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▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Richmond ▁College , ▁G alle ▁Ch am al ▁Category : S in h ales e ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Queen ▁B ess ▁is ▁a ▁grade - II - listed ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁Sc un th or pe , ▁Lincoln shire , ▁England . ▁It ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁remaining ▁examples ▁of ▁post war ▁pub s ▁that ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁altered , ▁closed ▁down ▁or ▁demol ished . ▁ ▁Location ▁The ▁pub ▁is ▁on ▁Der w ent ▁Road , ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁Steel ▁Corporation ▁Sc un th or pe ▁Steel works . ▁ ▁History ▁Des igned ▁by ▁local ▁architect s ▁Wil burn ▁and ▁Son , ▁the ▁pub ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Samuel ▁Smith ▁Old ▁Brew ery — who ▁remain ▁the ▁owners — and ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 |
9 . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁a ▁similarly ▁titled ▁blast ▁furn ace ▁at ▁the ▁nearby ▁Apple by - F ro ding ham ▁steel works , ▁which ▁had ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁was ▁at ▁that ▁point ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁steel works ▁in ▁Britain . ▁The ▁sign ▁outside ▁the ▁pub ▁features ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁on ▁one ▁side , ▁and ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁blast ▁furn ace ▁on ▁the ▁other . ▁It ▁quickly ▁became ▁a ▁f ocal ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁area . ▁ ▁Architect ure ▁The ▁prem ises ▁has ▁been ▁largely ▁un al tered ▁since ▁its ▁construction . ▁It ▁was ▁Grade - II - listed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁five ▁post war ▁pub s — and ▁the ▁second ▁in ▁Sc un th or pe — to ▁be ▁awarded ▁this ▁status . ▁It ▁features ▁a ▁brick ▁exterior ▁and ▁a ▁plain ▁tile ▁roof , ▁which ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁compatible ▁with ▁new ▁local ▁housing ▁developments . ▁ ▁The ▁National ▁Heritage ▁List ▁for ▁England ▁consider ▁the ▁pub ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁examples ▁of ▁post – World ▁War ▁II ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁pub ▁architecture , ▁and ▁notes ▁that ▁many ▁pub s ▁of ▁a ▁similar ▁age ▁have ▁been ▁closed ▁or ▁demol ished . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁interior ▁f itt ings ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁opening , ▁including ▁bar ▁coun ters , ▁fixed ▁se ating , ▁furniture ▁and ▁doors . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Build ings |
▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁Category : Gr ade ▁II ▁listed ▁pub s ▁in ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : Gr ade ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁North ▁Lincoln shire ▁Category : Sc un th or pe <0x0A> </s> ▁D ing y uan ▁County ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁of ▁An hui ▁Province , ▁China . ▁It ▁is ▁under ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁Ch uz hou ▁city . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Taiwan ese ▁business man ▁Z hang ▁Ji ulin ▁() ▁held ▁a ▁press ▁conference ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁described ▁unfair ▁treatment ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁local ▁officials ▁in ▁D ing y uan ▁County ▁in ▁a ▁dispute ▁about ▁em be zz lement ▁at ▁a ▁company ▁his ▁father ▁had ▁owned ▁ ▁which ▁lead ▁to ▁Z hang ▁Ji ulin ▁serving ▁seven ▁months ▁in ▁jail . ▁ ▁Administr ative ▁Div isions ▁Town s : ▁D ing chen g ▁( ), ▁Lu q iao ▁( ), ▁Z hang q iao ▁( ), ▁Chi he ▁( ), ▁Ji ang ji ▁( ), ▁Z hu wan ▁( ), ▁L ian ji ang ▁( ), ▁C ang ▁( ), ▁J ie pa iji ▁( ), ▁X is ad ian ▁( ; ▁H si - san - sh ih - li - t ien ▁ 西 三 十 里 店 ), ▁Y ong k ang ▁( ), ▁S ang j ian ▁( ), ▁San he ji ▁( ), ▁Out ang ▁( ), ▁Da q iao ▁( ), ▁W ux u ▁() ▁ ▁Town ships : ▁Q |
il it ang ▁Township ▁( ), ▁N eng ren ▁Township ▁( ), ▁Er long ▁Hu iz u ▁Township ▁( ), ▁F ang ang ▁Township ▁( ), ▁Yan q iao ▁Township ▁( ), ▁F ux iao ▁() ▁ ▁Other ▁areas : ▁ ▁D ing y uan ▁Economic ▁and ▁Techn ological ▁Development ▁Zone ▁( ), ▁D ing y uan ▁Salt ▁Chem ical ▁Industrial ▁Park ▁( ), ▁L ing j ia hu ▁Farm ▁() ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ch uz hou <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁b anner - t ailed ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁( D ip od om ys ▁spect abil is ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁rod ent ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁H eter omy idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁ar id ▁environments ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Mexico ▁where ▁it ▁lives ▁in ▁a ▁bur row ▁by ▁day ▁and ▁for ages ▁for ▁seeds ▁and ▁plant ▁matter ▁by ▁night . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁b anner - t ailed ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁can ▁grow ▁to ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁about ▁. ▁The ▁d ors al ▁surface ▁is ▁och re - buff ▁with ▁some ▁black - t ipped ▁h airs ▁and ▁the ▁under parts ▁are ▁white . ▁The ▁species ' ▁most ▁distinctive ▁characteristic ▁is ▁the ▁black - band ed , ▁white - t ipped ▁bush y ▁tail ▁which ▁is ▁waved ▁like ▁a ▁b anner . ▁The ▁hind ▁legs ▁of ▁the ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁are ▁much ▁longer ▁than ▁its ▁fore leg s ▁and ▁loc om otion ▁is ▁by ▁hop ping |
. ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁The ▁b anner - t ailed ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Mexico ▁in ▁two ▁isolated ▁populations . ▁The ▁range ▁of ▁the ▁larger ▁northern ▁population ▁includes ▁ar id ▁parts ▁of ▁western ▁Texas , ▁much ▁of ▁Arizona ▁and ▁northern ▁New ▁Mexico , ▁and ▁the ▁Mexican ▁states ▁of ▁Son ora , ▁Ch ih u ah ua ▁and ▁Z ac ate cas . ▁The ▁southern ▁population ▁occurs ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁states ▁of ▁A gu as cal ientes ▁and ▁San ▁Luis ▁Pot os í . ▁This ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁inhab its ▁desert ▁grass land ▁with ▁isolated ▁scrub by ▁bus hes . ▁It ▁dies ▁out ▁of ▁an ▁area ▁if ▁the ▁shr ub ▁cover ▁increases ▁to ▁over ▁ 2 0 %. ▁ ▁Be havior ▁The ▁b anner - t ailed ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁is ▁no ct urn al ▁and ▁sp ends ▁the ▁day ▁in ▁a ▁complex ▁exc av ated ▁bur row . ▁On ▁the ▁surface , ▁a ▁characteristic ▁m ound ▁develop s ▁as ▁the ▁animal ▁dig s ▁and ▁repairs ▁tunn els , ▁and ▁rem oves ▁old ▁bed ding , ▁spo iled ▁food ▁and ▁seed ▁hus ks . ▁The ▁exc av ated ▁material ▁is ▁e ject ed ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁entr ances ▁and ▁a ▁m ound ▁builds ▁up ▁over ▁time . ▁Observ ations ▁of ▁a ▁newly ▁constructed ▁tunnel ▁system ▁showed ▁that ▁a ▁m ound ▁ ▁in ▁diameter ▁and ▁ ▁high ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁about ▁two ▁years ▁and ▁that ▁each ▁bur row |
▁system ▁is ▁occupied ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat . ▁The ▁sil ky ▁pocket ▁mouse ▁( Per ogn ath us ▁flav us ) ▁sometimes ▁shares ▁a ▁bur row ▁with ▁the ▁b anner - t ailed ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat . ▁ ▁The ▁b anner - t ailed ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁feed s ▁on ▁seeds ▁and ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁plants , ▁most ▁notably ▁grass ▁seeds ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁whole ▁seed - heads . ▁It ▁c aches ▁sur plus ▁food ▁in ▁its ▁bur row , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁ass id uous ▁ho ard er ▁among ▁the ▁k ang ar oo ▁r ats . ▁In ▁a ▁research ▁study ▁where ▁the ▁r ats ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁radio - track ing ▁equipment , ▁individuals ▁had ▁a ▁home ▁range ▁of ▁about ▁ ▁which ▁overl apped ▁slightly ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁its ▁neighb ours . ▁K ang ar oo ▁r ats ▁emerged ▁from ▁their ▁bur rows ▁soon ▁after ▁sun set ▁and ▁bounded ▁swift ly ▁to ▁feeding ▁areas , ▁for aged ▁for ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁hours ▁and ▁then ▁hurried ▁back ▁to ▁its ▁bur row ▁where ▁it ▁remained . ▁Another ▁burst ▁of ▁activity ▁occurred ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁hours ▁before ▁dawn . ▁The ▁food st uffs ▁collected ▁and ▁carried ▁in ▁the ▁cheek ▁pou ches ▁were ▁seed ▁heads ▁and ▁grass ▁tu ft s ▁and ▁were ▁stored ▁in ▁layers ▁in ▁the ▁bur row ▁in ▁ch ambers ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁diameter . ▁ ▁The ▁b anner - t ailed ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁uses ▁foot - dr um |
ming ▁in ▁territor ial ▁defense , ▁and ▁makes ▁a ▁different ▁foot - dr um ming ▁signal ▁when ▁pred ators ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁g opher ▁snake ▁( P itu oph is ▁mel an ols uc us ) ▁are ▁spotted . ▁Foot - dr um ming ▁seems ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁warn ▁cons pec ific s ▁in ▁ad join ing ▁ranges ▁of ▁danger , ▁instead ▁being ▁used ▁in ▁parent al ▁care ▁and ▁to ▁inform ▁the ▁pred ator ▁that ▁its ▁potential ▁prey ▁is ▁alert , ▁making ▁the ▁chances ▁of ▁successful ▁pred ation ▁low . ▁ ▁Status ▁The ▁b anner - t ailed ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁has ▁very ▁specific ▁habitat ▁requirements ▁and ▁if ▁threatened ▁by ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁open ▁desert ▁grass land ▁by ▁cre os ote ▁bush , ▁mes qu ite ▁and ▁other ▁wood y ▁plants . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁common ▁in ▁some ▁local ities , ▁but ▁in ▁general ▁the ▁population ▁trend ▁is ▁down wards ▁and ▁the ▁I U CN ▁lists ▁its ▁conservation ▁status ▁as ▁" ne ar ▁threatened ". ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁B anner - t ailed ▁K ang ar oo ▁Rat ▁Category : M amm als ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : M amm als ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Pa ary ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Sus ie c , ▁within ▁Tom asz ów ▁Lub els ki ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes |
hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Tom asz ów ▁Lub els ki ▁and ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Lub lin . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 6 8 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Pa ary <0x0A> </s> ▁Del ias ▁p ao ai ensis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁pier ine ▁butter fly ▁ ▁end emic ▁to ▁ ▁Cord ill era ▁Central ▁Mountains ▁of ▁L uz on , ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 5 2 – 5 6 mm . ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁originally ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁sub spec ies ▁of ▁Del ias ▁n uy da orum , ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁distinguished ▁by ▁the ▁pal er ▁yellow ▁mark ing ▁in ▁the ▁sub ap ical ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁unders ide ▁of ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁and ▁hind w ings . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁p ao ai ensis ▁Category : But ter fl ies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Jin ▁merch ants ▁ ▁( ), ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁merch ants ▁from ▁Shan xi ▁province , ▁China . ▁Jin ▁is ▁an ▁ab bre vi ated ▁name ▁of ▁Shan xi . ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁notice able ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁can ▁be ▁dated ▁back ▁to ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁Spring ▁and ▁Aut umn ▁Period , ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁became ▁prominent |
▁during ▁the ▁M ing ▁and ▁Q ing ▁dyn ast ies , ▁and ▁their ▁dominant ▁influence ▁in ▁Chinese ▁commerce , ▁within ▁the ▁nation ▁and ▁with ▁neighbor ing ▁Mong olia , ▁Russia , ▁and ▁Japan , ▁lasted ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 0 ▁years . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁also ▁operated ▁an ▁early ▁Chinese ▁type ▁of ▁draft ▁bank ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁p ia oh ao , ▁these ▁were ▁the ▁dominant ▁form ▁of ▁banks ▁in ▁China ▁until ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁earliest ▁Chinese ▁business men ▁and ▁their ▁history ▁could ▁be ▁tr aced ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Spring ▁and ▁Aut umn ▁Period ▁and ▁the ▁War ring ▁States ▁period . ▁Southern ▁Shan xi ▁first ▁came ▁into ▁commercial ▁prom in ence ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁centers ▁of ▁ancient ▁China . ▁ ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁the ▁M ing ▁and ▁Q ing ▁dyn ast ies , ▁that ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁really ▁stood ▁out ▁among ▁other ▁Chinese ▁merchant ▁groups , ▁built ▁a ▁strong ▁and ▁long - last ing ▁commercial ▁network ▁and ▁accum ulated ▁enormous ▁wealth . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁M ing ▁dyn asty , ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁government ▁was ▁in ▁constant ▁fighting ▁with ▁the ▁rem nant ▁of ▁the ▁exp elled ▁Mong ol ian ▁arm ies , ▁along ▁the ▁northern ▁border . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁log istics ▁to ▁transport ▁food ▁and ▁other ▁essential ▁supplies |
▁to ▁the ▁military , ▁the ▁M ing ▁government ▁decided ▁to ▁grant ▁salt ▁sales ▁license ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁deliver ▁supplies ▁for ▁the ▁front ier ▁soldiers . ▁The ▁salt ▁trade , ▁as ▁a ▁high ▁margin ▁trade ▁of ▁essential ▁goods , ▁had ▁been ▁histor ically ▁mon opol ized ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁ensure ▁enough ▁tax , ▁and ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁salt ▁sales ▁licenses ▁served ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁profit ▁sources ▁for ▁the ▁early ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants . ▁Shan xi ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁North ▁China ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁M ing - N or thern ▁Y uan ▁border , ▁and ▁Y un chen g ▁city ▁in ▁southern ▁Shan xi ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁natural ▁salt ▁production ▁lake , ▁therefore ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁proxim ity ▁was ▁convenient ly ▁explo ited ▁by ▁these ▁merch ants . ▁ ▁In ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty , ▁merch ants ▁from ▁central ▁Shan xi ▁bas in , ▁including ▁Yu ci , ▁Q ix ian , ▁Ta igu , ▁ ▁P ing y ao , ▁etc ▁pione ered ▁the ▁first ▁private ▁financial ▁system , ▁so - called ▁draft ▁banks ▁or ▁P ia oh ao , ▁throughout ▁and ▁even ▁beyond ▁China . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁nineteenth ▁century , ▁thirty - two ▁p ia oh ao ▁with ▁ 4 7 5 ▁branches ▁were ▁in ▁business ▁covering ▁most ▁of ▁China , ▁and ▁the ▁central ▁Shan xi ▁region ▁became ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁financial ▁cent res ▁of ▁Q ing ▁China . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁period , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁Shan xi ▁merch |
ants ▁based ▁on ▁conventional ▁draft ▁banks ▁and ▁tea ▁trade ▁had ▁largely ▁fallen . ▁The ▁prominent ▁example ▁of ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁is ▁H . ▁H . ▁K ung , ▁who ▁was ▁highly ▁influential ▁in ▁determining ▁the ▁economic ▁policies ▁of ▁the ▁Ku om int ang - led ▁National ist ▁government . ▁ ▁Leg acies ▁ ▁Business ▁and ▁culture ▁legacy ▁ ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁were ▁active ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁five ▁hundred ▁years ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁M ing ▁dyn asty , ▁creating ▁centuries - old ▁prosper ity , ▁leaving ▁significant ▁business ▁and ▁cultural ▁leg acies . ▁Among ▁the ▁diverse ▁businesses ▁scope ▁that ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁had ▁worked ▁on , ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁main ▁tr ades , ▁one ▁is ▁the ▁draft ▁bank ▁system , ▁or ▁P ia oh ao , ▁serving ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁financial ▁institutions , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁tea ▁trade ▁to ▁Mong olia ▁and ▁Russia , ▁in ▁exchange ▁of ▁fur ▁and ▁European ▁goods . ▁ ▁All ▁p ia oh ao ▁were ▁organ ised ▁as ▁single ▁propriet aries ▁or ▁partnership s , ▁where ▁the ▁owners ▁carried ▁un limited ▁liability . ▁They ▁concentrated ▁on ▁inter prov inc ial ▁rem itt ances , ▁and ▁later ▁on ▁conducting ▁government ▁services . ▁From ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Ta ip ing ▁Reb ell ion , ▁when ▁transportation ▁routes ▁between ▁the ▁capital ▁and ▁the ▁provin ces ▁were ▁cut ▁off , ▁p ia oh ao ▁began ▁involvement ▁with ▁the ▁delivery ▁of ▁government ▁tax ▁revenue . ▁P ia oh ao ▁grew ▁by ▁taking ▁on ▁a ▁role ▁in |
▁adv ancing ▁funds ▁and ▁arr anging ▁foreign ▁loans ▁for ▁provincial ▁governments , ▁iss uing ▁notes , ▁and ▁running ▁regional ▁tre as uries . ▁ ▁To ▁successfully ▁run ▁a ▁nation wide ▁financial ▁system , ▁cred ibility ▁was ▁of ▁param ount ▁importance ▁for ▁the ▁draft ▁banks . ▁There ▁were ▁numerous ▁stories ▁that ▁Shan xi ▁draft ▁banks ▁hon ored ▁their ▁bank ▁notes ▁even ▁after ▁generations ▁or ▁major ▁dis asters . ▁An ▁honor ary ▁system ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁degree ▁was ▁a ▁main ▁legacy ▁of ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants . ▁ ▁They ▁widely ▁employed ▁joint ▁vent ures ▁among ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁villages ▁or ▁towns , ▁yet ▁they ▁generally ▁avoided ▁using ▁direct ▁relative ▁in ▁the ▁business ▁management , ▁direct ▁relatives ▁could ▁only ▁be ▁owners ▁together ▁but ▁not ▁managers . ▁This ▁way ▁they ▁minim ized ▁the ▁interference ▁of ▁personal ▁bias ▁based ▁on ▁kin ship ▁with ▁professional ▁business ▁management . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁separate ▁the ▁ownership ▁and ▁management ▁of ▁businesses , ▁which ▁is ▁crucial ▁for ▁professional ▁business ▁development , ▁such ▁as ▁draft ▁bank ▁financial ▁systems . ▁The ▁professional ism ▁of ▁Shan xi ▁Mer ch ants ▁was ▁also ▁well - known . ▁Their ▁professional ism ▁was ▁characterized ▁by ▁ded ication ▁and ▁focus . ▁ ▁The ▁families ▁of ▁Shan xi ▁Mer ch ants ▁were ▁generally ▁different ▁from ▁histor ically ▁wealthy ▁families , ▁who ▁gained ▁wealth ▁mainly ▁through ▁political ▁privilege ▁with ▁key ▁family ▁members ▁as ▁bureau cr ats ▁in ▁the ▁court . ▁A ▁lot ▁of ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁t ended ▁to ▁run ▁businesses ▁without ▁amb ition ▁in |
