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ors ▁and ▁false ▁dom es ▁were ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁advanced ▁stage . ▁The ▁complex ▁of ▁An te qu era ▁contains ▁the ▁largest ▁dol m ens ▁in ▁Europe . ▁The ▁best ▁preserved , ▁the ▁C ueva ▁de ▁M eng a , ▁is ▁twenty - five ▁metres ▁deep ▁and ▁four ▁metres ▁high , ▁and ▁was ▁built ▁with ▁thirty - two ▁me gal ith s . ▁ ▁The ▁best ▁preserved ▁examples ▁of ▁architecture ▁from ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Bal ear ic ▁Islands , ▁where ▁three ▁kinds ▁of ▁construction ▁appeared : ▁the ▁T - shaped ▁t aul a , ▁the ▁tal ay ot ▁and ▁the ▁nav eta . ▁The ▁tal ay ots ▁were ▁tr on c oc onical ▁or ▁tr on cop ir am idal ▁defensive ▁tow ers . ▁They ▁used ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁central ▁pill ar . ▁The ▁nav et as , ▁were ▁const ructions ▁made ▁of ▁great ▁stones ▁and ▁their ▁shape ▁was ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁ship ▁h ull . ▁ ▁I ber ian ▁and ▁Celt ic ▁architecture ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁characteristic ▁const ructions ▁of ▁the ▁Cel ts ▁were ▁the ▁cast ros , ▁wall ed ▁villages ▁usually ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁hills ▁or ▁mountains . ▁They ▁were ▁developed ▁at ▁the ▁areas ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁Cel ts ▁in ▁the ▁Dou ro ▁valley ▁and ▁in ▁Gal icia . ▁Examples ▁include ▁Las ▁C og ot as , ▁in ▁Á v ila , ▁the ▁Cast ro ▁of ▁Santa ▁Te cl a , ▁in ▁P onte ved ra ▁in ▁Spain . ▁In ▁Portugal ▁these ▁include ▁Cit |
â nia ▁de ▁Br ite iros ▁in ▁Br aga , ▁Cit â nia ▁de ▁St ▁L uz ia ▁in ▁V iana ▁do ▁Cast elo ▁and ▁San f ins ▁in ▁Pa ç os ▁de ▁F erre ira . ▁ ▁The ▁houses ▁inside ▁the ▁cast ros ▁are ▁about ▁ 3 . 5 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁meters ▁long , ▁mostly ▁circular ▁with ▁some ▁rect angular , ▁stone - made ▁and ▁with ▁that ch ▁roof s ▁which ▁rested ▁on ▁a ▁wood ▁column ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁Their ▁streets ▁are ▁somewhat ▁regular , ▁suggesting ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁central ▁organization . ▁ ▁The ▁towns ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Ar év ac os ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁I ber ian ▁culture , ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁reached ▁notable ▁urban ▁development ▁like ▁Num ant ia . ▁Others ▁were ▁more ▁primitive ▁and ▁usually ▁exc av ated ▁into ▁the ▁rock , ▁like ▁Term ant ia . ▁ ▁Roman ▁period ▁ ▁Urban ▁development ▁ ▁The ▁Roman ▁con quest , ▁started ▁in ▁ 2 1 8 ▁BC , ▁promoted ▁the ▁almost ▁complete ▁roman ization ▁of ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen insula . ▁Roman ▁culture ▁was ▁fully ▁ass imil ated ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁population . ▁Former ▁military ▁camps ▁and ▁I ber ian , ▁Ph oen ician ▁and ▁Greek ▁settlement s ▁were ▁transformed ▁into ▁large ▁cities ▁where ▁urban ization ▁highly ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁provin ces ; ▁August a ▁Emer ita ▁in ▁the ▁L us it ania , ▁Cord uba , ▁Ital ica , ▁His p alis , ▁G ades ▁in ▁the ▁His pan ia ▁Ba et |
ica , ▁T arr aco , ▁Ca esar ▁August a , ▁Ast ur ica ▁August a , ▁Leg io ▁Sept ima ▁Gem ina ▁and ▁Luc us ▁August i ▁in ▁the ▁His pan ia ▁T arr acon ensis ▁were ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁cities , ▁linked ▁by ▁a ▁complex ▁network ▁of ▁roads . ▁The ▁construction ▁development ▁includes ▁some ▁mon uments ▁of ▁comparable ▁quality ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁capital , ▁Rome . ▁ ▁Const ructions ▁ ▁Roman ▁civil ▁engineering ▁is ▁represented ▁in ▁im posing ▁const ructions ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Aqu ed uct ▁of ▁Seg ov ia ▁and ▁the ▁Ac ued uct o ▁de ▁los ▁Mil ag ros ▁in ▁M ér ida , ▁in ▁br idges ▁like ▁the ▁Al c á nt ara ▁Bridge , ▁Pu ente ▁Rom ano ▁over ▁Gu ad iana ▁River , ▁and ▁the ▁Roman ▁bridge ▁of ▁C ó rd oba ▁over ▁the ▁Gu ad al qu iv ir . ▁Civil ▁works ▁were ▁widely ▁developed ▁in ▁His pan ia ▁under ▁Emperor ▁Tra jan ▁( 9 8 - 1 1 7 ▁AD ). ▁L ighth ouses ▁like ▁the ▁one ▁still ▁in ▁use ▁Her cules ▁Tower ▁in ▁A ▁Cor u ña , ▁were ▁also ▁built . ▁ ▁Lud ic ▁architecture ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁such ▁buildings ▁as ▁the ▁the at res ▁of ▁M ér ida , ▁S ag unto , ▁C ád iz , ▁Cart ag ena , ▁and ▁T arr aco , ▁am ph it he aters ▁in ▁M ér ida , ▁Ital ica , ▁T arr aco ▁or ▁Seg ó br iga , |
▁and ▁circ uses ▁in ▁M ér ida , ▁Tol edo , ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁architecture ▁also ▁spread ▁thou g out ▁the ▁Pen insula ; ▁examples ▁include ▁the ▁Roman ▁tem ples ▁of ▁ ▁Barcelona , ▁C ó rd oba , ▁Vic , ▁and ▁Al c á nt ara , ▁▁ ▁The ▁main ▁fun er ary ▁mon uments ▁are ▁the ▁Tor re ▁dels ▁Esc ip ions ▁in ▁T arr aco , ▁the ▁dist yle ▁in ▁Z al ame a ▁de ▁la ▁Ser ena , ▁and ▁the ▁M aus ole um ▁of ▁the ▁At ili i ▁in ▁S ád aba , ▁Z ar ago za . ▁Roman ▁triumph al ▁ar ches ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Cab anes , ▁Cast ell ón , ▁Med in ac eli , ▁and ▁the ▁Arc ▁de ▁Ber à ▁near ▁Rod a ▁de ▁Ber à . ▁ ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁period ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Christian ▁art ▁after ▁the ▁Class ical ▁Age ▁and ▁before ▁Roman es que ▁art ▁and ▁architecture . ▁It ▁cover ▁very ▁heter ogeneous ▁artistic ▁displays ▁for ▁they ▁were ▁developed ▁in ▁different ▁centuries ▁and ▁by ▁different ▁cultures . ▁Spanish ▁territory ▁bo asts ▁a ▁rich ▁variety ▁of ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁architecture : ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁branches , ▁like ▁the ▁Ast ur ian ▁art ▁reached ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁ref inement ▁for ▁their ▁era ▁and ▁cultural ▁context . ▁ ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁architecture ▁ ▁Ast ur ian ▁architecture ▁ ▁The ▁kingdom ▁of ▁Ast ur |
ias ▁a rose ▁in ▁ 7 1 8 , ▁when ▁the ▁Ast ur ▁tribes , ▁r all ied ▁in ▁assembly , ▁decided ▁to ▁appoint ▁Pel ay o ▁as ▁their ▁leader . ▁Pel ay o ▁joined ▁the ▁local ▁tribes ▁and ▁the ▁ref ug ed ▁Vis ig oth s ▁under ▁his ▁command , ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁progress ively ▁rest oring ▁G oth ic ▁Order . ▁ ▁Ast ur ian ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁is ▁a ▁singular ▁feature ▁in ▁all ▁Spain , ▁which , ▁while ▁combining ▁elements ▁from ▁other ▁styles ▁as ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁and ▁local ▁traditions , ▁created ▁and ▁developed ▁its ▁own ▁personality ▁and ▁characteristics , ▁reaching ▁a ▁considerable ▁level ▁of ▁ref inement , ▁not ▁only ▁as ▁regards ▁construction , ▁but ▁also ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁aest het ics . ▁ ▁As ▁regards ▁its ▁evolution , ▁from ▁its ▁appearance , ▁Ast ur ian ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁followed ▁a ▁" sty list ic ▁sequence ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁kingdom ' s ▁political ▁evolution , ▁its ▁stages ▁clearly ▁outlined ". ▁It ▁was ▁mainly ▁a ▁court ▁architecture , ▁and ▁five ▁stages ▁are ▁distinguished : ▁a ▁first ▁period ▁( 7 3 7 – 7 9 1 ) ▁from ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁F á fil a ▁to ▁Verm udo ▁I , ▁a ▁second ▁stage ▁compris es ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Alf onso ▁II ▁( 7 9 1 – 8 4 2 ), ▁entering ▁a ▁stage ▁of ▁sty list ic ▁definition . ▁These ▁two ▁first ▁stages ▁receive ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁' Pre - R |
am ire n se '. ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁church ▁ ▁San ▁Juli án ▁de ▁los ▁Pr ados ▁in ▁O v ied o , ▁with ▁an ▁interesting ▁volume ▁system ▁and ▁a ▁complex ▁icon ographic ▁fres co ▁program , ▁related ▁narrow ly ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ▁m ural ▁paintings . ▁L att ices ▁and ▁tr if oli ate ▁windows ▁in ▁the ▁ap se ▁appear ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁at ▁this ▁stage . ▁The ▁Holy ▁Chamber ▁of ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁of ▁O v ied o , ▁San ▁Pedro ▁de ▁N ora ▁and ▁Santa ▁María ▁de ▁B end ones ▁also ▁belong ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁period ▁compris es ▁the ▁reign s ▁of ▁Ram iro ▁I ▁( 8 4 2 – 8 5 0 ) ▁and ▁Or do ño ▁I ▁( 8 5 0 – 8 6 6 ). ▁It ▁is ▁called ▁' R am ire n se ' ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁the ▁z en ith ▁of ▁the ▁style , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁an ▁unknown ▁architect ▁who ▁brought ▁new ▁structural ▁and ▁or nament al ▁achievements ▁like ▁the ▁barrel ▁vault , ▁and ▁the ▁consistent ▁use ▁of ▁trans verse ▁ar ches ▁and ▁butt ress es , ▁which ▁made ▁the ▁style ▁rather ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁structural ▁achievements ▁of ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁two ▁centuries ▁later . ▁Some ▁writers ▁have ▁pointed ▁to ▁an ▁une x pl ained ▁Sy rian ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁rich ▁or nament ation . ▁In ▁that ▁period , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁master pie ces ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁flour ished : ▁the ▁palace ▁p |
av il ions ▁of ▁Nar anco ▁Mountain ▁( S anta ▁Maria ▁del ▁Nar anco ▁and ▁San ▁Miguel ▁de ▁L illo ), ▁and ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁Santa ▁Crist ina ▁de ▁L ena ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁that ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁fourth ▁period ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Alf onso ▁III ▁( 8 6 6 – 9 1 0 ), ▁where ▁a ▁strong ▁Moz ar ab ic ▁influence ▁arrived ▁to ▁Ast ur ian ▁architecture , ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁horses ho e ▁arch ▁expanded . ▁A ▁fifth ▁and ▁last ▁period , ▁which ▁coinc ides ▁with ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁the ▁court ▁to ▁Le ón , ▁the ▁disappe arance ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom ▁of ▁Ast ur ias , ▁and ▁simultaneously , ▁of ▁Ast ur ian ▁Pre - R oman es que . ▁ ▁Rep op ulation ▁architecture ▁ ▁Between ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁churches ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Christian ▁kingdom s . ▁They ▁are ▁widely ▁but ▁incorrect ly ▁known ▁as ▁Moz ar ab ic ▁architecture . ▁This ▁architecture ▁is ▁a ▁summary ▁of ▁elements ▁of ▁diverse ▁extr action ▁ir regular ly ▁distributed , ▁of ▁a ▁form ▁that ▁in ▁occasions ▁pre dom inate ▁those ▁of ▁pale o - Christ ian , ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁or ▁Ast ur ian ▁origin , ▁while ▁at ▁other ▁times ▁emphas izes ▁the ▁Muslim ▁impression . ▁ ▁The ▁churches ▁have ▁usually ▁bas il ica ▁or ▁central ized ▁plans , ▁sometimes ▁with ▁oppos ing ▁a ps |
es . ▁Pr incipal ▁chap els ▁are ▁of ▁rect angular ▁plan ▁on ▁the ▁exterior ▁and ▁ultra - sem ic ir cular ▁in ▁the ▁interior . ▁The ▁horses ho e ▁arch ▁of ▁Muslim ▁ev ocation ▁is ▁used , ▁somewhat ▁more ▁closed ▁and ▁sl oped ▁than ▁the ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁al f iz . ▁Gem inated ▁and ▁tri pled ▁windows ▁of ▁Ast ur ian ▁tradition ▁and ▁group ed ▁columns ▁forming ▁composite ▁pill ars , ▁with ▁Cor inth ian ▁capital ▁decorated ▁with ▁st yl ized ▁elements . ▁ ▁Dec oration ▁has ▁re sembl ance ▁to ▁the ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁based ▁in ▁v olut es , ▁sw ast ik as , ▁and ▁veget able ▁and ▁animal ▁themes ▁forming ▁projected ▁borders ▁and ▁sob ri ety ▁of ▁exterior ▁decor ation . ▁Some ▁innov ations ▁are ▁introduced , ▁as ▁great ▁lob ed ▁cor b els ▁that ▁support ▁very ▁pronounced ▁e aves . ▁A ▁great ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁technique ▁in ▁construction ▁can ▁be ▁observed , ▁employ ing ▁as hl ar , ▁walls ▁rein forced ▁by ▁exterior ▁butt ress es ▁and ▁covering ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁segment ed ▁vault s , ▁including ▁by ▁the ▁traditional ▁barrel ▁vault s . ▁ ▁The ▁architecture ▁of ▁Al - And al us ▁ ▁The ▁Cal iph ate ▁of ▁C ó rd oba ▁ ▁The ▁Muslim ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁His pan ia ▁by ▁the ▁troops ▁of ▁Mus a ▁ib n ▁N us air ▁and ▁T ari q ▁ib n ▁Z iy ad , ▁and ▁the ▁over throw ing ▁of ▁the |
▁U may y ad ▁dyn asty ▁in ▁Dam asc us , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁independent ▁Em ir ate ▁by ▁Abd ▁ar - R ah man ▁I , ▁the ▁only ▁surviving ▁prince ▁who ▁escaped ▁from ▁Abb as ids , ▁and ▁established ▁his ▁capital ▁city ▁in ▁C ó rd oba . ▁It ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁cultural ▁capital ▁of ▁Occ ident ▁from ▁ 7 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁architecture ▁built ▁in ▁Al - And al us ▁under ▁the ▁U may y ads ▁evolved ▁from ▁the ▁architecture ▁of ▁Dam asc us , ▁with ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁aesthetic ▁achievements ▁of ▁local ▁influence : ▁the ▁horses ho e ▁arch , ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁Mo or ish ▁architecture , ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁Vis ig oth s . ▁Architect s , ▁artists ▁and ▁craft s men ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁O rient ▁to ▁construct ▁cities ▁like ▁Med ina ▁Az ah ara , ▁whose ▁spl end our ▁couldn ' t ▁have ▁been ▁imagined ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁kingdom s ▁of ▁the ▁era . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁outstanding ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁U may y ad ▁C ó rd oba ▁is ▁the ▁Great ▁Mos que , ▁built ▁in ▁consecutive ▁stages ▁by ▁Abd ▁ar - R ah man ▁I , ▁Abd ▁ar - R ah man ▁II , ▁Al - H ak am ▁II ▁and ▁Al - M ans ur . ▁ ▁The ▁Ta if as ▁ ▁The ▁Cal iph ate ▁disappeared ▁and ▁was ▁split ▁into ▁several ▁small ▁kingdom s ▁called ▁ta if as . ▁Their ▁political |
▁weakness ▁was ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁cultural ▁retreat , ▁and ▁together ▁with ▁a ▁quick ▁advance ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁kingdom s , ▁the ▁ta if as ▁cl ung ▁to ▁the ▁prest ige ▁of ▁structures ▁and ▁forms ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁C ó rd oba . ▁The ▁rec ession ▁was ▁felt ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁techniques ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁materials , ▁though ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁prof usion ▁of ▁the ▁or nament ation . ▁The ▁lob es ▁of ▁mult if o il ▁ar ches ▁were ▁multi plied ▁and ▁th inned , ▁transformed ▁in ▁l amb requ ins , ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁Cal ip hal ▁elements ▁were ▁exagger ated . ▁Some ▁magnificent ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁ta ifa ▁architecture ▁have ▁reached ▁our ▁times , ▁like ▁the ▁Al ja fer ía ▁Palace ▁in ▁Z ar ago za , ▁or ▁the ▁small ▁Mos que ▁of ▁Crist o ▁de ▁la ▁L uz ▁in ▁Tol edo , ▁later ▁transformed ▁into ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁examples ▁of ▁M ud é jar ▁architecture . ▁ ▁Al mor av ids ▁and ▁Al m oh ads ▁ ▁The ▁Al mor av ids ▁inv aded ▁Al - And al us ▁from ▁North ▁Africa ▁in ▁ 1 0 8 6 , ▁and ▁un ified ▁the ▁ta if as ▁under ▁their ▁power . ▁They ▁developed ▁their ▁own ▁architecture , ▁but ▁very ▁little ▁of ▁it ▁remains ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁next ▁invasion , ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Al m oh ads , ▁who ▁imposed ▁Islamic ▁ultra - orth odox y ▁and ▁destroyed ▁almost ▁every ▁significant ▁Al mor avid ▁building , ▁together ▁with ▁Med ina |
▁Az ah ara ▁and ▁other ▁Cal iph ate ▁const ructions . ▁Their ▁art ▁was ▁extremely ▁sober ▁and ▁bare , ▁and ▁they ▁used ▁brick ▁as ▁their ▁main ▁material . ▁V irt ually ▁their ▁only ▁super f icial ▁decor ation , ▁the ▁, ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁a ▁grid ▁of ▁rh omb uses . ▁The ▁Al m oh ads ▁also ▁used ▁palm ▁decor ation , ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁nothing ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁simpl ification ▁of ▁the ▁much ▁more ▁decorated ▁Al mor avid ▁palm . ▁As ▁time ▁passed , ▁the ▁art ▁became ▁slightly ▁more ▁decor ative . ▁The ▁best ▁known ▁piece ▁of ▁Al m oh ad ▁architecture ▁is ▁the ▁G iral da , ▁the ▁former ▁min aret ▁of ▁the ▁Mos que ▁of ▁Sev ille . ▁Class ified ▁as ▁M ud é jar , ▁but ▁imm ers ed ▁in ▁the ▁Al m oh ad ▁aesthetic , ▁the ▁syn agog ue ▁of ▁Santa ▁María ▁la ▁Bl anca , ▁in ▁Tol edo , ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁example ▁of ▁architect ural ▁collaboration ▁between ▁the ▁three ▁cultures ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Nas rid ▁architecture ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Gran ada ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁diss olution ▁of ▁the ▁Al m oh ad ▁empire , ▁the ▁scattered ▁Mo or ish ▁kingdom s ▁of ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Pen insula ▁were ▁re organ ized , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 7 , ▁the ▁Nas rid ▁kings ▁established ▁their ▁capital ▁city ▁in ▁Gran ada . ▁The ▁architecture ▁they ▁produced ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁r iche st ▁produced ▁by ▁Islam ▁in ▁any |
▁period . ▁This ▁o wed ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁to ▁the ▁cultural ▁heritage ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Mo or ish ▁styles ▁of ▁Al - And al us ▁that ▁the ▁Nas r ids ▁ec lect ically ▁combined , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁close ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁northern ▁Christian ▁Kingdom s . ▁▁ ▁The ▁pal aces ▁of ▁Al h amb ra ▁and ▁General ife ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁outstanding ▁const ructions ▁of ▁the ▁period . ▁The ▁structural ▁and ▁or nament al ▁elements ▁were ▁taken ▁from ▁Cord ob ese ▁architecture ▁( h ors es ho e ▁ar ches ), ▁from ▁Al m oh ads ▁( se b ka ▁and ▁palm ▁decor ation ), ▁but ▁also ▁created ▁by ▁them , ▁like ▁the ▁pr ism ▁and ▁cyl ind rical ▁cap itals ▁and ▁m oc ár abe ▁ar ches , ▁in ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁interior ▁and ▁exterior ▁spaces , ▁of ▁gard ening ▁and ▁architecture , ▁that ▁aimed ▁to ▁please ▁all ▁the ▁senses . ▁Unlike ▁the ▁U may y ad ▁architecture , ▁which ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁expensive ▁and ▁imported ▁materials , ▁the ▁Nas r ids ▁used ▁only ▁hum ble ▁materials : ▁clay , ▁pl aster ▁and ▁wood . ▁However , ▁the ▁aesthetic ▁outcome ▁is ▁full ▁of ▁complexity ▁and ▁is ▁myst ifying ▁for ▁the ▁beh older : ▁The ▁multi plicity ▁of ▁decor ation , ▁the ▁skill ful ▁use ▁of ▁light ▁and ▁shadow ▁and ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁water ▁into ▁the ▁architecture ▁are ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁keys ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁style . ▁Ep ig raph y ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁different ▁rooms |
, ▁with ▁all usive ▁poems ▁to ▁the ▁beauty ▁of ▁the ▁spaces . ▁ ▁Roman es que ▁period ▁▁▁ ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁first ▁developed ▁in ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁and ▁ 1 1 th ▁centuries , ▁before ▁Cl un y ' s ▁influence , ▁in ▁L ér ida , ▁Barcelona , ▁T arr ag ona ▁and ▁H ues ca , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Py re ne es , ▁simultaneously ▁with ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Italy , ▁as ▁what ▁is ▁called ▁First ▁Roman es que ▁or ▁L omb ard ▁Roman es que . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁primitive ▁style , ▁whose ▁characteristics ▁are ▁thick ▁walls , ▁lack ▁of ▁sculpt ure ▁and ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁rhythm ic ▁or nament al ▁ar ches , ▁ ▁typ ified ▁by ▁the ▁churches ▁in ▁the ▁Val le ▁de ▁Boh í . ▁ ▁The ▁full ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁arrived ▁with ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁Cl un y ▁through ▁the ▁Way ▁of ▁Saint ▁James , ▁that ▁ends ▁in ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁of ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela . ▁The ▁model ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁was ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁of ▁Jac a , ▁with ▁its ▁characteristic ▁plan ▁and ▁ap se , ▁and ▁its ▁" che ss board " ▁decor ation ▁in ▁stri pes , ▁called ▁t aque ado ▁ja qu és . ▁As ▁the ▁Christian ▁Kingdom s ▁advanced ▁south wards , ▁this ▁model ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁recon qu ered ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁variations . ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁also ▁shows ▁the |
▁influence ▁of ▁Spanish ▁pre - R oman es que ▁styles , ▁mainly ▁Ast ur ian ▁and ▁Moz ar ab ic , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁strong ▁Mo or ish ▁influence , ▁especially ▁the ▁vault s ▁of ▁C ó rd oba ' s ▁Mos que , ▁and ▁the ▁mult if o il ▁ar ches . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁some ▁churches ▁altern ated ▁in ▁style ▁between ▁Roman es que ▁and ▁G oth ic . ▁Ar ag ón , ▁Nav ar ra ▁and ▁Cast ile - Le on ▁are ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁areas ▁for ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁architecture . ▁ ▁The ▁G oth ic ▁period ▁ ▁The ▁G oth ic ▁style ▁arrived ▁in ▁Spain ▁as ▁Christianity ▁grew ▁in ▁strength ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁In ▁this ▁time , ▁late ▁Roman es que ▁altern ated ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁expressions ▁of ▁pure ▁G oth ic ▁architecture ▁like ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁of ▁Á v ila . ▁The ▁High ▁G oth ic ▁arrived ▁in ▁all ▁its ▁strength ▁through ▁the ▁Way ▁of ▁St . ▁James ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁pure st ▁G oth ic ▁cat hed r als , ▁with ▁French ▁and ▁German ▁influences : ▁the ▁cat hed r als ▁of ▁Burg os , ▁Le ón ▁and ▁Tol edo . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁post - 1 3 th ▁century ▁G oth ic ▁styles ▁in ▁Spain ▁are ▁the ▁Lev antine ▁ ▁and ▁Is ab ell ine ▁G oth ic . ▁Lev antine |
▁G oth ic ▁is ▁character ised ▁by ▁its ▁structural ▁achievements ▁and ▁their ▁un ification ▁of ▁space , ▁with ▁master pie ces ▁as ▁La ▁Se u ▁in ▁Pal ma ▁de ▁Mall or ca ; ▁the ▁Val enc ian ▁G oth ic ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁L on ja ▁de ▁Val encia ▁( Val encia ' s ▁silk ▁market ), ▁and ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁del ▁Mar ▁( Bar cel ona ). ▁ ▁Is ab ell ine ▁G oth ic , ▁created ▁during ▁the ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Mon arch s , ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁Rena issance ▁architecture , ▁but ▁also ▁a ▁strong ▁resistance ▁to ▁Italian ▁Rena issance ▁style . ▁High lights ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁include ▁the ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁San ▁Juan ▁de ▁los ▁Re yes ▁in ▁Tol edo ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Chap el ▁of ▁Gran ada . ▁ ▁M ud é jar ▁style ▁ ▁The ▁M ud é jar ▁style ▁is ▁Mo or ish ▁influenced ▁Christian ▁architecture ▁that ▁emerged ▁in ▁the ▁Christian ▁kingdom s ▁of ▁the ▁north ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁and ▁spread ▁with ▁the ▁Christian ▁Re con qu ista ▁of ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen insula . ▁The ▁recon quest ▁brought ▁Mo or ish ▁and ▁Mo or ish ▁influenced ▁Christian ▁craft s men ▁under ▁Christian ▁rule ▁who ▁then ▁influenced ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁expanding ▁Christian ▁kingdom s . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁really ▁a ▁style : ▁M ud é jar ▁" style " ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁Mo or ish ▁decor ations ▁and ▁construction ▁methods ▁or ▁materials ▁to ▁whatever ▁Christian |
▁architecture ▁existed ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁producing ▁M ud é jar - R oman es que , ▁M ud é jar - G oth ic ▁and ▁M ud é jar - R ena issance . ▁ ▁M ud é jar ▁is ▁character ised ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁brick ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁material . ▁M ud é jar ▁did ▁not ▁involve ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁new ▁structures ▁( un like ▁G oth ic ▁or ▁Roman es que ), ▁but ▁re inter pre ting ▁Christian ▁styles ▁through ▁Islamic ▁and ▁Jewish ▁influences . ▁The ▁dominant ▁ge omet rical ▁character , ▁distinct ly ▁Islamic , ▁emerged ▁con sp ic u ously ▁in ▁the ▁access ory ▁craft s ▁using ▁cheap ▁materials ▁elabor ately ▁worked ▁– ▁tile work , ▁brick work , ▁wood ▁car ving , ▁pl aster ▁car ving , ▁and ▁or nament al ▁met als . ▁Even ▁after ▁the ▁Muslims ▁were ▁no ▁longer ▁employed , ▁many ▁of ▁their ▁methods ▁and ▁decor ative ▁styles ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁Spanish ▁architecture . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁accepted ▁that ▁the ▁M ud é jar ▁style ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁S ah ag ún . ▁M ud é jar ▁extended ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Le ón , ▁Tol edo , ▁Á v ila , ▁Seg ov ia , ▁and ▁later ▁to ▁And al us ia , ▁especially ▁Sev ille ▁and ▁Gran ada . ▁The ▁M ud é jar ▁Ro oms ▁of ▁the ▁Al c áz ar ▁of ▁Sev ille , ▁although ▁classified ▁as ▁M ud é jar , ▁are |
▁more ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁Nas rid ▁Al h amb ra ▁than ▁to ▁other ▁buildings ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁Pedro ▁of ▁Cast ile , ▁who ▁brought ▁architect s ▁from ▁Gran ada ▁who ▁experienced ▁very ▁little ▁Christian ▁influence . ▁Cent ers ▁of ▁M ud é jar ▁art ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁other ▁cities , ▁like ▁Tor o , ▁Cu é ll ar , ▁Ar é val o ▁and ▁Mad rig al ▁de ▁las ▁Alt as ▁Tor res . ▁It ▁became ▁highly ▁developed ▁in ▁Ar agon , ▁with ▁three ▁main ▁focuses : ▁Z ar ago za , ▁Cal at ay ud , ▁and ▁Ter uel , ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 3 th , ▁ 1 4 th ▁and ▁ 1 5 th ▁centuries . ▁In ▁Ter uel ▁a ▁wide ▁group ▁of ▁im posing ▁churches ▁and ▁tow ers ▁were ▁built . ▁Other ▁fine ▁examples ▁of ▁M ud é jar ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Cas a ▁de ▁Pil atos ▁in ▁Sev ille , ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁Mon aster y ▁in ▁T ord es illas , ▁or ▁the ▁churches ▁of ▁Tol edo , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁and ▁most ▁outstanding ▁M ud é jar ▁centers . ▁In ▁Tol edo , ▁the ▁syn agog ues ▁of ▁Santa ▁María ▁la ▁Bl anca ▁and ▁El ▁Tr án s ito ▁( both ▁M ud é jar ▁though ▁not ▁Christian ) ▁deserve ▁special ▁mention . ▁ ▁Rena issance ▁ ▁In ▁Spain , ▁Rena issance ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁g raft ed ▁to ▁G oth ic ▁forms ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁decades ▁of ▁the |
▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁The ▁style ▁started ▁to ▁spread ▁made ▁mainly ▁by ▁local ▁architect s : ▁that ▁is ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁specifically ▁Spanish ▁Rena issance ▁that ▁brought ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁South ▁Italian ▁architecture , ▁sometimes ▁from ▁ill um inated ▁books ▁and ▁paintings , ▁mixed ▁with ▁G oth ic ▁tradition ▁and ▁local ▁id ios ync r asy . ▁The ▁new ▁style ▁was ▁called ▁Pl ater es que ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁extremely ▁decorated ▁faç ades ▁that ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁mind ▁the ▁decor ative ▁mot ifs ▁of ▁the ▁intr ic ately ▁detailed ▁work ▁of ▁sil vers m ith s , ▁the ▁" pl ater os ". ▁Class ical ▁orders ▁and ▁cand el ab ra ▁mot ifs ▁( a ▁cand el ieri ) ▁were ▁combined ▁freely ▁into ▁symmet rical ▁wholes . ▁ ▁In ▁that ▁sc ener y , ▁the ▁Palace ▁of ▁Charles ▁V ▁by ▁Pedro ▁Mach uc a ▁in ▁Gran ada ▁was ▁an ▁unexpected ▁achievement ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁advanced ▁Rena issance ▁of ▁the ▁moment . ▁The ▁palace ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁as ▁an ▁anticip ation ▁of ▁the ▁M anner ism , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁command ▁of ▁classical ▁language ▁and ▁its ▁break through ▁aesthetic ▁achievements . ▁It ▁was ▁constructed ▁before ▁the ▁main ▁works ▁of ▁Michel angel o ▁and ▁P all adio . ▁Its ▁influence ▁was ▁very ▁limited ▁and ▁poorly ▁understood , ▁the ▁Pl ater es que ▁forms ▁prev ailed ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁pan or ama . ▁ ▁As ▁decades ▁passed , ▁the ▁G oth ic ▁influence ▁disappeared ▁and ▁the ▁research ▁of ▁an ▁orth |
odox ▁classic ism ▁reached ▁high ▁levels . ▁Although ▁Pl ater es que ▁is ▁a ▁commonly ▁used ▁term ▁to ▁define ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁architect ural ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁some ▁architect s ▁acquired ▁a ▁more ▁sober ▁personal ▁style , ▁like ▁Diego ▁Sil oe ▁and ▁Rodr igo ▁Gil ▁de ▁H ont añ ón . ▁Examples ▁include ▁the ▁faç ades ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sal am anca ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁Con vent ▁of ▁San ▁Mar cos ▁in ▁Le ón . ▁ ▁The ▁highlight ▁of ▁Spanish ▁Rena issance ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁El ▁Esc orial , ▁built ▁by ▁Juan ▁B aut ista ▁de ▁Tol edo ▁and ▁Juan ▁de ▁Herr era , ▁where ▁a ▁much ▁closer ▁ad her ence ▁to ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁ancient ▁Rome ▁was ▁over pass ed ▁by ▁an ▁extremely ▁sober ▁style . ▁The ▁influence ▁from ▁F land ers ▁roof s , ▁the ▁symbol ism ▁of ▁the ▁scar ce ▁decor ation ▁and ▁the ▁precise ▁cut ▁of ▁the ▁gran ite ▁established ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁style , ▁the ▁Herr er ian . ▁A ▁disc iple ▁of ▁Herr era , ▁Juan ▁B aut ista ▁Vill al p ando ▁was ▁influential ▁for ▁inter pre ting ▁the ▁recently ▁rev ived ▁text ▁of ▁Vit ru v ius ▁to ▁suggest ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁classical ▁orders ▁in ▁Sol omon ' s ▁Temple . ▁ ▁Bar o que ▁period ▁ ▁As ▁Italian ▁Bar o que ▁influences ▁penetr ated ▁across ▁the ▁Py re ne |
es , ▁they ▁gradually ▁supers ed ed ▁in ▁popularity ▁the ▁restr ained ▁classic izing ▁approach ▁of ▁Juan ▁de ▁Herr era , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁v ogue ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁six teenth ▁century . ▁As ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 6 6 7 , ▁the ▁faç ades ▁of ▁Gran ada ▁Cat hedral ▁( by ▁Al onso ▁Can o ) ▁and ▁Ja én ▁Cat hedral ▁( by ▁Eu fr as io ▁L ó pez ▁de ▁Ro jas ) ▁suggest ▁the ▁artists ' ▁flu ency ▁in ▁inter pre ting ▁traditional ▁mot ifs ▁of ▁Spanish ▁cat hedral ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁Bar o que ▁aesthetic ▁id iom . ▁ ▁Vern acular ▁Bar o que ▁with ▁its ▁roots ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁Herr er ian ▁style ▁and ▁in ▁traditional ▁brick ▁construction ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁Madrid ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁Examples ▁include ▁Pl aza ▁Mayor ▁and ▁the ▁Major ▁House . ▁ ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁Northern ▁Europe , ▁the ▁Spanish ▁art ▁of ▁the ▁period ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁emotions ▁rather ▁than ▁seeking ▁to ▁please ▁the ▁intellect . ▁The ▁Ch ur r igu era ▁family , ▁which ▁specialized ▁in ▁designing ▁alt ars ▁and ▁ret ables , ▁revol ted ▁against ▁the ▁sob ri ety ▁of ▁the ▁Herr er ian ▁classic ism ▁and ▁promoted ▁an ▁intr icate , ▁exagger ated , ▁almost ▁cap ric ious ▁style ▁of ▁surface ▁decor ation ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ch ur rig uer es que . ▁Within ▁half ▁a ▁century , ▁they ▁transformed ▁Sal am anca ▁into ▁an ▁exempl ary ▁Ch ur rig uer |
es que ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁passed ▁through ▁three ▁phases . ▁Between ▁ 1 6 8 0 ▁and ▁ 1 7 2 0 , ▁the ▁Ch ur r igu era ▁popular ized ▁Gu ar ini ' s ▁blend ▁of ▁Sol om onic ▁columns ▁and ▁Com posite ▁order , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" sup reme ▁order ". ▁Between ▁ 1 7 2 0 ▁and ▁ 1 7 6 0 , ▁the ▁Ch ur rig uer es que ▁column , ▁or ▁est ip ite , ▁in ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁an ▁in verted ▁cone ▁or ▁ob el isk , ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁central ▁element ▁of ▁or nament al ▁decor ation . ▁The ▁years ▁from ▁ 1 7 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 7 8 0 ▁saw ▁a ▁grad ual ▁shift ▁of ▁interest ▁away ▁from ▁twisted ▁movement ▁and ▁excessive ▁or nament ation ▁toward ▁a ▁ne oc lass ical ▁balance ▁and ▁sob ri ety . ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁eye - catch ing ▁cre ations ▁of ▁Spanish ▁Bar o que ▁are ▁the ▁energet ic ▁faç ades ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Vall ad olid ▁( D iego ▁Tom é , ▁ 1 7 1 9 ) ▁and ▁H osp icio ▁de ▁San ▁Fernando ▁in ▁Madrid ▁( P ed ro ▁de ▁R iber a , ▁ 1 7 2 2 ), ▁whose ▁cur vil ine ar ▁extr av ag ance ▁seems ▁to ▁her ald ▁Antonio ▁G aud í ▁and ▁Art ▁Nou ve au . ▁In ▁this ▁case ▁as ▁in ▁many ▁others , ▁the ▁design |
▁involves ▁a ▁play ▁of ▁t ect onic ▁and ▁decor ative ▁elements ▁with ▁little ▁relation ▁to ▁structure ▁and ▁function . ▁However , ▁Ch ur rig uer es que ▁Bar o que ▁offered ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁impressive ▁combinations ▁of ▁space ▁and ▁light ▁with ▁buildings ▁like ▁Gran ada ▁Ch arter house , ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁ap othe osis ▁of ▁Ch ur rig uer es que ▁style ▁applied ▁to ▁interior ▁spaces , ▁or ▁El ▁Trans paren te ▁of ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁of ▁Tol edo ▁by ▁N arc iso ▁Tom é , ▁where ▁sculpt ure ▁and ▁architecture ▁are ▁integrated ▁to ▁achieve ▁notable ▁light ▁dramatic ▁effects . ▁ ▁The ▁Royal ▁Palace ▁of ▁Madrid ▁and ▁the ▁inter ventions ▁of ▁P ase o ▁del ▁Pr ado ▁( Sal ón ▁del ▁Pr ado ▁and ▁Al cal á ▁Do org ate ) ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁city , ▁deserve ▁special ▁mention . ▁They ▁were ▁constructed ▁in ▁a ▁sober ▁Bar o que ▁international ▁style , ▁often ▁mistaken ▁for ▁ne oc lass ical , ▁by ▁the ▁Bour bon ▁kings ▁Philip ▁V ▁and ▁Charles ▁III . ▁The ▁Royal ▁Pal aces ▁of ▁La ▁Gran ja ▁de ▁San ▁I ld ef onso , ▁in ▁Seg ov ia , ▁and ▁Ar anj ue z , ▁in ▁Madrid , ▁are ▁good ▁examples ▁of ▁Bar o que ▁integration ▁of ▁architecture ▁and ▁gard ening , ▁with ▁notice able ▁French ▁influence ▁( La ▁Gran ja ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Vers a illes ), ▁but ▁with ▁local ▁spatial ▁concept ions ▁which ▁in ▁some ▁ways ▁display ▁the ▁heritage ▁of ▁the ▁Mo or ish |
▁occupation . ▁ ▁Roc oco ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁( Cat hedral ▁of ▁Mur cia , ▁west ▁faç ade , ▁ 1 7 3 3 ). ▁The ▁greatest ▁practition er ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Roc oco ▁style ▁was ▁a ▁native ▁master , ▁Vent ura ▁Rodr í gue z , ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁d azz ling ▁interior ▁of ▁the ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁P ill ar ▁in ▁Z ar ago za ▁( 1 7 5 0 ). ▁ ▁Spanish ▁Col onial ▁architecture ▁ ▁The ▁combination ▁of ▁the ▁Native ▁American ▁and ▁Mo or ish ▁decor ative ▁influences ▁with ▁an ▁extremely ▁express ive ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ur rig uer es que ▁id iom ▁may ▁account ▁for ▁the ▁full - b od ied ▁and ▁varied ▁character ▁of ▁the ▁Bar o que ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁colon ies ▁of ▁Spain . ▁Even ▁more ▁than ▁its ▁Spanish ▁counter part , ▁American ▁Bar o que ▁developed ▁as ▁a ▁style ▁of ▁st ucc o ▁decor ation . ▁T win - t ower ed ▁faç ades ▁of ▁many ▁American ▁cat hed r als ▁of ▁the ▁sevent eenth ▁century ▁had ▁medieval ▁roots ▁and ▁the ▁full - f led ged ▁Bar o que ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁until ▁ 1 6 6 4 , ▁when ▁the ▁Jes uit ▁shr ine ▁on ▁Pl aza ▁des ▁Ar mas ▁in ▁C us co ▁was ▁built . ▁ ▁The ▁And e an ▁Bar o que ▁was ▁particularly ▁l ush , ▁as ▁ev id enced ▁by ▁the ▁monaster y ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco ▁in ▁L |
ima ▁( 1 6 7 3 ), ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁dark ▁intr icate ▁faç ade ▁sand w ic hed ▁between ▁the ▁twin ▁tow ers ▁of ▁local ▁yellow ▁stone . ▁While ▁the ▁rural ▁Bar o que ▁of ▁the ▁Jes u ite ▁missions ▁( est anc ias ) ▁in ▁C ó rd oba , ▁Argentina , ▁followed ▁the ▁model ▁of ▁Il ▁Ges ù , ▁provincial ▁" m est izo " ▁( cross b red ) ▁styles ▁emerged ▁in ▁A requ ipa , ▁Pot os í ▁and ▁La ▁P az . ▁In ▁the ▁eight eenth ▁century , ▁the ▁architect s ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁turned ▁for ▁inspiration ▁to ▁the ▁M ud é jar ▁art ▁of ▁medieval ▁Spain . ▁The ▁late ▁Bar o que ▁type ▁of ▁Per uv ian ▁faç ade ▁first ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁La ▁Mer ced , ▁L ima ▁( 1 6 9 7 – 1 7 0 4 ). ▁Similarly , ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁La ▁Comp añ ia , ▁Qu ito ▁( 1 7 2 2 – 6 5 ) ▁suggests ▁a ▁carved ▁alt arp iece ▁with ▁its ▁rich ly ▁sculpt ed ▁faç ade ▁and ▁a ▁sur fe it ▁of ▁the ▁Sol om onic ▁column . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁r iche st ▁province ▁of ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁New ▁Spain ▁– ▁Mexico ▁– ▁produced ▁some ▁fant astically ▁extr av ag ant ▁and ▁vis ually ▁f ren etic ▁architecture ▁known ▁as ▁New ▁Spanish ▁Ch ur rig uer es que . ▁This ▁ultra - Bar o que |
▁approach ▁cul min ates ▁in ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Loren zo ▁Rodr í gue z , ▁whose ▁master piece ▁is ▁the ▁S agr ario ▁Met ropol it ano ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁( 1 7 4 9 – 6 9 ). ▁Other ▁fine ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁may ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁remote ▁silver - min ing ▁towns . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁San ct uary ▁at ▁O c ot l án ▁( b eg un ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁top - not ch ▁Bar o que ▁cat hedral ▁surf aced ▁in ▁bright ▁red ▁tiles , ▁which ▁contrast ▁delight fully ▁with ▁a ▁ple th ora ▁of ▁comp ressed ▁or nament ▁lav ish ly ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁entrance ▁and ▁the ▁sl ender ▁fl ank ing ▁tow ers . ▁ ▁The ▁true ▁capital ▁of ▁New ▁Spanish ▁Bar o que ▁is ▁P ue bl a , ▁where ▁a ▁ready ▁supply ▁of ▁hand - p ainted ▁gl azed ▁tiles ▁( t ala ver a ) ▁and ▁ver n acular ▁gray ▁stone ▁led ▁to ▁its ▁ev olving ▁further ▁into ▁a ▁personal ised ▁and ▁highly ▁local ised ▁art ▁form ▁with ▁a ▁pronounced ▁Indian ▁flav our . ▁ ▁Spanish ▁colonial ▁Chinese ▁influence ▁exclusive ▁to ▁Spanish ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁was ▁born ▁when ▁Spain ▁colon ized ▁what ▁was ▁now ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁south ▁of ▁China . ▁The ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁based ▁its ▁principle ▁on ▁the ▁native ▁n ipa ▁h ut ▁of ▁the ▁locals ▁who ' s ▁architecture ▁corresponds ▁to ▁the ▁tropical ▁climate , ▁storm |
