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, ▁most ▁if ▁any ▁migr ants ▁or ▁descend ants ▁of ▁migr ants ▁from ▁modern - day ▁Indonesia ▁were ▁ass imil ated ▁either ▁into ▁the ▁His pan ized ▁Catholic ▁population ▁or ▁the ▁Mor o ▁Muslim ▁population . ▁For ▁a ▁while , ▁the ▁Spanish ▁had ▁tried ▁to ▁colon ize ▁eastern ▁Indonesia , ▁particularly ▁the ▁Mal uk u ▁Islands , ▁sharing ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁Portuguese . ▁In ▁ 1 6 0 6 , ▁the ▁Spanish ▁conqu ered ▁the ▁T ern ate ▁S ultan ate , ▁deport ing ▁the ▁S ultan ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁to ▁Man ila . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁colon ists ▁shared ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁Dutch , ▁and ▁abandoned ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 3 . ▁ ▁Modern - day ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁famous ▁Indones ian ▁national ▁hero ▁and ▁ex - PK I ▁member ▁Tan ▁Mal aka ▁lived ▁in ▁Man ila . ▁There ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁correspond ent ▁of ▁the ▁national ist ▁newspaper ▁El ▁Deb ate , ▁edited ▁by ▁Francisco ▁Var ona . ▁Public ation ▁of ▁Mal aka ' s ▁works , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁second ▁edition ▁of ▁Na ar ▁de ▁Repub lie k ▁Indonesia ▁( De cember ▁ 1 9 2 5 ) ▁and ▁Sem ang at ▁Mo eda ▁( You ng ▁Spirit ; ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁supported ▁by ▁Var ona . ▁There ▁Mal aka ▁also ▁met ▁Mar iano ▁de ▁los ▁Sant os , ▁José ▁Ab ad ▁Sant os , ▁and ▁Cris anto ▁Ev angel ista . ▁
▁Some ▁Indones ians , ▁mostly ▁from ▁S ang irs ▁background , ▁came ▁to ▁Mind ana o ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁sett ling ▁down ▁and ▁married ▁local ▁women . ▁However , ▁the ▁largest ▁infl ux , ▁consisting ▁of ▁fisher men ▁and ▁pet ty ▁traders , ▁began ▁sett ling ▁il leg ally ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁They ▁continue ▁to ▁maintain ▁consciousness ▁of ▁their ▁separate ▁ethnic ▁identity , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁material ▁links ▁with ▁Indonesia . ▁Illegal ▁entry ▁and ▁settlement ▁is ▁easy ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Philippines ' ▁long ▁coast line ▁and ▁ins ufficient ▁personnel ▁in ▁the ▁B order ▁Cross ing ▁Office . ▁More ▁recently , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁fisher men ▁in ▁fact ▁have ▁landing ▁perm its ▁which ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁move ▁freely ▁around ▁the ▁area ▁where ▁their ▁boats ▁are ▁d ocked . ▁ ▁Reg istration , ▁resid ency , ▁and ▁rep atri ation ▁As ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁government ▁had ▁been ▁attempting ▁to ▁get ▁Indones ians ▁to ▁register ▁with ▁the ▁authorities , ▁holding ▁out ▁the ▁possibility ▁that ▁they ▁might ▁be ▁granted ▁citizens hip ▁as ▁an ▁incent ive . ▁However , ▁a ▁survey ▁the ▁next ▁year , ▁which ▁counted ▁ 7 , 2 0 0 ▁Indones ians ▁living ▁il leg ally ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁found ▁that ▁few ▁wanted ▁to ▁be ▁natural ized ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁though ▁they ▁hoped ▁to ▁obtain ▁permanent ▁resid ency ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁regular ize ▁their ▁living ▁situation , ▁while ▁ 3
0 - 3 5 % ▁hoped ▁to ▁be ▁rep atri ated ▁to ▁Indonesia . ▁That ▁survey ▁found ▁the ▁largest ▁community ▁of ▁Indones ians ▁in ▁Sar ang ani ▁province , ▁with ▁others ▁in ▁South ▁Cot ab ato , ▁S ultan ▁K ud ar at , ▁D ava o ▁City , ▁D ava o ▁del ▁N orte , ▁D ava o ▁Ori ental , ▁and ▁North ▁Cot ab ato . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁they ▁planned ▁to ▁deport ▁ 1 , 7 3 8 ▁of ▁them . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁government , ▁al armed ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Indones ian ▁nation als ▁im plicated ▁in ▁recent ▁J ema ah ▁Islam iy ah ▁bomb ings ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁drew ▁up ▁a ▁plan ▁to ▁deport ▁a ▁further ▁ 1 2 , 0 0 0 ▁Indones ians ▁from ▁Mind ana o ; ▁however , ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁the ▁plan ▁st alled ▁due ▁to ▁disag re ements ▁between ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁and ▁Indones ian ▁governments ▁over ▁who ▁would ▁pay ▁for ▁it . ▁Indones ians ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁are ▁often ▁stere ot yp ed ▁as ▁terror ists ▁as ▁a ▁result . ▁ ▁The ▁milit ants ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁be head ings ▁of ▁Christians ▁were ▁also ▁trained ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁government ▁initiated ▁another ▁survey ▁and ▁registration ▁drive ; ▁that ▁one ▁registered ▁ 2 , 4 4 8
▁Philipp ine - born ▁Indones ians , ▁including ▁ 2 4 7 ▁in ▁General ▁Sant os , ▁ 3 7 1 ▁in ▁Gl an - S ar ang ani , ▁ 2 6 5 ▁in ▁D ava o ▁del ▁Sur , ▁ 1 0 8 ▁in ▁D ava o ▁City , ▁ 3 3 9 ▁in ▁Ki amba , ▁T up i ▁and ▁Mal ap atan , ▁another ▁ 2 5 3 ▁in ▁Sar ang ani ▁Island , ▁ 3 4 1 ▁in ▁Is ul an , ▁S ultan ▁K ud ar at ▁and ▁Kid ap aw an , ▁and ▁an ▁additional ▁ 1 5 4 ▁in ▁Sar ang ani ▁and ▁D ava o ▁del ▁Sur . ▁The ▁Indones ian ▁government ▁is ▁also ▁attempting ▁to ▁convince ▁them ▁to ▁register ▁with ▁the ▁local ▁Indones ian ▁cons ulate ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁government , ▁and ▁offered ▁to ▁pay ▁their ▁registration ▁fees ▁for ▁identity ▁documents . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁UN H CR ▁recorded ▁at ▁least ▁ 8 , 7 5 6 ▁registered ▁Indones ians ▁in ▁Mind ana o ▁are ▁at ▁risk ▁of ▁stat eless ness . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁ 6 6 4 ▁stat eless ▁people ▁of ▁Indones ian ▁descent ▁in ▁Mind ana o ▁were ▁granted ▁Philipp ine ▁or ▁Indones ian ▁citizens hip . ▁It ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁joint ▁program ▁between ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁government ▁and ▁Indones ian ▁cons ulate ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁to ▁end ▁stat eless ness ▁for ▁people ▁of ▁Indones ian ▁descent ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁country
. ▁They ▁were ▁given ▁a ▁choice ▁of ▁either ▁Indones ian ▁or ▁Filip ino ▁citizens hip . ▁Of ▁the ▁ 6 6 4 , ▁ 5 3 6 ▁people ▁were ▁confirmed ▁to ▁have ▁become ▁Filip ino ▁citizens , ▁and ▁ 1 2 8 ▁chose ▁to ▁become ▁Indones ian ▁citizens . ▁As ▁of ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁there ▁are ▁ 8 , 7 4 5 ▁registered ▁P IDs ▁in ▁Southern ▁Philippines , ▁consist ▁of ▁ 3 , 1 5 5 ▁in ▁Sar ang ani , ▁ 2 , 7 7 7 ▁in ▁D ava o ▁Del ▁Sur , ▁ 8 5 9 ▁in ▁General ▁Sant os , ▁ 6 8 8 ▁in ▁South ▁Cot ab ato , ▁ 6 7 9 ▁in ▁D ava o ▁Ori ental , ▁ 2 7 9 ▁in ▁D ava o ▁City , ▁ 1 7 6 ▁in ▁S ultan ▁K ud ar at , ▁and ▁ 1 3 3 ▁in ▁North ▁Cot ab ato . ▁ ▁Education ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁UN H CR ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 ▁persons ▁of ▁Indones ian ▁descent ▁in ▁southern ▁Philippines ▁are ▁having ▁problem atic ▁access ▁to ▁education , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁un clear ▁citizens hip ▁status ▁and ▁poverty ▁they ▁experienced . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁Philippines ▁is ▁becoming ▁an ▁increasingly ▁popular ▁destination ▁for ▁Indones ian ▁international ▁students , ▁both ▁those ▁in ▁short ▁term ▁courses , ▁and ▁those ▁studying ▁for ▁university ▁degrees . ▁English ▁as ▁a ▁foreign
▁language ▁courses ▁are ▁one ▁well - known ▁draw ▁for ▁students ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁Asia , ▁but ▁other ▁subject ▁areas ▁are ▁gaining ▁in ▁popularity ▁as ▁well . ▁In ▁particular , ▁flight ▁training ▁courses ▁are ▁much ▁cheaper ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁than ▁in ▁Indonesia . ▁The ▁Asian ▁Institute ▁of ▁Management ▁also ▁attract s ▁many ▁Indones ian ▁students . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁Indones ian ▁school ▁( with ▁dorm itory ▁for ▁board ing ▁students ) ▁and ▁Indones ian ▁Cultural ▁Center ▁called ▁" H ouse ▁of ▁Indonesia " ▁in ▁D ava o ▁City . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁many ▁Indones ians ▁in ▁Metro ▁Man ila , ▁mostly ▁Chinese - Ind ones ian , ▁who ▁are ▁either ▁university ▁students ▁or ▁medical ▁residents ▁( most ly ▁D erm at ology ▁and ▁Ped iat rics ). ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁ ▁Indones ians ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁res iding ▁in ▁Mind ana o ▁are ▁split ▁between ▁Muslims ▁and ▁Protest ants , ▁while ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁them ▁settle ▁freely ▁with ▁local ▁Filip inos ▁and ▁ad opts ▁local ▁cultures ▁and ▁customs ▁while ▁maintaining ▁their ▁distinct ▁Indones ian ▁identity ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁ ▁Indones ians ▁of ▁S ang ire se ▁descent ▁are ▁split ▁between ▁Muslims ▁and ▁Protest ants , ▁while ▁Min ah as an ▁or ▁Chinese ▁descent ▁are ▁mostly ▁Protest ants . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Filip inos ▁in ▁Indonesia ▁Malays ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Indonesia – Phil ipp ines ▁relations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Philippines ▁Category : E th nic ▁groups ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ones ia – Phil
ipp ines ▁relations ▁Category : Mus lim ▁communities ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines <0x0A> </s> ▁Pan ov ka ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁sel o ) ▁in ▁Sl av gor od , ▁Al ta i ▁K rai , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 2 5 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 ▁streets . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Al ta i ▁K rai <0x0A> </s> ▁My ▁California ▁is ▁the ▁fifth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Beth ▁Hart , ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Hart ▁worked ▁with ▁Dan ish ▁producer ▁R une ▁West berg , ▁who ▁had ▁already ▁worked ▁on ▁Beth ' s ▁previous ▁albums ▁ 3 7 ▁Days ▁and ▁Leave ▁the ▁Light ▁On . ▁West berg ▁challenged ▁Hart ▁not ▁to ▁" sc ream ▁with ▁animal ▁sav ag ery ", ▁not ▁to ▁rely ▁on ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁her ▁voice ▁but ▁rather ▁on ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁emotions . ▁This ▁makes ▁My ▁California ▁a ▁unique ▁album ▁in ▁Hart ' s ▁disc ography , ▁with ▁a ▁const ancy ▁throughout ▁the ▁tracks ▁that ▁the ▁fans ▁were ▁not ▁used ▁to ▁with ▁the ▁previous ▁albums . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁The ▁European ▁limited ▁edition ▁features ▁an ▁additional ▁ac oustic ▁bonus ▁track , ▁" Oh ▁Me ▁Oh ▁My ". ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Beth ▁Hart ▁- ▁L yrics , ▁Key boards , ▁P iano , ▁Str ings , ▁V oc als ▁ ▁R une ▁West berg ▁- ▁Bass , ▁L yrics , ▁Engine er ,
▁Gu itar , ▁Produ cer ▁ ▁David ▁Wol ff ▁- ▁Executive ▁Produ cer , ▁Management ▁ ▁Stephen ▁G alf as ▁- ▁Gu itar , ▁Key boards , ▁Mix ing ▁ ▁Freder ik ▁B ok ken he user ▁- ▁Dr ums ▁ ▁Tim ▁F agan ▁- ▁L yrics ▁( H app iness ... ▁Any ▁Day ▁Now ) ▁ ▁Jon ▁Nich ols ▁- ▁L yrics ▁( Every body ▁Is ▁So ber ) ▁ ▁Brian ▁N iel sen ▁- ▁Book ing ▁ ▁Arnold ▁W eg ner ▁- ▁Book ing ▁ ▁Peg gy ▁Se ag ren ▁- ▁Hair ▁St y list , ▁Make - Up ▁ ▁B ory ▁Tan ▁- ▁St y list ▁ ▁Greg ▁Water mann ▁- ▁Phot ography ▁ ▁Lucy ▁Water mann ▁- ▁Design ▁ ▁Scott ▁Gu etz kow ▁- ▁Tour ▁Manager ▁ ▁Sl ash ▁- ▁Gu itar ▁( S ister ▁Hero ine ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁albums ▁Category : B eth ▁Hart ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Alexand rov ka ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁Bl ag oves h chen sky ▁District , ▁B ash k ort ost an , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 0 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁B ash k ort ost an ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Bl ag oves h chen sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 8 th ▁term ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Turkey ▁lasted
▁from ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁There ▁were ▁ 4 5 0 ▁MP s ▁in ▁the ▁parliament . ▁Mother land ▁Party ▁( AN AP ) ▁held ▁the ▁majority . ▁Social ▁Democrat ▁Pop ul ist ▁Party ▁( SH P ) ▁and ▁True ▁Path ▁Party ▁( D YP ) ▁were ▁the ▁other ▁parties . ▁ ▁Main ▁parliament ary ▁mil est ones ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁important ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁parliament ▁are ▁the ▁following : ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁– ▁T urg ut ▁Ö z al ▁of ▁AN AP ▁formed ▁the ▁ 4 6 th ▁government ▁of ▁Turkey ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁– ▁Civil ▁Code ▁am ended ; ▁divor cing ▁became ▁easier . ▁▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁– ▁Refer end um ▁on ▁snap ▁election . ▁The ▁government al ▁proposal ▁was ▁rejected . ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁– ▁T urg ut ▁Ö z al ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁president ▁of ▁Turkey . ▁ 9 ▁November ▁▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁- ▁Y ı ld ı r ı m ▁Ak bul ut ▁of ▁AN AP ▁formed ▁the ▁ 4 7 th ▁government ▁of ▁Turkey . ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁– ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁MP s ▁from ▁SH P ▁resigned ▁from ▁the ▁party ▁and ▁formed ▁People ' s ▁Labor ▁Party ▁( HE P ).
▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁- ▁Mes ut ▁Y ı l maz ▁ ▁of ▁AN AP ▁formed ▁the ▁ 4 8 th ▁government ▁of ▁Turkey . ▁▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁- ▁General ▁election ▁held . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁members ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Term s ▁of ▁Grand ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Turkey ▁Category : 1 8 th ▁parliament ▁of ▁Turkey ▁Category : S ocial ▁Democratic ▁Pop ul ist ▁Party ▁( Tur key ) ▁Category : Dem ocr at ▁Party ▁( Tur key , ▁current ) ▁Category : M other land ▁Party ▁( Tur key ) ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁history ▁of ▁Turkey <0x0A> </s> ▁Ż eb ry - Id ź ki ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Cz ern ice ▁Bor owe , ▁within ▁Pr zas n ysz ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - cent ral ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁north - west ▁of ▁Cz ern ice ▁Bor owe , ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Pr zas n ysz , ▁and ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Wars aw . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 9 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Pr zas n ysz ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁Lev inge ▁( 1 7 2 4 ▁– ▁April ▁ 1 7
8 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁politician ▁from ▁. ▁ ▁He ▁sat ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁Ireland ▁from ▁ 1 7 6 6 ▁to ▁ 1 7 7 6 ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁for ▁D ule ek . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 2 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 8 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Ir ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 6 1 – 1 7 6 8 ▁Category : Ir ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 6 9 – 1 7 7 6 ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Ireland ▁( pre - 1 8 0 1 ) ▁for ▁County ▁Me ath ▁constitu encies <0x0A> </s> ▁Jacob ▁Math am ▁( 1 5 ▁October ▁ 1 5 7 1 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 6 3 1 ), ▁of ▁Ha ar lem , ▁was ▁a ▁famous ▁eng ra ver ▁and ▁pen - draft s man . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁step son ▁and ▁pup il ▁of ▁painter ▁and ▁draft s man ▁Hend rik ▁G olt z ius , ▁and ▁brother - in - law ▁to ▁eng ra ver ▁Simon ▁van ▁Po elen burgh , ▁having ▁married ▁his ▁sister , ▁Mar ij t gen . ▁ ▁He ▁made ▁several ▁en grav ings ▁after ▁the ▁paintings ▁of ▁Peter ▁Paul ▁Rub ens ▁from ▁ 1 6 1 1 - 1 6 1 5 , ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁series ▁after ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Piet er ▁A ert sen . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 1 3
, ▁eng ra ver ▁Jan ▁van ▁de ▁Vel de ▁was ▁app rent iced ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Jan , ▁Theod or ▁and ▁Ad ria en ▁Math am , ▁the ▁latter ▁of ▁whom ▁was ▁a ▁notable ▁eng ra ver ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁right . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Verm e er ▁and ▁The ▁D elf t ▁School , ▁a ▁full ▁text ▁exhibition ▁catalog ▁from ▁The ▁Met ropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art , ▁which ▁contains ▁material ▁on ▁Jacob ▁Math am ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 3 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : D utch ▁Golden ▁Age ▁print makers ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Ha ar lem ▁Category : R ena issance ▁eng ra vers ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Ha ar lem ▁G uild ▁of ▁Saint ▁Luke <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl as ▁R agn ar ▁Lind berg ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer . ▁Lind berg ▁studied ▁at ▁Dr am at iska ▁Institut et ▁in ▁Stockholm . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁award ▁for ▁Best ▁Screen play ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁Under ground ▁Sec rets ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 7 th ▁G ul db ag ge ▁Awards . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 9 th ▁G ul db ag ge ▁Awards ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁award ▁for ▁Best ▁Director ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁The ▁Ferr is ▁Whe el . ▁ ▁D irection ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁– ▁Far v äl ▁▁ 2 0 0
3 ▁– ▁Don ' t ▁Cry ▁Wolf ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁– ▁P appa ▁pol is ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁– ▁P ip - L ar ss ons ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁– ▁Min ▁v än ▁she j ken ▁i ▁St ure by ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁– ▁Att ▁st j ä la ▁en ▁t j uv ▁▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁– ▁Under ground ▁Sec rets ▁ ▁Screen writing ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁– ▁Don ' t ▁Cry ▁Wolf ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁– ▁Att ▁st j ä la ▁en ▁t j uv ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Sw edish ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : M ale ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : Sw edish ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : Sw edish ▁film ▁directors ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Best ▁Director ▁G ul db ag ge ▁Award ▁winners ▁Category : Best ▁Screen play ▁G ul db ag ge ▁Award ▁winners ▁Category : D ram at iska ▁Institut et ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁( J une ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 9 – ▁August ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁singer , ▁Broadway ▁musical ▁theatre ▁perform er , ▁and ▁a ▁popular ▁New ▁York ▁television ▁personality ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁medium . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City
▁sub urb ▁of ▁Orange , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁( some ▁sources ▁indicate ▁Jersey ▁City ) ▁and ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁to ▁music ▁upon ▁joining ▁a ▁boys ' ▁cho ir ▁at ▁his ▁church . ▁He ▁sang ▁with ▁the ▁cho ir ▁until ▁his ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁another ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁subur bs , ▁the ▁Long ▁Island ▁village ▁of ▁Flor al ▁Park . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁high ▁school ▁years , ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁find ▁out lets ▁for ▁his ▁singing ▁talents , ▁performing ▁with ▁bands ▁at ▁various ▁local ▁functions ▁and ▁winning ▁a ▁radio ▁talent ▁contest ▁sponsored ▁by ▁the ▁manufacturer ▁of ▁radio ▁sets , ▁At water ▁Kent . ▁His ▁first ▁appearance ▁on ▁Broadway ▁was ▁in ▁The ▁G arr ick ▁Ga ieties , ▁a ▁rev ue ▁which ▁opened ▁at ▁the ▁G uild ▁Theatre ▁on ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁three ▁days ▁after ▁his ▁ 2 1 st ▁birthday . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁He ath ert on ▁also ▁attended ▁Columbia ▁University . ▁▁▁ ▁Short ly ▁afterward , ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ' s ▁singing ▁talents ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁era ' s ▁best - known ▁radio ▁band le ader - s ong writer , ▁Paul ▁Wh item an . ▁ ▁Wh item an ▁hired ▁the ▁young ▁man ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁featured ▁vocal ist ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 2 9 – 3 0 ▁CBS ▁radio ▁program ▁The ▁Old ▁Gold ▁H our . ▁He ath ert on ▁continued ▁to ▁sing ▁on ▁the ▁show , ▁while ▁also ▁performing ▁in ▁the ▁musical ▁Mid night
▁Fro lic s ▁at ▁Broadway ' s ▁New ▁Amsterdam ▁Theatre . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁father ' s ▁death ▁during ▁the ▁Dep ression , ▁he ▁was ▁temporarily ▁forced ▁to ▁leave ▁ ▁show ▁business ▁to ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Tele phone ▁Company . ▁ ▁His ▁affection ▁for ▁performing , ▁however , ▁inspired ▁him ▁to ▁continue ▁aud ition ing ▁for ▁radio ▁assignments ▁and ▁he ▁was , ▁eventually , ▁able ▁to ▁return ▁as ▁a ▁singer ▁on ▁numerous ▁radio ▁musical ▁variety ▁series ▁and ▁also ▁found ▁opportunities ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁night club s ▁and ▁theater . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁band le ader ▁with ▁his ▁own ▁or chestra ▁which ▁made ▁record ings ▁and ▁performed ▁at ▁New ▁York ' s ▁B ilt more ▁Hotel . ▁ ▁Broadway ▁shows , ▁record ings ▁and ▁pre – World ▁War ▁II ▁television ▁ ▁He ath ert on ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁musical s ▁Ann iversary ▁Walt z , ▁The ▁Des ert ▁Song ▁and ▁Bab es ▁in ▁Ar ms , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Val ▁La Mar ▁the ▁character ▁about ▁whom ▁ ▁" My ▁Fun ny ▁Valentine " ▁was ▁sung . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁He ath ert on ▁recorded ▁two ▁disc s ▁of ▁songs ▁for ▁children ▁on ▁the ▁De cca ▁label , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁twice ▁performed ▁on ▁the ▁then - exper imental ▁medium ▁of ▁television , ▁appearing ▁on ▁NBC ' s ▁New ▁York ▁station ▁W 2 X BS ▁( now ▁W N BC ) ▁in
▁Gilbert ▁and ▁Sull ivan ' s ▁Pir ates ▁of ▁P enz ance ▁( as ▁Freder ic ) ▁and ▁H . M . S . ▁P ina fore ▁( as ▁Ralph ▁R ack st raw ). ▁ ▁Single ▁film ▁appearance ▁and ▁war ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁As ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁arrived , ▁He ath ert on ' s ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁entertainment ▁field ▁was ▁interrupted ▁by ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Marine ▁Corps . ▁Before ▁leaving , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁only ▁film ▁appearance , ▁performing ▁a ▁song ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁lines ▁of ▁dialogue ▁in ▁ ▁P RC ' s ▁musical ▁F oll ies ▁Girl ▁( 1 9 4 3 ). ▁ ▁He ath ert on ▁was ▁commissioned ▁and ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Captain ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Special ▁Services ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁Marine ▁Air craft ▁Wing ▁at ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Air ▁Station ▁Cher ry ▁Point ▁North ▁Carolina ▁ ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Gu am ▁and ▁Ok in awa . ▁ ▁Early ▁television ▁and ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man ▁Return ing ▁from ▁the ▁service , ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁radio ▁and ▁began ▁his ▁full - time ▁television ▁career ▁as ▁the ▁host , ▁perform er ▁and ▁interview er ▁of ▁He ath ert on ▁House , ▁a ▁week day - mor ning ▁talk / var iety ▁series . ▁He ath ert on ▁House ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁day time ▁programs ▁on ▁ABC ' s ▁newly ▁opened ▁New ▁York ▁flag ship ▁station ▁W J Z ▁( now ▁W AB C ), ▁Channel ▁
7 . ▁The ▁minor ▁local - TV ▁assignment , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁shown ▁on ▁the ▁fled gling ▁network ' s ▁other ▁stations , ▁only ▁lasted ▁from ▁April ▁to ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁▁ ▁He ath ert on ' s ▁next ▁TV ▁series , ▁however , ▁was ▁a ▁more ▁successful ▁ende avor . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁independent ▁station ▁W OR ▁Channel ▁ 9 , ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁New ▁York ' s ▁seven ▁V H F ▁TV ▁out lets , ▁signed ▁on ▁the ▁air . ▁ ▁Station ▁execut ives ▁decided ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁venture ' s ▁first ▁show cases ▁should ▁be ▁a ▁quality ▁children ' s ▁program , ▁and ▁contacted ▁He ath ert on ▁to ▁aud ition ▁as ▁the ▁host ▁of ▁a ▁show ▁that ▁would ▁appeal ▁to ▁the ▁younger ▁TV ▁viewers . ▁ ▁The ▁successful ▁aud ition ▁launched ▁the ▁long - running ▁show ▁that ▁he ▁created ▁and ▁shaped ▁with ▁radio ▁and ▁TV ▁producer - direct or ▁( and ▁future ▁major ▁film ▁producer ) ▁Sandy ▁Howard . ▁ ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man , ▁based ▁upon ▁a ▁character ▁performed ▁by ▁He ath ert on ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁children ' s ▁records , ▁debut ed ▁on ▁W OR - TV ▁Monday ▁evening , ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁▁ ▁Every ▁week day ▁afternoon ▁and ▁evening , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁on ▁Saturday ▁after no ons , ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁and ▁his ▁comedy ▁assist
ants ▁Ch ick ▁D arrow , ▁who ▁played ▁" The ▁Top sey - Tur vey ▁Au ction e er ", ▁and ▁M ilt ▁M oss , ▁would ▁entertain ▁and ▁inform ▁their ▁studio ▁audiences ▁and ▁kids ▁at ▁home ▁with ▁games , ▁songs , ▁stories , ▁craft making , ▁h obb ies , ▁comedy , ▁pupp et ▁sk its , ▁magic ▁tricks , ▁interviews ▁with ▁guest ▁perform ers ▁and ▁personal ities , ▁and ▁inform ational ▁segments . ▁As ▁with ▁virtually ▁all ▁children ' s ▁shows ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 6 0 s , ▁the ▁format ▁was ▁structured ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁live ▁segments ▁were ▁inter sp ers ed ▁with ▁cart oons — in ▁this ▁case , ▁primarily ▁the ▁the atr ical ▁Terry to ons ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁made - for - TV ▁animated ▁series ▁Cr us ader ▁Rab bit . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁He ath ert on ▁hosted ▁other ▁radio ▁and ▁TV ▁series , ▁including ▁a ▁radio ▁edition ▁of ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man ▁which ▁was ▁heard ▁on ▁the ▁Mut ual ▁Radio ▁Network ▁Monday , ▁Wednesday ▁and ▁Friday ▁even ings , ▁and ▁Saturday ▁and ▁Sunday ▁after no ons ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁ ▁He ath ert on ' s ▁gentle ▁personality ▁and ▁pleasant ▁singing ▁voice ▁and ▁end ear ingly ▁cheer ful ▁and ▁reass uring ▁de mean or ▁made ▁him ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁beloved ▁and ▁recogn izable ▁regional ▁personal ities . ▁ ▁Career ▁set back ▁and ▁continued ▁work ▁In
▁late ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁fell ▁victim ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁excess es ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁era . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁innocent ▁perform ers ▁were ▁accused ▁of ▁Communist ▁affili ations ▁and ▁lost ▁their ▁careers . ▁Un found ed ▁public ▁accus ations ▁of ▁that ▁nature ▁were ▁aimed ▁at ▁He ath ert on ▁by ▁an ▁individual ▁from ▁Up state ▁New ▁York , ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁spons ors ▁and ▁bad ▁public ity ▁for ▁the ▁station . ▁W OR ▁execut ives ▁accepted ▁He ath ert on ' s ▁word ▁that ▁the ▁alleg ations ▁were ▁false ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁keep ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man ▁on ▁the ▁air ▁as ▁a ▁station - s ust ained ▁program . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁enough , ▁however , ▁and ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man ▁broadcast ▁its ▁final ▁show ▁on ▁Friday , ▁June ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 .( Info ▁about ▁Mr . ▁He ath ert on ▁hosting ▁The ▁W OR ▁TV ▁Ch . 9 ▁NY C ▁edition ▁of ▁" The ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man " can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁The ▁NY C ▁Kids ▁Sh ows ▁Round ▁Up ▁section ▁of " TV ▁Party . Com ") ▁ ▁He ath ert on ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁clear ▁his ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁def am ation ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁host ▁two ▁more ▁programs ▁for ▁W OR - TV : ▁The ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁Theater , ▁a ▁combination ▁live - action ▁and ▁film ▁musical ▁anth ology ▁series ▁for ▁teens ; ▁and
▁The ▁Cart oon ▁Par ade , ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁seen ▁during ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁station ' s ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁season . ▁ ▁He ▁remained ▁on ▁the ▁air ▁for ▁another ▁year - and - a - half , ▁but ▁no ▁longer ▁had ▁a ▁daily ▁venue — start ing ▁Saturday - S und ay , ▁September ▁ 8 – 9 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁until ▁Sunday , ▁April ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁" sea ▁captain " ▁host - per former ▁on ▁the ▁weekend ▁evening ▁edition ▁of ▁The ▁Pope ye ▁Show ▁on ▁another ▁New ▁York ▁independent ▁station , ▁W PI X ▁Channel ▁ 1 1 ▁which , ▁along ▁with ▁another ▁New ▁York ▁independent , ▁W NEW ▁Channel ▁ 5 ▁was , ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 6 0 s , ▁the ▁station ▁with ▁the ▁greatest ▁number ▁of ▁" k idd ie ▁shows " ▁on ▁its ▁broadcast ▁schedule . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁he ▁left ▁television ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁and , ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁drawing ▁on ▁his ▁public ▁recognition ▁and ▁good ▁will ▁he ▁had ▁eng end ered ▁over ▁the ▁years , ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁launch ▁a ▁new ▁career ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁public ▁relations ▁for ▁Franklin ▁National ▁and ▁European ▁American ▁B anks . ▁▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man ▁He ath ert on ▁returned ▁to ▁television ▁and
▁radio ▁work ▁three ▁more ▁times ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁ 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 8 0 s . ▁On ▁Monday , ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man ▁once ▁again ▁became ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁broadcast ▁area . ▁W PI X , ▁Channel ▁ 1 1 ▁broadcast ▁The ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man ' s ▁Fun house ▁week day ▁after no ons ▁during ▁the ▁noon - 1 2 : 4 5 ▁period ▁when ▁many ▁school k ids ▁came ▁home ▁for ▁lunch . ▁However , ▁the ▁series ▁fell ▁prey ▁to ▁creative ▁disag re ements ▁within ▁station ▁management , ▁and ▁The ▁Fun house ▁went ▁off ▁the ▁air ▁on ▁Friday , ▁May ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁▁▁ ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁He ath ert on ▁appeared ▁at ▁many ▁New ▁York ▁area ▁ven ues , ▁including ▁Freedom land ▁U . S . A . ▁in ▁The ▁Bron x , ▁to ▁meet ▁and ▁entertain ▁children . ▁He ▁appeared ▁at ▁Freedom land ▁during ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁Ch ick ▁D arrow ▁also ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁park ▁on ▁numerous ▁occasions . ▁Both ▁are ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁book ▁Freedom land ▁U . S . A .: ▁The ▁Def init ive ▁History ▁( Theme ▁Park ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ). ▁ ▁Following ▁inter mitt ent ▁job ▁opportunities , ▁He ath ert on ▁returned ▁to ▁radio ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁
1 9 6 0 s ▁as ▁the ▁host / per former ▁and ▁interview er ▁of ▁the ▁nation ally ▁synd icated ▁talk / var iety ▁program ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ' s ▁Break fast ▁Club . ▁ ▁Family , ▁later ▁work , ▁illness , ▁and ▁death ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁married ▁D aven ie ▁Ross ▁Watson ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁their ▁ 4 6 - year ▁marriage ▁lasted ▁until ▁her ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁Their ▁two ▁children , ▁Dick ▁and ▁D aven ie ▁Joh anna ▁( Jo ey ), ▁both ▁made ▁their ▁careers ▁in ▁show ▁business — D ick ▁as ▁a ▁perform er / direct or / cons ult ant ▁and ▁Jo ey ▁as ▁an ▁actress , ▁singer ▁and ▁d ancer , ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁major ▁television ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁Ray ▁is ▁also ▁grandfather ▁to ▁D ana ▁F uj iko ▁He ath ert on ▁who ▁is ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 0 ▁N ise i ▁Week ▁Queen ▁for ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁Ray ▁and ▁Jo ey ▁had ▁a ▁brief ▁moment ▁of ▁network ▁glory ▁with ▁their ▁own ▁CBS - TV ▁variety ▁program , ▁Jo ey ▁and ▁Dad . ▁Times ▁had ▁changed ▁and ▁variety ▁shows , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Jo ey ' s ▁once - hot ▁career ▁fell ▁victim ▁to ▁changing ▁tastes , ▁while ▁Ray ▁was ▁seen ▁on ▁TV ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁commercial ▁spokes man
▁for ▁T rop ican a ▁Orange ▁Ju ice . ▁ ▁However , ▁for ▁four ▁weeks , ▁July ▁ 6 – 2 7 , ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁stars ▁of ▁the ▁Sunday ▁ 7 : 3 0 - 8 : 3 0 p . m . ▁summer ▁replacement ▁for ▁Cher ' s ▁variety ▁hour . ▁Com edy ▁perform ers ▁Pat ▁Paul sen , ▁Hen ny ▁Young man ▁and ▁Bob ▁Einstein ▁were ▁supporting ▁regular s ▁and , ▁by ▁summer - show ▁standards , ▁the ▁program ▁received ▁relatively ▁good ▁not ices ▁and ▁ratings . ▁In ▁a ▁nost alg ic ▁moment ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁show , ▁Ray ▁put ▁on ▁the ▁old ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man ▁uniform ▁and ▁performed ▁his ▁familiar ▁" I ▁Am ▁the ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man " ▁theme ▁song . ▁ ▁He ath ert on ' s ▁last ▁regular ▁TV ▁series ▁was ▁another ▁talk / var iety ▁show , ▁this ▁time ▁aimed ▁at ▁" m ature " ▁adults ▁and ▁senior ▁citizens , ▁A ▁New ▁Day ' s ▁Da wn ing . ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁seen ▁locally ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁on ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Board ▁of ▁Education ' s ▁TV ▁station ▁W NY E ▁Channel ▁ 2 5 ▁and ▁in ▁national ▁synd ication ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁Dick ▁He ath ert on ▁who , ▁from ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁was ▁a ▁drive - time ▁DJ ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁New ▁York ' s ▁top ▁FM
▁stations , ▁WC BS , ▁worked ▁on ▁his ▁father ' s ▁final ▁TV ▁effort ▁by ▁signing ▁on ▁as ▁the ▁show ' s ▁producer . ▁ ▁On ▁Thursday ▁night , ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁appeared ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁time ▁on ▁W OR - TV , ▁Channel ▁ 9 ▁during ▁the ▁station ' s ▁evening - long ▁celebration ▁of ▁its ▁ 3 5 th ▁anniversary ▁on ▁the ▁air . ▁Four ▁years ▁later , ▁on ▁Thursday , ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁final ▁TV ▁appearance ▁on ▁a ▁very ▁similar ▁program , ▁W PI X - TV , ▁Channel ▁ 1 1 ' s ▁day - long ▁celebration ▁and ▁ret ros pective ▁of ▁its ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁on ▁the ▁air , ▁" W PI X ▁at ▁ 4 0 ". ▁Following ▁this ▁last ▁appearance , ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁began ▁showing ▁signs ▁of ▁Al z heimer ' s ▁disease . ▁His ▁still ▁retained ▁his ▁positions , ▁held ▁since ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s , ▁on ▁the ▁Bo ards ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁The ▁Long ▁Island ▁Light ing ▁Company , ▁known ▁as ▁L IL CO , ▁and ▁The ▁Garden ▁City ▁Hotel , ▁but ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁serving ▁as ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁The ▁Act ors ' ▁Fund ▁Home ▁in ▁Eng le wood , ▁New
▁Jersey , ▁where ▁he ▁spent ▁the ▁last ▁four ▁years ▁of ▁his ▁life . ▁Despite ▁the ▁deb il itating ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁disease ▁he ▁still ▁made ▁appearances ▁and ▁greeted ▁fans ▁at ▁some ▁local ▁functions ▁near ▁the ▁Home . ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁died ▁two - and - a - half ▁months ▁after ▁his ▁ 8 8 th ▁birthday . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Brook s , ▁Tim ▁( 1 9 8 7 ). ▁ ▁The ▁Complete ▁Direct ory ▁to ▁Prime ▁Time ▁TV ▁Stars ▁ 1 9 4 6 — Present . ▁ ▁New ▁York : B all antine ▁Books . ▁ ▁. ▁P ace , ▁Eric . ▁" Ray ▁He ath ert on , ▁ 8 8 , ▁TV ' s ▁' Mer ry ▁Mail man ' ". ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁ob it uary ▁( Aug ust ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ). ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁photograph ▁along ▁with ▁an ▁ex cer pt ▁from ▁the ▁radio ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ' s ▁Break fast ▁Club ▁Phot ograph s ▁of ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁in ▁his ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man ▁uniform ; ▁bi ographical ▁details ; ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁show ; ▁lyrics ▁to ▁the ▁" I ▁Am ▁the ▁Mer ry ▁Mail man " ▁song ▁and ▁illustr ations ▁of ▁Ray ▁He ath ert on ▁collect ibles ▁Ex cer pt ▁from ▁" The ▁Break fast ▁Club ▁w / Ray ▁He ath ert on " ▁Radio ▁Show ▁W BA U ▁ ▁Category : American ▁television
▁personal ities ▁Category : American ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : A pe x ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁Al z heimer ' s ▁disease ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Flor al ▁Park , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Orange , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁officers <0x0A> </s> ▁K 3 ▁Television ▁( M aced on ian ▁Cyr ill ic : ▁К 3 ▁Те ле визи j а ) ▁is ▁a ▁regional ▁Television ▁channel ▁in ▁Nort heast ▁part ▁of ▁North ▁M aced onia , ▁with ▁headquarters ▁in ▁K uman ovo . ▁It ▁started ▁to ▁operate ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Line ▁up ▁ ▁News ▁( M aced on ian ▁Cyr ill ic : ▁Ве сти ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁K uman ovo ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁YouTube ▁channel ▁ ▁Category : Tele vision ▁channels ▁in ▁North ▁M aced onia ▁Category : Public ly ▁funded ▁broad cas ters ▁Category : Tele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁M aced onia ▁Category : Mass ▁media ▁in ▁K uman ovo <0x0A> </s> ▁G ob ust an ▁is ▁an ▁administrative ▁district , ▁or ▁ray on , ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an . ▁Area ▁ 1 , 3 6 9 . 4
km ² ; ▁population ▁ 3 7 , 1 3 7 ; ▁population ▁density ▁ 2 7 ▁persons / km ². ▁Its ▁administrative ▁centre , ▁Q ob ust an ▁( not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁Q ob ust an , ▁B aku ) ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Mar aza ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁about ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁B aku . ▁From ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁again ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁the ▁territory ▁belonged ▁to ▁Sh am ak hi ▁administrative ▁district . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁G ob ust an ▁was ▁origin ated ▁from ▁the ▁word ▁“ G ob u ”, ▁which ▁means ▁“ be am ” ▁in ▁A zer ba ij ani . ▁ ▁The ▁ancient ▁dwell ings ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁present ▁G ob ust an ▁which ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Stone ▁Age . ▁ ▁Div isions ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 4 ▁villages ▁and ▁ 1 ▁settlement ▁– ▁S ett lement ▁Mar aza . ▁Number ▁of ▁infant ▁schools ▁is ▁ 6 ▁and ▁general ▁education ▁schools ▁is ▁ 3 0 ▁in ▁G ob ust an ▁district . ▁There ▁are ▁ 2 3 ▁cultural ▁centers , ▁ 3 ▁hospitals ▁and ▁medical ▁enter prises , ▁and ▁ 6 ▁big ▁and ▁middle ▁enter prises ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁is ▁b ordered ▁with ▁H aj ig abul , ▁Kh izi , ▁Sh am ak hi ,
▁and ▁Abs her on ▁districts . ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁ ▁Statistics ▁for ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁population ▁in ▁G ob ust an ▁district ▁is ▁ 4 6 . 1 ▁thousand ▁people , ▁of ▁which ▁ 9 . 4 ▁thousand ▁live ▁in ▁urban ▁areas , ▁while ▁ 3 6 . 7 ▁thousand ▁people ▁live ▁in ▁rural ▁areas . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Land scape ▁ ▁The ▁territory ▁of ▁G ob ust an ▁ranges ▁from ▁the ▁sh ores ▁of ▁the ▁Cas p ian ▁Sea ▁to ▁Mount ▁G ij aki , ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁in ▁eastern ▁part ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁C au cas us . ▁P ec ul iar ities ▁of ▁G ob ust an ▁landscape ▁are ▁the ▁rocks ▁of ▁l ime ▁and ▁sand stone ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁district , ▁and ▁mud ▁vol c ano es , ▁which ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁part ▁of ▁G ob ust an . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁ ▁Sem i - ar id ▁climate ▁is ▁specific ▁to ▁G ob ust an . ▁Win ters ▁are ▁mild , ▁and ▁sum mers ▁are ▁hot ▁in ▁there . ▁Rain ▁periods ▁are ▁early ▁spring ▁and ▁late ▁autumn . ▁The ▁annual ▁precip itation ▁is ▁ 2 5 0 mm . ▁The ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁G ob ust an ▁is ▁more ▁precip itated ▁in ▁autumn ▁and ▁spring ▁than ▁eastern ▁part ▁of ▁G ob ust an ▁since ▁K ura ▁low lands ▁covers ▁the ▁western ▁part . ▁The ▁highest ▁mean ▁temperature ▁is ▁observed ▁in
▁July ▁( 3 2 ▁C ) ▁and ▁the ▁lowest ▁mean ▁temperature ▁occurs ▁in ▁January ▁(- 1 . 6 ▁C ). ▁ ▁Fl ora ▁ ▁Fl ora ▁of ▁G ob ust an ▁is ▁rich ▁with ▁ 4 7 0 ▁species ▁of ▁plants ▁out ▁of ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁species ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an . ▁The ▁veget ation ▁of ▁G ob ust an ▁has ▁desert ▁and ▁semi - des ert ▁characteristics . ▁Wild ▁rose , ▁H iber n ian ▁h one ys uck le , ▁wild ▁pear , ▁wild ▁p ome gr an ate , ▁wild ▁fig , ▁and ▁jun iper ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁G ob ust an . ▁ ▁Fa una ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁approximately ▁ 1 1 0 ▁wild ▁bird ▁species ▁in ▁G ob ust an ▁region . ▁ 5 3 ▁of ▁them ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁special ▁European ▁conversation ▁concern , ▁ 9 ▁of ▁them ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Red ▁Data ▁Book , ▁and ▁ 9 ▁of ▁them ▁are ▁listed ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Union ▁for ▁Con versation ▁of ▁Nature ▁( I UN C ). ▁ ▁ ▁Number ▁of ▁mamm al ▁species ▁in ▁G ob ust an ▁reaches ▁to ▁ 2 8 . ▁Two ▁of ▁them ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Red ▁Book ▁and ▁one ▁species ▁is ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁I U CN . ▁There ▁are ▁ 2 ▁species ▁of ▁am ph ib ians ▁and ▁ 2 0 ▁species ▁of ▁re pt iles ▁in ▁G ob ust an . ▁Test
udo ▁gre aca ▁is ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁Book ▁Data ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an ▁and ▁I U CN . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁Agricult ure ▁ ▁Agricult ure ▁is ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁G ob ust an ▁economy . ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁agricultural ▁product ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁is ▁grain . ▁Appro xim ately , ▁the ▁annual ▁production ▁of ▁grain ▁is ▁ 1 ▁ton ▁per ▁person . ▁Other ▁major ▁agricultural ▁products ▁are ▁pot ato , ▁cab bage , ▁tom ato , ▁gr ape , ▁pe a , ▁sun fl ower , ▁and ▁mel on . ▁ ▁G ob ust an ▁District ▁Court ▁ ▁G ob ust an ▁District ▁Court ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁G ob ust an ▁District ▁People ' s ▁Court ▁under ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Justice ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an ▁S SR . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Administr ative ▁divisions ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁District ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Or um ▁( d . ▁ 1 4 3 6 ?) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁church man ▁and ▁academic . ▁He ▁was ▁vice - ch ancell or ▁of ▁Oxford ▁University , ▁and ▁Arch de acon ▁of ▁Barn st ap le ▁from ▁ 1 4 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 4 2 9 . ▁ ▁Life ▁Or um ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁University ▁College , ▁Oxford , ▁and
▁graduated ▁as ▁D . D . ▁In ▁ 1 4 0 6 ▁and ▁ 1 4 0 8 ▁was ▁vice - ch ancell or ▁or ▁comm iss ary ▁for ▁Richard ▁Cour ten ay . ▁Or um ▁was ▁made ▁arch de acon ▁of ▁Barn st ap le ▁on ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 4 0 0 , ▁and ▁held ▁this ▁office ▁till ▁ 1 4 2 9 ; ▁he ▁also ▁appears ▁as ▁arch de acon ▁of ▁Corn wall ▁in ▁ 1 4 1 1 . ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁pre b end ▁of ▁Hol comb ▁at ▁Wells ▁Cat hedral ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 8 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 4 1 0 ▁received ▁a ▁canon ry ▁there . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁January ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁pre b end ▁of ▁Friday th or pe , ▁York ▁Cat hedral , ▁which ▁prefer ment ▁he ▁had ▁vac ated ▁before ▁October ▁ 1 4 1 2 . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁December ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁Road , ▁Som erset , ▁but ▁ex changed ▁it ▁for ▁As ht on ▁Ke yn es , ▁W ilt shire , ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 1 4 1 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 4 2 9 ▁Or um ▁became ▁ch ancell or ▁of ▁the ▁di oc ese ▁of ▁Ex eter . ▁He ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁resigned ▁the ▁ch ancell orship ▁before ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 1 4 3 6 , ▁and ▁probably ▁died ▁soon ▁afterwards . ▁ ▁In ▁accordance ▁with ▁his ▁will , ▁dated ▁ 2 7
▁September ▁ 1 4 3 6 , ▁Or um ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁porch ▁of ▁Ex eter ▁Cat hedral . ▁He ▁left ▁ 4 0 ▁sh ill ings ▁for ▁the ▁perpet ual ▁chant ing ▁of ▁an ▁ant iph on ▁there , ▁and ▁gave ▁a ▁cope ▁to ▁the ▁cat hedral . ▁ ▁Works ▁Or um ▁was ▁author ▁of ▁L ect ur æ ▁super ▁Ap oc aly ps im ▁habit æ ▁in ▁Ec cles ia ▁Well ens i : ▁ 1 , ▁De ▁ec cles ia ; ▁ 2 , ▁De ▁a var it ia ; ▁ 3 - 6 , ▁De ▁cant u . ▁These ▁lect ures ▁are ▁contained ▁in ▁Bod le ian ▁MS . ▁ 2 7 2 2 . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁anonymous ▁tr acts ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁manuscript ▁may ▁be ▁by ▁him . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Att ribut ion ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁English ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁priests ▁Category : Arch de ac ons ▁of ▁Barn st ap le ▁Category : Arch de ac ons ▁of ▁Corn wall <0x0A> </s> ▁Maria ▁of ▁V ite b sk ▁( d ied ▁before ▁ 1 3 4 9 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁wife ▁of ▁Al g ird as , ▁future ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁of ▁L ith u ania ▁( mar riage ▁took ▁place ▁around ▁ 1 3 1 8 ). ▁Very ▁little ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁her ▁life . ▁The ▁only ▁child ▁of ▁a ▁Russian ▁prince ▁Y ar oslav , ▁Maria ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁he ir ▁to ▁the ▁Pr incip ality
▁of ▁V ite b sk . ▁After ▁her ▁father ' s ▁death ▁ca . ▁ 1 3 4 5 , ▁V ite b sk ▁fell ▁permanently ▁under ▁control ▁of ▁Al g ird as ▁and ▁other ▁G ed im in ids . ▁Maria ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁five ▁sons , ▁all ▁of ▁whom ▁grew ▁up ▁while ▁Al g ird as ▁was ▁still ▁only ▁a ▁regional ▁du ke ▁in ▁Sl av ic ▁lands ▁of ▁the ▁Grand ▁D uch y ▁of ▁L ith u ania . ▁All ▁five ▁sons ▁were ▁bapt ized ▁in ▁Orth odox ▁r ite ▁and ▁ruled ▁Russian ▁lands ▁giving ▁rise ▁to ▁prominent ▁cl ans ▁of ▁Russian ▁du kes ▁( Tr ub et sk oy ▁family ▁from ▁Dem et ri us ▁I ▁Star sh y , ▁Cz art ory ski ▁family ▁from ▁Constant ine , ▁S ang usz ko ▁family ▁from ▁F iod or , ▁B els ky ▁and ▁O le l kov ich ▁families ▁from ▁V ald imir ). ▁After ▁Maria ' s ▁death , ▁Al g ird as ▁married ▁another ▁Russian ▁princess , ▁Ul iana ▁of ▁T ver . ▁After ▁Al g ird as ' ▁death , ▁the ▁el dest ▁sons ▁of ▁Maria ▁and ▁Ul iana ▁batt led ▁over ▁success ion ▁rights . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Family ▁of ▁Al g ird as ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 3 4 0 s ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁V ite b sk ▁Category : R ussian ▁princess es ▁Category : Gr and ▁Du che ss es ▁of ▁L ith u ania ▁Category
: Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁L ith uan ian ▁people ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁L ith uan ian ▁women ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁Russian ▁people ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁Russian ▁women <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Two - man ▁b obs le igh ▁competition ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Lake ▁Pl ac id ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁February , ▁at ▁M t . ▁Van ▁Ho even berg ▁Olympic ▁Bob s led ▁Run . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : B obs le igh ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁W - 3 4 6 ▁is ▁a ▁reserved ▁Const itu ency ▁for ▁female ▁in ▁the ▁Provinc ial ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Pun j ab . ▁ ▁General ▁elections ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁General ▁elections ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Pun j ab , ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁E lection ▁commission ▁Pakistan ' s ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Aw az oday . com ▁▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁of ▁Government ▁of ▁Pun j ab ▁ ▁Category : Prov inc ial ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Pun j ab , ▁Pakistan <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁seasons . ▁ ▁Championship ▁Cup ▁ 1 8 9 5 - 9 6 ▁Championship ▁Cup ▁ 1 8 9 6 - 9 7 ▁Championship ▁Cup ▁ 1 8
