text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
, ▁with ▁eight y ▁native ▁police ▁and ▁car riers , ▁first ▁entered ▁the ▁W ah gi ▁Valley ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁the ▁Austral ians ▁were ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁ghost s . ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁ind igenous ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁valley ▁were ▁killed , ▁after ▁a ▁misunder standing , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁there ▁were ▁further ▁ind igenous ▁deaths , ▁during ▁an ▁intervention ▁between ▁fighting ▁groups , ▁and ▁the ▁deaths ▁of ▁two ▁white ▁mission aries . ▁First ▁contacts ▁were ▁fra ug ht ▁with ▁misunder stand ings ▁and ▁the ▁potential ▁for ▁violence . ▁ ▁" In ▁the ▁early ▁years , ▁there ▁were ▁relatively ▁few ▁ki aps ▁scattered ▁across ▁vast ▁tr acts ▁of ▁land . ▁At ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁Australia ' s ▁pre - war ▁administration ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁a ▁total ▁field ▁staff ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁men ▁existed ▁to ▁govern ▁three - quarters ▁of ▁a ▁million ▁people , ▁while ▁a ▁similar ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁lay ▁beyond ▁official ▁government ▁control ." ▁ ▁Before ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ki aps ▁had ▁been ▁required ▁to ▁attend ▁Sydney ▁University ▁for ▁lect ures ▁in ▁law , ▁anth rop ology ▁and ▁tropical ▁medicine . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁ki aps ▁with ▁field ▁experience ▁could ▁qualify ▁to ▁become ▁district ▁officers ▁by ▁sitting ▁for ▁an ▁examination ▁at ▁the ▁Australian ▁School ▁of ▁Pacific ▁Administration ▁( AS OP A ), ▁where ▁they ▁studied ▁law , ▁anth rop ology , ▁Pacific ▁history , ▁compar |
ative ▁constitutional ▁development , ▁and ▁administration . ▁▁▁ ▁Ki aps ▁provided ▁" p ac ification , ▁medical ▁aid , ▁and ▁administration ▁to ▁some ▁ 1 1 , 9 2 0 ▁villages " ▁in ▁rug ged ▁and ▁almost ▁im pen etr able ▁terrain . ▁" The ▁ki ap ▁system ▁[...] ▁appointed ▁to ▁each ▁village ▁a ▁l ulu ai , ▁through ▁whom ▁control ▁was ▁administer ed , ▁and ▁in ▁Pap ua ▁a ▁village ▁const able . ▁" The ▁' pay - back ▁killing ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁stopped ▁before ▁peace ▁could ▁come ". ▁Before ▁that ▁every ▁death ▁was ▁av eng ed ▁by ▁another ▁death , ▁in ▁an ▁un ending ▁vend etta . ▁Grad ually , ▁revenge ▁by ▁the ▁individual ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁punishment ▁by ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁compensation ▁to ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁victim . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Pat rol ▁Officer ▁Ger ald ▁Leo ▁Sz ark a ▁was ▁murdered ▁with ▁an ▁ax e ▁by ▁local ▁people . ▁Sz ark a ▁had ▁been ▁trying ▁to ▁call ▁people ▁together ▁to ▁conduct ▁a ▁census . ▁Other ▁ki aps ▁were ▁also ▁murdered ▁while ▁carrying ▁out ▁their ▁duties . ▁Ki aps ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁collect ▁a ▁poll ▁tax ▁in ▁remote ▁villages ▁from ▁people ▁who ▁mostly ▁had ▁no ▁money . ▁These ▁taxes ▁were ▁much ▁res ented ▁by ▁the ▁village ▁people , ▁who ▁had ▁always ▁been ▁self - s ufficient . ▁ ▁Only ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁were ▁the ▁last ▁remote ▁areas ▁of ▁P NG ▁officially ▁declared ▁to ▁be ▁under ▁government ▁control . ▁But ▁by ▁ |
1 9 6 9 , ▁the ▁wide - r anging ▁powers ▁of ▁the ▁ki ap ▁were ▁being ▁questioned , ▁and ▁pet itions ▁were ▁being ▁signed ▁for ▁the ▁removal ▁of ▁individual ▁ki aps . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁" the ▁best ▁estimate ▁of ▁how ▁many ▁men ▁served ▁in ▁these ▁roles ▁[ was ] ▁around ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ." ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁became ▁an ▁independent ▁nation ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁stated ▁" The ▁ki ap ▁system ▁has ▁declined ▁rapidly ▁in ▁influence ▁since ▁independence . ▁This ▁was ▁perhaps ▁inevitable , ▁as ▁the ▁system ▁was ▁never ▁meant ▁to ▁cope ▁with ▁free ▁citizens ▁in ▁an ▁independent ▁democracy ." ▁ ▁A ▁former ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Field ▁Marshal ▁and ▁Governor - General ▁of ▁Australia , ▁Vis count ▁S lim , ▁said ▁of ▁the ▁ki aps : ▁" Your ▁young ▁ch aps ▁in ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁have ▁gone ▁out ▁where ▁I ▁would ▁never ▁have ▁gone ▁without ▁a ▁batt alion ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁done ▁on ▁their ▁own ▁by ▁sheer ▁force ▁of ▁character ▁what ▁I ▁could ▁only ▁do ▁with ▁troops . ▁I ▁don ' t ▁think ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁anything ▁like ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁world ". ▁ ▁Ind igenous ▁perspective ▁ ▁August ▁K itu ai ▁ ▁August ▁I br um ▁K . ▁K itu ai , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁ind igenous ▁histor ians ▁of ▁P NG , ▁has ▁written ▁" a ▁study |