y ▁season ▁and ▁earthqu ake ▁pr one ▁environment ▁of ▁the ▁whole ▁arch ip el ago ▁and ▁combined ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁Spanish ▁colon izers ▁and ▁Chinese ▁traders . ▁And ▁so ▁created ▁a ▁hybrid ▁of ▁Aust ron esian , ▁Chinese ▁and ▁Spanish ▁architecture . ▁ ▁Ne oc lass ical ▁style ▁ ▁The ▁extremely ▁intellectual ▁post ulates ▁of ▁Ne oc lass icism ▁succeeded ▁in ▁Spain ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁much ▁more ▁express ive ▁of ▁Bar o que . ▁Spanish ▁Ne oc lass icism ▁was ▁spread ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁of ▁San ▁Fernando , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 2 . ▁The ▁main ▁figure ▁was ▁Juan ▁de ▁Vill an ueva , ▁who ▁adapted ▁Ed mund ▁Bur ke ' s ▁achievements ▁about ▁the ▁sub l ime ▁and ▁the ▁beauty ▁to ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁Spanish ▁cl ime ▁and ▁history . ▁He ▁built ▁the ▁Pr ado ▁Museum ▁that ▁combined ▁three ▁programs ▁- ▁an ▁academ y , ▁an ▁aud itor ium ▁and ▁a ▁museum ▁- ▁in ▁one ▁building ▁with ▁three ▁separated ▁entr ances . ▁This ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ambitious ▁program ▁of ▁Charles ▁III , ▁who ▁intended ▁to ▁make ▁Madrid ▁the ▁Capital ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Science . ▁Very ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁museum , ▁Vill an ueva ▁built ▁the ▁Royal ▁Observ atory ▁of ▁Madrid . ▁He ▁also ▁designed ▁several ▁summer ▁houses ▁for ▁the ▁kings ▁in ▁El ▁Esc orial ▁and ▁Ar anj ue z ▁and ▁recon struct ed ▁the ▁Pl aza ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Madrid , ▁among ▁other ▁important ▁works . ▁Vill an ue vas ´ ▁pup ils ▁Antonio |
▁L ó pez ▁A gu ado ▁and ▁Is id ro ▁Gon zá lez ▁Vel áz que z ▁expanded ▁the ▁Ne oc lass ical ▁style ▁in ▁Spain . ▁▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁Ec lect icism ▁and ▁Regional ism ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Rev ival ism ▁dominated ▁the ▁scene ▁in ▁Europe , ▁and ▁so ▁happened ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Architect s ▁focused ▁in ▁choosing ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁appropri ated ▁historical ▁style ▁for ▁each ▁use ▁or ▁occasion . ▁Ne oc lass icism ▁opened ▁the ▁gates ▁to ▁Ne o - By z antine , ▁Ne o - G oth ic , ▁Ne o - R ena issance , ▁Ne o – Bar o que , ▁Egyptian ▁Rev ival , ▁Ne o - M ud é jar , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁▁ ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁particular ▁new ▁style ▁made ▁of ▁the ▁mixture ▁of ▁several ▁old ▁styles ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁construction : ▁the ▁Ec lect icism . ▁It ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁trace ▁a ▁clear ▁line ▁to ▁separate ▁styles ▁as ▁Modern isme , ▁Industrial ▁iron ▁architecture ▁and ▁Ec lect icism , ▁as ▁very ▁often ▁architect s ▁took ▁some ▁features ▁of ▁several ▁of ▁them ▁for ▁their ▁works . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁ ▁case ▁of ▁Antonio ▁Pal ac ios , ▁co - design er ▁with ▁Jo aqu ín ▁Ot am end i ▁of ▁the ▁Palace ▁of ▁Communications ▁of ▁Madrid , ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁Other ▁works ▁of ▁Pal ac ios ▁include ▁the ▁C |
í rc ulo ▁de ▁Bell as ▁Ar tes , ▁the ▁R ío ▁de ▁la ▁Pl ata ▁Bank , ▁the ▁Hospital ▁of ▁M aud es , ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁another ▁wave ▁of ▁rev ivals ▁emerged , ▁mainly ▁after ▁the ▁I ber o american ▁Exhib ition ▁of ▁Sev ille ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 : ▁the ▁Regional ism . ▁Features ▁of ▁the ▁different ▁regional ▁ver n acular ▁architect ures ▁took ▁then ▁the ▁protagon ism . ▁ ▁Ne o - M ud é jar ▁style ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁a ▁new ▁architect ural ▁movement ▁emerged ▁in ▁Madrid ▁as ▁a ▁rev ival ▁of ▁the ▁M ud é jar ▁architecture . ▁The ▁Ne o - M ud é jar ▁soon ▁spread ▁to ▁other ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Architect s ▁such ▁as ▁Em ilio ▁Rodr í gue z ▁Ay uso ▁perceived ▁the ▁M ud é jar ▁as ▁a ▁characteristic ▁and ▁exclusive ▁Spanish ▁style . ▁They ▁started ▁to ▁construct ▁buildings ▁using ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁style , ▁as ▁horses ho e ▁ar ches ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁abstract ▁shaped ▁brick ▁or nament ations ▁for ▁the ▁faç ades . ▁It ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁style ▁for ▁bull ▁rings ▁and ▁for ▁other ▁public ▁const ructions , ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁housing , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁cheap ▁materials , ▁mainly ▁brick ▁for ▁ex ter iors . ▁ ▁The ▁Ne o - M ud é jar ▁was ▁often ▁combined |
▁with ▁Ne o - G oth ic ▁features . ▁ ▁Architect ure ▁of ▁glass ▁and ▁iron ▁During ▁the ▁Industrial ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁new ▁use ▁of ▁iron ▁and ▁glass ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁materials ▁for ▁building ▁construction ▁was , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe , ▁applied ▁spec ially ▁in ▁train ▁stations , ▁winter h ouses , ▁industrial ▁buildings ▁and ▁p av il ions ▁for ▁exhib itions . ▁The ▁architect s ▁who ▁most ▁developed ▁this ▁style ▁in ▁Spain ▁were ▁Ric ardo ▁Vel áz que z ▁Bos co ▁and ▁Alberto ▁del ▁Pal acio , ▁although ▁glass ▁for ▁faç ades ▁and ▁iron ▁for ▁structures ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁some ▁extent ▁by ▁other ▁architect s , ▁such ▁as ▁Antonio ▁Pal ac ios , ▁En rique ▁María ▁Rep ull és ▁y ▁V arg as ▁or ▁N arc iso ▁P asc ual ▁y ▁Col omer . ▁A ▁notable ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁Pal acio ▁de ▁Crist al ▁del ▁Ret iro ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁Catal an ▁Modern ism ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Barcelona ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁expand ▁beyond ▁its ▁historic ▁limits ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁resulting ▁E ix ample ▁district ▁by ▁I ld ef ons ▁C erd à ▁became ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁a ▁burst ▁of ▁architect ural ▁energy ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Modern isme ▁movement . ▁Modern isme ▁broke ▁with ▁past ▁styles ▁and ▁used ▁organic ▁forms ▁for ▁its ▁inspiration ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁as ▁the ▁con current ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁and ▁Jug end st il ▁movements ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of |
▁Europe . ▁Most ▁famous ▁among ▁the ▁architect s ▁represented ▁there ▁is ▁Ant oni ▁G aud í , ▁whose ▁works ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁and ▁spread ▁in ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁Catal onia , ▁Le ón ▁and ▁Cant ab ria , ▁mixing ▁traditional ▁architect ural ▁styles ▁with ▁the ▁new , ▁were ▁a ▁pre cursor ▁to ▁modern ▁architecture . ▁Perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁example ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁is ▁the ▁still - unfinished ▁S agr ada ▁F am ília ▁bas il ica , ▁the ▁largest ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁E ix ample . ▁ ▁Other ▁notable ▁Catal an ▁architect s ▁of ▁that ▁period ▁include ▁L lu ís ▁Dom ène ch ▁i ▁Mont an er ▁and ▁Jose p ▁Pu ig ▁i ▁C ada f al ch , ▁although ▁their ▁approach ▁to ▁Modern isme ▁was ▁largely ▁more ▁linked ▁to ▁Ne o - G oth ic ▁shapes . ▁ ▁Modern ▁architecture ▁ ▁The ▁creation ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁of ▁the ▁G AT CP AC ▁group ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁G ATE P AC ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁by ▁architect s ▁mainly ▁from ▁Z ar ago za , ▁Madrid , ▁San ▁Sebast i án ▁and ▁Bil ba o , ▁established ▁two ▁groups ▁of ▁young ▁architect s ▁practicing ▁Modern ▁architecture ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Jose p ▁L lu is ▁S ert , ▁Fernando ▁Garc ía ▁Merc ad al , ▁Jose ▁María ▁de ▁A iz pur ú a ▁and ▁Jo aqu ín ▁Lab ay en ▁among ▁others ▁were ▁organ ised ▁in ▁three ▁regional ▁groups . ▁Other ▁architect s ▁explored |
▁the ▁Modern ▁style ▁with ▁their ▁personal ▁views : ▁Cast o ▁Fern ández ▁Shaw ▁with ▁his ▁vision ary ▁work , ▁most ▁of ▁it ▁on ▁paper , ▁Jose p ▁Ant oni ▁C oder ch , ▁with ▁his ▁integration ▁of ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁housing ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁style ▁concepts ▁or ▁Luis ▁G uti ér rez ▁S oto , ▁mostly ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁Expression ist ▁tend encies . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Barcelona ▁International ▁Ex position , ▁the ▁German ▁p av il ion ▁designed ▁by ▁Ludwig ▁M ies ▁van ▁der ▁Ro he ▁became ▁an ▁instant ▁icon , ▁am alg am ating ▁Ro he ' s ▁minimal ism ▁and ▁not ions ▁of ▁truth ▁to ▁materials ▁with ▁a ▁De ▁St ij l ▁influenced ▁treatment ▁of ▁planes ▁in ▁space . ▁The ▁large ▁over h anging ▁roof ▁fam ously ▁' ho vers ' ▁apparently ▁un supported . ▁ ▁During ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Spain ▁found ▁herself ▁both ▁polit ically ▁and ▁econom ically ▁isolated . ▁The ▁consequ ent ▁effect ▁of ▁which , ▁in ▁tand em ▁with ▁Franco ' s ▁preference ▁for ▁" a ▁dead ening , ▁national istic ▁sort ▁of ▁classical ▁k itsch ", ▁was ▁to ▁largely ▁suppress ▁progressive ▁modern ▁architecture ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Nevertheless , ▁some ▁architect s ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁reconc ile ▁advances ▁in ▁construction ▁with ▁official ▁approval , ▁notably ▁in ▁the ▁pro l ific ▁output ▁of ▁G uti ér rez ▁S oto ▁whose ▁interest ▁in ▁top ology ▁and ▁rational ▁distribution ▁of ▁space ▁effectively ▁altern ated ▁historical ▁rev ivals ▁and |
▁rational ist ▁imag ery ▁with ▁ease . ▁Luis ▁M oya ▁Bl anco ' s ▁achievements ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁with ▁brick ▁vault s ▁deserve ▁also ▁a ▁mention . ▁His ▁interest ▁in ▁traditional ▁brick ▁construction ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁a ▁deep ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁modern ▁formal ▁possibilities ▁of ▁that ▁material . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁decades ▁of ▁the ▁Franco ' s ▁life , ▁a ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁architect s ▁resc ued ▁the ▁legacy ▁of ▁the ▁G ATE P AC ▁with ▁strength : ▁Ale j andro ▁de ▁la ▁S ota ▁was ▁the ▁pione er ▁in ▁that ▁new ▁way , ▁and ▁young ▁architect s ▁as ▁Francisco ▁J avier ▁S á enz ▁de ▁O iza , ▁Fernando ▁Hig uer as ▁and ▁Miguel ▁F is ac , ▁often ▁with ▁modest ▁budget s , ▁investigated ▁in ▁pre fab ric ation ▁and ▁collective ▁housing ▁ty pos . ▁ ▁The ▁death ▁of ▁Franco ▁and ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁democracy ▁brought ▁a ▁new ▁architect ural ▁optim ism ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Crit ical ▁regional ism ▁became ▁the ▁dominant ▁school ▁of ▁thought ▁for ▁serious ▁architecture . ▁The ▁infl ux ▁of ▁money ▁from ▁EU ▁funding , ▁tour ism ▁and ▁a ▁flower ing ▁economy ▁strengthen ed ▁and ▁stabil ised ▁Spain ' s ▁economic ▁base , ▁providing ▁fert ile ▁conditions ▁for ▁Spanish ▁architecture . ▁A ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁architect s ▁emerged , ▁amongst ▁whom ▁were ▁En ric ▁Mir all es , ▁Car me ▁Pin ós , ▁and ▁the ▁architect / engine er ▁Santiago ▁Cal |
atr ava . ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Barcelona ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁World ' s ▁Fair ▁in ▁Sev ille , ▁further ▁bol st ered ▁Spain ' s ▁reputation ▁on ▁the ▁international ▁stage , ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁that ▁many ▁architect s ▁from ▁countries ▁suffering ▁from ▁rec essions , ▁moved ▁to ▁Spain ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁the ▁boom . ▁In ▁recognition ▁of ▁Barcelona ' s ▁patron age ▁of ▁architecture , ▁the ▁Royal ▁Institute ▁of ▁British ▁Architect s ▁awarded ▁the ▁Royal ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁to ▁Barcelona ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁its ▁history ▁the ▁award ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁a ▁city . ▁▁ ▁Bil ba o ▁attracted ▁the ▁Sol omon ▁R . ▁G ug gen heim ▁Foundation ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁new ▁art ▁museum , ▁which ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Des igned ▁by ▁Frank ▁Ge h ry ▁in ▁a ▁de construct iv ist ▁manner , ▁the ▁G ug gen heim ▁Museum ▁Bil ba o ▁became ▁world - f amous ▁and ▁single - hand edly ▁raised ▁the ▁profile ▁of ▁Bil ba o ▁on ▁the ▁world ▁stage . ▁Such ▁was ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁museum ▁that ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁icon ic ▁architecture ▁in ▁towns ▁asp iring ▁to ▁raise ▁their ▁international ▁profile ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁recognised ▁town ▁planning ▁strategy ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" B il ba o ▁effect ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Ast ur ias , ▁Fel ipe ▁de ▁Bor b ón ▁opened ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁de ▁T ener ife ▁( |
Can ary ▁Islands ), ▁the ▁modern ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁Aud itor io ▁de ▁T ener ife , ▁designed ▁by ▁Santiago ▁Cal atr ava ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 3 . ▁For ▁this ▁event ▁was ▁attended ▁by ▁various ▁correspond ents ▁and ▁newspapers ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁F amous ▁Spanish ▁architect s ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁Ant oni ▁G aud í ▁( 1 8 5 2 – 1 9 2 6 ) ▁L lu is ▁Dom ene ch ▁i ▁Mont an er ▁( 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 2 3 ) ▁Sec und ino ▁Zu az o ▁( 1 8 8 7 – 1 9 7 1 ) ▁Antonio ▁Pal ac ios ▁( 1 8 7 4 – 1 9 4 5 ) ▁Cast o ▁Fern ández - Sh aw ▁( 1 8 9 6 – 1 9 7 8 ) ▁Jose p ▁L lu is ▁S ert ▁( 1 9 0 2 – 1 9 8 3 ) ▁Jose p ▁Ant oni ▁C oder ch ▁( 1 9 1 3 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁Luis ▁G uti ér rez ▁S oto ▁( 1 8 9 0 – 1 9 7 7 ) ▁Ale j andro ▁de ▁la ▁S ota ▁( 1 9 1 3 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁Miguel ▁F is ac ▁( 1 9 1 3 – 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Francisco ▁J avier ▁S á enz ▁de ▁O iza ▁( 1 9 1 8 – |
2 0 0 0 ) ▁Jul io ▁Can o ▁L asso ▁( 1 9 2 0 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁Fernando ▁Hig uer as ▁( 1 9 2 9 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Raf ael ▁M one o ▁( 1 9 3 7 ), ▁P ritz ker ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Ric ardo ▁B of ill ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁Mar iano ▁Bay ón ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) ▁Alberto ▁Camp o ▁B ae za ▁( 1 9 4 6 ) ▁Santiago ▁Cal atr ava ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁Ad ol fo ▁Mor an ▁( 1 9 5 3 ) ▁En ric ▁Mir all es ▁( 1 9 5 5 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Mans illa + T u ñ ón ▁Ale j andro ▁Za era ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁exhibition ▁" On - Site : ▁New ▁architecture ▁in ▁Spain " ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Mo MA . ▁It ▁defined ▁Spain ▁as ▁a ▁country ▁that ▁has ▁lately ▁become ▁known ▁as ▁an ▁international ▁center ▁for ▁design ▁innovation ▁and ▁excell ence , ▁as ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁seven ▁P ritz ker ▁awarded ▁architect s ▁were ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁exhibition . ▁As ▁Ter ence ▁R iley , ▁then ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁Architect ural ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Mo MA , ▁said : ▁" There ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁' Span ish ' ▁architect ural ▁style . |
▁But ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁increasing ▁level ▁of ▁quality ▁and ▁beauty ▁within ▁the ▁new ▁projects , ▁probably ▁more ▁than ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁world ". ▁The ▁cur ator ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁in ▁Spain ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁construction ▁while ▁there ▁is ▁even ▁more ▁in ▁China . ▁" However , ▁while ▁in ▁China ▁you ▁can ▁find ▁hardly ▁any ▁interesting ▁proposal , ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁lot ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Their ▁variety ▁and ▁open - minded ▁lines ▁are ▁surprising ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Term inal ▁ 4 ▁of ▁Bar aj as ▁Airport ▁by ▁Richard ▁Rogers ▁and ▁Antonio ▁Lam ela ▁won ▁the ▁British ▁St irling ▁Prize . ▁In ▁Barcelona , ▁the ▁Tor re ▁Gl ò ries ▁by ▁French ▁architect ▁Jean ▁Nou vel ▁comb ines ▁different ▁architect ural ▁concepts , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁striking ▁structure ▁built ▁with ▁rein forced ▁concrete , ▁covered ▁with ▁a ▁faç ade ▁of ▁glass , ▁with ▁its ▁window ▁open ings ▁cut ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁structural ▁concrete . ▁The ▁Mar qu és ▁de ▁Ris cal ▁Hotel ▁in ▁El c iego , ▁designed ▁by ▁Frank ▁Ge h ry ▁using ▁methods ▁previously ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁G ug gen heim ▁Museum ▁Bil ba o , ▁is ▁completed . ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁four ▁sky sc rap ers ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁Madrid , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁tall est ▁is ▁ 2 5 0 ▁meters . ▁This ▁business ▁park ▁is ▁called ▁Cu atro ▁Tor res ▁Business ▁Area , ▁and ▁the ▁Tor re ▁de ▁Crist |
al , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁tall est ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁Spain , ▁is ▁designed ▁by ▁C és ar ▁P elli . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Spain ▁experienced ▁the ▁late - 2 0 0 0 s ▁rec ession ▁in ▁a ▁particularly ▁severe ▁way ▁and ▁especially ▁in ▁construction , ▁which ▁suffered ▁a ▁sharp ▁drop . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁architect ural ▁developments ▁were ▁cancelled ▁or ▁in def initely ▁delayed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁Oscar ▁N iem ey er ▁International ▁Cultural ▁Centre ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁Av il és , ▁Ast ur ias . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁architect ▁Oscar ▁N iem ey er ▁in ▁Spain . ▁It ▁has ▁five ▁elements : ▁an ▁open ▁square , ▁a ▁d ome , ▁a ▁tower , ▁an ▁aud itor ium ▁and ▁a ▁multi - pur pose ▁building . ▁ ▁Vern acular ▁architecture ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁clim atic ▁and ▁top ographic ▁differences ▁throughout ▁Spain , ▁the ▁ver n acular ▁architecture ▁shows ▁a ▁pl ent iful ▁variety . ▁Lim estone , ▁sl ate , ▁gran ite , ▁clay ▁( cook ed ▁or ▁not ), ▁wood , ▁and ▁grass ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁different ▁regions . ▁Str ucture ▁and ▁distribution ▁differ ▁depending ▁on ▁regional ▁ ▁customs . ▁Some ▁const ructions ▁are ▁houses ▁( like ▁al qu eria , ▁car men , ▁casa ▁mont añ esa , ▁cas er ío , ▁cort ijo , ▁p allo za , ▁p az o , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁pict ured |
▁ones : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Architect ure ▁of ▁Madrid ▁ ▁Architect ure ▁of ▁Cant ab ria ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁missing ▁land marks ▁in ▁Spain ▁ ▁Super ior ▁Technical ▁School ▁of ▁Architect ure ▁of ▁Madrid ▁ ▁Spanish ▁art ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁New ▁Architect ure ▁in ▁Spain ▁( PB ) ▁- ▁Ed ited ▁and ▁with ▁essay ▁by ▁Ter ence ▁R iley . ▁▁ ▁Car ver , ▁Norman ▁F . ▁Jr . ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁I ber ian ▁Vill ages ▁Portugal ▁& ▁Spain . ▁Document ▁Press ▁Ltd . ▁▁ ▁Ch ue ca ▁Go it ia , ▁Fernando : ▁Historia ▁de ▁la ▁arqu itect ura ▁españ ola , ▁two ▁volumes . ▁D ip ut ación ▁de ▁Á v ila , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁▁ ▁K ub ler , ▁George . ▁Building ▁the ▁Esc orial . ▁Pr inceton ▁N J ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁New comb , ▁R ex ford ▁( 1 9 3 7 ). ▁Spanish - Col onial ▁Architect ure ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁J . J . ▁August in , ▁New ▁York . ▁D over ▁Public ations ; ▁Rep r int ▁edition ▁( Apr il ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ). ▁▁ ▁Ros ent hal , ▁Earl . ▁The ▁Palace ▁of ▁Charles ▁V ▁in ▁Gran ada . ▁Pr inceton ▁N J ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁S oria , ▁Mart ín ▁and ▁George ▁K ub ler , ▁Art ▁and ▁Architect ure ▁in ▁Spain ▁and ▁Portugal ▁and ▁their ▁American |
▁Domin ions , ▁ 1 5 0 0 - 1 8 0 0 . ▁Harm ond sw orth ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Modern ▁Spain ▁Architect ure ▁G aud i ' s ▁Col onia ▁G ü ell ▁Church ▁Virtual ▁Visit <0x0A> </s> ▁Lav ale ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Lav ale , ▁P une ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra , ▁India ▁ ▁Lav ale ▁Thomas ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁American ▁football ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁Russ ▁Lav ale ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 4 ), ▁Australian ▁Olympic ▁table ▁tennis ▁player ▁ ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁V ale ▁F . C . <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁Harold ▁James ▁Hand ley ▁( 1 2 ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁– ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁w inger ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁Tot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur , ▁Sw anse a ▁Town ▁and ▁Th ames . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Hand ley ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ed mont on , ▁North ▁London ▁and , ▁as ▁a ▁young ster , ▁trained ▁with ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁their ▁back ▁garden . ▁After ▁trying ▁out ▁at ▁local ▁team , ▁Ed mont on ▁Jun iors , ▁Hand ley ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁other ▁minor ▁clubs ▁but ▁finally ▁after ▁en rolling ▁in ▁the ▁Sp urs ▁Youth , ▁Hand ley ▁was ▁called ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁current ▁manager ▁Peter ▁Mc Will iam . ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁- |
▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁Charlie ▁" T ich " ▁Hand ley ▁played ▁for ▁Tot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur ▁Football ▁Club . ▁He ▁scored ▁a ▁goal ▁almost ▁every ▁time ▁and ▁if ▁he ▁wasn ' t ▁scoring , ▁he ▁was ▁setting ▁them ▁up . ▁He ▁and ▁Jimmy ▁D imm ock ▁another ▁well ▁known ▁player ▁were ▁Tot ten ham ' s ▁best ▁stri kers ▁in ▁that ▁decade . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ed mont on , ▁London ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁outside ▁for wards ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : T ot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Sw anse a ▁City ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : S itting bourne ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : She ppe y ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Th ames ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : N or wich ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B SC ▁Young ▁Boys ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Hans - Jo ach im ▁T ied ge ▁( J une ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁in ▁Berlin ▁– ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁near ▁Moscow ) ▁was ▁a ▁head ▁of ▁West ▁Germany ' s ▁counter - int elligence ▁in ▁the ▁Office ▁for ▁the ▁Protection ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁( B f |
V ) ▁in ▁C olog ne . ▁He ▁was ▁revealed ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁East ▁German ▁spy ▁when ▁he ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁East ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁recru ited ▁by ▁Mark us ▁Wolf . ▁In ▁the ▁four ▁years ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁defe ction , ▁he ▁was ▁responsible ▁tor ▁tracking ▁down ▁East ▁German ▁sp ies , ▁but ▁with ▁little ▁success . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁period , ▁the ▁East ▁Germans ▁captured ▁ 1 6 8 ▁West ▁German ▁sp ies . ▁He ▁was ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁defect ed ▁for ▁personal ▁reasons , ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁not , ▁apparently , ▁been ▁discovered . ▁His ▁tre ach ery ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁most ▁dam aging ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁for ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany , ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁recall ▁of ▁numerous ▁West ▁German ▁agents ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁pl ung ing ▁the ▁West ▁German ▁counter esp ion age ▁service ▁into ▁ru ins . ▁ ▁Questions ▁were ▁raised ▁as ▁to ▁how ▁T ied ge ▁managed ▁to ▁hold ▁on ▁to ▁his ▁position ▁despite ▁serious ▁deb ts , ▁family ▁issues ▁and ▁a ▁drinking ▁problem . ▁It ▁was ▁suspected ▁that ▁his ▁superior , ▁Herbert ▁H ellen bro ich ▁may ▁have ▁assist ed ▁him ▁to ▁hold ▁his ▁position . ▁H ellen bro ich ▁resigned ▁within ▁weeks ▁of ▁the ▁defe ction . ▁ ▁After ▁German ▁reun ification ▁T ied ge ▁fled ▁to ▁Moscow ▁where ▁he ▁lived ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Hans ▁Ott ow itsch . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , |
▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁T ied ge ' s ▁defe ction ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁Phoenix ▁Force ▁novel ▁The ▁Do oms day ▁Sy nd rome ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : C old ▁War ▁B f V ▁ch iefs ▁Category : R ussian ▁and ▁Soviet - G erman ▁people ▁Category : West ▁German ▁defect ors ▁to ▁East ▁Germany ▁Category : West ▁German ▁sp ies ▁for ▁East ▁Germany ▁Category : G erman ▁defect ors ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : People ▁granted ▁political ▁as yl um ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union <0x0A> </s> ▁Viv ian ▁Tan ( D eder ko ) ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Chinese - born ▁Australian ▁table ▁tennis ▁compet itor . ▁She ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁for ▁Australia . ▁She ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁represent ▁Australia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁table ▁tennis . ▁ ▁Personal ▁Tan ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁in ▁Shanghai , ▁China ▁where ▁she ▁grew ▁up . ▁ ▁She ▁went ▁to ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁school ▁in ▁China . ▁She ▁moved ▁to ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁citizen ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁she ▁attended ▁Charles ▁St urt |
▁University , ▁where ▁she ▁earned ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁IT . ▁She ▁was ▁engaged ▁to ▁a ▁man ▁from ▁Poland ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁She ▁married ▁him ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁and ▁changed ▁surn ame ▁to ▁D eder ko . ▁, ▁she ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁North ▁Sydney ▁Le agues ▁Club , ▁and ▁she ▁lived ▁in ▁Kill ara , ▁as ▁Sydney ▁sub urb . ▁She ▁is ▁mother ▁of ▁Ol ivia . ▁ ▁Tan ▁is ▁▁ ▁tall ▁and ▁weigh s ▁. ▁ ▁Business ▁Viv ian ▁continues ▁to ▁train ▁amateur ▁table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁Will ough by ▁S qu ash ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁ ▁Comb ining ▁her ▁interest ▁in ▁health ▁and ▁children , ▁Viv ian ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁high ▁quality ▁health ▁products . ▁B ella V ita ▁baby ▁formula ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁health ▁products ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁Viv ian . ▁ ▁Table ▁tennis ▁Tan ▁is ▁a ▁table ▁tennis ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁and ▁is ▁based ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Will ough by ▁S qu ash ▁Centre . ▁ ▁She ▁sp ends ▁up ▁to ▁eight ▁hours ▁a ▁week ▁training . ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁she ▁was ▁co ached ▁by ▁Paul ▁Z ha o . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁table ▁tennis ▁scholarship ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Institute ▁of ▁Sport . ▁ ▁Tan ▁started ▁playing ▁table ▁tennis ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁six ▁years ▁old ▁after ▁her ▁mother ▁suggested ▁it . ▁She ▁retired ▁from ▁table ▁tennis ▁in |
▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁She ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁sport ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁World ▁Team ▁Cup ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁Tan ▁represented ▁Australia ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁team . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁she ▁was ▁ranked ▁fourth ▁in ▁Australia . ▁She ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Russian ▁hosted ▁World ▁Team ▁Table ▁T ennis ▁Championships . ▁She ▁represented ▁Australia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁in ▁table ▁tennis . ▁She ▁finished ▁ 3 rd ▁in ▁the ▁singles ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁O ce ania ▁Cup ▁in ▁Ad ela ide , ▁Australia . ▁She ▁finished ▁ 2 nd ▁in ▁the ▁singles ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Australian ▁Olympic ▁Qual ification ▁Tour nament ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia . ▁She ▁finished ▁ 4 th ▁in ▁the ▁singles ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁O ce ania ▁Qual ification ▁Tour nament ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia . ▁She ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁represent ▁Australia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁table ▁tennis ▁in ▁the ▁team ▁event . ▁ ▁The ▁Australian ▁team ▁had ▁a ▁training ▁camp ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁played ▁a ▁test ▁match ▁against ▁England ▁in ▁the ▁month ▁before ▁the ▁Games . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Viv ian ▁D eder ko , ▁who ▁missed ▁most ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁after ▁having ▁a ▁baby , ▁and ▁fell ▁short ▁in ▁her ▁bid |
▁to ▁qualify ▁for ▁Rio ▁Olympic ▁Games , ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁IT TF ▁O ce ania ▁Cup ▁singles ▁title ▁in ▁Melbourne . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S port sw omen ▁from ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁table ▁tennis ▁players ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁competitors ▁for ▁Australia ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁from ▁Shanghai ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sydney ▁Category : Ch inese ▁female ▁table ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : N at ural ised ▁table ▁tennis ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Out ot ec ▁O y j ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁listed ▁technology ▁company ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁project ▁company , ▁selling ▁complex ▁mining ▁technology ▁and ▁plant ▁projects ▁that ▁it ▁first ▁designs ▁and ▁then ▁execut es ▁itself ▁or ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁its ▁partners . ▁The ▁company ▁purchases ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁its ▁products ▁from ▁sub contract ed ▁manufacturers , ▁making ▁only ▁the ▁key ▁components ▁itself . ▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁is ▁carried ▁out ▁at ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁workshop ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Out ok ump u , ▁which ▁makes ▁equipment , ▁and ▁at ▁L appe en rant a ▁plant , ▁where ▁industrial ▁filters ▁are ▁manufactured . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁del ivers ▁its ▁technologies ▁and ▁processes ▁for ▁metall ur gy ▁and ▁mineral ▁processing . |
▁Out ot ec ' s ▁technologies ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁applications ▁such ▁as ▁producing ▁base ▁met als , ▁processing ▁iron ▁ore , ▁fer ro allo ys , ▁and ▁raw ▁materials ▁containing ▁tit an ium , ▁producing ▁sul fur ic ▁acid , ▁producing ▁alumin ium ▁ox ide ▁and ▁light ▁met als , ▁processing ▁exhaust ▁g ases , ▁c oking , ▁producing ▁bio energy , ▁ref ining ▁oil ▁sh ale ▁and ▁oil ▁s ands , ▁and ▁treating ▁industrial ▁waste water . ▁Process es ▁developed ▁by ▁Out ot ec ▁enable ▁alumin ifer ous ▁clay , ▁paper ▁sl udge , ▁and ▁sl ag ▁he aps ▁created ▁during ▁the ▁process ▁to ▁be ▁converted ▁into ▁raw ▁materials ▁for ▁synthetic ▁sap ph ire , ▁bi ore fin eries , ▁or ▁copper . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁environment ▁and ▁energy ▁business ▁has ▁grown ▁alongside ▁its ▁traditional ▁ore ▁and ▁metal ▁technology . ▁M ines ▁and ▁ref iner ies ▁consume ▁enormous ▁quantities ▁of ▁water ▁and ▁energy , ▁but ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁applications ▁enable ▁a ▁significant ▁reduction ▁in ▁consumption . ▁Out ot ec ▁has ▁been ▁ranked ▁among ▁the ▁world ' s ▁ 1 0 ▁most ▁responsible ▁companies ▁by ▁Corpor ate ▁Kn ights ' ▁year ly ▁listing ▁several ▁times , ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁created ▁when ▁Out ok ump u ▁O y j ▁spun ▁off ▁its ▁technology ▁business ▁into ▁a ▁separate ▁entity ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Met |
so ▁and ▁Out ot ec ▁are ▁planning ▁to ▁combine ▁Met so ' s ▁Min er als ▁business ▁unit ▁with ▁Out ot ec . ▁The ▁new ▁company ▁will ▁be ▁called ▁Met so ▁Out ot ec . ▁ ▁Organization ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁operations ▁consisted ▁of ▁two ▁parts ▁of ▁almost ▁equal ▁size , ▁one ▁focusing ▁on ▁mining ▁technology ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁focusing ▁on ▁technologies ▁for ▁ref ining ▁met als . ▁The ▁company ' s ▁third ▁pill ar ▁was ▁its ▁environment ▁and ▁energy ▁business , ▁which ▁expanded ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁acquisition ▁of ▁Energy ▁Products ▁of ▁Id aho . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁a ▁considerable ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁design ▁work ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Finland . ▁The ▁head qu arter ▁is ▁in ▁Esp oo , ▁Finland , ▁employed ▁ 8 0 0 ▁personnel , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁large ▁design ▁unit ▁in ▁Germany . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Out ot ec ▁had ▁sales ▁and ▁service ▁centers ▁in ▁ 3 6 ▁countries ▁on ▁six ▁contin ents ▁and ▁three ▁business ▁units . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁competitive ▁position ▁varies ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁technology , ▁but ▁its ▁compet it iveness ▁is ▁strong ▁in ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁flash ▁sm el ting , ▁fl ot ation ▁cells ▁for ▁concentr ating ▁plants , ▁and ▁grinding ▁mill s . ▁A ▁further ▁area ▁of ▁strength ▁is ▁copper ▁mines , ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁company ▁can ▁supply ▁all ▁of ▁the |
▁main ▁equipment . ▁ ▁Met als , ▁energy ▁and ▁water ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁base ▁met als ▁business ▁generated ▁ 8 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁net ▁sales , ▁and ▁energy , ▁light ▁metal , ▁and ▁environmental ▁solutions ▁brought ▁in ▁almost ▁half ▁a ▁billion ▁e uros ▁of ▁revenue . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁approximately ▁ 7 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁net ▁sales ▁consisted ▁of ▁metal ▁technologies ▁( cop per : ▁ 3 0 %, ▁precious ▁met als : ▁ 2 1 %, ▁alumin um : ▁ 9 %, ▁iron : ▁ 6 %, ▁nick el : ▁ 4 %, ▁z inc : ▁ 4 % ▁and ▁fer ro allo ys : ▁ 3 % ), ▁and ▁technologies ▁related ▁to ▁energy ▁generation ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁net ▁sales . ▁Other ▁areas ▁generated ▁ 1 2 ▁percent ▁of ▁net ▁sales . ▁ ▁Min er als ▁processing ▁The ▁business ▁area ▁focuses ▁on ▁miner als ▁processing ▁for ▁the ▁mining ▁industry , ▁conducting ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁works ▁such ▁as ▁pre liminary ▁suit ability ▁studies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁implementing ▁entire ▁production ▁plants ▁and ▁supporting ▁them ▁throughout ▁the ▁various ▁phases ▁in ▁their ▁lif ec y cles . ▁ ▁Services ▁The ▁Services ▁unit ' s ▁business ▁ranges ▁from ▁individual ▁deliver ies ▁of ▁spare ▁parts ▁to ▁extensive , ▁long - term ▁operation ▁and ▁maintenance ▁agreements . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Out ok ump u , ▁ 1 9 4 0 – 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁In |
▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁state ' s ▁copper ▁company , ▁Out ok ump u , ▁had ▁a ▁problem : ▁it ▁needed ▁electricity ▁to ▁ref ine ▁metal , ▁but ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁electricity ▁in ▁Finland . ▁A ▁solution ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁proposal ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁copper ▁without ▁using ▁external ▁energy . ▁The ▁flash ▁sm el ting ▁method ▁uses ▁the ▁sul fur ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁ore . ▁The ▁invention ▁marked ▁the ▁first ▁chapter ▁in ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁story . ▁On ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁flash ▁sm el ting , ▁Out ok ump u , ▁a ▁state - owned ▁enterprise , ▁established ▁a ▁technology ▁unit , ▁which ▁later ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁Out ok ump u ▁Technology . ▁Japanese ▁and ▁Indian ▁businesses ▁that ▁had ▁taken ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁invention ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁became ▁customers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁Now adays , ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁copper ▁is ▁manufactured ▁using ▁flash ▁sm el ting ▁technology . ▁ ▁The ▁invention ▁brought ▁Out ok ump u ▁international ▁success ▁in ▁copper , ▁nick el , ▁c obal t , ▁z inc , ▁steel , ▁and ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁technologies , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁began ▁establishing ▁sales ▁offices ▁in ▁Canada , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Mexico , ▁Brazil , ▁Chile , ▁and ▁Peru . ▁Out ok ump u ▁expanded ▁its ▁technology ▁expertise ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁mer gers , ▁acqu iring ▁alumin |