▁politics . ▁Although ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁did ▁eventually ▁seek ▁higher ▁social ▁status ▁by ▁joining ▁the ▁Chinese ▁bureau cr atic ▁system , ▁and ▁combined ▁the ▁business ▁network ▁and ▁wealth ▁with ▁political ▁power . ▁ ▁China ▁Central ▁Television ▁created ▁an ▁eight - part ▁documentary ▁about ▁them ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Architect ure ▁legacy ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁enormous ▁wealth ▁accum ulated ▁from ▁the ▁international ▁trade ▁and ▁the ▁financial ▁institutions ▁had ▁enabled ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁to ▁build ▁lux urious ▁family ▁resid ences ▁The ▁houses ▁and ▁gardens ▁built ▁by ▁them ▁are ▁culture ▁and ▁architecture ▁her it ages ▁now , ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁these ▁buildings ▁are ▁scattered ▁throughout ▁the ▁central ▁Shan xi ▁bas in . ▁ ▁The ▁notable ▁architecture ▁complex es ▁are : ▁ ▁Wang ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁L ings hi , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁Cour tyard ▁H ouses . ▁ ▁Q iao ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁Q i ▁County ▁ ▁Qu ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁Q i ▁County ▁ ▁Ch ang ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁Yu ci ▁ ▁C ao ▁Family ▁Comp ound ▁in ▁Ta igu ▁ ▁The ▁K ung ▁Family ▁Res idence ▁in ▁Ta igu , ▁where ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁H . ▁H . ▁K ung ▁used ▁to ▁live . ▁ ▁The ▁M eng ▁Family ▁Cour tyard ▁in ▁Ta igu , ▁later , ▁this ▁private ▁family ▁compound ▁was ▁transformed ▁to ▁the ▁M ing ▁H s ien ▁school ▁( <0xE9> <0x93> <0xAD> <0xE8> <0xB4> <0xA4> 学 校 ), ▁which ▁is ▁further ▁incorporated ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Shan xi |
▁Agricult ural ▁University . ▁ ▁S hen ▁Family ▁Comp ound , ▁( 申 家 大 院 ) ▁in ▁Ch ang z hi . ▁ ▁Origin ▁of ▁Shan xi ▁B anks ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁still ▁no ▁consensus ▁on ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁origin ▁of ▁Shan xi ▁B anks . ▁Some ▁scholars ▁argue ▁that ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁banks ▁are ▁native ▁innovation ▁from ▁China , ▁while ▁others ▁argue ▁a ▁potential ▁influence ▁from ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Ris heng ch ang ▁▁ ▁Ris heng ch ang , ▁the ▁first ▁draft ▁bank ▁or ▁p ia oh ao ▁( 票 號 ), ▁origin ated ▁from ▁X iy ue chen g ▁D ye ▁Company ▁P ing y ao ▁in ▁central ▁Shan xi . ▁Ris heng ch ang ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁founded ▁during ▁the ▁Q ing ▁D yn asty ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 . ▁However , ▁the ▁exact ▁founding ▁year ▁remains ▁controversial , ▁some ▁scholars ▁argue ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 7 ▁or ▁ 1 8 2 4 . ▁To ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁cash ▁from ▁one ▁branch ▁to ▁another , ▁the ▁company ▁introduced ▁draft s , ▁cash able ▁in ▁the ▁company ' s ▁many ▁branches ▁around ▁China . ▁Although ▁this ▁new ▁method ▁was ▁originally ▁designed ▁for ▁business ▁transactions ▁within ▁the ▁X iy ue chen g ▁Company , ▁it ▁became ▁so ▁popular ▁that ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 ▁the ▁owner ▁gave ▁up ▁the ▁d ye ▁business ▁altogether ▁and ▁re organ ized ▁the ▁company ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁rem itt ance ▁firm , ▁Ris |
heng ch ang ▁P ia oh ao . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁next ▁thirty ▁years , ▁eleven ▁p ia oh ao ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁Shan xi ▁province , ▁including ▁P ing y ao ▁and ▁neighbor ing ▁count ies ▁of ▁Q i ▁County , ▁Ta igu , ▁and ▁Yu ci . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁nineteenth ▁century , ▁thirty - two ▁p ia oh ao ▁with ▁ 4 7 5 ▁branches ▁were ▁in ▁business ▁covering ▁most ▁of ▁China , ▁and ▁the ▁central ▁Shan xi ▁region ▁became ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁financial ▁cent res ▁of ▁Q ing ▁China . ▁The ▁Chinese ▁banking ▁institutions ▁of ▁draft ▁bank ▁or ▁p ia oh ao ▁were ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Shan xi ▁banks ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁owned ▁primarily ▁by ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants . ▁ ▁All ▁p ia oh ao ▁were ▁organ ised ▁as ▁single ▁propriet aries ▁or ▁partnership s , ▁where ▁the ▁owners ▁carried ▁un limited ▁liability . ▁They ▁concentrated ▁on ▁inter prov inc ial ▁rem itt ances , ▁and ▁later ▁on ▁conducting ▁government ▁services . ▁From ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Ta ip ing ▁Reb ell ion , ▁when ▁transportation ▁routes ▁between ▁the ▁capital ▁and ▁the ▁provin ces ▁were ▁cut ▁off , ▁p ia oh ao ▁began ▁involvement ▁with ▁the ▁delivery ▁of ▁government ▁tax ▁revenue . ▁P ia oh ao ▁grew ▁by ▁taking ▁on ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁adv ancing ▁funds ▁and ▁arr anging ▁foreign ▁loans ▁for ▁provincial ▁governments , ▁iss uing ▁notes , ▁and ▁running ▁regional ▁tre as uries . ▁ ▁Mor ck ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁H |
yp othes is ▁of ▁Russian ▁In flu ence ▁on ▁Shan xi ▁D raft ▁Bank ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁centuries ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road ▁had ▁become ▁less ▁favour able ▁due ▁to ▁centuries ▁of ▁deter ior ation ▁and ▁dest abil isation , ▁the ▁Golden ▁Hor de ▁had ▁greatly ▁dep op ulated ▁Central ▁Asia ▁and ▁band its ▁had ▁completely ▁dr ained ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁commerce . ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road ▁had ▁become ▁nearly ▁imp ass able ▁making ▁it ▁des olate ▁for ▁commercial ▁purposes . ▁Thus ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁did ▁business ▁in ▁the ▁X in ji ang ▁region , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁entry ▁into ▁western ▁China , ▁but ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁merch ants ▁would ▁trade ▁along ▁the ▁( former ) ▁route ▁itself ▁at ▁this ▁point . ▁As ▁the ▁trade ▁had ▁ce ased ▁in ▁this ▁region ▁Western ▁re lic ▁hun ters ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁centuries ▁would ▁often ▁describe ▁ru ins ▁along ▁the ▁once ▁magnificent ▁trading ▁and ▁commercial ▁route . ▁The ▁M ing ▁dyn asty ▁had ▁made ▁trading ▁through ▁the ▁sea ▁illegal ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁dyn asty , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁had ▁ordered ▁the ▁ster il isation ▁of ▁a ▁ 5 0 ▁li ▁( or ▁ 1 6 ▁kilom eters ) ▁wide ▁area ▁along ▁the ▁entire ▁Chinese ▁coast , ▁the ▁Q ing ▁Ar mu ▁level ed ▁all ▁buildings ▁and ▁removed ▁all ▁residents |
▁of ▁the ▁area ▁in land ▁in ▁three ▁days , ▁this ▁move ▁was ▁done ▁to ▁isol ate ▁Southern ▁M ing ▁dyn asty ▁reb els ▁on ▁Taiwan . ▁▁ ▁The ▁quar antine ▁band ▁around ▁the ▁Chinese ▁coast ▁which ▁was ▁marked ▁with ▁signs ▁stating ▁" Any one ▁found ▁over ▁this ▁line ▁shall ▁be ▁be headed ▁instantly ", ▁was ▁thoroughly ▁pat rolled ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty ▁and ▁the ▁affected ▁area ▁was ▁wid ened ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁three ▁times . ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 6 8 3 ▁the ▁coastal ▁areas ▁of ▁China ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁be ▁res ett led ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁at ▁the ▁port ▁cities ▁of ▁Gu ang z hou , ▁Z hang z hou , ▁N ing po , ▁and ▁Y un ta i ▁a ▁more ▁limited ▁form ▁of ▁international ▁trade ▁was ▁allowed ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty . ▁This ▁very ▁limited ▁form ▁of ▁international ▁trade ▁along ▁some ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁coast ▁was ▁ended ▁when , ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 5 7 , ▁the ▁Q ian long ▁Emperor ▁had ▁closed ▁off ▁all ▁of ▁these ▁port ▁cities ▁to ▁foreign ers ▁once ▁again . ▁Limited ▁trade ▁res umed ▁in ▁Gu ang z hou ▁following ▁the ▁un inv ited ▁arrival ▁of ▁British ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 5 9 ▁and ▁the ▁restricted ▁re op ening ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁a ▁year ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 0 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁restrictions ▁placed ▁on ▁foreign ▁trade ▁by ▁the ▁government |
▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁co h ong ▁system ▁( or ▁the ▁k ung ▁hung ▁system ), ▁only ▁select ▁Chinese ▁merch ants ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁trade ▁with ▁pre - screen ed ▁and ▁completely ▁un armed ▁male ▁foreign ▁merch ants ▁on ▁a ▁river bank ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁walls ▁of ▁Gu ang z hou ▁for ▁a ▁limited ▁time ▁during ▁a ▁designated ▁" tr ading ▁season ", ▁and ▁the ▁trade ▁conducted ▁during ▁these ▁" tr ading ▁seasons " ▁had ▁strict ▁quot as . ▁These ▁deal ings ▁were ▁super vised ▁by ▁corrupt ▁government ▁officials ▁that ▁were ▁seeking ▁b rib es ▁from ▁the ▁parties ▁involved . ▁▁ ▁During ▁this ▁era ▁foreign ers ▁doing ▁business ▁in ▁China ▁risk ed ▁un predict able ▁fin es ▁imposed ▁on ▁them ▁by ▁corrupt ▁government ▁officials , ▁enthusi astic ▁torture , ▁imprison ment ▁based ▁on ▁arbitrary ▁accus ations , ▁and ▁instant ▁death ▁until ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁this ▁was ▁when ▁the ▁British ▁were ▁vict orious ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁O pi um ▁War . ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁open ▁four ▁more ▁port ▁cities , ▁known ▁as ▁treat y ▁ports , ▁and ▁Common ▁Law ▁en cl aves ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁all ▁five ▁Chinese ▁treat y ▁port ▁cities ▁under ▁the ▁treat y . ▁▁ ▁As ▁the ▁p ia oh ao ▁came ▁into ▁existence ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁of ▁x en oph ob ia , ▁they ▁were ▁an ▁independently ▁formed ▁Chinese ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁banking ▁system ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Shan xi |
▁merch ants ▁and ▁because ▁trade ▁along ▁the ▁Chinese ▁coast lines ▁was ▁so ▁restricted ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁managed ▁to ▁form ▁international ▁trade ▁networks ▁across ▁different ▁routes . ▁ ▁Trade ▁with ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁▁ ▁During ▁its ▁history , ▁the ▁banking ▁industry ▁in ▁China ▁has ▁evolved ▁parallel ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁world , ▁the ▁sudden ▁appearance ▁of ▁genuine ▁banks ▁and ▁financial ▁companies ▁from ▁Europe ▁in ▁China ▁exposed ▁this . ▁It ▁is ▁suspected ▁that ▁the ▁banks ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁might ▁have ▁actually ▁been ▁inspired ▁by ▁western ▁banks ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁trade ▁with ▁Russia . ▁As ▁the ▁Sil k ▁Road ▁had ▁become ▁completely ▁ch oked ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty , ▁and ▁its ▁government ▁had ▁the ▁Chinese ▁ports ▁basically ▁her met ically ▁sealed ▁off ▁from ▁foreign ▁trade , ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁amount ▁of ▁international ▁trade ▁through ▁the ▁G obi ▁desert ▁was ▁conducted ▁starting ▁in ▁Shan xi . ▁The ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁was ▁eager ▁to ▁engage ▁in ▁trade ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese , ▁every ▁year ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁would ▁transport ▁various ▁goods ▁such ▁as ▁silk , ▁cloth , ▁tea , ▁sugar , ▁cig arettes , ▁and ▁por cel ain ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁L anz hou ▁and ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁X in ji ang , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁through ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ky ak ht a ▁to ▁the ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁in ▁far ▁away ▁cities ▁like ▁Moscow ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁St . ▁Peters burg . ▁Chinese ▁tea ▁was ▁imported |
▁primarily ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁he fty ▁hard - packed ▁tea ▁br icks ▁which ▁allowed ▁each ▁cam el ▁to ▁carry ▁large ▁quantities ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁compact ▁manner ▁and ▁were ▁sometimes ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁currency . ▁ ▁The ▁trade ▁routes ▁between ▁imperial ▁Russia ▁and ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" Te a ▁Road " ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁Ky ak ht a ▁Treat y ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 2 7 ▁the ▁trading ▁posts ▁of ▁Ky ak ht a , ▁Z ul uh ait u , ▁and ▁N er ch ins k ▁were ▁opened ▁to ▁trade ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese , ▁though ▁only ▁Ky ak ht a ▁ever ▁saw ▁any ▁significant ▁trade ▁and ▁basically ▁all ▁goods ▁from ▁and ▁to ▁China ▁went ▁through ▁the ▁city . ▁Ky ak ht a ▁was ▁strateg ically ▁located ▁next ▁to ▁Out er ▁Mong olia . ▁The ▁Te a ▁Road ▁was ▁a ▁trade ▁route ▁extending ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁kilom eters ▁through ▁land , ▁crossing ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁cities ▁in ▁China ▁( including ▁Out er ▁Mong olia ), ▁and ▁Russia ▁with ▁its ▁influence ▁extending ▁beyond ▁these ▁countries . ▁▁ ▁Init ially , ▁the ▁imperial ▁Russian ▁state ▁maintained ▁a ▁complete ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁the ▁luc r ative ▁trade ▁with ▁China , ▁further more ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty ▁required ▁a ▁prior ▁pre clear ance ▁of ▁all ▁export ed ▁goods ▁in ▁its ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Beijing , ▁this ▁policy ▁initially ▁meant ▁that ▁trade ▁between ▁the |
▁two ▁countries ▁was ▁minimal . ▁But ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 5 5 , ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty ▁disp ensed ▁with ▁pre clear ance . ▁Trade ▁saw ▁another ▁boom ▁when ▁Catherine ▁the ▁Great ▁had ▁opened ▁up ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ky ak ht a ▁to ▁private ▁Russian ▁merch ants ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 6 2 . ▁By ▁the ▁mid - 1 8 0 0 s ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁were ▁selling ▁long ▁Boy ar ▁car av ans ▁full ▁of ▁export ed ▁goods ▁that ▁headed ▁to ▁St . ▁Peters burg ▁for ▁res ale ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁Amer icas . ▁The ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁were ▁the ▁dominant ▁Chinese ▁merch ants ▁operating ▁in ▁Ky ak ht a ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Russia ▁along ▁the ▁Te a ▁Road . ▁Both ▁the ▁Russians ▁and ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁benef itted ▁greatly ▁from ▁this ▁trade ▁until ▁the ▁Q ing ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁open ▁up ▁several ▁of ▁its ▁port ▁cities ▁following ▁its ▁defeat ▁in ▁the ▁O pi um ▁Wars . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Shan xi ▁province ▁itself ▁did ▁not ▁plant ▁tea ▁itself , ▁but ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁sold ▁Chinese ▁tea ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁through ▁the ▁route . ▁The ▁Te a ▁Road ▁route ▁along ▁which ▁the ▁old ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁were ▁the ▁major ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁international ▁Chinese ▁tea ▁business ▁started ▁from ▁the ▁W uy i ▁Mountains ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁F uj ian ▁in ▁Sout heast ▁China , ▁this ▁mountain ▁was ▁notably ▁the ▁birth place ▁of |
▁many ▁of ▁China ' s ▁renown ed ▁teas . ▁ ▁Poss ible ▁Russian ▁inspiration ▁for ▁the ▁p ia oh ao ▁▁ ▁While ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁entered ▁Russia , ▁banks ▁in ▁imperial ▁Russia ▁took ▁depos its , ▁they ▁made ▁loans , ▁ex changed ▁different ▁cur ren cies , ▁and ▁let ▁merch ants ▁and ▁traders ▁transfer ▁funds ▁to ▁each ▁other , ▁though ▁they ▁primarily ▁only ▁made ▁loans ▁to ▁noble men ▁they ▁fav oured . ▁Furthermore ▁the ▁banks ▁in ▁Russia ▁were ▁constantly ▁un stable ▁and ▁felt ▁high ▁pressure ▁to ▁l end ▁money ▁to ▁court ▁favour ites . ▁▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁Russian ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁St . ▁Peters burg ▁was ▁the ▁western most ▁known ▁location ▁of ▁a ▁Shan xi ▁merchant ▁operation , ▁further more ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁doorway ▁of ▁Russia ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe . ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁status , ▁St . ▁Peters burg ▁also ▁hous ed ▁many ▁branch ▁offices ▁of ▁Western ▁European ▁banking ▁and ▁financial ▁companies , ▁Thom p stone ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁described ▁the ▁city ▁as ▁being ▁" a ▁' City ▁of ▁London ' ▁in ▁mini ature " ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁huge ▁influence ▁of ▁British ▁merch ants ▁and ▁their ▁banks ▁over ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁St . ▁Peters burg . ▁Rand all ▁Mor ck ▁and ▁F an ▁Yang , ▁in ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁paper ▁" The ▁Shan xi ▁B anks " ▁claimed ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁pl aus ible ▁explanation ▁that ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁inspired ▁by ▁these ▁British ▁banks ▁to |
▁create ▁the ▁p ia oh ao . ▁They ▁hypothes ised ▁that ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merchant ▁Li ▁Da qu an , ▁who ▁while ▁running ▁the ▁X iy uc heng ▁dy ed ▁goods ▁company ' s ▁operations , ▁organized ▁the ▁silver ▁ship ments ▁between ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁T ian j in ▁and ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Shan xi . ▁The ▁goods ▁shipped ▁to ▁T ian j in ▁would ▁have ▁first ▁gone ▁through ▁Kal gan , ▁where ▁the ▁Russian ▁Ky ak ht a ▁car av ans ▁would ▁pass ▁beneath ▁the ▁Great ▁Wall . ▁They ▁proposed ▁that ▁Li ▁Da qu an ▁had ▁heard ▁about ▁how ▁the ▁European ▁banking ▁system ▁worked ▁through ▁other ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁that ▁had ▁done ▁business ▁in ▁European ▁Russia ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁try ▁it ▁in ▁China , ▁Rand all ▁Mor ck ▁and ▁F an ▁Yang ▁claimed ▁that ▁Li ▁Da qu an ▁deliberately ▁om itted ▁saying ▁that ▁his ▁ideas ▁that ▁established ▁the ▁p ia oh ao ▁were ▁of ▁European ▁origin ▁as ▁an ▁extreme ▁culture ▁of ▁x en oph ob ia ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁Poss ible ▁reasons ▁why ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁were ▁more ▁successful ▁than ▁those ▁from ▁other ▁provin ces ▁▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁proposed ▁reasons ▁as ▁to ▁why ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁found ▁success ▁during ▁the ▁Man ch u ▁era ▁while ▁merch ants ▁from ▁other ▁provin ces ▁were ▁generally ▁less ▁successful . ▁One ▁proposition ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Shan xi ▁benef itted ▁from ▁gold ▁and ▁silver ▁that ▁was ▁stolen ▁out |
▁of ▁the ▁imperial ▁tre asury ▁of ▁the ▁decl ining ▁M ing ▁dyn asty . ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁a ▁coin ▁board ▁of ▁ 1 . 5 ▁ton ▁pre - M ing ▁cash ▁coins ▁was ▁discovered ▁at ▁a ▁construction ▁site ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Shan xi , ▁which ▁gave ▁this ▁proposed ▁reason ▁more ▁cred ence . ▁▁ ▁Another ▁pl aus ible ▁explanation ▁for ▁the ▁position ▁that ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁had ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁defect ing ▁ 1 6 4 0 s ▁M ing ▁soldiers ▁re appe aring ▁in ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁province ▁acting ▁as ▁private ▁security ▁to ▁the ▁region ' s ▁merch ants , ▁this ▁gave ▁the ▁merch ants ▁from ▁this ▁province ▁a ▁distinct ▁edge ▁under ▁w aning ▁rule ▁of ▁law ▁during ▁the ▁transition ▁from ▁M ing ▁to ▁Q ing . ▁A ▁similar ▁hypothesis ▁propos es ▁that ▁hiding ▁ 1 6 4 0 s ▁M ing ▁soldiers ▁were ▁redirect ing ▁their ▁talents ▁to ▁commerce . ▁While ▁locals ▁from ▁Shan xi ▁were ▁odd ly ▁absent ▁from ▁the ▁top ▁rank ▁imperial ▁exam ▁records ▁during ▁the ▁Q ing ▁dyn asty , ▁the ▁dyn asty ' s ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁enthusiasm ▁for ▁the ▁services ▁of ▁the ▁p ia oh ao ▁as pers es ▁this ▁hypothesis ▁somewhat . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁pl aus ible ▁explanation ▁of ▁the ▁financial ▁prom in ence ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Shan xi ▁states ▁that ▁its ▁salt ▁works ▁at ▁X ie chi ▁Lake ▁fost ered ▁merc ant ile ▁activity ▁that ▁would ▁ultimately ▁need ▁banks . ▁A ▁state |
