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▁December ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁left ▁Cor cor an ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁rebel ▁f action ▁still ▁active ▁in ▁Ireland ▁as ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁began . ▁The ▁ongoing ▁military ▁offensive ▁had ▁by ▁now ▁forced ▁Cor cor an ▁to ▁rel ocate ▁to ▁south ▁Kil ken ny ▁from ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁operations ▁and ▁further ▁inc ensed ▁the ▁government ▁by ▁target ing ▁mail ▁coaches . ▁A ▁reward ▁of ▁£ 5 0 0 ▁was ▁put ▁on ▁Cor cor an ' s ▁head ▁and ▁the ▁pressure ▁soon ▁forced ▁him ▁to ▁split ▁his ▁group ▁into ▁smaller ▁fa ctions ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁his ▁old ▁base ▁at ▁Kill augh rim ▁woods ▁outside ▁En n isc orth y . ▁The ▁end ▁finally ▁came ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁when ▁the ▁reward ▁offered ▁prompt ed ▁an ▁inform er ▁to ▁betray ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁Cor cor an ▁and ▁his ▁remaining ▁few ▁com r ades ▁who ▁were ▁surrounded ▁by ▁a ▁party ▁of ▁ye omen ▁at ▁Kill augh rim ▁Woods . ▁After ▁fierce ▁resistance ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁unit ▁were ▁killed ▁or ▁captured , ▁Cor cor an ▁dying ▁of ▁his ▁wounds ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁fighting . ▁His ▁body ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁his ▁com r ades ▁were ▁brought ▁to ▁W ex ford ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁hung ▁outside ▁the ▁town ▁ga ol ▁and ▁left ▁on ▁display ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁ ▁S ources ▁R uan ▁O ' Don nell ▁- ▁ ▁" The ▁Reb ell ion ▁in ▁W ick low ▁ 1 7 9 8 " ▁▁ ▁( 1 |
9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁R uan ▁O ' Don nell ▁- ▁ ▁" After math : ▁Post - Reb ell ion ▁Ins urg ency ▁in ▁W ick low , ▁ 1 7 9 9 - 1 8 0 3 " ▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 0 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : Un ited ▁Irish men ▁Category : Ir ish ▁reb els ▁Category : Ir ish ▁soldiers ▁Category : Ir ish ▁gu err illas <0x0A> </s> ▁Rub én ▁Fernando ▁Garc ía ▁Gon zá lez ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Mexican ▁football er , ▁who ▁last ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁goal keeper ▁for ▁Tib ur ones ▁Ro jos ▁de ▁Ver ac ru z ▁in ▁Liga ▁M X . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Garc ía ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁on ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 9 ▁for ▁P ach uc a ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁against ▁Tol uc a . ▁He ▁replaced ▁his ▁colle ague , ▁second - string ▁goal keeper ▁Jesus ▁Salvador ▁Alf aro , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁red - card ed ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 - 3 ▁tie . ▁He ▁played ▁the ▁last ▁ 4 ▁minutes ▁of ▁the ▁game , ▁was ▁scored ▁on ▁by ▁V í ctor ▁Ru iz ▁and ▁Tol uc a ▁won ▁the ▁game , ▁ 4 - 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁in active ▁for ▁a ▁period , ▁until ▁he ▁re appe |
ared ▁with ▁L ob os ▁BU AP ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁playing ▁in ▁two ▁games ▁and ▁allowing ▁just ▁two ▁goals . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁signed ▁on ▁with ▁La ▁P iedad . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁P ach uc a ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁H idal go ▁( state ) ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : M ex ican ▁football ers ▁Category : C . F . ▁P ach uc a ▁players ▁Category : L ob os ▁BU AP ▁football ers ▁Category : La ▁P iedad ▁football ers ▁Category : C . D . ▁Ver ac ru z ▁football ers ▁Category : L iga ▁M X ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Susan ▁R . ▁Don ovan ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁and ▁Democratic ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives , ▁representing ▁the ▁ 6 9 th ▁District ▁since ▁being ▁elected ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁This ▁district ▁includes ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Brist ol ▁and ▁Port sm outh , ▁Rh ode ▁Island . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Committee ▁on ▁Environment ▁and ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁and ▁House ▁Committee ▁on ▁Health , ▁Education ▁and ▁W elfare . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁legisl ature , ▁Don ovan ▁focuses ▁on ▁educational ▁issues ▁because ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁public ▁school ▁teacher ▁in ▁the ▁Brist ol ▁Warren ▁School ▁System ▁for ▁ 3 3 ▁years . |
▁She ▁also ▁works ▁on ▁issues ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁environment ▁and ▁housing . ▁Additionally , ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁supp orter ▁of ▁re product ive ▁rights ▁and ▁was ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁Pl anned ▁P aren th ood . ▁ ▁E lections ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Don ovan ▁ran ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁ 6 9 th ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁after ▁Raymond ▁Gall ison ▁resigned ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁federal ▁investigation ▁of ▁his ▁fin ances . ▁She ▁defeated ▁Todd ▁Gir oux ▁in ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Primary ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁with ▁ 8 9 . 0 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁votes . ▁She ▁then ▁defeated ▁Republican ▁Antonio ▁F . ▁Av ila ▁and ▁Liber t arian ▁An ale e ▁A . ▁Ber ret to ▁in ▁the ▁General ▁election ▁on ▁November ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁with ▁ 4 8 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁votes . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R h ode ▁Island ▁Democrats ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁politicians ▁Category : W omen ▁state ▁legisl ators ▁in ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁politicians ▁Category : R h ode ▁Island ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Indian ▁Con crete ▁Institute ▁( IC I ) ▁is ▁the ▁national ▁organisation ▁of ▁engineering |
▁professionals , ▁employed ▁in ▁concrete ▁construction ▁and ▁associated ▁research ▁in ▁India . ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁following ▁a ▁resolution ▁in ▁the ▁International ▁Sem inar ▁and ▁Exhib ition ▁on ▁‘ Mod ern ization ▁of ▁Con crete ▁Pract ices ’ ▁organ ised ▁joint ly ▁by ▁the ▁Struct ural ▁Engineering ▁Research ▁Centre ▁( SER C ) ▁and ▁Anna ▁University . ▁ ▁The ▁I CI ▁im parts ▁training ▁to ▁working ▁professionals ▁in ▁changing ▁technologies ▁in ▁concrete ▁const ructions , ▁promote ▁research ▁work ▁in ▁concrete ▁technologies , ▁publish ▁jour nals ▁on ▁research ▁finding , ▁newer ▁technologies ▁and ▁solution ▁for ▁practical ▁problems , ▁collabor ate ▁with ▁agencies ▁employed ▁in ▁concrete ▁construction , ▁research ▁and ▁associated ▁manufacturers ▁for ▁better ▁adoption ▁of ▁the ▁technology ▁by ▁working ▁professionals . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Ind ian ▁engineering ▁organisations ▁Category : Pro f ess ional ▁associations ▁based ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Const ruction ▁industry ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁general ▁election ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁province ▁of ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁opposition ▁Liber als ▁led ▁by ▁John ▁How att ▁Bell ▁gained ▁eleven ▁seats ▁to ▁defeat ▁the ▁inc umb ent ▁government ▁of ▁Conservative ▁Premier ▁Aub in ▁E . ▁Ar sen ault , ▁who ▁had ▁succeeded ▁former ▁Premier ▁John ▁A . ▁Math |
ies on ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁ ▁John ▁A . ▁D ew ar , ▁a ▁former ▁Conservative ▁member , ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁an ▁Independent ▁As semble yman ▁for ▁ 3 rd ▁Kings . ▁ ▁Party ▁Stand ings ▁ ▁Members ▁E lected ▁ ▁The ▁Legisl ature ▁of ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁had ▁two ▁levels ▁of ▁membership ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁- ▁Assembly men ▁and ▁Coun c ill ors . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁hold over ▁from ▁when ▁the ▁Island ▁had ▁a ▁b ic amer al ▁legisl ature , ▁the ▁General ▁Assembly ▁and ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Council . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁was ▁abol ished ▁and ▁had ▁its ▁membership ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁Assembly , ▁though ▁the ▁two ▁titles ▁remained ▁separate ▁and ▁were ▁elected ▁by ▁different ▁elect oral ▁franch ises . ▁Assembly ▁men ▁were ▁elected ▁by ▁all ▁eligible ▁voters ▁of ▁within ▁a ▁district , ▁while ▁Coun c ill ors ▁were ▁only ▁elected ▁by ▁land owners ▁within ▁a ▁district . ▁ ▁Kings ▁ ▁Queens ▁ ▁Prince ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁elections ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : E lections ▁in ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁in ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁Category : J uly ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁Billy ▁George ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁gym n ast . ▁ ▁Education ▁George ▁trained ▁ID TA ▁B allet , ▁T |
ap , ▁and ▁Modern ▁Jazz ▁at ▁his ▁mother ' s ▁dance ▁school , ▁Arm ley ▁Dance ▁Studios , ▁Le eds . ▁Billy ▁attended ▁Int ake ▁Arts ▁College ▁in ▁Br am ley , ▁Le eds , ▁a ▁specialist ▁performing ▁arts ▁school . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁attended ▁the ▁National ▁Centre ▁for ▁Circ us ▁Arts ▁in ▁London ▁formally ▁known ▁as ▁Circ us ▁Space . ▁ ▁Career ▁George ▁first ▁became ▁well - known ▁on ▁Britain ' s ▁Got ▁Tal ent ▁( series ▁ 6 ) ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁semi - final ist . ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁professional ▁gym n ast ▁on ▁BBC ▁series , ▁T umble , ▁where ▁his ▁celebr ity ▁partner ▁was ▁TO W IE ' s ▁Lucy ▁Me ck len burgh . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁trainer ▁on ▁Get ▁Your ▁Act ▁Together , ▁training ▁TO W IE ' s ▁Ell i ott ▁Wright . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Billy ▁joined ▁D ivers ity ▁on ▁their ▁UK ▁Arena ▁tour ▁of ▁' Up ▁Close ▁and ▁Personal ' ▁as ▁a ▁Special ▁Gu est . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁artistic ▁gym n asts ▁Category : B rit ain ' s ▁Got ▁Tal ent ▁contest ants ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Bat ley <0x0A> </s> ▁Vincent ▁B rome ▁; ▁( 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 4 |
) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁writer , ▁who ▁gradually ▁established ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁letters . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁bi ograph ies ▁of ▁politicians , ▁writers ▁and ▁followers ▁of ▁Sig mund ▁Freud . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁numerous ▁novels , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁dram at ist . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁London , ▁and ▁educated ▁at ▁Stre ath am ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁and ▁Ell eston ▁School . ▁He ▁failed ▁to ▁enter ▁university , ▁and ▁was ▁found ▁a ▁job ▁at ▁a ▁tea ▁broker . ▁He ▁left ▁home ▁at ▁ 1 8 ▁determined ▁to ▁write ▁for ▁a ▁living . ▁He ▁took ▁up ▁residence ▁in ▁Bloom sb ury , ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁live ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁life . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁B rome ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁journalist ▁and ▁magazine ▁editor , ▁his ▁first ▁short ▁story ▁anth ology ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁Having ▁been ▁declared ▁un fit ▁for ▁active ▁duty , ▁he ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Information ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁B rome ▁worked ▁under ▁Michael ▁Young ▁as ▁a ▁Labour ▁Party ▁research er . ▁ ▁Liter ary ▁career ▁Following ▁the ▁elect oral ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Labour ▁Party ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁B rome ▁turned ▁his ▁hand ▁to ▁bi ography ▁writing . ▁F itting ly , ▁his ▁first ▁subject ▁was ▁the ▁new ▁Prime ▁Minister : ▁C lement ▁Att lee . ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁receive ▁some ▁critical ▁and ▁commercial ▁success ▁with ▁his |
▁second ▁work , ▁H . G . ▁Wells ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁B rome ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁chron icle ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁such ▁men ▁as ▁Sig mund ▁Freud , ▁Carl ▁Jung , ▁Frank ▁Harris , ▁J . ▁B . ▁Pri est ley , ▁and ▁H avel ock ▁Ell is ▁to ▁wide ▁ac claim . ▁Two ▁of ▁his ▁literary ▁works , ▁The ▁Sur geon ▁and ▁The ▁Emb assy , ▁were ▁international ▁best s ellers . ▁However , ▁his ▁works ▁were ▁not ▁always ▁treated ▁so ▁kind ly ▁by ▁critics ; ▁his ▁bi ography ▁of ▁A neur in ▁Bev an ▁was ▁particularly ▁poorly ▁received . ▁ ▁B rome ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁at ▁the ▁British ▁Library , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁its ▁advis ory ▁committee ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁vocal ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁library ' s ▁move ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁to ▁its ▁own ▁purpose ▁built ▁building ▁in ▁St . ▁P anc ras , ▁even ▁writing ▁numerous ▁letters ▁to ▁such ▁org ans ▁as ▁The ▁Times ▁and ▁the ▁Times ▁Liter ary ▁Supp lement ▁pra ising ▁the ▁move . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁death ▁B rome ▁still ▁occupied ▁the ▁third ▁story ▁flat ▁he ▁had ▁lived ▁in ▁for ▁fifty ▁years ▁despite ▁growing ▁fra ilty ▁and ▁de af ness . ▁ ▁Works ▁My ▁F av our ite ▁Qu ot ation ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁C lement ▁Att lee ▁( 1 9 4 7 ) ▁bi ography ▁H . G . |
▁Wells ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁bi ography ▁A neur in ▁Bev an ▁( 1 9 5 3 ) ▁bi ography ▁The ▁Last ▁Sur render ▁( 1 9 5 4 ) ▁The ▁Way ▁Back ; ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Lie ut .- Comm ander ▁Pat ▁O ' Le ary , ▁G . C ., ▁D . S . O ., ▁R . N . ▁( 1 9 5 7 ) ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁bi ography ▁Six ▁Studies ▁in ▁Qu ar rell ing ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁Frank ▁Harris ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁bi ography ▁Sometimes ▁at ▁Night ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁We ▁Have ▁Come ▁a ▁Long ▁Way ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁The ▁Problem ▁of ▁Progress ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁Love ▁in ▁Our ▁Time ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁Four ▁Real ist ▁Nov el ists ▁: ▁Arthur ▁Mor r ison , ▁Ed win ▁P ugh , ▁Richard ▁White ing , ▁William ▁P ett ▁Ridge ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁The ▁International ▁Brig ades ▁: ▁Spain ▁ 1 9 3 6 – 1 9 3 9 ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁history ▁Freud ▁and ▁His ▁Early ▁Circle ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁bi ography ▁The ▁World ▁of ▁Luke ▁Sim pson ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁The ▁Sur geon ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁novel , ▁" The ▁operating ▁theater " ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁The ▁Revolution ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁Conf essions ▁of ▁a ▁Writer |
▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁aut obi ography ▁Re verse ▁your ▁Ver dict : ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁private ▁prosecut ions ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁The ▁Br ain ▁Oper ators ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁The ▁Amb assador ▁and ▁the ▁Sp y ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁novel ▁The ▁Day ▁of ▁Dest ruction ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁The ▁Happy ▁Host age ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁Jung : ▁man ▁and ▁myth ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁bi ography ▁H avel ock ▁Ell is : ▁philos opher ▁of ▁sex ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁bi ography ▁Ernest ▁Jones : ▁Freud ' s ▁alter ▁ego ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁bi ography ▁The ▁Day ▁of ▁the ▁Fifth ▁Moon ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁historical ▁novel ▁J . B . ▁Pri est ley ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁bi ography ▁The ▁Other ▁P ep ys ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁bi ography ▁Love ▁in ▁the ▁Pl ague ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁Ret ribut ion ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Category : English ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : English ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁El ap |
he ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁sn akes ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Col ub r idae . ▁El ap he ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁gener a ▁of ▁the ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁which ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁many ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁hem is phere . ▁El ap he ▁species ▁are ▁medium ▁to ▁large ▁const rict ors ▁by ▁nature . ▁Although ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁in ▁El ap he ▁are ▁non ven om ous , ▁bit es ▁from ▁rat ▁sn akes ▁are ▁still ▁irrit ably ▁painful ▁and ▁can ▁potentially ▁cause ▁bacter ial ▁in fections ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁sal iva . ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁the ▁mit och ond rial ▁DNA ▁analysis ▁results , ▁many ▁species ▁of ▁El ap he ▁have ▁been ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁gener a ▁Bog ert oph is , ▁Co el ogn ath us , ▁G ony os oma , ▁Orth ri oph is , ▁Pan ther oph is , ▁Rh ine ch is , ▁S ent icol is , ▁Z amen is , ▁and ▁others . ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁generic ▁name ▁El ap he ▁is ▁still ▁widely ▁used . ▁ ▁Physical ▁characteristics ▁Like ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁generally ▁have ▁sl ender ▁but ▁st ur dy ▁bodies , ▁square ▁heads , ▁and ▁extremely ▁flat ▁bell ies . ▁Their ▁sizes ▁range ▁from ▁large ▁medium ▁to ▁very ▁large , ▁growing ▁even ▁as ▁large ▁as ▁ 1 0 8 in . ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁have ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁ver te bra e , ▁rib |