▁of ▁the ▁close ▁enc ounters ▁and ▁ent ang lement s ▁which ▁occurred ▁when ▁colonial ▁reg imes ▁used ▁ind igenous ▁people ▁as ▁agents ▁of ▁colonial ism ". ▁K itu ai ▁" emph as ises ▁that ▁orders ▁and ▁administration ▁regulations ▁were ▁often ▁not ▁followed ▁as ▁native ▁police ▁did ▁what ▁they ▁thought ▁best , ▁or ▁to ▁their ▁own ▁advantage " ▁and ▁" ra ises ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁un resolved ▁issues ▁about ▁the ▁per vas iveness ▁of ▁the ▁Australian - led ▁" c ivil ising " ▁administration , ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁authority ▁exerc ised ▁by ▁Ki aps ▁over ▁their ▁men , ▁and ▁histor i ograph ically ▁over ▁the ▁ver acity ▁of ▁his ▁inform ants ' ▁evidence ". ▁ ▁K itu ai ▁"[ pe els ] ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁v ene er ▁of ▁Ki ap ▁authority , ▁hier arch ical ▁command ▁and ▁so - called ▁peaceful ▁penetr ation ▁which ▁has ▁under lined ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁pat rolling ▁history ▁of ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea . ▁My ▁gun , ▁my ▁brother ▁reveals ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁opportun ism , ▁property ▁destruction , ▁sexual ▁pred ation ▁and ▁personal ▁tragedy ▁that ▁highlights ▁how ▁the ▁un off icial ▁and ▁un reg ulated ▁unders ide ▁of ▁colonial ism ▁affected ▁people ' s ▁lives ▁and ▁created ▁today ' s ▁new ▁nations ". ▁ ▁Any an ▁of ▁the ▁T air ora ▁people ▁ ▁Virginia ▁and ▁James ▁Watson , ▁were ▁anth rop ologists ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁High lands ▁of ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 |
6 0 s . ▁A ▁local ▁woman , ▁Any an , ▁became ▁Virginia ▁Watson ' s ▁inter preter . ▁Any an ▁had ▁been ▁chosen ▁by ▁her ▁family ▁" to ▁go ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁station ▁of ▁K ain ant u ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁learn ▁Tok ▁P is in ▁and ▁thus ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁transl ator ▁for ▁her ▁relatives ▁and ▁other ▁vill agers ". ▁Sub sequently , ▁Virginia ▁Watson ▁asked ▁permission ▁from ▁Any an ▁to ▁write ▁her ▁story , ▁using ▁her ▁field ▁notes , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁book : ▁ ▁Later ▁" Any an ▁decided ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁the ▁colonial ▁administration ▁out we ighed ▁many ▁of ▁her ▁earlier ▁fears ." ▁She ▁married ▁and ▁lived ▁in ▁K ain ant u , ▁close ▁to ▁medical ▁and ▁educational ▁facilities . ▁ ▁Ki ap ▁courts ▁" Very ▁few ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu ine ans ▁were ▁ever ▁found ▁innocent ▁in ▁a ▁ki ap ' s ▁court — never ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 1 0 ▁percent ▁in ▁any ▁year ▁for ▁which ▁records ... ▁are ▁available " ..." the ▁law ▁has ▁been ▁administer ed ▁only ▁inter mitt ently ▁in ▁most ▁ind igenous ▁communities , ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁what ▁has ▁often ▁seemed ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁manner ▁in ▁the ▁eyes ▁of ▁many ▁vill agers " ▁( W olf ers , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁from ▁the ▁Australian ▁government ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁after ▁eleven ▁years ▁of ▁lobby ing ▁the ▁Australian ▁Government , ▁forty - n ine |
▁ex - K i aps ▁were ▁presented ▁with ▁the ▁Police ▁O verse as ▁Service ▁Medal ▁at ▁Parliament ▁House ▁in ▁Can ber ra ▁by ▁the ▁Hon . ▁Jason ▁Cl are ▁M HR , ▁Minister ▁for ▁Home ▁Affairs ▁and ▁Justice ▁and ▁the ▁Australian ▁Federal ▁Police ▁Commission er ▁Tony ▁Neg us ▁A PM . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ceremony , ▁which ▁celebrated ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁ki aps ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁Minister ▁Cl are ▁said , ▁" Be ing ▁a ▁Ki ap ▁meant ▁you ▁were ▁an ▁amb assador , ▁a ▁police ▁officer , ▁an ▁expl orer , ▁a ▁farmer , ▁an ▁engineer ▁and ▁an ▁anth rop ologist ▁– ▁all ▁in ▁one ". ▁He ▁acknowledged ▁that ▁ki aps ▁were ▁often ▁on ▁call ▁twenty - four ▁hours , ▁seven ▁days ▁a ▁week , ▁in ▁remote ▁areas ▁in ▁a ▁role ▁that ▁" dem anded ▁per se ver ance , ▁ten acity ▁and ▁commitment ". ▁He ▁continued , ▁" t oday ▁we ▁are ▁right ing ▁a ▁wrong . ▁We ▁are ▁recogn ising ▁men ▁that ▁should ▁have ▁properly ▁recognised ▁many ▁years ▁ago ." ▁ ▁Minister ▁Cl are , ▁during ▁an ▁earlier ▁parliament ary ▁debate ▁of ▁the ▁Bill , ▁which ▁enabled ▁the ▁award ▁of ▁med als ▁for ▁service , ▁said , ▁" The ▁Ki aps ▁were ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁group ▁of ▁young ▁Austral ians ▁who ▁performed ▁a ▁remarkable ▁service ▁for ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁P NG . ▁They ▁were ▁some ▁of ▁our ▁nation ' s ▁finest ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu |
inea ▁ ▁Royal ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁Const abulary ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Sch ol arly ▁works ▁▁ ▁( The ▁main ▁focus ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁native ▁police ▁force .) ▁ ▁Mem oirs , ▁rem in isc ences ▁These ▁works ▁contain ▁a ▁wealth ▁of ▁first ▁hand ▁observations ▁of ▁life ▁in ▁P NG ▁and ▁the ▁day - to - day ▁work ▁of ▁ki aps . ▁▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁pro l ific ▁writers ▁among ▁the ▁ki aps . ▁▁ ▁– ▁A ▁mem oir ▁of ▁ten ▁years ▁spent ▁as ▁a ▁Ki ap ▁in ▁P NG , ▁ 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁" The ▁North umb rian ▁Ki ap ". ▁ ▁Robert ▁For ster ▁( 1 9 4 7 ). ▁ ▁Published ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁UK ▁Book ▁Publishing . ▁. ▁A ▁detailed ▁and ▁revealing ▁account ▁of ▁bush ▁administration ▁in ▁self - g over ning ▁P NG . ▁ ▁P NG ▁government ▁spokes pers ons ▁Albert ▁Ma ori ▁K iki ▁was ▁a ▁P NG ▁politician ▁and ▁deputy ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁Australian ▁government ▁spokes pers ons ▁ ▁General ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁of ▁the ▁ki aps ▁for ▁past ▁services : ▁Hans ard ▁Monday ▁ 1 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁page ▁ 1 1 8 2 4 ▁and ▁following – ▁ ▁M otion ▁by ▁Scott ▁Mor r ison ▁MP ▁ ▁A ▁photograph ic ▁collection |
▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Archives ▁of ▁Australia ▁ ▁The ▁Royal ▁Pap ua ▁and ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁Const abulary ▁a ▁Pict orial ▁History ▁Web ▁Page ▁ 1 8 8 5 - 1 9 7 5 ▁ ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁Pat rol ▁Re ports ▁ 1 9 1 2 - 1 9 7 6 ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea ▁Category : L aw ▁enforcement ▁in ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Gu inea <0x0A> </s> ▁Lov it ur ă ▁de ▁p ede aps ă ▁(" Pen al ty ▁K ick ") ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Roman ian ▁rap ▁group ▁Par azi ții . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Par azi ții ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Nov gor od ▁Fourth ▁Chron icle ▁( Н ов го род ская ▁че т в ёр та я ▁ле то пи сь ) ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁chron icle ▁of ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁It ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁called ▁" F our th " ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁publication ▁of ▁Nov gor od ▁chron icles , ▁rather ▁than ▁chron ologically . ▁ ▁Together ▁with ▁the ▁Sof ia ▁First ▁Chron icle , ▁it ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁a ▁common ▁source . ▁Russian ▁phil ologist ▁Ale k sey ▁Sh akh mat ov ▁tent atively ▁called ▁it ▁the ▁Nov gor od sko - S of i |
ys ky ▁Sv od ▁( N ov gor od - S of ia ▁Cor pus ) ▁and ▁initially ▁dated ▁it ▁by ▁ 1 4 4 8 , ▁but ▁later ▁rev ised ▁his ▁opinion ▁to ▁ 1 4 3 0 s . ▁Some ▁Russian ▁phil ologists ▁shared ▁his ▁opinion , ▁while ▁others ▁attribute ▁the ▁common ▁source ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 4 1 8 ▁Cor pus ▁of ▁Phot ius , ▁Met ropolitan ▁of ▁Moscow . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Complete ▁Collection ▁of ▁Russian ▁Chron icles ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : E ast ▁Sl av ic ▁chron icles ▁Category : N ov gor od ▁Republic ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁history ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁Dev in ▁Thomas ▁G aines ▁( J uly ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁college ▁student ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Connecticut ▁who ▁attracted ▁media ▁attention ▁by ▁earning ▁five ▁Bachelor ' s ▁degrees ▁simultaneously ▁on ▁May ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁G aines , ▁from ▁St am ford , ▁Connecticut , ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁childhood ▁by ▁his ▁single ▁mother ▁in ▁public ▁housing ▁after ▁his ▁father ▁died ▁of ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁when ▁G aines ▁was ▁nine ▁years ▁old . ▁He ▁attended ▁both ▁King ▁Low ▁Hey wood ▁Thomas ▁School ▁and ▁St am ford ▁High ▁School , ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁the ▁latter . ▁After ▁high ▁school ▁gradu ation , ▁G aines ▁was ▁accepted ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Connecticut , |
▁where ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁recipient ▁of ▁a ▁University ▁of ▁Connecticut ▁leadership ▁scholarship , ▁and ▁a ▁scholarship ▁from ▁the ▁Jackie ▁Robinson ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁Life ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Connecticut ▁G aines ▁then ▁mat ric ulated ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Connecticut ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁gradu ating ▁five ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁with ▁five ▁Bachelor ' s ▁Deg rees . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁Connecticut , ▁G aines ▁completed ▁ 2 7 6 ▁credits , ▁earning ▁Bachelor ' s ▁degrees ▁in ▁Computer ▁Science , ▁C ogn itive ▁Science , ▁Theater ▁Studies , ▁L ingu istics , ▁Psych ology , ▁and ▁an ▁individual ized ▁degree ▁in ▁Cin ema , ▁Culture ▁and ▁C ogn ition . ▁ ▁While ▁at ▁Connecticut , ▁G aines ▁was ▁indu cted ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁P si ▁Chi ▁and ▁U psilon ▁Pi ▁E psilon ▁Honor ▁Soc ieties , ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁accepted ▁for ▁a ▁Master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁Educ ational ▁Commun ication ▁and ▁Technology ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁University . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁death , ▁G aines ▁was ▁working ▁his ▁summer ▁after ▁gradu ation ▁as ▁an ▁information ▁technology ▁associate ▁for ▁P ension ▁Associ ates , ▁a ▁tax ▁consulting ▁firm . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁memorial s ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁G aines , ▁aged ▁ 2 2 , ▁d rowned ▁in ▁Deep ▁River , ▁Connecticut , ▁in ▁Bl akes lee ▁P ond , ▁a ▁gr avel ▁pit ▁qu arry ▁on ▁private ▁property , |
