trou pe ▁and ▁later ▁becomes ▁a ▁f encing ▁master . ▁ ▁Sc aram ou che ▁the ▁King - M aker ▁( 1 9 3 1 ), ▁Sab at ini ▁wrote ▁this ▁sequ el ▁after ▁ten ▁years . ▁ ▁Captain ▁Blood ▁ ▁T ales ▁of ▁the ▁Bre th ren ▁of ▁the ▁Main ▁( a ▁series ▁of ▁short ▁stories ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁Premier ▁Magazine ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 0 – 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ ▁Captain ▁Blood ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Captain ▁Blood : ▁His ▁Od ys sey , ▁ 1 9 2 2 ), ▁ ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁title ▁character ▁esc apes ▁from ▁un just ▁slavery ▁to ▁become ▁adm iral ▁of ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁pir ate ▁ships . ▁ ▁Captain ▁Blood ▁Returns ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Chron icles ▁of ▁Captain ▁Blood , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Captain ▁Blood ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Nov els ▁ ▁The ▁Lo vers ▁of ▁Y v onne ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Su itors ▁of ▁Y v onne , ▁ 1 9 0 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁T aver n ▁Knight ▁( 1 9 0 4 ) ▁ ▁B ard ely s ▁the ▁Magn ific ent ▁( 1 9 0 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Tr am pling ▁of ▁the ▁Lil ies ▁( 1 9 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Love - At - Ar ms : ▁Being ▁a ▁narrative ▁ex cer pt ed ▁from ▁the ▁chron icles ▁of ▁U rb ino ▁during ▁the ▁domin ion ▁of ▁the |
▁High ▁and ▁Might y ▁Mess er ▁Gu id obal do ▁da ▁Monte f elt ro ▁( 1 9 0 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Sh ame ▁of ▁Mot ley ▁( 1 9 0 8 ) ▁ ▁St . ▁Martin ' s ▁Summer ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Queen ' s ▁Mess enger , ▁ 1 9 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Mist ress ▁Wild ing ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Anthony ▁Wild ing , ▁ 1 9 1 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Lion ' s ▁Sk in ▁( 1 9 1 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁St rolling ▁Saint ▁( 1 9 1 3 ) ▁ ▁The ▁G ates ▁of ▁Do om ▁( 1 9 1 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Sea ▁Haw k ▁( 1 9 1 5 ), ▁a ▁tale ▁of ▁an ▁Elizabeth an ▁English man ▁among ▁the ▁pir ates ▁of ▁the ▁Barb ary ▁Coast . ▁ ▁The ▁Sn are ▁( 1 9 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Fort une ' s ▁F ool ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Carol inian ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁ ▁Bell ar ion ▁the ▁Fort unate ▁( 1 9 2 6 ), ▁about ▁a ▁c unning ▁young ▁man ▁who ▁finds ▁himself ▁imm ers ed ▁in ▁the ▁politics ▁of ▁fif teenth - century ▁Italy . ▁ ▁The ▁Nu pt ials ▁of ▁Cor bal ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁H ounds ▁of ▁God ▁( 1 9 2 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Rom antic ▁Prince ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Re aping ▁( |
1 9 2 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁King ' s ▁Min ion ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Min ion , ▁ 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Black ▁Sw an ▁( 1 9 3 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁St alk ing ▁Horse ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁ ▁Ven et ian ▁Mas que ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Ch ival ry ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Lost ▁King ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁S word ▁of ▁Islam ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Mar quis ▁of ▁Car ab as ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Master - At - Ar ms , ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Columb us ▁( 1 9 4 1 ) ▁ ▁King ▁in ▁Pr ussia ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Birth ▁of ▁M isch ief , ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Games ter ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Collections ▁ ▁The ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Duke ▁( 1 9 1 2 ) ▁The ▁Hon our ▁of ▁Var ano ▁ ▁The ▁Test ▁Ferr ante ' s ▁jest ▁ ▁G ism ond i ' s ▁wage ▁ ▁The ▁Sn are ▁ ▁The ▁L ust ▁of ▁Con quest ▁ ▁The ▁pas quin ade ▁ ▁The ▁B anner ▁of ▁the ▁Bull ▁( 1 9 1 5 ) ▁ ▁T urb ulent ▁T ales ▁( 1 9 4 6 ) ▁ ▁Post hum ous ▁collections ▁ ▁S aga ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁( om n ib us ▁compr |
ising ▁The ▁Sea ▁Haw k , ▁The ▁Black ▁Sw an ▁and ▁Captain ▁Blood , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ ▁S inner , ▁Saint ▁And ▁Jes ter : ▁A ▁Tr il ogy ▁in ▁Rom antic ▁Advent ure ▁( om n ib us ▁compr ising ▁The ▁Sn are , ▁The ▁St rolling ▁Saint ▁and ▁The ▁Sh ame ▁of ▁Mot ley , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Shadow ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ill ot ine ▁( om n ib us ▁compr ising ▁Sc aram ou che , ▁The ▁Mar quis ▁of ▁Car ab as ▁and ▁The ▁Lost ▁King , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Fair ▁Head ▁of ▁Ang ling ▁Stories ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Cas an ova ▁and ▁Other ▁Stories ▁( 1 9 9 4 , ▁stories ▁originally ▁published ▁ 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 2 1 ▁& ▁ 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Out l aws ▁of ▁F alk en ste ig ▁( 2 0 0 0 , ▁stories ▁originally ▁published ▁ 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 0 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Cam is ade : ▁And ▁Other ▁Stories ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ▁( 2 0 0 1 , ▁stories ▁originally ▁published ▁ 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁the ▁S word ▁and ▁Other ▁Myst eries , ▁ed . ▁Jesse ▁Knight ▁( C ri ppen ▁& ▁Land ru , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , |
▁stories ▁originally ▁published ▁ 1 8 9 8 - 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Pl ays ▁ ▁B ard ely s ▁the ▁Magn ific ent ▁( with ▁Henry ▁Hamilton ) ▁ ▁F ug it ives ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Sn are ▁( with ▁Leon ▁M . ▁Lion ) ▁ ▁Sc aram ou che ▁ ▁The ▁R att les n ake ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Carol inian , ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁with ▁J . ▁E . ▁Harold ▁Terry ) ▁▁ ▁The ▁T yr ant : ▁An ▁Episode ▁in ▁the ▁Career ▁of ▁Ces are ▁B org ia , ▁a ▁Play ▁in ▁Four ▁Act s ▁( 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ ▁Anth ologies ▁edited ▁ ▁A ▁Century ▁of ▁Sea ▁Stories ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Century ▁of ▁Historical ▁Stories ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Non f iction ▁ ▁The ▁Life ▁of ▁Ces are ▁B org ia ▁( 1 9 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Tor qu em ada ▁and ▁the ▁Spanish ▁In quis ition : ▁A ▁History ▁( 1 9 1 3 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Historical ▁N ights ' ▁Entertainment ▁( 1 9 1 7 ) ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁Holy ro od ▁— ▁The ▁Mur der ▁of ▁David ▁R izz io ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁Kirk ▁O ' Field ▁— ▁The ▁Mur der ▁of ▁D arn ley ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁Ber tr ay al ▁— ▁Antonio ▁Pere z ▁and ▁Philip ▁II ▁of ▁Spain ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁Char ity ▁— ▁The ▁Case ▁Of ▁The ▁Lady ▁Alice ▁Lis le ▁The |
▁night ▁of ▁Mass acre ▁— ▁The ▁Story ▁Of ▁The ▁Saint ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁W itch craft ▁— ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁and ▁Mad ame ▁De ▁Mont es pan ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁G ems ▁— ▁The ▁" Aff airs " ▁Of ▁The ▁Queen ' s ▁Ne ck lace ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁T error ▁— ▁The ▁D rown ings ▁At ▁N antes ▁Under ▁Car rier ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁Nu pt ials ▁— ▁Charles ▁The ▁B old ▁And ▁S ap ph ira ▁Dan velt ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁Str ang lers ▁— ▁G ov anna ▁Of ▁Nap les ▁And ▁Andre as ▁Of ▁Hung ary ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁H ate ▁— ▁The ▁Mur der ▁Of ▁The ▁Duke ▁Of ▁Gand ia ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁E scape ▁— ▁Cas an ova ' s ▁E scape ▁From ▁The ▁Pi omb i ▁The ▁night ▁of ▁Mas quer ade ▁— ▁The ▁Ass ass ination ▁Of ▁Gust av us ▁III ▁Of ▁Sweden ▁ ▁The ▁Historical ▁N ights ' ▁Entertainment ▁– ▁Series ▁ 2 ▁( 1 9 1 9 ) ▁The ▁abs olution ▁— ▁Aff onso ▁Henri ques , ▁first ▁king ▁of ▁Portugal ▁The ▁false ▁Dem et ri us ▁— ▁Bor is ▁God un ov ▁and ▁the ▁pret ended ▁son ▁of ▁Ivan ▁the ▁Ter rible ▁The ▁her m osa ▁fem bra ▁— ▁an ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁In quis ition ▁in ▁Sev ille ▁The ▁pas try - cook ▁of ▁Mad rig al ▁— ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁false ▁Sebastian ▁of ▁Portugal ▁ ▁The ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁" vert ▁gal ant " ▁— ▁the |
▁assass ination ▁of ▁Henry ▁IV ▁ ▁The ▁bar ren ▁w oo ing ▁— ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁Amy ▁Rob s art ▁ ▁Sir ▁Jud as ▁— ▁the ▁betray al ▁of ▁Sir ▁Walter ▁R ale igh ▁ ▁His ▁Ins olence ▁of ▁Buck ingham ▁— ▁George ▁Vill iers ' ▁court ship ▁of ▁Anne ▁of ▁Austria ▁ ▁The ▁path ▁of ▁ex ile ▁— ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Lord ▁Cl are nd on ▁ ▁The ▁tragedy ▁of ▁Her ren hausen ▁— ▁Count ▁Philip ▁König sm ark ▁and ▁the ▁Princess ▁Soph ia ▁Dor othe a ▁ ▁The ▁t yr ann icide ▁— ▁Charlotte ▁Cord ay ▁and ▁Jean ▁Paul ▁Mar at ▁The ▁Historical ▁N ights ' ▁Entertainment ▁– ▁Series ▁ 3 ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁king ' s ▁conscience ▁— ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁and ▁Anne ▁B ole yn ▁ ▁Jane ▁the ▁queen ▁— ▁The ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁Grey ▁ ▁The ▁' cro oked ▁car case ' ▁— ▁ ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁and ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Es sex ▁ ▁The ▁for bidden ▁fruit ▁— ▁ ▁The ▁Mar riage ▁of ▁the ▁Lady ▁Arab ella ▁Stuart ▁ ▁The ▁merchant ' s ▁daughter ▁ ▁— ▁Catherine ▁de ' ▁Med ici ▁and ▁the ▁Gu ises ▁ ▁The ▁king ▁of ▁Paris ▁— ▁ ▁The ▁Ass ass ination ▁of ▁Henri ▁de ▁Gu ise ▁ ▁The ▁tragedy ▁of ▁Mad ame ▁ ▁— ▁The ▁End ▁of ▁Henri ette ▁d ' Angle ter re ▁ ▁The ▁vag ab ond ▁queen ▁— ▁ ▁Christ ine ▁of ▁Sweden ▁and ▁the ▁Mur der ▁of ▁Mon al des chi ▁ ▁The ▁queen ' s |