s , ▁and ▁vent ral ▁scales , ▁but ▁few ▁rows ▁of ▁d ors al ▁scales , ▁which ▁are ▁characterized ▁by ▁having ▁slight ▁ke els . ▁In ▁cross ▁section , ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁are ▁shaped ▁like ▁a ▁lo af ▁of ▁bread , ▁the ▁flat ▁belly ▁meeting ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁at ▁an ▁angle . ▁This ▁special ▁physical ▁characteristic ▁is ▁well ▁observed ▁in ▁El ap he ▁ob so let a , ▁whose ▁belly ▁scales ▁curve ▁upward . ▁The ▁cur ving ▁of ▁the ▁vent ral ▁scales ▁gives ▁them ▁better ▁tr action ▁for ▁tree ▁climbing . ▁The ▁color ▁and ▁pattern ▁of ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁are ▁quite ▁variable ▁and ▁hard ▁to ▁general ize . ▁ ▁Intern ally , ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁any ▁observ able ▁vest iges ▁of ▁hind ▁lim bs ▁or ▁coron oid ▁bones ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁jaw ▁like ▁any ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Col ub r idae . ▁Another ▁important ▁characteristic ▁of ▁El ap he ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Col ub r idae ▁is ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁Du vern oy ' s ▁g land , ▁a ▁modified ▁sal iv ary ▁and ▁digest ive ▁g land . ▁In ▁addition , ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁have ▁equal ▁and ▁smooth ▁max ill ary ▁teeth . ▁The ▁teeth ▁are ▁small ▁and ▁slightly ▁cur ved , ▁and ▁occur ▁in ▁several ▁rows . ▁The ▁cur vy ▁teeth ▁help ▁fix ▁the ▁prey ▁and ▁prevent ▁them ▁from ▁esc aping ▁once ▁they ▁are ▁caught . ▁ ▁S enses ▁El ap |
he ▁s pp . ▁have ▁very ▁developed ▁sens ory ▁org ans ▁which ▁support ▁their ▁daily ▁activities . ▁They ▁have ▁ ▁internal ▁ears ▁that ▁enables ▁them ▁to ▁detect ▁sounds ▁at ▁low ▁frequencies . ▁The ▁ears ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁ear ▁bone ▁connected ▁to ▁a ▁jaw ▁bone . ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁other ▁sn akes , ▁they ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁highly ▁developed ▁vision ▁that ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁detect ▁the ▁movement ▁of ▁their ▁pred ators ▁and ▁prey . ▁The ▁eyes ▁are ▁protected ▁by ▁single ▁transparent ▁br illes . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁analysis ▁of ▁sc ents ▁is ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁Jacob son ' s ▁organ ▁in ▁the ▁pal ate . ▁To ▁stim ulate ▁Jacob son ' s ▁organ , ▁they ▁use ▁their ▁tong ues ▁to ▁transport ▁air ▁and ▁ground ▁mole cules ▁to ▁Jacob son ' s ▁organ . ▁Then , ▁the ▁organ ▁analy zes ▁the ▁mole cules ▁to ▁identify ▁the ▁scent . ▁Among ▁these ▁detect able ▁sc ents ▁are ▁p her om ones , ▁which ▁indicate ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁other ▁sn akes ▁and ▁their ▁re product ive ▁read iness . ▁ ▁L if ecycle ▁and ▁behavior ▁The ▁lif es pan ▁of ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁is ▁generally ▁ 1 5 ▁years . ▁M ales ▁live ▁a ▁little ▁longer ▁than ▁females , ▁but ▁some ▁species , ▁such ▁as ▁E . ▁g utt ata , ▁ ▁live ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 3 ▁years ▁in ▁capt ivity . ▁However , ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁E . ▁em ory i ▁usually ▁have ▁lif esp ans ▁around ▁ 2 ▁years |
▁and ▁ 2 ▁months . ▁ ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁generally ▁reach ▁sexual ▁mat urity ▁after ▁ 1 8 – 2 4 ▁months . ▁They ▁usually ▁mate ▁with ▁the ▁opposite ▁sex ▁after ▁emerging ▁from ▁h iber n ation ▁in ▁the ▁spring . ▁The ▁gest ation ▁period ▁of ▁females ▁is ▁around ▁ 1 . 5 ▁months , ▁and ▁females ▁can ▁lay ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁eggs ▁in ▁a ▁clutch , ▁the ▁number ▁varying ▁between ▁species . ▁ ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁and ▁E . ▁ob so let a , ▁among ▁others , ▁ ▁are ▁mostly ▁di urn al , ▁but ▁some ▁species ▁are ▁more ▁active ▁in ▁late ▁afternoon ▁or ▁at ▁d usk . ▁Throughout ▁the ▁year , ▁they ▁are ▁usually ▁active ▁from ▁April ▁to ▁October , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁h iber n ation . ▁ ▁H iber n ation ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁ ▁h iber nate , ▁especially ▁those ▁that ▁live ▁in ▁cold ▁regions , ▁because ▁sn akes ▁are ▁cold - blo oded , ▁which ▁makes ▁their ▁body ▁temperature ▁suscept ible ▁to ▁the ▁temperature ▁of ▁their ▁environments . ▁Thus , ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁maintain ▁their ▁body ▁energy ▁by ▁switching ▁locations ▁and ▁remaining ▁phys i ologically ▁in active ▁when ▁winter ▁comes . ▁The ▁h iber n ac ula ▁sites ▁vary ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁habit ats ▁they ▁live ▁in , ▁yet ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁requirement ▁of ▁a ▁h iber n ac ulum ▁site ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁fro st - free . ▁Some ▁El ap |
he ▁s pp . ▁h iber nate ▁in ▁the ▁rock ▁cre v ices , ▁rock ▁fault s , ▁and ▁bur rows . ▁However , ▁other ▁species ▁choose ▁to ▁h iber nate ▁in ▁rott ing ▁logs , ▁roots ▁of ▁trees , ▁and ▁hollow ▁spaces ▁in ▁elev ated ▁tree ▁trunk s . ▁Some ▁sn akes ▁that ▁live ▁close ▁to ▁human ▁communities ▁even ▁h iber nate ▁in ▁old ▁well s ▁and ▁barn s . ▁ ▁Most ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁El ap he ▁start ▁their ▁h iber n ation ▁in ▁October ▁and ▁emerge ▁again ▁the ▁next ▁spring . ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁h iber n ation ▁varies ▁by ▁species . ▁El ap he ▁long iss ima , ▁or ▁A es cul ap ian ▁snake , ▁may ▁h iber nate ▁ ▁from ▁October ▁to ▁ ▁May , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁northern most ▁occurring ▁rat ▁sn akes . ▁However , ▁El ap he ▁b im ac ul ata , ▁or ▁the ▁twin - sp otted ▁rat ▁snake , ▁only ▁needs ▁to ▁h iber nate ▁for ▁ 2 ▁to ▁ 3 ▁months . ▁Spec ies ▁such ▁as ▁black ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁or ▁E . ▁ob so let a , ▁h iber nate ▁with ▁other ▁rat ▁sn akes ▁and / or ▁many ▁other ▁snake ▁species , ▁most ▁notably ▁tim ber ▁r att les n akes , ▁rac ers , ▁and ▁bull ▁sn akes . ▁ ▁Rep roduction ▁E . ▁ob so let a ▁generally ▁starts ▁to ▁mate ▁in ▁late ▁April , ▁May , ▁and ▁early ▁June ▁after |
▁the ▁winter ▁h iber n ation . ▁ ▁M ales ▁try ▁to ▁attract ▁females ▁with ▁p her om ones , ▁as ▁the ▁females ▁pass ▁through ▁their ▁territor ies . ▁Male ▁A es cul ap ian ▁sn akes ▁pursue ▁female ▁sn akes ▁until ▁they ▁can ▁co il ▁around ▁them . ▁They ▁continue ▁in ▁such ▁position , ▁which ▁is ▁then ▁followed ▁by ▁dancing ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁an ▁hour ▁before ▁cop ulation , ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁male ▁snake ▁lines ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁female ▁and ▁holds ▁her ▁in ▁place ▁by ▁wr apping ▁his ▁tail ▁around ▁hers ▁and ▁gras ping ▁her ▁with ▁his ▁mouth . ▁Then , ▁the ▁male ▁ ▁ever ts ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁hem ip enes ▁into ▁the ▁female ' s ▁clo aca . ▁The ▁m ating ▁process ▁last s ▁from ▁a ▁few ▁minutes ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁hours . ▁ ▁After ▁cop ulation , ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁seek ▁an ▁appropriate ▁place ▁to ▁lay ▁the ▁developing ▁eggs . ▁ ▁They ▁usually ▁lay ▁eggs ▁in ▁the ▁soft ▁heart ▁of ▁a ▁rott en ▁log ▁or ▁in ▁sand y ▁soil ▁under ▁a ▁rock . ▁A ▁good ▁place ▁for ▁laying ▁eggs ▁is ▁one ▁that ▁is ▁damp ▁but ▁not ▁wet , ▁and ▁warm ▁but ▁not ▁hot . ▁After ▁laying ▁eggs , ▁the ▁female ▁snake ▁covers ▁them ▁up ▁with ▁sand ▁or ▁soil , ▁and ▁then ▁she ▁leaves . ▁A ▁few ▁species ▁remain ▁with ▁the ▁eggs ▁until ▁they ▁h atch ▁about ▁ 9 ▁weeks ▁later . ▁ ▁O v ip ar ous ▁E . ▁ob so let a ▁l ays ▁ |
1 2 – 2 0 ▁eggs ▁under ▁logs ▁or ▁leaves ▁in ▁late ▁summer , ▁which ▁h atch ▁in ▁the ▁fall . ▁The ▁adult ▁sn akes ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁h iber n ation ▁dens ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁fall . ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁ ▁breed s ▁from ▁March ▁to ▁May . ▁The ▁m ating ▁process ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁E . ▁ob so let a . ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁l ays ▁▁ 1 0 – 3 0 ▁eggs ▁in ▁late ▁May ▁to ▁July . ▁The ▁eggs ▁are ▁generally ▁not ▁protected ▁by ▁the ▁adults . ▁After ▁ 6 0 – 6 5 ▁days , ▁the ▁eggs ▁h atch ▁in ▁July ▁through ▁September . ▁ ▁Defense ▁mechanisms ▁Many ▁species ▁of ▁El ap he ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁non ag gress ive ▁and ▁shy . ▁They ▁are ▁pr one ▁to ▁freeze ▁their ▁movements ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁shocked ▁or ▁encounter ing ▁danger . ▁This ▁motion less ▁response ▁has ▁contributed ▁to ▁many ▁road ▁kills ▁of ▁El ap he . ▁However , ▁some ▁ ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁defensive ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁continually ▁prov oked . ▁For ▁example , ▁Texas ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁ ▁El ap he ▁ob so let a ▁l ind heimer i , ▁are ▁well ▁known ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁sn appy ▁and ▁comb ative ▁rat ▁sn akes . ▁In ▁general , ▁their ▁defense ▁system ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁broken ▁down ▁to ▁two ▁levels . ▁The ▁first ▁line ▁of ▁defense ▁involves ▁specific ▁behaviors ▁that ▁they ▁use ▁to ▁warn |
▁the ▁intr ud ers . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁ways ▁is ▁by ▁co iling ▁their ▁bodies ▁and ▁vibr ating ▁their ▁t ails , ▁which ▁sim ulates ▁a ▁r attle . ▁Fox ▁sn akes , ▁El ap he ▁vul p ina ▁and ▁El ap he ▁glo yd i , ▁exempl ify ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁defense ▁mechanism ; ▁they ▁mim ic ▁the ▁r att ling ▁vibr ation ▁of ▁r att les n akes ▁when ▁they ▁encounter ▁danger . ▁Another ▁common ▁way ▁of ▁defense ▁is ▁by ▁sm earing ▁a ▁foul - sm elling ▁mus k ▁on ▁their ▁pred ators . ▁The ▁mus k ▁is ▁origin ated ▁from ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁anal ▁g land ▁and ▁the ▁int est inal ▁tract . ▁The ▁second ▁line ▁of ▁defense , ▁generally ▁involves ▁striking ▁the ▁intr ud er ▁with ▁their ▁teeth ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁further ▁prov oked . ▁ ▁Loc om otion ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁move ▁forward ▁using ▁side - to - side , ▁ser pent ine ▁movement . ▁They ▁use ▁the ▁cur vy ▁vent ral ▁scales ▁of ▁their ▁bodies ▁to ▁grab ▁the ▁rough ▁ground ▁surfaces ▁and ▁then ▁push ▁against ▁the ▁ground ▁to ▁generate ▁a ▁forward ▁movement . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁sm o other ▁the ▁ground ▁is , ▁the ▁harder ▁it ▁is ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁move ▁across ▁it . ▁Many ▁species ▁apply ▁similar ▁mechanisms ▁when ▁climbing ▁trees . ▁ ▁Pred ation ▁Adult ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁primarily ▁prey ▁on ▁rod ents ▁( i . e ., ▁m ice ▁and ▁chip m unk s ), |
▁bird ▁eggs , ▁and ▁young ▁birds . ▁Ju ven iles ▁feed ▁on ▁small ▁l iz ards , ▁young ▁m ice , ▁and ▁occasionally ▁small ▁fro gs ▁( i . e ., ▁tree ▁fro gs ). ▁Spec ies ▁such ▁as ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁do ▁not ▁feed ▁on ▁a ▁daily ▁basis , ▁but ▁every ▁few ▁days . ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁hunt ▁by ▁waiting ▁motion less ▁in ▁a ▁fixed ▁position ▁until ▁the ▁prey ▁comes ▁near ▁enough ▁to ▁attack . ▁Then , ▁they ▁strike ▁the ▁prey ▁and ▁bite ▁it . ▁They ▁use ▁their ▁Jacob son ' s ▁organ ▁to ▁track ▁and ▁find ▁their ▁prey . ▁Being ▁const rict ors , ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁kill ▁the ▁prey ▁by ▁creating ▁enormous ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁prey ' s ▁chest . ▁As ▁they ▁continue ▁to ▁co il ▁more ▁tightly , ▁the ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁chest ▁prevents ▁the ▁blood ▁from ▁circul ating ▁into ▁the ▁heart , ▁which ▁eventually ▁leads ▁to ▁heart ▁failure . ▁They ▁usually ▁bite ▁the ▁prey ▁first ▁to ▁maintain ▁their ▁grip ▁on ▁the ▁prey ▁before ▁they ▁start ▁this ▁deadly ▁mechanism . ▁In ▁addition , ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁che w ▁their ▁food , ▁but ▁swallow ▁it ▁whole . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁and ▁distribution ▁El ap he ▁s pp . ▁live ▁in ▁a ▁great ▁variety ▁of ▁environments , ▁depending ▁on ▁species ▁and ▁sub spec ies . ▁Most ▁are ▁ter rest rial ▁or ▁sem iar b ore al , ▁but ▁some ▁bur row ▁in ▁sand ▁or ▁loose ▁soil . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁black ▁rat |
▁snake , ▁ ▁E . ▁ob so let a ▁ob so let a , ▁pre fers ▁heavily ▁wood ed ▁habit ats ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁excellent ▁tree - cl im bing ▁ability . ▁Their ▁population ▁can ▁be ▁distributed ▁throughout ▁all ▁elev ations , ▁usually ▁on ▁rock y ▁hills ides ▁of ▁mountains , ▁or ▁on ▁flat ▁farm lands . ▁However , ▁the ▁yellow ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁E . ▁o . ▁quad riv itt ata , ▁pre fers ▁river ▁sw amps ▁as ▁habit ats . ▁Similarly , ▁the ▁Ever gl ades ▁rat ▁snake , ▁ ▁E . ▁o . ▁ro ss all eni , ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁shr ub s ▁and ▁trees ▁along ▁the ▁water ▁way . ▁The ▁El ap he ▁sn akes ▁are ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁Northern ▁Hem is phere , ▁but ▁some ▁occur ▁in ▁South ▁America , ▁Africa , ▁Sout heast ▁Asia , ▁and ▁Northern ▁Australia . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁black ▁rat ▁sn akes ▁are ▁well ▁distributed ▁from ▁Ontario , ▁Canada , ▁to ▁Florida ▁and ▁Texas . ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁is ▁widespread ▁in ▁many ▁U . S . ▁states , ▁including ▁Florida , ▁Louisiana , ▁southern ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁Kentucky . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁ ▁El ap he ▁anom ala ▁( B oul enger , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁b im ac ul ata ▁Sch midt , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁ ▁El ap he ▁cant or is ▁( B oul enger , ▁ 1 8 9 |
4 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁car in ata ▁( G ün ther , ▁ 1 8 6 4 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁clim ac op hora ▁( Bo ie , ▁ 1 8 2 6 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁dav idi ▁( S au v age , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁d ione ▁( P allas , ▁ 1 7 7 3 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁h od g son i ▁( G ün ther , ▁ 1 8 6 0 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁mo ell endor ff i ▁( Bo ett ger , ▁ 1 8 8 6 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁quad riv ir g ata ▁( Bo ie , ▁ 1 8 2 6 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁qu atu or line ata ▁( Bon n ater re , ▁ 1 7 9 0 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁sa ur om ates ▁( P allas , ▁ 1 8 1 1 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁sch ren ck ii ▁Str auch , ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁ ▁El ap he ▁ta eni ura ▁( C ope , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ) ▁ ▁El ap he ▁ur art ica ▁J abl ons ki , ▁K uk ush kin , ▁Av c ı , ▁Bun y at ova , ▁Il g az , ▁T uni y ev , ▁& ▁J and z ik , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁El ap he |
▁zo ige ensis ▁Hu ang , ▁D ing , ▁Bur br ink , ▁Yang , ▁Hu ang , ▁L ing , ▁Chen , ▁& ▁Z hang , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : El ap he ▁Category : Sn ake ▁gener a ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Johann ▁Georg ▁W ag ler <0x0A> </s> ▁Orth ographic ▁trans cription ▁is ▁a ▁trans cription ▁method ▁that ▁em plo ys ▁the ▁standard ▁sp elling ▁system ▁of ▁each ▁target ▁language .< ref > H ay es , ▁Bruce ▁( 2 0 1 1 ); ▁Int ro duct ory ▁Ph on ology ; ▁John ▁W iley ▁& ▁S ons ; ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 1 4 4 4 3 6 0 1 3 4 . ▁" The ▁term ▁orth ographic ▁trans cription ▁simply ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁words ▁are ▁written ▁down ▁using ▁the ▁custom ary ▁sp elling ▁system ▁( orth ography ) ▁of ▁the ▁language ." ▁For ▁a ▁better ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁examples ▁shown ▁in ▁Hay es ' s ▁book ▁see ▁From kin , ▁Victoria ▁( 2 0 0 0 ); ▁L ingu istics : ▁an ▁introduction ▁to ▁lingu istic ▁theory ; ▁W iley - Black well ; ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 0 6 3 1 1 9 7 1 1 9 </ ref > ▁ ▁Examples ▁of ▁orth ographic ▁trans cription ▁are ▁" Push kin " ▁and ▁" P ouch k ine ", ▁respectively ▁the ▁English ▁and ▁French ▁orth ographic ▁trans criptions ▁of ▁the ▁surn ame |
▁" П у ́ шки н " ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁А лек са ́ нд р ▁Пу ́ шки н ▁( Alex ander ▁P ush kin ). ▁Thus , ▁each ▁target ▁language ▁( English ▁and ▁French ) ▁transc rib es ▁the ▁surn ame ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁own ▁orth ography . ▁ ▁Con tr ast ▁with ▁ph on etic ▁trans cription , ▁ph on emic ▁orth ography , ▁transl iter ation , ▁and ▁translation . ▁ ▁Dist inction ▁from ▁transl iter ation ▁ ▁Trans cription ▁as ▁a ▁mapping ▁from ▁sound ▁to ▁script ▁must ▁be ▁distinguished ▁from ▁transl iter ation , ▁which ▁creates ▁a ▁mapping ▁from ▁one ▁script ▁to ▁another ▁that ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁original ▁script ▁as ▁directly ▁as ▁possible . ▁Standard ▁trans cription ▁schemes ▁for ▁lingu istic ▁purposes ▁include ▁the ▁International ▁Ph on etic ▁Al phabet ▁( IP A ), ▁and ▁its ▁A SC II ▁equivalent , ▁SA MP A . ▁Trans cription ▁is ▁often ▁confused ▁with ▁transl iter ation , ▁perhaps ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁common ▁journal istic ▁practice ▁of ▁mixing ▁elements ▁of ▁both ▁in ▁rendering ▁foreign ▁names . ▁The ▁resulting ▁practical ▁trans cription ▁is ▁a ▁hybrid ▁that ▁is ▁called ▁both ▁" trans cription " ▁and ▁" transl iter ation " ▁by ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁examples ▁of ▁ph on etic ▁trans cription ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Russian ▁president ▁known ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁Bor is ▁Y el ts in , ▁followed ▁by ▁accepted ▁hybrid ▁forms ▁in ▁various ▁languages . ▁English ▁speakers ▁will ▁pron ounce ▁" |
B or is " ▁differently ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁Russian , ▁so ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁transl iter ation ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁trans cription ▁in ▁the ▁strict ▁sense . ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁words ▁are ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁transc ribed ▁differently ▁under ▁different ▁systems . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Mand arin ▁Chinese ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁is ▁Beijing ▁using ▁the ▁commonly ▁used ▁contemporary ▁system ▁H à ny ǔ ▁P ī ny ī n , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁histor ically ▁significant ▁W ade – G iles ▁system , ▁it ▁is ▁written ▁Pe i - Ch ing . ▁ ▁Pract ical ▁trans cription ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁into ▁a ▁non - alph ab etic ▁language ▁too . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁a ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁newspaper , ▁George ▁Bush ' s ▁name ▁is ▁transl iter ated ▁into ▁two ▁Chinese ▁characters ▁that ▁sound ▁like ▁" B ou - s ū " ▁( 布 殊 ) ▁by ▁using ▁the ▁characters ▁that ▁mean ▁ ▁" cl oth " ▁and ▁" special ". ▁Similarly , ▁many ▁words ▁from ▁English ▁and ▁other ▁Western ▁European ▁languages ▁are ▁borrow ed ▁in ▁Japanese ▁and ▁are ▁transc ribed ▁using ▁Kat ak ana , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁sy ll ab aries . ▁ ▁Sub sequ ent ▁diver gence ▁After ▁transc rib ing ▁a ▁word ▁from ▁one ▁language ▁to ▁the ▁script ▁of ▁another ▁language : ▁ ▁one ▁or ▁both ▁languages ▁may ▁develop ▁further . ▁The ▁original ▁correspondence ▁between ▁the ▁sounds ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁languages ▁may ▁change , ▁and ▁so ▁the ▁pron unci |