▁while ▁swimming ▁with ▁friends ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁marked ▁" No ▁T res pass ing ". ▁His ▁death ▁was ▁ruled ▁an ▁accident al ▁d rowning . ▁G aines ▁d rowned ▁because ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁know ▁how ▁to ▁swim . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁death , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Connecticut ▁Pre - Engine ering ▁Program ▁established ▁a ▁scholarship ▁program ▁in ▁G aines ' s ▁memory , ▁and ▁the ▁University ' s ▁St am ford ▁Camp us ▁renamed ▁its ▁student ▁activities ▁center ▁the ▁Dev in ▁T . ▁G aines ▁Student ▁In vol vement ▁and ▁Activ ities ▁Center ▁in ▁his ▁honor . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Connecticut ▁al umn i ▁Category : De ath s ▁by ▁d rowning ▁Category : Acc idental ▁deaths ▁in ▁Connecticut <0x0A> </s> ▁O ung ▁O uen ▁is ▁a ▁Camb od ian ▁politician . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁governor ▁of ▁B ante ay ▁Mean che y ▁province . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁he ▁expressed ▁concerns ▁about ▁Th ai ▁deploy ments ▁along ▁ 1 5 0 kil om eters ▁of ▁his ▁border , ▁west ▁of ▁Pre ah ▁Vi he ar ▁Temple , ▁the ▁initial ▁site ▁of ▁a ▁military ▁stand off ▁that ▁began ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C amb od ian ▁politicians ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Gu el ord ▁M uk |
adi ▁M b ole la ▁commonly ▁ ▁known ▁as ▁G ' Sp arks ▁or ▁DJ ▁Sp il ulu ▁is ▁a ▁Cong ol ese ▁ ▁actor , ▁artist ▁ ▁from ▁Lub umb ashi ▁in ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Cong o ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁famous ▁for ▁his ▁movie ▁M ange urs ▁de ▁Cu iv re ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Mach ini ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁. ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Sp il ulu ▁was ▁born ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁ ▁in ▁Lub umb ashi , ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Cong o ▁and ▁began ▁as ▁a ▁rap per . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁flew ▁to ▁Johannes burg ▁South ▁Africa ▁for ▁studies ▁where ▁he ▁felt ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁music . ▁ ▁Sp il ulu ▁started ▁de ej ay ing ▁in ▁Mel ville ▁ ▁night club s ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁M z il ik azi ▁wa ▁Af rika ▁signed ▁Him ▁to ▁ ▁" B om ba ▁Record " ▁label . ▁DJ ▁Sp il ulu ▁ ▁featured ▁in ▁M z il ik azi ▁wa ▁Af rika ' s ▁album ▁" T aman ini ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁released ▁his ▁first ▁song ▁“ B ak ish ”. ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Sp il ulu ▁vent ured ▁into ▁movie ▁and ▁featured ▁in ▁M ange urs ▁de ▁Cu iv re ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Mach ini ▁( 2 0 |
1 9 ). ▁ ▁Film ography ▁Sp il ulu ' s ▁films ▁include : ▁ ▁Music ▁ ▁Studio ▁albums ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| + S ongs ▁! S ong ▁Title ▁! Year ▁| - ▁| B ak ishi ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 0 ▁| - ▁| K im ba ▁B w ana ▁F t . ▁W asso ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 1 ▁| - ▁| M uk ub wa ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 1 ▁| - ▁| S od at ▁A za ▁Na ▁K ati ▁feat ▁D ac osta ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 1 ▁| - ▁| W a ▁K any ana ▁ft ▁M ze e ▁Wa ▁Af rika ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 2 ▁| - ▁| À ▁mal in , ▁mal in , ▁et ▁dem i ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 2 ▁| - ▁| T ush a ▁K ule wa ▁feat ▁I vo ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 3 ▁| - ▁| D il olo ▁| 2 0 1 4 ▁| - ▁| Tw ende ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 5 ▁| - ▁| K if we be ▁Kat sh ok we ▁| 2 0 1 5 ▁| - ▁| W ash ala ▁W ash ala ▁ft ▁C eda ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 5 ▁| - ▁| B ab al aze ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 5 ▁| - ▁| T omb os ha ▁B ant u ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 5 ▁| - ▁| Map i |
▁Mu ▁M ash iki yo ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 6 ▁| - ▁| B ass ▁Ap ana ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 6 ▁| - ▁| I y i ▁M w aka ▁ft ▁H - Bar aka ▁& ▁Kar ib iona ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 6 ▁| - ▁| Sh ont a ▁Mu ▁M b ingu ▁ft ▁Must ache ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 6 ▁| - ▁| Map i ▁Mu ▁M ash iki yo ▁F t . ▁DJ ▁Alpha ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 6 ▁| - ▁| C ru isse ▁De ▁P ou let ▁F t . ▁Man se ba , ▁C yn th ia ▁Ban ze ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 6 ▁| - ▁| P as u ka ▁Ny ama ▁F t . ▁H ▁Bar aka ▁& ▁Kar ib iona ▁ ▁| 2 0 1 6 ▁| - ▁| M oren ita ▁F t . ▁L ina ▁Ro jas ▁| 2 0 1 6 ▁| - ▁| K am ind wa ▁F t . ▁Cycl one ▁Rou ge ▁| 2 0 1 6 ▁| - ▁| Pal ado ▁F t . ▁I vo ▁& ▁Da ▁J oker ▁| 2 0 1 7 ▁| - ▁| K i ▁Qu art ier ▁Yet u ▁F t . ▁Ted ▁Smith ▁| 2 0 1 7 ▁| - ▁| M ab oko ▁K aka ▁Boy e ▁F t . ▁Boy oma ▁| 2 0 1 9 ▁| - ▁| S amar ino ▁ ▁ft . ▁Arm mee ▁| 2 0 1 |
9 ▁| - ▁| W ak anda ▁F t . ▁Ivan ▁Af ro 5 ▁| 2 0 1 9 ▁| - ▁| T ind ika ▁Bur in ▁F t . ▁Book son ▁| 2 0 2 0 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁" En ▁so ir ée ▁a fr ic aine , ▁si ▁tu ▁ne ▁passes ▁pas ▁le ▁coup é - d é cal é , ▁le ▁public ▁te ▁dit ▁que ▁tu ▁as ▁dé con né " ▁" Me et ▁K ays ha ▁and ▁Bod d hi ▁Sat va , ▁The ▁Coll abor ators ▁Behind ▁Af ro ▁House ▁Hit ▁' M ama ▁K osa '" ▁DJ ▁Sp il ulu ▁Biography ▁ ▁DJ ▁Sp il ulu ▁at ▁Music ▁In ▁Africa ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Lub umb ashi ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁song writ ers ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁musicians ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁music <0x0A> </s> ▁Jon k he er ▁Piet er ▁God fried ▁Maria ▁van ▁M ee u wen ▁( 1 1 ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁in ▁' s - H ert ogen b os ch ▁– ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁Ul est rat en ) ▁was ▁a ▁Dutch ▁judge ▁and ▁a ▁politician . ▁ ▁Van ▁M ee u wen ▁studied ▁law ▁at ▁Le iden ▁University ▁and ▁obtained ▁his ▁degree ▁in |
▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁After ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁lawyer ▁in ▁' s - H ert ogen b os ch ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁court ▁cl erk ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁arr ond issement ▁court ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁Van ▁M ee u wen ▁subsequently ▁judge ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁court , ▁which ▁he ▁remained ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁He ▁then ▁took ▁up ▁a ▁similar ▁position ▁at ▁The ▁H ague ▁court , ▁which ▁he ▁kept ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁He ▁then ▁acquired ▁a ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁justice ▁( D utch : G ere cht sh of ) ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁city . ▁He ▁stayed ▁on ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁and ▁then ▁took ▁up ▁a ▁similar ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁justice ▁of ▁' s - H ert ogen b os ch . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁he ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁cant on ▁court ▁of ▁He er len , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁until ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Van ▁M ee u wen ▁was ▁Vice - Pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁B ij z onder ▁G ere cht sh of ▁of ▁The ▁H ague ▁until ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁and ▁continued ▁as ▁President ▁until ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁he ▁sent enced ▁Hann s ▁Al bin ▁R aut er ▁to ▁death . ▁ ▁Van ▁M ee |
u wen ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁politics ▁as ▁well . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁State ▁Party ▁and ▁its ▁success or ▁party ▁the ▁Catholic ▁People ' s ▁Party . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁States ▁of ▁North ▁Br ab ant ▁( 1 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 1 – Jan uary ▁ 1 9 3 6 ) ▁and ▁the ▁States ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁( 6 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 6 ). ▁Van ▁M ee u wen ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁from ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁to ▁ 1 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Private ▁life ▁ ▁Van ▁M ee u wen ▁married ▁Louis a ▁August a ▁Joh anna ▁Maria ▁van ▁L ans ch ot ; ▁they ▁had ▁five ▁children . ▁ ▁Dist inction ▁▁ ▁Knight ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Lion ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : C ath olic ▁People ' s ▁Party ▁politicians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dutch ▁politicians ▁Category : D utch ▁judges ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Lion ▁Category : Le iden ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Provinc ial - C oun cil ▁of ▁Lim burg ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Provinc ial - C oun cil |
▁of ▁North ▁Br ab ant ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁( Net her lands ) ▁Category : People ▁from ▁' s - H ert ogen b os ch ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁State ▁Party ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 7 9 th ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Brigade ▁is ▁a ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Forces . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁My k ola iv . ▁ ▁Sold iers ▁from ▁the ▁Brigade ▁have ▁served ▁as ▁peace keep ers ▁in ▁Y ug oslav ia , ▁Iraq , ▁Kos ovo , ▁and ▁Sierra ▁Le one . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁Brigade ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁suppress ing ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ins urg ency ▁in ▁Don b ass ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁pro - R ussian ▁conflict ▁in ▁Ukraine . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Battle ▁of ▁Don et sk ▁Airport , ▁where ▁it ▁and ▁other ▁Ukrain ian ▁military ▁units ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" C y borg s " ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁stub born ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁Don et sk ▁Airport . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Brigade ' s ▁history ▁began ▁as ▁ 4 0 th ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Brigade ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁formed ▁from ▁elements ▁of ▁ ▁the ▁▁ 9 7 th ▁Gu ards ▁Air borne ▁Regiment ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Gu ards ▁Air borne ▁Division . ▁Later ▁it ▁was ▁re organ ized ▁into ▁the ▁ 4 0 th ▁Air borne |