9 7 - 9 8 ▁Championship ▁Cup ▁ 1 8 9 8 - 9 9 ▁Championship ▁Cup ▁ 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 0 0 ▁Championship ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 0 0 - 0 1 ▁Championship ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 0 1 - 0 2 ▁Championship ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 0 2 - 0 3 ▁Championship ▁Cup ▁ 1 9 0 3 - 0 4 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 0 4 - 0 5 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 0 5 - 0 6 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 0 6 - 0 7 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 0 7 - 0 8 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 0 8 - 0 9 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 0 9 - 1 0 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 1 0 - 1 1 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 1 1 - 1 2 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 1 2 - 1 3 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 1 3 - 1 4 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 1 9 - 2 0 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 2 0 - 2 1 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 2 1 - 2 2 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 2 3 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 2 3 - 2 4 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1
9 2 4 - 2 5 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 2 5 - 2 6 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 2 6 - 2 7 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 2 7 - 2 8 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 2 8 - 2 9 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 2 9 - 3 0 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 0 - 3 1 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 1 - 3 2 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 2 - 3 3 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 3 - 3 4 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 4 - 3 5 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 6 - 3 7 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 7 - 3 8 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 8 - 3 9 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 4 1 - 4 2 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 4 2 - 4 3 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 4 3 - 4 4 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 4 5 - 4 6 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 4 6 - 4 7 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 4 7 - 4 8 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9
4 8 - 4 9 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 4 9 - 5 0 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 0 - 5 1 ▁Belg ian ▁Premier ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 1 - 5 2 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 2 - 5 3 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 3 - 5 4 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 4 - 5 5 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 6 - 5 7 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 8 - 5 9 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 5 9 - 6 0 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6 1 - 6 2 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6 3 - 6 4 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6 4 - 6 5 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6 5 - 6 6 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6 6 - 6 7 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6 7 - 6 8 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6 8 - 6 9 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 6
9 - 7 0 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 0 - 7 1 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 1 - 7 2 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 3 - 7 4 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 5 - 7 6 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 6 - 7 7 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 8 - 7 9 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 7 9 - 8 0 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 2 - 8 3 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 3 - 8 4 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 4 - 8 5 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 5 - 8 6 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 6 - 8 7 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 7 - 8 8 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 8 - 8 9 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 8 9 - 9 0 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 0
- 9 1 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 1 - 9 2 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 2 - 9 3 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 3 - 9 4 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 4 - 9 5 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 5 - 9 6 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 6 - 9 7 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 7 - 9 8 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 8 - 9 9 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 0 - 0 1 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 1 - 0 2 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 0 3 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 3 - 0 4 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 4 - 0 5 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 5 - 0 6 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 6 - 0 7 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 0 8 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 0 9 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 1 0 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 ▁Belg ian ▁Pro ▁League ▁ 2 0 1
1 - 1 2 ▁Belg ian ▁Pro ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 ▁Belg ian ▁Pro ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 3 - 1 4 ▁Belg ian ▁Pro ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 4 - 1 5 ▁Belg ian ▁Pro ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 5 - 1 6 ▁Belg ian ▁First ▁Division ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 6 - 1 7 ▁ ▁* ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁in ▁Belgium ▁lists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Little ▁Saint ▁R och ▁River ▁( F rench : ▁R iv ière ▁du ▁R och u ) ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁in ▁Quebec ▁and ▁Maine . ▁ ▁From ▁its ▁source ▁( ), ▁in ▁L ' Is let ▁R CM , ▁the ▁river ▁runs ▁south ▁and ▁sout heast ▁across ▁the ▁Canada – Un ited ▁States ▁border ▁to ▁the ▁Sh ield s ▁Branch ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁Black ▁River ▁in ▁Maine ▁Township 1 5 , ▁Range 1 5 , ▁W EL S . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Maine ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Maine ▁Stream flow ▁Data ▁from ▁the ▁US GS ▁Maine ▁Wat ers hed ▁Data ▁From ▁Environmental ▁Protection ▁Agency ▁ ▁Category : T ribut aries ▁of ▁the ▁Saint ▁John ▁River ▁( Bay ▁of ▁Fund y ) ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁A ro ost ook ▁County , ▁Maine <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁five ▁d ots ▁tattoo ▁is ▁a ▁tattoo ▁of ▁five ▁d ots ▁arranged ▁in ▁a ▁qu inc un x , ▁usually ▁on ▁the ▁outer ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁hand , ▁between ▁the ▁thumb ▁and ▁the
▁index ▁finger . ▁The ▁tattoo ▁has ▁different ▁mean ings ▁in ▁different ▁cultures — it ▁has ▁been ▁various ly ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁fert ility ▁symbol , ▁a ▁reminder ▁of ▁say ings ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁treat ▁women ▁or ▁police , ▁a ▁recognition ▁symbol ▁among ▁the ▁Rom ani ▁people , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁close ▁friends , ▁standing ▁alone ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁or ▁time ▁spent ▁in ▁prison ▁( with ▁the ▁outer ▁four ▁d ots ▁representing ▁the ▁prison ▁walls ▁and ▁the ▁inner ▁dot ▁representing ▁the ▁prisoner ). ▁Thomas ▁E dis on ▁had ▁this ▁pattern ▁tattoo ed ▁on ▁his ▁fore arm . ▁The ▁five ▁d ots ▁tattoo ▁is ▁also ▁most ▁preval ent ▁amongst ▁gang sters . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁northern ▁California ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁tattoo ▁that ▁symbol izes ▁the ▁membership ▁of ▁the ▁" 1 5 ▁Street ▁Loc os ", ▁a ▁ju ven ile ▁institution ▁gang , ▁created ▁and ▁founded ▁in ▁Mon ter ey ▁County , ▁CA ▁and ▁later ▁spread ▁across ▁the ▁county ▁streets . ▁In ▁the ▁US , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁spread ▁from ▁Viet names e ▁gang s , ▁who ▁use ▁it ▁to ▁mean , ▁" A ▁group ▁of ▁friends ". ▁ ▁The ▁five ▁dot ▁tattoo ▁re semb les ▁the ▁five ▁shield s ▁on ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁flag — the ▁shield s ▁representing ▁the ▁five ▁Holy ▁W ounds ▁inf lict ed ▁upon ▁Jesus ▁during ▁his ▁cru c if ix ion — and ▁was ▁formerly ▁worn ▁by ▁many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁armed ▁forces . ▁It ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁a ▁popular ▁tattoo
▁for ▁first ▁generation ▁Portuguese - Amer icans ▁and ▁Portuguese - Can ad ians . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Crim inal ▁tattoo ▁ ▁Pr ison ▁tattoo ing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T atto o ▁designs ▁Category : Dot ▁patterns <0x0A> </s> ▁Glen n ▁Le R oy ▁" Red " ▁Jar rett ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁and ▁basketball ▁coach . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁football ▁coach ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁North ▁Dakota ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁comp iling ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 4 – 1 7 . ▁Jar ret ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁head ▁basketball ▁coach ▁at ▁North ▁Dakota ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 – 4 6 ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁t ally ing ▁a ▁mark ▁of ▁ 3 9 – 2 6 . ▁ ▁Head ▁coaching ▁record ▁ ▁Football ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : B asket ball ▁coaches ▁from ▁Indiana ▁Category : B asket ball ▁players ▁from ▁Indiana ▁Category : Co aches ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Indiana ▁Category : N orth ▁Dakota ▁Fight ing ▁Haw ks ▁athlet ic ▁directors ▁Category : N orth ▁Dakota ▁Fight ing
▁Haw ks ▁football ▁coaches ▁Category : N orth ▁Dakota ▁Fight ing ▁Haw ks ▁football ▁players ▁Category : N orth ▁Dakota ▁Fight ing ▁Haw ks ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁coaches ▁Category : N orth ▁Dakota ▁Fight ing ▁Haw ks ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : People ▁from ▁L ig on ier , ▁Indiana ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Indiana <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ver se ▁about ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁the ▁D ove ▁( Г о лу би ная ▁кни га , ▁Gol ub in aya ▁Kn iga ) ▁is ▁a ▁medieval ▁Russian ▁religious ▁ball ad . ▁At ▁least ▁ 2 0 ▁versions ▁are ▁known . ▁ ▁They ▁vary ▁in ▁length ▁from ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁over ▁ 9 0 0 ▁lines . ▁The ▁poem ▁is ▁generally ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁written ▁ca . ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Nov gor od ▁region , ▁though ▁Russian ▁national ists ▁post ulate ▁its ▁great ▁ant iqu ity . ▁The ▁earliest ▁ext ant ▁manuscript ▁is ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁poem ' s ▁folk ▁cosm ology ▁and ▁the ▁title ▁have ▁been ▁derived ▁by ▁Vlad imir ▁Top or ov ▁from ▁the ▁Bund ah ish n . ▁The ▁root ▁" g ol ub " ▁( d ove ) ▁in ▁title ▁" G ol ub in aya " ▁is ▁not ▁about ▁birds . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁root ▁" gl ub " ▁( depth , ▁deep ), ▁which ▁refers ▁to ▁depth ▁of ▁concepts ▁described ▁in ▁the
▁book . ▁Also ▁it ▁could ▁orig inate ▁from ▁" se fer ▁tor ah ": ▁trunc ated ▁" se fer ▁tor " ▁can ▁be ▁translated ▁to ▁Russian ▁as ▁" d ove ▁book ". ▁ ▁Several ▁major ▁Russian ▁po ets ▁and ▁artists ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁( such ▁as ▁Nicholas ▁Ro er ich ▁and ▁And rey ▁B ely ) ▁were ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁D ove - Book . ▁The ▁Russian ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁had ▁it ▁banned ▁as ▁a ▁her et ical ▁mixture ▁of ▁ap oc ry ph al ▁Christian ▁tales ▁with ▁pag an ▁l ore . ▁▁ ▁The ▁main ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁D ove - Book ▁is ▁a ▁long ▁sequence ▁of ▁r idd les . ▁In ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁answers ▁to ▁those ▁r idd les , ▁King ▁David ▁explains ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁light , ▁sun , ▁moon , ▁and ▁social ▁classes . ▁He ▁also ▁ment ions ▁a ▁mysterious ▁stone ▁" cle pt ▁the ▁Al at yr ". ▁Isabel ▁Florence ▁H ap good ▁describes ▁the ▁content ▁of ▁one ▁version ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁terms : ▁ ▁" The ▁D ove ▁Book " ▁falls ▁from ▁Al at yr , ▁the ▁" burn ing ▁white ▁stone ▁on ▁the ▁Island ▁of ▁Buy an ", ▁the ▁heat hen ▁parad ise , ▁which ▁lies ▁far ▁towards ▁sun rise , ▁in ▁the ▁" O cean ▁Sea ". ▁The ▁heat hen ▁significance ▁of ▁the ▁stone ▁is ▁not ▁known , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁clever ly ▁explained ▁in ▁" The ▁D ove ▁Book " ▁as ▁the ▁stone ▁where on ▁Christ ▁stood ▁when
▁he ▁pre ached ▁to ▁his ▁dis ciples . ▁This ▁" l ittle ▁book " ▁(" fort y ▁f ath oms ▁long ▁and ▁twenty ▁wide ") ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Ev angel ist , ▁and ▁no ▁man ▁can ▁read ▁it . ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁somewhat ▁suggest ive ▁of ▁the ▁" l ittle ▁book " ▁in ▁R evel ation . ▁The ▁prop het ▁Isa iah ▁dec ipher ed ▁only ▁three ▁pages ▁of ▁it ▁in ▁as ▁many ▁years . ▁But ▁the ▁" most ▁wise ▁ts ar ▁David " ▁undert akes ▁to ▁give , ▁from ▁memory , ▁the ▁book ' s ▁answers ▁to ▁various ▁questions ▁put ▁to ▁him ▁by ▁Ts ar ▁Vlad imir ▁( as ▁spokes man ▁of ▁a ▁thr ong ▁of ▁em per ors ▁and ▁prin ces ). ▁A ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁curious ▁information ▁is ▁convey ed ▁- ▁all ▁very ▁poet ically ▁expressed ▁- ▁including ▁some ▁odd ▁facts ▁in ▁natural ▁history , ▁such ▁as : ▁that ▁the ▁o str ich ▁is ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁birds , ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁lives , ▁feed s , ▁and ▁re ars ▁her ▁young ▁on ▁the ▁blue ▁sea , ▁d rowning ▁mar in ers ▁and ▁s inking ▁ships . ▁Whenever ▁she ▁( or ▁the ▁Ind rik - Be ast ) ▁moves , ▁an ▁earthqu ake ▁ens ues . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Two ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁poem ▁( in ▁Russian ) ▁ ▁Category : Ap oc ry pha ▁Category : Christ ian ▁poetry ▁Category : F olk ▁Christianity ▁Category : 1 5 th -
century ▁Russian ▁literature ▁Category : R idd les <0x0A> </s> ▁H MS ▁Sur prise ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁historical ▁novel ▁in ▁the ▁Aub rey – M atur in ▁series ▁by ▁Patrick ▁O ' B rian , ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁The ▁series ▁follows ▁the ▁partnership ▁of ▁Captain ▁Jack ▁Aub rey ▁and ▁the ▁naval ▁sur geon ▁Stephen ▁M atur in ▁during ▁the ▁wars ▁against ▁Napoleon ' s ▁France . ▁ ▁M atur in ▁is ▁tort ured ▁gathering ▁intelligence . ▁On ▁H MS ▁Sur prise , ▁Aub rey ▁and ▁M atur in ▁make ▁a ▁long ▁voyage ▁to ▁bring ▁an ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Sout heast ▁Asia , ▁round ing ▁the ▁southern ▁tip ▁of ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Some ▁review ers ▁found ▁the ▁novel ▁with ▁" super b ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁life ", ▁yet ▁too ▁full ▁of ▁n aut ical ▁detail , ▁while ▁others ▁found ▁that ▁detail ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁author ' s ▁er ud ition ▁and ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁of ▁the ▁plot . ▁The ▁author ▁showed ▁" capacity ▁for ▁creating ▁another ▁completely ▁belie v able ▁world ", ▁while ▁another ▁review er ▁said ▁the ▁novel ▁is ▁" stret ching ▁its ▁genre ▁[ nav al ▁adventure ] ▁but ▁never ▁esc aping ▁it ." ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁A ▁conv oy ▁including ▁Aub rey ▁se izes ▁the ▁ships ▁carrying ▁the ▁gold ▁deemed ▁necessary ▁by ▁Spain ▁to ▁agree ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁war ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁France . ▁On ▁the ▁qu ib ble ▁that ▁Spain ▁had ▁not ▁yet ▁entered ▁the ▁war , ▁the ▁new ▁First ▁Lord ▁of
▁the ▁Admiral ty ▁decides ▁the ▁vast ▁sum ▁is ▁a ▁droit ▁of ▁the ▁Crown ▁so ▁thus ▁not ▁shared ▁out ▁with ▁the ▁capt ors . ▁Sm aller ▁amounts ▁will ▁be ▁distributed ▁to ▁the ▁capt ains , ▁quite ▁opposite ▁to ▁the ▁expectations ▁of ▁the ▁successful ▁conv oy . ▁The ▁First ▁Lord ▁bl und ers ▁into ▁mention ing ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁intelligence ▁agent ▁Stephen ▁M atur in ▁during ▁the ▁proceedings , ▁putting ▁M atur in ▁at ▁risk . ▁ ▁M atur in ▁goes ▁on ▁a ▁mission ▁to ▁Spain , ▁and ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁picked ▁up ▁at ▁Port ▁Mah on ▁by ▁Aub rey , ▁now ▁on ▁block ade ▁duty ▁near ▁T oul on ▁in ▁H MS ▁L ively . ▁At ▁the ▁rend ez v ous ▁point , ▁Aub rey ▁learn s ▁from ▁a ▁Catal an ▁revolutionary ▁that ▁his ▁friend ▁has ▁been ▁captured ▁and ▁is ▁being ▁tort ured ▁by ▁French ▁intelligence ▁in ▁Port ▁Mah on , ▁the ▁island ▁having ▁been ▁returned ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁Peace ▁of ▁Am iens . ▁Aub rey ▁leads ▁a ▁rescue ▁mission , ▁saving ▁a ▁rav aged ▁M atur in ▁and ▁killing ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁interrog ators ▁except ▁one , ▁Captain ▁D ut our d . ▁In ▁England , ▁Aub rey ▁is ▁taken ▁by ▁bail iffs ▁and ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁a ▁sp ong ing - house , ▁a ▁debt ors ' ▁prison . ▁M atur in ▁tells ▁Sir ▁Joseph ▁of ▁his ▁capture ▁and ▁Aub rey ' s ▁pred ic ament . ▁Aub rey ' s ▁marriage ▁to ▁Soph ia ▁Williams ▁is ▁de ferred ,