um ▁expertise ▁in ▁Canada ▁and ▁Germany ▁and ▁process ▁technology ▁for ▁gas ▁processing ▁and ▁precious ▁met als ▁in ▁Sweden . ▁An ▁important ▁acquisition ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁when ▁L urg i ▁Met all urg ie , ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 - year - old ▁German ▁company , ▁was ▁purchased , ▁bringing ▁expertise ▁in ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁production ▁technology . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁President ▁and ▁CEO ▁Per tti ▁Kor hon en ' s ▁assessment ▁was ▁that ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁success ▁was ▁as ▁much ▁due ▁to ▁L urg i ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁to ▁Out ok ump u ' s ▁technology ▁unit . ▁ ▁The ▁birth ▁of ▁Out ot ec , ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 0 7 ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Out ok ump u ▁O y j ▁spun ▁off ▁its ▁technology ▁division ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁company ▁named ▁Out ok ump u ▁Technology ▁O y j , ▁and ▁it ▁sold ▁ 8 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁stock ▁to ▁external ▁investors ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁H els ink i ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Out ot ec ▁O y j ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Out ok ump u ▁received ▁E UR ▁ 3 6 0 ▁million ▁for ▁its ▁technology ▁unit ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁listing . ▁ ▁Out ot |
ec , ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 9 ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁market ▁capital ization ▁rose ▁to ▁almost ▁E UR ▁ 2 . 5 ▁billion , ▁and ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁company ' s ▁net ▁sales ▁more ▁than ▁dou bled ▁from ▁E UR ▁ 0 . 5 ▁billion ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁E UR ▁ 1 . 2 ▁billion . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁capital ▁invested ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁returned ▁an ▁incredible ▁ 6 7 ▁percent . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁sur pass ed ▁Out ok ump u ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁market ▁capital ization . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁Chen a , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁it ▁acquired ▁Aub urn ▁Group . ▁ ▁Out ot ec , ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 2 0 1 5 ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Per tti ▁Kor hon en ▁became ▁the ▁company ' s ▁president ▁and ▁CEO ▁when ▁his ▁predecess or , ▁T apan i ▁J är vin en , ▁retired . ▁Several ▁companies ▁were ▁acquired ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year : ▁Lar ox , ▁Mill team , ▁Aus m elt , ▁and ▁Ed m eston , ▁and ▁Out ot ec ▁decided ▁to ▁special ize ▁in ▁developing ▁technology ▁for ▁renew able ▁energy ▁and ▁water ▁treatment ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁technology ▁for ▁ref ining ▁miner als ▁and |
▁met als . ▁ ▁The ▁corporate ▁acquis itions ▁continued ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁with ▁the ▁purchases ▁of ▁Kil n ▁Services ▁Australia , ▁Energy ▁Products ▁of ▁Id aho , ▁V PF , ▁and ▁A SH ▁DE C ▁Um w elt . ▁Num core , ▁Dem il ▁Man uten ção ▁Industrial , ▁T ME ▁Group , ▁and ▁Back fill ▁Special ists ▁were ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁order ▁book ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁with ▁new ▁opportunities ▁for ▁growth . ▁The ▁company ▁achieved ▁growth ▁in ▁metal ▁technology ▁and ▁in ▁its ▁role ▁as ▁a ▁supplier ▁of ▁solutions ▁for ▁the ▁environment , ▁water , ▁and ▁energy . ▁It ▁recorded ▁more ▁than ▁E UR ▁ 2 ▁billion ▁in ▁net ▁sales , ▁with ▁orders ▁ 4 ▁percent ▁higher ▁than ▁in ▁the ▁preced ing ▁year . ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁Energy ▁Products ▁of ▁Id aho , ▁a ▁US - based ▁company ▁that ▁generates ▁energy ▁from ▁waste ▁and ▁bi om ass ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Japan . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁company ▁also ▁made ▁a ▁strateg ically ▁important ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Z ür ich ▁for ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁construction ▁of ▁Switzerland ' s ▁largest ▁and ▁most ▁modern ▁inc iner ation ▁plant ▁for ▁se w age ▁sl udge . ▁The ▁agreement ▁was ▁worth ▁E UR ▁ 5 0 ▁million , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁boost ▁the ▁company ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁win ▁similar ▁tend ers ▁elsewhere . ▁The ▁plant ▁burn s ▁se |
w age ▁sl udge ▁to ▁generate ▁energy ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁electricity ▁and ▁heat . ▁The ▁process ▁creates ▁ash , ▁from ▁which ▁ph osph orus ▁can ▁be ▁recovered ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁fert il izer . ▁The ▁W erd h öl z l ▁inc iner ation ▁plant ▁handles ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁se w age ▁sl udge ▁per ▁year , ▁generating ▁ 8 7 5 k W ▁of ▁electricity ▁and ▁ 4 , 4 5 0 k W ▁of ▁heat . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁company ' s ▁net ▁profit ▁increased ▁from ▁E UR ▁ 4 5 ▁million ▁to ▁E UR ▁ 1 1 5 ▁million . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁ranked ▁ 3 4 ▁on ▁the ▁Tal ousel äm ä ▁magazine ' s ▁list ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁Finland ' s ▁r iche st ▁companies , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁considered ▁an ▁outstanding ▁Finn ish ▁success ▁story . ▁The ▁main ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁success ▁was ▁its ▁investment ▁in ▁emerging ▁markets : ▁two ▁third s ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁net ▁sales ▁were ▁generated ▁in ▁Asia , ▁Latin ▁America , ▁Africa , ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Europe . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁Australian ▁software ▁technology ▁company ▁Sc analy se , ▁and ▁launched ▁an ▁Em ployee ▁Share ▁Sav ings ▁Plan . ▁Every ▁month , ▁employees ▁were ▁given ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁spending ▁ |
2 – 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁their ▁gross ▁salary ▁on ▁buying ▁the ▁company ' s ▁shares . ▁Em ploy ees ▁who ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁share ▁purchase ▁plan ▁are ▁entitled ▁to ▁sub scribe ▁to ▁one ▁extra ▁share ▁at ▁the ▁company ' s ▁expense ▁for ▁every ▁two ▁shares ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁held ▁for ▁three ▁years . ▁The ▁aim ▁of ▁the ▁plan ▁is ▁to ▁allow ▁every ▁member ▁of ▁personnel ▁to ▁benefit ▁from ▁the ▁company ' s ▁success . ▁Appro xim ately ▁one ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁employees ▁in ▁ 2 2 ▁different ▁countries ▁signed ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁plan , ▁and ▁it ▁received ▁an ▁award ▁from ▁the ▁Global ▁Equ ity ▁Organization . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁concluded ▁cod et erm ination ▁negotiations , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁personnel ▁decre asing ▁by ▁ 1 0 1 . ▁Appro xim ately ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁reduction ▁took ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁redu nd ancies ▁at ▁the ▁sites ▁in ▁Esp oo , ▁P ori , ▁L appe en rant a , ▁and ▁Tur ku ▁in ▁Finland , ▁while ▁the ▁remainder ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁retire ments ▁and ▁the ▁exp ir y ▁of ▁fixed - term ▁employment ▁contracts . ▁The ▁cod et erm ination ▁negotiations ▁took ▁place ▁against ▁a ▁background ▁of ▁slower ▁investment ▁in ▁the ▁mining ▁industry ▁and ▁cost - cut ting . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁Republic ▁Altern ative ▁Techn ologies ▁Inc , ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁US - based ▁company ▁that ▁designed ▁and |
▁manufactured ▁stack ed ▁tit an ium ▁an odes ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁metal ▁production . ▁The ▁company ▁employed ▁ 1 8 ▁personnel ▁and ▁it ▁recorded ▁net ▁sales ▁of ▁approximately ▁E UR ▁ 9 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁the ▁summer , ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁the ▁business ▁operations ▁and ▁intellectual ▁property ▁of ▁Kal oge o ▁An lagen bau , ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁company ▁that ▁was ▁in ▁liquid ation , ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁expanding ▁the ▁business ▁and ▁increasing ▁its ▁annual ▁net ▁sales ▁to ▁E UR ▁ 1 5 – 2 0 ▁million ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁on wards . ▁Kal oge o ▁made ▁products ▁related ▁to ▁treating ▁bi om ass , ▁sl udge , ▁and ▁waste water . ▁It ▁also ▁designed , ▁constructed , ▁and ▁operated ▁several ▁sl udge ▁inc iner ation ▁plants ▁based ▁on ▁fluid ized ▁bed ▁technology . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Out ot ec ▁completed ▁four ▁acquis itions : ▁K em pe ▁Engineering , ▁Bi omin , ▁K ov it ▁Engineering , ▁and ▁S inter ▁Plant ▁Services . ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁K em pe ▁Engineering ' s ▁alumin um ▁technologies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁its ▁service ▁and ▁spare ▁parts ▁businesses ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁and ▁Africa . ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁shares ▁in ▁Bi omin ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁took ▁a ▁stake ▁in ▁Bi omin ▁Techn ologies , ▁based ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Out ot ec ▁took ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁intellectual ▁property ▁and ▁marketing ▁rights |
▁to ▁the ▁B IO X ▁bio - ox id ation ▁technology . ▁B IO X ▁is ▁a ▁biological ▁method ▁for ▁diss olving ▁ref ract ory ▁gold ▁o res . ▁Canadian ▁company ▁K ov it ▁Engineering ▁Limited ▁specialized ▁in ▁solutions ▁for ▁treating ▁the ▁tail ings ▁from ▁ore ▁en rich ment . ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁S inter ▁Plant ▁Services ▁to ▁complement ▁its ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁fer ro chrome ▁producers ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁Out ot ec ▁also ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁initi ating ▁a ▁savings ▁program ▁worth ▁E UR ▁ 7 0 ▁million ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁we aker ▁market ▁environment ▁in ▁the ▁mining ▁and ▁metal ▁industry ▁over ▁the ▁preced ing ▁years . ▁Min ing ▁markets ▁began ▁to ▁show ▁signs ▁of ▁recovery ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁ 2 0 1 6 - ▁In ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁President ▁and ▁CEO ▁Per tti ▁Kor hon en ▁was ▁dismissed ▁and ▁Mark ku ▁Ter äs vas ara ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁replace ▁him ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁his ▁appointment , ▁Ter äs vas ara ▁had ▁served ▁as ▁Director ▁at ▁Atl as ▁Cop co . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Ter äs vas ara ▁commented ▁that ▁the ▁company ▁should ▁not ▁“ sp iral ▁into ▁cost - cut ting ▁and ▁cycles ▁of ▁redu nd ancies . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁deals ▁to ▁be ▁done : ▁mines ▁and ▁ref iner ies ▁are ▁not ▁closing ▁down , ▁and ▁some ▁customers ▁make |
▁small , ▁essential ▁investments , ▁even ▁in ▁bad ▁times . ▁And ▁naturally , ▁there ▁is ▁plenty ▁of ▁maintenance .” ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁changes ▁that ▁Ter äs vas ara ▁inst ig ated ▁was ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁Services ▁business ▁into ▁a ▁separate ▁unit . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Met so ▁and ▁Out ot ec ▁are ▁planning ▁to ▁combine ▁Met so ' s ▁Min er als ▁business ▁unit ▁with ▁Out ot ec . ▁The ▁new ▁company ' s ▁headquarters ▁will ▁be ▁in ▁Finland ▁and ▁it ▁will ▁maintain ▁its ▁listing ▁on ▁Nas da q ▁H els ink i . ▁Before ▁the ▁transaction ▁can ▁be ▁completed , ▁the ▁approval ▁is ▁needed ▁by ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁two - third s ▁of ▁votes ▁cast ▁and ▁shares ▁represented ▁at ▁the ▁respective ▁E G Ms ▁of ▁Met so ▁and ▁Out ot ec , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁regulatory ▁appro vals . ▁ ▁Custom ers ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 4 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁sales ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁E ME A ▁area , ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁EU , ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Independent ▁States , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁and ▁Africa . ▁Africa ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁clear ▁growth ▁area ▁for ▁the ▁company , ▁as ▁are ▁India ▁and ▁China , ▁where ▁environmental ▁legislation ▁is ▁becoming ▁more ▁string ent . ▁Examples ▁of ▁str ic ter ▁legislation ▁include ▁Z ür ich , ▁where ▁the ▁city ▁council ▁has ▁purchased ▁a ▁modern ▁se w age ▁sl udge ▁inc iner ation ▁plant ▁from ▁Out ot |
ec , ▁and ▁Turkey , ▁where ▁Out ot ec ▁technology ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁generate ▁energy ▁from ▁chemical ▁wood ▁pul p ▁waste . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁designed ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁factory ▁complex ▁for ▁manufacturing ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁in ▁Saudi ▁Arabia , ▁a ▁contract ▁worth ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁US $ 2 4 0 ▁million , ▁with ▁technology ▁accounting ▁for ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁contract ▁value . ▁The ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁factory ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁make ▁fert il izers . ▁The ▁company ' s ▁largest ▁ever ▁deal ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁with ▁a ▁company ▁named ▁Crist al ▁Global : ▁an ▁il men ite ▁sm el ter ▁worth ▁E UR ▁ 3 5 0 ▁million ▁was ▁purchased ▁for ▁construction ▁in ▁Saudi ▁Arabia . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁made ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁Russian ▁Cop per ▁Company ▁on ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁realization ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁copper ▁concentr ating ▁plant ▁in ▁Che ly ab ins k , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁order ▁was ▁worth ▁more ▁than ▁E UR ▁ 5 0 ▁million , ▁and ▁the ▁deal ▁included ▁fl ot ation ▁cells , ▁thick en ers , ▁analy z ers , ▁and ▁autom ation . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Out ot ec ▁received ▁an ▁order ▁worth ▁E UR ▁ 5 0 ▁million ▁from ▁Al um ina ▁do ▁N orte ▁do ▁Brasil ▁( known ▁as ▁Al un orte ). ▁Major ity - owned ▁by ▁Norweg ian ▁alumin um |
▁producer ▁N ors k ▁H ydro ▁A SA , ▁Al un orte ' s ▁al um ina ▁ref inery ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁A ▁new ▁fil tr ation ▁plant ▁was ▁ordered ▁for ▁the ▁ref inery , ▁located ▁in ▁Bar care na ▁in ▁Northern ▁Brazil , ▁to ▁enable ▁dry ▁storage ▁of ▁ca ust ic ▁resid ue . ▁The ▁plant ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁be ▁started ▁up ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁also ▁gains ▁customers ▁through ▁urgent ▁necessity . ▁The ▁air ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁city ▁of ▁T sum eb ▁in ▁Nam ib ia ▁was ▁difficult ▁to ▁breathe , ▁due ▁to ▁decades ▁of ▁sul fur ▁gas ▁emissions ▁from ▁the ▁copper ▁sm el ter . ▁When ▁the ▁sm el ter ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁owner , ▁Canadian ▁mining ▁company ▁D und ee ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁rein ▁in ▁emissions ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁retain ▁its ▁operating ▁permit . ▁D und ee ▁ordered ▁a ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁plant ▁from ▁Out ot ec ▁at ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁E UR ▁ 1 3 0 ▁million ▁to ▁process ▁the ▁g ases ▁produced ▁during ▁copper ▁sm el ting . ▁Me asure ments ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁plant ▁has ▁reduced ▁sul fur ▁gas ▁emissions ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 8 0 ▁percent . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Out ot ec ▁took ▁its ▁largest ▁order ▁for ▁two ▁years . ▁B ahr ain i ▁company ▁Al umin ium ▁B ahr ain ▁ordered ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁delivery ▁of ▁an ▁an ode |
▁ro dd ing ▁shop ▁facility ▁for ▁its ▁alumin um ▁sm el ter ▁expansion . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁ro dd ing ▁shop , ▁the ▁transaction ▁included ▁a ▁solution ▁for ▁recover ing ▁and ▁processing ▁used ▁an odes , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁process ▁equipment ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁company ' s ▁product ▁development . ▁ ▁Part ners ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Out ot ec ▁and ▁K em ira ▁reached ▁an ▁agreement ▁on ▁strategic ▁collaboration ▁to ▁utilize ▁the ▁research ▁programs ▁of ▁the ▁Center ▁of ▁Water ▁Eff iciency ▁Excell ence , ▁joint ly ▁established ▁by ▁K em ira ▁and ▁the ▁V TT ▁Technical ▁Research ▁Centre ▁of ▁Finland . ▁Out ot ec ▁under to ok ▁this ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁expanding ▁its ▁offering ▁to ▁new ▁applications ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁industrial ▁waste water ▁treatment . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Out ot ec ▁made ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁Swedish ▁company ▁Sand vik ▁Min ing ▁on ▁collaboration ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁mineral ▁comm in ution . ▁The ▁collaboration ▁enables ▁Out ot ec ▁to ▁offer ▁its ▁customers ▁entire ▁ref inery ▁plants , ▁including ▁crushing , ▁grinding , ▁benef ici ation , ▁testing , ▁design , ▁basic ▁design , ▁and ▁process ▁guarante es . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁and ▁Global ▁Oil ▁Sh ale ▁Group ▁reached ▁an ▁agreement ▁on ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁concentration ▁process ▁for ▁ker ogen , ▁due ▁to ▁enter ▁commercial ▁use ▁with ▁initial ▁development ▁at ▁G OS ' ▁oil ▁sh ale ▁depos its ▁located ▁in ▁Queensland |
, ▁Australia . ▁The ▁project ▁corresponds ▁to ▁ 2 . 1 8 ▁billion ▁barrel s ▁of ▁oil . ▁The ▁companies ▁will ▁subsequently ▁investigate ▁depos its ▁in ▁North ▁Africa ▁and ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Out ot ec ▁and ▁New cre st ▁Min ing ▁formed ▁a ▁technology ▁development ▁partnership . ▁New cre st ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁world ' s ▁leading ▁producers ▁of ▁gold ▁and ▁silver . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Out ot ec ▁made ▁a ▁collaboration ▁agreement ▁with ▁Th ermo - System ▁G mb H , ▁based ▁in ▁Germany , ▁to ▁market ▁the ▁company ' s ▁low - energy ▁d rying ▁solutions . ▁ ▁Pat ents ▁and ▁invent ions ▁Out ot ec ▁invest s ▁approximately ▁five ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁net ▁sales ▁into ▁research ▁and ▁development . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁total ▁investment ▁was ▁E UR ▁ 5 5 ▁million . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Out ot ec ▁had ▁ 7 8 6 ▁patent ▁families , ▁en compass ing ▁ 6 , 7 7 2 ▁national ▁pat ents ▁or ▁patent ▁applications . ▁Out ot ec ▁has ▁two ▁research ▁centers . ▁The ▁center ▁in ▁Frankfurt ▁re se ar ches ▁technologies ▁related ▁to ▁ref ining ▁iron ▁ore ▁and ▁alumin um ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁fluid ized ▁bed ▁technology , ▁while ▁the ▁center ▁in ▁P ori ▁re se ar ches ▁base ▁met als . ▁The ▁centers ▁study ▁materials ▁such ▁as ▁ore ▁samples ▁submitted ▁by ▁customers . |