▁Brigade ▁between ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁( 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁according ▁to ▁Hol m ). ▁That ▁re design ation ▁marked ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁the ▁brig ade ▁from ▁the ▁Od essa ▁Military ▁District ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Air borne ▁Tro ops . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁the ▁Brigade ▁was ▁renamed ▁ 4 0 th ▁Sep ar ate ▁A irm obile ▁Brigade . ▁ ▁The ▁ 4 0 th ▁Brigade ▁was ▁re organ ized ▁and ▁reduced ▁into ▁the ▁ 7 9 th ▁A irm obile ▁Regiment . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁Brigade ▁was ▁formed ▁by ▁combining ▁the ▁ 7 9 th ▁A irm obile ▁Regiment ▁with ▁ 1 1 th ▁Army ▁A vi ation ▁Regiment . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁Brigade ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁fighting ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ins urg ency ▁in ▁Don b ass ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁pro - R ussian ▁conflict ▁in ▁Ukraine . ▁ 5 4 ▁persons ▁called ▁up ▁for ▁mobil ization ▁( and ▁thus ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁Brigade ) ▁desert ed . ▁ ▁Crime an ▁Cris is ▁and ▁War ▁in ▁Don b ass ▁Pro - R ussian ▁pro tes ters ▁blocked ▁the ▁unit ' s ▁base ▁in ▁V oz nes ensk ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁a ▁pl ato on ▁of ▁soldiers ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁reinforce |
▁and ▁secure ▁the ▁military ▁equipment ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁facility ▁from ▁lo oting . ▁The ▁protest ▁was ▁resolved ▁without ▁violent ▁cl ashes . ▁Other ▁than ▁Sp ets n az ▁forces ▁of ▁Ukraine , ▁the ▁unit ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁be ▁mobil ized ▁during ▁the ▁Crime an ▁Cris is ▁and ▁the ▁War ▁in ▁Don b ass ▁by ▁being ▁deployed ▁to ▁the ▁Crime an - K h erson ▁border ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁prevent ▁Russian ▁forces ▁from ▁a ▁possible ▁advance ▁into ▁main land ▁Kh erson ▁O bl ast ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 6 ▁Ukrain ian ▁forces ▁secured ▁the ▁Russian ▁Mars - 7 5 ▁naval ▁navigation ▁station ▁located ▁in ▁Kh erson ▁O bl ast . ▁ ▁The ▁unit ▁was ▁deployed ▁to ▁Don b ass ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁in ▁Sh ak ht ars k ▁Ra ion ▁where ▁it ▁held ▁the ▁objective ▁of ▁secur ing ▁both ▁the ▁Russian ▁border ▁and ▁the ▁strategic ▁Sav ur - M oh y la ▁hill . ▁The ▁unit , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁ 7 2 nd ▁Gu ards ▁Mechan ized ▁Brigade ▁became ▁trapped ▁in ▁southern ▁Lu h ansk ▁ob last ▁as ▁pro - R ussian ▁forces ▁cut ▁their ▁supply ▁lines ▁from ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁force ▁in ▁July . ▁Ukrain ian ▁forces ▁attempted ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁units ▁res up plied ▁delivering ▁ 1 5 ▁tons ▁of ▁supplies ▁through ▁enemy ▁lines ▁to ▁the ▁unit . ▁The ▁ 7 9 th ▁A irm obile |
▁Brigade ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁enemy ▁lines ▁on ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁along ▁with ▁much ▁of ▁their ▁equipment , ▁however ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁unit ▁was ▁severely ▁short ▁on ▁am mun ition ▁and ▁would ▁likely ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁continue ▁holding ▁its ▁positions ▁if ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁break ▁through ▁the ▁enc ir c lement . ▁Due ▁to ▁spending ▁a ▁month ▁surrounded ▁by ▁enemy ▁forces ▁the ▁unit ▁was ▁sent ▁back ▁to ▁its ▁home ▁station ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁reg roup . ▁ ▁The ▁unit ▁was ▁rede ployed ▁after ▁a ▁month ▁of ▁R / R ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁southern ▁Don et sk ▁O bl ast ▁in ▁the ▁Mar i up ol ▁and ▁Don et sk ▁regions . ▁In ▁September ▁the ▁unit ▁joined ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Sep ar ate ▁Sp ets n az ▁Regiment ▁along ▁with ▁National ▁Guard ▁units ▁in ▁the ▁defense ▁of ▁Don et sk ▁Airport . ▁Due ▁to ▁their ▁stub born ▁resistance ▁during ▁the ▁defense ▁of ▁Don et sk ▁Airport ▁they ▁were ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Cy borg s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁after ▁brig ade ▁received ▁a ▁company ▁of ▁T - 8 0 ▁tanks , ▁the ▁ 7 9 th ▁A irm obile ▁Brigade ▁became ▁ 7 9 th ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Brigade . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁ ▁Until ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁Brigade ▁was ▁a ▁Regiment . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁Brigade ▁is ▁being ▁man ned ▁by ▁contract ▁soldiers . ▁ ▁Regiment ▁ 1 9 |
9 2 - 2 0 0 7 ▁ 1 st ▁Batt alion ▁ 2 nd ▁Batt alion ▁ ▁Current ▁Str ucture ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁the ▁brig ade ' s ▁structure ▁is ▁as ▁follows : ▁▁▁ 7 9 th ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Brigade , ▁My k ola iv ▁ ▁Head quarters ▁& ▁Head quarters ▁Company ▁▁ 1 st ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Batt alion ▁▁ 2 nd ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Batt alion ▁▁ 3 rd ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Batt alion ▁ ▁Brigade ▁Art illery ▁Group ▁ ▁Head quarters ▁& ▁Target ▁Ac quis ition ▁B attery ▁ ▁Self - prop elled ▁Art illery ▁Batt alion ▁( 2 S 1 ▁G vo zd ika ) ▁ ▁How itzer ▁Art illery ▁Batt alion ▁( 2 A 1 8 ▁D - 3 0 ) ▁ ▁R ocket ▁Art illery ▁Batt alion ▁( BM - 2 1 ▁Grad ) ▁ ▁Anti - Air craft ▁Miss ile ▁Art illery ▁Batt alion ▁ ▁T ank ▁Company ▁ ▁Re con naissance ▁Company ▁ ▁Engine er ▁Company ▁ ▁Land ing ▁Support ▁Comp ant ▁ ▁Main tenance ▁Company ▁ ▁Log istic ▁Company ▁ ▁Sign al ▁Company ▁ ▁C BR N - def ense ▁Company ▁ ▁Medical ▁Company ▁ ▁S ni per ▁Pl ato on ▁ ▁Past ▁Command ers ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁At ro sh chen ko ▁- ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Z elen i ak ▁- ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁- ▁Colonel ▁K ost iant yn ▁Mas len ik ov ▁- ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 |