▁as ▁her ▁mother ▁ins ists ▁that ▁he ▁be ▁debt - free . ▁M atur in ▁gets ▁Aub rey ▁an ▁advance ▁on ▁his ▁grant ▁of ▁money ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁released . ▁Soph ia ▁meets ▁Aub rey ▁in ▁a ▁coach ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁night ▁before ▁he ▁takes ▁command ▁of ▁his ▁new ▁ship ▁H MS ▁Sur prise , ▁and ▁they ▁promise ▁to ▁marry ▁no ▁one ▁else . ▁ ▁Aub rey ▁and ▁M atur in ▁leave ▁in ▁the ▁Sur prise ▁to ▁fer ry ▁an ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁S ultan ▁of ▁Kamp ong ▁on ▁the ▁Mal ay ▁Pen insula . ▁Aub rey ▁hopes ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁French ▁squad ron ▁commanded ▁by ▁Admiral ▁L inois , ▁who ▁once ▁took ▁him ▁prisoner . ▁Sur prise ▁is ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁d old rum s ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁equ ator , ▁and ▁the ▁crew ▁show ▁signs ▁of ▁sc ur vy . ▁On ▁a ▁very ▁hot ▁Sunday , ▁M atur in ▁takes ▁a ▁short ▁stop ▁on ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁Rock . ▁Two ▁serious ▁storm s ▁strike ; ▁the ▁officer ▁who ▁row ed ▁him ▁out ▁is ▁d rowned ▁and ▁Sur prise ▁is ▁damaged ▁and ▁driven ▁out ▁of ▁sight . ▁M atur in ▁surv ives ▁on ▁bird - f ou led ▁water ▁and ▁the ▁blood ▁of ▁bo ob ies , ▁and ▁claims ▁that ▁these ▁days ▁under ▁the ▁hot ▁sun ▁have ▁restored ▁his ▁health ▁after ▁the ▁torture . ▁They ▁stop ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Brazil ▁for ▁fresh ▁foods ▁and ▁supplies , ▁and ▁a ▁sl oth ; ▁this ▁is ▁M atur in '
s ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁World . ▁They ▁put ▁in ▁at ▁Rio ▁for ▁mail . ▁ ▁Ref itted ▁and ▁rep ainted , ▁Sur prise ▁goes ▁wide ▁around ▁the ▁Cape ▁of ▁Good ▁Hope , ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁Dutch ▁who ▁are ▁all ied ▁with ▁Napoleon . ▁In ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ocean , ▁they ▁end ure ▁a ▁severe ▁storm . ▁The ▁amb assador ▁becomes ▁very ▁ill . ▁They ▁put ▁into ▁Bomb ay ▁in ▁India ▁to ▁ref it ▁after ▁the ▁storm s ▁and ▁to ▁rest ▁the ▁amb assador . ▁M atur in ▁meets ▁a ▁local ▁street - wise ▁child , ▁a ▁girl ▁named ▁D il , ▁who ▁eager ly ▁shows ▁him ▁around ▁the ▁city . ▁M atur in ▁is ▁watching ▁a ▁par ade ▁with ▁D il ▁when ▁he ▁sees ▁Diana ▁Vill iers , ▁who ▁has ▁returned ▁to ▁Bomb ay ▁ahead ▁of ▁her ▁companion , ▁Richard ▁C anning . ▁They ▁agree ▁to ▁visit , ▁and ▁spend ▁several ▁days ▁together , ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁which ▁M atur in ▁asks ▁her ▁to ▁marry ▁him . ▁She ▁does ▁not ▁reply ▁immediately , ▁but ▁promises ▁she ▁will ▁when ▁Sur prise ▁stops ▁in ▁Cal cut ta . ▁M atur in ▁finds ▁D il ▁dead ▁and ▁ro bb ed ▁of ▁the ▁silver ▁brace lets ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁given ▁her ; ▁he ▁super vis es ▁her ▁cre m ation ▁on ▁the ▁shore . ▁ ▁The ▁amb assador ▁dies ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁Sund a ▁Str ait ▁so ▁the ▁Sur prise ▁sets ▁sail ▁for ▁Britain . ▁They ▁encounter ▁the ▁East ▁India
▁Company ' s ▁China ▁Fleet , ▁returning ▁to ▁England ▁un esc orted . ▁A ▁day ▁after ▁leaving ▁the ▁China ▁Fleet ▁the ▁Sur prise ▁spots ▁L inois ' s ▁squad ron ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁Ocean . ▁Sur prise ▁eng ages ▁its ▁smallest ▁ship , ▁the ▁cor v ette ▁Ber ce au , ▁sh red ding ▁her ▁rig ging , ▁then ▁speeds ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁China ▁Fleet ▁to ▁warn ▁them ▁and ▁organ ise ▁a ▁defence . ▁Cho osing ▁the ▁largest ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁China ▁Fleet , ▁Aub rey ▁dress es ▁them ▁as ▁men - of - war ▁and ▁sends ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁officers ▁to ▁help ▁them ▁fight . ▁The ▁French ▁squad ron ▁clos es ▁on ▁the ▁Sur prise ▁and ▁the ▁large ▁Ind iam en . ▁The ▁Sur prise ▁eng ages ▁the ▁largest ▁French ▁war ship , ▁the ▁M are ng o ; ▁she ▁is ▁out g unned ▁and ▁in ▁per il ▁when ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Ind iam en ▁eng ages ▁the ▁French ▁ship ▁from ▁the ▁other ▁side , ▁forcing ▁M are ng o ▁to ▁dis eng age . ▁Dam age ▁forces ▁the ▁French ▁squad ron ▁to ▁abandon ▁the ▁chase ▁to ▁ref it . ▁ ▁Ash ore ▁in ▁Cal cut ta , ▁Aub rey ▁receives ▁an ▁enthusi astic ▁welcome ▁from ▁the ▁merch ants , ▁including ▁C anning , ▁who ▁are ▁happy ▁to ▁ref it ▁the ▁Sur prise . ▁As ▁a ▁personal ▁reward , ▁they ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁transport ▁jew els ▁as ▁fre ight , ▁which ▁will ▁earn ▁him ▁a ▁good ▁prize ▁upon ▁his ▁arrival ▁in ▁England
. ▁During ▁the ▁ref it , ▁C anning ▁finds ▁M atur in ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁of ▁Vill iers . ▁In ▁a ▁fit ▁of ▁jealous y ▁C anning ▁sl aps ▁M atur in , ▁and ▁M atur in ▁challenges ▁him ▁to ▁a ▁du el . ▁C anning ▁int ends ▁to ▁kill ▁M atur in , ▁but ▁wounds ▁him . ▁M atur in ▁int ends ▁to ▁wound ▁C anning , ▁but ▁kills ▁him . ▁M atur in ▁convin ces ▁Vill iers ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁England ▁on ▁a ▁merchant ▁ship ▁that ▁will ▁leave ▁immediately , ▁rather ▁than ▁tend ▁to ▁him ▁as ▁he ▁rec o vers ▁aboard ▁the ▁Sur prise . ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Aub rey ▁and ▁M ' All ister , ▁M atur in ▁sto ically ▁operates ▁on ▁himself , ▁removing ▁the ▁bullet ▁lod ged ▁near ▁his ▁heart . ▁Aub rey ▁tends ▁to ▁his ▁friend ▁in ▁the ▁worst ▁period ▁of ▁fever , ▁where ▁the ▁secret ive ▁man ▁speaks ▁all ▁his ▁secrets . ▁ ▁Aub rey ▁sends ▁a ▁note ▁to ▁Soph ia , ▁asking ▁her ▁to ▁meet ▁at ▁Made ira , ▁knowing ▁he ▁can ▁clear ▁his ▁deb ts . ▁In ▁port , ▁M atur in ▁finds ▁that ▁Vill iers ▁left ▁him ▁a ▁note ▁returning ▁the ▁ring ▁he ▁gave ▁her , ▁and ▁trav elled ▁with ▁Mr ▁John stone ▁from ▁America , ▁who ▁had ▁visited ▁her ▁in ▁Cal cut ta . ▁Soph ia ▁is ▁not ▁there . ▁Within ▁a ▁day ' s ▁sail ing , ▁Aub rey ▁over t akes ▁the ▁fr igate ▁H MS ▁Eth alion ▁under
▁H ene age ▁D und as ▁and ▁finds ▁that ▁Soph ia ▁is ▁aboard . ▁She ▁promises ▁to ▁marry ▁him ▁once ▁they ▁return ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Rec ur ring ▁characters ▁in ▁the ▁Aub rey – M atur in ▁series ▁▁ ▁Jack ▁Aub rey : ▁Captain ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁on ▁H MS ▁L ively , ▁and ▁then ▁appointed ▁Captain ▁of ▁H MS ▁Sur prise . ▁ ▁Stephen ▁M atur in : ▁Ship ' s ▁sur geon , ▁physician , ▁natural ▁philos opher , ▁intelligence ▁agent ▁and ▁close ▁friend ▁to ▁Aub rey . ▁ ▁Soph ia ▁Williams : ▁Young ▁beautiful ▁woman ▁promised ▁to ▁Jack ▁Aub rey , ▁of ▁good ▁family ▁and ▁good ▁marriage ▁settlement . ▁ ▁Mrs ▁Williams : ▁Soph ia ' s ▁mother , ▁a ▁woman ▁of ▁unple asant ▁ways ▁who ▁wants ▁her ▁daughters ▁well ▁married . ▁ ▁Cec elia ▁and ▁Frances ▁Williams : ▁Young er ▁sisters ▁of ▁Soph ia , ▁each ▁married ▁before ▁the ▁Sur prise ▁reaches ▁Bomb ay . ▁Frances ▁mar ries ▁Sir ▁Oliver ▁Flo ode , ▁MP , ▁and ▁Cec elia ▁mar ries ▁his ▁younger ▁cousin , ▁a ▁milit ia ▁officer . ▁ ▁Diana ▁Vill iers : ▁C ous in ▁to ▁Soph ia ▁who ▁esc apes ▁the ▁Williams ▁household ▁to ▁be ▁kept ▁by ▁C anning , ▁and ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁love ▁of ▁Stephen ▁M atur in . ▁ ▁Mr ▁H in ck sey : ▁Re ver end ▁who ▁lives ▁near ▁Map es ▁Court , ▁visiting ▁often . ▁Mrs ▁Williams ▁p ushes ▁Soph ia ▁to ▁marry
▁him ▁instead ▁of ▁her ▁f ian cé ▁Aub rey . ▁Instead , ▁he ▁off ici ates ▁at ▁the ▁wed dings ▁of ▁Cec elia ▁and ▁Frances . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁friend ▁to ▁Rev ▁Mr ▁White . ▁ ▁Sir ▁Joseph ▁Bl aine : ▁Head ▁of ▁naval ▁intelligence , ▁ent om ologist , ▁and ▁M atur in ' s ▁contact . ▁ ▁Mr ▁W aring : ▁Assistant ▁to ▁Sir ▁Joseph ▁and ▁his ▁likely ▁success or ▁upon ▁Bl aine ' s ▁retirement . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Sim mons : ▁First ▁lieutenant ▁on ▁H MS ▁L ively , ▁who ▁is ▁effective ▁in ▁the ▁actions ▁taking ▁out ▁French ▁shore ▁batteries , ▁ ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁French ▁stores ▁ship ▁D rom ada ire ▁and ▁taking ▁the ▁French ▁gun boat , ▁with ▁its ▁current ▁signal ▁book . ▁The ▁gun boat ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁retrieve ▁M atur in ▁from ▁torture ▁in ▁Port ▁Mah on . ▁He ▁told ▁Aub rey ▁of ▁the ▁engagement ▁announced ▁in ▁The ▁Times ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁gift ▁the ▁L ively s ▁will ▁give ▁him ▁and ▁Soph ia . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Rand all : ▁Second ▁lieutenant ▁on ▁H MS ▁L ively . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Gar ron : ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁Lord ▁and ▁third ▁lieutenant ▁on ▁H MS ▁L ively . ▁He ▁is ▁met ▁again ▁in ▁The ▁Maur it ius ▁Command ▁as ▁captain ▁of ▁a ▁brig , ▁in ▁the ▁action . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Field ing : ▁Lieutenant ▁on ▁H MS ▁L ively . ▁ ▁Mr ▁John ▁D ash wood : ▁Lieutenant ▁on ▁H MS ▁L ively . ▁ ▁Joan ▁Mar ag all
: ▁Catal an ▁friend ▁of ▁M atur in ▁who ▁leads ▁Aub rey ▁to ▁him ▁on ▁Port ▁Mah on . ▁ ▁Captain ▁D ut our d : ▁The ▁lead ▁French ▁interrog ator ▁and ▁tort urer ▁at ▁Port ▁Mah on , ▁and ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁escaped ▁death ▁when ▁Aub rey ▁resc ued ▁the ▁prisoners . ▁Poss ibly ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁other ▁prisoners ▁after ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁building . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Her vey : ▁First ▁lieutenant ▁on ▁H MS ▁Sur prise ▁until ▁Bomb ay , ▁where ▁he ▁jo ins ▁his ▁uncle , ▁an ▁adm iral , ▁for ▁likely ▁promotion . ▁He ▁does ▁his ▁work , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁authority ▁needed ▁for ▁best ▁operation ▁of ▁the ▁ship . ▁ ▁Mr ▁St our ton : ▁First ▁lieutenant ▁replacing ▁Her vey , ▁more ▁qualified ▁for ▁his ▁role , ▁especially ▁during ▁the ▁action ▁with ▁L inois . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Nic oll s : ▁Second ▁lieutenant ▁aboard ▁Sur prise . ▁He ▁rows ▁M atur in ▁out ▁to ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁R ocks . ▁When ▁the ▁fierce ▁storm ▁hits , ▁M atur in ▁surv ives , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁trace ▁of ▁Nic oll s ▁or ▁the ▁boat . ▁Before ▁the ▁storm , ▁he ▁tells ▁M atur in ▁of ▁his ▁troubles ▁with ▁his ▁wife , ▁who ▁has ▁not ▁written ▁to ▁him ▁to ▁end ▁the ▁argument ▁they ▁had . ▁ ▁Tom ▁Pull ings : ▁Lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy , ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁Sur prise , ▁and ▁considered ▁a ▁f oll ower ▁of ▁Captain ▁Aub rey . ▁He ▁is ▁married
▁now . ▁His ▁experience ▁during ▁the ▁peace ▁aboard ▁East ▁Ind iam en ▁serves ▁H MS ▁Sur prise ▁well ▁as ▁she ▁ne ars ▁Sund a ▁Str ait ▁and ▁Sum atra . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Bab bing ton : ▁Mid ship man ▁who ▁is ▁ne aring ▁his ▁time ▁to ▁pass ▁for ▁lieutenant ▁as ▁Sur prise ▁slowly ▁makes ▁her ▁way ▁south ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean . ▁He ▁is ▁appointed ▁acting ▁lieutenant ▁when ▁the ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁is ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁storm . ▁He ▁is ▁always ▁seeking ▁female ▁companions ▁in ▁port , ▁sometimes ▁leaving ▁the ▁ship ▁without ▁permission . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Call ow : ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁young ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁mid ship men ' s ▁ber th . ▁In ▁the ▁action ▁against ▁L inois , ▁a ▁block ▁falls ▁on ▁his ▁head , ▁which ▁he ▁surv ives . ▁ ▁Bar ret ▁Bond en : ▁Aub rey ' s ▁co x sw ain , ▁who ▁learn s ▁to ▁write ▁by ▁lessons ▁from ▁M atur in ▁on ▁the ▁Sur prise ▁sail ing ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic . ▁ ▁Pres erved ▁Kill ick : ▁Aub rey ' s ▁st eward . ▁ ▁Mr ▁M ' Al ister : ▁Assistant ▁sur geon ▁to ▁Stephen ▁M atur in ▁in ▁sick ▁room , ▁and ▁in ▁M atur in ' s ▁surgery ▁on ▁himself . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Stan h ope : ▁S ent ▁as ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁S ultan ▁of ▁Kamp ong , ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁Aub rey ' s ▁mission ▁on ▁the ▁Sur prise . ▁ ▁Mr ▁At kins : ▁Secretary ▁to ▁Mr ▁Stan h
ope , ▁then ▁in ▁the ▁employ ▁of ▁C anning ▁upon ▁reaching ▁Cal cut ta , ▁an ▁agent ▁for ▁M atur in . ▁ ▁Re ver end ▁Mr ▁White : ▁Pars on ▁in ▁Stan h ope ' s ▁party . ▁He ▁alone ▁stays ▁on ▁H MS ▁Sur prise ▁after ▁Stan h ope ▁dies , ▁and ▁they ▁encounter ▁the ▁East ▁Ind iam en ▁offering ▁faster ▁return ▁to ▁England ▁for ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁passage . ▁ ▁D il : ▁Girl ▁about ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁old , ▁M atur in ' s ▁ex uber ant ▁Indian ▁guide ▁in ▁Bomb ay ▁who ▁is ▁killed ▁for ▁the ▁silver ▁b angles ▁M atur in ▁gave ▁her . ▁ ▁Richard ▁C anning : ▁Rich ▁Jewish ▁merchant , ▁Diana ▁Vill ier ' s ▁prote ctor ▁in ▁India . ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁another ▁woman ▁who ▁plans ▁to ▁meet ▁him ▁in ▁Cal cut ta . ▁C anning ▁enc ounters ▁M atur in ▁in ▁Bomb ay ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁Cal cut ta . ▁ ▁Charles - Alex and re ▁Lé on ▁Dur and ▁L inois : ▁French ▁Admiral ▁aboard ▁M are ng o , ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁squad ron . ▁ ▁General ▁Aub rey : ▁Father ▁of ▁Jack ▁Aub rey . ▁He ▁brings ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁son ▁to ▁visit ▁Soph ia , ▁un ann ounced , ▁fort unately ▁when ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁not ▁home . ▁ ▁Mrs ▁Aub rey : ▁Second ▁wife ▁of ▁General ▁Aub rey , ▁previously ▁a ▁d airy ▁maid ▁at ▁the ▁family ▁estate ▁of ▁W ool com be
. ▁ ▁Philip ▁Aub rey : ▁Son ▁born ▁to ▁General ▁Aub rey ▁by ▁his ▁second ▁wife , ▁as ▁mentioned ▁in ▁previous ▁novel ▁Post ▁Captain . ▁ ▁Mr ▁John stone ▁of ▁America : ▁Man ▁who ▁Vill iers ▁joined ▁in ▁Made ira ▁( called ▁" Mr . ▁Johnson " ▁in ▁later ▁books ). ▁ ▁H ene age ▁D und as : ▁Captain ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁and ▁close ▁friend ▁to ▁Aub rey , ▁carries ▁Soph ia ▁to ▁meet ▁him ▁near ▁Made ira . ▁ ▁Sh ips ▁The ▁British : ▁ ▁H MS ▁Sur prise ▁– ▁fr igate ▁ ▁China ▁fleet ▁Add ington ▁– ▁Ind iam an ▁Ocean ▁– ▁Ind iam an ▁Cam den ▁– ▁Ind iam an ▁Bomb ay ▁Castle ▁– ▁Ind iam an ▁Alfred ▁– ▁Ind iam an ▁W ex wood ▁– ▁Ind iam an ▁L ushing ton ▁– ▁Ind iam an ▁Royal ▁George ▁– ▁Ind iam an ▁ ▁The ▁French : ▁ ▁M are ng o ▁– ▁ 7 4 - gun ▁ship ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁commanded ▁by ▁L inois ▁Ber ce au ▁– ▁ 2 2 - gun ▁cor v ette ▁Sem ill ante ▁– ▁ 3 6 - gun ▁fr igate ▁B elle ▁P ou le ▁– ▁ 4 0 - gun ▁fr igate ▁ ▁All usions ▁to ▁literature ▁and ▁events ▁in ▁history ▁ ▁All usions ▁to ▁literature ▁ ▁The ▁capture ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁treasure ▁fleet ▁features ▁in ▁Horn bl ower ▁and ▁the ▁Hot sp ur , ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁the ▁last - published ▁full ▁length ▁novel ▁in
▁C . ▁S . ▁Fore ster ' s ▁Horn bl ower ▁series . ▁Fore ster ▁adds ▁Horn bl ower ▁in ▁the ▁Hot sp ur ▁as ▁an ▁extra ▁to ▁the ▁five ▁British ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁squad ron ▁sent ▁to ▁inter cept ▁the ▁fleet . ▁ ▁All usions ▁to ▁events ▁in ▁history ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁novel , ▁the ▁Admiral ty ▁discuss es ▁what ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁the ▁Spanish ▁gold ▁seized ▁by ▁the ▁conv oy ▁including ▁Captain ▁Jack ▁Aub rey ▁and ▁Stephen ▁M atur in . ▁In ▁the ▁previous ▁novel , ▁the ▁fict ional ▁characters ▁assumed ▁they ▁would ▁get ▁a ▁share ▁of ▁what ▁they ▁seized , ▁as ▁was ▁usual . ▁The ▁huge ▁amount ▁of ▁the ▁gold ▁led ▁the ▁Admiral ty ▁to ▁see ▁this ▁otherwise , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁novel . ▁ ▁Aub rey ▁gains ▁command ▁of ▁H MS ▁Sur prise , ▁a ▁fict ional ▁version ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁historical ▁H MS ▁Sur prise , ▁but ▁with ▁a ▁different ▁back ▁story . ▁She ▁becomes ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁fict ional ▁ship ▁in ▁the ▁Aub rey – M atur in ▁series . ▁ ▁The ▁" cut ting ▁out " ▁( c apt uring ▁while ▁in ▁port , ▁either ▁at ▁anchor ▁or ▁b ert hed ) ▁of ▁H MS ▁Herm ione ▁refers ▁to ▁an ▁actual ▁event ▁involving ▁H MS ▁Sur prise ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁capture ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁treasure ▁fleet , ▁with ▁Jack ▁in ▁command ▁of ▁H MS ▁L ively , ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁Battle
▁of ▁Cape ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁( b attle ▁rec ount ed ▁in ▁Post ▁Captain ). ▁ ▁Aub rey ' s ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁French ▁squad ron ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional isation ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁Battle ▁of ▁P ulo ▁A ura . ▁ ▁Reviews ▁Val erie ▁Web ster ▁writing ▁in ▁The ▁Sc ots man ▁found ▁that ▁" His ▁books ▁can ▁absorb ▁and ▁ent h ral ▁land l ub bers ▁like ▁myself ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁even ▁know ▁the ▁difference ▁between ▁a ▁j ib - bo om ▁and ▁a ▁t aff ra il ." ▁ ▁Library ▁Journal ▁reviewed ▁this ▁novel ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁ab rid ged ▁audio ▁edition , ▁finding ▁" super b ▁dep ictions ▁of ▁life " ▁and ▁highly ▁recommended ▁it , ▁mention ing ▁" O ' B rian ' s ▁ex quis it ely ▁accurate ▁historical ▁detail ". ▁Mark ▁P umph r ery , ▁writing ▁for ▁Library ▁Journal , ▁remarks ▁the ▁friendship ▁of ▁the ▁Aub rey ▁and ▁M atur in , ▁which ▁" pl ays ▁out ▁against ▁an ▁exp anse ▁of ▁ocean , ▁from ▁India ▁to ▁the ▁Atlantic , ▁with ▁a ▁full ▁complement ▁of ▁battles ▁and ▁adventures ▁at ▁sea ▁for ▁dev ote es ▁of ▁naval ▁fiction ." ▁ ▁Publish ers ▁Week ly ▁liked ▁the ▁plot ▁but , ▁unlike ▁the ▁other ▁review ers , ▁found ▁the ▁n aut ical ▁detail ▁sometimes ▁overwhelming . ▁They ▁enjoy ▁seeing ▁the ▁environment ▁through ▁M atur in ' s ▁eyes , ▁and ▁appreciate ▁what ▁drives ▁Aub rey ▁to ▁engage ▁with ▁French ▁adm iral ▁L inois ,