ation ▁of ▁the ▁transc ribed ▁word ▁develop s ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁direction ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁pron unci ation . ▁ ▁the ▁transc ribed ▁word ▁may ▁be ▁adopted ▁as ▁a ▁loan word ▁in ▁another ▁language ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁script . ▁This ▁often ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁pron unci ation ▁and ▁sp elling ▁which ▁are ▁different ▁from ▁a ▁direct ▁trans cription . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁especially ▁evident ▁for ▁Greek ▁loan words ▁and ▁proper ▁names . ▁Greek ▁words ▁were ▁histor ically ▁first ▁transc ribed ▁to ▁Latin ▁( acc ording ▁to ▁their ▁old ▁pron unci ations ), ▁and ▁then ▁loan ed ▁into ▁other ▁languages , ▁and ▁finally ▁the ▁loan word ▁has ▁developed ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁target ▁language . ▁For ▁example , ▁Arist ot le ▁is ▁the ▁currently ▁used ▁English ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁philos opher ▁whose ▁name ▁in ▁Greek ▁is ▁sp elled ▁ <0xCC> <0x93> A ρ ι σ τ o τ έ λ η ς ▁( Ar ist ot él ē s ), ▁which ▁was ▁transc ribed ▁to ▁Latin ▁Arist ot eles , ▁from ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁loan ed ▁into ▁other ▁languages ▁and ▁followed ▁their ▁lingu istic ▁development . ▁( In ▁" class ical " ▁Greek ▁of ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁time , ▁lower - case ▁letters ▁were ▁not ▁used , ▁and ▁the ▁name ▁was ▁sp elled ▁ Α Ρ Ι Σ Τ Ο Τ Ε Λ Η Σ .) P li oc ene , ▁a ▁much ▁more ▁recent ▁word , ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁words ▁ π λ ε |
ί ω ν ▁( ple i ô n , ▁" more ") ▁and ▁ κ α ι ν ó ς ▁( k ain ós , ▁" new "), ▁which ▁were ▁first ▁transc ribed ▁( L atin ised ) ▁to ▁pl ion ▁and ▁ca en us ▁and ▁then ▁loan ed ▁into ▁other ▁languages . ▁( < κ > ▁became ▁< c > ▁because ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁< k > ▁in ▁Latin .) ▁ ▁When ▁this ▁process ▁continues ▁over ▁several ▁languages , ▁it ▁may ▁fail ▁miser ably ▁to ▁convey ▁the ▁original ▁pron unci ation . ▁One ▁ancient ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁S ansk rit ▁word ▁d hy ā na ▁(" cont empl ation ", ▁" med itation ") ▁which ▁was ▁transc ribed ▁into ▁the ▁Chinese ▁word ▁ch ' anna ▁through ▁Budd hist ▁script ures ; ▁next ▁short ened ▁into ▁ch ' an . ▁Ch ' an ▁( <0xE7> <0xA6> <0xAA> ), ▁pronounced ▁z en ▁in ▁Japanese , ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Budd hist ▁sect ▁of ▁" Ch an " ▁( Z en ▁Budd h ism ), ▁was ▁transc ribed ▁from ▁Japanese ▁( ゼ ン ▁z en ) ▁to ▁z en ▁in ▁English . ▁D hy ā na ▁to ▁z en ▁is ▁quite ▁a ▁change . ▁ ▁Another ▁issue ▁is ▁any ▁subsequent ▁change ▁in ▁" pre ferred " ▁trans cription . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁word ▁describing ▁a ▁philosophy ▁or ▁religion ▁in ▁China ▁was ▁popular ized ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁T ao ▁and ▁given ▁the ▁term ination ▁- ism ▁to ▁produce ▁an ▁English ▁word ▁T ao |
ism . ▁That ▁trans cription ▁reflects ▁the ▁W ade – G iles ▁system . ▁More ▁recent ▁P iny in ▁transl iter ations ▁produce ▁D ao ▁and ▁D ao ism ' '. ▁( See ▁also ▁D ao ism – T ao ism ▁roman ization ▁issue .) ▁ ▁Trans cription ▁and ▁transl iter ation ▁examples ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Inter linear ▁gl oss ▁ ▁Ph on etic ▁sp elling ▁ ▁Ph on etic ▁trans cription ▁ ▁Roman ization ▁ ▁Spe ech ▁recognition ▁ ▁Sub title ▁( caption ing ) ▁ ▁Trans liter ation ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Trans cription ▁( ling u istics ) ▁Category : Or th ography <0x0A> </s> ▁Jac qu eline ▁En field ▁( born ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁former ▁swim mer . ▁ ▁Sw im ming ▁career ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁ 2 0 0 ▁met re ▁breast stroke ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁She ▁represented ▁England ▁and ▁won ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁ 2 2 0 ▁yards ▁breast stroke , ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁in ▁Per th , ▁Australia . ▁She ▁also ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 0 ▁yards ▁breast stroke ▁at ▁the ▁Games . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁female ▁sw imm ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁sw imm ers ▁of ▁Great |
▁Britain ▁Category : Sw imm ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁North ampton ▁Category : Sw imm ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁med all ists ▁in ▁swimming ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁silver ▁med all ists ▁for ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁B ray an ▁Y oh angel ▁H urt ado ▁Cort es ía ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Venez uel an ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁forward ▁for ▁the ▁Portland ▁Tim bers ▁ 2 , ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁Min eros ▁de ▁Gu ay ana . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : V enez uel an ▁football ers ▁Category : V enez uel an ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : M iner os ▁de ▁Gu ay ana ▁players ▁Category : Port land ▁Tim bers ▁ 2 ▁players ▁Category : V enez uel an ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁soccer ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : US L ▁Championship ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Som erset ▁Island ▁Form ation ▁is ▁a ▁ge olog ic ▁formation ▁in ▁North west ▁Terr itories . ▁It ▁preserv es ▁foss ils ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Sil ur ian ▁period . |
▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁foss il ifer ous ▁strat ig raph ic ▁units ▁in ▁North west ▁Terr itories ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sil ur ian ▁North west ▁Terr itories ▁Category : Sil ur ian ▁northern ▁pale ot rop ical ▁depos its <0x0A> </s> ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁Jud icial ▁Conference ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁delivered ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁notification ▁cert ifying ▁" its ▁determination ▁that ▁consideration ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Judge ▁Thomas ▁Port eous ▁( E . D . ▁La .) ▁may ▁be ▁warrant ed ." ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁the ▁ 1 1 0 th ▁Congress ▁authorized ▁its ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁task ▁Force ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁matter . ▁The ▁task ▁force ' s ▁authority ▁was ▁renew ed ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 1 1 th ▁Congress ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁May ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁its ▁authority ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁include ▁an ▁investigation ▁of ▁Samuel ▁Kent , ▁a ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁Southern ▁District ▁of ▁Texas , ▁leading ▁to ▁his ▁im pe achment ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Judge ▁Thomas ▁Port eous ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁Jud icial ▁Conference ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁trans mitted ▁a ▁certificate ▁to ▁the ▁Spe |
aker ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁express ing ▁the ▁Conference ' s ▁determination ▁that ▁consideration ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁Judge ▁Port eous ▁might ▁be ▁warrant ed . ▁ ▁The ▁certificate ▁stated ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁substantial ▁evidence ▁that ▁Judge ▁Port eous ▁" re peated ly ▁committed ▁per j ury ▁by ▁signing ▁false ▁financial ▁dis closure ▁forms ▁under ▁o ath ," ▁thus ▁conce aling ▁" c ash ▁and ▁things ▁of ▁value ▁that ▁he ▁sol ic ited ▁and ▁received ▁from ▁lawyers ▁appearing ▁in ▁lit igation ▁before ▁him ." ▁In ▁a ▁specific ▁case , ▁" he ▁denied ▁a ▁motion ▁to ▁rec use ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁relationship ▁with ▁lawyers ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁. ▁. ▁. ▁and ▁failed ▁to ▁dis close ▁that ▁the ▁lawyers ▁in ▁question ▁had ▁often ▁provided ▁him ▁with ▁cash . ▁There after , ▁while ▁a ▁bench ▁ver dict ▁( that ▁is , ▁a ▁ver dict ▁by ▁a ▁judge ▁sitting ▁without ▁a ▁jury ) ▁was ▁pending , ▁he ▁sol ic ited ▁and ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁lawyers ▁appearing ▁before ▁him ▁illegal ▁grat u ities ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁cash ▁and ▁other ▁things ▁of ▁value "" ▁thus ▁dep riving ▁" the ▁public ▁of ▁its ▁right ▁to ▁his ▁honest ▁services ". ▁ ▁The ▁certificate ▁concluded ▁that ▁this ▁conduct ▁" const ituted ▁an ▁abuse ▁of ▁his ▁jud icial ▁office " ▁in ▁violation ▁of ▁the ▁Can ons ▁of ▁the ▁Code ▁of ▁Con duct ▁for ▁United ▁States ▁Jud ges ". ▁ ▁The ▁certificate ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁substantial ▁evidence ▁that ▁Port eous ▁had ▁" re peated |
ly ▁committed ▁per j ury ▁by ▁signing ▁false ▁financial ▁dis closure ▁forms ▁under ▁o ath " ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁his ▁bankrupt cy , ▁allowing ▁" him ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁dis charge ▁of ▁his ▁deb ts ▁while ▁continuing ▁his ▁lifestyle ▁at ▁the ▁expense ▁of ▁his ▁credit ors ", ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁" made ▁false ▁representations ▁to ▁gain ▁the ▁extension ▁of ▁a ▁bank ▁loan ▁with ▁the ▁intent ▁to ▁def ra ud ▁the ▁bank ". ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁voted ▁un anim ously ▁to ▁proceed ▁with ▁an ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁b ri bery ▁and ▁per j ury ▁alleg ations . ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Chair ▁John ▁Con yers ▁announced ▁that ▁Alan ▁I . ▁Bar ron ▁had ▁been ▁hired ▁as ▁Special ▁Coun sel ▁to ▁lead ▁an ▁in quiry ▁into ▁Judge ▁Port eous ' ▁im pe achment . ▁Represent atives ▁Adam ▁Sch iff ▁( D - CA ) ▁and ▁Bob ▁Good lat te ▁( R - VA ) ▁were ▁designated ▁as ▁Chair ▁and ▁Rank ing ▁Member , ▁respectively ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁task ▁force ▁conducting ▁the ▁in quiry . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁passed ▁H . ▁Res . ▁ 1 5 ▁by ▁voice ▁vote , ▁author izing ▁and ▁direct ing ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁to ▁in quire ▁whether ▁the ▁House ▁should |
▁im pe ach ▁Judge ▁Port eous . ▁The ▁resolution ▁was ▁sponsored ▁by ▁Rep . ▁John ▁Con yers , ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁and ▁was ▁proposed ▁because ▁the ▁investigation ▁ended ▁with ▁the ▁previous ▁Congress ▁and ▁a ▁renew al ▁was ▁needed . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁R eps . ▁Con yers ▁and ▁L amar ▁Smith ▁introduced ▁a ▁resolution ▁asking ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁judge ' s ▁tax ▁returns ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁investigation . ▁The ▁resolution ▁was ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁Rules ▁Committee ▁and , ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁a ▁time frame ▁was ▁established ▁which ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁investigation ▁to ▁end ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁the ▁Jud icial ▁Task ▁force ▁on ▁Jud icial ▁Im pe achment ▁would ▁decide ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁if ▁im pe achment ▁would ▁be ▁recommended ▁to ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee . ▁If ▁the ▁recommendation ▁was ▁for ▁im pe achment , ▁the ▁Committee ▁would ▁take ▁up ▁the ▁matter ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁task ▁force ▁scheduled ▁the ▁first ▁hear ings ▁on ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁November ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁ 1 8 , ▁with ▁more ▁meetings ▁in ▁December ▁before ▁a ▁final ▁recommendation ▁was ▁made . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 3 ▁Port eous ▁su ed ▁the ▁task ▁force , ▁claiming ▁that ▁the ▁panel ▁was ▁viol ating ▁his ▁Fifth ▁Am endment ▁rights ▁by ▁using ▁testimony ▁given ▁under ▁imm unity ▁in ▁making ▁the ▁case ▁against ▁him . ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 |
0 , ▁the ▁panel ▁voted ▁un anim ously ▁to ▁recommend ▁four ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee , ▁which , ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁voted ▁to ▁send ▁the ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁House . ▁ ▁The ▁T rial ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Port eous ▁Spe aker ▁Nancy ▁Pel osi ▁appointed ▁several ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁task ▁force ▁as ▁managers ▁in ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁trial , ▁namely ▁Sch iff ▁and ▁Rep . ▁Bob ▁Good lat te , ▁R - V ir gin ia , ▁were ▁named ▁the ▁lead ▁im pe achment ▁managers ▁for ▁the ▁Senate ▁trial , ▁The ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Senate , ▁where ▁the ▁proceedings ▁were ▁started ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 7 . ▁ ▁Jud icial ▁im pe achment ▁trials ▁are ▁rather ▁different ▁than ▁President ial ▁ones . ▁The ▁President ▁pro ▁Temp ore ▁appointed ▁Cl air ▁McC ask ill ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁chair person ▁of ▁a ▁select ▁" Im pe achment ▁trial " ▁committee , ▁which ▁would ▁conduct ▁all ▁but ▁the ▁closing ▁arguments ▁of ▁the ▁trial . ▁O rr in ▁H atch ▁was ▁vice ▁Chairman ▁and ▁he ▁and ▁McC ask ill ▁served ▁as ▁Co - jud ges . ▁▁ ▁After ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁V oir ▁dire , ▁a ▁jury ▁of ▁sen ators ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁serve ▁on ▁the ▁committee : ▁ ▁Amy ▁Kl ob uchar , ▁M N , ▁She ld on ▁White house , ▁R I , ▁Tom ▁U d all , ▁N M , ▁Jean |
ne ▁Sha he en , ▁N H , ▁Edward ▁K auf man , ▁DE ▁for ▁the ▁Democrats , ▁and ▁Jim ▁De M int , ▁SC , ▁John ▁Barr asso , ▁W Y , ▁Roger ▁W icker , ▁MS , ▁Mike ▁Johann s , ▁NE ▁and ▁James ▁R isch , ▁ID ▁for ▁the ▁Republicans . ▁ ▁Tri als ▁take ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁to ▁organize , ▁and ▁after ▁an ▁organiz ational ▁meeting ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁The ▁first ▁sessions ▁of ▁the ▁trial ▁didn ' t ▁begin ▁until ▁August ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁Man agers ▁and ▁defense ▁attorney ▁Jonathan ▁Tur ley , ▁had ▁to ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁all ▁a ▁typical ▁trial . ▁it ▁lasted ▁until ▁September ▁ 2 1 . ▁A ▁report ▁finding ▁Port eous ▁provision ally ▁guilty ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Senate ▁floor ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 , ▁and ▁Tur ley ▁and ▁Sch iff ▁gave ▁their ▁closing ▁statements ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁Senate ▁on ▁December ▁ 7 ▁and ▁the ▁judge ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁office ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁by ▁a ▁near - un anim ous ▁vote . ▁ ▁The ▁trial ▁process ▁had ▁lasted ▁nearly ▁a ▁year . ▁ ▁Judge ▁Samuel ▁Kent ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Judge ▁Kent ▁refused ▁to ▁resign ▁after ▁he ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁prison . ▁The ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁then ▁voted ▁to ▁begin ▁an ▁im pe achment ▁investigation . ▁Pro ceed ings ▁continued ▁after ▁the ▁judge ▁resigned ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁but |
▁set ▁an ▁effective ▁date ▁for ▁his ▁resign ation ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁H ear ings ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Cha ired ▁by ▁Rep ▁Adam ▁Sch iff , ▁it ▁featured ▁ ▁the ▁powerful ▁testimony ▁by ▁the ▁emotional ▁and ▁sometimes ▁hal ting ▁testimony ▁of ▁Cath y ▁Mc B room ▁and ▁Don na ▁Wil k erson . ▁The ▁two ▁Texas ▁women ▁sat ▁side ▁by ▁side ▁at ▁the ▁witness ▁table , ▁never ▁smiling , ▁and ▁rec ount ed ▁the ▁horrible ▁events ▁that ▁Kent ' s ▁guilty ▁ple a ▁acknowledged ▁had ▁occurred . ▁Both ▁women ▁quoted ▁Kent ▁as ▁frequently ▁saying : ▁" I ▁am ▁the ▁government ." ▁In ▁an ▁emotional ▁moment , ▁Wil k erson ▁described ▁trying ▁to ▁tell ▁her ▁teen age ▁daughter ▁to ▁never ▁end ure ▁any ▁sexual ▁mis conduct , ▁even ▁if ▁it ▁meant ▁harsh ▁consequences ▁such ▁as ▁losing ▁her ▁job . ▁ ▁Kent ▁and ▁his ▁lawyer , ▁Dick ▁De G uer in , ▁refused ▁to ▁attend , ▁calling ▁it ▁a ▁" circ us ." ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 9 , ▁the ▁Task ▁Force ▁reported ▁four ▁articles ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee , ▁which ▁sent ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁House ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁After ▁his ▁formal ▁im pe achment ▁ ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁Kent ▁resigned ▁for ▁real ▁as ▁the ▁Senate ▁trial ▁was ▁being ▁organized . ▁ ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁task ▁force ▁ ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁Task ▁Force ▁on ▁Jud icial ▁Im pe achment ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 |
1 1 th ▁Congress ▁were : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Im pe achment ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Task ▁Force ▁Category : J ud icial ▁mis conduct ▁Jud ici ary ▁Task ▁Force ▁on ▁Jud icial ▁Im pe achment <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁Japanese ▁noble man , ▁bureau cr at , ▁and ▁chronic ler . ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁, ▁a ▁participant ▁in ▁the ▁Jin sh in ▁War ▁of ▁ 6 7 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁most ▁famous ▁for ▁comp iling ▁and ▁editing , ▁with ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁H ied a ▁no ▁Are , ▁the ▁K oj iki , ▁the ▁oldest ▁ext ant ▁Japanese ▁history . ▁Em press ▁Gen me i ▁( r . ▁ 7 0 7 - 7 2 1 ) ▁charged ▁Y as um aro ▁with ▁the ▁duty ▁of ▁writing ▁the ▁K oj iki ▁in ▁ 7 1 1 ▁using ▁the ▁differ ing ▁clan ▁chron icles ▁and ▁native ▁myth s . ▁It ▁was ▁finished ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁in ▁ 7 1 2 . ▁▁ ▁Y as um aro ▁most ▁probably ▁also ▁played ▁an ▁active ▁role ▁in ▁comp iling ▁the ▁N ih on ▁Sh oki , ▁which ▁was ▁finished ▁in ▁ 7 2 0 . ▁ ▁Y as um aro ▁became ▁clan ▁head ▁in ▁ 7 1 6 , ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁ 7 2 3 . ▁▁ Ō ▁no ▁Y as um aro ▁Ep it aph ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁the ▁grave ▁of |
▁ Ō ▁no ▁Y as um aro ▁was ▁une art hed ▁in ▁a ▁tea ▁plant ation ▁in ▁Kon ose ▁Ward ▁of ▁N ara ▁City . ▁Its ▁en gr aving ▁reads : ▁ ▁In ▁fiction ▁ ▁Y as um aro ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁T ou k iden : ▁The ▁Age ▁of ▁Dem ons ▁as ▁a ▁mit ama ▁( a ▁soul ▁of ▁a ▁hero ▁from ▁Japanese ▁history ). ▁ ▁Y as um aro ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁Sid ▁Me ier ' s ▁Civil ization ▁VI ▁as ▁a ▁Great ▁Prop het . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : People ▁of ▁N ara - period ▁Japan ▁Category : 7 2 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : De ified ▁Japanese ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁Japanese ▁doctor ▁who ▁studied ▁infect ious ▁diseases . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁leader ▁in ▁the ▁medical ▁community ▁in ▁Japan ▁and ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁understanding ▁of ▁traditional ▁Japanese ▁folk ▁rem ed ies . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁in ▁Phys i ology ▁or ▁Medicine . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁grandfather ▁of ▁Ken ichi ▁Fut aki , ▁an ▁emer it us ▁professor ▁at ▁K ok ug aku in ▁University . ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁infect ious ▁disease ▁phys icians ▁Category : 1 8 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁R egin o ▁S ain z ▁de ▁la ▁M aza ▁y ▁Ru iz ▁( 7 ▁September ▁ 1 |