▁salt ▁mon opol y ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁imperial ▁government ▁pers isted , ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁minor ▁inter ru ptions , ▁from ▁the ▁Han ▁dyn asty ▁until ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 3 7 0 ▁during ▁the ▁second ▁year ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁dyn asty . ▁In ▁ 1 3 7 0 ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁began ▁using ▁its ▁salt ▁rights , ▁known ▁as ▁y an ▁y in , ▁which ▁were ▁initially ▁rede em able ▁only ▁at ▁the ▁X ie chi ▁Lake , ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁transport ing ▁provisions ▁to ▁Chinese ▁soldiers ▁station ed ▁on ▁the ▁Great ▁Wall . ▁As ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁were ▁handling ▁this ▁luc r ative ▁business ▁from ▁its ▁very ▁beg innings , ▁they ▁managed ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁state ' s ▁mon opol y ▁and ▁the ▁imperial ▁government ▁quite ▁likely ▁net ted ▁more ▁reven ues ▁of ▁the ▁salt ▁mon opol y ▁because ▁of ▁higher ▁overall ▁efficiency . ▁This ▁policy ▁that ▁benef ited ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁remained ▁in ▁effect ▁long ▁enough ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁accum ulate ▁a ▁substantial ▁amount ▁of ▁wealth ▁for ▁themselves . ▁This ▁hypothesis ▁regarding ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁Shan xi ▁merch ants ▁also ▁acc ords ▁with ▁evidence ▁that ▁the ▁region ▁compr ising ▁the ▁current ▁Shan xi ▁province ▁was ▁not ▁an ▁important ▁commercial ▁centre ▁until ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁M ing ▁dyn asty . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Shan xi ▁ ▁P ia oh ao ▁ ▁Yan ▁X ish an ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁C |
CT V ▁documentary ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Shan xi ▁Category : Mer ch ants ▁Category : E conom ic ▁history ▁of ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁K won ▁T ong - hy ok ▁( ; ▁born ▁January ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁North ▁Korean ▁sport ▁shoot er . ▁K won ▁represented ▁North ▁Korea ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Beijing , ▁where ▁he ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁ 1 0 ▁m ▁air ▁pistol , ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁team mate ▁Kim ▁J ong - Su . ▁He ▁finished ▁only ▁in ▁twenty - six th ▁place ▁by ▁two ▁points ▁ahead ▁of ▁Bel ar us ' ▁Kan st ants in ▁L uk ash yk ▁from ▁the ▁final ▁attempt , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁score ▁of ▁ 5 7 5 ▁targets . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁NBC ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Olympics ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : N orth ▁Korean ▁male ▁sport ▁shoot ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁shoot ers ▁of ▁North ▁Korea ▁Category : Sh oot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : Sh oot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁competitors ▁for ▁North ▁Korea <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁located ▁in ▁Hig ash iy ama - ku , ▁Ky oto , ▁Ky oto ▁P ref ect ure , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁L |
ines ▁Ke ih an ▁Electric ▁Railway ▁Ke ih an ▁Main ▁Line ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Ky oto <0x0A> </s> ▁H umph re ys ▁House ▁or ▁H umph re ys ▁Building ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁David ▁C . ▁H umph re ys ▁House , ▁Hun ts ville , ▁Alabama , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁( NR HP ) ▁H umph re ys - R yan ▁House , ▁Hot ▁Springs , ▁Arkansas , ▁N R HP - listed , ▁in ▁Gar land ▁County ▁Gen . ▁David ▁H umph re ys ▁House , ▁An son ia , ▁Connecticut , ▁N R HP - listed ▁in ▁New ▁Haven ▁County ▁San ford - H umph re ys ▁House , ▁Se ym our , ▁Connecticut , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁N R HP ▁in ▁New ▁Haven ▁County , ▁Connecticut ▁Sir ▁John ▁H umph re ys ▁House , ▁Sw amps cott , ▁Massachusetts , ▁N R HP - listed ▁Rose mary - H umph re ys ▁House , ▁Green wood , ▁Mississippi , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁N R HP ▁in ▁L ef l ore ▁County , ▁Mississippi ▁H umph re ys ▁Drug store ▁Building , ▁Grand field , ▁Oklahoma , ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁N R HP ▁in ▁T ill man ▁County , ▁Oklahoma ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁H umph rey ▁House ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Jer zy ▁Miller ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Jer zy ▁Miller , ▁a |
▁Polish ▁poet ▁Jer zy ▁Miller , ▁Polish ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Interior <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ip ch ik ovo ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁T osh k uro v sky ▁S els ov iet , ▁Balt ache v sky ▁District , ▁B ash k ort ost an , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 6 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁is ▁ 1 ▁street . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁ 9 km ▁from ▁Star obal t ach y ovo , ▁ 6 km ▁from ▁T osh k uro vo . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁B ash k ort ost an ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Balt ache v sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Tob ique ▁is ▁an ▁un inc or por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Rogers ▁Township , ▁Cass ▁County , ▁Minnesota , ▁United ▁States , ▁near ▁Rem er . ▁It ▁is ▁along ▁Tob ique ▁Road ▁NE ▁near ▁Cass ▁County ▁Road ▁ 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Un inc or por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Cass ▁County , ▁Minnesota ▁Category : Un inc or por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ DIS PLAY T IT LE : T au 2 ▁L up i }} ▁ ▁T au 2 ▁L up i , ▁Latin ized ▁from ▁ τ 2 ▁L up , ▁is ▁a ▁binary ▁star ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁L up us . ▁It ▁is ▁visible |
▁to ▁the ▁naked ▁eye ▁with ▁a ▁combined ▁apparent ▁visual ▁magnitude ▁of ▁ 4 . 3 4 . ▁Based ▁upon ▁an ▁annual ▁par all ax ▁shift ▁of ▁ 1 0 . 2 2 mas ▁as ▁seen ▁from ▁Earth , ▁it ▁is ▁located ▁around ▁ 3 1 9 light ▁years ▁from ▁the ▁Sun . ▁The ▁two ▁components ▁ ▁orbit ▁each ▁other ▁with ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 2 6 . 2 year s ▁and ▁a ▁high ▁ecc entric ity ▁of ▁ 0 . 9 4 . ▁The ▁br ighter ▁component ▁is ▁a ▁magnitude ▁ 4 . 9 3 ▁sub g iant ▁star ▁with ▁a ▁stellar ▁classification ▁of ▁F 4 IV . ▁Its ▁companion ▁is ▁an ▁A - type ▁star ▁with ▁visual ▁magnitude ▁ 5 . 5 5 ▁and ▁class ▁A 7 : . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : F - type ▁sub gi ants ▁Category : L up us ▁( const ell ation ) ▁L up i , ▁T au 2 ▁ 1 2 6 3 5 4 ▁ 0 7 0 5 7 6 ▁ 5 3 9 6 ▁Category : Binary ▁stars ▁Category : D urch m uster ung ▁objects <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁girls ' ▁ 1 0 0 ▁met re ▁breast stroke ▁event ▁in ▁swimming ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁at ▁the ▁N anj ing ▁Olympic ▁Sports ▁Centre ▁in ▁N anj ing , ▁China . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁He ats ▁The ▁he |
ats ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁ 1 0 : 1 5 . ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁The ▁sem if inals ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁ 1 8 : 4 5 . ▁ ▁Final ▁The ▁final ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁ 1 8 : 1 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sw im ming ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Cer ro ▁Cor a ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁Par agu ay an ▁film ▁set ▁on ▁the ▁last ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁Par agu ay an ▁War . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Roberto ▁De ▁Fel ice ▁as ▁Francisco ▁Sol ano ▁L ó pez ▁ ▁Rosa ▁Ros ▁as ▁Eliz a ▁Lyn ch ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ac osta ▁ Ñ u ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Cer ro ▁Cor a ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Cer ro ▁Cor a ▁at ▁YouTube ▁ ▁Category : Par agu ay an ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁films ▁Category : Gu aran í - language ▁films ▁Category : Par agu ay ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : War ▁drama ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Bomb us ▁ex im ius ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁b umble bee ▁that ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁sub gen us ▁Mel an ob omb us ▁in ▁the ▁simpl ified ▁sub generic ▁classification . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Southern , ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Sout he astern ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Asian ▁continent . ▁ ▁Character istics ▁ ▁Bomb us ▁ex im ius ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁species |
▁of ▁b umble bee . ▁The ▁que ens ▁are ▁ 2 8 – 2 9 mm ▁() ▁long , ▁while ▁the ▁female ▁workers ▁are ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁male ▁workers ▁. ▁The ▁color ▁of ▁the ▁hair ▁on ▁the ▁th or ax ▁is ▁black , ▁and ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁mid ▁and ▁hind ▁t ib ia e ▁and ▁the ▁bas it ars us ▁is ▁orange . ▁The ▁bright ▁color ation ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁" y ellow ish ▁red " ▁( via ▁). ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁can ▁easily ▁be ▁mis ident ified ▁as ▁Bomb us ▁fl aves c ens . ▁ ▁The ▁close - up ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁Bomb us ▁ex im ius ▁shows ▁the ▁o cul om and ib ular ▁distance ▁( OM D ), ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁the ▁compound ▁eye ▁and ▁the ▁mand ible , ▁to ▁be ▁ 0 . 9 – 1 . 0 ▁times ▁the ▁mand ible ▁bread th . ▁The ▁lab rum , ▁i . e ., ▁lips , ▁have ▁ir regular ▁l am ella , ▁but ▁are ▁mostly ▁straight . ▁The ▁inner ▁eye ▁margin ▁has ▁scattered ▁large ▁punct ures . ▁ ▁Ec ology ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁relatively ▁un common ▁in ▁low ▁alt itude ▁areas ▁between ▁ ▁around ▁the ▁S ich uan ▁bas in ▁area . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁H imal ay an ▁region , ▁My an mar , ▁Thailand , ▁Vietnam , ▁China ▁( Y unn an , ▁X iz ang , ▁S ich uan , ▁F uj ian |
, ▁Ji ang xi , ▁Gu ang d ong , ▁Gu ang xi , ▁Gu iz hou ), ▁Taiwan ▁and ▁in ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : B umble be es ▁Category : H ym en opter a ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Be ata ▁Sz al w ins ka ▁( Pol ish : ▁Be ata ▁S za ł wi ń ska ), ▁is ▁a ▁Polish ▁pian ist , ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁classical ▁music ▁conc erts ▁in ▁Poland , ▁Germany , ▁Belgium , ▁Denmark , ▁France , ▁Luxem bourg , ▁and ▁Switzerland ▁living ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁in ▁Luxem bourg . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 8 0 : ▁E cole ▁de ▁mus ique ▁Em il ▁M lyn ars ki ▁ ▁in ▁Wars aw ▁( Pol and ) ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 : ▁J óz ef ▁Els ner ▁Second ary ▁Music ▁School ▁with ▁ ▁Anna ▁Rad zi won ow icz ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁Poland ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 : ▁ ▁Master ▁of ▁Arts ▁- ▁Freder ic ▁Ch op in ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁with ▁professor ▁Barbara ▁Mus z yn ska ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁Poland ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 3 : ▁E cole ▁Norm ale ▁de ▁Mus ique ▁A . ▁Cort ot , ▁with ▁Marian ▁Ry b ick i ▁in ▁Paris . ▁▁ 1 9 |
9 2 - 1 9 9 4 ▁: ▁‘ ’ Con serv ato ire ▁de ▁Mus ique ▁d ’ O liv ier ▁Mess ia en ’ ’ ▁with ▁Ser gie i ▁Mark ar ov . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁▁ ▁CD ▁of ▁a ▁piano ▁concert ▁with ▁compos itions ▁of ▁R avel , ▁Sch ub ert , ▁Ch op in , ▁Sk ri ab in ▁and ▁Sz yman owski ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ ▁Award ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁IV ▁Sym phony ▁of ▁the ▁composer ▁Kar ol ▁Sz yman owski . ▁ ▁" Her ▁very ▁start ▁( p ian ocon cert : IV ▁Sim ph onie ▁of ▁Kar ol ▁Sz yman owski ) ▁showed ▁a ▁beautiful , ▁calm ▁phrase ▁with ▁almost ▁Ch op in - like ▁sound , ▁she ▁char med ▁with ▁her ▁colour ful ▁interpretation . ▁The ▁performance ▁t ended ▁to ▁a ▁classical ▁form , ▁but ▁was ▁brought ▁alive ▁by ▁artic ulation ▁mot ifs , ▁attractive ▁phr asing ▁and ▁a ▁very ▁fresh ▁approach . ▁Beyond ▁any ▁doubt ▁Be ata ▁Sz al w ins ka ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁talented ▁pian ist ▁which ▁was ▁confirmed ▁by ▁the ▁standing ▁ov ation ," : ▁App reci ation ▁by ▁: pl : K rz ysz to f ▁B ac ule w ski ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Home page ▁of ▁Be ata ▁Sz al w ins ka ▁( reference ▁page ) ▁ ▁Site ▁of ▁the ▁Qu int ett ▁A conc ag ua ▁ ▁Biography ▁on ▁musicians g allery ▁ ▁Category : Pol ish ▁classical ▁pian ists |
▁Category : Pol ish ▁women ▁pian ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁musicians ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : W omen ▁classical ▁pian ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Long view ▁Bapt ist ▁Temple , ▁often ▁ab bre vi ated ▁L BT , ▁is ▁an ▁Independent ▁Fund ament al ▁Bapt ist ▁( IF B ) ▁Form ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁at ▁its ▁present ▁location ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁The ▁church ▁has ▁a ▁bus ▁ministry ▁which ▁services ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Long view , ▁Gl ade water , ▁Kil g ore , ▁and ▁Tyler . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁church ▁refers ▁to ▁itself ▁as ▁a ▁" fund ament al , ▁independent , ▁soul ▁winning , ▁separated , ▁Bible - pre aching ▁( K J V ▁Only ) ▁church " ▁and ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁family ▁out reach ▁programs ▁and ▁fundamental ist ▁teach ings . ▁The ▁Long view ▁Bapt ist ▁Temple ▁expanded ▁its ▁minist ries ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁by ▁establishing ▁Texas ▁Independent ▁Bapt ist ▁Sem inary ▁and ▁Schools ▁( former ly ▁Texas ▁Bapt ist ▁College ), ▁a ▁four - year ▁un acc red ited ▁Christian ▁college , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁L BT ▁Schools , ▁which ▁provides ▁elementary ▁through ▁high ▁school ▁education . ▁ ▁As ▁Of ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁Long view ▁Bapt ist ▁Temple ▁is ▁currently |
▁headed ▁by ▁senior ▁past or ▁Dr . ▁Bob ▁Gray ▁II . ▁ ▁Min ist ries ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁English ▁services , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Texas ▁Independent ▁Bapt ist ▁Sem inary ▁and ▁Schools , ▁the ▁church ▁has ▁a ▁ministry ▁inter pre ting ▁for ▁Spanish ▁members ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for ▁de af ▁members . ▁J ail ▁and ▁nursing ▁home ▁minist ries , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁ministry ▁for ▁those ▁with ▁special ▁needs ▁of ▁all ▁types ] ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁added . ▁ ▁Sunday ▁school ▁classes ▁are ▁provided ▁for ▁children ▁from ▁the ▁nur ser y ▁department ▁through ▁high ▁school . ▁ ▁The ▁Adult ▁Sunday ▁school ▁department ▁offers ▁classes ▁ranging ▁from ▁college ▁age ▁to ▁the ▁Young ▁at ▁Heart ▁Senior ▁Cit iz ens ▁Class . ▁ ▁L BT ▁supports ▁many ▁mission aries ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Long view ▁Bapt ist ▁Temple ▁home page ▁ ▁Texas ▁Bapt ist ▁College ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ▁fundamental ism ▁Category : King ▁James ▁Only ▁movement ▁Category : Un acc red ited ▁Christian ▁universities ▁and ▁colleges ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Christ ian ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Category : B apt ist ▁churches ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : Long view , ▁Texas ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Jim ▁Ag ler ▁is ▁a ▁mat hem atic ian ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁San ▁Diego . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁fellow ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Mathemat ical |
▁Society ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁for ▁" cont ribut ions ▁to ▁operator ▁theory ▁and ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁analyt ic ▁functions ▁of ▁several ▁complex ▁variables ". ▁ ▁He ▁obtained ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁from ▁the ▁Indiana ▁University ▁Bloom ington ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁John ▁B . ▁Con way . ▁His ▁thesis ▁was ▁on ▁Sub - J ord an ▁operators . ▁ ▁Ag ler ▁and ▁ ▁John ▁E . ▁McC arth y ▁are ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁Pick ▁Inter polation ▁and ▁Hil bert ▁Function ▁Sp aces ▁( American ▁Mathemat ical ▁Society , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ). ▁ ▁Some ▁efforts ▁to ▁extend ▁the ▁Her gl ot z ▁representation ▁theorem ▁are ▁described ▁in ▁Class ical ▁function ▁theory , ▁Oper ator ▁D ilation ▁Theory , ▁and ▁Machine ▁Comput ations ▁on ▁Mult ip ly - Conne cted ▁Dom ains . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁http :// www . math . uc sd . edu / ~ j ag ler / pdf / Cur riculum % 2 0 V ita e . pdf ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁mat hem atic ians ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁San ▁Diego ▁faculty ▁Category : Ind iana ▁University ▁Bloom ington ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Club ▁De port ivo ▁Eld ense ▁is ▁a ▁Spanish ▁football ▁team ▁based |
▁in ▁Eld a , ▁in ▁the ▁autonom ous ▁community ▁of ▁Val encia . ▁Found ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁it ▁plays ▁in ▁T erc era ▁Div isión ▁– ▁Group ▁ 6 , ▁holding ▁home ▁matches ▁at ▁Est adio ▁N ue vo ▁P ep ico ▁Am at , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 4 , 0 3 6 ▁spect ators . ▁ ▁History ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁Val enc ian ▁Community , ▁Eld ense ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁Val enc ian ▁Football ▁Federation ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁and ▁started ▁competing ▁in ▁T erc era ▁Div isión ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁later . ▁It ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁Seg unda ▁Div isión ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 5 7 ▁season , ▁narrow ly ▁avoiding ▁re leg ation ▁after ▁finishing ▁in ▁ 1 6 th ▁position ; ▁the ▁first ▁spell ▁in ▁that ▁tier ▁lasted ▁three ▁years , ▁in ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁five ▁at ▁the ▁professional ▁level . ▁ ▁Match ▁fixing ▁alleg ations ▁On ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Eld ense ▁coach ▁Filip po ▁V ito ▁di ▁Pier ro ▁and ▁general ▁manager ▁N obile ▁Cap u ani ▁were ▁arrested ▁by ▁Spanish ▁authorities ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁corruption . ▁The ▁det ent ions ▁occurred ▁after ▁club ▁president ▁David ▁A gu ilar ▁made ▁complaints ▁of ▁match ▁fixing ▁following ▁a ▁ 0 – 1 2 ▁loss ▁to ▁FC ▁Barcelona ▁B , ▁whilst ▁Eld ense ▁player ▁Che ikh ▁Sa ad ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁seen ▁A gu |
ilar ▁arguing ▁with ▁di ▁Pier ro ▁at ▁half - time ▁of ▁the ▁match , ▁calling ▁the ▁latter ▁a ▁" sc ound rel "; ▁subsequently , ▁the ▁former ▁asked ▁La ▁Liga ▁president ▁J avier ▁T eb as ▁to ▁investigate ▁those ▁alleg ations . ▁ ▁Eld ense ▁temporarily ▁suspended ▁all ▁sport ing ▁activities , ▁also ▁ending ▁its ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Italian ▁investment ▁group ▁represented ▁by ▁Cap u ani . ▁They ▁also ▁released ▁ 1 2 ▁players , ▁with ▁five ▁people ▁being ▁arrested ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁events . ▁ ▁Season ▁to ▁season ▁▁ 5 ▁seasons ▁in ▁Seg unda ▁Div isión ▁ 1 1 ▁seasons ▁in ▁Seg unda ▁Div isión ▁B ▁ 5 8 ▁seasons ▁in ▁T erc era ▁Div isión ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁T erc era ▁Div isión : ▁ 1 9 5 5 – 5 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 1 – 6 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 6 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 – 6 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 – 7 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 – 8 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 – 8 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 – 8 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 8 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁ ▁Current ▁squad ▁ ▁F amous ▁players ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Fut bol |
me ▁team ▁profile ▁ ▁Club ▁& ▁stadium ▁history ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁Val enc ian ▁Community ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁P ach y br ach is ▁x anth ol uc ens ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁case - b earing ▁leaf ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ch ry som el idae . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : C rypto ce ph al ina e ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Jah an ▁Kh v osh ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Jah ā n ▁Kh v osh , ▁Jah an ▁Kh osh , ▁and ▁Jah ā n ▁K how sh ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bor bor ud - e ▁G har bi ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Al ig ud arz ▁County , ▁L ore stan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 1 9 , ▁in ▁ 8 4 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁Al ig ud arz ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁V iking ▁Line ▁Ab p ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁shipping ▁company ▁that ▁operates ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁fer ries ▁and ▁cruise fer ries ▁between ▁Finland , ▁the ▁Å land ▁Islands , |
▁Sweden ▁and ▁Est onia . ▁V iking ▁Line ▁shares ▁are ▁quoted ▁on ▁the ▁H els ink i ▁Stock ▁Exchange . ▁V iking ▁Line ▁is ▁operated ▁from ▁the ▁Å land ▁Islands . ▁ ▁Company ▁history ▁ ▁Early ▁years : ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 6 6 ▁V iking ▁Line ' s ▁history ▁can ▁be ▁tr aced ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁when ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁sea - ▁and ▁business men ▁from ▁the ▁Å land ▁Islands ▁province ▁in ▁Finland ▁formed ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁V iking lin jen , ▁purchased ▁a ▁steam - powered ▁car - fer ry ▁SS ▁Din ard ▁from ▁the ▁UK , ▁renamed ▁her ▁ ▁and ▁began ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁route ▁Kor po ▁( Fin land ) – Mar ie ham n ▁( Å land ) – Gr ä dd ö ▁( Sw eden ). ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁the ▁Got land - based ▁R eder i ▁AB ▁Sl ite ▁began ▁a ▁service ▁between ▁Sim pn äs ▁( Sw eden ) ▁and ▁Marie ham n . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁a ▁disag reement ▁caused ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁to ▁leave ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁V iking lin jen ▁and ▁form ▁a ▁new ▁company , ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Å lands f är jan , ▁who ▁began ▁a ▁service ▁link ing ▁Gr ä dd ö ▁and ▁Marie ham n ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁Soon ▁the ▁three ▁companies , ▁all ▁competing ▁for ▁passengers ▁between ▁Å land ▁Islands ▁and ▁Sweden , ▁realised ▁that ▁they ▁in ▁the |
▁long ▁run ▁all ▁stood ▁to ▁lose ▁from ▁mutual ▁competition . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁V iking lin jen ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁began ▁collabor ating , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁V iking ▁Line ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁marketing ▁company ▁for ▁all ▁three ▁companies . ▁At ▁this ▁time ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁V iking lin jen ▁changed ▁their ▁name ▁to ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Sol stad , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁confusion ▁with ▁the ▁marketing ▁company . ▁The ▁red ▁h ull ▁li very ▁was ▁adopted ▁from ▁Sl ite ' s ▁Å land sp ilen ▁service ▁( to ▁which ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁chairman ' s ▁wife ' s ▁lip stick ! ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Å lands f är jan ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁SF ▁Line ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Sol stad ▁was ▁merged ▁into ▁its ▁mother ▁company ▁R eder i ▁Ab ▁Sally . ▁▁ 1 9 6 7 – 8 5 ▁Because ▁V iking ▁Line ▁was ▁only ▁a ▁marketing ▁company , ▁each ▁owner ▁company ▁retained ▁their ▁individual ▁fle ets ▁and ▁could ▁choose ▁on ▁which ▁routes ▁to ▁set ▁their ▁ships ▁( n atur ally ▁there ▁was ▁also ▁co - ord ination ▁on ▁sched ules ▁and ▁such ). ▁Each ▁company ' s ▁ships ▁were ▁easy ▁to ▁distinguish ▁by ▁name : ▁all ▁Sally ▁ships ▁had ▁a ▁" V iking " ▁prefix ▁on ▁their ▁names , ▁Sl ite ▁took ▁their |
▁names ▁from ▁Roman ▁and ▁Greek ▁myth ologies , ▁while ▁SF ▁Line ' s ▁names ▁ended ▁with ▁- ella ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁managing ▁director ▁G unn ar ▁E kl und ' s ▁wife ▁Ellen ▁E kl und . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁V iking ▁expanded ▁greatly ▁and ▁over to ok ▁Sil ja ▁Line ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁shipping ▁cons ort ium ▁on ▁the ▁Northern ▁Balt ic ▁Sea . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Sl ite ▁and ▁Sally ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁five ▁nearly ▁identical ▁ships ▁built ▁at ▁Mey er ▁Wer ft ▁Germany , ▁namely ▁MS ▁A pol lo ▁and ▁MS ▁Diana ▁for ▁Sl ite , ▁and ▁MS ▁V iking ▁ 1 , ▁MS ▁V iking ▁ 3 ▁and ▁MS ▁V iking ▁ 4 ▁for ▁Sally . ▁MS ▁V iking ▁ 5 , ▁delivered ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁was ▁an ▁en larg ened ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁design . ▁These ▁so - called ▁Pap enburg ▁sisters ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁ships ▁designs ▁of ▁all ▁times ▁( the ▁ship yard ▁built ▁three ▁additional ▁sisters ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁design ▁for ▁Trans b ord adores ▁for ▁ship ▁services ▁in ▁Mexico : ▁Cor om uel , ▁Puerto ▁Vall arta ▁and ▁Az te ca ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁V iking ▁Line ▁started ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁Tur ku – Mar ie ham n – St ock holm ▁route , ▁directly ▁competing ▁with ▁Sil ja ▁Line ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time |
. ▁The ▁next ▁year ▁Sally ▁began ▁V iking ▁Line ▁traffic ▁between ▁H els ink i ▁and ▁Stockholm . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁decade ▁this ▁route ▁stayed ▁in ▁their ▁hands , ▁whereas ▁on ▁other ▁routes ▁the ▁three ▁companies ▁operated ▁together . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Sally ▁was ▁clearly ▁the ▁dominant ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁cons ort ium . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁they ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁three ▁new ▁fer ries ▁( MS ▁V iking ▁S aga , ▁MS ▁V iking ▁Sally ▁and ▁MS ▁V iking ▁Song ), ▁largest ▁to ▁have ▁s ailed ▁under ▁V iking ' s ▁colours . ▁This ▁further ▁established ▁their ▁domin ance ▁over ▁the ▁other ▁partners , ▁although ▁SF ▁Line ▁did ▁take ▁delivery ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁MS ▁T ure lla ▁and ▁MS ▁Ros ella ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 8 0 ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁MS ▁Diana ▁II ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁Sally ▁started ▁expanding ▁their ▁operations ▁to ▁other ▁waters , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁company ' s ▁failing ▁as ▁those ▁operations ▁were ▁largely ▁un prof itable ▁and ▁ultimately ▁made ▁Sally ▁unable ▁to ▁invest ▁on ▁new ▁ton nage ▁for ▁V iking ▁Line ▁service . ▁▁ 1 9 8 5 – 9 3 ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁a ▁new ▁leaf ▁was ▁turned ▁in ▁V iking ▁Line ' s ▁history ▁when ▁SF ▁Line ' s ▁brand - new ▁MS ▁Mar i ella , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁largest ▁fer |
ry ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁replaced ▁MS ▁V iking ▁Song ▁on ▁H els ink i – St ock holm ▁service , ▁breaking ▁Sally ' s ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁the ▁route . ▁The ▁next ▁year ▁Sl ite ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁Mar i ella ' s ▁sister ▁MS ▁Olymp ia ▁and ▁thus ▁forced ▁Sally ▁out ▁of ▁H els ink i – St ock holm ▁traffic ▁completely . ▁While ▁SF ▁Line ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁were ▁planning ▁additional ▁new build s , ▁Sally ▁were ▁in ▁an ▁extremely ▁poor ▁position ▁financ ially ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Eff oa ▁and ▁Johnson ▁Line , ▁the ▁owners ▁of ▁Sil ja ▁Line , ▁purchased ▁Sally . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁SF ▁Line ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁forced ▁Sally ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁V iking ▁Line ▁cons ort ium . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁SF ▁Line ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁three ▁new ▁ships ▁( MS ▁Am ore lla , ▁MS ▁Is ab ella ▁and ▁MS ▁C inder ella ) ▁while ▁Sl ite ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁two ▁( MS ▁At hen a ▁and ▁MS ▁Kal yp so ). ▁Unfortunately ▁W är ts il ä ▁Marine , ▁the ▁ship yard ▁building ▁one ▁of ▁SF ▁Line ' s ▁new build s ▁and ▁both ▁of ▁Sl ite ' s , ▁went ▁bankrupt ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁SF ▁Line ▁avoided ▁financial ▁re per cuss ions , ▁their ▁C inder ella ▁had ▁been ▁continuously ▁paid ▁for ▁as ▁her ▁construction ▁progress ed . ▁Hence ▁it ▁was ▁SF |
▁Line ▁who ▁owned ▁the ▁almost ▁completed ▁ship ▁when ▁the ▁ship yard ▁went ▁bankrupt . ▁Sl ite ▁however ▁had ▁signed ▁a ▁more ▁traditional ▁type ▁of ▁contract , ▁the ▁Kal yp so ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁paid ▁for ▁on ▁delivery . ▁Since ▁the ▁ship yard ▁owned ▁the ▁un finished ▁ship , ▁this ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁increased ▁cost ▁for ▁the ▁Kal yp so — about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁million ▁SE K ▁more ▁than ▁had ▁been ▁originally ▁env is aged . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁despite ▁the ▁financial ▁problems , ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁V iking ▁Line ▁had ▁the ▁largest ▁and ▁newest ▁cruise fer ry ▁fleet ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Sl ite ▁started ▁planning ▁MS ▁Europa , ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁jewel ▁in ▁the ▁company ' s ▁crown , ▁the ▁largest ▁and ▁most ▁lux urious ▁cruise fer ry ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Unfortunately ▁for ▁them ▁Sweden ▁entered ▁a ▁financial ▁crisis ▁during ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁ship , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁de val uation ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁k ron a . ▁This ▁in ▁turn ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁cost ▁for ▁the ▁Europa ▁increased ▁by ▁ 4 0 0 ▁million ▁SE K . ▁When ▁time ▁came ▁to ▁take ▁delivery ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁ship , ▁Sl ite ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁funds ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁it ▁and ▁their ▁main ▁fund ers ▁( Sw edish ▁Nord bank en , ▁who ▁were ▁also ▁the ▁main ▁fund ers ▁of ▁Sil ja ▁Line ) ▁refused ▁to ▁loan ▁them ▁the ▁money ▁needed . ▁Eventually ▁the ▁ship |
▁ended ▁up ▁in ▁Sil ja ▁Line ' s ▁fleet ▁and ▁Sl ite ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁declare ▁bankrupt cy ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 – 2 0 1 0 ▁Following ▁the ▁bankrupt cy ▁of ▁R eder i ▁AB ▁Sl ite , ▁SF ▁Line ▁was ▁left ▁as ▁the ▁sole ▁operator ▁under ▁the ▁V iking ▁Line ▁brand . ▁The ▁remaining ▁two ▁Sl ite ▁ships , ▁At hen a ▁and ▁Kal yp so ▁were ▁auction ed ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁SF ▁Line ▁made ▁a ▁bid ▁for ▁the ▁Kal yp so , ▁but ▁both ▁ships ▁ended ▁up ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁established ▁Malays ian ▁cruise ▁ship ▁operator ▁Star ▁Cru ises . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁SF ▁Line ▁changed ▁their ▁name ▁into ▁V iking ▁Line . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁the ▁company ▁operated ▁a ▁fast ▁fer ry ▁service ▁from ▁H els ink i ▁to ▁Tall inn ▁during ▁the ▁sum mers ▁on ▁char tered ▁cat amar an ▁ships . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁they ▁purchased ▁MS ▁Sil ja ▁Sc and in avia ▁from ▁Sea - Link ▁Sh ipping ▁AB ▁and ▁renamed ▁her ▁ ▁for ▁H els ink i – St ock holm ▁service . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁reported ▁that ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁plans ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁new ▁ships ▁for ▁the ▁H els ink i – St ock holm ▁service ▁so ▁that ▁V iking ▁could ▁better ▁compete ▁with ▁Sil ja ▁on ▁that |
▁route , ▁but ▁the ▁plans ▁were ▁shel ved . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Sea ▁Cont ainers ▁Ltd — that ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁main ▁owner ▁of ▁Sil ja ▁Line ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 — pl aced ▁Sil ja ▁Line ▁and ▁their ▁cargo - car rying ▁subs idi ary ▁Sea W ind ▁Line ▁for ▁sale , ▁except ▁for ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁that ▁were ▁transferred ▁under ▁Sea ▁Container ' s ▁direct ▁ownership ▁and ▁eventually ▁sold . ▁V iking ▁Line ▁placed ▁a ▁bid ▁for ▁their ▁main ▁compet itor , ▁but ▁were ▁out bid ▁by ▁the ▁Est on ian ▁Tall ink . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁new ▁ship ▁built ▁for ▁V iking ▁Line ▁since ▁Sl ite ' s ▁MS ▁Kal yp so ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁, ▁had ▁been ▁ordered ▁from ▁A ker ▁Fin ny ards ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁growing ▁competition ▁from ▁Tall ink ▁on ▁the ▁H els ink i – T all inn ▁route . ▁The ▁V iking ▁X PR S ▁eventually ▁entered ▁service ▁for ▁V iking ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁A ▁second ▁new ▁ship ▁was ▁ordered ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁when ▁V iking ▁Line ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁placed ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁a ▁ ▁fer ry ▁at ▁the ▁Spanish ▁ship yard ▁Ast iller os ▁de ▁Sev illa . ▁The ▁project ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁ship , ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁replaced ▁the ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁Marie ham n – K ap ell sk är ▁route , |
▁was ▁V iking ▁AD CC . ▁Her ▁delivery ▁was ▁originally ▁expected ▁for ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁but ▁after ▁delivery ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁had ▁been ▁delayed ▁multiple ▁times , ▁on ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁V iking ▁Line ▁decided ▁to ▁cancel ▁the ▁contract ▁altogether . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 – ▁ ▁N ils - E rik ▁E kl und ▁retired ▁as ▁V iking ▁Line ' s ▁CEO ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Mik ael ▁Back man , ▁who ▁has ▁previously ▁worked ▁with ▁Royal ▁Caribbean . ▁In ▁interviews ▁Back man ▁has ▁stated ▁he ▁hopes ▁to ▁introduce ▁features ▁from ▁Caribbean ▁cruise ▁ships ▁to ▁V iking ▁Line ▁vessels , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁begin ▁selling ▁V iking ' s ▁routes ▁to ▁North ▁American ▁customers ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁cruise ▁experience . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁sem inar ▁held ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Back man ▁stated ▁that ▁V iking ▁Line ▁were ▁negoti ating ▁with ▁nine ▁different ▁ship y ards ▁about ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁construct ing ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁ ▁ships ▁to ▁replace ▁Am ore lla ▁and ▁Is ab ella ▁on ▁the ▁Tur ku – St ock holm ▁service . ▁The ▁possibility ▁of ▁using ▁liqu ef ied ▁natural ▁gas ▁engines ▁and ▁other ▁emission - redu cing ▁technologies ▁were ▁reported ly ▁re se ar ched , ▁while ▁according ▁to ▁Mik ael ▁Back man ▁the ▁ships ▁would ▁include ▁various ▁features ▁a kin ▁to ▁those ▁found ▁on board ▁cruise ▁ships ▁such ▁as ▁Royal ▁Caribbean ▁International ' s |
▁. ▁Project ed ▁delivery ▁dates ▁for ▁the ▁vessels ▁were ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁V iking ▁Line ▁signed ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁intent ▁with ▁ST X ▁Tur ku ▁for ▁a ▁ 5 7 , 0 0 0 ▁GT ▁cruise fer ry ▁for ▁the ▁Tur ku – St ock holm ▁route . ▁Two ▁months ▁later , ▁the ▁formal ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁ship ▁was ▁placed . ▁The ▁new ▁ship , ▁christ ened ▁V iking ▁Grace , ▁was ▁laid ▁down ▁on ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁launched ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁August . ▁The ▁ship ▁entered ▁service ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁V iking ▁Line ▁had ▁an ▁option ▁for ▁a ▁sister ▁ship ▁but ▁announced ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁decided ▁not ▁to ▁build ▁it . ▁ ▁V iking ▁Line ▁revealed ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁that ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁intent ▁had ▁been ▁signed ▁with ▁Chinese ▁ship yard ▁X iam en ▁Ship building ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁ 6 3 , 0 0 0 ▁GT ▁cruise fer ry ▁that ▁would ▁on ▁completion ▁replace ▁the ▁Am ore lla ▁in ▁the ▁V iking ▁Line ▁fleet . ▁The ▁new ▁ship ▁would ▁be ▁L NG ▁powered ▁and ▁would ▁sport ▁F lett ner ▁rot ors ▁to ▁reduce ▁fuel ▁consumption . ▁ ▁Fleet ▁ ▁Current ▁fleet ▁ ▁Under ▁construction ▁ ▁Former ▁ships ▁▁ ▁Additionally ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁fer ries |
▁were ▁char tered ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁for ▁season al ▁traffic . ▁ ▁Order ed ▁but ▁never ▁delivered ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Finn ish ▁Mar itime ▁Cl uster ▁List ▁of ▁Finn ish ▁companies ▁V iking ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : F erry ▁companies ▁of ▁Finland ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁H els ink i ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁Category : C ru ise ▁lines <0x0A> </s> ▁D iod ora ▁p ica ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁F iss ure ll idae , ▁the ▁key hole ▁lim p ets ▁and ▁sl it ▁lim p ets . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁To ▁World ▁Register ▁of ▁Marine ▁Spec ies ▁ ▁Category : F iss ure ll idae ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁neutral ▁unit ▁of ▁construction ▁or ▁neutral ▁unit ▁of ▁currency ▁( code : ▁N UC ) ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁currency ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁air line ▁industry , ▁to ▁record ▁fare ▁calculation ▁information . ▁ ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁exchange ▁rates ▁is ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Air ▁Transport ▁Association ▁( I ATA ) ▁every ▁month . ▁ ▁The ▁ticket ▁component ▁prices ▁are ▁converted ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁currency ▁( of ▁the |
▁country ▁of ▁commence ment ▁of ▁travel ) ▁and ▁recorded ▁on ▁the ▁air line ▁ticket . ▁ ▁The ▁N UC ▁system ▁came ▁into ▁being ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁having ▁supers ed ed ▁the ▁older ▁" F are ▁Construction ▁Unit " ▁( FC U ) ▁system . ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁N UC ▁depends ▁of ▁the ▁CO C ▁( Country ▁of ▁Comm ence ment ▁of ▁the ▁Travel . ▁Each ▁country ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁currency , ▁has ▁a ▁I RO E ▁too . ▁ ▁A ▁similar ▁unit , ▁formerly ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁railway ▁industry ▁is ▁the ▁U IC ▁Franc ▁( X F U ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Private ▁cur ren cies ▁Category : Air line ▁tickets ▁Category : Intern ational ▁Air ▁Transport ▁Association <0x0A> </s> ▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁( born ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Turkish ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁small ▁forward ▁for ▁P ı nar ▁Kar ş ı y aka ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Basket bol ▁Sü per ▁L igi ▁( B SL ). ▁▁ ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁sl am ▁d unk ▁contest ▁twice , ▁during ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Basket bol ▁Sü per ▁L igi ▁All - Star ▁weekend ▁and ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Basket bol ▁Sü per ▁L igi ▁All - star ▁weekend . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁Euro le ague . net ▁Profile ▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁T BL |
Stat . net ▁Profile ▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁Euro b asket ▁Profile ▁On ural p ▁Bit im ▁T BL ▁Profile ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : An ad olu ▁E f es ▁S . K . ▁players ▁Category : K ar ş ı y aka ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : Small ▁for wards ▁Category : Tur k ish ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁At ros al ari as ▁hol om el as , ▁the ▁brown ▁cor al ▁bl en ny , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁comb to oth ▁bl en ny ▁native ▁to ▁cor al ▁re ef s ▁of ▁the ▁south western ▁central ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁It ▁grows ▁to ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁aqu arium ▁trade . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁hol om el as ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁P sil ocy be ▁pap u ana ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁mush room ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁St ro ph ari aceae . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁P sil ocy bin ▁mush rooms ▁P sil ocy bin ▁mush rooms ▁P sil ocy be ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ent he og ens ▁Category : P sy cho active ▁fun gi ▁pap u ana ▁Category : P sy ched el ic ▁try pt amine ▁car riers ▁Category : F ung i ▁of ▁North ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Tennessee ▁Lady ▁Vol unte ers |
▁soft ball ▁team ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁soft ball ▁team , ▁representing ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁NC AA ▁soft ball ▁season . ▁The ▁team ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Sher ri ▁Parker ▁Lee ▁Stadium . ▁The ▁team ' s ▁season ▁was ▁cut ▁short ▁by ▁Angela ▁T in cher ▁and ▁the ▁Virginia ▁Tech ▁H ok ies ▁in ▁the ▁Kn ox ville ▁Regional , ▁failing ▁to ▁qualify ▁for ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁College ▁World ▁Series ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁Schedule ▁▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁US F ▁Tour nament ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁Tennessee ▁Classic ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁N F CA ▁Lead off ▁Classic ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁SEC ▁Tour nament ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | NC AA ▁Kn ox ville ▁Regional ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T ennessee ▁Vol unte ers ▁soft ball ▁seasons ▁Tennessee ▁Tennessee ▁Vol unte ers ▁soft ball ▁season ▁Tennessee <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁( J ay ) ▁B ▁Dick man ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 9 ), ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁photographer , ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Pul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁feature ▁photography ▁while ▁a ▁staff ▁member ▁for ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Times ▁Her ald . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁World ▁Press ▁Golden |
▁Eye ▁for ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁photos ▁from ▁the ▁war ▁in ▁El ▁Salvador . ▁Dick man ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁awarded ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Journal ist ▁award ▁from ▁S igma ▁Delta ▁Chi , ▁and ▁multiple ▁awards ▁in ▁other ▁compet itions . ▁ ▁A ▁National ▁Ge ographic ▁photographer , ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 ▁assignments ▁for ▁the ▁N G ▁Society , ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁co - author ▁of ▁Perfect ▁Digital ▁Phot ography , ▁an ▁extensive ▁guide ▁to ▁the ▁entire ▁process ▁of ▁photography ▁in ▁the ▁digital ▁age . ▁ ▁Dick man ▁owns ▁and ▁conduct s ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁photograph ic ▁workshops , ▁First light ▁Work shops , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁reviewed ▁in ▁multiple ▁publications . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Dick man ▁on ▁olymp us - es ystem . j p ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁photograph ers ▁Category : P ul itzer ▁Prize ▁for ▁Feature ▁Phot ography ▁winners ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Z yg ob all us ▁inc ert us ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁jumping ▁sp ider ▁which ▁occurs ▁in ▁Pan ama . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁tax onomy ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁from ▁a ▁female ▁spec imen ▁by ▁the ▁ent om ologist ▁Nathan ▁B anks ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁as ▁At el ur ius ▁inc ert us . ▁Ar ach n ologist ▁Arthur ▁M . ▁Ch ick ering ▁described ▁the ▁species , ▁including ▁a ▁male ▁all otype , ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁paper , ▁" The |
▁Salt ic idae ▁( Sp iders ) ▁of ▁Pan ama ". ▁Ch ick ering ▁expressed ▁doubts ▁about ▁whether ▁the ▁species ▁belonged ▁to ▁At el ur ius : ▁" I ▁am ▁unable ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁any ▁decision ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁correct ▁placement ▁of ▁this ▁species ... ▁I ▁know ▁nothing ▁better ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁it ▁for ▁the ▁present ▁than ▁to ▁retain ▁it ▁here ▁pending ▁further ▁knowledge ." ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁ar ach n ologist ▁María ▁El ena ▁Gal iano ▁reass igned ▁Ch ick ering ' s ▁male ▁all otype ▁to ▁S ass ac us . ▁Reg arding ▁the ▁female ▁type ▁spec imen , ▁she ▁remarked ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" without ▁a ▁doubt ▁f iss ident ate , ▁and ▁should ▁be ▁excluded ▁from ▁[ At el ur ius ] ." ▁C iting ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Ch ick ering ▁noted ▁similar ities ▁with ▁Z yg ob all us , ▁Gal iano ▁transferred ▁the ▁species ▁out ▁of ▁At el ur ius ▁and ▁into ▁Z yg ob all us . ▁Character istics ▁of ▁the ▁male ▁were ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁by ▁Wayne ▁M add ison . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Z yg ob all us ▁inc ert us ▁at ▁World wide ▁database ▁of ▁jumping ▁sp iders ▁Z yg ob all us ▁inc ert us ▁at ▁Global ▁Spec ies ▁Database ▁of ▁Salt ic idae ▁( Ar ane ae ) ▁Z yg ob all us ▁inc ert us ▁at ▁Salt ic idae : ▁Di agnostic ▁Draw ings ▁Library ▁ ▁Category |
: S alt ic idae ▁Category : End emic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Pan ama ▁Category : Sp iders ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁Category : Sp iders ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Nathan ▁B anks <0x0A> </s> ▁Pat ▁D aly ▁( 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁- ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁P addy ▁D aly ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁former ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁centre ▁half . ▁ ▁He ▁joined ▁Sh am rock ▁Ro vers ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁as ▁a ▁def ender . ▁He ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁brief ▁spell ▁in ▁England ▁with ▁A ston ▁Villa ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 9 – 5 0 ▁season ▁playing ▁just ▁three ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁Birmingham - based ▁club . ▁ ▁He ▁won ▁his ▁one ▁and ▁only ▁senior ▁cap ▁for ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁on ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 0 ▁win ▁over ▁Finland ▁in ▁Dal ym ount ▁Park , ▁Dublin ▁in ▁a ▁World ▁Cup ▁Qual ifying ▁game . ▁D aly ' s ▁appearance ▁that ▁day ▁was ▁sh rou ded ▁in ▁controversy , ▁however . ▁The ▁F AI ▁had ▁unw itting ly ▁inf ring ed ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Cup ▁tournament ▁by ▁bringing ▁on ▁a ▁substitute , ▁which ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁prohib ited ▁players ▁being ▁replaced . ▁ ▁D aly ▁represented ▁the ▁League ▁of ▁Ireland ▁XI ▁on ▁ 3 ▁occasions ▁while ▁at ▁Glen |
mal ure ▁Park . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁League ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Sh ield ▁▁ ▁Sh am rock ▁Ro vers ▁- ▁ 1 9 5 1 / 5 2 ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁The ▁Ho ops ▁by ▁Paul ▁D ool an ▁and ▁Robert ▁G ogg ins ▁() ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Pat ▁D aly ▁at ▁A ston ▁Villa ▁Player ▁Database ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ers ▁from ▁County ▁Dublin ▁Category : Rep ublic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁association ▁football ers ▁Category : I re land ▁( FA I ) ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Sh am rock ▁Ro vers ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : A ston ▁Villa ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Le ague ▁of ▁Ireland ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : Le ague ▁of ▁Ireland ▁XI ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FI BA ▁Inter contin ental ▁Cup ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁FI BA ▁Inter contin ental ▁Cup ▁for ▁men ' s ▁professional ▁basketball ▁clubs ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 3 rd ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁being ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁true ▁inter contin ental ▁tournament ▁for ▁clubs . ▁The ▁ 2 ▁game ▁aggregate ▁score ▁tournament ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁H S BC ▁Arena ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro , ▁Brazil , ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 6 ▁and ▁September ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 |
, ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁world ▁club ▁champion . ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁cont ested ▁between ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁season ▁Euro Le ague ▁champions , ▁M acc abi ▁Elect ra , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FI BA ▁Amer icas ▁League ▁champions , ▁Fl am eng o . ▁ ▁Series ▁summary ▁ ▁Fl am eng o ▁won ▁the ▁series ▁by ▁aggregate ▁score ▁ 1 5 6 - 1 4 6 . ▁ ▁Game ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Game ▁ 2 ▁ ▁R ost ers ▁ ▁Ref ere es ▁▁ ▁Re cep ▁An kar ali ▁▁ ▁Jorge ▁V áz que z ▁▁ ▁Daniel ▁Hier rez uel o ▁ ▁Source : ▁ ▁M VP ▁▁ ▁Nicol ás ▁Lap rov í tt ola ▁- ▁( ▁Fl am eng o ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Inter contin ental ▁Basket ball ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FI BA ▁Inter contin ental ▁Cup ▁Official ▁Site ▁Mic ros ite ▁by ▁FI BA ▁Amer icas ▁Euro le ague . net ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FI BA ▁Inter contin ental ▁Press ▁Conference ▁ ▁Inter contin ental ▁Cup ▁( B asket ball ), ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : FI BA ▁Inter contin ental ▁Cup ▁Category : Intern ational ▁sports ▁compet itions ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro ▁( city ) ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁in ▁Brazil ian ▁basketball ▁Category : Intern ational ▁basketball ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Brazil ▁Category : |
2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁in ▁Israeli ▁basketball <0x0A> </s> ▁Christopher ▁Fitz ger ald ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁painter ▁based ▁in ▁Austin , ▁Texas . ▁Born ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁he ▁graduated ▁from ▁Western ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁having ▁studied ▁under ▁Ed ▁Bere al . ▁After ▁his ▁college ▁education , ▁Fitz ger ald ▁spent ▁the ▁summer ▁in ▁Italy ▁and ▁France ▁studying ▁art ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Seattle ▁where ▁he ▁first ▁began ▁exhib iting ▁his ▁paintings . ▁His ▁first ▁solo ▁show ▁sold ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁during ▁the ▁W TO ▁protests . ▁Austin ▁Chron icle ▁visual ▁arts ▁writer ▁Rachel ▁K oper ▁listed ▁him ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁" f avorite ▁individual ▁artists ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 " ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁" f avorite ▁artists ▁by ▁body ▁of ▁work ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ". ▁Short listed ▁for ▁Austin ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ' s ▁ 2 2 - To - Watch ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁exhibition ▁and ▁the ▁Ar th ouse ▁Texas ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁he ▁then ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Yale ▁University ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Lead ing ▁up ▁to ▁his ▁studies ▁at ▁Yale , ▁the ▁artist ▁created ▁the ▁Public ▁P aint ings ▁Project ▁by ▁distribut ing ▁small ▁paintings ▁throughout ▁the ▁world ▁for ▁people ▁to ▁find ▁in ▁public ▁places . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁his ▁paintings ▁were ▁featured ▁in ▁the |
▁New ▁American ▁P aint ings ▁publication . ▁Stud ying ▁under ▁Brian ▁Alfred ▁and ▁Robert ▁Y ar ber , ▁Fitz ger ald ▁received ▁his ▁M FA ▁from ▁Penn ▁State ▁University . ▁He ▁currently ▁holds ▁an ▁appointment ▁as ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁art ▁at ▁Con cord ia ▁University ▁Texas . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Sa atch i ▁Gallery ▁Profile ▁ ▁Official ▁Christopher ▁Fitz ger ald ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁pain ters ▁Category : American ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁pain ters <0x0A> </s> ▁Ang elo ▁B enc iv eng a ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁right ▁mid f iel der ▁for ▁Sant arc angel o . ▁ ▁Career ▁B enc iv eng a ▁returned ▁to ▁Italy ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁for ▁U d inese ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁from ▁Swiss ▁side ▁La ▁Ch aux - de - F onds . ▁ ▁In ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁B enc iv eng a ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁Par ma ▁F . C . ▁on ▁free ▁transfer , ▁but ▁joined ▁Sim one ▁Mal at esta ▁at ▁Pro ▁Ver cell i ▁in ▁a ▁co - own ership ▁soon ▁after , ▁for ▁€ 5 0 0 . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 |
, ▁Par ma ▁became ▁full ▁owners ▁of ▁the ▁player ▁again , ▁but ▁also ▁formed ▁a ▁new ▁temporary ▁deal ▁for ▁B enc iv eng a . ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁he ▁joined ▁T ern ana . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : It al ian ▁football ers ▁Category : A . S . ▁Liv orno ▁Cal cio ▁players ▁Category : Par ma ▁Cal cio ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁players ▁Category : F . C . ▁L ume zz ane ▁V . G . Z . ▁A . S . D . ▁players ▁Category : F . C . ▁Pro ▁Ver cell i ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁players ▁Category : T ern ana ▁Cal cio ▁players ▁Category : U . S . ▁L ec ce ▁players ▁Category : Com o ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁place ▁name ▁Middle port ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Ontario ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Staff ord shire ▁in ▁England ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Ohio ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁Middle port , ▁Wisconsin <0x0A> </s> ▁Alexander ▁Gr ig orie v ich ▁Mel nik ov ▁( 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁– ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 2 |
0 1 1 ) ▁was ▁Soviet ▁and ▁post - S ov iet ▁Russian ▁politician ; ▁Communist ▁Party ▁high - rank ing ▁official ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 – 1 9 9 1 ; ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁( may or ) ▁of ▁S iber ian ▁town ▁of ▁Se vers k , ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁( govern or ) ▁of ▁Tom sk ▁( 1 9 8 3 – 1 9 8 6 ), ▁and ▁K em er ovo ▁regions . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 2 0 0 0 ' s ▁– ▁head ▁of ▁C IS ▁Ministry ▁Man aging ▁department , ▁advis or ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁State ▁Secretary . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 2 0 1 1 ). ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Mel nik ov ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁O re kh ovo - Z uy ev o ▁of ▁Moscow ▁Region ▁in ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁public ▁servants . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁after ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Moscow ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁Civil ▁Engineering ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁S iber ia ▁where ▁he ▁started ▁working ▁as ▁an ▁engineer ▁on ▁Sov ien ▁N uc lear ▁project ▁near ▁Tom sk ▁( first ly ▁the ▁object ▁was ▁called ▁" Post ▁box ▁number ▁ 5 ", ▁later ▁becoming ▁Tom sk - 7 ▁town , ▁the ▁future ▁Se vers k ▁town ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 |