▁as ▁Aub rey ▁wants ▁enough ▁prize ▁money ▁to ▁marry ▁his ▁true ▁love . ▁In ▁sum , ▁" St ret ching ▁its ▁genre ▁but ▁never ▁esc aping ▁it , ▁the ▁novel ▁will ▁impress ▁those ▁who ▁enjoy ▁sw ash b uck lers ." ▁ ▁Helen ▁Lucy ▁Bur k ▁writing ▁in ▁the ▁Irish ▁Press ▁said ▁" F ew , ▁very ▁few , ▁books ▁have ▁made ▁my ▁heart ▁th ud ▁with ▁excitement . ▁H . M . S . ▁Sur prise ▁managed ▁it . ▁I ▁read ▁it ▁cru ising ▁through ▁the ▁t ame ▁Ad ri atic , ▁and ▁several ▁times ▁found ▁myself ▁forced ▁to ▁pace ▁about ▁the ▁deck ▁to ▁calm ▁my ▁pulse .... Pat rick ▁O ' B rian ' s ▁er ud ition ▁is ▁phenomen al , ▁as ▁is ▁his ▁capacity ▁for ▁creating ▁another ▁completely ▁belie v able ▁world . ▁He ▁convin ces ▁with ▁his ▁total ▁accuracy ▁even ▁in ▁tiny ▁details ." ▁ ▁Ad apt ations ▁The ▁novel ▁was ▁adapted ▁in ▁three ▁parts ▁in ▁the ▁After noon ▁Play ▁str and ▁on ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁ 4 , ▁adapted ▁by ▁Roger ▁Dan es ▁and ▁directed ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Bruce ▁Young , ▁with ▁Aub rey ▁played ▁by ▁David ▁Rob b ▁and ▁M atur in ▁by ▁Richard ▁D ill ane . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁cast ▁was : ▁ ▁Pres erved ▁Kill ick ▁– ▁Jon ▁G lo ver ▁Bar ret ▁Bond en ▁– ▁David ▁Tim son ▁Sir ▁Joseph ▁Bl aine ▁– ▁Str uan ▁Rod ger ▁Sophie ▁Williams ▁– ▁Liz ▁S uther land ▁Lieutenant ▁Pull ings ▁– ▁David ▁Hol t ▁Lieutenant
▁Sim mons ▁– ▁Dan ▁Star key ▁Mrs ▁Williams ▁/ ▁Lady ▁For bes ▁– ▁Les ley ▁Nich ols ▁Cec ilia ▁Williams ▁/ ▁Miss ▁Ag ath a ▁– ▁Sarah ▁Dan es ▁Diana ▁Vill iers ▁– ▁Ad jo a ▁And oh ▁Arthur ▁Stan h ope ▁– ▁David ▁Tim son ▁Mid ship man ▁Call ow ▁– ▁Carl ▁Pre k opp ▁Tob ias ▁At kins ▁– ▁Stephen ▁Crit ch low ▁Lieutenant ▁Nich ols ▁– ▁Dan ▁Star key ▁Mid ship man ▁Bab bing ton ▁– ▁Chris ▁Pav lo ▁C anning ▁– ▁Chris ▁Pav lo ▁ ▁The ▁novel ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁books ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁adapted ▁into ▁the ▁film ▁Master ▁and ▁Commander : ▁The ▁Far ▁Side ▁of ▁the ▁World . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁history ▁▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁USA , ▁J . ▁B . ▁L ipp inc ott , ▁hard back ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 3 9 7 - 0 0 9 9 8 - 5 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁UK , ▁Collins ▁hard back ▁First ▁UK ▁edition ▁▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Font ana ; ▁Paper back ▁edition ▁▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Font ana ▁Press ▁paper back ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 0 0 - 6 1 4 1 8 1 - 5 ▁( UK ▁edition ) ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁May ▁W . ▁W . ▁Nort on ▁paper back ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 3 9 3 - 3 0 7 6
1 - 0 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Record ed ▁Books ▁audio ▁CD , ▁narr ator ▁Patrick ▁T ull ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 1 - 4 0 2 5 - 2 8 2 8 - 6 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁February ▁IS IS ▁Audio ▁Books ▁audio ▁c ass ette ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 1 - 8 5 0 8 9 - 8 7 6 - 4 ▁( UK ▁edition ) ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁November ▁W . ▁W . ▁Nort on ▁& ▁Company ; ▁Hard cover ▁Rep r int ▁edition ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 3 9 3 - 0 3 7 0 3 - 6 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁November ▁Bes po ke ▁Audio ▁audio ▁c ass ette ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 1 - 8 6 0 5 1 - 0 0 5 - 2 ▁( UK ▁edition ) ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁January ▁Harper Coll ins ▁paper back ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 0 0 - 6 4 9 9 1 7 - 6 ▁( UK ▁edition ) ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁April ▁Fire bird ▁D istribut ing ▁audio ▁c ass ette , ▁narr ator ▁Robert ▁Hard y ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 0 0 - 1 0 5 3 3 1 - 1 ▁( UK ▁edition )
▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁January ▁Harper Coll ins ▁hard back ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 3 9 7 - 0 0 9 9 8 - 5 ▁( UK ▁edition ) ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁August ▁Random ▁House ▁Audio ▁audio ▁c ass ette ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 3 7 5 - 4 0 5 2 4 - 2 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁June ▁Thor nd ike ▁Press ; ▁Large print ▁hard cover ▁edition ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 7 8 6 2 - 1 9 3 4 - 6 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁June ▁Ch ivers ▁Large ▁Print ▁paper back ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 7 5 4 0 - 2 3 5 0 - 0 ▁( UK ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁September ▁Record ed ▁Books ▁audio ▁c ass ette ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 1 - 4 0 2 5 - 0 2 2 2 - 4 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Harper Coll ins ; ▁re print ▁paper back ▁edition ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁January ▁Ch ivers ▁Large ▁Print ▁hard back ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 7 5 4 0 - 1 4 6 0 - 7 ▁( UK ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁September ▁Sound ings ▁Audio ▁audio
▁CD ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 1 - 8 4 2 8 3 - 2 6 2 - 2 ▁( UK ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁March ▁Black stone ▁A udi ob ook s ▁Audio ▁CD ▁edition ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 1 - 4 1 5 9 - 0 3 9 9 - 5 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁April ▁Black stone ▁Audio ▁MP 3 ▁CD ▁audio ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 7 8 6 1 - 8 5 6 2 - 7 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁April ▁Black stone ▁Audio ▁audio ▁CD ▁Library ▁edition ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 7 8 6 1 - 8 6 3 3 - 4 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁July ▁Books ▁on ▁T ape ▁audio ▁CD ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 1 - 4 1 5 9 - 0 4 0 0 - 8 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Harper ▁paper back ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8 - 0 - 0 0 - 7 2 5 5 8 5 - 6 ▁( UK ▁edition ) ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁W . ▁W . ▁Nort on ▁& ▁Company ; ▁e - book ▁edition ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁August ▁Black stone ▁Audio ▁audio ▁CD , ▁reader ▁Simon ▁V ance ▁ ▁/ ▁ 9 7 8
- 1 - 4 8 2 9 - 5 5 1 2 - 5 ▁( USA ▁edition ) ▁ ▁This ▁novel ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁by ▁L ipp inc ott ▁in ▁the ▁USA ▁and ▁Collins ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁both ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁W ▁W ▁Nort on ▁issued ▁a ▁re print ▁in ▁the ▁USA ▁ 2 1 ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁initial ▁publication ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁re issue ▁in ▁paper back ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁novels ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁Except ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Collins ▁hard back ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Font ana ▁paper back ▁UK ▁ed itions ▁above , ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁ed itions ▁is ▁drawn ▁from ▁Fant astic ▁F iction . ▁ ▁The ▁process ▁of ▁re iss uing ▁the ▁novels ▁initially ▁published ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁was ▁in ▁full ▁swing ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁as ▁the ▁whole ▁series ▁gained ▁a ▁new ▁and ▁wider ▁audience , ▁as ▁Mark ▁How ow itz ▁describes ▁in ▁writing ▁about ▁The ▁Nut m eg ▁of ▁Cons olation , ▁the ▁four teenth ▁novel ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁and ▁initially ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁my ▁favourite ▁friends ▁are ▁fict it ious ▁characters ; ▁they ▁live ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁dozen ▁volumes ▁always ▁near ▁at ▁hand . ▁Their ▁names ▁are ▁Jack ▁Aub rey ▁and ▁Stephen ▁M atur in , ▁and ▁their ▁creator ▁is ▁a ▁ 7 7 - year - old ▁novel ist
▁named ▁Patrick ▁O ' B rian , ▁whose ▁ 1 4 ▁books ▁about ▁them ▁have ▁been ▁continuously ▁in ▁print ▁in ▁England ▁since ▁the ▁first , ▁" Master ▁and ▁Commander ," ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁O ' B rian ' s ▁British ▁fans ▁include ▁T . ▁J . ▁B iny on , ▁I ris ▁Mur do ch , ▁A . ▁S . ▁By att , ▁Tim othy ▁Mo ▁and ▁the ▁late ▁Mary ▁Ren ault , ▁but , ▁until ▁recently , ▁this ▁spl end id ▁s aga ▁of ▁two ▁serving ▁officers ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁during ▁the ▁Napole onic ▁Wars ▁was ▁un available ▁in ▁this ▁country , ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁few ▁inst al ments ▁which ▁went ▁immediately ▁out ▁of ▁print . ▁Last ▁year , ▁however , ▁W . ▁W . ▁Nort on ▁decided ▁to ▁re issue ▁the ▁series ▁in ▁its ▁entire ty , ▁and ▁so ▁far ▁nine ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 ▁have ▁appeared ▁here , ▁including ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁chapter , ▁The ▁Nut m eg ▁of ▁Cons olation . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁M aps ▁for ▁H MS ▁Sur prise ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁British ▁novels ▁Category : A ub rey – M atur in ▁series ▁Category : B rit ish ▁novels ▁adapted ▁into ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁orange - n aped ▁snake ▁( F ur ina ▁or n ata ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁moon ▁snake , ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁ven om ous ▁re pt ile
▁native ▁to ▁northern ▁and ▁north western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : V en om ous ▁sn akes ▁Category : F ur ina ▁Category : Sn akes ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁of ▁Bay e ux ▁( d ied ▁▁ 1 1 0 0 ) ▁was ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁York ▁from ▁ 1 0 7 0 ▁until ▁ 1 1 0 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Li ège ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁royal ▁chap l ain ▁to ▁Duke ▁William ▁of ▁Norm andy , ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁King ▁William I ▁of ▁England . ▁After ▁the ▁Norman ▁Con quest , ▁the ▁king ▁nominated ▁Thomas ▁to ▁succeed ▁E ald red ▁as ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁York . ▁After ▁Thomas ' ▁election , ▁Lan fr anc , ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁Can ter bury , ▁demanded ▁an ▁o ath ▁from ▁Thomas ▁to ▁obey ▁him ▁and ▁any ▁future ▁Arch b ish ops ▁of ▁Can ter bury ; ▁this ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁Lan fr anc ' s ▁claim ▁that ▁Can ter bury ▁was ▁the ▁primary ▁b ishop ric , ▁and ▁its ▁holder ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁Church . ▁Thomas ▁counter ed ▁that ▁York ▁had ▁never ▁made ▁such ▁an ▁o ath . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Lan fr anc ▁refused ▁to ▁con sec rate ▁him . ▁The ▁King ▁eventually ▁persu aded ▁Thomas ▁to ▁submit , ▁but ▁Thomas ▁and ▁Lan fr anc ▁continued ▁to ▁cl ash ▁over ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁issues ,
▁including ▁the ▁prim acy ▁of ▁Can ter bury , ▁which ▁di oc es es ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁York , ▁and ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁how ▁York ' s ▁ob ed ience ▁to ▁Can ter bury ▁would ▁be ▁expressed . ▁ ▁After ▁King ▁William ▁I ' s ▁death ▁Thomas ▁served ▁his ▁success or , ▁William II , ▁and ▁helped ▁to ▁put ▁down ▁a ▁rebell ion ▁led ▁by ▁Thomas ' ▁old ▁ment or ▁O do ▁of ▁Bay e ux . ▁Thomas ▁also ▁attended ▁the ▁trial ▁for ▁rebell ion ▁of ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Dur ham , ▁William ▁de ▁St - Cal ais , ▁Thomas ' ▁sole ▁suff r agan , ▁or ▁b ishop ▁sub ord inate ▁to ▁York . ▁During ▁William ▁II ' s ▁reign ▁Thomas ▁once ▁more ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁dispute ▁with ▁Can ter bury ▁over ▁the ▁prim acy ▁when ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁con sec rate ▁the ▁new ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁Can ter bury , ▁An sel m , ▁if ▁An sel m ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Pr imate ▁of ▁England ▁in ▁the ▁con sec r ation ▁service . ▁After ▁William ▁II ' s ▁sudden ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 1 0 0 , ▁Thomas ▁arrived ▁too ▁late ▁to ▁crown ▁King ▁Henry I , ▁and ▁died ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁coron ation . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Thomas ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Thomas I ▁to ▁distinguish ▁him ▁from ▁his ▁nep hew ▁Thomas , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁York . ▁The ▁elder ▁Thomas ' ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁priest ▁named
▁Os bert ; ▁his ▁mother ▁was ▁named ▁Mur iel , ▁but ▁little ▁else ▁of ▁them ▁is ▁known . ▁He ▁had ▁a ▁brother ▁named ▁Sam son , ▁who ▁was ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Wor cester ▁from ▁ 1 0 8 6 ▁until ▁ 1 1 1 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁of ▁Norman ▁descent . ▁Under ▁the ▁patron age ▁of ▁O do , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Bay e ux , ▁both ▁boys ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁Li ège ▁for ▁their ▁education . ▁Thomas ▁may ▁also ▁have ▁studied ▁with ▁Lan fr anc ▁in ▁Norm andy ▁while ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁teaching ▁at ▁the ▁Ab bey ▁of ▁B ec , ▁and ▁some ▁scholars ▁cont end ▁that ▁he ▁also ▁studied ▁in ▁Germany ▁and ▁Spain . ▁Thomas ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁Norm andy ▁to ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁Bishop ▁O do ' s ▁officials ▁and ▁a ▁chap l ain , ▁or ▁secretary . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁canon ▁and ▁the ▁tre as urer ▁of ▁Bay e ux ▁Cat hedral ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Duke ▁William ' s ▁du cal ▁cler gy ▁before ▁the ▁Norman ▁Con quest ▁of ▁England . ▁The ▁new ▁King ▁named ▁him ▁a ▁royal ▁cl erk ▁after ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁H ast ings . ▁ ▁Arch b ishop ▁under ▁William ▁I ▁ ▁Thomas ▁succeeded ▁E ald red ▁as ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁York ▁in ▁ 1 0 7 0 ; ▁he ▁was ▁nominated ▁on ▁ 2 3 May ▁and ▁was ▁probably ▁con sec rated ▁on ▁ 2 5 De cember . ▁The ▁appointment ▁of ▁Thomas ▁was ▁a ▁departure ▁for ▁the ▁King
, ▁who ▁had ▁usually ▁promoted ▁Norman ▁nob les ▁or ▁mon ks ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁Duke ▁of ▁Norm andy . ▁The ▁appointment ▁was ▁more ▁consistent ▁with ▁English ▁norm s , ▁as ▁most ▁of ▁those ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁English ▁epis cop ate ▁before ▁the ▁Con quest ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁royal ▁cler ks . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁Thomas ' ▁election , ▁Lan fr anc , ▁purs uing ▁a ▁claim ▁that ▁Can ter bury ▁was ▁the ▁prim at ial ▁see , ▁or ▁b ishop ric , ▁of ▁England , ▁demanded ▁that ▁Thomas ▁provide ▁a ▁written ▁o ath ▁sw earing ▁to ▁obey ▁both ▁Lan fr anc ▁and ▁any ▁future ▁Arch b ish ops ▁of ▁Can ter bury . ▁Thomas ▁declined ▁to ▁make ▁such ▁a ▁written ▁promise , ▁so ▁Lan fr anc ▁refused ▁to ▁con sec rate ▁him . ▁Thomas ▁argued ▁that ▁Lan fr anc ' s ▁demand ▁was ▁unpre ced ented , ▁as ▁no ▁other ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁York ▁had ▁been ▁required ▁to ▁swear ▁such ▁an ▁o ath ▁before . ▁King ▁William ▁wanted ▁clear ▁lines ▁of ▁authority ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁lines ▁of ▁authority ▁in ▁the ▁sec ular ▁sphere ; ▁thus , ▁the ▁King ▁supported ▁Lan fr anc ▁in ▁the ▁dispute . ▁Royal ▁pressure ▁induced ▁Thomas ▁to ▁submit ▁to ▁Lan fr anc ▁and ▁Thomas ▁was ▁con sec rated , ▁but ▁his ▁profession ▁of ▁ob ed ience ▁was ▁made ▁or ally ▁to ▁Lan fr anc ▁personally ▁and ▁not ▁in ▁writing ▁or ▁to ▁any ▁future ▁arch b ish ops ▁of ▁Can ter bury . ▁Although
▁this ▁settled ▁the ▁issue ▁between ▁Thomas ▁and ▁Lan fr anc , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁long - running ▁Can ter bury – Y ork ▁dispute ▁over ▁the ▁claims ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁to ▁have ▁juris diction ▁over ▁York . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁year ▁both ▁arch b ish ops ▁trav elled ▁to ▁Rome ▁for ▁their ▁p all ium s , ▁where ▁Thomas ▁took ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁ask ▁Pope ▁Alexander II ▁to ▁dec ree ▁that ▁the ▁sees ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁and ▁York ▁were ▁equal . ▁Thomas ▁also ▁sought ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁po pe ▁declare ▁that ▁the ▁mid land ▁sees ▁of ▁Wor cester , ▁Dor chester ▁on ▁Th ames , ▁and ▁L ich field all ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁H umber were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁York ▁rather ▁than ▁Can ter bury . ▁The ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁chronic ler ▁E ad mer , ▁a ▁mon k ▁at ▁Can ter bury , ▁wrote ▁much ▁later ▁that ▁Thomas ▁had ▁resigned ▁and ▁sur rend ered ▁his ▁ar chie p isc op al ▁symbols , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁prompt ly ▁returned ▁to ▁him ▁by ▁Lan fr anc ▁on ▁the ▁po pe ' s ▁orders . ▁The ▁story ' s ▁part isan ▁source ▁cast s ▁some ▁doubt ▁on ▁its ▁accuracy . ▁ ▁The ▁po pe ▁referred ▁the ▁dispute ▁to ▁a ▁council ▁of ▁English ▁pre l ates , ▁which ▁met ▁at ▁Wind sor ▁during ▁Wh its unt ide ▁in ▁ 1 0 7 2 . ▁The ▁council ▁decided ▁that