8 9 6 ▁– ▁ 2 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Spanish ▁classical ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁composer . ▁ ▁Biography ▁S ain z ▁de ▁la ▁M aza ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Burg os . ▁At ▁ten , ▁he ▁got ▁his ▁first ▁guitar ▁and ▁started ▁his ▁musical ▁studies ▁with ▁Santiago ▁Land ache ▁( sol fe ge ), ▁José ▁Nicol ás ▁Q ues ada ▁( p iano ), ▁and ▁Eug en io ▁Rodr í gue z ▁P asc ual ▁( gu itar ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁his ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁San ▁Sebast i án , ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁piano ▁with ▁Germ án ▁C end oya , ▁harmony ▁with ▁Bel tr án ▁P ag ola ▁and ▁guitar ▁with ▁Luis ▁S oria . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Bil ba o , ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁his ▁studies ▁with ▁H ilar ión ▁L el oup . ▁At ▁ 1 8 , ▁he ▁performed ▁at ▁his ▁first ▁concert ▁at ▁the ▁Te atro ▁Ar ri aga ▁of ▁Bil ba o . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁moved ▁to ▁Barcelona , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁concert ▁musician . ▁There , ▁he ▁be friend ed ▁Miguel ▁L l ob et ▁and ▁Andr és ▁Seg ov ia . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁he ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁A ▁year ▁later ▁he ▁tou red ▁South ▁America , ▁giving ▁ 9 0 ▁conc erts . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded |
▁a ▁Golden ▁Medal ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁composer ▁Antonio ▁José ▁Mart í nez ▁Pal ac ios , ▁who ▁dedicated ▁some ▁guitar ▁compos itions ▁to ▁S ain z ▁de ▁la ▁M aza . ▁ ▁He ▁tou red ▁Europe , ▁giving ▁conc erts ▁in ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁Great ▁Britain ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁Five ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁tou red ▁South ▁America ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time , ▁with ▁conc erts ▁in ▁U rugu ay , ▁Argentina , ▁and ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁he ▁married ▁Josef ina ▁de ▁la ▁S erna , ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁writer ▁Con cha ▁Esp ina , ▁at ▁the ▁Real ▁Bas í lica ▁de ▁Mon aster io ▁de ▁El ▁Esc orial . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁professor ▁of ▁guitar ▁at ▁the ▁Madrid ▁Conserv atory . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁guitar ▁at ▁the ▁premi ere ▁of ▁Jo aqu ín ▁Rodr igo ' s ▁Con c ierto ▁de ▁Ar anj ue z ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁conducted ▁by ▁C és ar ▁M endo za ▁Las alle . ▁Rodr igo ▁dedicated ▁the ▁Con c ierto ▁de ▁Ar anj ue z ▁to ▁R egin o ▁S ain z ▁de ▁la ▁M aza . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁concer |
to ▁in ▁Madrid , ▁with ▁Jes ús ▁Ar á mb ar ri ▁as ▁condu ctor . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁he ▁published ▁the ▁book ▁called ▁La ▁Gu itar ra ▁y ▁su ▁historia ▁(' The ▁Gu itar ▁and ▁its ▁History '). ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁of ▁San ▁Fernando ▁of ▁Madrid . ▁A ▁day ▁later , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁favourite ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Burg os . ▁ ▁S ain z ▁de ▁la ▁M aza ▁performed ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁San ▁Nic ola ▁di ▁B ari ▁in ▁Italy , ▁on ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁aged ▁ 8 2 . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Madrid ▁two ▁years ▁later . ▁His ▁younger ▁brother ▁Edu ardo ▁S ain z ▁de ▁la ▁M aza ▁( 1 9 0 3 – 1 9 8 2 ) ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁ac claimed ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁composer . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁compos itions ▁Gu itar ▁solo ▁Ale gr ías ▁Dan za ▁( Mad rid : ▁Union ▁Mus ical ▁Esp añ ola , ▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁Cu atro ▁ob ras ▁original es ▁( Mad rid : ▁Union ▁Mus ical ▁Esp añ ola , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ). ▁Cont ains : ▁Ba ile ▁de ▁Mu ñ ec as ; ▁Med it acion ; ▁Rec uer do ; ▁Min ueto . ▁El ▁V ito ▁( n ueva ▁version ) ▁( Mad |
rid : ▁Union ▁Mus ical ▁Esp añ ola , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁Ron de ña ▁( Mad rid : ▁Union ▁Mus ical ▁Esp añ ola , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁Z ap ate ado ▁( Mad rid : ▁Union ▁Mus ical ▁Esp añ ola , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Gu itar ▁magazine ▁article ▁about ▁Gu itar ▁in ▁Spain ▁ ▁Historic ▁Rec ording ▁of ▁Rodr igo ' s ▁Con c ierto ▁de ▁Ar anj ue z ▁She et mus ic ▁R ische l ▁& ▁B irk et - Sm ith ' s ▁Collection ▁of ▁guitar ▁music ▁Det ▁Kong el ige ▁Bibli ot ek , ▁Denmark ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Spanish ▁musicians ▁Category : Com pos ers ▁for ▁the ▁classical ▁guitar ▁Category : Span ish ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Span ish ▁male ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Span ish ▁classical ▁guitar ists ▁Category : M ale ▁guitar ists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Burg os ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁guitar ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁male ▁musicians <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ok omo ▁Y Z - 8 3 4 B ▁" D og ▁F ighter " ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 / 1 0 ▁scale ▁electric - powered |
▁ 4 WD ▁radio - cont rolled ▁vehicle ▁made ▁by ▁Y ok omo . ▁The ▁first ▁version ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁for ▁off - road ▁racing . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁Y Z - 8 3 4 B ▁required ▁numerous ▁up grades ▁and ▁an ▁investment ▁of ▁ ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁competitive , ▁Y ok omo ▁introduced ▁the ▁mail - order ▁only ▁SE ▁ 4 WD ▁featuring ▁a ▁host ▁of ▁parts ▁that ▁made ▁the ▁car ▁competitive ▁straight ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box ▁for ▁ ▁despite ▁being ▁offered ▁with ▁the ▁stock ▁motor . ▁ ▁The ▁Y Z - 8 3 4 B ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Y Z - 8 7 0 C ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Works ▁cited ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁Site ▁of ▁Y ok omo ▁Japan ▁about ▁Y Z - 8 3 4 B ▁ax les ▁ ▁Y z - 8 3 4 b ▁Category : 1 : 1 0 ▁radio - cont rolled ▁off - road ▁bug g ies <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁jud icial ▁system ▁of ▁Japan , ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Japan ▁guarante es ▁that ▁" all ▁judges ▁shall ▁be ▁independent ▁in ▁the ▁exercise ▁of ▁their ▁conscience ▁and ▁shall ▁be ▁bound ▁only ▁by ▁this ▁constitution ▁and ▁the ▁Law s " ▁( Art icle ▁ 7 6 ). ▁They ▁cannot ▁be ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁bench ▁" un less ▁jud ic ially ▁declared ▁mentally ▁or ▁physically ▁in compet ent ▁to ▁perform ▁official ▁duties ," ▁and ▁they ▁cannot ▁be ▁discipl ined ▁by ▁executive ▁agencies |
▁( Art icle ▁ 7 8 ). ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁judges , ▁however , ▁may ▁be ▁removed ▁by ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁voters ▁in ▁a ▁refer end um ▁that ▁occurs ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁general ▁election ▁following ▁the ▁judge ' s ▁appointment ▁and ▁every ▁ten ▁years ▁there after . ▁ ▁The ▁jud ici ary ▁was ▁far ▁more ▁constr ained ▁under ▁the ▁Me iji ▁Constitution ▁than ▁it ▁is ▁under ▁the ▁present ▁Constitution ▁and ▁had ▁no ▁authority ▁over ▁administrative ▁or ▁constitutional ▁law ▁cases . ▁ ▁Moreover , ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Justice ▁had ▁complete ▁and ▁direct ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁courts ' ▁administrative ▁affairs . ▁Non etheless , ▁Professor ▁John ▁H ale y ▁arg ues ▁that ▁the ▁courts ▁maintained ▁complete ▁independence ▁in ▁the ▁adj ud ication ▁of ▁particular ▁cases . ▁ ▁" J ud icial ▁independence ▁from ▁the ▁political ▁branches ▁was ▁em ph atically ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁fundamental ▁principle ▁of ▁govern ance ▁in ▁Article ▁ 5 7 ▁of ▁the ▁Me iji ▁Constitution . ▁ ▁Of ▁all ▁branches ▁of ▁government ▁only ▁the ▁courts ▁exerc ised ▁authority ▁" in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Emperor ." ▁ ▁H ale y ▁arg ues ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁and ▁remains ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁great ▁pride ▁for ▁Japanese ▁judges ▁and ▁notes ▁that ▁" pl aced ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁all ▁court rooms ▁was ▁the ▁in scription ▁" in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Emperor " ▁as ▁a ▁meaningful ▁reminder ▁to ▁imperial ▁officials ▁and ▁subjects ▁alike ▁that ▁the ▁Emperor ' s ▁judges ▁were ▁not ▁subject ▁to ▁political ▁control ▁or ▁direction ." ▁ ▁A ▁key ▁feature ▁of ▁Japanese ▁courts ▁is |
▁the ▁emphasis ▁on ▁w ak ai ▁settlement s ▁by ▁mutual ▁agreement ▁of ▁the ▁parties , ▁with ▁no ▁los er ▁or ▁winner . ▁These ▁settlement s ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁effect ▁as ▁a ▁court ▁judg ement ▁( Code ▁of ▁Civil ▁Pro cedure , ▁article ▁ 2 6 7 ; ▁Civil ▁Execut ion ▁Act , ▁article ▁ 2 2 ). ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁District ▁Cour ts ▁issued ▁ 6 3 , 8 0 1 ▁judg ments ▁and ▁orders , ▁and ▁ 5 2 , 9 5 7 ▁claims ▁were ▁solved ▁by ▁w ak ai ▁settlement . ▁In ▁the ▁Summary ▁Cour ts , ▁the ▁numbers ▁were ▁ 1 8 6 , 8 0 8 ▁and ▁ 4 0 , 5 0 9 ▁respectively . ▁▁ ▁Histor ically , ▁courts ▁in ▁Japan ▁were ▁following ▁the ▁in quis itor ial ▁procedure , ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁a ▁sh ir as u ▁court ▁in ▁the ▁E do ▁era , ▁where ▁the ▁Chief ▁Mag istr ate ▁( bug yo ) ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁prosecut or . ▁After ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁Japan ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁in quis itor ial ▁style ▁of ▁French ▁and ▁German ▁law , ▁where ▁judges ▁and ▁the ▁prosecut or ▁had ▁the ▁responsibility ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁fact ▁and ▁apply ▁the ▁law . ▁After ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁courts ▁in ▁Japan ▁were ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁advers ar ial ▁system . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Japan ▁ranked ▁ 1 5 th ▁in |
▁the ▁World ▁Justice ▁Project ' s ▁Rule ▁of ▁Law ▁Index , ▁a ▁m idd ling ▁among ▁G 7 ▁countries . ▁ ▁Cour ts ▁Japan ' s ▁court ▁system ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁basic ▁t iers . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁t iers ▁of ▁courts ▁are ▁the ▁ 4 3 8 ▁summary ▁courts ▁( <0xE7> <0xB0> <0xA1> 易 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判 所 ▁k ani ▁sa ib ans ho ), ▁staff ed ▁by ▁ 8 0 6 ▁summary ▁court ▁judges . ▁Summary ▁court ▁judges ▁are ▁not ▁career ▁judges . ▁Qual ification ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁judge ▁is ▁not ▁required . ▁Instead , ▁summary ▁court ▁judges ▁are ▁formally ▁nominated ▁for ▁pro ▁forma ▁cabinet ▁appointment ▁by ▁a ▁special ▁selection ▁committee ▁formally ▁compr ising ▁all ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁just ices , ▁the ▁President ▁( 長 官 ▁ch ō kan ) ▁of ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁High ▁Court , ▁the ▁deputy ▁pro cur ator ▁general , ▁representatives ▁of ▁the ▁bar , ▁and ▁others ▁" with ▁special ▁knowledge ▁and ▁experience . ▁They ▁mostly ▁handle ▁small ▁claims ▁civil ▁cases ▁( dis put es ▁not ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁ ¥ 1 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁minor ▁criminal ▁off enses . ▁They ▁are ▁only ▁able ▁to ▁imprison ▁defend ants ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁special ▁cases . ▁Summary ▁Cour ts ▁are ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁one ▁judge . ▁Civil ▁cases ▁in ▁the ▁Summary ▁Court ▁are ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁District ▁Court , ▁while ▁criminal ▁cases ▁are ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁High ▁Court . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁second |
▁tier ▁are ▁the ▁district ▁courts ▁( 地 方 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判 所 ▁ch ih ō ▁sa ib ans ho ), ▁the ▁principal ▁courts ▁of ▁first ▁instance . ▁There ▁are ▁ 5 0 ▁district ▁courts ▁with ▁additional ▁ 2 0 3 ▁branches . ▁Except ▁for ▁minor ▁cases , ▁which ▁account ▁for ▁ 8 0 ▁to ▁ 9 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁adj ud icated ▁cases , ▁trials ▁require ▁a ▁three - jud ge ▁panel . ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁courts ▁of ▁general ▁juris diction ▁and ▁the ▁principal ▁court ▁of ▁first ▁instance . ▁District ▁Cour ts ▁have ▁original ▁juris diction ▁in ▁fel ony ▁cases ▁and ▁in ▁civil ▁cases ▁where ▁the ▁disput ed ▁amount ▁is ▁over ▁ ¥ 1 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁They ▁also ▁handle ▁bankrupt cy ▁hear ings . ▁ ▁Each ▁District ▁Court ▁trial ▁is ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁judge : ▁two ▁associate ▁judges ▁are ▁also ▁called ▁in ▁for ▁app ell ate ▁cases ▁from ▁Summary ▁or ▁Family ▁Cour ts , ▁or ▁for ▁criminal ▁cases ▁where ▁the ▁maximum ▁penalty ▁would ▁be ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁ 1 ▁year ▁in ▁prison . ▁Att orneys ▁sit ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁court room , ▁facing ▁the ▁center . ▁In ▁a ▁criminal ▁case , ▁the ▁accused ▁faces ▁the ▁judges ▁from ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁court room . ▁The ▁witness ▁box ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁center , ▁also ▁facing ▁the ▁judges . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁eight ▁High ▁Cour ts ▁( 高 等 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判 所 ▁K ō t ō - sa |
ib an - sh o ). ▁They ▁( S app oro , ▁Send ai , ▁Tokyo , ▁Nag oya , ▁Os aka , ▁H iro sh ima , ▁Tak am ats u , ▁and ▁F uk u oka ) ▁serve ▁defined ▁circ uits ▁of ▁several ▁pre fect ures ▁each ; ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁" branch ▁offices " ▁in ▁Ak ita , ▁Kan az awa , ▁Okay ama , ▁M ats ue , ▁M iy az aki , ▁and ▁N aha . ▁There ▁also ▁exists ▁the ▁Intel lect ual ▁Property ▁High ▁Court ▁( 知 的 <0xE8> <0xB2> <0xA1> <0xE7> <0x94> <0xA3> 高 等 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判 所 ▁Ch ite ki - z ais an - k ō t ō - sa ib an - sh o ) ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁branch ▁of ▁Tokyo ▁High ▁Court . ▁A ▁High ▁Court ▁usually ▁sits ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁manner ▁as ▁a ▁three - jud ge ▁District ▁Court . ▁Each ▁court ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁President , ▁who ▁is ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁Cab inet . ▁An ▁appeal ▁to ▁a ▁High ▁Court ▁is ▁called ▁k ō so ▁( 控 <0xE8> <0xA8> <0xB4> ). ▁The ▁high ▁courts ▁are ▁app ell ate ▁courts ▁for ▁either ▁k ō so ▁appe als ▁from ▁district ▁court ▁judg ments , ▁criminal ▁judg ments ▁from ▁summary ▁courts , ▁or , ▁in ▁civil ▁cases ▁tried ▁initially ▁in ▁summary ▁courts , ▁second ▁( j ō k oku ) ▁appe als ▁limited ▁to ▁issues ▁of ▁law . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁a pe x ▁of ▁the |
▁jud icial ▁hierarchy ▁is ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁( Sa ik ō ▁sa ib ans ho ▁ 最 高 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判 所 ), ▁located ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Diet ▁Building . ▁ ▁The ▁" Gr and ▁Ben ch " ▁( 大 法 <0xE5> <0xBB> <0xB7> ▁D ai h ō te i ) ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁has ▁associate ▁just ices , ▁who ▁are ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁with ▁the ▁Emperor ' s ▁att est ation . ▁The ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁is ▁nominated ▁by ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁and ▁appointed ▁to ▁office ▁by ▁the ▁Emperor . ▁The ▁Grand ▁Ben ch ▁is ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁three ▁" Pet ty ▁Ben ches " ▁( 小 法 <0xE5> <0xBB> <0xB7> ▁Sh ō h ō te i ) ▁of ▁five ▁just ices ▁each , ▁who ▁hear ▁incoming ▁appe als ▁and ▁recommend ▁them ▁for ▁an ▁audience ▁before ▁the ▁Grand ▁Ben ch . ▁ ▁An ▁appeal ▁to ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁is ▁called ▁j ō k oku ▁( 上 告 ), ▁and ▁requires ▁either ▁an ▁error ▁in ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution , ▁or ▁an ▁error ▁in ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁case ▁law ▁from ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁or ▁High ▁Court . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these ▁str ata , ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Family ▁Court ▁( 家 庭 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判 所 ▁Kate i - sa ib an - sh o ) ▁tied ▁to ▁each ▁District ▁Court , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁branch ▁offices ▁throughout ▁the ▁country . ▁Family ▁Cour ts ▁primarily ▁deal ▁with ▁ju |
ven ile ▁del in qu ency ▁cases ▁and ▁divorce , ▁although ▁they ▁have ▁a ▁broad ▁juris diction ▁that ▁en compass es ▁all ▁forms ▁of ▁domestic ▁disput es , ▁including ▁correct ing ▁k ose ki ▁registration ▁data ▁and ▁partition ing ▁est ates . ▁If ▁a ▁settlement ▁cannot ▁be ▁reached ▁between ▁the ▁parties , ▁the ▁case ▁is ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁District ▁Court . ▁ ▁Although ▁j uries ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁Japan ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁a ▁new ▁quasi - j ury ▁system ▁was ▁passed ▁into ▁law ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁was ▁implemented ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁They ▁are ▁not ▁j uries ▁but ▁" lay ▁judges " ▁( sa ib an - in ) ▁working ▁side ▁by ▁side ▁with ▁the ▁" prof ess ional ▁judges ". ▁ ▁Typ ically , ▁there ▁are ▁ 6 ▁lay ▁judges ▁and ▁ 3 ▁professional ▁judges ▁for ▁one ▁case . ▁The ▁decision ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁by ▁majority ▁and ▁include ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁professional ▁judges . ▁Such ▁sa ib an - in ▁trials ▁are ▁only ▁used ▁in ▁serious ▁cases , ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁pun ish able ▁by ▁death ▁penalty ▁or ▁life ▁imprison ment , ▁and ▁cases ▁that ▁caused ▁a ▁victim ▁to ▁die . ▁This ▁is ▁provided ▁in ▁the ▁Act ▁on ▁Crim inal ▁Tri als ▁with ▁the ▁Particip ation ▁of ▁Sa ib an - in . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Japanese ▁law ▁Public ▁order ▁and ▁internal ▁security ▁in ▁Japan ▁Crim inal ▁justice ▁system ▁of ▁Japan ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Japan ▁List |