▁On ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁analysis , ▁a ▁process ▁solution ▁can ▁be ▁proposed ▁to ▁enable ▁the ▁ore ▁to ▁be ▁explo ited ▁more ▁efficiently . ▁Sam ples ▁have ▁already ▁been ▁collected ▁from ▁almost ▁every ▁mine ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁company ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁laboratory ▁in ▁L appe en rant a ▁focusing ▁on ▁water ▁extr action . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁invented ▁the ▁fluid ized ▁bed ▁technology . ▁It ▁strengthen ed ▁its ▁expertise ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁by ▁acqu iring ▁German ▁company ▁L urg i ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s . ▁Out ot ec ▁uses ▁the ▁technology ▁in ▁metall ur gy ▁processes ▁and ▁for ▁renew able ▁and ▁alternative ▁energy . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁set ▁a ▁record ▁for ▁patent ▁applications ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁when ▁it ▁applied ▁for ▁ 7 0 ▁new ▁pat ents ▁and ▁was ▁granted ▁ 2 8 6 ▁national ▁pat ents , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁fourth - larg est ▁company ▁in ▁Finland ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁patent ▁applications . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁submitted ▁ 6 8 ▁patent ▁applications ▁– ▁more ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁company ▁in ▁Finland . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁su ed ▁Out ok ump u ▁over ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁an ▁invention ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁fer ro chrome ▁manufacturing ▁method . ▁An ▁ar bit ral ▁award ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁jud ging ▁that ▁both ▁companies ▁hold ▁joint ▁title ▁over ▁the ▁method . ▁ |
▁Awards ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 1 0 th ▁on ▁the ▁annual ▁Global ▁ 1 0 0 ▁list , ▁which ▁rates ▁the ▁world ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁most ▁responsible ▁companies . ▁Out ot ec ▁was ▁also ▁ranked ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁list ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( rank ▁ 3 ), ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( rank ▁ 3 ), ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( rank ▁ 5 ). ▁▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁prest igious ▁Dow ▁Jones ▁S ustain ability ▁Europe ▁Index ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 4 . ▁Out ot ec ▁was ▁also ▁included ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁Esp oo ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁H els ink i ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁Category : Engine ering ▁companies ▁of ▁Finland <0x0A> </s> ▁Wa q ull ani ▁( A ym ara ▁wa q ull a ▁pitch er , ▁jug , ▁- ni ▁a ▁suffix ▁to ▁indicate ▁ownership , ▁" the ▁one ▁with ▁a ▁jug ", ▁His panic ized ▁sp elling ▁Hu ac ull ani ) ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁And es ▁of ▁Peru , ▁about ▁ ▁high . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁A requ ipa ▁Region , ▁A requ ipa ▁Province , ▁Y ura ▁District |
, ▁at ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁the ▁C ay ll oma ▁Province , ▁Yan que ▁District . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Peru ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁A requ ipa ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁is ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁corporation ▁incorporated ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁by ▁Mil ton ▁S . ▁H ers he y , ▁Harry ▁Leb k icher ▁and ▁John ▁E . ▁S ny der . ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁majority ▁owner ▁of ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁Company ▁and ▁sole ▁private ▁owner ▁of ▁H ers he y ▁Entertainment ▁and ▁Res orts ▁Company ▁and ▁administr ator ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁student ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School . ▁It ▁man ages ▁the ▁$ 1 3 . 7 5 1 ▁billion ▁USD ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁end ow ment ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School ▁and ▁School ▁Trust . ▁ ▁History ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Department ▁of ▁State ▁issued ▁a ▁char ter ▁creating ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁when ▁H ers he y ▁founded ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School , ▁H ers he y ▁appointed ▁the ▁Trust ▁as ▁administr ator ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁trust . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 |
1 1 , ▁Robert ▁Re ese ▁( grand son ▁of ▁H . ▁B . ▁Re ese ▁the ▁invent or ▁of ▁Re ese ' s ▁Pe an ut ▁Butter ▁Cup s ), ▁a ▁former ▁board ▁member ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Trust , ▁filed ▁a ▁lawsuit ▁against ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁alleg ing ▁that ▁Trust ▁had ▁been ▁impro per ly ▁using ▁the ▁Trust ' s ▁money . ▁One ▁particular ▁issue ▁was ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁the ▁W ren ▁Dale ▁Golf ▁Course , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁over paid ▁for ▁the ▁property , ▁to ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁board ▁members ▁who ▁were ▁both ▁owners ▁of ▁the ▁W ren ▁Dale ▁Golf ▁Course ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁board . ▁Re ese ▁withd rew ▁the ▁lawsuit ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁due ▁to ▁deter ior ating ▁health . ▁Re ese ▁suggested ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Attorney ▁General ▁had ▁enough ▁cause ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Kath leen ▁K ane , ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Attorney ▁General , ▁announced ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁a ▁two - year ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁operations ▁of ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁Attorney ▁General ▁and ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁agreed ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁finding ▁of ▁no ▁wrong do ing , ▁but ▁reform s ▁were ▁required ▁of ▁the ▁trust ▁company . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁developments ▁In ▁May , ▁ 2 0 1 6 |
, ▁the ▁state ▁attorney ▁general ▁asked ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁remove ▁three ▁members ▁from ▁the ▁ten - person ▁board . ▁The ▁attorney ▁general ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁three ▁had ▁allowed ▁" app arent ▁viol ations " ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁agreement . ▁At ▁about ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁in ▁an ▁un related ▁investigation , ▁John ▁Est ey , ▁former ▁chief ▁of ▁staff ▁to ▁G ov . ▁Ed ▁R end ell ▁and ▁a ▁high - rank ing ▁executive ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁charged ▁with ▁wire ▁fraud , ▁having ▁pocket ed ▁$ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁that ▁an ▁FBI ▁st ing ▁operation ▁had ▁given ▁to ▁him ▁in ▁an ▁investigation ▁into ▁illegal ▁lobby ing ▁of ▁legisl ators . ▁ ▁Ent ities ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School ▁Trust ▁ ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁Company ▁H ers he y ▁Entertainment ▁and ▁Res orts ▁Company ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School ▁ ▁Ent ities ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁S . ▁H ers he y ▁Foundation ▁ ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁Story ▁museum ▁H ers he y ▁Gard ens ▁H ers he y ▁Theatre ▁H ers he y ▁Community ▁Archives ▁H ers he y ▁C emetery ▁Penn ▁State ▁Mil ton ▁S . ▁H ers he y ▁Medical ▁Center ▁was ▁created ▁through ▁a ▁gift ▁from ▁the ▁MS ▁H ers he y ▁Foundation ▁using ▁funds ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School ▁Trust ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁official ▁website ▁of |
▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁D au ph in ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : H ers he y , ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁V airo ▁N ang al ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁G urd asp ur ▁district ▁of ▁Pun j ab , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁predomin antly ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁G uru ana ▁S ah ib ▁clan . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁V airo ▁N ang al ▁is ▁Side ▁of ▁Am rit s ar ( approx .) ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁B atal a ▁te hs il ▁of ▁G urd asp ur ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁India ▁Pun j ab . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁J aland har -( Be as )- B atal a ▁road ▁Me ht a ▁ch ow k ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁famous ▁land mark ▁for ▁V airo ▁N ang al ▁while ▁coming ▁from ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁Am rit s ar . ▁Rang ar ▁N ang al ▁( ▁ 1 km ▁), ▁Ad ow ali ▁( ▁ 1 km ▁), ▁P atti ▁N an ak ▁N ang al ▁( ▁ 1 km ▁), ▁Nas ir ▁Pur ▁( ▁ 3 km ▁), ▁Ch aud h ri wal ▁( ▁ 4 km ▁) ▁are ▁the ▁nearby ▁Vill ages ▁to ▁V airo ▁N ang al . ▁V |
airo ▁N ang al ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁B atal a ▁Te hs il ▁towards ▁North , ▁Ray ya - 6 ▁Te hs il ▁towards ▁South , ▁Q ad ian ▁Te hs il ▁towards ▁East , ▁D h il wan ▁Te hs il ▁towards ▁South . ▁ ▁B atal a , ▁Q ad ian , ▁Am rit s ar , ▁Kap ur th ala ▁are ▁the ▁nearby ▁C ities ▁to ▁V airo ▁N ang al . ▁ ▁This ▁Place ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁G urd asp ur ▁District ▁and ▁Am rit s ar ▁District . ▁Am rit s ar ▁District ▁Maj ith a - 3 ▁is ▁west ▁towards ▁this ▁place . ▁ ▁Culture ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁pre dom inated ▁by ▁the ▁J att ▁People . ▁L oh ri ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁festival ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁Agricult ure ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁source ▁of ▁business . ▁ ▁Pun j abi ▁is ▁the ▁mother ▁tongue ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁As ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁region , ▁the ▁primary ▁occupation ▁for ▁the ▁vill agers ▁is ▁agriculture , ▁but ▁many ▁have ▁gone ▁overseas ▁to ▁find ▁employment ▁and ▁elsewhere . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁G urd asp ur ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁J FW ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁J af ar w ala ▁railway ▁station , ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁Jak arta ▁F ashion ▁Week ▁ ▁Jama ica ▁Federation ▁of ▁Women ▁ ▁J A WS ▁for ▁Windows ▁ ▁Junior ▁Forest |
▁Ward ens <0x0A> </s> ▁T rev or ▁Ad air ▁( born ▁▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁in ▁B elf ast , ▁Northern ▁Ireland ) ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Cle ms on ▁Tig ers ▁men ' s ▁soccer ▁team . ▁He ▁has ▁co ached ▁at ▁the ▁colleg iate ▁level ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁after ▁playing ▁soccer ▁at ▁Lock ▁Haven ▁University . ▁ ▁Player ▁Michael ▁Parker , ▁men ' s ▁soccer ▁head ▁coach ▁at ▁Lock ▁Haven ▁University , ▁recru ited ▁Ad air ▁who ▁played ▁four ▁seasons , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁with ▁the ▁E agles . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁Lock ▁Haven ▁won ▁the ▁Division ▁III ▁NC AA ▁Men ' s ▁Soc cer ▁Championship . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁having ▁moved ▁up ▁a ▁division , ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁Division ▁II ▁title . ▁That ▁year , ▁Ad air ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁a ▁first ▁team ▁All ▁American ▁after ▁leading ▁Lock ▁Haven ▁in ▁scoring ▁with ▁sixteen ▁goals . ▁Ad air ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁with ▁a ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁economics . ▁ ▁Coach ▁Following ▁his ▁gradu ation ▁from ▁Lock ▁Haven , ▁Ad air ▁chose ▁not ▁to ▁pursue ▁a ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁player , ▁but ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁coaching ▁ranks . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁assistant ▁coach ▁for ▁nine ▁seasons . ▁Ad air ▁moved ▁to ▁Brown ▁University , ▁becoming ▁the ▁men ' s ▁soccer |
▁head ▁coach ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁In ▁his ▁four ▁seasons ▁at ▁Brown , ▁he ▁compiled ▁a ▁ 3 4 – 2 4 – 5 ▁record . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Ad air ▁spent ▁time ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁coach ▁with ▁the ▁U . S . ▁U - 1 8 ▁national ▁team . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Cle ms on ▁hired ▁Ad air ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁to ▁the ▁men ' s ▁soccer ▁team . ▁Through ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Ad air ▁has ▁a ▁ 1 6 0 – 7 1 – 2 3 ▁record , ▁having ▁been ▁named ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁A CC ▁Coach ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁taking ▁the ▁Tig ers ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Final ▁Four . ▁At ▁some ▁point ▁during ▁his ▁career , ▁Ad air ▁has ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁U - 2 0 ▁men ' s ▁national ▁soccer ▁team . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Cle ms on ▁placed ▁Ad air ▁on ▁a ▁leave ▁of ▁absence ▁after ▁he ▁reported ly ▁assault ed ▁his ▁two ▁daughters ▁during ▁a ▁domestic ▁dispute . ▁Ad air ▁resigned ▁as ▁coach ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Cle ms on ▁Tig ers ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l |
iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ers ▁from ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : Lock ▁Haven ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁al umn i ▁Category : B rown ▁B ears ▁men ' s ▁soccer ▁coaches ▁Category : C le ms on ▁Tig ers ▁men ' s ▁soccer ▁coaches ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁soccer ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Foot ball ▁managers ▁from ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁association ▁football ers ▁from ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : B rit ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁B elf ast ▁Category : South ▁Carolina ▁Game c ocks ▁men ' s ▁soccer ▁coaches ▁Category : U l ster ▁Sc ots ▁people ▁Category : All - American ▁men ' s ▁college ▁soccer ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ers ▁not ▁categor ized ▁by ▁position <0x0A> </s> ▁Bal as ore ▁( Sl . ▁No .: ▁ 3 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁V id han ▁Sab ha ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁Bal as ore ▁district , ▁Od isha . ▁ ▁Area ▁of ▁this ▁constitu ency ▁include ▁Bal as ore ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁GP s ▁( K as ip ada , ▁R as ul pur , ▁Sr ir amp ur , ▁Kas af al , ▁S arth a , ▁Bah ab al pur , ▁Ch han ua , ▁Hal ad ip ada , ▁O land as ar agan , ▁Od ang i , ▁Nag aram , ▁B uan l , ▁S ind h ia , ▁G op in ath |
pur , ▁Par ik hi , ▁Pat rap ada , ▁Kur adi ha ▁and ▁S rik ona ) ▁of ▁Bal as ore ▁block . ▁ ▁E lected ▁Members ▁▁ 1 6 ▁elections ▁held ▁during ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁E lected ▁members ▁from ▁the ▁Bal as ore ▁constitu ency ▁are : ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁: ▁( 3 8 ) ▁▁ ▁: ▁Mad an ▁m oh an ▁D ut ta ( B J P ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁( 3 8 ): ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁D ash ▁( B J D ) ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁( 3 8 ): ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁D ash ▁( B J D ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( O GP ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁D ash ▁( B J P ) ▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( Ind ep endent ) ▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( C PI ) ▁ 1 9 8 5 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁G op an ar ay an ▁Das ▁( C ong ress ) ▁ 1 9 8 0 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( C PI ) ▁ 1 9 7 7 : |
▁( 1 4 ): ▁K art ik ▁Chand ar ▁R out ▁( Jan ata ▁Party ) ▁ 1 9 7 4 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( C PI ) ▁ 1 9 7 1 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Pri yan ath ▁N andy ▁( C ong ress ) ▁ 1 9 6 7 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Rab ind ra ▁Moh an ▁Das ▁( P SP ) ▁ 1 9 6 1 : ▁( 1 2 7 ): ▁B ij ay ▁Kr ish na ▁De y ▁( C ong ress ) ▁ 1 9 5 7 : ▁( 9 0 ): ▁Rab ind ra ▁Moh an ▁Das ▁( P SP ) ▁ 1 9 5 1 : ▁( 5 5 ): ▁Sure nd ra ▁N ath ▁D ash ▁( C ong ress ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁E lection ▁Result ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁election , ▁B har ati ya ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁candidate ▁Mad an ▁Moh an ▁D ut ta ▁defeated ▁B J D ▁candidate ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁Das ▁by ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 1 3 , 4 0 6 ▁votes . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁E lection ▁Result ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁election , ▁B iju ▁Jan ata ▁Dal ▁candidate ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁Das ▁defeated ▁B J P ▁candidate ▁Mad an ▁Moh an ▁D ut ta ▁by ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 9 , 7 9 1 ▁votes . ▁▁ 2 0 0 |
9 ▁E lection ▁Result ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁election , ▁B iju ▁Jan ata ▁Dal ▁candidate ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁D ash ▁defeated ▁Independent ▁ ▁candidate ▁An up ▁Kum ar ▁Das ▁by ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 1 3 , 4 9 0 ▁votes . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Assembly ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Od isha ▁Category : Bal as ore ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Bruno ▁T sh ib ala ▁N zen ze ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Cong ol ese ▁politician ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Education ▁He ▁finished ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁education ▁in ▁Lub umb ashi ▁and ▁studied ▁law ▁at ▁the ▁Mar ien ▁Ng ou abi ▁University ▁in ▁Braz z av ille . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁He ▁began ▁his ▁political ▁career ▁while ▁still ▁a ▁student ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁when ▁he ▁joined ▁a ▁left ist ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁Z aire ▁during ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁M ob ut u ▁S ese ▁S ek o . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁he , ▁along ▁with ▁ 1 3 ▁parliament arians ▁wrote ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁ask ▁President ▁M ob ut u ▁for ▁democratic ▁reform s ▁while ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁still ▁under ▁the ▁one - party ▁system . ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 |