▁the ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁was ▁the ▁superior ▁of ▁the ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁York ▁and ▁further ▁ruled ▁that ▁York ▁had ▁no ▁rights ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁H umber ▁River . ▁This ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁disput ed ▁b ishop rics ▁were ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁York , ▁an ▁outcome ▁that ▁probably ▁had ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁King , ▁who ▁aimed ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁separation ▁of ▁the ▁north ▁from ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁England . ▁By ▁dep riving ▁the ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁suff rag ans , ▁William ▁limited ▁York ' s ▁power ▁and ▁separ at ist ▁tend encies . ▁The ▁medieval ▁chronic ler ▁Hugh ▁the ▁Ch anter ▁commented ▁that ▁by ▁requiring ▁Thomas ▁to ▁obey ▁Can ter bury , ▁the ▁King ▁removed ▁the ▁threat ▁that ▁Thomas ▁might ▁crown ▁someone ▁else ▁as ▁King ▁of ▁England – ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁king . ▁However , ▁the ▁council ▁of ▁Wind sor ▁also ▁ruled ▁that ▁York ' s ▁province ▁included ▁Scotland . ▁Although ▁Thomas ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁profess ▁ob ed ience ▁to ▁Lan fr anc ▁and ▁Lan fr anc ' s ▁success ors , ▁the ▁ob ed ience ▁did ▁not ▁mention ▁nor ▁was ▁held ▁to ▁acknowledge ▁any ▁prim acy ▁of ▁Can ter bury , ▁and ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁bind ▁Thomas ' ▁success ors . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁decisions ▁were ▁rat ified ▁in ▁the ▁Acc ord ▁of ▁Win chester ▁that ▁year , ▁witnessed ▁by ▁the ▁King ▁and ▁the ▁pap al ▁leg ate , ▁or ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁po pe , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many
▁b ish ops ▁and ▁ab b ots . ▁Thomas ▁then ▁made ▁a ▁written ▁profession ▁of ▁ob ed ience , ▁some ▁time ▁after ▁late ▁May . ▁Lan fr anc ▁wrote ▁to ▁Alexander II , ▁attempting ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁written ▁pap al ▁privilege ▁of ▁Can ter bury ' s ▁prim acy , ▁but ▁Alexander ▁replied ▁that ▁Lan fr anc ▁must ▁personally ▁res ub mit ▁the ▁case ▁to ▁the ▁pap al ▁court ▁before ▁a ▁pap al ▁privilege ▁could ▁be ▁issued . ▁Alexander ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 0 7 3 . ▁His ▁success or , ▁Pope ▁Gregory V II , ▁was ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁prim acies , ▁and ▁the ▁matter ▁of ▁the ▁pap al ▁privilege ▁for ▁Can ter bury ▁went ▁nowhere . ▁In ▁ 1 0 7 3 , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁W ulf stan , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Wor cester ▁and ▁Peter , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Che ster , ▁Thomas ▁con sec rated ▁Rad ulf ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Or k ney ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁increase ▁York ' s ▁authority ▁in ▁Scotland . ▁W ulf stan ▁often ▁performed ▁epis cop al ▁functions ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁di oc ese ▁of ▁York ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 0 7 0 s ▁for ▁Thomas , ▁especially ▁in ▁areas ▁that ▁were ▁still ▁in ▁tur mo il ▁after ▁the ▁con quest . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁re organ ised ▁the ▁cat hedral ▁chapter ▁during ▁his ▁ar chie p isc op ate , ▁establishing ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁sec ular ▁can ons ▁with ▁individual ▁pre b ends ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁cler gy
▁with ▁income . ▁The ▁cat hedral ▁chapter ▁at ▁York ▁had ▁until ▁then ▁lived ▁in ▁a ▁group , ▁but ▁Thomas ' ▁reform s ▁allowed ▁the ▁cler gy ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁their ▁own ▁houses . ▁Thomas ▁also ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁officials ▁within ▁the ▁cat hedral ▁chapter , ▁including ▁a ▁de an , ▁tre as urer , ▁and ▁pre cent or . ▁He ▁increased ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁cler gy ▁in ▁the ▁chapter , ▁increasing ▁it ▁from ▁the ▁three ▁he ▁found ▁at ▁York ▁when ▁he ▁took ▁office , ▁and ▁re organ ised ▁the ▁epis cop al ▁and ▁chapter ' s ▁est ates , ▁giving ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁est ates ▁to ▁the ▁chapter . ▁He ▁introduced ▁the ▁contin ental ▁system ▁of ▁arch de ac ons ▁to ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁York , ▁divid ing ▁the ▁di oc ese ▁into ▁territor ial ▁units ▁and ▁appoint ing ▁an ▁arch de acon ▁to ▁each . ▁Arch de ac ons ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁a iding ▁the ▁b ishop ▁or ▁arch b ishop ▁with ▁his ▁epis cop al ▁duties , ▁collecting ▁reven ues , ▁and ▁pres iding ▁over ▁some ▁jud icial ▁courts . ▁ ▁Reb uild ing ▁the ▁cat hedral ▁Short ly ▁before ▁Thomas ' ▁appointment , ▁York ▁Min ster , ▁the ▁cat hedral ▁of ▁the ▁arch di oc ese , ▁was ▁damaged ▁in ▁a ▁fire ▁that ▁swept ▁through ▁York ▁on ▁▁ 1 0 6 9 , ▁and ▁which ▁also ▁destroyed ▁the ▁ref ect ory ▁and ▁dorm itory ▁for ▁the ▁can ons . ▁Soon ▁after ▁his ▁con sec r ation
, ▁Thomas ▁had ▁a ▁new ▁dorm itory ▁and ▁ref ect ory ▁built ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁roof ▁put ▁on ▁the ▁cat hedral ; ▁these ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁temporary ▁measures ▁however , ▁as ▁some ▁time ▁later , ▁probably ▁in ▁about ▁ 1 0 7 5 , ▁he ▁ordered ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁cat hedral ▁on ▁a ▁different ▁site . ▁The ▁new ▁building , ▁much ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁one ▁it ▁replaced , ▁has ▁not ▁survived . ▁It ▁was ▁exc av ated ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁showing ▁the ▁plan ▁of ▁the ▁cat hedral ▁to ▁be ▁different ▁from ▁most ▁others ▁built ▁in ▁England ▁around ▁that ▁time . ▁It ▁was ▁longer , ▁had ▁no ▁a is les ▁in ▁the ▁n ave , ▁and ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁rect angular ▁ring ▁crypt ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁long ▁out ▁of ▁style ▁in ▁ 1 0 7 5 . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁found ations ▁were ▁laid ▁out , ▁it ▁appears ▁likely ▁that ▁the ▁entire ▁building ▁was ▁planned ▁and ▁built ▁in ▁one ▁design ▁phase , ▁with ▁few ▁modifications . ▁It ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁that ▁Thomas ▁designed ▁his ▁cat hedral ▁to ▁be ▁as ▁unlike ▁Can ter bury ▁Cat hedral ▁as ▁possible , ▁perhaps ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁York ▁and ▁Can ter bury ▁over ▁prim acy . ▁William ▁of ▁Mal mes bury , ▁a ▁ 1 2 th - century ▁writer , ▁states ▁that ▁Thomas ▁finished ▁the ▁cat hedral , ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁cor ro bor ated ▁by ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Thomas ▁was
▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁min ster ▁in ▁ 1 1 0 0 . ▁Some ▁elements ▁of ▁Thomas ' ▁structure ▁are ▁still ▁visible ▁in ▁the ▁crypt ▁of ▁York ▁Min ster . ▁ ▁Serv ing ▁William ▁II ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁Con quer or , ▁Thomas ▁was ▁loyal ▁to ▁the ▁third ▁son , ▁William ▁R uf us , ▁who ▁had ▁inherited ▁England ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁el dest ▁brother , ▁Robert ▁Cur th ose . ▁Thomas ▁supported ▁R uf us ▁despite ▁a ▁rebell ion ▁led ▁by ▁his ▁old ▁ment or ▁O do ▁of ▁Bay e ux , ▁and ▁the ▁Arch b ishop ▁accompanied ▁the ▁King ▁on ▁his ▁campaigns ▁to ▁put ▁down ▁the ▁revol t . ▁Thomas ▁attended ▁the ▁subsequent ▁trial ▁for ▁rebell ion ▁in ▁ 1 0 8 8 ▁of ▁William ▁de ▁St - Cal ais , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Dur ham , ▁who ▁had ▁s ided ▁with ▁O do . ▁William ▁was ▁Thomas ' ▁sole ▁suff r agan ▁b ishop , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁Thomas ▁who ▁pronounced ▁the ▁sentence ▁of ▁the ▁court . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 0 9 2 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 0 9 3 ▁the ▁dispute ▁with ▁Can ter bury ▁resur faced , ▁when ▁Thomas ▁complained ▁about ▁what ▁he ▁felt ▁were ▁inf ring ements ▁of ▁York ' s ▁rights . ▁The ▁first ▁of ▁these ▁occasions ▁was ▁over ▁the ▁ded ication ▁of ▁Rem ig ius ▁de ▁F éc amp ' s ▁new ▁cat hedral ▁at ▁Lincoln ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁concerned ▁the ▁con sec r ation ▁of ▁An sel m ▁as ▁Arch b
ishop ▁of ▁Can ter bury . ▁Thomas ▁refused ▁to ▁con sec rate ▁An sel m ▁if ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Pr imate ▁of ▁England . ▁The ▁imp asse ▁was ▁finally ▁resolved ▁by ▁n aming ▁An sel m ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁of ▁Can ter bury . ▁The ▁medieval ▁chronic ler ▁E ad mer , ▁An sel m ' s ▁bi ographer ▁and ▁a ▁Can ter bury ▁part isan , ▁says ▁that ▁An sel m ▁was ▁con sec rated ▁as ▁the ▁prim ate . ▁Hugh ▁the ▁Ch anter , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁York ▁community , ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁met ropolitan ▁title ▁was ▁used . ▁Modern ▁historical ▁opinion ▁is ▁divided , ▁with ▁Frank ▁B arl ow , ▁author ▁of ▁The ▁English ▁Church ▁ 1 0 6 6 – 1 1 5 4 ▁inclined ▁towards ▁the ▁prim at ial ▁title , ▁but ▁with ▁Richard ▁Southern , ▁in ▁his ▁bi ography ▁of ▁An sel m , ▁leaning ▁towards ▁the ▁met ropolitan ▁title . ▁The ▁whole ▁affair ▁is ▁probably ▁subject ▁to ▁much ▁du plicity ▁and ▁dish on esty , ▁with ▁both ▁sides ▁presenting ▁bi ased ▁accounts . ▁ ▁Herbert ▁de ▁Los ing a ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁pap al ▁leg ate ▁in ▁ 1 0 9 3 ▁by ▁Pope ▁Urban II ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁matter ▁of ▁Thomas ' ▁profession ▁of ▁ob ed ience ▁to ▁Lan fr anc . ▁Herbert ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁done ▁nothing ▁about ▁investig ating ▁the ▁issue . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 0 9 3 , ▁King ▁William II ▁gave ▁the
▁Arch b ish ops ▁of ▁York ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁appoint ▁the ▁Abb ot ▁of ▁Sel by ▁Ab bey ▁in ▁compensation ▁for ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁York ' s ▁claim ▁to ▁the ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Lincoln . ▁While ▁An sel m ▁was ▁in ▁ex ile ▁after ▁quar rell ing ▁with ▁the ▁King ▁in ▁ 1 0 9 7 , ▁Thomas ▁con sec rated ▁Herbert ▁de ▁Los ing a ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Nor wich , ▁Ralph ▁de ▁L uff a ▁to ▁the ▁See ▁of ▁Ch iche ster , ▁and ▁Her vey ▁le ▁Bre ton ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Bang or , ▁an ▁unusual ▁step ▁because ▁these ▁di oc es es ▁were ▁in ▁Can ter bury ' s ▁province , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁An sel m ' s ▁right ▁to ▁con sec rate ▁the ▁new ▁b ish ops . ▁In ▁ 1 1 0 0 ▁after ▁the ▁sudden ▁death ▁of ▁King ▁William II ▁and ▁the ▁seiz ure ▁of ▁power ▁by ▁the ▁King ' s ▁younger ▁brother ▁Henry , ▁Thomas ▁arrived ▁in ▁London ▁too ▁late ▁to ▁crown ▁Henry I , ▁as ▁the ▁ceremony ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁performed ▁by ▁Maurice , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁London , ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁both ▁arch b ish ops . ▁An sel m ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁ex ile . ▁Thomas ▁was ▁initially ▁angry ▁at ▁the ▁slight , ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁explained ▁to ▁him ▁that ▁the ▁King ▁had ▁worried ▁over ▁the ▁chance ▁of ▁disorder ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom ▁if ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁delay . ▁To ▁m oll ify ▁him , ▁Thomas
▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁crown ▁the ▁King ▁publicly ▁at ▁a ▁church ▁council ▁held ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁coron ation . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁Thomas ▁died ▁at ▁York ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁November ▁ 1 1 0 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁an ▁excellent ▁arch b ishop , ▁and ▁ens ured ▁his ▁cat hedral ▁cler gy ▁were ▁well ▁cared ▁for . ▁He ▁rep aired ▁the ▁cat hedral ▁and ▁did ▁much ▁to ▁promote ▁trade ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁York . ▁Thomas ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁advance ▁the ▁careers ▁of ▁his ▁family ; ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁nep he ws , ▁Thomas II ▁of ▁York , ▁became ▁Arch b ishop ▁of ▁York ▁in ▁ 1 1 0 8 , ▁and ▁another , ▁Richard , ▁became ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Bay e ux ▁in ▁ 1 1 0 7 . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁lifetime , ▁Thomas ▁was ▁praised ▁for ▁his ▁learning , ▁his ▁encour agement ▁of ▁education ▁in ▁his ▁di oc ese , ▁and ▁his ▁gener osity . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁excellent ▁singer ▁and ▁composed ▁h ym ns . ▁In ▁his ▁youth , ▁he ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁having ▁a ▁st ur dy ▁build , ▁and ▁in ▁his ▁old ▁age ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁r ud dy ▁complex ion ▁and ▁snow ▁white ▁hair . ▁ ▁Thomas ▁composed ▁the ▁ep it aph ▁placed ▁on ▁William ▁the ▁Con quer or ' s ▁tomb ▁in ▁St . ▁Et ienne ▁in ▁Ca en , ▁but ▁the ▁chronic ler ▁Order ic ▁V ital is ▁felt ▁that ▁Thomas ▁was ▁chosen ▁more ▁for ▁his ▁rank ▁than ▁for
▁his ▁skill ▁in ▁composition . ▁Thomas ▁did ▁not ▁concern ▁himself ▁with ▁the ▁church – state ▁issues ▁surrounding ▁the ▁Invest iture ▁Cris is , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁ten acious ▁in ▁defending ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁York ▁against ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁to ▁assert ▁prim acy ▁over ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁England . ▁Later ▁authors , ▁including ▁William ▁of ▁Mal mes bury ▁and ▁Hugh ▁the ▁Ch ant or , ▁praised ▁Thomas ▁for ▁his ▁gener osity , ▁ch ast ity , ▁eleg ance , ▁and ▁charm . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 1 0 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : Norm ans ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Arch b ish ops ▁of ▁York ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Cal v ados ▁( de part ment ) ▁Category : 1 1 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁arch b ish ops ▁Category : Norm an ▁cler ics ▁given ▁benef ices ▁in ▁England ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁York ▁Min ster ▁Category : 1 1 th - century ▁English ▁cler gy <0x0A> </s> ▁Ten ancing o ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁and ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁T l ax cal a ▁in ▁south - e astern ▁Mexico . ▁Ten ancing o ▁is ▁now ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁center ▁for ▁sex ▁traff icking ▁throughout ▁Mexico , ▁with ▁roots ▁of ▁the ▁practice ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁It ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁local ▁organized ▁crime ▁operations ▁who ▁work ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁larger ▁cart els
: ▁Los ▁Z et as , ▁N ue vo ▁Mil en io , ▁Cab aller os ▁T empl arios , ▁and ▁the ▁Gulf ▁Cart el . ▁ ▁Sex ▁trade ▁and ▁human ▁traff icking ▁Of ▁the ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁Ten ancing o , ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁are ▁sex ▁traff ick ers . ▁Local ▁sexual ▁explo itation , ▁human ▁traff icking , ▁p im ping ▁and ▁forced ▁prost itution ▁industries ▁in ▁Ten ancing o ▁are ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁worth ▁$ 1 ▁billion ▁USD ▁annually , ▁with ▁direct ▁ties ▁to ▁the ▁international ▁sex ▁trade . ▁These ▁practices ▁have ▁been ▁den ounced ▁by ▁dozens ▁of ▁N GO s . ▁ ▁Recent ▁investig ations ▁and ▁a ▁documentary ▁P imp ▁City : ▁A ▁Jour ney ▁to ▁the ▁Center ▁of ▁the ▁Sex ▁Trade ▁( 2 0 1 4 ), ▁have ▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁was ▁identified ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁as ▁the ▁leading ▁provider ▁of ▁female ▁sex ▁slaves ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁documentary , ▁the ▁entire ▁political ▁structure ▁and ▁police ▁force ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁are ▁im plicated ▁in ▁human ▁traff icking ▁and ▁sex ▁trade . ▁The ▁U . N . ▁estimates ▁profits ▁for ▁the ▁global ▁human ▁traff icking ▁and ▁sex ▁trade ▁industries ▁at ▁US $ 3 2 ▁billion ▁annually , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁third ▁most ▁profitable ▁illegal ▁global ▁industry . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Attorney ▁General ▁of ▁Mexico ▁arrested
▁three ▁members ▁of ▁a ▁sex - tra ff icking ▁ring ▁in ▁Ten ancing o . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁T l ax cal a <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁singer . ▁Along ▁with ▁composer , ▁record ▁producer ▁and ▁DJ ▁Y as ut aka ▁Nak ata , ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁lead ▁vocal ist ▁of ▁the ▁electron ica ▁band ▁C aps ule , ▁which ▁they ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁when ▁both ▁were ▁ 1 7 . ▁Their ▁formal ▁debut ▁came ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁single ▁" S ak ura ". ▁Two ▁more ▁singles ▁and ▁their ▁debut ▁album , ▁High ▁Coll ar ▁Girl , ▁followed ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁K osh ij ima ▁has ▁worked ▁exclusively ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁C aps ule ▁since ▁the ▁group ' s ▁in ception , ▁acting ▁as ▁lead ▁vocal ist ▁for ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁fifteen ▁albums ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : J apan ese ▁electronic ▁musicians ▁Category : J apan ese ▁female ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Kan az awa , ▁I sh ik awa ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁I sh ik awa ▁P ref ect ure ▁Category : J apan ese ▁women ▁in ▁electronic ▁music ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Japanese ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁sing ers <0x0A>
</s> ▁The ▁D art mouth ▁Aires ▁is ▁an ▁I vy ▁League ▁a ▁c app ella ▁group ▁from ▁D art mouth ▁College ▁in ▁Han over , ▁New ▁Hampshire . ▁The ▁group ▁came ▁in ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁NBC ▁musical ▁competition ▁The ▁Sing - Off , ▁losing ▁to ▁international ▁a ▁c app ella ▁sens ations ▁Pent aton ix . ▁ ▁History ▁D art mouth ▁College ' s ▁oldest ▁a ▁c app ella ▁singing ▁group , ▁the ▁Aires ▁were ▁originally ▁formed ▁as ▁the ▁In j un aires ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁as ▁an ▁off sh oot ▁of ▁the ▁college ▁G lee ▁Club ; ▁the ▁D art mouth ▁Aires ▁broke ▁with ▁the ▁G lee ▁Club ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁Aires ▁usually ▁have ▁about ▁eighteen ▁members , ▁group ▁numbers ▁vary ▁on ▁a ▁term - to - term ▁basis . ▁Aud itions ▁are ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁every ▁fall ▁term . ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁Aires ▁pick ▁what ▁songs ▁to ▁arrange ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁group ' s ▁tastes . ▁ ▁Because ▁the ▁Aires ▁are ▁such ▁a ▁diverse ▁group ▁of ▁people , ▁they ▁end ▁up ▁singing ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁different ▁styles . ▁Currently , ▁much ▁of ▁their ▁re per toire ▁consists ▁of ▁popular ▁songs ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁but ▁it ▁also ▁includes ▁many ▁traditional ▁D art mouth ▁songs , ▁a ▁few ▁ 1 9 5