▁g amb it ▁ ▁— ▁Maria - T her esa ▁and ▁the ▁E lector ▁of ▁B av aria ▁ ▁The ▁secret ▁advers ary ▁ ▁— ▁The ▁R ise ▁and ▁Fall ▁of ▁Johann ▁Freder ich ▁Str u ense e ▁ ▁Mad am ▁Resource ful ▁ ▁— ▁Catherine ▁of ▁Russia ▁and ▁P oni at owski ▁ ▁The ▁vict or ▁of ▁vend ém ia ire ▁— ▁Barr as ' ▁ ▁Account ▁of ▁Bon ap arte ' s ▁Court ship ▁of ▁La ▁Mont ans ier ▁ ▁Hero ic ▁L ives ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Raf ael S ab at ini . com ▁▁ ▁a ▁chron ology ▁of ▁events ▁in ▁Sab at ini ' s ▁works ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁I esi ▁Category : It al ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Italian ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : B rit ish ▁historical ▁novel ists ▁Category : It al ian ▁historical ▁novel ists ▁Category : English ▁people ▁of ▁Italian ▁descent ▁Category : N aut ical ▁historical ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁novel ists ▁Category : P ulp ▁fiction ▁writers ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : It al ian ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : Writ ers ▁of ▁historical ▁novels ▁set ▁in ▁Early ▁Modern ▁period <0x0A> |
</s> ▁L eth am ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁in ▁F ife , ▁Scotland , ▁located ▁just ▁off ▁the ▁A 9 2 , ▁around ▁ 5 ▁miles ▁from ▁Cup ar . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Census , ▁L eth am ▁has ▁ 1 3 8 ▁residents , ▁although ▁this ▁has ▁without ▁a ▁doubt ▁increased ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁years . ▁ ▁Its ▁school , ▁L eth am ▁Primary ▁School , ▁educ ates ▁around ▁ 4 0 ▁pup ils , ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 5 ▁and ▁ 1 2 . ▁The ▁school ▁building ▁itself ▁is ▁over ▁ 1 3 0 ▁years ▁old , ▁and ▁built ▁mainly ▁from ▁sand stone ▁which ▁was ▁quar ried ▁only ▁ 2 0 0 ▁metres ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁school . ▁ ▁C un no qu h ie ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁late ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁classical ▁m ansion ▁located ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁L eth am . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁for ▁George ▁Pat erson ▁of ▁C un no qu h ie , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁category ▁A ▁listed ▁building . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁L eth am ▁village ▁website ▁Scottish ▁Census ▁Results ▁On Line ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Bow ▁of ▁F ife , ▁Coll ess ie ▁& ▁L eth am ▁web ▁portal ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁F ife <0x0A> </s> ▁M / V ▁Mal asp ina , ▁col lo qu ially ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Mal , ▁is ▁a ▁main line ▁R OP AX ▁fer ry ▁and ▁the ▁original ▁Mal asp ina - class |
▁vessel ▁for ▁the ▁Alaska ▁Marine ▁Highway ▁System . ▁Mal asp ina ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Mal asp ina ▁Gl ac ier , ▁which , ▁in ▁turn , ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Captain ▁Don ▁Al ess andro ▁Mal asp ina , ▁Italian ▁nav igator ▁and ▁expl orer ▁who ▁explored ▁the ▁north west ▁coast ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 1 . ▁Mal asp ina ▁is ▁nearly ▁identical ▁to ▁her ▁sister ▁ship , ▁M / V ▁Mat an us ka . ▁ ▁Mal asp ina ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Philip ▁F . ▁Sp aul ding ▁ ▁& ▁Associ ates , ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁at ▁the ▁Lock he ed ▁Ship building ▁yards ▁in ▁Seattle , ▁Washington ▁and ▁el ong ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁at ▁the ▁Will am ette ▁Iron ▁and ▁Steel ▁Company ▁in ▁Portland , ▁Oregon . ▁As ▁a ▁main line ▁fer ry , ▁she ▁serves ▁the ▁larger ▁of ▁the ▁Inside ▁Pass age ▁communities , ▁such ▁as ▁K etch ikan , ▁Peters burg , ▁and ▁S it ka , ▁but ▁her ▁route ▁sp ans ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁the ▁Inside ▁Pass age , ▁beginning ▁runs ▁in ▁either ▁B elling ham , ▁Washington , ▁or ▁Prince ▁Ru pert , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada , ▁and ▁running ▁to ▁the ▁northern most ▁Al ask an ▁Pan handle ▁community ▁of ▁Sk ag way . ▁Since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Mal asp ina ▁has ▁operated ▁mostly ▁during ▁the ▁summer ▁months ▁as ▁a ▁" day boat " ▁in ▁the ▁upper |
▁Lyn n ▁Canal , ▁making ▁daily ▁round ▁trips ▁between ▁June au ▁and ▁Sk ag way ▁with ▁stops ▁in ▁H aines , ▁Alaska . ▁ ▁Mal asp ina ' s ▁amen ities ▁include ▁a ▁hot - food ▁caf eter ia ; ▁a ▁sol arium ; ▁forward , ▁a ft , ▁movie , ▁and ▁business ▁lou ng es ; ▁ 5 4 ▁four - ber th ▁cab ins ; ▁and ▁ 2 9 ▁two - ber th ▁cab ins . ▁She ▁formerly ▁had ▁a ▁gift ▁shop , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁as ▁a ▁cost - s aving ▁measure . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Mal asp ina ▁Ex ped ition ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Alaska ▁Marine ▁Highway ▁System ▁website ▁ ▁M V ▁Mal asp ina ▁ ▁Category : Al aska ▁Marine ▁Highway ▁System ▁vessels ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁ships ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁by ▁Lock he ed ▁Ship building ▁and ▁Construction ▁Company <0x0A> </s> ▁Samuel ▁Rich ards ▁Hotel , ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁M ays ▁Land ing ▁section ▁of ▁Hamilton ▁Township , ▁Atlantic ▁County , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁and ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁list ings ▁in ▁Atlantic ▁County , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : H amil ton ▁Township , ▁Atlantic |