7 , ▁then - Pres ident ▁Joseph ▁Kab ila ▁appointed ▁him ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁during ▁a ▁nation wide ▁telev ised ▁address . ▁He ▁took ▁office ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁T sh ib ala ▁made ▁a ▁bid ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁D RC ▁Senator , ▁but ▁lost ▁the ▁Senate ▁election ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁March . ▁ ▁Ar rest ▁On ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁at ▁N ' d j ili ▁International ▁Airport ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁about ▁to ▁board ▁a ▁plane ▁to ▁Br uss els ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁. ▁The ▁country ' s ▁Attorney ▁General ▁accused ▁him ▁of ▁organ izing ▁demonstr ations ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁Kin sh asa . ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁granted ▁a ▁prov is ional ▁release ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mar ien ▁Ng ou abi ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Kas ai - O ri ental ▁Category : Pr ime ▁Minister s ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁Category : Union ▁for ▁Democr acy ▁and ▁Social ▁Progress ▁( Dem ocratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ) ▁politicians ▁Category : Head s ▁of ▁reg imes ▁who ▁were ▁later ▁imprison ed <0x0A> </s> ▁Nether th or pe ▁can |
▁refer ▁to ▁various ▁locations ▁in ▁England : ▁ ▁Nether th or pe , ▁She ff ield , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁She ff ield ▁Nether th or pe ▁Air field , ▁near ▁Works op ▁Nether th or pe ▁in ▁Der by shire <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁lists ▁events ▁that ▁happened ▁during ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁State ▁President : ▁Jim ▁F ouch é . ▁ ▁Prime ▁Minister : ▁John ▁Vor ster . ▁ ▁Chief ▁Justice : ▁Lucas ▁Corn el ius ▁Ste yn . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁May ▁▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁John ▁Vor ster ▁and ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Rh odes ia ▁Ian ▁Smith ▁hold ▁private ▁talks . ▁ ▁June ▁▁ 1 2 ▁– ▁M ang os uth u ▁But he le zi ▁is ▁elected ▁first ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁hom eland ▁of ▁K wa Z ulu . ▁ ▁December ▁▁ 7 ▁– ▁The ▁U . N . ▁General ▁Assembly ▁supports ▁the ▁isolation ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁for ▁its ▁apart heid ▁policies . ▁ ▁Birth s ▁▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁– ▁Steve ▁Pal fr aman , ▁cr ick eter ▁▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁– ▁Con nie ▁F erg us on , ▁Bot sw ana - born ▁South ▁African ▁actress ▁▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁– ▁Ath ol ▁Williams ▁( AE ▁Ball ak isten ), ▁poet ▁and ▁social ▁philos opher ▁▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁– ▁Ph as w ane ▁M pe , ▁poet ▁and ▁novel ist ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 4 |
) ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁Rail ways ▁ ▁Loc omot ives ▁ ▁The ▁South ▁African ▁Rail ways ▁places ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁eight y ▁Class ▁ 6 E ▁main line ▁electric ▁loc omot ives ▁in ▁service . ▁Two ▁are ▁also ▁built ▁for ▁I sc or ▁for ▁use ▁at ▁the ▁S is hen ▁iron ▁ore ▁mine . ▁ ▁Sports ▁ ▁Rug by ▁▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁– ▁The ▁South ▁African ▁Spring b oks ▁draw ▁ 8 – 8 ▁with ▁Ireland ▁at ▁L ans d ow ne ▁Road , ▁Dublin , ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : Y ears ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : History ▁of ▁South ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁Gu ido ▁L orr aine ▁( 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish - born ▁actor , ▁musician ▁and ▁singer , ▁known ▁primarily ▁for ▁his ▁roles ▁in ▁war ▁films . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁sometimes ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁stage ▁name ▁Guy ▁Bor uck i . ▁L orr aine ▁appeared ▁in ▁twenty - eight ▁films ▁during ▁his ▁career , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁theatre ▁produ ctions . ▁ ▁L orr aine ▁was ▁born ▁G wid on ▁Alfred ▁Gott lie b ▁in ▁present - day ▁Kr ak ów , ▁Poland ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁He ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Trade ▁in ▁L w ów ▁( L viv ), ▁where ▁he ▁sang ▁in ▁restaurants ▁to ▁earn ▁money . ▁He ▁learned ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁accord ion ▁and ▁piano |
▁as ▁a ▁child . ▁ ▁L orr aine ▁founded ▁a ▁military ▁theatre ▁group ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁He ▁is ▁cred ited ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁singer ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁song , ▁" Red ▁Pop py ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Monte ▁Cass ino ", ▁in ▁public . ▁ ▁He ▁adopted ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁Guy ▁Bor uck i ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁London . ▁He ▁appeared ▁on ▁BBC ▁radio , ▁television ▁and ▁film . ▁His ▁film ▁credits ▁during ▁the ▁era ▁included ▁Hotel ▁S ah ara ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ' s ▁The ▁Cold itz ▁Story ▁and ▁Blue ▁Mur der ▁at ▁St ▁Tr inian ' s ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁He ▁also ▁star red ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁musical ▁comed ies ▁and ▁other ▁British ▁produ ctions ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁ ▁He ▁arrived ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁with ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁musical ▁oper etta ▁Grab ▁Me ▁a ▁G ond ola ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁main ▁role , ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁to ▁pursue ▁his ▁acting ▁career . ▁Much ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁cent red ▁on ▁entertainment ▁for ▁the ▁Polish ▁community ▁living ▁in ▁Australia , ▁including ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁theatre ▁performances , ▁rev ues ▁and ▁cab are ts . ▁He ▁also ▁star red ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁television ▁show ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁called ▁Te a ▁for ▁Two , ▁a ▁musical ▁programme ▁on ▁Melbourne ▁station ▁H SV - 7 . ▁ |
▁Gu ido ▁L orr aine ▁died ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Australia , ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 7 . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Tele graph : ▁L ives ▁Remember ed ▁- ▁Gu ido ▁L orr aine ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁deaths ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : Austral ian ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁London ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Kr ak ów ▁Category : People ▁from ▁L viv ▁Category : Austral ian ▁people ▁of ▁Polish ▁descent ▁Category : B rit ish ▁people ▁of ▁Polish ▁descent ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁London ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Australian ▁musicians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁musicians ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁Per ugu ▁Ram ak r ish na ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁poet ▁and ▁writer . ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁ 4 ▁books ▁of ▁poetry ▁and ▁ 2 ▁books ▁of ▁short - st ories . ▁He ▁wrote ▁a ▁long ▁poem ▁in ▁English |
▁named ▁F lem ingo . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ ▁U WA ▁Out standing ▁intellectual ▁of ▁ 2 1 st ▁Century ▁Award , ▁Chen na i ▁▁ ▁R anj ani - K und ur th i ▁National ▁Award ▁ ▁Hy der abad ▁and ▁Mill en ium ▁X - Ray ▁National ▁Award , ▁V ij ay aw ada . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Po et ▁information ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : T el ugu ▁people ▁Category : T el ugu ▁writers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁K arn at aka ▁Category : People ▁from ▁N ell ore <0x0A> </s> ▁Villa ▁Pop olo ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Ter amo , ▁in ▁the ▁Ab ru z zo ▁region ▁of ▁central ▁Italy . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁f raz ione ▁of ▁the ▁comune ▁of ▁Tor ric ella ▁Sic ura . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁small ▁community ▁of ▁Io an ella ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 . 5 ▁miles ▁from ▁Ter amo , ▁the ▁provincial ▁capital . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁of ▁Villa ▁Pop ola ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁small ▁local ities : ▁Villa ▁Tor re ▁( site ▁of ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁resid ences ), ▁Pop olo ▁Al ta ▁and ▁Pop ola ▁Bass a . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁two ▁locations ▁are ▁dominated ▁by ▁small , ▁often ▁econom ically ▁imp over ished , ▁clusters ▁of |
▁farm stead s . ▁ ▁History ▁Villa ▁Pop olo ▁is ▁famous ▁for ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Saint ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁containing ▁precious ▁fres co es . ▁ ▁Historical ▁records ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 2 6 7 ▁make ▁mention ▁of ▁this ▁important ▁parish ▁church ▁and ▁interior ▁and ▁exterior ▁en grav ings ▁suggest ▁that ▁a ▁renov ation ▁was ▁completed ▁the ▁ 1 6 8 4 . ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁somewhat ▁unusual ▁for ▁a ▁church ▁this ▁small ▁and ▁isolated ▁to ▁have ▁such ▁fres co es ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁this ▁time ▁period . ▁ ▁Ce iling ▁f rie ze ▁decor ations ▁dep ict ▁s aints ▁and ▁mart yr s ▁in ▁symbol ic ▁form . ▁ ▁Not able ▁is ▁their ▁having ▁been ▁painted ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁Spanish ▁cat hedral ▁in ▁Tol edo . ▁ ▁They ▁have ▁been ▁signed ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁entirely ▁clear ▁if ▁the ▁names ▁on ▁the ▁paintings ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁master ▁scen ic ▁artist ▁or ▁to ▁an ▁assistant . ▁ ▁It ▁goes ▁without ▁saying ▁that ▁such ▁precious ▁master pie ces ▁of ▁this ▁genre ▁are ▁quite ▁rare ▁in ▁the ▁Ab ru z zo ▁region . ▁ ▁Fest ivals ▁Each ▁year , ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁June , ▁the ▁" S agra ▁del ▁Form aggio ▁F rit to " ▁( F estival ▁of ▁Fried ▁Che ese ) ▁takes ▁place . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁a ▁celebration ▁of ▁this ▁famous ▁dish , ▁other ▁del ic acies ▁and ▁local ▁w ines ▁are ▁available ▁for ▁t asting . ▁ ▁Exhib itions ▁feature ▁the ▁trans |
hum ance ▁( migr ations ▁of ▁sheep ▁and ▁she pher ds ▁from ▁low land ▁areas ▁of ▁Ab ru z zo ▁and ▁leading ▁to ▁higher ▁graz ing ▁lands ▁in ▁Ap ul ia , ▁L az io , ▁and ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁southern ▁Italy ). ▁ ▁Var ious ▁displays ▁also ▁dep ict ▁the ▁ancient ▁profess ions ▁of ▁mill ing , ▁cheese ▁production , ▁forest ry , ▁and ▁wood working . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ab ru z zo ▁( w ine ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Category : F raz ioni ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Ter amo <0x0A> </s> ▁Mun iz ▁Fre ire ▁can ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Mun iz ▁Fre ire , ▁Esp í rito ▁Sant o , ▁a ▁municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Esp ir ito ▁Sant o , ▁Brazil ▁José ▁de ▁Mel o ▁Car val ho ▁Mun iz ▁Fre ire , ▁ex - govern or ▁of ▁that ▁same ▁Brazil ian ▁state <0x0A> </s> ▁Ber ca ▁Air field ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁civil ▁airport ▁and ▁military ▁air field , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁Al ▁B irk ah ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Ben gh azi , ▁Lib ya . ▁ ▁The ▁facility ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁pre - World ▁War ▁II ▁civil ▁airport ▁which ▁may ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Italian ▁Reg ia ▁A eron aut ica ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Italian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Egypt ▁and ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Luft w affe ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁A xis ▁as ▁a ▁military ▁air |
field . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁seiz ure ▁of ▁Beng azi ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁E ighth ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Campaign ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Force ▁during ▁the ▁North ▁African ▁Campaign ▁by ▁the ▁ 9 8 th ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Group , ▁which ▁flew ▁B - 2 4 ▁Liber ator ▁heavy ▁bom bers ▁from ▁the ▁air field ▁between ▁ 2 6 ▁March - 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁Ber ka ▁II ▁was ▁Det achment ▁ 3 ▁( a ▁radar ▁site ▁) ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 3 3 rd ▁Air craft ▁Control ▁and ▁War ning ▁Squadron , ▁which ▁had ▁its ▁main ▁site ▁at ▁Whe el us ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁at ▁Tri pol i ▁and ▁Det achment ▁ 2 ▁at ▁Mis ur ata , ▁both ▁in ▁Lib ya . ▁Not ▁sure ▁when ▁these ▁were ▁activated / ▁de activ ated , ▁but ▁I ▁was ▁personally ▁station ed ▁in ▁Ben gh azi ▁from ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁until ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁I ▁seem ▁to ▁recall ▁sp elling ▁Ber ka ▁was ▁with ▁a ▁‘ k ’, ▁not ▁a ▁‘ c ’. ▁ ▁Its ▁subsequent ▁post war ▁history ▁is ▁unknown , ▁today ▁the ▁area ▁has ▁been ▁re built ▁into ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁urban ▁area ▁of ▁Ben gh azi . ▁ ▁From ▁about |
▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁or ▁there ab outs ▁the ▁a irst rip ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁base ▁by ▁World ▁W ide ▁Hel ic op ters ▁Ltd ▁who ▁were ▁flying ▁both ▁small ▁fixed ▁wing ▁aircraft ▁and ▁helic op ters ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁oil ▁exploration ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁desert . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Maur er , ▁Maur er . ▁Air ▁Force ▁Com bat ▁Un its ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁Max well ▁A FB , ▁Alabama : ▁Office ▁of ▁Air ▁Force ▁History , ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁. ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Air fields ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁air fields ▁in ▁Lib ya <0x0A> </s> ▁Helen ▁Kle eb ▁( Jan uary ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁film ▁and ▁television ▁actress . ▁In ▁a ▁career ▁covering ▁nearly ▁ 5 0 ▁years , ▁she ▁may ▁be ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁as ▁Miss ▁Mam ie ▁Bald win ▁on ▁the ▁family ▁drama ▁The ▁Walt ons . ▁ ▁Kle eb ▁began ▁acting ▁on ▁stage ▁in ▁Portland , ▁Oregon , ▁late ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁She ▁also ▁gained ▁her ▁first ▁radio ▁experience ▁in ▁Portland . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁she ▁performed |
▁voices ▁for ▁the ▁radio ▁program ▁C andy ▁Mat son . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 1 9 5 7 , ▁Kle eb ▁guest - star red ▁on ▁Hey , ▁Je ann ie ! , ▁star ring ▁Je ann ie ▁Cars on . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 – 1 9 6 1 ▁television ▁season , ▁Kle eb ▁appeared ▁as ▁Miss ▁Clar idge , ▁a ▁legal ▁secretary , ▁on ▁the ▁sit com ▁Harr igan ▁and ▁Son . ▁ ▁She ▁appeared ▁in ▁episodes ▁of ▁Dennis ▁the ▁Men ace , ▁I ▁Love ▁Lucy , ▁Pete ▁and ▁Glad ys , ▁H ennes ey , ▁Death ▁Valley ▁Days , ▁Get ▁Smart , ▁The ▁Andy ▁Griff ith ▁Show , ▁Bew itched , ▁Highway ▁to ▁Heaven , ▁Room ▁ 2 2 2 , ▁and ▁The ▁Golden ▁Girls ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁small ▁film ▁roles ▁in ▁The ▁Man ch ur ian ▁Candidate , ▁and ▁H ush , ▁H ush , ▁Sweet ▁Charlotte . ▁She ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁episodes ▁of ▁Drag net , ▁star ring ▁Jack ▁We bb , ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Helen ▁appeared ▁on ▁many ▁radio ▁drama ▁shows , ▁some ▁now ▁playing ▁on ▁X M ▁Sat ell ite ▁Radio . ▁ ▁Kle eb ▁married ▁El mer ▁G arr ison ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁nine ▁days ▁before ▁her ▁ 9 7 th ▁birthday , ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California . ▁She ▁reported ly ▁left ▁no |
▁known ▁survivors ▁other ▁than ▁her ▁second ▁husband , ▁although ▁many ▁sources ▁said ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁from ▁her ▁first ▁marriage ▁to ▁John ▁Ger ald ▁P ender g ast , ▁which ▁ended ▁with ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁According ▁to ▁California ▁birth ▁records , ▁Thomas ▁Arthur ▁P ender gr ast ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁a ▁mother ▁with ▁the ▁last ▁name ▁Kle eb ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California . ▁Helen ▁and ▁John ▁Pre nder g ast ▁were ▁enumer ated ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁radio ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : People ▁from ▁South ▁B end , ▁Washington ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁Holy ▁Cross ▁C emetery , ▁C ul ver ▁City ▁Category : D ise ase - related ▁deaths ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁actress es <0x0A> </s> ▁Le pt adr ill ia ▁hist ri ata ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usc ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Dr ill i idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁varies ▁between ▁ |
7 mm ▁and ▁ 1 0 mm . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁marine ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean ▁Sea ▁off ▁Colombia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Fall on ▁P . J . ▁( 2 0 1 6 ). ▁Tax onom ic ▁review ▁of ▁tropical ▁western ▁Atlantic ▁shallow ▁water ▁Dr ill i idae ▁( M oll us ca : ▁Gast rop oda : ▁Con o idea ) ▁including ▁descriptions ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁new ▁species . ▁Z oot ax a . ▁ 4 0 9 0 ( 1 ): ▁ 1 - 3 6 3 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁hist ri ata ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁B ö zen ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁Bru gg ▁in ▁cant on ▁of ▁A arg au ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁earliest ▁evidence ▁of ▁people ▁in ▁B ö zen ▁are ▁a ▁ne ol ith ic ▁stone ▁ax , ▁a ▁Roman ▁Estate ▁and ▁Al am anni ▁gr aves . ▁B ö zen ▁is ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 2 8 4 ▁as ▁Bo ze . ▁During ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁it ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁El f ingen . ▁Then , ▁in ▁ 1 2 9 1 ▁it ▁was ▁sold , ▁along ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁A arg au , ▁by ▁M urb ach ▁Ab bey ▁to ▁the ▁Hab sbur gs ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 3 2 2 ▁it ▁came ▁under ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁König sf el den ▁ab bey |
▁in ▁Wind isch . ▁The ▁village ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁Bern ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 4 . ▁Starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁B ö zen ▁together ▁with ▁El f ingen ▁and ▁Eff ingen ▁formed ▁a ▁low ▁justice ▁district . ▁ ▁The ▁chap el ▁of ▁B ö zen ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 1 , ▁and ▁was ▁originally ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁El f ingen . ▁Pres um ably ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁the ▁parish ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁B ö zen . ▁ ▁Econom ically ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁dominated ▁by ▁agriculture ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁vine y ards ▁( in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁Century , ▁some ▁ 5 0 ▁ha ). ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁B ö z ber gt unnel ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁the ▁village ▁grew . ▁Between ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁the ▁main ▁industry ▁was ▁home ▁straw ▁production ▁for ▁the ▁straw ▁pl ait ing ▁industry . ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁building ▁boom , ▁and ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁commut ers ▁increased ▁thanks ▁to ▁regular ▁bus ▁service ▁to ▁Bru gg ▁( start ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ). ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁B ö zen ▁has ▁an ▁area , ▁, ▁of ▁. ▁Of ▁this ▁area , ▁ ▁or ▁ 6 6 . 1 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁agricultural ▁purposes , ▁while ▁ ▁or ▁ 2 1 . 8 % ▁is |