5 3 – 1 9 5 5 ▁was ▁the ▁super v ising ▁engineer ▁of ▁S iber ian ▁Chem ical ▁Plant . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁got ▁second ▁higher ▁education ▁in ▁University ▁of ▁Marx ism – Len in ism , ▁later ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁joined ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 1 9 6 3 ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁instructor ▁and ▁then ▁chief ▁of ▁civil ▁construction ▁department ▁in ▁Tom sk - 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 – 1 9 6 6 ▁– ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁Executive ▁Committee ▁of ▁Tom sk - 7 ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁graduated ▁from ▁Hig her ▁Party ▁School . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁( may or ) ▁of ▁Tom sk - 7 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁– ▁on ▁recommendation ▁of ▁Y eg or ▁L ig ache v ▁worked ▁as ▁the ▁chief ▁of ▁civil ▁construction ▁department ▁of ▁Tom sk ▁Region , ▁deputy ▁secretary ▁and ▁then ▁second ▁secretary ▁of ▁Tom sk ▁Region . ▁( 1 9 7 3 – 1 9 8 3 ). ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁replaced ▁the ▁' ir replace able ' ▁Y eg or ▁L ig ache v ▁as ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁( govern or ) ▁of ▁Tom sk ▁Region . ▁ ▁Since ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁civil ▁construction ▁department ▁in ▁Central ▁Committee ▁of ▁Communist ▁Party ▁in |
▁Moscow . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 – 1 9 9 0 ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁S iber ia ▁– ▁worked ▁as ▁the ▁First ▁Secretary ▁of ▁K em er ovo ▁Region , ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁K uz net sk ▁Bas in . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 1 ▁worked ▁in ▁Moscow ▁in ▁Central ▁Committee ▁of ▁Communist ▁Party . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Alexander ▁Mel nik ov ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁creat ors ▁of ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁Communist ▁Party , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁secretary ▁of ▁Communist ▁Part ies ▁Council . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 1 9 9 4 ▁– ▁CEO ▁of ▁civil ▁construction ▁company ▁Mon ol its ro i . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 – 1 9 9 8 ▁– ▁on ▁invitation ▁of ▁RF ▁Minister ▁A man ▁T ule ev ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁chief ▁of ▁Str ategy ▁Department ▁in ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁C IS ▁Co operation . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 0 2 ▁– ▁chief ▁advis or ▁of ▁The ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁State . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁– ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Association ▁of ▁Business ▁Co operation . ▁ ▁Hold ing ▁the ▁leading ▁positions ▁in ▁Tom sk ▁region ▁Alexander ▁Mel nik ov ▁made ▁a ▁significant ▁contribution ▁to ▁construction ▁of ▁such ▁towns ▁as ▁Tom sk , ▁Se vers k , ▁Stre z he v oy , ▁K ed rov y , ▁paid ▁much ▁attention ▁to ▁rural |
▁development , ▁improvement ▁of ▁wood , ▁oil , ▁gas ▁and ▁nuclear ▁industries ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁public ▁needs , ▁thus ▁he ▁is ▁warm ly ▁remembered ▁in ▁Tom sk ▁and ▁K em er ovo ▁regions . ▁ ▁Was ▁married , ▁has ▁two ▁daughters , ▁three ▁grand d aughters ▁and ▁one ▁grand son . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : S ov iet ▁politicians ▁Category : R ussian ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁lists ▁events ▁that ▁happened ▁or ▁will ▁happen ▁in ▁Argentina ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁President : ▁Maur icio ▁Mac ri ▁( until ▁December ▁ 1 0 ) ▁- ▁Alberto ▁Fern ández ▁( start ing ▁December ▁ 1 0 ) ▁Vice ▁President : ▁Gab ri ela ▁Miche tti ▁( until ▁December ▁ 1 0 ) ▁- ▁Crist ina ▁Fern ández ▁de ▁Kir ch ner ▁( start ing ▁December ▁ 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁January ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 1 : ▁J air ▁Bol son aro ▁is ▁inaugur ated ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Brazil . ▁Ch ancell or ▁Jorge ▁F aur ie ▁att ends ▁the ▁inaug uration , ▁as ▁president ▁Maur icio ▁Mac ri ▁was ▁on ▁vacation . ▁ ▁January ▁ 2 : ▁Former ▁president ▁Fernando ▁de ▁la ▁R ú a ▁is ▁hospital ized ▁because ▁of ▁card iac ▁problems . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 3 : ▁The ▁Argent ine ▁government ▁reass ured ▁its ▁claim ▁in ▁the ▁F alk land ▁Islands ▁sovere ig nt y |
▁dispute ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 º ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁occupation ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 4 : ▁C acer ol az o ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁against ▁the ▁raises ▁in ▁taxes . ▁ ▁January ▁ 1 0 : ▁No ▁Argent ine ▁politicians ▁attend ▁the ▁second ▁inaug uration ▁of ▁Nicol ás ▁Mad uro ▁in ▁Venezuela . ▁Mac ri ▁calls ▁him ▁a ▁dict ator ▁in ▁his ▁Twitter ▁account . ▁ ▁January ▁ 1 4 : ▁Mil ag ro ▁S ala ▁is ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁of ▁prison , ▁for ▁corruption ▁charges . ▁ ▁January ▁ 1 5 : ▁Mac ri ▁makes ▁his ▁first ▁speech ▁at ▁the ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁Province , ▁alongside ▁k ir ch ner ite ▁governor ▁A lic ia ▁Kir ch ner . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 1 6 : ▁Mac ri ▁meets ▁with ▁Bol son aro ▁in ▁Brasil . ▁Both ▁of ▁them ▁rejected ▁Mad uro ▁as ▁a ▁dict ator . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 1 8 : ▁The ▁K K L ▁hon ors ▁the ▁prosecut or ▁Alberto ▁N is man ▁with ▁a ▁memorial , ▁four ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁death . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 2 1 : ▁Mac ri ▁signs ▁a ▁dec ree ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁the ▁asset ▁recovery ▁from ▁corruption ▁cases . ▁ ▁January ▁ 2 3 ▁ ▁Mac ri ▁acknowled ges ▁Juan ▁Gu aid ó ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Venez uel an ▁presidential ▁crisis . ▁▁ ▁Kir ch ner ist ▁politicians , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , |
▁support ▁Mad uro ▁and ▁consider ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁Gu aid ó ▁as ▁a ▁coup ▁d ' ét at ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Crist ina ▁Fern ández ▁de ▁Kir ch ner , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Mad uro ▁during ▁his ▁presid ency , ▁did ▁not ▁make ▁comments . ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 2 7 : ▁La ▁Rio ja ▁Province ▁celebr ates ▁a ▁refer end um ▁over ▁an ▁am endment ▁to ▁the ▁provincial ▁constitution , ▁to ▁allow ▁governor ▁Ser gio ▁Cas as ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁term ▁of ▁office . ▁The ▁parties , ▁however , ▁do ▁not ▁agree ▁on ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁results . ▁ ▁January ▁ 2 9 : ▁After ▁some ▁weeks ▁of ▁spec ulation , ▁governor ▁María ▁Eug en ia ▁V idal ▁announ ces ▁that ▁the ▁provincial ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁Province ▁will ▁be ▁held ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Argent ine ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁January ▁ 3 0 ▁ ▁In ▁line ▁with ▁V idal , ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁mayor ▁Hor acio ▁Rodr í gue z ▁Lar re ta ▁announ ces ▁that ▁the ▁election ▁in ▁the ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁city ▁will ▁also ▁be ▁held ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁national ▁ones . ▁ ▁Music ian ▁Manuel ▁Vil ca ▁is ▁hospital ized ▁in ▁Bol ivia , ▁and ▁has ▁to ▁pay ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁US ▁dollars ▁for ▁the ▁treatments . ▁This ▁starts ▁a ▁diplom atic ▁conflict ▁between ▁J uj uy ▁governor ▁Ger ardo ▁Mor ales ▁and ▁Bol iv ian ▁president ▁E vo ▁Mor ales , ▁as ▁Bol iv |
ians ▁are ▁treated ▁in ▁Argent ine ▁hospitals ▁for ▁free . ▁ ▁February ▁ ▁February ▁ 3 : ▁Ag ust ín ▁Z bar , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁A MI A , ▁resign s . ▁He ▁had ▁proposed ▁the ▁DA IA ▁to ▁decline ▁the ▁case ▁against ▁former ▁president ▁Crist ina ▁Fern ández ▁de ▁Kir ch ner , ▁which ▁the ▁DA IA ▁rejected . ▁He ▁is ▁replaced ▁by ▁A riel ▁E ich ba um . ▁ ▁March ▁ ▁April ▁ ▁April ▁ 2 5 : ▁S inc er amente , ▁the ▁first ▁book ▁written ▁by ▁Crist ina ▁Fern ández ▁de ▁Kir ch ner , ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁Argentina ▁and ▁current ▁Senator ▁for ▁the ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁Province , ▁is ▁released ▁ ▁Pred icted ▁and ▁scheduled ▁events ▁ ▁May ▁ ▁End ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁Argent ine ▁Prim era ▁Div isión ▁tournament . ▁ ▁October ▁ ▁Argent ine ▁general ▁election , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Un known ▁month ▁ ▁Mart ín ▁F ier ro ▁Awards ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁Super cl ás ico ▁ ▁Birth s ▁ ▁Death s ▁▁ ▁January ▁ 1 0 ▁– ▁Leo ▁S atr ag no , ▁musician . ▁ ▁January ▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁Em il iano ▁S ala , ▁Argent ine ▁professional ▁football er ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁February ▁ 1 1 ▁– ▁Ric ardo ▁Bo ech at , ▁Argent ine - born ▁Brazil ian ▁journalist ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁February ▁ 1 |
7 ▁– ▁Edu ardo ▁Bau za , ▁first ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁of ▁Minister s ▁of ▁Argentina . ▁ ▁February ▁ 2 3 ▁– ▁Nat ach a ▁Ja itt , ▁model . ▁ ▁February ▁ 2 6 ▁– ▁Christian ▁Bach , ▁actress . ▁ ▁March ▁ 2 ▁– ▁Franco ▁Mac ri , ▁Italian - Arg ent ine ▁business man ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁May ▁ 5 ▁– ▁Pac o ▁Cab as és , ▁Argent ine ▁professional ▁football er ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁July ▁ 9 ▁– ▁Fernando ▁de ▁la ▁R ú a , ▁ 4 3 rd ▁President ▁of ▁Argentina ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁July ▁ 1 9 ▁– ▁C és ar ▁P elli , ▁Argent ine - American ▁architect ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ ▁July ▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁Hugo ▁C ó cc aro , ▁Argent ine ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁August ▁ 1 2 ▁– ▁José ▁Luis ▁Brown , ▁Argent ine ▁football er ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Argent ine ▁films ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Pan ▁American ▁Games ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁in ▁Argentina ▁Category : Y ears ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century |
▁in ▁Argentina ▁Argentina <0x0A> </s> ▁W iw ib log gs ▁is ▁a ▁website ▁and ▁YouTube ▁channel ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁launched ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁web ▁site ▁focusing ▁on ▁Euro vision . ▁It ▁had ▁a ▁season al ▁audience , ▁pe aking ▁at ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁page ▁views ▁per ▁day ▁during ▁the ▁week ▁of ▁Euro vision ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁based ▁on ▁Google ▁Anal ytics ▁data . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁w iw ib log gs ▁won ▁Arts ▁& ▁Culture ▁Blog ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁UK ▁Blog ▁Awards , ▁recogn ising ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁top ▁blog ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁across ▁architecture , ▁design , ▁entertainment ▁and ▁music . ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁month , ▁William ▁Lee ▁Adams , ▁a ▁former ▁correspond ent ▁at ▁TIME ▁magazine , ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁Euro vision ▁blog ger ▁to ▁speak ▁on ▁a ▁panel ▁at ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 6 0 th ▁Ann iversary ▁Conference ▁in ▁London . ▁In ▁the ▁official ▁programme ▁for ▁the ▁event , ▁the ▁European ▁Broad cast ing ▁Union ▁described ▁w iw ib log gs ▁as ▁the ▁" most ▁popular ▁and ▁innovative " ▁Euro vision ▁website . ▁ ▁During ▁Euro vision ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Adams ▁and ▁fellow ▁w iw ib log gs ▁correspond ent ▁Deb an ▁A der emi ▁served ▁as ▁special ▁guests ▁on ▁Studio ▁Euro vision , ▁the ▁official |
▁Euro vision ▁preview ▁show ▁from ▁Swedish ▁host ▁broad c aster ▁S VT . ▁The ▁show ▁a ired ▁the ▁hour ▁before ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁semi - fin als ▁and ▁the ▁grand ▁final . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Wi wi B log gs . com ▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁music ▁websites ▁Category : Intern et ▁properties ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Category : E uro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est <0x0A> </s> ▁A typ he lla ▁dal mat ia ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fire fly ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁A typ he lla . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L amp yr idae ▁Category : Bi ol um ines cent ▁insect s ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Per ▁Joh an ▁Gabriel ▁Wik str öm ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁politician ▁of ▁the ▁Social ▁Democrats . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Minister ▁for ▁Public ▁Health , ▁Health care ▁and ▁Sports ▁in ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Government ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Wik str öm ▁announced ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁on ▁sick ▁leave ▁due ▁symptoms ▁related ▁ ▁to ▁burn out . ▁Ann ika ▁Str and h äll ▁served ▁acting ▁Minister ▁for ▁Public ▁Health , ▁Health care ▁and ▁Sports ▁during ▁his ▁sick ▁leave , ▁and ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁July |
▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁he ▁resigned ▁from ▁his ▁position . ▁ ▁Wik str öm ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Youth ▁League ▁in ▁V äst man land ▁County ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁executive ▁board ▁of ▁the ▁youth ▁league ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁national ▁chairman ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁until ▁being ▁appointed ▁cabinet ▁minister ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁As ▁national ▁chairman , ▁Wik str öm ▁confront ed ▁the ▁Social ▁Democrats ▁leadership ▁by ▁pushing ▁a ▁proposal ▁of ▁a ▁ 9 0 - day ▁warranty ▁for ▁young ▁unem ployed ▁people ▁through ▁the ▁Social ▁Democrats ▁Congress ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁The ▁proposal ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁party ▁leadership , ▁but ▁gained ▁hearing ▁by ▁the ▁Congress ▁deleg ates ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁L ö f ven ▁cabinet ' s ▁key ▁reform s ▁since ▁taking ▁office ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁although ▁it ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁implemented ▁or ▁announced ▁yet ▁( as ▁of ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 ). ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Wik str öm ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ever ▁gathering ▁of ▁the ▁Party ▁of ▁European ▁Social ists ’ ▁health ▁minister s , ▁cha ired ▁by ▁J ev gen i ▁O ss in ov ski . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category |
: Sw edish ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁politicians ▁Category : Sw edish ▁Minister s ▁for ▁Health <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bu ay any up ▁River ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁West ▁region ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁The ▁head w aters ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁rise ▁in ▁the ▁Which er ▁Range ▁and ▁flow ▁north ▁crossing ▁the ▁B uss ell ▁Highway ▁near ▁V asse ▁before ▁dis charg ing ▁into ▁Ge ograp he ▁Bay ▁near ▁Ab bey ▁about ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁B uss el ton . ▁The ▁river ▁has ▁three ▁main ▁t ribut aries ▁of ▁Daw son ▁G ul ley , ▁Iron stone ▁G ully ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁not ▁named . ▁In ▁total ▁the ▁river ▁has ▁a ▁stream ▁length ▁of ▁over ▁. ▁ ▁Fl owing ▁through ▁agricultural ▁land ▁that ▁is ▁predomin antly ▁used ▁for ▁raising ▁beef ▁and ▁d airy ▁cattle ▁and ▁to ▁a ▁lesser ▁degree ▁plant ation ▁tim ber ▁and ▁vit icult ure , ▁the ▁area ▁has ▁been ▁settled ▁since ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁when ▁the ▁B uss ell ▁family ▁established ▁a ▁cattle ▁station ▁along ▁the ▁V asse ▁River . ▁More ▁farming ▁families ▁followed ▁and ▁now ▁over ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁catch ment ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁cattle ▁farming . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁was ▁first ▁recorded ▁by ▁a ▁survey or ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁and ▁is ▁Ab original ▁in ▁origin ▁but ▁its ▁meaning ▁is ▁unknown . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : South ▁West ▁( W estern ▁Australia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The |
▁her ons ▁are ▁long - le gged ▁fresh water ▁and ▁coastal ▁birds ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ar de idae , ▁with ▁ 6 4 ▁recognised ▁species , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁e gre ts ▁or ▁bit tern s ▁rather ▁than ▁her ons . ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁gener a ▁Bot aurus ▁and ▁I x ob ry ch us ▁are ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁bit tern s , ▁and , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁z ig z ag ▁her on , ▁or ▁z ig z ag ▁bit tern , ▁in ▁the ▁mon ot yp ic ▁genus ▁Z eb ril us , ▁form ▁a ▁mon oph y let ic ▁group ▁within ▁the ▁Ar de idae . ▁E gre ts ▁are ▁not ▁a ▁bi ologically ▁distinct ▁group ▁from ▁the ▁her ons , ▁and ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁differently ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁mainly ▁white ▁or ▁have ▁decor ative ▁pl umes ▁in ▁breed ing ▁pl um age . ▁Her ons , ▁by ▁evolution ary ▁adaptation , ▁have ▁long ▁be aks . ▁ ▁The ▁classification ▁of ▁the ▁individual ▁her on / eg ret ▁species ▁is ▁fra ug ht ▁with ▁difficulty , ▁and ▁no ▁clear ▁consensus ▁exists ▁about ▁the ▁correct ▁placement ▁of ▁many ▁species ▁into ▁either ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁major ▁gener a , ▁Ar de a ▁and ▁Eg rett a . ▁Similarly , ▁the ▁relationships ▁of ▁the ▁gener a ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁are ▁not ▁completely ▁resolved . ▁However , ▁one ▁species ▁formerly ▁considered ▁to ▁const itute ▁a ▁separate ▁mon ot yp ic ▁family , ▁the ▁Co ch lear idae ▁or ▁the |