▁County , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : Com mercial ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : Hot el ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Atlantic ▁County , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Atlantic ▁County , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : New ▁Jersey ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces <0x0A> </s> ▁Alfred ▁Be au ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Mor la ix ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 ▁and ▁died ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁painter , ▁cer amic ist ▁and ▁photographer . ▁ ▁Biography ▁▁ ▁Enc our aged ▁to ▁study ▁design ▁and ▁painting ▁( water - col our ), ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁design ▁course ▁run ▁by ▁Pro s per ▁Saint - G erm ain ▁in ▁Mor la ix ▁and ▁then ▁set ▁up ▁as ▁a ▁photographer . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁he ▁married ▁Ad ah - A na ▁Sou vest re , ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁Mor la ix ▁writer ▁É mile ▁Sou vest re ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁N an ine ▁Sou vest re - P ap ot , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁writer . ▁Com ing ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁cer am ist ▁Michel ▁Bou quet , ▁and ▁his ▁interest ▁in ▁cer am ics ▁rev iving ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Empire , ▁he ▁started ▁painting ▁on ▁pot tery ▁producing ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁plates ▁decorated ▁with ▁genre ▁scenes ▁of ▁Bre ton ▁life |
, ▁flowers ▁and ▁historic ▁port ra its . ▁After ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁when ▁he ▁had ▁failed ▁to ▁secure ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁" F a ï enc erie ▁H B - Hen ri ot ▁Qu imper " ▁pot tery , ▁because ▁Be au ▁insisted ▁on ▁signing ▁his ▁work , ▁he ▁was ▁backed ▁by ▁the ▁wid ow ▁of ▁Ad ol p he ▁Por quier ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁artistic ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Por quier ▁pot tery ▁and ▁in ▁time ▁this ▁became ▁Por quier - Be au ▁and ▁their ▁pieces ▁were ▁marked ▁" PB ". ▁ ▁Be au ▁exhib ited ▁his ▁work ▁both ▁at ▁the ▁Sal ons ▁and ▁the ▁large ▁" Ex pos itions ▁univers elles ", ▁in ▁particular ▁at ▁the ▁Universal ▁Exhib ition ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁where ▁he ▁earned ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁for ▁his ▁cer amic ▁viol on c ello . ▁As ▁his ▁work ▁began ▁to ▁rev ital ize ▁the ▁cer amic ▁industry ▁in ▁Qu imper ▁and ▁other ▁pot ter ies ▁began ▁to ▁copy ▁his ▁style . ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁saw ▁Be au ▁made ▁" con serv ateur " ▁at ▁Qu imper ' s ▁mus ée ▁des ▁be aux - arts . ▁He ▁encouraged ▁the ▁museum ▁to ▁build ▁up ▁their ▁collection ▁of ▁Bre ton ▁art ▁and ▁he ▁contributed ▁to ▁this ▁collection ▁a ▁di or ama ▁dep ict ing ▁a ▁Bre ton ▁wedding ▁with ▁some ▁forty ▁four ▁man ne qu ins ▁emerging ▁from ▁the ▁chap el ▁all ▁dressed ▁in ▁Bre ton ▁costume . ▁ ▁He ▁struck ▁up ▁a ▁friendship |
▁with ▁Joseph ▁Ast or , ▁the ▁then ▁mayor ▁of ▁Qu imper , ▁and ▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁Man oir ▁de ▁Ker az an ▁in ▁ ▁Lo ct ud y , ▁which ▁he ▁furn ished ▁with ▁works ▁of ▁art . ▁Ast or ' s ▁son , ▁ ▁Joseph - Ge org es ▁Ast or , ▁commissioned ▁Be au ▁to ▁cur ate ▁and ▁complete ▁his ▁father ' s ▁collection , ▁and ▁the ▁Man oir ▁de ▁Ker az an ▁contains ▁many ▁of ▁Be au ' s ▁works . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Several ▁of ▁Be au ' s ▁works ▁are ▁conserv ed ▁in ▁Br itt any , ▁These ▁include ▁: - ▁▁ ▁" Vi ol on c elle ". ▁This ▁cer amic ▁piece , ▁for ▁which ▁Be au ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁Paris ▁" Ex position ▁univers elle " ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Lo ct ud y ▁Man oir ▁de ▁Ker az an . ▁ ▁" Le ▁premier ▁bon hom me ". ▁ ▁This ▁oil ▁on ▁canvas ▁painting ▁dating ▁to ▁around ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Saint - B rie uc ▁Mus ée ▁d ' art ▁et ▁d ' histoire . ▁ ▁"' Un ▁amateur ▁de ▁fa ï ence ▁: ▁portrait ▁de ▁M . F ". ▁A ▁painting ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁H eld ▁in ▁Qu imper ' s ▁Mus ée ▁des ▁be aux - arts . ▁ ▁His ▁tomb ▁Alfred ▁Be au ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁Qu imper ' s |
▁C imet ière ▁Saint - M arc . ▁His ▁tomb ▁is ▁decorated ▁with ▁a ▁relief ▁dep ict ing ▁an ▁artist ' s ▁pal ette ▁and ▁a ▁med all ion ▁of ▁Be au ▁by ▁the ▁sculpt or ▁H ector ▁Lem aire . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Mor la ix ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁French ▁pain ters ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : B re ton ▁art ▁Category : F rench ▁photograph ers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁male ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁Ann f inn ▁L und ▁( 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁civil ▁servant ▁and ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Labour ▁Party . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁L ek a , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁cand . j ur . ▁by ▁education . ▁He ▁was ▁employed ▁at ▁the ▁Development ▁Fund ▁for ▁Northern ▁Norway , ▁the ▁predecess or ▁of ▁the ▁Regional ▁Development ▁Fund , ▁the ▁Industrial ▁and ▁Regional ▁Development ▁Fund ▁and ▁Innov ation ▁Norway , ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁deputy ▁director ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁state ▁secretary ▁in ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Local ▁Government ▁and ▁Labour ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁cabinet ▁Br att eli . ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 |
8 0 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁state ▁secretary ▁in ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Communications , ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁County ▁Governor ▁of ▁H ed mark . ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁deputy ▁under - secret ary ▁of ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Local ▁Government ▁and ▁Labour . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁L ek a , ▁Norway ▁Category : L ab our ▁Party ▁( N or way ) ▁politicians ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁civil ▁servants ▁Category : Count y ▁Govern ors ▁of ▁Norway ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁state ▁secret aries ▁Category : In nov ation ▁Norway ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Bangl adesh ▁Insurance ▁Academy ▁( B IA ), ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁public ▁training ▁inst itute ▁im part ing ▁insurance ▁training ▁and ▁education ▁for ▁the ▁insurance ▁professionals ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁academ y ▁is ▁v ested ▁in ▁a ▁board ▁formed ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁The ▁academ y ▁also ▁provides ▁tail or - made ▁insurance ▁training ▁for ▁the ▁insurance ▁operators ▁in ▁Bangl adesh . ▁Additionally ▁it ▁organ izes ▁custom ized ▁training ▁sessions , ▁sem in ars , ▁sym pos ium s ▁and ▁con ferences ▁on ▁issues ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁insurance ▁sector ▁of ▁Bangl adesh . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁the |
▁year ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁the ▁Academy ▁came ▁into ▁being ▁through ▁a ▁government ▁resolution . ▁It ▁currently ▁functions ▁as ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁body ▁under ▁the ▁administrative ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Finance . ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁are ▁drawn ▁from ▁concerned ▁minist ries , ▁regulatory ▁authorities , ▁state ▁insurance ▁corporations , ▁private ▁insurance ▁companies , ▁Bangl adesh ▁insurance ▁association , ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁D h aka . ▁ ▁Main ▁area ▁of ▁activities ▁ ▁Every ▁year ▁Bangl adesh ▁Insurance ▁Academy ▁conduct s ▁different ▁courses ▁on ▁insurance ▁affairs ▁leading ▁to ▁Di pl oma . ▁It ▁offers ▁professional ▁di pl oma ▁in ▁life ▁and ▁non - life ▁Insurance . ▁The ▁Academy ▁is ▁also ▁working ▁as ▁overseas ▁examination ▁centers ▁of ▁some ▁foreign ▁insurance ▁inst itutes ▁including ▁Act uar ial ▁Society ▁of ▁India ▁( AS I ), ▁and ▁Ch arter ed ▁Insurance ▁Institute ▁( C II ), ▁London ). ▁The ▁prime ▁roles ▁centers ▁round ▁creating ▁professional ▁ins urers ▁in ▁Bangl adesh . ▁Qu ite ▁recently ▁the ▁academ y ▁has ▁started ▁offering ▁B IA ▁Di pl oma ▁online ▁counsel ing ▁classes , ▁which ▁are ▁usually ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁evening ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁existing ▁employees ▁of ▁the ▁insurance ▁sector ▁can ▁take ▁part ▁using ▁computer ▁and / or ▁mobile ▁devices . ▁The ▁academ y ▁also ▁offers ▁a ▁tail ored - made ▁training ▁program ▁for ▁the ▁insurance ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Throughout ▁the ▁year , ▁Bangl adesh ▁Insurance ▁Academy ▁conduct s ▁training ▁program ▁across ▁the ▁country , ▁particularly ▁in ▁the ▁divis ional ▁cities ▁of ▁Bangl adesh . ▁ ▁International |
▁affili ation ▁ ▁Bangl adesh ▁Insurance ▁Academy ▁has ▁the ▁affili ation ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁institutions : ▁ ▁the ▁Ch arter ed ▁Insurance ▁Institute ▁( C II ) ▁ ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁Insurance ▁Institute ▁( M II ) ▁ ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Act u aries ▁of ▁India ▁( IA I ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Official ▁Website ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁Insurance ▁Academy ▁ ▁Category : E duc ation ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Category : Fin ancial ▁services ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Category : Ins urance ▁schools ▁Category : Ins urance ▁companies ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁Category : G overn ment ▁agencies ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Bangl adesh ▁Category : E duc ation ▁in ▁D h aka <0x0A> </s> ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 - 2 : SL ▁is ▁the ▁entry ▁for ▁Sierra ▁Le one ▁in ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 - 2 , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 ▁standard ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Organization ▁for ▁Standard ization ▁( ISO ), ▁which ▁defines ▁codes ▁for ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁principal ▁sub div isions ▁( e . g ., ▁provin ces ▁or ▁states ) ▁of ▁all ▁countries ▁c oded ▁in ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 - 1 . ▁ ▁Currently ▁for ▁Sierra ▁Le one , ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 - 2 ▁codes ▁are ▁defined ▁for ▁ 1 ▁area ▁and ▁ 4 ▁provin ces . ▁The ▁Western ▁Area |
▁contains ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁Fre et own ▁and ▁has ▁special ▁status ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁provin ces . ▁ ▁Each ▁code ▁consists ▁of ▁two ▁parts , ▁separated ▁by ▁a ▁hyp hen . ▁The ▁first ▁part ▁is ▁, ▁the ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 - 1 ▁alpha - 2 ▁code ▁of ▁Sierra ▁Le one . ▁The ▁second ▁part ▁is ▁a ▁letter . ▁ ▁Current ▁codes ▁Sub div ision ▁names ▁are ▁listed ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 - 2 ▁standard ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 ▁Main tenance ▁Agency ▁( ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 / MA ). ▁ ▁Click ▁on ▁the ▁button ▁in ▁the ▁header ▁to ▁sort ▁each ▁column . ▁ ▁Changes ▁The ▁following ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁entry ▁are ▁listed ▁on ▁ISO ' s ▁online ▁c atalogue , ▁the ▁Online ▁B rows ing ▁Platform : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Sub div isions ▁of ▁Sierra ▁Le one ▁ ▁F IPS ▁region ▁codes ▁of ▁Sierra ▁Le one ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁ISO ▁Online ▁B rows ing ▁Platform : ▁SL ▁ ▁Prov in ces ▁of ▁Sierra ▁Le one , ▁Stat oids . com ▁▁ 2 : SL ▁* ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 - 2 ▁Category : S ierra ▁Le one ▁ge ography - related ▁lists ▁Category : Sub div isions ▁of ▁Sierra ▁Le one <0x0A> </s> ▁B é o á ed ▁mac ▁O cl á in ▁was ▁b ishop ▁of ▁Ar d car ne ▁( Ar d ▁C arna ), ▁County ▁Ros common . |
▁ ▁B é o á ed ▁was ▁b ishop ▁of ▁Ar d ▁C arna ▁in ▁Ma igh ▁n A i ▁( now ▁Ar d car ne , ▁four ▁miles ▁due ▁east ▁of ▁Boy le , ▁County ▁Ros common . ▁He ▁is ▁patron ▁saint ▁of ▁Ar dc arn , ▁and ▁his ▁fe ast ▁is ▁celebrated ▁on ▁ 8 ▁March . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Saint ▁Ca ill in . ▁ ▁The ▁poem ▁Im ar ca igh ▁su nd ▁ar ▁g ach ▁sa í ▁says ▁of ▁him ▁/ that ▁loss ▁was ▁like ▁a ▁fierce ▁loud ▁noise ▁[ ? ]. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁May o ▁to ▁the ▁Close ▁of ▁the ▁Six teenth ▁Century , ▁Hub ert ▁T . ▁Kn ox , ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁p . 2 4 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . ucc . ie / c elt / Im ar ca igh . pdf ▁ ▁http :// www . c ush nie ent . force 9 . co . uk / C elt ic E ra / S aints / s aints _ don an . ht m ▁ ▁Category : Pre - di oc es an ▁b ish ops ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : Med ieval ▁s aints ▁of ▁Con n acht ▁Category : 6 th - century ▁Irish ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁County ▁Ros common ▁Category : 5 1 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁V og ther r ▁is ▁a ▁surn ame . |
▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁include : ▁ ▁Christ oph ▁V og ther r ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁German ▁art ▁historian ▁Ernest ▁George ▁Frederick ▁V og ther r ▁( 1 8 9 8 – 1 9 7 3 ), ▁New ▁Zealand ▁b acon ▁cur er , ▁business man ▁and ▁art ▁col lector ▁Heinrich ▁V og ther r ▁( 1 4 9 0 – 1 5 5 6 ), ▁Aust rian ▁artist , ▁printer , ▁poet ▁and ▁writer <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar ist ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁co - educ ational ▁college ▁prepar atory ▁secondary ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁Bay onne , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Mar ist ▁Brothers ▁of ▁the ▁Schools , ▁an ▁international ▁religious ▁congreg ation ▁of ▁educ ators ▁with ▁schools ▁in ▁over ▁ 7 0 ▁countries . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁New ark . ▁The ▁school ▁has ▁been ▁acc red ited ▁by ▁the ▁Middle ▁States ▁Association ▁of ▁Col leg es ▁and ▁Schools ▁Commission ▁on ▁Second ary ▁Schools ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 - 1 6 ▁school ▁year , ▁the ▁school ▁had ▁an ▁en rollment ▁of ▁ 3 0 9 ▁students ▁and ▁ 2 4 . 0 ▁classroom ▁teachers ▁( on ▁an ▁F TE ▁basis ), ▁for ▁a ▁student – te acher ▁ratio ▁of ▁ 1 2 . 9 : 1 . ▁The ▁school ' s ▁student ▁body ▁was ▁ |