▁of ▁Just ices ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Japan ▁J uries ▁in ▁Japan ▁Attorney ▁at ▁law ▁( J apan ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁- ▁Japan ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁* ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 6 9 th ▁Festival ▁del ▁film ▁Loc arn o ▁was ▁held ▁August ▁ 3 – 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁Loc arn o , ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁The ▁line - up ▁consisted ▁of ▁ten ▁sections : ▁ ▁P ia zza ▁Grande ▁( 1 6 ▁films ) ▁ ▁International ▁Compet ition ▁( 1 7 ▁films ) ▁ ▁Fil mm akers ▁of ▁the ▁Present ▁( 1 5 ▁films ) ▁ ▁Leop ards ▁of ▁Tom orrow ▁( 4 0 ▁films ) ▁ ▁Sign s ▁of ▁Life ▁( 8 ▁films ) ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁Compet ition ▁( 1 9 ▁films ) ▁ ▁Hist oire ( s ) ▁du ▁cin é ma ▁( 3 0 ▁films ) ▁ ▁Ret ros pective ▁( 7 3 ▁films ) ▁ ▁Open ▁Do ors ▁( 2 1 ▁films ) ▁ ▁J ury ▁Films ▁( 1 6 ▁films ) ▁Carlo ▁Chat rian ▁was ▁the ▁festival ’ s ▁Art istic ▁Director . ▁The ▁primary ▁Selection ▁Committee ▁included ▁Mark ▁Per anson ▁( Head ▁of ▁Program ming ), ▁Loren zo ▁Esp os ito , ▁Ser gio ▁Fant , ▁and ▁Aur él ie ▁God et . ▁The ▁Leop ards ▁of ▁Tom orrow ▁section ▁was ▁program med ▁by ▁Al ess andro ▁Marc ion ni ▁( Head ), ▁Gon z alo ▁De |
▁Pedro ▁Am at ria , ▁Liz ▁H ark man , ▁and ▁Bruno ▁Qu ib l ier . ▁The ▁Ret ros pective ▁program ▁was ▁cur ated ▁by ▁Ol af ▁M ö ll er ▁and ▁Roberto ▁Tur ig li atto . ▁ ▁Se ctions ▁ ▁P ia zza ▁Grande ▁ ▁International ▁Compet ition ▁( Con cor so ▁intern az ionale ) ▁ ▁Fil mm akers ▁of ▁the ▁Present ▁( Con cor so ▁C ine ast i ▁del ▁present e ) ▁ ▁Fil mm akers ▁of ▁the ▁Present ▁is ▁the ▁festival ' s ▁competition ▁for ▁first ▁or ▁second ▁feature ▁films . ▁ ▁Leop ards ▁of ▁Tom orrow ▁( P ardi ▁di ▁dom ani ) ▁ ▁Leop ards ▁of ▁Tom orrow ▁is ▁the ▁festival ' s ▁competitive ▁program ▁for ▁short ▁films , ▁with ▁separate ▁international ▁and ▁Swiss ▁sections . ▁ ▁International ▁Compet ition ▁( Con cor so ▁intern az ionale ) ▁ ▁Swiss ▁Compet ition ▁( Con cor so ▁naz ionale ) ▁ ▁Sign s ▁of ▁Life ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁Compet ition ▁( F u ori ▁conc or so ) ▁ ▁Feature - length ▁ ▁Short s ▁ ▁Hist oire ( s ) ▁du ▁cin é ma ▁ ▁Ret ros pective ▁( Ret ro sp ett iva ) ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ret ros pective ▁section , ▁Bel oved ▁and ▁Re ject ed : ▁Cin ema ▁in ▁the ▁young ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁was ▁centered ▁around ▁film making ▁in ▁early ▁West |
▁Germany . ▁ ▁Open ▁Do ors ▁ ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁Open ▁Do ors ▁screening ▁and ▁development ▁section ▁initiated ▁a ▁three - year ▁focus ▁on ▁eight ▁South ▁Asian ▁countries : ▁Afghanistan , ▁Bangl adesh , ▁Bh ut an , ▁Mal div es , ▁My an mar , ▁Nep al , ▁Pakistan ▁and ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁ ▁Feature - length ▁ ▁Short s ▁ ▁J ury ▁films ▁The ▁festival ▁presents ▁films ▁associated ▁with ▁jur ors ▁for ▁the ▁various ▁competitive ▁sections . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Loc arn o ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁film ▁fest ivals ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁fest ivals ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁Switzerland <0x0A> </s> ▁Pray og sh ala ▁( L abor atory ) ▁is ▁a ▁book ▁about ▁the ▁politics ▁of ▁Nep al . ▁It ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Sud he er ▁Shar ma . ▁The ▁book ▁revol ves ▁around ▁the ▁M ao ist ▁ins urg ency , ▁de posed ▁mon archy ▁and ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁New ▁Delhi ▁in ▁Nep al ' s ▁period ▁of ▁political ▁transition . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁Fine ▁Print . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁books ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Nep al ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁non - f iction ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁reflect ron ▁( mass ▁reflect ron ) ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁time - of - fl ight ▁mass ▁spect rom eter ▁( TO F |
▁MS ) ▁that ▁compris es ▁a ▁puls ed ▁ion ▁source , ▁field - free ▁region , ▁ ▁ion ▁mirror , ▁and ▁ion ▁detector ▁and ▁uses ▁a ▁static ▁or ▁time ▁dependent ▁electric ▁field ▁in ▁the ▁ion ▁mirror ▁to ▁reverse ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁travel ▁of ▁the ▁ ions ▁entering ▁it . ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁reflect ron , ▁one ▁can ▁substant ially ▁dimin ish ▁a ▁spread ▁of ▁flight ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁ ions ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁mass - to - charge ▁ratio ▁( m / z ) ▁caused ▁by ▁spread ▁in ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁of ▁these ▁ ions ▁measured ▁at ▁the ▁exit ▁from ▁the ▁ion ▁source . ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁improving ▁mass ▁resolution ▁in ▁TO F ▁MS ▁by ▁implementing ▁the ▁reflection ▁of ▁ ions ▁from ▁a ▁region ▁with ▁ret arding ▁electric ▁field ▁( the ▁ion ▁mirror ) ▁has ▁been ▁first ▁proposed ▁by ▁Russian ▁scientist ▁S . ▁G . ▁Al ik han ov . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁dual - stage ▁reflect ron ▁utilizing ▁an ▁ion ▁mirror ▁with ▁two ▁regions ▁of ▁hom ogeneous ▁field ▁ ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁a ▁laboratory ▁of ▁Bor is ▁Aleks and rov ich ▁Mam yr in . ▁ ▁Mass ▁resolution ▁of ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁measured ▁over ▁broad ▁mass ▁range ▁is ▁much ▁larger ▁than ▁that ▁in ▁a ▁simpler ▁( so - called ▁linear ) ▁time - of - fl ight ▁mass ▁spect rom eter ▁compr ising ▁a ▁puls ed ▁ion ▁source , ▁flight ▁tube , ▁and ▁ion ▁detector . ▁ ▁The ▁masses ▁of ▁ ions ▁analyzed |
▁in ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁can ▁span ▁from ▁a ▁few ▁D alt ons ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁million ▁D alt ons . ▁S ens itivity ▁in ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁analysis ▁of ▁ ions ▁produced ▁in ▁vacuum ▁by ▁photo ▁or ▁electron ▁ion ization , ▁e . g ., ▁matrix - ass isted ▁laser ▁des or ption / ion ization ▁source , ▁can ▁be ▁lower ▁than ▁in ▁linear ▁TO F ▁MS ▁due ▁to ▁post - source ▁decay ▁ ▁- ▁a ▁diss oci ation ▁of ▁vibr ation ally - exc ited ▁molecular ▁ ions ▁( o ften ▁referred ▁as ▁met ast able ▁ ions ). ▁ ▁Single - stage ▁reflect ron ▁▁ ▁A ▁single - stage ▁reflect ron ▁is ▁equipped ▁with ▁an ▁ion ▁mirror ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁single ▁electric ▁field ▁region . ▁The ▁distribution ▁of ▁electric ▁potential ▁along ▁the ▁central ▁axis ▁of ▁the ▁ion ▁mirror ▁can ▁be ▁linear ▁or ▁non - linear . ▁Also , ▁the ▁electric ▁field ▁in ▁the ▁mirror ▁can ▁be ▁constant ▁or ▁time - dependent . ▁ ▁In ▁single - stage ▁reflect rons ▁with ▁hom ogeneous ▁field , ▁a ▁zero ▁field ▁ ▁in ▁a ▁field - free ▁region ▁of ▁a ▁flight ▁tube ▁and ▁the ▁hom ogeneous ▁field ▁inside ▁the ▁ion ▁mirror ▁are ▁separated ▁by ▁highly ▁transparent ▁( ~ 9 5 %) ▁metal ▁grid . ▁The ▁grid ▁position ▁is ▁then ▁referred ▁as ▁the ▁entrance ▁( exit ) ▁to ▁the ▁ion ▁mirror ▁and ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁calculate ▁the ▁ret arding ▁electric ▁field . ▁The ▁single - stage ▁ref lector ▁utilizing ▁hom ogeneous ▁field ▁can |
▁be ▁used ▁to ▁att ain ▁high ▁mass ▁resolution ▁in ▁cases ▁where ▁the ▁variation ▁of ▁energies ▁of ▁ ions ▁leaving ▁the ▁ion ▁source ▁is ▁small ▁( typ ically ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁few ▁per ▁cent ). ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Time ▁of ▁flight ▁t ▁of ▁the ▁ ions ▁with ▁mass ▁m , ▁charge ▁q , ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁U ▁is ▁▁ ▁where ▁L ▁is ▁the ▁path ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁ ions ▁in ▁a ▁field - free ▁space , ▁L m ▁is ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁ion ▁mirror , ▁Um ▁is ▁the ▁voltage ▁applied ▁across ▁the ▁mirror . ▁▁▁ ▁To ▁find ▁a ▁first - order ▁compensation ▁condition ▁for ▁flight ▁time ▁t ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁ ▁spread ▁d U ▁in ▁ion ▁energy ▁U , ▁the ▁following ▁condition ▁should ▁be ▁ful filled ▁▁▁ ▁Assume ▁that ▁the ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁of ▁the ▁ ions ▁in ▁the ▁field - free ▁region ▁equals ▁the ▁ion ▁potential ▁energy ▁near ▁the ▁stop ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁ ions ▁inside ▁the ▁mirror ▁( we ▁assume ▁that ▁this ▁stop ▁point ▁is ▁very ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁back ▁electro de ▁of ▁the ▁mirror , ▁i . e . ▁Um ▁= ▁U ). ▁ ▁From ▁here ▁it ▁follows ▁that ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁In ▁practice , ▁the ▁mirror ▁length ▁should ▁be ▁ 1 0 - 2 0 % ▁longer ▁to ▁accommodate ▁all ▁ ions ▁whose ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁is ▁spread ▁over ▁some ▁interval . ▁ ▁So , ▁the ▁electric ▁field ▁Em ▁in ▁the ▁mirror ▁of ▁a ▁single - stage ▁ref lector ▁should ▁be ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁In ▁case ▁of ▁a ▁wider ▁variation ▁of ▁d U |
, ▁the ▁relative ▁width ▁of ▁the ▁time - of - fl ight ▁peaks ▁dt / t ▁ ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁reflect ron ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁un comp ens ated ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁flight ▁time ▁t ( U ) ▁proport ional ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁derivative ▁ ▁. ▁where ▁k ▁is ▁a ▁constant ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁parameters ▁of ▁the ▁single - stage ▁ref lector . ▁ ▁D ual - stage ▁reflect ron ▁▁ ▁The ▁mirror ▁in ▁a ▁dual - stage ▁reflect ron ▁has ▁two ▁regions ▁( st ages ) ▁with ▁different ▁fields . ▁This ▁makes ▁it ▁possible ▁to ▁ ▁zero ▁both ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁deriv atives ▁of ▁t ( U ) ▁ ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁energy ▁U . ▁ ▁That ▁is ▁why ▁dual - stage ▁reflect rons ▁can ▁compens ate ▁flight ▁times ▁over ▁larger ▁variations ▁in ▁ion ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁compared ▁to ▁single - stage ▁ones . ▁ ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁reflect rons ▁is ▁typically ▁employed ▁in ▁orth og onal ▁acceler ation ▁( oa ) ▁TO F ▁MS . ▁" Class ical " ▁( i . e ., ▁Mam yr in ' s ) ▁design ▁includes ▁two ▁highly ▁transparent ▁conduct ive ▁gr ids ▁separ ating ▁regions ▁with ▁ ▁hom ogeneous ▁fields . ▁ ▁In ▁general , ▁the ▁first ▁stage ▁( section ) ▁of ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁has ▁high ▁electric ▁field , ▁in ▁this ▁section ▁the ▁ ions ▁dec eler ate ▁losing ▁ 2 / 3 ▁or ▁more ▁of ▁their ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁parameters ; ▁the ▁second |
▁stage ▁has ▁lower ▁field , ▁in ▁this ▁stage ▁the ▁ ions ▁are ▁rep elled ▁toward ▁the ▁first ▁region . ▁ ▁Mass ▁resolution ▁in ▁dual - stage ▁reflect ron ▁is ▁mainly ▁determined ▁by ▁ion ▁scattering ▁on ▁the ▁gr ids , ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁of ▁ ions ▁leaving ▁the ▁puls ed ▁ion ▁source , ▁and ▁accuracy ▁of ▁mechanical ▁alignment . ▁To ▁dimin ish ▁effect ▁of ▁scattering , ▁ ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁dec eler ation ▁region ▁should ▁be ▁relatively ▁large . ▁I on ▁scattering ▁makes ▁using ▁triple - ▁and ▁further ▁stage ▁reflect rons ▁imp ract ical . ▁ ▁The ▁effect ▁of ▁ion ▁scattering ▁on ▁mass ▁resolution ▁in ▁single - ▁and ▁dual - stage ▁reflect rons ▁can ▁be ▁dimin ished ▁ ▁by ▁utilizing ▁polar ized ▁grid ▁geometry . ▁ ▁Grid less ▁reflect ron ▁The ▁grid less ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁usually ▁compris es ▁two ▁stages ▁with ▁individually ▁adjust able ▁volt ages : ▁ ▁a ▁dec eler ating ▁region , ▁where ▁the ▁ ions ▁lose ▁about ▁two - third s ▁of ▁their ▁k inet ic ▁energy , ▁and ▁rep elling ▁region , ▁where ▁the ▁ ions ▁reverse ▁their ▁direction ▁of ▁motion . ▁The ▁symmetry ▁of ▁grid less ▁reflect ron ▁is ▁typically ▁a ▁cyl ind rical ▁one , ▁though ▁a ▁ 2 D ▁design ▁compr ising ▁two ▁parallel ▁flat ▁electro de ▁systems ▁can ▁be ▁utilized ▁for ▁the ▁same ▁purpose ▁of ▁flight - time ▁compensation ▁of ▁energy ▁spread ▁the ▁ ions ▁acquire ▁at ▁the ▁exit ▁from ▁the ▁ion ▁source . ▁The ▁grid less |
▁reflect ron ▁almost ▁always ▁includes ▁a ▁thick ▁electro static ▁Ein zel ▁lens ▁placed ▁at ▁its ▁front ▁or ▁some ▁distance . ▁The ▁cur ved ▁potential ▁distribution ▁in ▁a ▁grid less ▁reflect ron ▁geometric ally ▁affects ▁the ▁traject ories ▁of ▁reflected ▁ ions ▁and ▁therefore ▁the ▁grid less ▁reflect ron ▁either ▁focus ▁or ▁def ocus ▁the ▁ ions , ▁which ▁depends ▁on ▁a ▁chosen ▁field ▁profile . ▁In ▁addition , ▁one ▁needs ▁to ▁take ▁into ▁account ▁that ▁the ▁l ensing ▁also ▁affects ▁the ▁time - of - fl ight ▁of ▁ ions ▁travers ing ▁different ▁sections ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁reflect ron . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁positive ▁volt ages ▁in ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁that ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁field - free ▁drift ▁region ▁( this ▁region ▁is ▁often ▁kept ▁at ▁the ▁ground ▁potential ), ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁entrance ▁acts ▁like ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁a ▁" pos itive " ▁electro static ▁ ▁lens ▁( E in zel ▁lens ▁where ▁the ▁central ▁electro de ▁is ▁kept ▁at ▁a ▁positive ▁potential ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁two ▁outer ▁electro des ) ▁causing ▁the ▁ion ▁beam ▁to ▁diver ge ▁when ▁entering ▁the ▁reflect ron . ▁A ▁positive ▁( de cel er ating ) ▁lens ▁affects ▁the ▁ ▁ion ▁flight ▁times ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁ion ▁flight ▁times ▁( on - axis ▁vs . ▁off - axis ▁ ions ) ▁ ▁more ▁strongly ▁than ▁a ▁negative ▁( ac cel er ating ) ▁lens ▁does ▁under ▁similar ▁focusing ▁conditions ▁because ▁in ▁positive ▁Ein zel ▁lens ▁the ▁ ions ▁are |
▁moving ▁along ▁the ▁extended ▁( i . e ., ▁more ▁length y ) ▁off - axis ▁traject ories ▁at ▁lower ▁ion ▁energies . ▁To ▁minimize ▁the ▁positive ▁lens ▁effect ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁grid less ▁reflect ron , ▁one ▁must ▁add ▁a ▁negative ▁Ein zel ▁lens ▁near ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁exit , ▁which ▁conduct s ▁the ▁geometric ▁focusing , ▁i . e ., ▁direct s ▁the ▁conver ging ▁ion ▁beam ▁toward ▁the ▁ion ▁detector ▁and ▁compens ate ▁for ▁the ▁flight ▁time ▁spread . ▁ ▁The ▁reflect ron ▁with ▁the ▁negative ▁Ein zel ▁lens ▁placed ▁near ▁its ▁exit ▁ ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁as ▁the ▁Fre y ▁mirror . ▁As ▁earlier ▁as ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Fre y ▁et ▁al . ▁ ▁reported ▁on ▁the ▁grid less ▁ref lector ▁that ▁demonstrated ▁mass ▁resolution ▁over ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁while ▁mass ▁analy zing ▁the ▁laser - abl ated ▁pl umes ▁that ▁exhib ited ▁ 3 . 3 % ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁spread ▁at ▁the ▁exit ▁of ▁the ▁ion ▁source . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁there ▁were ▁suggested ▁several ▁approaches ▁to ▁a ▁design ▁of ▁grid less ▁reflect rons , ▁mainly ▁aimed ▁at ▁finding ▁the ▁middle ▁ground ▁between ▁higher ▁transmission ▁( i . e ., ▁direct ing ▁a ▁significant ▁per ▁cent ▁of ▁ex iting ▁ ions ▁toward ▁the ▁ion ▁detector ) ▁and ▁target ▁mass ▁resolution . ▁ ▁One ▁implementation ▁of ▁grid less ▁reflect ron ▁util izes ▁a ▁cur ved ▁field ▁where ▁the ▁electric ▁potential ▁V ( x ) |
▁along ▁the ▁mirror ▁axis ▁depends ▁non - line arly ▁on ▁distance ▁x ▁to ▁the ▁mirror ▁entrance . ▁Time ▁of ▁flight ▁compensation ▁for ▁ ions ▁with ▁different ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁can ▁be ▁obtained ▁by ▁adjust ing ▁voltage ▁on ▁the ▁elements ▁producing ▁the ▁electric ▁field ▁inside ▁the ▁mirror , ▁which ▁values ▁follow ▁the ▁equation ▁of ▁an ▁arc ▁of ▁a ▁circle : ▁R 2 ▁= ▁V ( x ) 2 ▁+ ▁k x 2 , ▁where ▁k ▁and ▁R ▁are ▁some ▁constants . ▁ ▁The ▁electric ▁potential ▁in ▁some ▁other ▁implementation ▁of ▁grid less ▁reflect ron ▁( a ▁so - called ▁quadr atic - field ▁reflect ron ) ▁is ▁proport ional ▁to ▁a ▁square ▁of ▁a ▁distance ▁x ▁to ▁the ▁mirror ▁entrance : ▁V ( x )= ▁k x 2 ▁thus ▁exhib iting ▁a ▁case ▁of ▁one - dimensional ▁harm onic ▁field . ▁If ▁both ▁the ▁ion ▁source ▁and ▁the ▁detector ▁are ▁placed ▁at ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁entrance ▁and ▁if ▁the ▁ ions ▁travel ▁in ▁a ▁close ▁proxim ity ▁of ▁the ▁ion ▁mirror ▁axis , ▁the ▁flight ▁times ▁of ▁ ions ▁in ▁the ▁quadr atic - field ▁reflect ron ▁are ▁almost ▁independent ▁on ▁ion ▁k inet ic ▁energy . ▁ ▁A ▁grid less ▁reflect ron ▁with ▁non linear ▁field , ▁which ▁compr ised ▁only ▁three ▁cyl ind rical ▁elements ▁was ▁also ▁demonstrated . ▁Berg mann ▁et ▁al . ▁implemented ▁an ▁original ▁numerical ▁approach ▁to ▁finding ▁voltage ▁distribution ▁across ▁the ▁stack ▁of ▁the ▁metal ▁electro des ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁non linear ▁field ▁in ▁different ▁regions ▁of |
▁the ▁reflect ron ▁to ▁provide ▁conditions ▁for ▁both ▁ge omet rical ▁focusing ▁and ▁compensation ▁of ▁flight ▁times ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁k inet ic ▁energies ▁of ▁ ions ▁entering ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁at ▁different ▁angles . ▁ ▁Post - source ▁decay ▁A ▁post - source ▁decay ▁( P SD ) ▁is ▁a ▁process ▁specific ▁to ▁the ▁ion ▁source ▁utilizing ▁matrix - ass isted ▁laser ▁des or ption / ion ization ▁and ▁operating ▁in ▁vacuum . ▁In ▁the ▁post - source ▁decay , ▁parent ▁ ions ▁( typ ically ▁of ▁several ▁ke V ▁k inet ic ▁energy ) ▁fragment ▁in ▁a ▁process ▁of ▁laser - ind uced ▁fragment ation ▁or ▁high - energy ▁collision - ind uced ▁diss oci ation ▁( HE ▁C ID ). ▁ ▁Time ▁interval ▁suitable ▁for ▁observation ▁of ▁the ▁post - source ▁decay ▁in ▁the ▁reflect ron ▁starts ▁after ▁the ▁pre curs ors ▁( parent ▁ ions ) ▁leave ▁the ▁ion ▁source ▁and ▁ends ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁moment ▁when ▁the ▁pre curs ors ▁enter ▁the ▁ion ▁mirror . ▁The ▁k inet ic ▁energy ▁of ▁fragment ▁ ions ▁of ▁mass ▁m ▁in ▁the ▁post - source ▁decay ▁significantly ▁diff ers ▁from ▁that ▁of ▁parent ▁ ions ▁of ▁mass ▁M ▁and ▁is ▁proport ional ▁to ▁m / M . ▁So , ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁k inet ic ▁energies ▁for ▁the ▁P SD ▁ ions ▁is ▁extremely ▁large . ▁Not ▁surprisingly , ▁it ▁cannot ▁be ▁compens ated ▁in ▁" class ic " ▁single ▁or ▁double - stage ▁reflect rons . ▁To ▁achieve |
▁acceptable ▁mass ▁resolution ▁for ▁P SD ▁ ions ▁with ▁masses ▁typically ▁distributed ▁over ▁broad ▁mass ▁range , ▁these ▁ ions ▁are ▁acceler ated ▁to ▁energies ▁substant ially ▁( at ▁least , ▁a ▁factor ▁of ▁ 4 ▁) ▁exceed ing ▁the ▁initial ▁energy ▁of ▁pre cursor ▁ ions . ▁Use ▁of ▁grid less ▁cur ved - field ▁mirror ▁or ▁that ▁with ▁time - dependent ▁field ▁also ▁impro ves ▁the ▁mass ▁resolution ▁for ▁fragment ▁ ions ▁generated ▁in ▁the ▁post - source ▁decay . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁· ▁ ▁· ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Kore ▁Technology ▁– ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Time - of - Fl ight ▁Mass ▁Spect rom etry ▁ ▁Category : Mass ▁spect rom etry ▁Category : S ov iet ▁invent ions ▁Category : R ussian ▁invent ions <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁professional ▁wrest ler ▁better ▁known ▁by ▁her ▁ring ▁name ▁. ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Ar s ion ▁all - w omen ▁professional ▁wrest ling ▁promotion ▁and ▁has ▁won ▁several ▁championship s ▁in ▁both ▁singles ▁and ▁tag ▁team ▁divisions ▁throughout ▁her ▁career , ▁primarily ▁while ▁with ▁All ▁Japan ▁Women ' s ▁Pro - W rest ling . ▁ ▁Professional ▁wrest ling ▁career ▁ ▁All ▁Japan ▁Women ' s ▁Pro - W rest ling ▁Sh ish ido ▁was ▁trained ▁by ▁All ▁Japan ▁Women ' s ▁Pro - W rest ling ▁( A J W ) ▁and ▁graduated ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁She ▁made ▁her ▁debut ▁that ▁summer ▁against |