▁boat - b illed ▁her on , ▁is ▁now ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ar de idae . ▁ ▁Although ▁her ons ▁re semble ▁birds ▁in ▁some ▁other ▁families , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁st ork s , ▁ib ises , ▁spoon b ills , ▁and ▁cr anes , ▁they ▁differ ▁from ▁these ▁in ▁flying ▁with ▁their ▁neck s ▁re tract ed , ▁not ▁out stret ched . ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bird ▁groups ▁that ▁have ▁powder ▁down . ▁Some ▁members ▁of ▁this ▁group ▁nest ▁colon ially ▁in ▁trees , ▁while ▁others , ▁notably ▁the ▁bit tern s , ▁use ▁re ed ▁beds . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁them ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁" s ie ge ." ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁her ons ▁are ▁medium - ▁to ▁large - sized ▁birds ▁with ▁long ▁legs ▁and ▁neck s . ▁They ▁exhibit ▁very ▁little ▁sexual ▁dim orph ism ▁in ▁size . ▁The ▁smallest ▁species ▁is ▁usually ▁considered ▁the ▁d warf ▁bit tern , ▁which ▁measures ▁ ▁in ▁length , ▁although ▁all ▁the ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁I x ob ry ch us ▁are ▁small ▁and ▁many ▁broad ly ▁overlap ▁in ▁size . ▁The ▁largest ▁species ▁of ▁her on ▁is ▁the ▁g oli ath ▁her on , ▁which ▁stands ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁tall . ▁The ▁neck s ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁k ink ▁in ▁an ▁S - shape , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁modified ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁c erv ical ▁ver te bra e , ▁of ▁which ▁they ▁have ▁ 2 0 – 2 1 . ▁ |
▁The ▁neck ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁re tract ▁and ▁extend ▁and ▁is ▁re tract ed ▁during ▁flight , ▁unlike ▁most ▁other ▁long - ne ck ed ▁birds . ▁The ▁neck ▁is ▁longer ▁in ▁the ▁day ▁her ons ▁than ▁the ▁night ▁her ons ▁and ▁bit tern s . ▁The ▁legs ▁are ▁long ▁and ▁strong ▁and ▁in ▁almost ▁every ▁species ▁are ▁un fe ather ed ▁from ▁the ▁lower ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁t ib ia ▁( the ▁exception ▁is ▁the ▁z ig z ag ▁her on ). ▁In - fl ight , ▁the ▁legs ▁and ▁feet ▁are ▁held ▁backwards . ▁The ▁feet ▁of ▁her ons ▁have ▁long , ▁thin ▁toes , ▁with ▁three ▁forward - point ing ▁ones ▁and ▁one ▁pointing ▁backwards . ▁ ▁The ▁bill ▁is ▁generally ▁long ▁and ▁har poon - like . ▁It ▁can ▁vary ▁from ▁extremely ▁fine , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁ag ami ▁her on , ▁to ▁thick ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁grey ▁her on . ▁The ▁most ▁at yp ical ▁bill ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁boat - b illed ▁her on , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁broad , ▁thick ▁bill . ▁The ▁bill , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁bare ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁body , ▁is ▁usually ▁yellow , ▁black , ▁or ▁brown ▁in ▁colour , ▁although ▁this ▁can ▁vary ▁during ▁the ▁breed ing ▁season . ▁The ▁wings ▁are ▁broad ▁and ▁long , ▁exhib iting ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁ 1 1 ▁primary ▁fe athers ▁( the ▁boat - b illed ▁her on ▁has ▁only ▁nine ), ▁ 1 5 – 2 0 ▁second aries |
. ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁rect rices ▁( 1 0 ▁in ▁the ▁bit tern s ). ▁The ▁fe athers ▁of ▁the ▁her ons ▁are ▁soft ▁and ▁the ▁pl um age ▁is ▁usually ▁blue , ▁black , ▁brown , ▁grey , ▁or ▁white , ▁and ▁can ▁often ▁be ▁stri k ingly ▁complex . ▁Among st ▁the ▁day ▁her ons , ▁little ▁sexual ▁dim orph ism ▁in ▁pl um age ▁is ▁seen ▁( except ▁in ▁the ▁p ond - her ons ); ▁differences ▁between ▁the ▁sex es ▁are ▁the ▁rule ▁for ▁the ▁night ▁her ons ▁and ▁smaller ▁bit tern s . ▁Many ▁species ▁also ▁have ▁different ▁colour ▁morph s . ▁In ▁the ▁Pacific ▁re ef ▁her on , ▁both ▁dark ▁and ▁light ▁colour ▁morph s ▁exist , ▁and ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁each ▁morph ▁varies ▁ge ograph ically . ▁White ▁morph s ▁only ▁occur ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁cor al ▁be aches . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁ ▁The ▁her ons ▁are ▁a ▁widespread ▁family ▁with ▁a ▁cosm opol itan ▁distribution . ▁They ▁exist ▁on ▁all ▁contin ents ▁except ▁Ant ar ct ica , ▁and ▁are ▁present ▁in ▁most ▁habit ats ▁except ▁the ▁cold est ▁extrem es ▁of ▁the ▁Ar ctic , ▁extremely ▁high ▁mountains , ▁and ▁the ▁dri est ▁des erts . ▁Almost ▁all ▁species ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁water ; ▁they ▁are ▁essentially ▁nons w im ming ▁water bird s ▁that ▁feed ▁on ▁the ▁marg ins ▁of ▁l akes , ▁rivers , ▁sw amps , ▁p onds , ▁and ▁the ▁sea . ▁They ▁are ▁predomin antly |
▁found ▁in ▁low land ▁areas , ▁although ▁some ▁species ▁live ▁in ▁al p ine ▁areas , ▁and ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁trop ics . ▁ ▁The ▁her ons ▁are ▁a ▁highly ▁mobile ▁family , ▁with ▁most ▁species ▁being ▁at ▁least ▁partially ▁migr atory . ▁Some ▁species ▁are ▁partially ▁migr atory , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁grey ▁her on , ▁which ▁is ▁mostly ▁sed ent ary ▁in ▁Britain , ▁but ▁mostly ▁migr atory ▁in ▁Sc and in avia . ▁Bird s ▁are ▁particularly ▁inclined ▁to ▁dis per se ▁widely ▁after ▁breed ing , ▁but ▁before ▁the ▁annual ▁migration , ▁where ▁the ▁species ▁is ▁colonial , ▁searching ▁out ▁new ▁feeding ▁areas ▁and ▁reducing ▁the ▁press ures ▁on ▁feeding ▁grounds ▁near ▁the ▁colony . ▁The ▁migration ▁typically ▁occurs ▁at ▁night , ▁usually ▁as ▁individuals ▁or ▁in ▁small ▁groups . ▁ ▁Be hav iour ▁and ▁ec ology ▁ ▁Diet ▁ ▁The ▁her ons ▁and ▁bit tern s ▁are ▁car n iv orous . ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁this ▁family ▁are ▁mostly ▁associated ▁with ▁wet lands ▁and ▁water , ▁and ▁feed ▁on ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁live ▁aqu atic ▁prey . ▁Their ▁diet ▁includes ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁aqu atic ▁animals , ▁including ▁fish , ▁re pt iles , ▁am ph ib ians , ▁cr ust ace ans , ▁m oll us cs , ▁and ▁aqu atic ▁insect s . ▁Individual ▁species ▁may ▁be ▁general ists ▁or ▁special ise ▁in ▁certain ▁prey ▁types , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁yellow - c rowned ▁night ▁her on , ▁which ▁special |
ises ▁in ▁cr ust ace ans , ▁particularly ▁cr abs . ▁Many ▁species ▁also ▁opportun istically ▁take ▁larger ▁prey , ▁including ▁birds ▁and ▁bird ▁eggs , ▁rod ents , ▁and ▁more ▁rarely ▁car r ion . ▁Even ▁more ▁rarely , ▁her ons ▁eating ▁ac orn s , ▁peas , ▁and ▁gr ains ▁have ▁been ▁reported , ▁but ▁most ▁veget able ▁matter ▁consumed ▁is ▁accident al . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁hunting ▁technique ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁bird ▁to ▁sit ▁motion less ▁on ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁or ▁standing ▁in ▁shallow ▁water ▁and ▁to ▁wait ▁until ▁prey ▁comes ▁within ▁range . ▁Bird s ▁may ▁either ▁do ▁this ▁from ▁an ▁upright ▁ ▁post ure , ▁giving ▁them ▁a ▁wider ▁field ▁of ▁view ▁for ▁seeing ▁prey , ▁or ▁from ▁a ▁c rou ched ▁position , ▁which ▁is ▁more ▁crypt ic ▁and ▁means ▁the ▁bill ▁is ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁prey ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁located . ▁Having ▁seen ▁prey , ▁the ▁head ▁is ▁moved ▁from ▁side ▁to ▁side , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁her on ▁can ▁calculate ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁prey ▁in ▁the ▁water ▁and ▁compens ate ▁for ▁ref raction , ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁bill ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁spe ar ▁the ▁prey . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁sitting ▁and ▁waiting , ▁her ons ▁may ▁feed ▁more ▁actively . ▁They ▁may ▁walk ▁slowly , ▁around ▁or ▁less ▁than ▁ 6 0 ▁p aces ▁a ▁minute , ▁sn atch ing ▁prey ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁observed . ▁Other ▁active ▁feeding ▁behavi ours ▁include ▁foot ▁stir ring ▁and ▁prob ing , ▁where ▁the ▁feet |
▁are ▁used ▁to ▁flush ▁out ▁hidden ▁prey . ▁The ▁wings ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁fright en ▁prey ▁( or ▁possibly ▁attract ▁it ▁to ▁shade ) ▁or ▁to ▁reduce ▁gl are ; ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁example ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁exhib ited ▁by ▁the ▁black ▁her on , ▁which ▁forms ▁a ▁full ▁can opy ▁with ▁its ▁wings ▁over ▁its ▁body . ▁ ▁Some ▁species ▁of ▁her on , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁little ▁eg ret ▁and ▁grey ▁her on , ▁have ▁been ▁documented ▁using ▁b ait ▁to ▁l ure ▁prey ▁to ▁within ▁striking ▁distance . ▁Her ons ▁may ▁use ▁items ▁already ▁in ▁place , ▁or ▁actively ▁add ▁items ▁to ▁the ▁water ▁to ▁attract ▁fish ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁band ed ▁kill if ish . ▁It ems ▁used ▁may ▁be ▁man - made , ▁such ▁as ▁bread ; ▁altern atively , ▁stri ated ▁her ons ▁in ▁the ▁Amazon ▁have ▁been ▁watched ▁repeatedly ▁dropping ▁seeds , ▁insect s , ▁flowers , ▁and ▁leaves ▁into ▁the ▁water ▁to ▁catch ▁fish . ▁ ▁Three ▁species , ▁the ▁black - headed ▁her on , ▁whist ling ▁her on , ▁and ▁especially ▁the ▁cattle ▁eg ret , ▁are ▁less ▁tied ▁to ▁water y ▁environments ▁and ▁may ▁feed ▁far ▁away ▁from ▁water . ▁C attle ▁e gre ts ▁improve ▁their ▁for aging ▁success ▁by ▁following ▁large ▁graz ing ▁animals , ▁catching ▁insect s ▁fl ushed ▁by ▁their ▁movement . ▁One ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁success ▁rate ▁of ▁prey ▁capture ▁increased ▁ 3 . 6 ▁times ▁over ▁sol itary ▁for aging . ▁ ▁B reed |
ing ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁family ▁exhib its ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁breed ing ▁strategies , ▁overall , ▁the ▁her ons ▁are ▁mon og amous ▁and ▁mostly ▁colonial . ▁Most ▁day ▁her ons ▁and ▁night ▁her ons ▁are ▁colonial , ▁or ▁partly ▁colonial ▁depending ▁on ▁circumstances , ▁whereas ▁the ▁bit tern s ▁and ▁t iger ▁her ons ▁are ▁mostly ▁sol itary ▁n es ters . ▁Col on ies ▁may ▁contain ▁several ▁species , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁species ▁of ▁water bird s . ▁In ▁a ▁study ▁of ▁little ▁e gre ts ▁and ▁cattle ▁e gre ts ▁in ▁India , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁colon ies ▁survey ed ▁contained ▁both ▁species . ▁N est ing ▁is ▁season al ▁in ▁temper ate ▁species ; ▁in ▁tropical ▁species , ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁season al ▁( o ften ▁coinc iding ▁with ▁the ▁rain y ▁season ) ▁or ▁year - round . ▁Even ▁in ▁year - round ▁breed ers , ▁nest ing ▁intensity ▁varies ▁throughout ▁the ▁year . ▁T rop ical ▁her ons ▁typically ▁have ▁only ▁one ▁breed ing ▁season ▁per ▁year , ▁unlike ▁some ▁other ▁tropical ▁birds ▁which ▁may ▁raise ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁bro od s ▁a ▁year . ▁ ▁Court ship ▁usually ▁takes ▁part ▁on ▁the ▁nest . ▁M ales ▁arrive ▁first ▁and ▁begin ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁nest , ▁where ▁they ▁display ▁to ▁attract ▁females . ▁During ▁court ship , ▁the ▁male ▁em plo ys ▁a ▁stretch ▁display ▁and ▁uses ▁ere ct ile ▁neck ▁fe athers ; ▁the ▁neck ▁area ▁may ▁sw ell . ▁The ▁female ▁risks |
▁an ▁aggressive ▁attack ▁if ▁she ▁approaches ▁too ▁soon ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁to ▁wait ▁up ▁to ▁four ▁days . ▁In ▁colonial ▁species , ▁displays ▁involve ▁visual ▁c ues , ▁which ▁can ▁include ▁ad op ting ▁post ures ▁or ▁ritual ▁displays , ▁whereas ▁in ▁sol itary ▁species , ▁aud itory ▁c ues , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁deep ▁bo oming ▁of ▁the ▁bit tern s , ▁are ▁important . ▁The ▁exception ▁to ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁boat - b illed ▁her on , ▁which ▁pairs ▁up ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁nest ing ▁site . ▁Having ▁pa ired , ▁they ▁continue ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁nest ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁species , ▁although ▁in ▁the ▁little ▁bit tern ▁and ▁least ▁bit tern , ▁only ▁the ▁male ▁works ▁on ▁the ▁nest . ▁ ▁Some ▁or n ith ologists ▁have ▁reported ▁observ ing ▁female ▁her ons ▁att aching ▁themselves ▁to ▁imp ot ent ▁m ates , ▁then ▁seeking ▁sexual ▁grat ification ▁elsewhere . ▁ ▁The ▁n ests ▁of ▁her ons ▁are ▁usually ▁found ▁near ▁or ▁above ▁water . ▁They ▁are ▁typically ▁placed ▁in ▁veget ation , ▁although ▁the ▁n ests ▁of ▁a ▁few ▁species ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁where ▁suitable ▁trees ▁of ▁shr ub s ▁are ▁un available . ▁T rees ▁are ▁used ▁by ▁many ▁species , ▁and ▁here ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁placed ▁high ▁up ▁from ▁the ▁ground , ▁whereas ▁species ▁living ▁in ▁re ed ▁beds ▁may ▁nest ▁very ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁ground . ▁ ▁Gener ally , ▁her ons ▁lay ▁between ▁three ▁and ▁seven ▁eggs . ▁L arg er ▁cl |
ut ches ▁are ▁reported ▁in ▁the ▁smaller ▁bit tern s ▁and ▁more ▁rarely ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁larger ▁day ▁her ons , ▁and ▁single - eg g ▁cl ut ches ▁are ▁reported ▁for ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁t iger ▁her ons . ▁Cl utch ▁size ▁varies ▁by ▁lat itude ▁within ▁species , ▁with ▁individuals ▁in ▁temper ate ▁clim ates ▁laying ▁more ▁eggs ▁than ▁tropical ▁ones . ▁On ▁the ▁whole , ▁the ▁eggs ▁are ▁gl oss y ▁blue ▁or ▁white , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁being ▁the ▁large ▁bit tern s , ▁which ▁lay ▁olive - b rown ▁eggs . ▁ ▁Name ▁The ▁word ▁her on ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁language ▁around ▁ 1 3 0 0 , ▁origin ating ▁from ▁Old ▁French ▁hair on , ▁er on ▁( 1 2 th ▁century ), ▁earlier ▁h airo ▁( 1 1 th ▁century ), ▁from ▁Frank ish ▁ha ig iro ▁or ▁from ▁Pro to - G erman ic ▁* ha igr ô , ▁* h ra igr ô . ▁ ▁Her ons ▁are ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁sh ite p okes ▁, ▁or ▁e up hem istically ▁as ▁sh ike p okes ▁or ▁sh yp okes . ▁Web ster ' s ▁Dictionary ▁suggests ▁that ▁her ons ▁were ▁given ▁this ▁name ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁habit ▁of ▁def ec ating ▁when ▁fl ushed . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁Comp act ▁Edition ▁of ▁the ▁Oxford ▁English ▁Dictionary ▁describes ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁sh ite po ke ▁for ▁the ▁small ▁green ▁her on ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁( But or ides |
▁v ires c ens ) ▁as ▁origin ating ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁c iting ▁a ▁published ▁example ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 3 . ▁The ▁O ED ▁also ▁observ es ▁that ▁sh iter ow ▁or ▁she der ow ▁are ▁terms ▁used ▁for ▁her ons , ▁and ▁also ▁applied ▁as ▁der og atory ▁terms ▁meaning ▁a ▁thin , ▁weak ly ▁person . ▁This ▁name ▁for ▁a ▁her on ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁game bird s ▁in ▁a ▁royal ▁dec ree ▁of ▁James ▁VI ▁( 1 5 6 6 – 1 6 2 5 ) ▁of ▁Scotland . ▁The ▁O ED ▁spec ulates ▁that ▁sh iter ow ▁is ▁a ▁corruption ▁of ▁sh ite her on . ▁ ▁Another ▁former ▁name ▁was ▁her on sh aw ▁or ▁her n sh aw , ▁derived ▁from ▁Old ▁French ▁her on ç eau . ▁Cor rupted ▁to ▁hands aw , ▁this ▁name ▁appears ▁in ▁Shakespeare ' s ▁Ham let . ▁A ▁possible ▁further ▁corruption ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Nor folk ▁Bro ads , ▁where ▁the ▁her on ▁is ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁h arn ser . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁and ▁system at ics ▁ ▁Anal ys es ▁of ▁the ▁ske leton , ▁mainly ▁the ▁skull , ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁Ar de idae ▁could ▁be ▁split ▁into ▁a ▁di urn al ▁and ▁a ▁cre pus cular / no ct urn al ▁group ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁bit tern s . ▁From ▁DNA ▁studies ▁and ▁ske let al ▁analys es ▁focusing ▁more ▁on ▁bones ▁of ▁body ▁and ▁lim |
bs , ▁this ▁group ing ▁has ▁been ▁revealed ▁as ▁incorrect . ▁Rather , ▁the ▁similar ities ▁in ▁skull ▁morph ology ▁reflect ▁conver gent ▁evolution ▁to ▁cope ▁with ▁the ▁different ▁challenges ▁of ▁day time ▁and ▁night time ▁feeding . ▁Today , ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁three ▁major ▁groups ▁can ▁be ▁distinguished , ▁which ▁are ▁( from ▁the ▁most ▁primitive ▁to ▁the ▁most ▁advanced ): ▁▁ ▁t iger ▁her ons ▁and ▁the ▁boat b ill ▁ ▁bit tern s ▁ ▁day ▁her ons ▁and ▁e gre ts , ▁and ▁night ▁her ons ▁ ▁The ▁night ▁her ons ▁could ▁warrant ▁separation ▁as ▁sub family ▁Ny ctic or ac ina e , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁tradition ally ▁done . ▁However , ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁some ▁gener a ▁( e . g . ▁But or ides ▁or ▁S yr igma ) ▁is ▁un clear ▁at ▁the ▁moment , ▁and ▁molecular ▁studies ▁have ▁until ▁now ▁suffered ▁from ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁studied ▁tax a . ▁Especially , ▁the ▁relationships ▁among ▁the ▁sub family ▁Ar de ina e ▁are ▁very ▁badly ▁resolved . ▁The ▁arrangement ▁presented ▁here ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁prov is ional . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁study ▁suggests ▁that ▁this ▁family ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁P ele can iform es . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁these ▁findings , ▁the ▁International ▁Or n ith ological ▁Congress ▁ ▁recently ▁re class ified ▁Ar de idae ▁and ▁their ▁sister ▁tax a ▁Th res ki orn ith idae ▁under ▁the ▁order ▁P ele can iform es ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁order |
▁of ▁C icon i iform es . ▁ ▁Sub family ▁Tig ri orn ith ina e ▁▁ ▁Gen us ▁Co ch le arius ▁– ▁boat - b illed ▁her on ▁ ▁Gen us ▁T aph oph oy x ▁( f oss il , ▁Late ▁Mi oc ene ▁of ▁Lev y ▁County , ▁Florida ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁T igr is oma ▁– ▁typical ▁t iger ▁her ons ▁( three ▁species ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Tig ri orn is ▁– ▁white - cre sted ▁t iger ▁her on ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Z on er od ius ▁– ▁forest ▁bit tern ▁ ▁Sub family ▁Bot aur ina e ▁▁ ▁Gen us ▁Z eb ril us ▁– ▁z ig z ag ▁her on ▁ ▁Gen us ▁I x ob ry ch us ▁– ▁small ▁bit tern s ▁( eight ▁living ▁species , ▁one ▁recently ▁ext inct ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Bot aurus ▁– ▁large ▁bit tern s ▁( four ▁species ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁P ik ai ha o ▁- ▁Saint ▁B athan ' s ▁bit tern ▁( f oss il , ▁Early ▁Mi oc ene ▁of ▁O tag o , ▁New ▁Zealand ) ▁ ▁Sub family ▁Ar de ina e ▁▁ ▁Gen us ▁Z elt orn is ▁( f oss il , ▁Early ▁Mi oc ene ▁of ▁D j eb el ▁Zel ten , ▁Lib ya ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Ny ctic or ax ▁– ▁typical ▁night ▁her ons ▁( two ▁ ▁living ▁species , ▁four ▁recently ▁ext inct ; ▁includes ▁Ny ct an ass |
a ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Ny ct an ass a ▁– ▁American ▁night ▁her ons ▁( one ▁living ▁species , ▁one ▁recently ▁ext inct ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁G ors ach ius ▁– ▁Asian ▁and ▁African ▁night ▁her ons ▁( four ▁species ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁But or ides ▁– ▁green - back ed ▁her ons ▁( three ▁species ; ▁sometimes ▁included ▁in ▁Ar de a ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Ag am ia ▁– ▁Ag ami ▁her on ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Pil her od ius ▁– ▁c apped ▁her on ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Ar de ola ▁– ▁p ond ▁her ons ▁( six ▁species ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁B ub ul c us ▁– ▁cattle ▁e gre ts ▁( one ▁or ▁two ▁species , ▁sometimes ▁included ▁in ▁Ar de a ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Pro arde a ▁( f oss il ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Ar de a ▁– ▁typical ▁her ons ▁( 1 1 – 1 7 ▁species ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁S yr igma ▁– ▁whist ling ▁her on ▁ ▁Gen us ▁Eg rett a ▁– ▁typical ▁e gre ts ▁( 7 – 1 3 ▁species ) ▁ ▁Gen us ▁und et erm ined ▁ ▁Easter ▁Island ▁her on , ▁Ar de idae ▁gen . ▁et ▁sp . ▁ind et . ▁( pre hist oric ) ▁▁ ▁F oss il ▁her ons ▁of ▁un resolved ▁affili ations ▁▁ ▁" An as " ▁bas alt ica ▁( L ate ▁O lig oc ene ▁of ▁V arn sd orf , ▁Czech ▁Republic ) |