0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁t unes , ▁selected ▁hip ▁hop ▁tracks , ▁and ▁the ▁occasional ▁musical ▁theater ▁piece . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁arrangements ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁solo ist , ▁a ▁dozen ▁or ▁so ▁background ▁sing ers , ▁and ▁a ▁vocal ▁per cussion ist . ▁The ▁background ▁of ▁arrangements ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁complex ▁" in strument - like " ▁sy ll ables ▁that , ▁when ▁sung ▁together , ▁re semble ▁the ▁background ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁song . ▁Trad itionally , ▁each ▁group ▁member ▁receives ▁a ▁nick name ▁consisting ▁of ▁two ▁sy ll ables ▁and ▁ending ▁in ▁" o " ▁that ▁reflects ▁that ▁member ' s ▁personality . ▁ ▁The ▁Aires ▁perform ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁times ▁a ▁term ▁at ▁D art mouth . ▁They ▁frequently ▁take ▁weekend ▁road - tri ps , ▁singing ▁and ▁revel ing ▁at ▁other ▁colleges , ▁performing ▁for ▁high ▁school ▁music ▁fest ivals , ▁and ▁entertaining ▁at ▁D art mouth ▁al umn i ▁clubs . ▁Every ▁winter ▁break , ▁the ▁Aires ▁tour ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Se ab oard , ▁while ▁traveling ▁further ▁a field ▁every ▁spring . ▁ ▁Recent ▁spring ▁tours ▁have ▁taken ▁them ▁to ▁Ar uba , ▁Costa ▁R ica , ▁Paris , ▁Italy , ▁Colorado , ▁a ▁few ▁of ▁the ▁Hawai ian ▁Islands , ▁Florida , ▁California , ▁and ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁ ▁Recent ▁Aires ▁acc ol ades ▁include ▁winning ▁the ▁Cont emporary ▁A ▁C app ella ▁Rec ording ▁Award ▁( C AR A ) ▁for ▁Best ▁All -
M ale ▁Col leg iate ▁Album ▁for ▁both ▁their ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁(" Black ▁T ie ▁Aff aire ") ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁(" Imp aired ") ▁album ▁releases , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁selection ▁for ▁V ars ity ▁V oc als ' ▁Best ▁Of ▁Col leg iate ▁A ▁C app ella ▁compilation ▁CD ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁and ▁selection ▁for ▁the ▁Vo ices ▁Only ▁compilation ▁CD ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Their ▁most ▁recent ▁album , ▁On ▁A ire , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁they ▁competed ▁in ▁season ▁ 3 ▁of ▁The ▁Sing ▁Off , ▁a ▁national ▁reality ▁show . ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁performing ▁on ▁the ▁show ▁included ▁ 1 6 ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁members ▁from ▁the ▁classes ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁through ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Out ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁original ▁contest ants , ▁they ▁made ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁three ▁and ▁finished ▁as ▁first ▁runner - up . ▁ ▁The ▁Sing - Off ▁Per form ances ▁ ▁The ▁D art mouth ▁Aires ▁made ▁the ▁following ▁performances . ▁Note ▁that ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁perform ▁in ▁E pis odes ▁
1 ▁and ▁ 3 : ▁Episode ▁ 2 : ▁Sign ature ▁Songs ▁Hig her ▁Ground ▁by ▁Ste v ie ▁Wonder ▁Episode ▁ 4 : ▁Current ▁H its ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁F avor ites ▁Animal ▁by ▁Ne on ▁T rees ▁Pin ball ▁W izard ▁by ▁The ▁Who ▁Episode ▁ 5 : ▁Gu ilty ▁Ple asures ▁Jess ie ' s ▁Girl ▁by ▁Rick ▁Spring field ▁Episode ▁ 6 : ▁H ip ▁Hop ▁Club ▁Can ' t ▁Handle ▁Me ▁by ▁Flo ▁R ida ▁Episode ▁ 7 : ▁Super star ▁Med le ys ▁K iller ▁Queen , ▁Bo hem ian ▁R haps ody ▁and ▁Some body ▁to ▁Love ▁by ▁Queen ▁Episode ▁ 8 : ▁Rock ▁and ▁Country ▁We ' re ▁Not ▁G onna ▁Take ▁It ▁by ▁Tw isted ▁Sister ▁Save ▁a ▁Horse , ▁R ide ▁a ▁Cow boy ▁by ▁Big ▁& ▁Rich ▁Episode ▁ 9 : ▁R & B ▁Ign ition ▁( Rem ix ) ▁by ▁R . ▁Kelly ▁Mid night ▁Train ▁to ▁Georgia ▁by ▁Glad ys ▁Knight ▁& ▁the ▁P ips ▁Episode ▁ 1 0 : ▁Master mix ▁Med le ys ▁and ▁Jud ges ' ▁Choice ▁Sym pathy ▁for ▁the ▁Dev il ▁by ▁The ▁Roll ing ▁St ones / B orn ▁This ▁Way ▁by ▁Lady ▁G aga ▁Sh out ▁by ▁The ▁Is ley ▁Brothers ▁Won ▁in ▁a ▁" Sing ▁Off ▁Battle " ▁with ▁Af ro ▁Blue ▁where ▁they ▁sang ▁" Some body ▁to ▁Love " ▁by ▁Queen ▁( band ) ▁Episode ▁ 1 1 : ▁Live ▁Finale ▁Parad ise ▁by ▁the ▁D
ashboard ▁Light ▁by ▁Me at ▁Lo af ▁( with ▁Amy ▁Whit comb ▁of ▁Del il ah ) ▁Not ▁the ▁Same ▁by ▁Ben ▁F olds ▁( with ▁Judge ▁Ben ▁F olds ) ▁Some where ▁from ▁West ▁Side ▁Story ▁( sw an ▁song ) ▁ ▁Albums ▁On ▁A ire ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Truth ▁or ▁D aire ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Fresh ▁A ire ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Extra ord ina ire ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Imp aired ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁D art mouth ▁Und ying ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Black ▁T ie ▁Aff aire ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Var ious ▁older ▁albums ▁and ▁records ▁( 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 9 0 s ) ▁ ▁Not able ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Past ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁Aires ▁ ▁Robert ▁Paul son ▁' 4 5 ▁G ord y ▁H inners ▁' 4 8 ▁Or ton ▁" T ones " ▁H icks ▁' 4 9 ▁Ralph ▁Burg ard ▁' 4 9 ▁George ▁H inners ▁' 4 9 ▁Robert ▁Ed g ert on ▁' 5 0 ▁Char ley ▁Gard ner ▁' 5 0 ▁Don ▁Daniel s ▁' 5 0 ▁Ken ▁Clark ▁' 5 0 ▁Bill ▁Emb ree ▁' 5 0 ▁Char ley ▁Ab be ▁' 5 0 ▁Bob ▁Lang worthy ▁' 5 1 ▁White y ▁Hand ▁' 5 1 ▁Fred ▁Sw anson ▁' 5 1 ▁J . ▁Richard ▁Mac Donald ▁' 5 1 ▁Wes ▁H anning ton ▁' 5 1 ▁Fred
▁Lord ▁' 5 1 ▁Bill ▁Sweet ▁' 5 2 ▁Ronald ▁Rose ▁' 5 2 ▁Jay ▁St ahl ▁' 5 2 ▁De ke ▁D ore y ▁' 5 2 ▁B ub s ▁Richard son ▁' 5 2 ▁Ed ▁Sum ner ▁' 5 2 ▁Frederick ▁Wh itt em ore ▁' 5 3 ▁Leonard ▁Go ch man ▁' 5 3 ▁Charles ▁Fleet ▁' 5 3 ▁Luke ▁Case ▁' 5 4 ▁M ead ▁Met cal f ▁' 5 4 ▁William ▁Gar land ▁' 5 4 ▁Jack ▁Reed ▁' 5 4 ▁Bruce ▁Mc All ister ▁' 5 4 ▁Jack ▁Wild er ▁' 5 5 ▁Robert ▁Sch ne ider ▁' 5 5 ▁Lyn mar ▁Bro ck ▁Jr . ▁' 5 5 ▁Lane ▁" W ood y " ▁G oss ▁' 5 5 ▁John ▁Bass ette , ▁Jr . ▁' 5 5 ▁Freder ic ▁Haw kins ▁' 5 5 ▁Tom ▁Sch oon maker ▁' 5 5 ▁George ▁Tr acy ▁' 5 6 ▁Tom ▁Marvel ▁' 5 6 ▁Jack ▁Whe at ley ▁' 5 6 ▁Rog ▁Sch um acher ▁' 5 6 ▁Al ▁Wel ty ▁' 5 6 ▁John ▁Allen ▁' 5 6 ▁Bill ▁Gen ner ich ▁' 5 7 ▁Jon ▁White ▁' 5 7 ▁Dan ▁Frank el ▁' 5 7 ▁Ed ▁Wald ron ▁' 5 7 ▁He w ▁Bald win ▁' 5 8 ▁Mart y ▁Carter ▁' 5 8 ▁Phil ▁St odd ard ▁' 5 8 ▁Bob ▁West on ▁' 5 9 ▁Jack ▁Ke ig ley ▁' 5 9 ▁Greg ▁Hol th us en ▁' 5 9 ▁Robert ▁Ed g
ert on ▁' 5 9 ▁Rev . ▁Dick ▁Watson ▁' 5 9 ▁Alan ▁Dans on ▁' 6 0 ▁All an ▁G lick ▁' 6 0 ▁Ray ▁D il worth ▁' 6 0 ▁Chuck ▁D arrow ▁' 6 0 ▁Ronald ▁For bes ▁' 6 1 ▁Gilbert ▁Low ▁' 6 1 ▁Richard ▁Wel ty ▁' 6 1 ▁Michael ▁Jen kin ▁' 6 1 ▁Peter ▁Holland ▁' 6 1 ▁Paul ▁Bur kh art ▁' 6 2 ▁Peter ▁Hal v ors on ▁' 6 2 ▁M ahl on ▁" S andy " ▁A pg ar ▁' 6 2 ▁William ▁Rice ▁' 6 2 ▁Bob ▁E sch ▁' 6 2 ▁Bob ▁Gold berg ▁' 6 3 ▁Gene ▁Ker sey ▁' 6 3 ▁Bob ▁Silver man ▁' 6 3 ▁Dave ▁Pl av in ▁' 6 4 ▁Fred ▁Gray ▁' 6 4 ▁Art ▁Sim ington ▁' 6 4 ▁Jim ▁Cor neh ls en ▁' 6 4 ▁Steve ▁Ward ▁' 6 4 ▁Nick ▁R owe ▁' 6 4 ▁Ned ▁McC ook ▁' 6 5 ▁Tom ▁Campbell ▁' 6 5 ▁Don ▁Mac C aul ay , ▁Jr . ▁' 6 5 ▁John ▁Mac Ind oe ▁' 6 5 ▁Wayne ▁Hill ▁' 6 6 ▁Charles ▁Reich art ▁' 6 6 ▁Andy ▁Ros ent hal ▁' 6 6 ▁John ▁Mac Ph erson ▁' 6 7 ▁Alan ▁Lie ber man ▁' 6 7 ▁Peter ▁Thomas ▁' 6 7 ▁John ▁K orn et ▁' 6 7 ▁John ▁Stein le ▁' 6 7 ▁Bob ▁Pack er ▁III ▁' 6 7 ▁G int ar as ▁D amb r
ava ▁' 6 8 ▁Eric ▁Jones ▁' 6 8 ▁Bry son ▁Le y ▁' 6 8 ▁Ted ▁G und y ▁' 6 8 ▁David ▁Pe ck ▁' 6 8 ▁Paul ▁Stage berg ▁' 6 8 ▁Mike ▁Herm ann ▁' 6 9 ▁Jim ▁M iser ▁' 6 9 ▁Bill ▁Roll ings ▁' 6 9 ▁Joseph ▁Ser ene ▁' 6 9 ▁Jack ▁Roberts ▁' 7 0 ▁Larry ▁Step hens ▁' 7 0 ▁Robert ▁Hor ner ▁' 7 0 ▁Don ▁Mac M ann is ▁' 7 0 ▁John ▁S add ▁' 7 0 ▁Lawrence ▁Det w iler ▁' 7 1 ▁Hub ert ▁Russell ▁' 7 1 ▁Andrew ▁H od g don ▁' 7 1 ▁Ev an ▁Ball ard ▁' 7 2 ▁Peter ▁Kal af ars ki ▁' 7 2 ▁John ▁Rich ards , ▁Jr . ▁' 7 2 ▁F aul k ner ▁White ▁' 7 2 ▁Wayne ▁Sch er zer ▁' 7 2 ▁B ax ter ▁Full ert on ▁' 7 3 ▁Stuart ▁Pe chter ▁' 7 3 ▁Harry ▁Bright ly ▁' 7 3 ▁Fred ▁Rank in ▁' 7 3 ▁Ronald ▁Cath cart ▁' 7 4 ▁Keith ▁S hen berger ▁' 7 4 ▁All an ▁Z ieg ler ▁' 7 4 ▁Greg ▁Pul is ▁' 7 4 ▁Steve ▁" S ev o " ▁Se vers on ▁' 7 4 ▁John ▁H ok ans ▁' 7 5 ▁Robin ▁" Rob o " ▁Felix ▁' 7 5 ▁Gregory ▁Fisher ▁' 7 5 ▁Alexander ▁Sim pson ▁' 7 6 ▁John ▁Don ig ian ▁' 7 6 ▁Paul ▁" L
az o " ▁L azar us ▁' 7 6 ▁Parker ▁" Speed o " ▁Mac Don ell ▁' 7 6 ▁Mark ▁Leb ow itz ▁' 7 7 ▁Mark ▁" Mar co " ▁Adams ▁' 7 7 ▁Mark ▁Be ams ▁' 7 7 ▁Al ▁Hen ning ▁' 7 7 ▁Bill ▁Mons our ▁' 7 7 ▁Dar rell ▁Pier ce ▁' 7 7 ▁Bob ▁R enn icks ▁' 7 7 ▁Douglas ▁Gle ason ▁' 7 8 ▁D ary l ▁" B orno " ▁Born stein ▁' 7 8 ▁Mark ▁L ena ▁' 7 8 ▁Brian ▁" L ee cho " ▁L its cher ▁' 7 8 ▁Ed ▁Ja icks ▁' 7 9 ▁Don ▁Re cken be il ▁' 7 9 ▁Tom ▁Tom ai ▁' 7 9 ▁Joseph ▁Hunter ▁' 8 0 ▁William ▁J ard in ▁' 8 0 ▁K ris ▁Tre u ▁' 8 0 ▁Tom ▁" B art " ▁Bart lett ▁' 8 0 ▁D ana ▁C et lin ▁' 8 0 ▁Steve ▁" Ste vo " ▁T aft ▁' 8 0 ▁Brian ▁Hus sey ▁' 8 1 ▁Bruce ▁La ▁Val lee - David son ▁' 8 1 ▁Mark ▁Sh arp ▁' 8 1 ▁Hugh ▁Mart ine z ▁' 8 1 ▁Fred ▁" F red die " ▁Sch ro eder ▁' 8 1 ▁Rick ▁Silver man ▁' 8 1 ▁James ▁Mac K enz ie ▁' 8 2 ▁Bill ▁" B illy " ▁R agan ▁' 8 2 ▁Michael ▁" J anno " ▁J ann ery ▁' 8 2 ▁David ▁" D avo " ▁Mason
▁' 8 3 ▁Mario ▁C ohn - H aft ▁' 8 3 ▁Michael ▁" De F o " ▁De F el ice ▁' 8 3 ▁Craig ▁" C ra igo " ▁Av ril ▁' 8 3 ▁David ▁" C . D ." ▁Parker ▁' 8 3 ▁Mark ▁" Mont y " ▁Mont gomery ▁' 8 4 ▁Dan ▁" Dan - Dan " ▁Daniel s ▁' 8 4 ▁Eric ▁Taylor ▁' 8 4 ▁Craig ▁" By r no " ▁By r ne ▁' 8 5 ▁John ▁" Bo ino " ▁Bo ine y ▁' 8 5 ▁Hal ▁Esp y ▁' 8 5 ▁Bob ▁" L ew bo " ▁Lew ert ▁' 8 5 ▁Bill ▁" Word o / Gu ido " ▁Word en ▁' 8 5 ▁Phil ▁" An ks " ▁An ken y ▁' 8 5 ▁Tom ▁" C uts " ▁Cut ler ▁' 8 5 ▁Adam ▁" Se es man " ▁Se ess el ▁' 8 5 ▁Chand ler ▁" Ch add o " ▁Rosen berger ▁' 8 6 ▁Nicholas ▁" N iko " ▁Skip itar is ▁' 8 6 ▁Peter ▁" H endo " ▁Hend erson ▁' 8 6 ▁Peter ▁" Don k " ▁De Long ▁' 8 7 ▁Tim ▁" B ix bo " ▁B ix by ▁' 8 7 ▁Bruce ▁" B ron co " ▁B rough ▁' 8 7 ▁Jeff ▁" L az lo " ▁L azar us ▁' 8 7 ▁Chris ▁" Q " ▁Mar qu ard t ▁' 8 7 ▁John ▁" F uz zo "
▁C ain ▁' 8 8 ▁Christopher ▁" K ello " ▁Kelly ▁' 8 8 ▁Tim ▁" Cl am " ▁Cl aman ▁' 8 8 ▁William ▁" W illo " ▁Hay den ▁' 8 8 ▁Paul ▁" F orno " ▁C ach ion ▁' 8 9 ▁Str at ford ▁Dick ▁' 8 9 ▁Andy ▁" B run o " ▁Thompson ▁' 8 9 ▁David ▁Ol son ▁' 8 9 ▁John ▁Rhe e ▁' 8 9 ▁Rob ▁" Rob o " ▁Craw ford ▁' 9 0 ▁N ate ▁" W al do " ▁Em erson ▁' 9 0 ▁Peter ▁" B aby ▁H ue y " ▁Harvey ▁' 9 0 ▁Brad ford ▁" Dr ain o " ▁D ra zen ▁' 9 0 ▁Geoff rey ▁Black well ▁' 9 1 ▁Jeff ▁" Lock o " ▁Black well ▁' 9 1 ▁Pete ▁" P ook y " ▁Fe are y ▁' 9 1 ▁Scott ▁" T we ety " ▁S yl ves ter ▁' 9 1 ▁A . ▁Keith ▁" A st ro " ▁Will acy ▁' 9 1 ▁Jud ▁" F ang " ▁Dean ▁' 9 2 ▁Bill ▁" S led go " ▁Le han ▁' 9 2 ▁Ben ▁" A hn oh ld " ▁Craw ford ▁' 9 2 ▁John ▁" U h - Oh " ▁O he ▁' 9 2 ▁Peter ▁" Chain o " ▁V os shall ▁' 9 2 ▁Ben ▁" F al set to " ▁Far rell ▁' 9 3 ▁Jeremy ▁" B ab ba " ▁Gr aves ▁' 9
3 ▁Michael ▁" Sc ro do " ▁Sc od ro ▁' 9 3 ▁Andrew ▁" May o " ▁von ▁May r ha user ▁' 9 3 ▁Jonathan ▁" Sl ow ▁Mo " ▁Ke hl ▁' 9 4 ▁Matthew ▁" Z or ro " ▁Z av od ▁' 9 4 ▁Mike ▁" R app o " ▁Pars ons ▁' 9 4 ▁K ier an ▁" D ingo " ▁Mc N ulty ▁' 9 5 ▁Jose ▁" C u erv o " ▁Pere z ▁' 9 5 ▁Matt ▁" Lim bo " ▁Re ese ▁' 9 5 ▁Dave ▁" R h ino " ▁R ine h art ▁' 9 5 ▁Matthew ▁" T os ko " ▁Little ▁' 9 6 ▁Dan ▁" G oo " ▁Gon z ale z ▁' 9 6 ▁Allen ▁" K ongo " ▁King ▁' 9 6 ▁Michael ▁" Test o " ▁Roberts ▁' 9 6 ▁Jonathan ▁" T ato " ▁Stewart ▁' 9 6 ▁Brian ▁" D j ump o " ▁Dol an ▁' 9 7 ▁J . C . ▁" H ug o " ▁Mart ine z ▁' 9 7 ▁Chris ▁" Y ello " ▁Penn ock ▁' 9 7 ▁Peter ▁" Io " ▁Y oo ▁' 9 8 ▁Miles ▁" B ingo " ▁B ingham ▁' 9 8 ▁Jason ▁" L ego " ▁F lem ing ▁' 9 8 ▁Marc ▁" Do jo " ▁Br uni ▁' 9 9 ▁Pete ▁" L ando " ▁Land ▁' 9 9 ▁I man i ▁" W indo " ▁Pay ne ▁'
9 9 ▁Brian ▁" B aco " ▁Sal azar ▁' 9 9 ▁Ev an ▁" Dem o " ▁R ieder ▁' 0 0 ▁Scott ▁" Har po " ▁Davis ▁' 0 0 ▁Jack ▁" Dest ro " ▁Rice ▁' 0 0 ▁Adam ▁" o Do " ▁Ball ard ▁' 0 0 ▁Alex ▁" Has bro " ▁Penn ock ▁' 0 1 ▁Jim ▁" S tern o " ▁Mc N ich olas ▁' 0 1 ▁Peter ▁" Mar vo " ▁Le cker ling ▁' 0 1 ▁B j orn ▁" N j ord o " ▁Er ick son ▁' 0 1 ▁Brad ford ▁" B ino " ▁Mc Ke own ▁' 0 1 ▁Matt ▁" B unk o " ▁Frank el ▁' 0 2 ▁Eli ▁" G on zo " ▁J orne ▁' 0 2 ▁U sh inde ▁" N up ro " ▁Pay ne ▁' 0 2 ▁Tim ▁" T oto " ▁Miller ▁' 0 3 ▁Chris ▁" D iz no " ▁Mas one ▁' 0 2 / GR ▁B ub ▁" Tor ro " ▁Cath cart ▁' 0 3 ▁Tyler ▁" Typ o " ▁Sl ade ▁' 0 3 ▁D erek ▁" J uno " ▁Sen ft ▁' 0 3 ▁Brian ▁" S ilo " ▁Ni ▁' 0 3 ▁Adam ▁" From o " ▁D ot son ▁' 0 3 ▁Edward ▁" Mo jo " ▁W enger ▁' 0 3 / GR ▁Ivan ▁" M ello " ▁Grant ▁' 0 4 ▁C az ▁" Bo " ▁Lis ke ▁' 0 4 ▁D
aren ▁" H ijo " ▁Sim kin ▁' 0 4 ▁Ian ▁" Pl ink o " ▁Store y ▁' 0 4 ▁Mic ah ▁" C ino " ▁Dort ch ▁' 0 5 ▁Sean ▁" H ilo " ▁Mac M ann is ▁' 0 5 ▁Pete ▁" K r bo " ▁Sim pson ▁' 0 5 ▁K ek ane ▁" F ivo " ▁Y uen ▁' 0 5 ▁A . J . ▁" V ino " ▁Bas com ▁' 0 6 ▁Rick y ▁" Z eb o " ▁Cole ▁' 0 6 ▁Michael ▁" R ol lo " ▁Sal ad ik ▁' 0 6 ▁Matt ▁" Jo jo " ▁Sch wart z ▁' 0 6 ▁D err ick ▁" In o " ▁Smith ▁' 0 7 ▁Wes ▁" C oko " ▁Mil ks ▁' 0 7 ▁Jar ret ▁" Pl uto " ▁C ato ▁' 0 7 ▁Z ack ▁" C azzo " ▁Sup alla ▁' 0 7 ▁Ch ad ▁" C u jo " ▁Det lo ff ▁' 0 8 ▁David ▁" L ob o " ▁Smith ▁' 0 8 ▁Ben ▁" N omo " ▁Davis ▁' 0 8 ▁Jon ▁" P edo " ▁Sim pson ▁' 0 8 ▁Zach ▁" D ek o " ▁Che st nut ▁' 0 8 ▁Nick ▁" Bo jo " ▁Brown ▁' 0 9 ▁Sean ▁" M ilo " ▁Nelson ▁' 0 9 ▁Will ▁" W avo " ▁Ray mer ▁' 0 9 ▁Adam ▁" Ex po " ▁Frank ▁' 0 9 ▁Justin ▁" Or ko "
▁L erman ▁' 1 0 ▁Dan ▁" R yo " ▁Leop old ' 1 0 ▁Jon ▁" E y so " ▁L oh se ▁' 1 0 ▁David ▁" Pop o " ▁Pet erson ▁' 1 0 ▁Matt ▁" S par o " ▁Wang ▁' 1 0 ▁Brend an ▁" Pse udo " ▁Lyn ch - Sal amon ▁' 1 0 ▁Alex ▁" Pl ato " ▁Taylor ▁' 1 1 ▁Fernando ▁" Che eto " ▁Rodr igue z - V illa ▁' 1 1 ▁Mac ▁" T ello " ▁Morris ▁' 1 1 ▁Jack ▁" K oop o " ▁M err ill ▁' 1 1 ▁Eth an ▁" Mer lo " ▁We in berg ▁' 1 2 ▁Michael ▁" N em o " ▁Od ok ara - Ok ig bo ▁' 1 2 ▁Henry ▁" Ty co " ▁L ue hr man ▁' 1 2 ▁Will ▁" Br ando " ▁Hart ▁' 1 2 ▁Nic ▁" F al co " ▁Ch ua qu i ▁' 1 2 ▁Rob bie ▁" O tto " ▁Hoff man ▁' 1 3 ▁Clark ▁" G elo " ▁Moore ▁' 1 3 ▁Danny ▁" El mo " ▁Fre eman ▁' 1 3 ▁Will ▁" Pr imo " ▁Low ry ▁' 1 3 ▁X avier ▁" D ym o " ▁Cur ry ▁' 1 4 ▁Prest on ▁" C ato " ▁Su an ▁' 1 4 ▁Joe ▁" R ingo " ▁Singh ▁' 1 4 ▁N ate ▁" Z ip po " ▁Davis ▁' 1 4 ▁Chris ▁" F
red o " ▁G aller ani ▁' 1 5 ▁Max ▁" R omo " ▁Got ts ch all ▁' 1 5 ▁Alex ▁" K ango " ▁V ela ise ▁' 1 5 ▁Chris ▁" Du plo " ▁Pull er its ▁' 1 5 ▁Nick ▁" N it ro " ▁C un ha ▁' 1 5 ▁Rom en ▁" Le o " ▁M ook er je e ▁' 1 5 ▁Nik h il ▁" D jen ko " ▁Ar ora ▁' 1 6 ▁Mike ▁" Ke eno " ▁Boy as ▁' 1 6 ▁Brian ▁" N y ro " ▁Ch al if ▁' 1 6 ▁David ▁" M oco " ▁Cl os sey ▁' 1 6 ▁S idd h arth ▁" P ix o " ▁H ire gow d ara ▁' 1 6 ▁Ryan ▁" R ondo " ▁Sch iller ▁' 1 7 ▁Jeremy ▁" Ber go " ▁M ittle man ▁' 1 7 ▁Doug ▁" R az o " ▁P hip ps ▁' 1 7 ▁Ben ▁" Po ht o " ▁R ut an ▁' 1 7 ▁Ol af ur ▁" V igo " ▁Ol af sson ▁' 1 8 ▁Con nor ▁" A x o " ▁Reg an ▁' 1 8 ▁Jar rett ▁" Len no " ▁Taylor ▁' 1 8 ▁Sol omon ▁" Serv o " ▁Bang ▁' 1 9 ▁T rev or ▁" K rypto " ▁D orm an ▁' 1 9 ▁Michael ▁" Gen o " ▁Har te vel dt ▁' 1 9 ▁J eb re el ▁" A
iko " ▁Sam ples ▁' 1 9 ▁Ry oya ▁" N ovo " ▁W ak am ats u ▁' 1 9 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁D art mouth ▁Aires ▁Official ▁website ▁V ars ity ▁V oc als ▁D art mouth ▁Aires ' ▁re per toire ▁Cont emporary ▁A ▁C app ella ▁Rec ording ▁Award ▁( C AR A ) ▁ ▁Category : American ▁vocal ▁groups ▁Category : Col leg iate ▁a ▁c app ella ▁groups ▁Category : D art mouth ▁College ▁student ▁organizations ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁from ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sure nd ra ▁Kum ar ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁politician ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Delhi . ▁He ▁represented ▁the ▁G okal pur ▁( SC ) ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁Delhi ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁A am ▁A ad mi ▁Party ▁political ▁party . ▁ ▁Sure nd ra ▁Kum ar ▁joined ▁the ▁A am ▁A ad mi ▁Party ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁National ▁Con v ener ▁Ar v ind ▁Ke j ri wal ▁and ▁Delhi ▁E lection ▁Head ▁San j ay ▁Singh ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁at ▁Party ▁Office ▁in ▁I TO , ▁Delhi . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁& ▁education ▁ ▁Sure nd ra ▁lives ▁at ▁East ▁J y oti ▁Nag ar ▁in ▁Delhi , ▁and ▁educated ▁till ▁ 1 0 th ▁from
▁CB SE ▁Board ▁Delhi . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁ ▁Sure nd ra , ▁represents ▁the ▁G okal pur ▁( SC ) ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁Delhi ▁on ▁the ▁ticket ▁of ▁Bah uj an ▁Sam aj ▁Party ▁and ▁now ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁A am ▁A ad mi ▁Party ▁political ▁party . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Del hi ▁politicians ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Mount ▁Red ifer ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁mountain , ▁ 2 , 0 5 0 ▁m , ▁standing ▁ 3 ▁n aut ical ▁miles ▁( 6 km ) ▁south ▁of ▁Mount ▁Ell sw orth ▁in ▁the ▁Queen ▁M aud ▁Mountains . ▁M apped ▁by ▁United ▁States ▁Ge ological ▁Survey ▁( US GS ) ▁from ▁ground ▁surveys ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁air ▁photos , ▁ 1 9 6 0 – 6 4 . ▁N amed ▁by ▁Advis ory ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Names ▁( US - AC AN ) ▁for ▁Howard ▁D . ▁Red ifer , ▁met e or ology ▁electron ics ▁techn ician ▁at ▁South ▁P ole ▁Station , ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁the ▁Ross ▁Dep end ency ▁Category : Am und sen ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁Party ka ▁is ▁a ▁gender - neut ral ▁Sl av ic ▁surn ame ▁that ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁Art ur ▁Party ka ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁Polish ▁high ▁j umper ▁El ina ▁Part õ ka ▁( born ▁ 1

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