▁forest ed . ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁land , ▁ ▁or ▁ 1 1 . 1 % ▁is ▁settled ▁( build ings ▁or ▁roads ) ▁and ▁ ▁or ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁is ▁un product ive ▁land . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁built ▁up ▁area , ▁industrial ▁buildings ▁made ▁up ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁area ▁while ▁housing ▁and ▁buildings ▁made ▁up ▁ 4 . 6 % ▁and ▁transportation ▁infrastructure ▁made ▁up ▁ 6 . 1 %. ▁ 1 9 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁land ▁area ▁was ▁heavily ▁forest ed ▁and ▁ 2 . 5 % ▁is ▁or ch ards ▁or ▁small ▁clusters ▁of ▁trees . ▁Of ▁the ▁agricultural ▁land , ▁ 3 7 . 5 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁growing ▁crops ▁and ▁ 2 2 . 8 % ▁is ▁past ures , ▁while ▁ 5 . 8 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁or ch ards ▁or ▁vine ▁crops . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Bru gg ▁district ▁on ▁the ▁sl opes ▁of ▁the ▁B ö z berg . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁linear ▁village ▁of ▁B ö zen . ▁ ▁The ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁B ö zen , ▁Eff ingen , ▁El f ingen , ▁Horn ussen ▁and ▁Ze i hen ▁are ▁considering ▁a ▁mer ger ▁some ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁future ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁municip ality ▁with ▁an ▁as ▁yet ▁() ▁und et erm ined ▁name . ▁ ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁The ▁bl az on ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁is ▁Or |
▁a ▁Bar ▁S able . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁B ö zen ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁() ▁of ▁ ▁, ▁ 1 4 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁foreign ▁nation als . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 7 ) ▁the ▁population ▁has ▁changed ▁at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁ 0 . 9 %. ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁() ▁speaks ▁German ▁( 9 2 . 8 % ), ▁with ▁Alban ian ▁being ▁second ▁most ▁common ▁( 2 . 0 %) ▁and ▁Ser bo - C ro at ian ▁being ▁third ▁( 1 . 8 % ). ▁ ▁The ▁age ▁distribution , ▁, ▁in ▁B ö zen ▁is ; ▁ 5 6 ▁children ▁or ▁ 8 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁between ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 9 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁ 1 0 6 ▁teen agers ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 2 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 . ▁Of ▁the ▁adult ▁population , ▁ 1 0 9 ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 2 9 ▁years ▁old . ▁S event y - two ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 0 . 3 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 3 0 ▁and ▁ 3 9 , ▁ 1 2 7 ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 8 . 2 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 4 0 ▁and ▁ 4 9 , ▁and ▁ 1 0 9 ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 5 . |
6 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 5 0 ▁and ▁ 5 9 . ▁The ▁senior ▁population ▁distribution ▁is ▁ 6 2 ▁people ▁or ▁ 8 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁between ▁ 6 0 ▁and ▁ 6 9 ▁years ▁old , ▁ 3 3 ▁people ▁or ▁ 4 . 7 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 7 0 ▁and ▁ 7 9 , ▁there ▁are ▁ 2 0 ▁people ▁or ▁ 2 . 9 % ▁who ▁are ▁between ▁ 8 0 ▁and ▁ 8 9 , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁ 4 ▁people ▁or ▁ 0 . 6 % ▁who ▁are ▁ 9 0 ▁and ▁older . ▁▁ ▁the ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁residents ▁per ▁living ▁room ▁was ▁ 0 . 6 1 ▁which ▁is ▁about ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁cant onal ▁average ▁of ▁ 0 . 5 7 ▁per ▁room . ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁a ▁room ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁space ▁of ▁a ▁housing ▁unit ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁ ▁as ▁normal ▁bedroom s , ▁dining ▁rooms , ▁living ▁rooms , ▁kitchen s ▁and ▁hab itable ▁cell ars ▁and ▁att ics . ▁ ▁About ▁ 6 2 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁households ▁were ▁owner ▁occupied , ▁or ▁in ▁other ▁words ▁did ▁not ▁pay ▁rent ▁( though ▁they ▁may ▁have ▁a ▁mortgage ▁or ▁a ▁rent - to - own ▁agreement ). ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 8 ▁homes ▁with ▁ 1 ▁or ▁ 2 ▁persons ▁in ▁the ▁household , ▁ 8 3 ▁homes ▁with ▁ 3 ▁or ▁ 4 ▁persons ▁in ▁the ▁household , ▁and |
▁ 1 1 8 ▁homes ▁with ▁ 5 ▁or ▁more ▁persons ▁in ▁the ▁household . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁per ▁household ▁was ▁ 2 . 7 6 ▁individuals . ▁ ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 1 4 ▁single ▁family ▁homes ▁( or ▁ 4 0 . 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ) ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 8 1 ▁homes ▁and ▁apartments . ▁There ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 0 ▁empty ▁apartments ▁for ▁a ▁ 0 . 0 % ▁vac ancy ▁rate . ▁, ▁the ▁construction ▁rate ▁of ▁new ▁housing ▁units ▁was ▁ 4 . 6 ▁new ▁units ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁residents . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁federal ▁election ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁party ▁was ▁the ▁SV P ▁which ▁received ▁ 6 0 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁The ▁next ▁three ▁most ▁popular ▁parties ▁were ▁the ▁SP ▁( 1 1 . 5 % ), ▁the ▁C VP ▁( 6 . 9 %) ▁and ▁the ▁F DP ▁( 6 . 4 % ). ▁ ▁The ▁entire ▁Swiss ▁population ▁is ▁generally ▁well ▁educated . ▁In ▁B ö zen ▁about ▁ 7 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁( between ▁age ▁ 2 5 - 6 4 ) ▁have ▁completed ▁either ▁non - mand atory ▁upper ▁secondary ▁education ▁or ▁additional ▁higher ▁education ▁( e ither ▁university ▁or ▁a ▁F ach ho ch sch ule ). ▁Of ▁the ▁school ▁age ▁population ▁( ), ▁there ▁are ▁ 5 3 ▁students ▁attending ▁primary ▁school , ▁there ▁are ▁ 5 |
4 ▁students ▁attending ▁secondary ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁The ▁historical ▁population ▁is ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁table : ▁ ▁Econom y ▁, ▁B ö zen ▁had ▁an ▁unemployment ▁rate ▁of ▁ 2 . 1 7 %. ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 4 2 ▁people ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁economic ▁sector ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 4 ▁businesses ▁involved ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁Th irty - two ▁people ▁are ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁sector ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁ 9 ▁businesses ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁Nin ety - six ▁people ▁are ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector , ▁with ▁ 1 7 ▁businesses ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁▁ ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 3 4 ▁residents ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality , ▁while ▁ 2 5 3 ▁residents ▁worked ▁outside ▁B ö zen ▁and ▁ 7 3 ▁people ▁commut ed ▁into ▁the ▁municip ality ▁for ▁work . ▁Of ▁the ▁working ▁population , ▁ 1 3 . 3 % ▁used ▁public ▁transportation ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁ 5 1 . 6 % ▁used ▁a ▁private ▁car . ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁, ▁ 1 3 7 ▁or ▁ 2 0 . 9 % ▁were ▁Roman ▁Catholic , ▁while ▁ 3 8 3 ▁or ▁ 5 8 . 3 % ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Re formed ▁Church . ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 0 . 3 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Christian ▁Catholic ▁faith |
. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁A arg au <0x0A> </s> ▁Piet ro ▁L azz ar ini ▁( 5 ▁January ▁ 1 8 4 2 – ▁ 1 9 1 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁sculpt or . ▁ ▁Biography ▁He ▁desc ended ▁from ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁sculpt ors ▁who ▁ran ▁a ▁marble ▁workshop ▁in ▁Carr ara ▁from ▁ 1 6 7 0 ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁The ▁sculpt or ▁Gi useppe ▁L azz ar ini ▁was ▁his ▁brother . ▁He ▁submitted ▁a ▁bas ▁relief ▁of ▁Ev ander ▁retriev es ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁P allas ▁for ▁a ▁competition , ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁st ip end ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁of ▁Florence . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁work ▁to ▁Carr ara . ▁▁ ▁Among ▁his ▁first ▁mature ▁works ▁are ▁the ▁Mart yr dom ▁of ▁four ▁s aints , ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁alt ar ▁of ▁the ▁L omb ard ▁church ▁of ▁Carr ara . ▁This ▁he ▁followed ▁it ▁with ▁L eda ▁and ▁B ac ch us ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Carr ara . ▁Then ▁he ▁sculpt ed ▁After ▁the ▁Bath , ▁a ▁n ude ▁female ▁stat ua ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Acc adem ia ▁Fi orent ina , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁gold ▁medal . ▁ ▁He ▁sculpt ed ▁a ▁bas - rel ief ▁med all ion ▁of ▁princess ▁della ▁C is tern a . ▁For ▁the ▁Sold iers ' |
▁National ▁Mon ument ▁in ▁Get t ys burg , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁USA ▁he ▁helped ▁design ▁the ▁five ▁larger ▁than ▁life ▁stat ues ▁of ▁History , ▁War , ▁Ab und ance , ▁Industry , ▁and ▁Vict ory ▁that ▁are ▁around ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁a ▁tall ▁gran ite ▁column . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Berlin , ▁where ▁he ▁exc elled ▁in ▁port ra iture . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁at ▁the ▁Exhib ition ▁of ▁Milan , ▁he ▁exhib ited ▁The ▁Past ime . ▁In ▁Paris , ▁he ▁exhib ited ▁The ▁Inn oc ence . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁notable ▁work ▁was ▁a ▁marble ▁ro od ▁screen ▁( c . ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁in ▁the ▁Cat hedral ▁of ▁St . ▁Patrick , ▁in ▁Arm agh . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Italian ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : It al ian ▁male ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Italian ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : Acc adem ia ▁di ▁B elle ▁Art i ▁di ▁Fire n ze ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁is ▁a ▁sports ▁video ▁game ▁developed ▁by ▁E pyx ▁and ▁released ▁by ▁U . S . ▁Gold ▁based ▁on ▁sports ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁Summer ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁sequ el ▁to ▁Summer ▁Games ▁released ▁by ▁E pyx ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁was ▁originally ▁written |
▁for ▁the ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 ▁and ▁port ed ▁to ▁the ▁Apple ▁II , ▁At ari ▁ST , ▁MS - D OS , ▁Z X ▁Spect rum , ▁Am str ad ▁C PC ▁and ▁Am iga . ▁ ▁Game play ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁presented ▁as ▁a ▁virtual ▁multi - s port ▁car n ival ▁called ▁the ▁" E pyx ▁Games " ▁( there ▁was ▁no ▁official ▁IO C ▁lic ensing ▁in ▁place ) ▁with ▁up ▁to ▁ 8 ▁players ▁each ▁choosing ▁a ▁country ▁to ▁represent , ▁and ▁then ▁taking ▁turns ▁competing ▁in ▁various ▁events ▁to ▁try ▁for ▁a ▁medal . ▁World ▁records ▁could ▁be ▁saved ▁to ▁the ▁game ▁disk . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁features ▁the ▁following ▁eight ▁events : ▁Tri ple ▁jump , ▁High ▁jump , ▁Row ing . ▁J avel in ▁throw , ▁E quest rian , ▁F encing , ▁Kay aking , ▁Cycl ing . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁compete ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁sequ entially , ▁compete ▁in ▁some ▁events , ▁choose ▁just ▁one ▁event , ▁or ▁practice ▁an ▁event . ▁This ▁version ▁also ▁features ▁both ▁the ▁opening ▁and ▁closing ▁ceremon ies , ▁where ▁the ▁closing ▁ceremon ies ▁features ▁a ▁" fan ▁man ", ▁the ▁flame ▁ex ting u ishing ▁as ▁the ▁sky ▁goes ▁dark , ▁a ▁bl imp ▁passing ▁by ▁and ▁some ▁fire works . ▁Certain ▁ports ▁also ▁allow ▁for ▁participants ▁to ▁compete ▁in ▁events ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁Summer ▁Games ▁events , ▁but ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁original ▁Summer ▁Games ▁disk ette |
▁for ▁this ▁to ▁happen . ▁ ▁Port s ▁The ▁original ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 ▁version ▁of ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Scott ▁Nelson , ▁Jon ▁Le upp , ▁Chuck ▁Som m erv ille , ▁Kevin ▁Norman , ▁Michael ▁Kos aka , ▁and ▁Larry ▁Cl ague ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁The ▁same ▁year ▁saw ▁an ▁Apple ▁II ▁version , ▁port ed ▁by ▁John ▁St ou ff er , ▁Jeff ▁We bb , ▁Doug ▁Mat son , ▁Greg ▁Bron i ak , ▁Tim ▁Gro st , ▁Matt ▁De cker , ▁V era ▁Pet r ush a , ▁Ken ▁Evans , ▁Pat ▁Find ling , ▁Dr . ▁Keith ▁D rey er , ▁and ▁Chris ▁O ester ling . ▁It ▁became ▁a ▁best s eller ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁A ▁year ▁later ▁it ▁was ▁port ed ▁to ▁the ▁IBM ▁PC ▁by ▁Phil ▁Su em ats u , ▁Jeff ▁Gr igg , ▁Don ▁Hill , ▁and ▁Jimmy ▁H ue y . ▁Richard ▁Wil co x ▁and ▁Steve ▁Haw kes ▁port ed ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁Z X ▁Spect rum ▁and ▁Am str ad ▁C PC . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Adam ▁Ste ele , ▁Phill ip ▁Morris , ▁and ▁Dave ▁L owe ▁port ed ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁At ari ▁ST ▁and ▁the ▁Am iga . ▁ ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁on ▁the ▁Virtual ▁Console ▁in ▁Europe ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁on ▁March ▁ |
1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁A ▁port ▁for ▁the ▁At ari ▁Jag uar ▁CD ▁was ▁under ▁development ▁by ▁T equ e ▁London , ▁but ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁port ▁was ▁dis contin ued ▁sometime ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁was ▁never ▁released . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁was ▁E pyx ' s ▁second ▁best - selling ▁Com mod ore ▁game ▁as ▁of ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁after ▁Winter ▁Games . ▁Ah oy ! ▁stated ▁that ▁" the ▁production ▁values ▁of ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁are ▁absolutely ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁line , ▁even ▁better ▁than ▁the ▁original ▁Summer ▁Games ". ▁The ▁magazine ▁cited ▁equ est rian ▁and ▁f encing ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁events , ▁and ▁concluded ▁that ▁it ▁" co vers ▁itself ▁with ▁glory ▁from ▁the ▁familiar ▁opening ▁ceremony ▁to ▁the ▁closing ▁fest iv ities . ▁Put ▁simply , ▁if ▁you ▁own ▁a ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 , ▁this ▁disk ▁is ▁a ▁must ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Dale y ▁Thompson ' s ▁Dec ath lon ▁Track ▁& ▁Field ▁( video ▁game ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Images ▁of ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁box , ▁manual ▁and ▁screen ▁shots ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Am iga ▁games ▁Category : Am str ad ▁C PC ▁games ▁Category : App le ▁II ▁games ▁Category : At ari ▁ST ▁games ▁Category : C anc elled ▁At ari ▁Jag uar ▁games ▁Category : Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 |
▁games ▁Category : D OS ▁games ▁Category : E pyx ▁games ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁video ▁games ▁Category : T equ e ▁London ▁games ▁Category : U . S . ▁Gold ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁sequ els ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Virtual ▁Console ▁games ▁Category : Z X ▁Spect rum ▁games <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Cor cor an ▁( c . 1 7 7 0 ▁– ▁ 1 8 0 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁rebel ▁who ▁fought ▁during ▁the ▁rebell ion ▁of ▁ 1 7 9 8 ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁rebel ▁gu err illa ▁band ▁to ▁be ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁following ▁the ▁supp ression ▁of ▁the ▁rebell ion . ▁ ▁Reb el ▁activities ▁Cor cor an ▁played ▁an ▁active ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁rebell ion ▁and ▁led ▁a ▁party ▁of ▁reb els ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁New ▁Ross . ▁Following ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁rebell ion , ▁he ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁survivors ▁established ▁a ▁base ▁in ▁Kill augh rim ▁Woods , ▁north ▁county ▁W ex ford ▁from ▁where ▁they ▁launched ▁ra ids ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁into ▁county ▁Carl ow . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 8 0 1 , ▁an ▁up sur ge ▁in ▁Cor cor an ' s ▁activities ▁saw ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁being ▁declared ▁" d anger ous ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁invasion " ▁by ▁Dublin ▁Castle ▁and ▁consequ ently , ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁find ▁and ▁destroy ▁the ▁group |
. ▁However , ▁they ▁met ▁with ▁little ▁success ▁as ▁the ▁popul ace ▁shield ed ▁them ▁from ▁the ▁military . ▁ ▁Cor cor an ' s ▁men ▁were ▁distinguished ▁by ▁their ▁willing ness ▁to ▁allow ▁des er ters ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁in ▁their ▁ranks ▁and ▁actively ▁sought ▁to ▁sub vert ▁soldiers ▁bil leted ▁among ▁the ▁popul ace ▁or ▁at ▁least ▁rob ▁them ▁of ▁their ▁arms . ▁Their ▁fear lessness ▁was ▁demonstrated ▁in ▁an ▁incident ▁near ▁Mount ▁Le in ster ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁when ▁they ▁turned ▁to ▁attack ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁purs uing ▁New town bar ry ▁ye omen ▁who ▁were ▁defeated ▁and ▁soon ▁under ▁pursuit ▁themselves . ▁ ▁The ▁defeat ▁of ▁Robert ▁Em met ' s ▁rising ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 0 3 , ▁saw ▁renew ed ▁British ▁intent ▁to ▁w ipe ▁out ▁all ▁remaining ▁rebel ▁activity ▁in ▁Ireland ▁and ▁new ▁campaign ▁was ▁launched ▁against ▁Cor cor an . ▁This ▁time ▁account ▁was ▁taken ▁of ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Cor cor an ' s ▁men ▁enjoyed ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁population ▁in ▁areas ▁where ▁they ▁operated ▁and ▁also ▁that ▁their ▁permanent ▁bases ▁were ▁in ▁remote ▁local ities . ▁Con sequently , ▁arrest s ▁and ▁severe ▁pen alties ▁were ▁handed ▁out ▁to ▁those ▁suspected ▁of ▁har bour ing ▁reb els , ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁military ▁roads ▁and ▁barr ack ▁were ▁planned ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁area ▁between ▁Mount ▁Le in ster ▁and ▁the ▁Black st air ▁mountains . ▁ ▁Def e at ▁and ▁death ▁The ▁surrender ▁of ▁Michael ▁D w yer ▁in |
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