3 5 . 4 % ▁Black , ▁ 2 4 . 5 % ▁White , ▁ 1 9 . 7 % ▁Asian , ▁ 1 3 . 9 % ▁His panic , ▁ 1 . 0 % ▁Native ▁Hawai ian ▁/ ▁Pacific ▁Island er ▁and ▁ 5 . 5 % ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁announced ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁close ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 - 2 0 ▁school ▁year ▁due ▁to ▁def ic its ▁that ▁had ▁ris en ▁to ▁$ 1 ▁million ▁and ▁en rollment ▁that ▁had ▁declined ▁by ▁ 5 0 % ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁History ▁Mar ist ▁opened ▁its ▁doors ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁with ▁Brother ▁Leo ▁Sylv ius ▁serving ▁as ▁the ▁school ' s ▁first ▁principal . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁the ▁present ▁campus ▁was ▁acquired ▁to ▁accommodate ▁the ▁school ' s ▁growth ▁after ▁negotiations ▁led ▁by ▁Brother ▁Leo ▁to ▁acquire ▁land ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Bay onne , ▁and ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁ground ▁was ▁broken ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁building ▁which ▁would ▁tie ▁together ▁existing ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁campus . ▁A ▁modern ▁structure ▁was ▁constructed ▁with ▁ 2 4 ▁class rooms , ▁lecture ▁rooms ▁and ▁labor ator ies ▁for ▁physics , ▁chemistry , ▁bi ology ▁and ▁earth ▁science , ▁an ▁art ▁studio , ▁a ▁computer ▁center , ▁and ▁a ▁weight ▁room . |
▁A ▁library ▁with ▁a ▁complete ▁audio - vis ual ▁department , ▁a ▁guidance ▁complex ▁with ▁a ▁career ▁resource ▁center , ▁together ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁gym nas ium - aud itor ium ▁complex ▁and ▁caf eter ia ▁were ▁also ▁included ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁school ▁building . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁additional ▁land ▁was ▁acquired ▁for ▁expanding ▁the ▁school ' s ▁athlet ic ▁facilities . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁an ▁athlet ic ▁field ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁school . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁Mar ist ▁began ▁adm itting ▁women ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁co - educ ational ▁high ▁school . ▁Students ▁from ▁throughout ▁Hudson ▁and ▁Es sex ▁count ies ▁and ▁the ▁surrounding ▁met ropolitan ▁area ▁attend ▁the ▁school . ▁Mar ist ▁is ▁established ▁primarily ▁for ▁Catholic ▁students . ▁ ▁Athlet ics ▁The ▁Mar ist ▁High ▁School ▁Royal ▁Kn ights ▁/ ▁Lady ▁Kn ights ▁compete ▁in ▁the ▁Hudson ▁County ▁In ters ch ol astic ▁League , ▁which ▁includes ▁private ▁and ▁par och ial ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Hudson ▁County , ▁operating ▁operates ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁State ▁In ters ch ol astic ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁( N J SI AA ). ▁ ▁The ▁football ▁team ▁won ▁the ▁N J SI AA ▁Non - Public ▁Group ▁III ▁state ▁section al ▁championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁led ▁by ▁coach ▁Gene ▁P ag no z zi . ▁The ▁football ▁team ▁won ▁three ▁consecutive ▁county ▁championship s ▁from ▁ 1 9 |
9 1 – 9 3 ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁four ▁straight ▁section al ▁championship s ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 - 9 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁girls ' ▁basketball ▁team ▁won ▁the ▁Non - Public ▁Group ▁B ▁state ▁championship , ▁defe ating ▁Sac red ▁Heart ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁the ▁tournament ▁final . ▁The ▁boys ' ▁basketball ▁team ▁won ▁the ▁Non - Public ▁Group ▁B ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁vs . ▁Bishop ▁E ust ace ▁Pre par atory ▁School . ▁ ▁In ▁boys ' ▁basketball ▁Mike ▁Leon ardo , ▁had ▁a ▁ 2 0 9 - 4 6 ▁record ; ▁ 2 0 ▁players ▁under ▁Leon ardo ▁received ▁a ▁Division ▁I ▁scholar ships . ▁During ▁his ▁ 1 9 ▁seasons , ▁girls ▁basketball ▁coach ▁Bill ▁Def az io ▁won ▁four ▁section al ▁titles , ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁coming ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁when ▁the ▁Royal ▁Kn ights ▁defeated ▁Gill ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s ▁School ▁in ▁the ▁Non - Public , ▁North ▁B ▁final . ▁ ▁Ch amp agn at ▁Sch ol ars ▁Program ▁Mar ist ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁Ch amp agn at ▁Sch ol ars ▁Program ▁( C SP ). ▁This ▁program ▁is ▁for ▁very ▁gift ed ▁and ▁academ ically ▁inclined ▁students . ▁Students ▁( in ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁their ▁Fresh man ▁Year ) ▁can ▁obtain ▁college ▁credits ▁by ▁taking ▁Advanced ▁Pl acement ▁classes ▁offered ▁at ▁Mar ist . ▁Currently , ▁there ▁are ▁about ▁ 3 0 ▁students ▁in ▁C SP . ▁ ▁Not able |
▁al umn i ▁ ▁Joe ▁Bor owski ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ), ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Indians . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁B . ▁Cons id ine ▁( born ▁c . ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁former ▁Commission er ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Department ▁of ▁Bank ing ▁and ▁Insurance . ▁ ▁Tony ▁Long o ▁( 1 9 5 8 - 2 0 1 5 ), ▁actor . ▁ ▁George ▁R . ▁R . ▁Martin ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 ), ▁author ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁horror ▁and ▁fantasy ▁works . ▁ ▁Ed ▁Murphy ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 6 ), ▁basketball ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁profession ally ▁in ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Not able ▁faculty ▁ ▁Larry ▁Ar ico ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁former ▁college ▁football ▁head ▁coach . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Mar ist ▁High ▁School ▁Website ▁Mar ist ▁High ▁School , ▁National ▁Center ▁for ▁Education ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : Bay onne , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Category : Mar ist ▁Brothers ▁schools ▁Category : M iddle ▁States ▁Commission ▁on ▁Second ary ▁Schools ▁Category : Private ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Hudson ▁County , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁New ark ▁Category : C ath olic ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey <0x0A> </s> ▁Harold ▁Michael |
▁" M ike " ▁Gray ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁– ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁writer , ▁screen writer , ▁cin emat ographer , ▁film ▁producer ▁and ▁director . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Film ▁and ▁TV ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁Mike ▁Gray ▁and ▁Jim ▁Den nett ▁co - found ed ▁The ▁Film ▁Group , ▁a ▁Chicago ▁film ▁production ▁company . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁the ▁pair ▁along ▁with ▁editor ▁Howard ▁Al k , ▁produced ▁the ▁award - winning ▁ ▁documentary ▁American ▁Revolution ▁ 2 ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁tri o ' s ▁The ▁Mur der ▁of ▁Fred ▁Ham pton ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁The ▁Film ▁Group ▁was ▁also ▁behind ▁the ▁seven ▁part ▁educational ▁series , ▁" U r ban ▁Cris is ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁Mil it ants ", ▁consisting ▁primarily ▁of ▁footage ▁shot ▁during ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁American ▁Revolution ▁ 2 ▁but ▁also ▁includes ▁footage ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Black ▁Pan thers ▁members ▁( including ▁future ▁Congress man ▁Bobby ▁R ush ) ▁and ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁march ▁in ▁ ▁C ic ero , ▁Illinois . ▁This ▁series ▁can ▁be ▁stream ed ▁on ▁Chicago ▁Film ▁Archives ' ▁website ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁After ▁moving ▁to ▁California , ▁Gray ▁shot ▁The ▁G ift ▁( 1 9 7 3 ), ▁a ▁documentary ▁about ▁the ▁life ▁and ▁art ▁of ▁Marc ▁Ch ag all ▁then |
▁co - w rote , ▁with ▁T . ▁S . ▁Cook ▁and ▁James ▁Br idges , ▁the ▁screen play ▁for ▁the ▁nuclear ▁thr iller ▁The ▁China ▁Sy nd rome ▁( 1 9 7 9 ), ▁which ▁film ▁became ▁notable ▁for ▁opening ▁ 1 2 ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁accident ▁ ▁( n uc lear ▁re actor ▁melt down ). ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁and ▁directed ▁W avelength ▁( 1 9 8 3 ), ▁an ▁independent ▁science ▁fiction ▁film ▁star ring ▁ ▁Robert ▁Car rad ine , ▁Cher ie ▁Cur rie , ▁and ▁Ke en an ▁W yn n , ▁with ▁a ▁sound track ▁by ▁T anger ine ▁Dream . ▁ ▁Gray ▁next ▁co - created ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁Star man ▁( 1 9 8 6 – 8 7 ). ▁Following ▁Star man , ▁he ▁became ▁series ▁writer / produ cer ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 8 9 ▁season ▁of ▁Star ▁Tre k : ▁The ▁Next ▁Generation . ▁ ▁Gray ▁was ▁a ▁second ▁unit ▁director ▁on ▁The ▁F ug itive ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁and ▁acted ▁as ▁Sw iz l ard ▁in ▁Chain ▁Re action ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁Gray ▁script ed ▁The ▁Zone ▁and ▁For get ▁About ▁Yes terday ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁working ▁with ▁director ▁Andy ▁Davis ▁and ▁legendary ▁film maker , ▁H ask ell ▁W ex ler ▁on ▁an ▁as ▁yet ▁unt itled ▁documentary . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁The ▁War ning ▁( 1 9 8 2 |
), ▁about ▁the ▁accident ▁at ▁Three ▁M ile ▁Island ▁ ▁Drug ▁C razy : ▁How ▁We ▁Got ▁Into ▁This ▁Mess ▁and ▁How ▁We ▁Can ▁Get ▁Out ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁Ang le ▁of ▁Att ack ▁( 1 9 9 2 ), ▁a ▁bi ography ▁of ▁Harrison ▁Storm s ▁which ▁also ▁details ▁America ' s ▁race ▁to ▁the ▁moon ▁The ▁Death ▁Game : ▁The ▁Luck ▁of ▁the ▁Draw ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁B usted ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁a ▁book ▁about ▁the ▁USA ' s ▁drug ▁war ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Gray ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Indiana ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁P urd ue ▁University ▁with ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁engineering . ▁He ▁later ▁lived ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ▁with ▁his ▁wife , ▁Carol , ▁a ▁reporter ▁for ▁public ▁radio . ▁ ▁His ▁son , ▁Lucas , ▁is ▁a ▁story board ▁artist ▁for ▁The ▁Sim ps ons . ▁ ▁Death ▁Gray ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁desk ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Mike ▁Gray ▁( off icial ▁website ) ▁ ▁Drug ▁C razy ▁( off icial ▁website ) ▁ ▁Film ▁Group ▁Collection , ▁ 1 9 6 6 - 1 9 6 9 ▁ ▁Category : American ▁political ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁R . ▁Thompson ▁( born ▁May ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.