▁Nor iy o ▁Toy oda . ▁She ▁immediately ▁joined ▁D ump ▁M ats um oto ' s ▁he el ▁stable ▁G oku aku ▁D ome i ▁(" At roc ious ▁Alliance "), ▁along ▁with ▁class mate ▁and ▁tag ▁team ▁partner ▁Nob uk o ▁Kim ura . ▁After ▁the ▁stable ▁diss olved ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁due ▁to ▁M ats um oto ' s ▁retirement , ▁Sh ish ido ▁and ▁Kim ura ▁went ▁their ▁separate ▁ways , ▁but ▁re - formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁as ▁J ungle ▁Jack . ▁Now ▁called ▁A ja ▁Kong ▁and ▁B ison ▁Kim ura , ▁they ▁entered ▁a ▁two - year ▁fe ud ▁against ▁their ▁former ▁allies ▁Bull ▁Nak ano ▁and ▁her ▁he el ▁stable ▁G ok um on - to . ▁During ▁their ▁partnership ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁W W WA ▁World ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁twice . ▁They ▁lost ▁a ▁hair ▁versus ▁hair ▁match ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁resulting ▁in ▁both ▁women ▁being ▁sh aved ▁bald . ▁ ▁Kong ▁herself ▁also ▁purs ued ▁Nak ano ▁for ▁the ▁W W WA ▁World ▁Single ▁Championship ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁She ▁failed ▁in ▁several ▁attempts ▁before ▁finally ▁achieving ▁her ▁goal ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁ending ▁Nak ano ' s ▁three - year ▁reign . ▁ ▁World ▁Wrest ling ▁Federation ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Kong ▁made ▁an ▁appearance ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁World ▁Wrest |
ling ▁Federation ▁( WW F ) ▁as ▁the ▁sole ▁surviv or ▁of ▁a ▁women ' s ▁elim ination ▁match ▁at ▁the ▁pay - per - view ▁Sur viv or ▁Series ▁by ▁pin ning ▁all ▁ 4 ▁members ▁of ▁her ▁oppos ing ▁team , ▁including ▁W WF ▁Women ' s ▁Champion , ▁Al und ra ▁Bl ay ze . ▁Kong ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁two ▁episodes ▁of ▁Monday ▁Night ▁Raw ▁and ▁was ▁vict orious ▁in ▁both ▁b outs . ▁During ▁one ▁bout , ▁she ▁broke ▁the ▁nose ▁of ▁Chap ar ita ▁As ari . ▁ ▁Kong ▁was ▁being ▁built ▁up ▁as ▁a ▁challeng er ▁for ▁the ▁W WF ▁Women ' s ▁Championship ▁held ▁by ▁Al und ra ▁Bl ay ze . ▁Kong ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁face ▁Bl ay ze ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁R umble ▁pay - per - view ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁but ▁the ▁company ▁elected ▁to ▁end ▁its ▁women ' s ▁division ▁after ▁Al und ra ▁Bl ay ze ▁showed ▁up ▁on ▁WC W ▁Monday ▁N it ro ▁with ▁the ▁W WF ▁Women ' s ▁championship ▁and ▁threw ▁the ▁title ▁into ▁a ▁garbage ▁can . ▁ ▁Ar s ion ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Kong ▁left ▁A J W ▁and ▁started ▁the ▁independent ▁promotion ▁Hy per ▁Visual ▁Fight ing ▁Ar s ion ▁( us ually ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁simply ▁Ar s ion ). ▁She ▁led ▁the ▁organization ▁until ▁February ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁when ▁she ▁walked ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁tag ▁team |
▁match ▁and ▁announced ▁she ▁was ▁qu itting . ▁ ▁Fre el ance ▁in ▁Japan ▁On ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁at ▁the ▁j oshi ▁promotion ▁G ae a ▁Japan ' s ▁event ▁L imit ▁Break , ▁Kong ▁wrest led ▁Amaz ing ▁Kong ▁in ▁the ▁latter ' s ▁Japanese ▁debut . ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁night , ▁the ▁du o ▁formed ▁a ▁tag ▁team ▁called ▁W ▁Kong . ▁The ▁du o ▁defeated ▁Ch ig usa ▁Nag ay o ▁and ▁Lion ess ▁As u ka ▁for ▁the ▁A AA W ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁on ▁May ▁ 5 . ▁The ▁team ▁def ended ▁the ▁championship ▁all ▁summer , ▁eventually ▁losing ▁to ▁Man ami ▁Toy ota ▁and ▁Carlos ▁A man o ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 0 . ▁They ▁also ▁held ▁tag ▁team ▁championship s ▁in ▁Japanese ▁women ' s ▁promot ions ▁A J W ▁and ▁Lad ies ▁Legend ▁Pro - W rest ling . ▁On ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁wrest ling ▁as ▁E rika ▁and ▁Margaret , ▁the ▁team ▁defeated ▁W atar u ▁Sak ata ▁and ▁R yo ji ▁S ai ▁for ▁the ▁H ust le ▁Super ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship . ▁They ▁lost ▁the ▁titles ▁on ▁October ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁American ▁tag ▁team ▁B ub ba ▁Ray ▁and ▁Dev on ▁in ▁a ▁three - way ▁match ▁which ▁also ▁included ▁the ▁team ▁of ▁S od om ▁and ▁Gam ora . ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , |
▁Kong ▁reform ed ▁the ▁W ▁Kong ▁tag ▁team ▁with ▁Amaz ing ▁Kong . ▁ ▁Kong ▁also ▁wrest led ▁for ▁May umi ▁Oz aki ' s ▁promotion , ▁Oz ▁Academy ▁where ▁she ▁is ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁J ungle ▁Jack ▁ 2 1 ▁stable . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁held ▁the ▁promotion ' s ▁championship . ▁ ▁Fre el ance ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Kong ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁American ▁promotion ▁Ch ik ara ' s ▁Jos hi Man ia ▁weekend , ▁losing ▁to ▁Sara ▁Del ▁Re y ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁event ▁of ▁night ▁one ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁following ▁day , ▁Kong ▁defeated ▁Ay ako ▁Ham ada ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁event . ▁On ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁final ▁night ▁of ▁the ▁tour , ▁Kong ▁team ed ▁with ▁M io ▁Shir ai ▁and ▁T sub asa ▁Kur ag aki ▁to ▁defeat ▁Han ako ▁Nak am ori , ▁Man ami ▁Toy ota ▁and ▁Saw ako ▁Sh im ono ▁in ▁a ▁six - woman ▁tag ▁team ▁match . ▁ ▁Kong ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁working ▁for ▁Sh immer ▁Women ▁Athlet es . ▁Kong ▁was ▁brought ▁in ▁as ▁a ▁surprise ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁Tom oka ▁Nak ag awa ' s ▁retirement ▁event . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Kong ▁returned ▁to ▁Sh immer ▁Women ▁Athlet es ▁joining ▁the ▁Tr if ect a ▁he el ▁stable ▁with ▁Mercedes ▁Mart |
ine z ▁and ▁Nicole ▁Sav oy ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁recently ▁depart ed ▁( for ▁W WE ) ▁Sh ay na ▁Bas z ler ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁matches ▁the ▁following ▁night ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁All ▁El ite ▁Wrest ling ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Kong ▁made ▁her ▁All ▁El ite ▁Wrest ling ▁( AE W ) ▁debut , ▁as ▁she ▁team ed ▁with ▁Em i ▁Sak ura ▁and ▁Yu ka ▁Sak az aki ▁where ▁they ▁un success fully ▁challenged ▁the ▁team ▁of ▁H ik aru ▁Sh ida , ▁R i ho , ▁and ▁R yo ▁M iz un ami . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Sh ish ido ' s ▁mother ▁is ▁Japanese ▁and ▁her ▁father , ▁who ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁military , ▁is ▁African ▁American . ▁ ▁Championships ▁and ▁accomplish ments ▁All ▁Japan ▁Women ' s ▁Pro - W rest ling ▁A J W ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁A J W ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁– ▁with ▁N ab oko ▁Kim ura ▁All ▁Pacific ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁W W WA ▁World ▁Single ▁Championship ▁( 2 ▁times ) ▁W W WA ▁World ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁( 4 ▁times ) ▁– ▁with ▁G ri zz ly ▁I w am oto ▁( 1 ), ▁B ison ▁Kim ura ▁( 2 ), ▁and ▁Amaz ing ▁Kong ▁( 1 ) ▁Japan ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁( 1 9 9 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁Tag ▁League ▁the ▁Best |
▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁– ▁with ▁Ky oko ▁In ou e ▁A J W ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁Ar s ion ▁Queen ▁of ▁Ar s ion ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁T win ▁Star ▁of ▁Ar s ion ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁– ▁with ▁Mar iko ▁Y osh ida ▁Dr am atic ▁Dream ▁Team ▁K O - D ▁ 6 - Man ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁– ▁with ▁Dans h oku ▁D ino ▁and ▁Mak oto ▁O ishi ▁Iron man ▁He av ym et al weight ▁Championship ▁( 3 ▁times ) ▁G AE A ▁Japan ▁A AA W ▁Single ▁Championship ▁( 3 ▁times ) ▁A AA W ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁( 3 ▁times ) ▁– ▁with ▁May umi ▁Oz aki ▁( 1 ), ▁Dev il ▁Mas ami ▁( 1 ), ▁and ▁Amaz ing ▁Kong ▁( 1 ) ▁H UST LE ▁H UST LE ▁Super ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁- ▁with ▁Margaret ▁J WP ▁Jos hi ▁P uro res u ▁J WP ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁- ▁with ▁Sach ie ▁A be ▁Lad ies ▁Legend ▁Pro - W rest ling ▁L LP W ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁- ▁with ▁Amaz ing ▁Kong ▁O Z ▁Academy ▁O Z ▁Academy ▁Open weight ▁Championship ▁( 3 ▁times ) ▁O Z ▁Academy ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Championship ▁( 4 ▁times ) ▁- ▁with ▁Hi roy o ▁M ats um oto ▁( 1 ), ▁Ka or u ▁I to ▁( 1 |
), ▁Son oko ▁K ato ▁( 1 ) ▁and ▁H ik aru ▁Sh ida ▁( 1 ) ▁Best ▁B out ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁vs . ▁May umi ▁Oz aki ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 0 ▁Best ▁Singles ▁Match ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁vs . ▁Ran ▁Yu - Y u ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 4 ▁Best ▁Tag ▁Team ▁Match ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁with ▁Son oko ▁K ato ▁vs . ▁Ak ino ▁and ▁Ay umi ▁Kur ih ara ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 9 ▁M VP ▁Award ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁Send ai ▁Girls ' ▁Pro ▁Wrest ling ▁Send ai ▁Girls ▁World ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁World ▁Woman ▁Pro - W rest ling ▁Diana ▁World ▁Woman ▁Pro - W rest ling ▁Diana ▁World ▁Championship ▁( 1 ▁time ) ▁Wrest ling ▁Ob server ▁News letter ▁awards ▁Wrest ling ▁Ob server ▁News letter ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁( Class ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Oz ▁Academy ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁female ▁professional ▁wrest lers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : J apan ese ▁people ▁of ▁African - American ▁descent ▁Category : Pro f ess ional ▁wrest ling ▁execut ives ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁T ach ik awa ▁Category : W rest ling ▁Ob server ▁News letter ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame <0x0A> </s> ▁J ér ô me ▁S yl vest re ▁( born ▁ 1 1 |
▁July ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁snow board er . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁parallel ▁giant ▁sl alom ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁snow board ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁snow board ers ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : S now board ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Quebec <0x0A> </s> ▁Jun ction ▁City ▁Roll er ▁D oll s ▁( J CR D ) ▁is ▁a ▁women ' s ▁flat ▁track ▁roll er ▁der by ▁league ▁based ▁in ▁Og den , ▁Utah . ▁Found ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁league ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁W FT DA ▁ranked ▁travel ▁team ▁( Tr ain w re cks ) ▁and ▁a ▁team ▁consisting ▁of ▁new ▁sk aters ▁and ▁other ▁experienced ▁sk aters ▁unable ▁to ▁travel ▁often . ▁Jun ction ▁City ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Fl at ▁Track ▁Der by ▁Association ▁( W FT DA ). ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁league ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁had ▁around ▁thirty ▁sk aters ▁by ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁it ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Throw down ▁tournament , ▁finishing ▁second ▁to ▁the ▁Salt ▁City ▁Der by ▁Girls . ▁ ▁Jun ction |
▁City ▁was ▁accepted ▁into ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Fl at ▁Track ▁Der by ▁Association ▁App rent ice ▁Program ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁full ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁W FT DA ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁W FT DA ▁rank ings ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : O g den , ▁Utah ▁Category : Roll er ▁der by ▁le agues ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Category : Roll er ▁der by ▁le agues ▁in ▁Utah ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁Fl at ▁Track ▁Der by ▁Association ▁Division ▁ 3 ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Utah <0x0A> </s> ▁Be asant ▁or ▁Bes ant ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁language ▁surn ame ▁derived ▁from ▁a ▁coin ▁called ▁the ▁by z ant ius ▁which ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁By z ant ium ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁first ▁mint ed . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁circular ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁coins ▁the ▁word ▁by z ant ius , ▁or ▁bez ant , ▁as ▁it ▁trav elled ▁across ▁Europe , ▁came ▁to ▁mean ▁the ▁' circle ▁or ▁disk ' ▁represented ▁on ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁( in ▁old ▁French ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁round el . ▁ ▁The ▁Be as ants ▁were ▁garden ers ▁in ▁the ▁King ' s ▁court . ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁Bes ant ▁ ▁Annie ▁Bes ant , ▁prominent ▁The osoph ist , ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁activ ist , ▁writer ▁and ▁or ator |
. ▁D erek ▁Michael ▁Bes ant , ▁Canadian ▁artist . ▁Henry ▁Bes ant , ▁venue ▁manager . ▁M abel ▁Bes ant - Sc ott , ▁English ▁The osoph ist . ▁Sir ▁Walter ▁Bes ant , ▁English ▁novel ist ▁and ▁historian . ▁William ▁Henry ▁Bes ant , ▁British ▁mat hem atic ian . ▁ ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surn ame ▁Be asant ▁Dave ▁Be asant , ▁English ▁football ▁goal keeper . ▁Sam ▁Be asant , ▁English ▁goal keeper . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Old ▁English ▁( Ang lo - S ax on ) ▁surn ames ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : English - language ▁surn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁F on n ere au ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Claude ▁F on n ere au ▁( 1 6 7 7 – 1 7 4 0 ), ▁a ▁French ▁Hug uen ot ▁refuge e ▁who ▁settled ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁prominent ▁merchant ▁Thomas ▁F on n ere au ▁( 1 6 9 9 – 1 7 7 9 ), ▁merchant ▁and ▁politician , ▁son ▁of ▁Claude ▁Zach ary ▁Philip ▁F on n ere au ▁( 1 7 0 6 – 1 7 7 8 ), ▁merchant ▁and ▁politician , ▁son ▁of ▁Claude ▁Philip ▁F on n ere au ▁( 1 7 3 9 – 1 7 9 7 ), ▁merchant ▁and ▁politician , ▁son ▁of ▁Zach ary ▁Philip ▁Mart yn ▁F on n ere au ▁( 1 7 4 1 – 1 8 1 7 ), ▁merchant ▁and ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁England |
, ▁son ▁of ▁Zach ary ▁Philip ▁Thomas ▁George ▁F on n ere au ▁( 1 7 8 9 – 1 8 5 0 ), ▁author ▁and ▁artist , ▁grand son ▁of ▁Zach ary ▁Philip <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁trans fers ▁in ▁Ser bian ▁football ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁summer ▁transfer ▁window . ▁ ▁M oves ▁featuring ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁and ▁Ser bian ▁First ▁League ▁sides ▁are ▁listed . ▁ ▁The ▁order ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁clubs ▁are ▁listed ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁class ifications ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁season . ▁ ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁ ▁Part iz an ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁V oj vod ina ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁M lad ost ▁Lu č ani ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Rad ni č ki ▁Ni š ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Nap red ak ▁K ru š ev ac ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Vo ž d ov ac ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁J avor ▁Ivan j ica ▁ ▁In : ▁▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Č uk ari č ki ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Sp art ak ▁Sub ot ica ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Rad ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Rad nik ▁Sur d ul ica ▁ |
▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Ba č ka ▁B P ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Bor ac ▁Č a č ak ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Ma č va ▁Š ab ac ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Z em un ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Ser bian ▁First ▁League ▁ ▁Metal ac ▁G . ▁M . ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Nov i ▁P azar ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Sl ob oda ▁U ž ice ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁In đ ija ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Be ž an ija ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Rad ni č ki ▁P iro t ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Jag od ina ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Din amo ▁V ran je ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Sin đ el ić ▁Be og rad ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Bud u ć nost ▁Dob an ov ci ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Pro le ter ▁Nov i ▁Sad ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Č SK ▁Č el are vo ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Tele opt ik ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Tem ni ć ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁Rad ni č ki ▁Kr ag uj ev ac ▁ ▁In : ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁T SC ▁Ba č ka ▁Top ola ▁ ▁In |
: ▁ ▁Out : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁Ser bian ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁Ser bian ▁First ▁League ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁football ▁trans fers ▁trans fers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sc oti ab ank ▁Phot ography ▁Award ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁annual ▁Canadian ▁photography ▁award . ▁Two ▁run ners - up ▁each ▁receive ▁. ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁cash ▁prize , ▁the ▁prize ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁solo - ex hib ition ▁of ▁their ▁work ▁and ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁a ▁book ▁about ▁the ▁work . ▁It ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁Canadian ▁mid - to - late ▁career ▁lens - based ▁artists , ▁aim ing ▁to ▁take ▁that ▁career ▁to ▁a ▁higher ▁level ▁of ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁recognition . ▁The ▁award ▁was ▁co - found ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁Canadian ▁photographer ▁Edward ▁Bur ty n sky ▁and ▁Jane ▁N okes . ▁The ▁long list ▁is ▁announced ▁in ▁January ▁and ▁the ▁short ▁list ▁is ▁announced ▁in ▁March . ▁The ▁winner ▁is ▁announced ▁in ▁early ▁May ▁during ▁the ▁Sc oti ab ank ▁Contact ▁Phot ography ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Rec ip ients ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Sc oti ab ank ▁Phot ography ▁Award ▁ ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Category : Ph ot ography ▁awards <0x0A> </s> ▁Sto |