▁ ▁Ar de ag rad is ▁ ▁Pro arde ola ▁– ▁possibly ▁same ▁as ▁Pro arde a ▁ ▁Mat uk u ▁( E arly ▁Mi oc ene ▁of ▁O tag o , ▁New ▁Zealand ) ▁ ▁Other ▁pre hist oric ▁and ▁foss il ▁species ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁respective ▁genus ▁accounts . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Pro her od ius ▁is ▁a ▁disput ed ▁foss il ▁which ▁was ▁various ly ▁considered ▁a ▁her on ▁or ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ext inct ▁long - le gged ▁water f ow l , ▁the ▁Pres by orn ith idae . ▁It ▁is ▁only ▁known ▁from ▁a ▁stern um ; ▁a ▁t ars omet at ars us ▁assigned ▁to ▁it ▁actually ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁pale ogn ath ▁L ith orn is ▁v ultur inus . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁H anc ock , ▁James ▁& ▁Ell i ott , ▁Hugh ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁The ▁Her ons ▁of ▁the ▁World ; ▁with ▁paintings ▁by ▁Robert ▁Gill mor ▁and ▁Peter ▁Hay man , ▁and ▁drawings ▁by ▁Robert ▁Gill mor . ▁London : ▁London ▁Ed itions ▁; ▁New ▁York : ▁Harper ▁& ▁Row ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Her on Con serv ation ▁Her on ▁Special ist ▁Group ▁of ▁I U CN ▁ ▁Her on ▁videos ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁Bird ▁Collection ▁ ▁* ▁* ▁Category : Ext ant ▁P ale oc ene ▁first ▁appearances ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁William ▁El ford ▁Le ach <0x0A> </s> ▁Sebastian ▁H arn isch ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ |
1 9 6 7 ▁ ▁in ▁Germany ) ▁is ▁Professor ▁of ▁International ▁Rel ations ▁and ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁at ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Economic ▁and ▁Social ▁Sciences ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁He idel berg . ▁ ▁Education ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁H abil itation ▁( Pol it ical ▁Science ), ▁University ▁of ▁T rier ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Dr . ▁Phil . ▁( Pol it ical ▁Science ), ▁University ▁of ▁T rier ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁M . A . ▁( Pol it ical ▁Science , ▁History ), ▁University ▁of ▁T rier ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 1 ▁Grad uate ▁Studies ▁( Di plom acy ), ▁Ge or get own ▁University , ▁Washington ▁DC , ▁Exchange ▁Year ▁ ▁Career ▁H arn isch ▁is ▁currently ▁Professor ▁of ▁Political ▁Science ▁with ▁Special ▁Reference ▁to ▁International ▁Politics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁He idel berg ▁and ▁was ▁previously ▁Assistant ▁and ▁Junior ▁Professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁T rier , ▁Germany . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁held ▁a ▁visiting ▁fellow ship ▁at ▁the ▁Se oul ▁National ▁University , ▁South ▁Korea . ▁His ▁research ▁and ▁publications ▁en compass ▁German ▁and ▁American ▁Foreign ▁Policy , ▁European ▁affairs , ▁theories ▁of ▁International ▁Rel ations , ▁non - pro lifer ation ▁of ▁weapons ▁of ▁mass ▁destruction ▁and ▁Korean ▁Affairs . ▁Sebastian ▁H arn isch ▁is ▁also ▁Co - Editor ▁of ▁the ▁Online - News letter ▁and ▁E - Mon ograph ▁series ▁of ▁www . de utsche - a ussen polit ik . de . ▁ ▁Books ▁and |
▁edited ▁volumes ▁( selection ) ▁▁ ▁Au ßen polit ischer ▁Str u ktur wand el ▁in ▁der ▁Bundes re pub lik ▁Deutschland , ▁B aden - B aden : ▁Nom os ▁Ver lag ▁( in ▁preparation ). ▁ ▁Intern ationale ▁Polit ik ▁und ▁Ver f ass ung . ▁Zur ▁Dom est iz ierung ▁des ▁sich er he its - ▁und ▁europ apol it ischen ▁Pro z ess es ▁der ▁Bundes re pub lik ▁Deutschland , ▁B aden - B aden : ▁Nom os - ▁Ver lag , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁( ed .) De utsche ▁S icher heit sp ol it ik . ▁Eine ▁Bil anz ▁der ▁Reg ierung ▁Sch r ö der , ▁B aden - B aden : ▁Nom os ▁Ver lag , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁( with ▁Christ os ▁K ats i oul is ▁und ▁Marco ▁Over haus ). ▁ ▁( ed .) ▁Deutschland ▁im ▁Ab se its ? ▁Rot - gr ü ne ▁Au ßen polit ik ▁ 1 9 9 8 - 2 0 0 3 , ▁B aden - B aden : ▁Nom os ▁Ver lag , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁( with ▁Hann s ▁W . ▁Ma ull ▁and ▁Constant in ▁Grund ). ▁ ▁( ed .) ▁Germany ▁as ▁a ▁Civil ian ▁Power . ▁The ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁of ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Republic , ▁Manchester : ▁Manchester ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁( with ▁Hann s ▁W . ▁Ma ull ). ▁ ▁Au ßen pol itis ches ▁L |
ern en . ▁Die ▁US - A u ßen polit ik ▁auf ▁der ▁k ore an ischen ▁Hal b ins el , ▁O pl aden : ▁Les ke ▁& ▁Bud rich , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁K ern w aff en ▁in ▁Nord k ore a . ▁Reg ionale ▁St abil ität ▁und ▁K ris en management ▁durch ▁das ▁Gen fer ▁Rah men ab kom men ▁( F orsch ungs inst itut ▁der ▁D G AP ), ▁Bon n : ▁Europa ▁Union ▁Ver lag , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁( with ▁Hann s ▁W . ▁Ma ull ). ▁ ▁Europa ▁und ▁Amer ika . ▁Die ▁US - amerikan ische ▁H alt ung ▁zur ▁west e urop ä ischen ▁Integr ation ▁ 1 9 8 7 - 1 9 9 4 , ▁Sin z heim : ▁Pro ▁Univers itate ▁Ver lag ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Art icles ▁ ▁Das ▁Pro lifer ations net z werk ▁um ▁A . ▁Q . ▁Khan , ▁in : ▁Aus ▁Polit ik ▁und ▁Zeit gesch ichte , ▁Vol ▁ 4 8 ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁S . ▁ 1 - 8 . ▁ ▁( K ) e in ▁Bl uff ▁wie ▁j eder ▁andere . ▁Nord k ore as ▁n uk le ares ▁B eken nt nis ▁m uss ▁ ern st ▁gen ommen ▁werden , ▁in : ▁Intern ationale ▁Polit ik ▁ 6 0 ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ 3 , ▁pp . 1 0 4 |
– 1 0 7 . ▁ ▁German ▁Non - Pro lifer ation ▁Policy ▁and ▁the ▁Iraq ▁Conf lict , ▁in : ▁German ▁Politics ▁ 1 3 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ 2 , ▁pp . 1 – 3 4 . ▁ ▁Die ▁Z IB ▁als ▁Forum ▁der ▁deutschen ▁I B ? ▁Eine ▁k rit ische ▁Best ands au fn ah me , ▁in : ▁Ze itsch rift ▁für ▁Intern ationale ▁Be zie h ungen ▁ 1 1 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ 2 , ▁pp . 3 5 7 – 3 6 4 ▁( with ▁Hann s ▁W . ▁Ma ull ▁and ▁Sie g fried ▁Sch ieder ). ▁ ▁Trans at l ant ische ▁Ko operation ▁tut ▁Not . ▁Europa , ▁die ▁USA ▁und ▁die ▁Mass en vern icht ung sw aff en , ▁in : ▁Intern ationale ▁Polit ik ▁ 5 9 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ 1 , ▁pp . 1 9 – 2 5 . ▁ ▁US - D PR K ▁Rel ations ▁under ▁the ▁Bush ▁Administration : ▁From ▁„ go ▁slow “ ▁to ▁„ no ▁go “, ▁in : ▁Asian ▁Survey ▁ 4 2 ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ 6 , ▁pp . 8 5 6 – 8 8 2 . ▁ ▁Emb ed ding ▁Korea ’ s ▁Un ification ▁Mult il ater ally , ▁in : ▁Pacific ▁Review ▁ 1 5 ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ 1 , ▁pp . 2 9 – |
6 2 ▁( with ▁Hann s ▁W . ▁Ma ull ). ▁ ▁Change ▁and ▁Contin uity ▁in ▁Post - Un ification ▁German ▁Foreign ▁Policy ' ', ▁in : ▁German ▁Politics ▁ 1 0 ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ 1 , ▁pp . 3 5 – 6 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁political ▁scientists ▁Category : He idel berg ▁University ▁faculty ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁T ont ok rom ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Am ans ie ▁South ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Ash anti ▁Region ▁of ▁Gh ana . ▁It ▁is ▁mostly ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁gold ▁and ▁has ▁recently ▁been ▁noted ▁for ▁the ▁men ace ▁ ▁of ▁illegal ▁mining ▁popular ly ▁called ▁gal am sey . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Ash anti ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Hills ▁is ▁an ▁u pl and ▁area ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁regions ▁of ▁England . ▁They ▁lie ▁wh olly ▁within ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁Sh ro pshire ▁and ▁en compass ▁several ▁distinctive ▁and ▁well - known ▁land marks , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Long ▁My nd , ▁W en lock ▁Edge , ▁The ▁W re kin ▁and ▁the ▁Cle es . ▁ ▁The ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Hills ▁lie ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁capital ▁of ▁Sh rew sb ury ▁between ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁border ▁and ▁Much ▁W en lock , ▁extending ▁as ▁far ▁south ▁as ▁Lud low . ▁To ▁the |
▁north ▁they ▁are ▁bounded ▁by ▁the ▁Sh ro pshire , ▁Che shire ▁and ▁Staff ord shire ▁Pl ain , ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁the ▁Sever n ▁Valley ▁and ▁Mid ▁Sever n ▁Sand stone ▁Pl ate au , ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁by ▁Knight on ▁and ▁the ▁T eme ▁Valley ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁south west ▁by ▁the ▁Cl un ▁and ▁North ▁West ▁Here ford shire ▁Hills . ▁ ▁Environment ▁The ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Hills ▁are ▁listed ▁as ▁Natural ▁Area ▁No . ▁ 4 2 ▁and ▁also ▁as ▁National ▁Character ▁Area ▁ 6 5 ▁by ▁Natural ▁England , ▁the ▁UK ▁Government ' s ▁advis or ▁on ▁the ▁natural ▁environment . ▁The ▁N CA ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁measure ▁around ▁ ▁from ▁west ▁to ▁east ▁and ▁north ▁to ▁south . ▁The ▁dominant ▁pattern ▁of ▁the ▁hills ▁is ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁south west ▁to ▁nort heast ▁rid ges , ▁scar ps ▁and ▁val le ys . ▁They ▁are ▁characterized ▁by ▁steep , ▁rounded ▁' wh ale back ' ▁hills , ▁often ▁c rowned ▁with ▁open ▁mo or land , ▁with ▁wood land ▁dressing ▁the ▁st ee per ▁sl opes . ▁There ▁are ▁scattered ▁farms ▁in ▁d ales ▁and ▁shelter ing ▁in ▁val le ys ; ▁larger ▁settlement s ▁being ▁conf ined ▁to ▁the ▁Stre tt on ▁Valley ▁and ▁A 4 9 ▁corridor . ▁ ▁Major ▁sum m its ▁R ough ly ▁a ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁N CA ▁lies ▁within ▁the ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Hills ▁A ON B . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁region ▁contains ▁two |
▁Special ▁Are as ▁of ▁Conserv ation ▁( The ▁St iper st ones ▁& ▁The ▁Holl ies ▁S AC ; ▁Dow nt on ▁G orge ▁S AC ) ▁and ▁a ▁national ▁nature ▁reserve ▁( The ▁St iper st ones ▁N NR ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 7 3 ▁S ites ▁of ▁Special ▁Scient ific ▁Interest , ▁the ▁latter ▁tot alling ▁. ▁Its ▁major ▁water c ourses ▁are ▁the ▁rivers ▁Cor ve , ▁On ny , ▁Sever n ▁and ▁T eme ▁and ▁the ▁Led wy che ▁and ▁Re a ▁Brook s . ▁The ▁average ▁elev ation ▁is ▁; ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁is ▁Brown ▁Cle e ▁Hill ▁at ▁. ▁Sign ific ant ▁sum m its ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Hills ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Brown ▁Cle e ▁( 5 4 0 m ), ▁ ▁St iper st ones ▁( 5 3 6 m ), ▁ ▁T itter stone ▁Cle e ▁( 5 3 3 m ), ▁ ▁Long ▁My nd ▁( P ole ▁Bank ) ▁( 5 1 6 m ), ▁ ▁Ca er ▁Car ad oc ▁( 4 5 9 m ), ▁ ▁He ath ▁My nd ▁( 4 5 2 m ), ▁ ▁Hope ▁Bow d ler ▁( 4 2 6 m ), ▁ ▁The ▁W re kin ▁( 4 0 7 m ), ▁ ▁R agle th ▁Hill ▁( 3 9 8 m ), ▁ ▁Law ley ▁( 3 7 7 m ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : N at ural ▁regions ▁of ▁England ▁Category : H ills ▁of ▁Sh ro pshire |
<0x0A> </s> ▁Lev i ▁Hans sen ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁football er ▁who ▁currently ▁plays ▁for ▁H B ▁T ór sh av n . ▁He ▁usually ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁left ▁mid f iel der ▁or ▁up - front . ▁ ▁Hans sen ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁but ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁T ór sh av n , ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁ ▁Pre viously ▁he ▁played ▁for ▁E B / St re ym ur , ▁B 3 6 ▁T ór sh av n ▁and ▁Sk á la ▁ Í F . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁c apped ▁at ▁full ▁international ▁level ▁by ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁with ▁ 3 ▁matches . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁U 2 1 , ▁U 1 9 ▁and ▁U 1 7 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁https :// www . the final ball . com / player / lev i _ h ans sen / 2 0 0 9 _ 1 0 / profile / 1 3 9 / default / 7 4 8 2 5 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ers ▁from ▁W elling ton ▁City ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁association ▁football ers ▁Category : F ar oe ▁Islands ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : B 3 6 ▁T ór sh av n ▁players ▁Category : EB / St re ym ur ▁players ▁Category : H av |
nar ▁B ó lt fel ag ▁players ▁Category : F ar oe ▁Islands ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : F ar oe ▁Islands ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁ ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : F aro ese ▁football ers ▁Category : F ar oe ▁Islands ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ex ternal ▁counter p uls ation ▁ ▁therapy ▁( E CP ) ▁is ▁a ▁procedure ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁performed ▁on ▁individuals ▁with ▁ang ina , ▁heart ▁failure , ▁or ▁card i omy opath y . ▁ ▁Medical ▁uses ▁The ▁F DA ▁approved ▁the ▁Card i Ass ist TM E CP ▁system ▁for ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁ang ina , ▁ac ute ▁my oc ard ial ▁inf ar ction ▁and ▁card i ogen ic ▁shock ▁under ▁a ▁ 5 1 0 ( k ) ▁submission ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁( http :// www . access data . f da . gov / scripts / cd rh / cf docs / cf PM N / pm n . cf m ? ID = 2 7 8 1 2 ) ▁( last ▁accessed ▁March ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁Since ▁then , ▁additional ▁E CP ▁devices ▁have ▁been ▁cleared ▁by ▁the ▁F DA ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁treating ▁stable ▁or ▁un stable ▁ang ina ▁p ector is , ▁ac ute ▁my oc ard ial ▁inf ar ction , ▁card i ogen ic ▁shock , ▁and ▁con gest ive ▁heart ▁failure . ▁ ▁Some ▁reviews |
▁did ▁not ▁find ▁sufficient ▁evidence ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁useful ▁for ▁either ▁ang ina ▁or ▁heart ▁failure . ▁Other ▁reviews ▁found ▁tent ative ▁benefit ▁in ▁those ▁with ▁ang ina ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁improve ▁with ▁medications . ▁ ▁For ▁stroke ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁blood ▁flow ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Co chr ane ▁review ▁found ▁ins ufficient ▁evidence ▁to ▁make ▁conclusions . ▁ ▁Method ▁While ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁under going ▁E CP , ▁he / she ▁has ▁p neum atic ▁c uffs ▁on ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁legs ▁and ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁tele metry ▁mon itors ▁that ▁monitor ▁heart ▁rate ▁and ▁rhythm . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁type ▁in ▁use ▁involves ▁three ▁c uffs ▁placed ▁on ▁each ▁leg ▁( on ▁the ▁cal ves , ▁the ▁lower ▁thigh s , ▁and ▁the ▁upper ▁thigh s ▁( or ▁butt ock )). ▁ ▁The ▁c uffs ▁are ▁tim ed ▁to ▁infl ate ▁and ▁def late ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁individual ' s ▁electro card i ogram . ▁ ▁The ▁c uffs ▁should ▁ide ally ▁infl ate ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁di ast ole ▁and ▁def late ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁syst ole . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁inflation ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁cycle , ▁the ▁c alf ▁c uffs ▁infl ate ▁first , ▁then ▁the ▁lower ▁thigh ▁c uffs ▁and ▁finally ▁the ▁upper ▁thigh ▁c uffs . ▁ ▁In fl ation ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁pressure ▁monitor , ▁and ▁the ▁c uffs ▁are ▁infl ated ▁to ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁mm H g . ▁ ▁Phys i ological ▁consider |
ations ▁One ▁theory ▁is ▁that ▁E CP ▁ex poses ▁the ▁coron ary ▁circulation ▁to ▁increased ▁she ar ▁stress , ▁and ▁that ▁this ▁results ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁a ▁cas c ade ▁of ▁growth ▁factors ▁that ▁result ▁in ▁new ▁blood ▁vessel ▁formation ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁( arter i ogen esis ▁and ▁ang i ogen esis ) .. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Card iac ▁procedures <0x0A> </s> ▁Ki aps , ▁known ▁formally ▁as ▁district ▁officers ▁and ▁patrol ▁officers , ▁were ▁travelling ▁representatives ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁Australian ▁governments ▁with ▁wide - r anging ▁authority , ▁in ▁pre - independ ence ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea . ▁ ▁E ty m ology ▁' K i ap ' ▁is ▁a ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu ine an ▁cre ole ▁( Tok ▁P is in ) ▁word ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁German ▁word ▁Kap it än ▁( Capt ain ). ▁ ▁Role ▁ ▁The ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁ki ap ▁changed ▁as ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁changed . ▁The ▁more ▁primitive ▁the ▁conditions ▁the ▁more ▁wide - r anging ▁were ▁the ▁duties , ▁and ▁the ▁more ▁decision ▁making ▁power ▁was ▁granted . ▁" The ▁ki ap , ▁for ▁example , ▁is ▁district ▁administr ator , ▁commissioned ▁polic eman , ▁mag istr ate , ▁ga oler : ▁if ▁he ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁remote ▁area ▁he ▁may ▁well ▁be ▁engineer , ▁survey or , ▁medical ▁officer , ▁dent ist , ▁lawyer , ▁and ▁agricultural ▁adv iser . ▁The ▁ki ap ▁system ▁grew ▁out ▁of ▁necessity ▁and ▁the ▁demands ▁made ▁by |
▁poor ▁communications ▁in ▁impossible ▁country : ▁the ▁man ▁on ▁the ▁spot ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁power ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁decision ." ▁ ▁Under ▁Australian ▁administration ▁the ▁ki ap ▁was ▁a ▁one - man ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁government , ▁taking ▁on ▁political ▁education , ▁polic ing ▁and ▁jud icial ▁roles ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁more ▁m und ane ▁tasks ▁such ▁as ▁completing ▁cens uses . ▁The ▁ki aps ▁were ▁commissioned ▁as ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁Const abulary ▁and ▁as ▁such , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁overseas ▁serving ▁police . ▁They ▁were ▁appointed ▁as ▁district ▁mag istr ates . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁some ▁ki aps ▁became ▁more ▁like ▁a ▁mag istr ate , ▁moving ▁away ▁from ▁law ▁enforcement . ▁Wh ilst ▁others ▁special ised ▁in ▁setting ▁up ▁local ▁and ▁provincial ▁governments . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Soon ▁after ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁British ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s , ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁patrol s ▁was ▁established ▁to ▁expand ▁the ▁government ' s ▁administrative ▁control ▁beyond ▁the ▁major ▁towns . ▁The ▁system ▁continued ▁after ▁the ▁change ▁from ▁British ▁to ▁Australian ▁administration ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁ki aps ▁pat rolled ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁can n ib al ism ▁was ▁still ▁pract ised ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁P NG . ▁Vi olent ▁inter t rib al ▁conflict ▁occurred ▁frequently . ▁ ▁When ▁Pat rol ▁Officer ▁( K i ap ) ▁Jim ▁Taylor ▁and ▁prospect or ▁M ick ▁Le ah y |
Subsets and Splits