jan ▁Iv kov ić ▁( ; ▁born ▁February ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Mont en egr in ▁professional ▁basketball ▁coach ▁and ▁former ▁player . ▁He ▁currently ▁works ▁as ▁a ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁Hung ary ▁national ▁team ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁Kap os vá ri ▁K K ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁First ▁League . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁Iv kov ić ▁started ▁his ▁basketball ▁career ▁playing ▁with ▁the ▁youth ▁teams ▁of ▁his ▁hom et own ▁team ▁Kot or . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁at ▁ 1 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age , ▁he ▁signed ▁a ▁ 5 - year ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Bud u ć nost ▁of ▁the ▁Y ug oslav ▁Federal ▁League . ▁Year ▁after ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Rab ot ni č ki ▁from ▁Sk op je ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁Y ug oslav ▁League ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Sp art ak ▁Sub ot ica ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁for ▁five ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁he ▁started ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁the ▁Sz ol n oki ▁Ol aj ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁First ▁League . ▁On ▁three ▁occasions , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁total ▁six ▁years ▁for ▁the ▁Sz ol n oki ▁Ol aj . ▁In ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁League ▁he ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁T eg áz ▁Deb rec en , ▁the ▁S op ron i , ▁the ▁Kap os vá ri ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁Pé |
cs i ▁V SK - P annon power ▁where ▁he ▁finished ▁his ▁playing ▁career ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁career ▁Iv kov ić ▁began ▁his ▁coaching ▁career ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁as ▁a ▁player - co ach ▁for ▁the ▁P V SK ▁Pan thers ▁or ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁First ▁League . ▁He ▁worked ▁there ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁when ▁he ▁took ▁over ▁coaching ▁of ▁the ▁K ec sk em ét i ▁TE . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁K ec sk em ét i ▁TE ▁which ▁changed ▁the ▁name ▁to ▁K TE ▁D una ▁As z f alt ▁due ▁to ▁spons orship ▁reasons ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Iv kov ić ▁became ▁a ▁sports ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Sz ol n oki ▁Ol aj . ▁He ▁also ▁co ached ▁the ▁team ▁during ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 2 0 1 7 ▁season . ▁ ▁National ▁teams ▁ ▁Hung ary ▁Iv kov ić ▁had ▁a ▁st int ▁with ▁Hung ary ▁national ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁only ▁for ▁one ▁year . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Hung ary ▁national ▁team ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time . ▁In ▁the ▁Euro B asket ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁qual ification ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁qualify ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁team ▁to ▁the ▁Euro B asket ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁the |
▁second ▁time ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁that ▁Hung ary ▁plays ▁on ▁the ▁Euro B asket ▁( the ▁first ▁was ▁ 1 9 9 9 ). ▁ ▁Mont en eg ro ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Iv kov ić ▁became ▁an ▁assistant ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁Mont en eg ro ▁national ▁team . ▁Lu ka ▁Pav ić ev ić ▁became ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁Mont en eg ro ▁team ▁while ▁Iv kov ić ▁was ▁named ▁his ▁first ▁assistant . ▁Iv kov ić ▁had ▁left ▁the ▁staff ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁when ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁Hung ary . ▁ ▁Career ▁achievements ▁and ▁awards ▁Player ▁Hung arian ▁First ▁League ▁champion : ▁( with ▁Kap os vá ri : ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ) ▁Hung arian ▁Cup ▁winner : ▁( with ▁Kap os vá ri : ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Coach ▁Hung arian ▁First ▁League ▁champion : ▁( with ▁Sz ol n oki ▁Ol aj : ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ) ▁Hung arian ▁Second ▁League ▁champion : ▁( with ▁K ec sk em ét i ▁TE - D una ▁As z f alt : ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ) ▁Hung arian ▁Cup ▁winner : ▁( with ▁Pé cs i ▁V SK - P annon power : ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Iv kov ić ▁in ▁born ▁in ▁Dub rov nik , |
▁SR ▁Cro at ia , ▁S FR ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁to ▁Mont en egr in – Ser b ▁father ▁and ▁Mont en egr in – C ro at ▁mother . ▁His ▁father ' s ▁origin ▁is ▁from ▁Pr č anj , ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁along ▁the ▁Bay ▁of ▁Kot or ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁ ▁Iv kov ić ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁T í me a ▁B é res ▁have ▁two ▁sons , ▁Milan ▁and ▁Mark o . ▁T í me a ▁is ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁professional ▁basketball ▁coach ▁and ▁sc out ▁and ▁former ▁player . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Profile ▁at ▁FI BA ▁Europe ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : K apos vá ri ▁K K ▁players ▁Category : KK ▁Rab ot ni č ki ▁players ▁Category : KK ▁Sp art ak ▁Sub ot ica ▁players ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁basketball ▁coaches ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁people ▁of ▁Cro at ian ▁descent ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁people ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁descent ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Pr č anj ▁Category : P V SK ▁Pan thers ▁players ▁Category : S op ron i ▁K C ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Dub rov nik ▁Category : S z ol n oki ▁Ol aj ▁K K ▁players |
▁Category : Y ug oslav ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : Cent ers ▁( b asket ball ) ▁Category : Power ▁for wards ▁( b asket ball ) <0x0A> </s> ▁An ner od ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁village , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁municip ality ▁Fern wald , ▁in ▁Germany ▁between ▁G ie ßen ▁and ▁Gro ßen - B use ck ▁approximately ▁ 7 0 km ▁north ▁of ▁Frankfurt . ▁An ner od ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 8 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁An ner od ▁at ▁Google ▁maps ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁H esse ▁Category : G i essen ▁( d istrict ) ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁H esse <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁East ▁Qu art z ite ▁Range ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁range , ▁ ▁long , ▁forming ▁a ▁sub ord inate ▁south west ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁King ▁Range , ▁in ▁the ▁Con cord ▁Mountains ▁of ▁Victoria ▁Land , ▁Ant ar ct ica . ▁These ▁mountains ▁lie ▁approximately ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁nearby ▁West ▁Qu art z ite ▁Range . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁by ▁the ▁Northern ▁Party ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Feder ated ▁Mountain ▁Club s ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ▁ ▁( N Z FM CA E ), ▁ 1 9 6 2 – 6 3 , ▁after ▁the ▁distinctive ▁ge ological ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁feature . ▁These ▁top ographical ▁features ▁lie ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁Penn ell ▁Coast , ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁Ant ar ct ica ▁lying |
▁between ▁Cape ▁Williams ▁and ▁Cape ▁Ad are . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Mount ain ▁ranges ▁of ▁Victoria ▁Land ▁Category : P enn ell ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁Reyn ald ▁Se z ne c ▁( born ▁May ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁in ▁L aval , ▁May enne , ▁France ) ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁engineer ▁and ▁business man . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁the ▁Franco - It al ian ▁company ▁Th ales ▁Al en ia ▁Space ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁succeed ing ▁to ▁P asc ale ▁S our isse ▁in ▁the ▁Cann es ▁Mand el ieu ▁Space ▁Center . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Th ales ▁Al en ia ▁Space ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : É cole ▁Poly techn ique ▁al umn i ▁Category : F rench ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : F rench ▁a eros pace ▁engineers ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ Inf ob ox ▁rugby ▁football ▁league ▁season ▁| ▁title ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ 1 9 7 3 – 7 4 ▁Rug by ▁Football ▁League ▁season ▁| ▁league ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁Northern ▁Rug by ▁Football ▁League ▁| ▁logo ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁= ▁| ▁pixels ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁c aption ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁duration ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁no _ of _ te ams ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁attendance ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁TV ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁= ▁| ▁season ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ ▁| ▁season _ ch amps ▁▁▁▁▁▁ |
▁= ▁ ▁S alf ord ▁| ▁season _ ch amp _ name ▁▁ ▁= ▁Champions ▁| ▁league _ le aders ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁league _ le aders _ name ▁= ▁| ▁second _ place ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁prem iers hip _ win ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ ▁War ring ton ▁| ▁prem iers hip _ win _ name = ▁Club ▁Championship ▁| ▁M VP ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁M VP _ link ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁top _ sc orer ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ ▁David ▁Wat kins ▁ 4 3 8 ▁| ▁top _ sc orer _ link ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁top ▁try ▁sc orer ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ ▁Keith ▁Field ing ▁ 4 9 ▁| ▁top ▁try ▁sc orer _ link ▁= ▁| ▁membership _ type ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁join ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁= ▁| ▁join _ method ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁leave ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁leave _ reason ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁promote ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁promoted _ from ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁re leg ate ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁re leg ate _ to ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁lic ence _ period ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁awarded ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁removed ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁season 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁season _ ch amps 2 ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁season _ ch amp _ name 2 ▁ ▁= ▁| ▁league _ le aders 2 ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁league _ le aders _ name 2 = ▁| ▁second _ place 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁M VP 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁= ▁| ▁M VP _ link 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁top _ sc orer 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= |
▁| ▁top _ sc orer _ link 2 ▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁top ▁try ▁sc orer 2 ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁top ▁try ▁sc orer _ link 2 = ▁| ▁promote 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁promoted _ from 2 ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁re leg ate 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁re leg ate _ to 2 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁season 3 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ ▁| ▁season _ ch amps 3 ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ ▁| ▁season _ ch amp _ name 3 ▁ ▁= ▁ ▁| ▁league _ le aders 3 ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁league _ le aders _ name 3 = ▁| ▁second _ place 3 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁M VP 3 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁= ▁| ▁M VP _ link 3 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁top _ sc orer 3 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁top _ sc orer _ link 3 ▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁top ▁try ▁sc orer 3 ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁top ▁try ▁sc orer _ link 3 = ▁| ▁membership _ type 3 ▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁join 3 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁join _ method 3 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁leave 3 ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁leave _ reason 3 ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁| ▁prev season _ link ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ 1 9 7 2 – 7 3 ▁Northern ▁Rug by ▁Football ▁League ▁season ▁| ▁prev season _ year ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ 1 9 7 2 – 7 3 ▁| ▁next season _ link ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ 1 9 7 4 – 7 5 ▁Northern ▁Rug by ▁Football ▁League ▁season ▁| ▁next season _ year ▁▁▁▁ ▁= ▁ 1 9 |
7 4 – 7 5 ▁}} ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 3 – 7 4 ▁Rug by ▁Football ▁League ▁season ''' ▁was ▁the ▁ 7 9 th ▁season ▁of ▁rugby ▁league ▁football . ▁ ▁Season ▁summary ▁▁ 1 9 7 3 - 1 9 7 4 ▁saw ▁two ▁division ▁rugby ▁re - int rodu ced . ▁The ▁Championship ▁play ▁off s ▁were ▁done ▁away ▁with ▁and ▁the ▁league ▁leaders ▁were ▁declared ▁the ▁champions . ▁A ▁" Cl ub ▁Championship " ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁off s ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁a ▁one - off ▁pre cursor ▁to ▁what ▁became ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁season ▁Prem iers hip . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁complicated ▁format ▁that ▁involved ▁sides ▁from ▁both ▁divisions . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁April , ▁David ▁Wat kins ▁of ▁S alf ord ▁scored ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁ 9 2 9 ▁points ▁( 4 1 ▁tries , ▁ 4 0 3 ▁goals ) ▁in ▁a ▁record ▁run ▁of ▁scoring ▁in ▁ 9 2 ▁consecutive ▁games ▁for ▁one ▁club . ▁ ▁Keith ▁Mum by ▁made ▁his ▁début ▁for ▁Brad ford ▁Northern ▁this ▁season ▁as ▁the ▁club ' s ▁youngest ▁ever ▁player , ▁aged ▁ 1 6 . ▁In ▁a ▁match ▁against ▁Don c aster ▁this ▁season ▁he ▁scored ▁ 1 2 ▁goals ▁and ▁a ▁try . ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁club ' s ▁record ▁appearance ▁holder , ▁playing ▁ 5 7 6 ▁games . ▁ ▁S alf ord ▁won ▁their ▁fifth ▁Championship . ▁Old ham , ▁H ull ▁King ston |
▁Ro vers , ▁Le igh ▁and ▁White h aven ▁were ▁dem oted ▁to ▁the ▁Second ▁Division . ▁ ▁The ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁winners ▁were ▁War ring ton ▁who ▁beat ▁Fe ather stone ▁Ro vers ▁ 2 4 - 9 ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁The ▁Player ' s ▁No . 6 ▁Tro phy ▁winners ▁were ▁War ring ton ▁who ▁beat ▁R och dale ▁Horn ets ▁ 2 4 - 1 7 ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁The ▁Club ▁Championship ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁War ring ton ▁who ▁beat ▁St . ▁Hel ens ▁ 1 3 - 1 2 ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁BBC 2 ▁Flo od lit ▁Tro phy ▁winners ▁were ▁Br am ley ▁ ▁who ▁beat ▁W id nes ▁ 1 5 - 7 ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Division ▁Champions ▁were : ▁Brad ford ▁Northern , ▁and ▁they ▁York , ▁Ke igh ley ▁and ▁Hal if ax ▁were ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁First ▁Division . ▁ ▁W igan ▁beat ▁S alf ord ▁ 1 9 – 9 ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Lanc ash ire ▁County ▁Cup , ▁and ▁Le eds ▁beat ▁W ake field ▁Tr inity ▁ 7 – 2 ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁York shire ▁County ▁Cup . ▁ ▁League ▁T ables ▁ ▁Championship ▁ ▁Second ▁Division ▁ ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁ ▁War ring ton ▁defeated ▁Hud ders field , ▁H uy ton , ▁W igan ▁and ▁D ew sb ury ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁against ▁Fe ather stone ▁Ro vers . ▁Capt ained ▁by ▁Alex ▁Murphy , ▁War ring ton ▁beat |
▁Fe ather stone ▁Ro vers ▁ 2 4 - 9 ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁played ▁at ▁W em ble y ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 7 7 , 4 0 0 . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁War ring ton ’ s ▁fourth ▁Cup ▁Final ▁win ▁in ▁ten ▁Final ▁appearances . ▁D erek ▁White head , ▁War ring ton ' s ▁full - back ▁won ▁the ▁L ance ▁Todd ▁Tro phy ▁for ▁man - of - the - match . ▁ ▁League ▁Cup ▁ ▁K ang ar oo ▁Tour ▁ ▁From ▁September ▁until ▁December ▁also ▁saw ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁team ▁in ▁England ▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁K ang ar oo ▁Tour . ▁Other ▁than ▁the ▁three ▁test ▁As hes ▁series ▁against ▁Great ▁Britain ▁( won ▁ 2 – 1 ▁by ▁Australia ), ▁The ▁K ang aro os ▁played ▁matches ▁against ▁club ▁and ▁county ▁representative ▁sides ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁K ang aro os ▁were ▁captain - co ached ▁by ▁champion ▁St ▁George ▁Drag ons ▁full back ▁Gra eme ▁Lang lands ▁who ▁was ▁making ▁his ▁third ▁tour ▁following ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 – 6 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 7 – 6 8 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁in ▁English ▁rugby ▁league ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁in ▁English ▁rugby ▁league ▁Category : N or thern ▁Rug by ▁Football ▁League ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁Nag end ra ▁V ij ay ▁( born ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 |
4 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁science ▁writer ▁in ▁Gu jar ati ▁language . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁pione ering ▁journalist ▁and ▁science ▁writer ▁V ij ay gu pt a ▁Ma ury a . ▁He ▁founded ▁the ▁first ▁science ▁magazine ▁in ▁Gu jar ati ▁language ▁called ▁S cope ▁and ▁wrote ▁several ▁books . ▁The ▁Nag end ra ▁V ij ay ▁Science ▁Foundation ▁also ▁launched ▁the ▁English - language ▁science ▁magazine ▁Saf ari , ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁Editor - in - Ch ief . ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁published ▁news ▁weekly ▁Flash ▁and ▁a ▁ ▁science ▁magazine ▁S cope . ▁He ▁has ▁two ▁sons : ▁V ish al ▁Vas u , ▁an ▁IT ▁consultant ▁and ▁Har shal ▁P ush k arna , ▁a ▁science ▁author . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁science ▁journalists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : G uj ar ati - language ▁writers ▁Category : Ind ian ▁ed itors ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Met adata , ▁in ▁the ▁Common ▁Language ▁In frastructure ▁( CL I ), ▁refers ▁to ▁certain ▁data ▁structures ▁embedded ▁within ▁the ▁Common ▁Inter mediate ▁Language ▁( C IL ) ▁code ▁that ▁describes ▁the ▁high - level ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁code . ▁Met adata ▁describes ▁all ▁classes ▁and ▁class ▁members ▁that ▁are ▁defined ▁in ▁the ▁assembly , ▁and ▁the ▁classes ▁and ▁class ▁members ▁that ▁the ▁current ▁assembly ▁will ▁call ▁from ▁another ▁assembly . ▁The ▁metadata ▁for ▁a ▁method ▁contains |
▁the ▁complete ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁method , ▁including ▁the ▁class ▁( and ▁the ▁assembly ▁that ▁contains ▁the ▁class ), ▁the ▁return ▁type ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁method ▁parameters . ▁▁ ▁A ▁C LI ▁language ▁compiler ▁will ▁generate ▁the ▁metadata ▁and ▁store ▁this ▁in ▁the ▁assembly ▁containing ▁the ▁C IL . ▁When ▁the ▁run - time ▁execut es ▁C IL ▁it ▁will ▁check ▁to ▁make ▁sure ▁that ▁the ▁metadata ▁of ▁the ▁called ▁method ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁metadata ▁that ▁is ▁stored ▁in ▁the ▁calling ▁method . ▁This ▁ensures ▁that ▁a ▁method ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁called ▁with ▁exactly ▁the ▁right ▁number ▁of ▁parameters ▁and ▁exactly ▁the ▁right ▁parameter ▁types . ▁ ▁The ▁Windows ▁Runtime ▁application ▁platform , ▁present ▁in ▁Windows ▁ 8 ▁and ▁Windows ▁Phone ▁ 8 , ▁makes ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁C LI ▁metadata ▁format ▁to ▁describe ▁component ▁inter faces ▁for ▁code ▁written ▁in ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁supported ▁programming ▁languages . ▁A ▁difference ▁in ▁use ▁within ▁the ▁Common ▁Language ▁Runtime ▁is ▁that ▁an ▁assembly ▁typically ▁does ▁not ▁contain ▁any ▁C IL ▁instructions . ▁ ▁Att ributes ▁Develop ers ▁can ▁add ▁metadata ▁to ▁their ▁code ▁through ▁attributes . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁types ▁of ▁attributes , ▁custom ▁and ▁pseudo ▁custom ▁attributes , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁developer ▁these ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁syntax . ▁Att ributes ▁in ▁code ▁are ▁messages ▁to ▁the ▁compiler ▁to ▁generate ▁metadata . ▁In ▁C IL , ▁metadata ▁such ▁as ▁inherit ance ▁mod ifiers , ▁scope ▁mod ifiers , ▁and ▁almost ▁anything ▁that ▁isn ' t ▁either ▁op codes ▁or ▁streams , ▁are |
▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁attributes . ▁▁ ▁A ▁custom ▁attribute ▁is ▁a ▁regular ▁class ▁that ▁inher its ▁from ▁the ▁Attribute ▁class . ▁A ▁custom ▁attribute ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁on ▁any ▁method , ▁property , ▁class ▁or ▁entire ▁assembly ▁with ▁the ▁syntax : ▁[ Attribute Name ( optional ▁parameter , ▁optional ▁name = value ▁pairs )] ▁as ▁in : ▁ ▁[ Custom ] ▁ ▁[ Custom ( 1 )] ▁ ▁[ Custom ( 1 , ▁Comment =" yes ")] ▁ ▁Custom ▁attributes ▁are ▁used ▁by ▁C LI ▁extens ively . ▁Windows ▁Commun ication ▁Frame work ▁uses ▁attributes ▁to ▁define ▁service ▁contracts , ▁A SP . NET ▁uses ▁these ▁to ▁expose ▁methods ▁as ▁web ▁services , ▁L IN Q ▁to ▁SQL ▁uses ▁them ▁to ▁define ▁the ▁mapping ▁of ▁classes ▁to ▁the ▁underlying ▁rel ational ▁schema , ▁Visual ▁Studio ▁uses ▁them ▁to ▁group ▁together ▁properties ▁of ▁an ▁object , ▁the ▁class ▁developer ▁indicates ▁the ▁category ▁for ▁the ▁object ' s ▁class ▁by ▁applying ▁the ▁[ Category ] ▁custom ▁attribute . ▁Custom ▁attributes ▁are ▁interpreted ▁by ▁application ▁code ▁and ▁not ▁the ▁CL R . ▁When ▁the ▁compiler ▁sees ▁a ▁custom ▁attribute ▁it ▁will ▁generate ▁custom ▁metadata ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁recognised ▁by ▁the ▁CL R . ▁The ▁developer ▁has ▁to ▁provide ▁code ▁to ▁read ▁the ▁metadata ▁and ▁act ▁on ▁it . ▁As ▁an ▁example , ▁the ▁attribute ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁example ▁can ▁be ▁handled ▁by ▁the ▁code : ▁ ▁class ▁Custom Attribute ▁: ▁Attribute ▁{ ▁▁▁ ▁private ▁int ▁param Number ▁= ▁ 0 ; ▁▁▁ ▁private ▁string ▁comment |
▁= ▁""; ▁▁▁▁ ▁public ▁Custom Attribute () ▁{ ▁} ▁▁▁ ▁public ▁Custom Attribute ( int ▁num ) ▁{ ▁param Number ▁= ▁num ; ▁} ▁▁▁▁ ▁public ▁String ▁Comment ▁▁▁ ▁{ ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁set ▁{ ▁comment ▁= ▁value ; ▁} ▁▁▁ ▁} ▁} ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁is ▁mapped ▁to ▁the ▁attribute ▁name . ▁The ▁Visual ▁C # ▁compiler ▁automatically ▁adds ▁the ▁string ▁" Attribute " ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁any ▁attribute ▁name . ▁ ▁Con sequently , ▁every ▁attribute ▁class ▁name ▁should ▁end ▁with ▁this ▁string , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁legal ▁to ▁define ▁an ▁attribute ▁without ▁the ▁Attribute - s uffix . ▁When ▁aff ix ing ▁an ▁attribute ▁to ▁an ▁item , ▁the ▁compiler ▁will ▁look ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁literal ▁name ▁and ▁the ▁name ▁with ▁Attribute ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁end , ▁i . e . ▁if ▁you ▁were ▁to ▁write ▁[ Custom ] ▁the ▁compiler ▁would ▁look ▁for ▁both ▁Custom ▁and ▁Custom Attribute . ▁If ▁both ▁exist , ▁the ▁compiler ▁fails . ▁The ▁attribute ▁can ▁be ▁pre fixed ▁with ▁"@ " ▁if ▁you ▁don ' t ▁want ▁to ▁risk ▁ambig uity , ▁so ▁writing ▁[ @ Custom ] ▁will ▁not ▁match ▁Custom Attribute . ▁Using ▁the ▁attribute ▁inv okes ▁the ▁constructor ▁of ▁the ▁class . ▁Over loaded ▁construct ors ▁are ▁supported . ▁Name - Value ▁pairs ▁are ▁mapped ▁to ▁properties , ▁the ▁name ▁denotes ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁property ▁and ▁the ▁value ▁supplied ▁is ▁set ▁by ▁the ▁property . ▁ ▁Sometimes ▁there ▁is ▁ambig uity ▁concerning ▁to ▁what ▁you ▁are ▁aff |
ix ing ▁the ▁attribute . ▁Consider ▁the ▁following ▁code : ▁ ▁[ Or ange ] ▁public ▁int ▁Example Method ( string ▁input ) ▁{ ▁▁▁▁ ▁// method ▁body ▁goes ▁here ▁} ▁ ▁What ▁has ▁been ▁marked ▁as ▁orange ? ▁Is ▁it ▁the ▁Example Method , ▁its ▁return ▁value , ▁or ▁perhaps ▁the ▁entire ▁assembly ? ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁compiler ▁will ▁default , ▁and ▁treat ▁the ▁attribute ▁as ▁being ▁aff ixed ▁to ▁the ▁method . ▁If ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁what ▁was ▁intended , ▁or ▁if ▁the ▁author ▁wishes ▁to ▁clar ify ▁their ▁code , ▁an ▁attribute ▁target ▁may ▁be ▁specified . ▁Writing ▁[ return : ▁Orange ] ▁will ▁mark ▁the ▁return ▁value ▁as ▁orange , ▁[ assembly : ▁Orange ] ▁will ▁mark ▁the ▁entire ▁assembly . ▁The ▁valid ▁targets ▁are ▁assembly , ▁field , ▁event , ▁method , ▁module , ▁param , ▁property , ▁return ▁and ▁type . ▁ ▁A ▁pseudo - custom ▁attribute ▁is ▁used ▁just ▁like ▁regular ▁custom ▁attributes ▁but ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁custom ▁handler ; ▁rather ▁the ▁compiler ▁has ▁intr insic ▁awareness ▁of ▁the ▁attributes ▁and ▁handles ▁the ▁code ▁marked ▁with ▁such ▁attributes ▁differently . ▁ ▁Att ributes ▁such ▁as ▁Serial izable ▁and ▁Ob solete ▁are ▁implemented ▁as ▁pseudo - custom ▁attributes . ▁P se udo - custom ▁attributes ▁should ▁never ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁IL AS M , ▁as ▁it ▁has ▁adequate ▁syntax ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁metadata . ▁ ▁Met adata ▁storage ▁As sembl ies ▁contain ▁tables ▁of ▁metadata . ▁These ▁tables ▁are ▁described ▁by ▁the ▁C |
IL ▁spec ification . ▁The ▁metadata ▁tables ▁will ▁have ▁zero ▁or ▁more ▁entries ▁and ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁an ▁entry ▁determines ▁its ▁index . ▁When ▁C IL ▁code ▁uses ▁metadata ▁it ▁does ▁so ▁through ▁a ▁metadata ▁token . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁ 3 2 - bit ▁value ▁where ▁the ▁top ▁ 8 ▁bits ▁identify ▁the ▁appropriate ▁metadata ▁table , ▁and ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 2 4 ▁bits ▁give ▁the ▁index ▁of ▁the ▁metadata ▁in ▁the ▁table . ▁The ▁Frame work ▁SD K ▁contains ▁a ▁sample ▁called ▁met ain fo ▁that ▁will ▁list ▁the ▁metadata ▁tables ▁in ▁an ▁assembly , ▁however , ▁this ▁information ▁is ▁rarely ▁of ▁use ▁to ▁a ▁developer . ▁Met adata ▁in ▁an ▁assembly ▁may ▁be ▁viewed ▁using ▁the ▁IL D AS M ▁tool ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁. NET ▁Frame work ▁SD K . ▁ ▁Ref lection ▁▁ ▁Ref lection ▁is ▁the ▁API ▁used ▁to ▁read ▁C LI ▁metadata . ▁The ▁reflection ▁API ▁provides ▁a ▁logical ▁view ▁of ▁metadata ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁literal ▁view ▁provided ▁by ▁tools ▁like ▁met ain fo . ▁Ref lection ▁in ▁version ▁ 1 . 1 ▁of ▁the ▁. NET ▁framework ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁inspect ▁the ▁descriptions ▁of ▁classes ▁and ▁their ▁members , ▁and ▁invoke ▁methods . ▁However , ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁allow ▁runtime ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁C IL ▁for ▁a ▁method . ▁Version ▁ 2 . 0 ▁of ▁the ▁framework ▁allows ▁the ▁C IL ▁for ▁a ▁method ▁to ▁be ▁obtained . ▁ ▁Other ▁metadata ▁tools ▁ ▁Besides ▁the ▁System Reflection ▁namespace , ▁other ▁tools ▁are ▁also ▁available |
▁that ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁handle ▁metadata . ▁The ▁Microsoft ▁. NET ▁Frame work ▁ships ▁a ▁CL R ▁metadata ▁manip ulation ▁library ▁that ▁is ▁implemented ▁in ▁native ▁code . ▁Third - party ▁tools ▁to ▁retrieve ▁and ▁manip ulate ▁metadata ▁include ▁Post Sh arp ▁and ▁Mono ▁Cec il ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Java ▁an notation ▁ ▁Category : Common ▁Language ▁In frastructure <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cleveland ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁is ▁a ▁natural ▁history ▁museum ▁located ▁approximately ▁five ▁miles ▁( 8 km ) ▁east ▁of ▁downtown ▁Cleveland , ▁Ohio ▁in ▁University ▁Circle , ▁a ▁ 5 5 0 - acre ▁( 2 2 0 ▁ha ) ▁ ▁concentration ▁of ▁educational , ▁cultural ▁and ▁medical ▁institutions . ▁The ▁museum ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁by ▁Cyr us ▁S . ▁E aton ▁to ▁perform ▁research , ▁education ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁collections ▁in ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁anth rop ology , ▁archae ology , ▁astr onomy , ▁bot any , ▁ge ology , ▁pale ont ology , ▁wildlife ▁bi ology , ▁and ▁z ool ogy . ▁The ▁museum ▁traces ▁its ▁roots ▁to ▁the ▁Ark , ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁on ▁Cleveland ' s ▁Public ▁Square ▁by ▁William ▁Case , ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Natural ▁Science ▁formed ▁by ▁William ▁Case ▁and ▁J ared ▁Pot ter ▁K irt land , ▁and ▁the ▁K irt land ▁Society ▁of ▁Natural ▁History , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁and ▁re inv ig or ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 |
▁by ▁the ▁trust ees ▁of ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History . ▁ ▁Donald ▁Joh anson ▁was ▁the ▁cur ator ▁of ▁the ▁museum ▁when ▁he ▁discovered ▁" Luc y ," ▁the ▁ske let al ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁hom in id ▁Austral op it he c us ▁af are ns is . ▁The ▁current ▁Cur ator ▁and ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Physical ▁Anth rop ology ▁Department ▁is ▁Y oh ann es ▁Ha ile - S el ass ie . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁new ▁F ann ye ▁Sha fr an ▁Plan et arium ▁was ▁built ▁near ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁museum , ▁containing ▁displays ▁on ▁the ▁planets ▁in ▁the ▁Solar ▁System , ▁and ▁historical ▁instruments ▁of ▁exploration , ▁such ▁as ▁compass es ▁and ▁ast rol ab es . ▁ ▁Exhib its ▁ ▁Museum ▁collections ▁total ▁more ▁than ▁four ▁million ▁spec im ens ▁and ▁include ▁spec im ens ▁of ▁pale ont ology , ▁z ool ogy , ▁archae ology , ▁mineral ogy , ▁or n ith ology , ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁other ▁scientific ▁subjects . ▁ ▁A ▁beloved ▁full - scale ▁model ▁of ▁a ▁Ste gos aurus ▁on ▁the ▁lawn ▁del ights ▁Cleveland ▁children . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁important ▁spec im ens ▁are : ▁An ▁extensive ▁collection ▁of ▁Late ▁Dev on ian ▁foss il ▁fish ▁from ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Sh ale , ▁including ▁several ▁mounted ▁skull s ▁of ▁the ▁ar th rod ire ▁plac od erm ▁D unk le ost e us . ▁N ine ▁hundred ▁mon key |
▁and ▁a pe ▁ske let ons , ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 , 1 0 0 ▁human ▁ske let ons ▁( the ▁Ham ann - T odd ▁Collection ). ▁The ▁only ▁spec imen ▁of ▁the ▁small ▁t yr ann os aur ▁N an ot yr ann us ▁l anc ensis . ▁The ▁hol otype ▁of ▁the ▁H ap loc anth os aurus ▁sau rop od . ▁The ▁most ▁complete ▁mount ▁of ▁a ▁Co el oph ysis ▁b aur i . ▁Mount ed ▁tax id erm y ▁remains ▁of ▁Bal to ▁the ▁s led ▁dog . ▁An ▁extensive ▁mineral ogy ▁collection ▁that ▁includes ▁a ▁Moon ▁rock ▁and ▁the ▁J ep tha ▁W ade ▁gem ▁collection . ▁Re plica ▁ske let ons ▁of ▁Tr icer at ops ▁and ▁Jane , ▁a ▁ju ven ile ▁t yr ann os aur id . ▁Mult iple ▁mast od on ▁and ▁mamm oth ▁spec im ens . ▁A ▁cast ▁of ▁an ▁Austral op it he c us ▁af are ns is ▁ske leton , ▁an ▁early ▁hom in id ▁affection ately ▁dub bed ▁Lucy . ▁A ▁new ▁T yr ann os aurus ▁ske leton ▁that ▁is ▁now ▁on ▁display . ▁The ▁museum ' s ▁All os aurus ▁has ▁been ▁rem ount ed ▁and ▁is ▁on ▁display . ▁A ▁collection ▁of ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁plant ▁foss ils ▁acquired ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁C inc inn ati ▁by ▁former ▁cur ator ▁of ▁pale ob ot any , ▁Sh ya ▁Ch it ale y . ▁ ▁A ▁Fou |
c ault ▁p end ulum ▁underneath ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁B ic ent ennial ▁Education ▁Time ▁C aps ule ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁will ▁be ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 4 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁museum ▁has ▁made ▁many ▁discover ies ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁Recently , ▁in ▁Ver te br ate ▁P ale ont ology , ▁both ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁a ▁Tit an ich th ys ▁in ▁Ohio ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁cer at ops ian , ▁Albert acer at ops ▁n es m oi , ▁have ▁been ▁made . ▁Both ▁are ▁expected ▁to ▁go ▁on ▁display ▁eventually . ▁ ▁Ham ann - T odd ▁Collection ▁The ▁Ham ann - T odd ▁Collection ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 1 0 0 ▁human ▁ske let ons ▁and ▁over ▁ 9 0 0 ▁prim ate ▁ske let ons ▁that ▁were ▁assembled ▁starting ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁collection ▁was ▁originally ▁hous ed ▁at ▁Western ▁Reserve ▁University ▁Medical ▁School ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁medical ▁building ▁that ▁was ▁built ▁for ▁that ▁purpose . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁floor ▁of ▁this ▁building ▁contained ▁the ▁Ham ann ▁Museum ▁of ▁Compar ative ▁Anth rop ology ▁and ▁An at omy . ▁ ▁However , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁st oring ▁the ▁bones , ▁the ▁collection ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁Carl ▁August ▁Ham ann ▁initiated ▁the ▁collection . ▁ ▁Its ▁administration ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁T . ▁Wing |
ate ▁Todd ▁after ▁Ham ann ▁was ▁named ▁de an ▁of ▁Western ▁Reserve ▁University ' s ▁medical ▁school ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁ ▁Todd ▁managed ▁to ▁as semble ▁the ▁great ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁ske let ons ▁in ▁the ▁collection , ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 0 , ▁before ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁Per kins ▁Wild life ▁Center ▁ ▁The ▁Ralph ▁Per kins ▁II ▁Wild life ▁Center ▁and ▁Woods ▁Garden ▁presented ▁by ▁Key ▁Bank , ▁which ▁includes ▁live ▁animals ▁and ▁plants ▁native ▁to ▁Ohio , ▁opened ▁on ▁September ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Cleveland ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁ ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁Cleveland ▁Category : N at ural ▁history ▁museum s ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : Univers ity ▁Circle ▁Category : M useum s ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Category : Plan et aria ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : Inst itut ions ▁acc red ited ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁Alliance ▁of ▁Museum s ▁Category : D inos aur ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : P ale ont ology ▁in ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁Indones ians ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁consist ▁of ▁exp atri ates ▁and ▁immigrants ▁from ▁Indonesia ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁and ▁their ▁descend ants . ▁Among ▁them ▁were ▁many ▁formerly ▁stat eless ▁people , ▁legally ▁called ▁Pers ons ▁of ▁Indones ian ▁descent ▁( P ID |
), ▁whom ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁and ▁the ▁governments ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁countries ▁helped ▁to ▁acquire ▁citizens hip . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Philippines ▁census , ▁there ▁were ▁ 4 3 , 8 7 1 ▁Indones ians ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁making ▁them ▁the ▁ 5 th - larg est ▁group ▁of ▁foreign ers ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁Most ▁res ide ▁in ▁Mind ana o ▁region , ▁especially ▁in ▁D ava o ▁del ▁Sur , ▁D ava o ▁del ▁N orte , ▁D ava o ▁Ori ental , ▁Sar ang ani , ▁S ultan ▁K ud ar at , ▁North ▁Cot ab ato , ▁South ▁Cot ab ato , ▁General ▁Sant os ▁and ▁D ava o ▁City , ▁although ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁s izable ▁Indones ian ▁population ▁in ▁Metro ▁Man ila . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁two ▁countries ▁are ▁neighbors , ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁many ▁historical ▁migrations ▁between ▁the ▁islands ▁that ▁today ▁make ▁up ▁their ▁national ▁territor ies , ▁and ▁migr ants ▁from ▁what ▁is ▁today ▁Indonesia ▁helped ▁form ▁many ▁historical ▁dyn ast ies ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁M igration ▁and ▁settlement ▁ ▁Anc ient ▁and ▁Islamic ▁er as ▁ ▁M igr ations ▁between ▁the ▁territor ies ▁that ▁today ▁make ▁up ▁Indonesia ▁and ▁the ▁Philippines ▁were ▁extremely ▁common ▁during ▁the ▁ancient - era . ▁The ▁people ▁of ▁Indonesia ▁are ▁descend ants ▁of ▁a ▁common ▁migration ▁from ▁the ▁Philippines ▁and ▁Taiwan . ▁Certain ▁tribes , ▁mostly ▁from ▁Sum ater a ▁and ▁Bor neo ▁back - migr ated ▁to ▁the |
▁Philippines , ▁particularly ▁to ▁the ▁central ▁and ▁southern ▁parts . ▁According ▁to ▁Vis ay an ▁legend , ▁Sri ▁L um ay , ▁a ▁Mal ay - T amil ▁prince ▁from ▁Sum ater a ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁major ▁sett lers ▁to ▁Vis ay as . ▁He ▁found ▁the ▁Raj ahn ate ▁of ▁C eb u , ▁and ▁his ▁descend ants ▁played ▁a ▁key ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁The ▁Sul u ▁Arch ip el ago ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁jur isp rud ence ▁and ▁sphere ▁of ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁J avan ese ▁Maj ap ah it ▁Empire . ▁The ▁Lag una ▁Cop per pl ate ▁In scription , ▁the ▁Philippines ' ▁oldest ▁document ▁found , ▁also ▁records ▁interactions ▁between ▁the ▁Class ical ▁Tag al og ▁kingdom s ▁in ▁L uz on ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁those ▁in ▁modern - day ▁Indonesia . ▁The ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁countries ▁also ▁spoke ▁the ▁Mal ay ▁language ▁as ▁a ▁ling ua ▁franc a . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁Islamic ▁s ultan ates ▁and ▁states , ▁pre achers ▁from ▁Sum atra ▁helped ▁spread ▁Islam . ▁Raj ah ▁B agu inda , ▁a ▁Min ang k ab au ▁prince ▁from ▁Sum atra , ▁spread ▁Islam ▁to ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Sul u ▁Arch ip el ago . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁founding ▁father ▁for ▁the ▁S ultan ate ▁of ▁Sul u . ▁Islam ▁in ▁Mind ana o ▁was ▁also ▁introduced ▁by ▁the ▁T ern ate ans . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Spanish ▁colonial ▁era |
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