0 0 7 ▁- ▁unknown ▁Colonel ▁O le ks iy ▁Sh and r ▁- ▁unknown ▁- ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁ ▁Un off icial ▁website ▁of ▁V D V ▁http :// www . ww 2 . dk / new / v dv / 4 0 od sh br . ht m ▁- ▁ 4 0 th ▁Independent ▁Land ing - Ass ault ▁Brigade ▁http :// cy borg s . u at oday . tv / ▁ ▁Category : Br ig ades ▁of ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Forces ▁Category : A irm obile ▁brig ades ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁P å ▁tro ▁og ▁love ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁Dan ish ▁family ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Tor ben ▁Anton ▁Sv ends en ▁and ▁star ring ▁P oul ▁Reich hard t . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁P oul ▁Reich hard t ▁- ▁Hans ▁ ▁Astr id ▁Villa ume ▁- ▁Gre te ▁ ▁Hel ge ▁K j ær ul ff - Sch midt ▁- ▁Georg ▁ ▁G unn ar ▁La uring ▁- ▁Che fen ▁ ▁H elle ▁Vir k ner ▁- ▁V era ▁G immer ▁ ▁Lis ▁L ø w ert ▁- ▁S olve ig ▁ ▁O ve ▁S pro g ø e ▁- ▁Henry ▁ ▁Sig rid ▁Hor ne - R asm ussen ▁- ▁F ru ▁G immer ▁ ▁Louis ▁M ie he - R en ard ▁- ▁Freder ik sen ▁ ▁Ein ar ▁Ju hl ▁- ▁Rev |
is or ▁ ▁Carl ▁Joh an ▁H vi id ▁- ▁Port ieren ▁ ▁Bir git ▁Sad olin ▁- ▁Tele fon p ige ▁ ▁El se ▁Kor ner up ▁- ▁Kont ord ame ▁ ▁M og ens ▁Lind ▁- ▁Spe aker ▁ ▁Ed ith ▁Herm ans en ▁- ▁K lin ik ass istent ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁films ▁Category : Dan ish ▁films ▁Category : Dan ish - language ▁films ▁Category : Dan ish ▁black - and - white ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Em met t ▁" Red ▁Fox " ▁Mc L em ore ▁( Se ptember ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁– ▁May ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁season . ▁That ▁season , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁NFL ' s ▁O or ang ▁Indians . ▁The ▁Indians ▁were ▁a ▁team ▁based ▁in ▁La R ue , ▁Ohio , ▁composed ▁only ▁of ▁Native ▁Americans , ▁and ▁co ached ▁by ▁Jim ▁Thor pe . ▁Em met t ▁was ▁a ▁Cher oke e . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁Mc L em ore ▁recorded ▁a ▁touchdown ▁to ▁Ar row head ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁field ▁goal ▁after ▁a ▁Joe ▁Guy on ▁inter ception . ▁However , ▁he ▁missed ▁two ▁extra ▁point ▁k icks ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 2 - 1 9 ▁loss ▁to ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Card inals |
. ▁During ▁that ▁same ▁game ▁a ▁Mc L em ore ▁punt ▁hit ▁a ▁Card inals ' ▁player ▁and ▁was ▁soon ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁Ted ▁Buffalo ▁for ▁a ▁score . ▁A ▁week ▁later ▁on ▁December ▁ 7 , ▁Mc L em ore ▁caught ▁two ▁passes ▁from ▁Guy on ▁for ▁touchdown s ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 - 0 ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁Louis ville ▁Bre cks . ▁▁ ▁He ▁spent ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁season ▁playing ▁in ▁ 4 ▁NFL ▁games ▁with ▁the ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Blues . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Un iform ▁Num bers ▁of ▁the ▁NFL ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ad air ▁County , ▁Oklahoma ▁Category : Native ▁American ▁sports people ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Oklahoma ▁Category : O or ang ▁Indians ▁players ▁Category : K ansas ▁City ▁Blues ▁( N FL ) ▁players ▁Category : H ask ell ▁Indian ▁Nations ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C her oke e ▁people ▁Category : P itt sburg ▁State ▁Gor illas ▁football ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁E ure ma ▁des j ard ins ii , ▁the ▁ang led ▁grass ▁yellow , ▁is ▁a ▁butter fly ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Pier idae , ▁found ▁in ▁Africa . ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 3 5 – 3 8 mm ▁for ▁males ▁and ▁ 3 7 – 4 0 mm ▁for ▁females . ▁Adult s ▁are ▁on ▁wing ▁year - round , |
▁depending ▁on ▁rain fall . ▁ ▁The ▁l ar va e ▁feed ▁on ▁Ch ama ec rist a ▁m imos oid es ▁and ▁probably ▁Hy per ic um ▁a eth iop ic um . ▁ ▁Sub spec ies ▁E ure ma ▁des j ard ins ii ▁des j ard insi ▁( Mad ag asc ar , ▁Com oro ▁Islands ) ▁E ure ma ▁des j ard ins ii ▁mar shall i ▁( But ler , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ) ▁( K en ya , ▁South ▁Africa ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Se itz , ▁A . ▁Die ▁G ross - Sch met ter ling e ▁der ▁Er de ▁ 1 3 : ▁Die ▁Af rik an ischen ▁Tag f alter . ▁Pl ate ▁ 2 2 e ▁▁ ▁Category : But ter fl ies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁Category : E ure ma <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁critic ▁of ▁Japanese ▁Modern ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁a ▁social ▁activ ist ▁in ▁Japan . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tokyo , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Y o ichi ▁Kom ori ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁a ▁professional ▁political ▁activ ists ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁Japan . ▁His ▁father ▁Y osh io ▁Kom ori ▁( 1 9 2 6 - 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 小 森 良 夫 ), ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁representative ▁of ▁Japanese ▁Communist ▁Party ▁to ▁the ▁general ▁head qu arter |
▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Federation ▁of ▁Trade ▁Un ions ▁( J apan ese : ▁ 世 界 <0xE5> <0x8A> <0xB4> <0xE5> <0x83> <0x8D> 組 合 連 盟 ) ▁in ▁Pra ha , ▁Czech os lov ak ia ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁and ▁Y osh io ▁had ▁been ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁central ▁member ▁of ▁Japanese ▁Communist ▁Party ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 7 ( 1 ). ▁Y o ichi ▁Kom ori ’ s ▁mother ▁Ky oko ( b . 1 9 3 0 , ▁ 小 森 香 子 ), ▁is ▁a ▁poet ▁and ▁a ▁Communist ▁social ▁activ ist . ▁ ▁Kom ori ▁Y o ichi ’ s ▁grandfather ， ▁Sh in ob u ▁Kom ori ( 1 9 1 1 - 1 9 6 2 , ▁ 小 森 <0xE5> <0xBF> <0x8D> ), was ▁a ▁well - known ▁artist ▁in ▁sculpt ure ▁and ▁cer am ics ▁in ▁modern ▁Japanese ▁art ▁history . ▁ ▁Education ▁Kom ori ▁had ▁spent ▁four ▁years ▁in ▁Pra ha ▁with ▁his ▁parents , ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁elementary ▁education ▁in ▁the ▁Element ary ▁School ▁Att ached ▁to ▁Russian ▁Emb assy ▁and ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁This ▁experience ▁had ▁brought ▁ve x ation ▁on ▁him ▁after ▁he ▁returned ▁from ▁Pra ha ▁to ▁Tokyo ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁for ▁his ▁poor ▁Japanese . ▁Kom ori ▁received ▁his ▁B . A . ▁and ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁Japanese ▁Liter ature ▁at ▁the ▁national ▁H ok |
ka ido ▁University , ▁Japan . ▁He ▁finished ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁Course ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁university ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁soon ▁after ▁that ▁he ▁got ▁a ▁ten ured ▁position ▁as ▁a ▁lect urer ▁at ▁Se ijo ▁University ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁teaching ▁till ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tokyo ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁He ▁became ▁full ▁Professor ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tokyo ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Y ō ichi ▁Kom ori ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁influential ▁books ▁in ▁the ▁academ ia ▁in ▁Japan , ▁which ▁were ▁published ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁K ō z ō ▁to sh iten o ▁kat ari ▁[ N arr ative ▁as ▁structure ] ▁and ▁Bun ta i ▁to sh iten o ▁mon og at ari ▁[ St ories ▁as ▁style ]. ▁With ▁the ▁new ▁critical ▁approaches ▁and ▁pers pectives ▁drawn ▁from ▁narr at ology ▁and ▁sem iot ics ▁of ▁Mik h ail ▁Mik h ail ov ich ▁Bak ht in ▁and ▁so ▁on , ▁he ▁had ▁made ▁a ▁totally ▁new ▁and ▁conv incing ▁interpretation ▁on ▁the ▁gene al ogy ▁of ▁Japanese ▁modern ▁novels ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 s . ▁He ▁also ▁has ▁influenced ▁by ▁literary ▁critic ▁A i ▁Ma eda ▁( 1 9 3 1 – 8 7 , ▁ 前 田 愛 ), ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁Kind ai ▁dok ush a ▁no ▁se ir its u ▁[ |
The ▁gene al ogy ▁of ▁modern ▁read ership ] ▁( 1 9 7 3 ), ▁T oshi ▁k ū kan ▁no ▁b ung aku ▁[ Text ▁and ▁the ▁city : ▁essays ▁on ▁Japanese ▁modern ity ] ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁and ▁so ▁on , ▁As ▁a ▁literary ▁historian , ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁brilliant ▁research er ▁for ▁the ▁literature ▁of ▁S ose ki ▁N ats ume ▁( 1 8 6 7 - 1 9 1 6 , ▁ 夏 目 <0xE6> <0xBC> <0xB1> 石 ), ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁modern ▁Japanese ▁literature . ▁Y ō ichi ▁Kom ori ▁is ▁also ▁very ▁influential ▁to ▁the ▁young ▁Japanese ▁literary ▁histor ians ▁for ▁his ▁theoretical ▁and ▁critical ▁approaches ▁in ▁the ▁research ▁of ▁modern ▁novels . ▁ ▁The ▁critic ▁Mas aki ▁Nak am asa ▁( b . 1 9 6 3 ) ▁points ▁out ▁that ▁“ a ▁left ▁turn ” ▁for ▁Japanese ▁post mod ern ism ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁or ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁some ▁post mod ern ist ▁ex ponents ▁like ▁T ets uy a ▁Tak ah ashi , ▁Y ō ichi ▁Kom ori , ▁H id et aka ▁I sh ida , ▁T ets u ▁U k ai ▁( b . 1 9 5 5 ) ▁and ▁so ▁on , ▁who ▁draw ▁on ▁modern ▁European , ▁and ▁especially ▁French , ▁thoughts ▁to ▁critic ize ▁Japanese ▁conservative ▁power ’ s ▁white w ashing ▁of ▁w art ime ▁crimes , ▁the ▁conserv |
atives ’ ▁tendency ▁to ▁suppress ▁historic ity . ▁Y ō ichi ▁Kom ori ▁ ▁represents ▁the ▁typical ▁political ▁application ▁of ▁post mod ern ▁theory , ▁who ▁draws ▁on ▁new ▁method ology ▁like ▁semi otic ▁theory , ▁Jacques ▁Lac an ’ s ▁psy cho analysis ▁and ▁so ▁forth ▁to ▁dig ▁into ▁historic ity ▁through ▁consciousness ▁and ▁sub conscious ness . ▁In ▁this ▁sense ▁Kom ori ▁probably ▁ident ifies ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁historian ▁in ▁a ▁broad ▁sense . ▁ ▁Y o ichi ▁Kom ori ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁well - known ▁social ▁activ ist ▁in ▁Japan . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁leading ▁intellectual ▁who ▁protest ed ▁against ▁the ▁inj uring ▁party ’ s ▁ton ing ▁down ▁or ▁delet ing ▁Japan ’ s ▁history ▁of ▁invasion ▁of ▁East ▁Asia ▁in ▁the ▁“ new ▁Japanese ▁history ▁text book ▁controvers ies ” ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁to ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁founding ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Article ▁ 9 ▁Association ▁( A 9 A ), ▁a ▁nation wide ▁civ ic ▁movement ▁against ▁the ▁conservative ▁revision ▁of ▁the ▁pac if ist ▁Japanese ▁Constitution . ▁A 9 A ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁in ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁ 9 ▁famous ▁senior ▁intellect uals ▁including ▁K enz ab ur ō ▁ Ō e ▁( b . 1 9 3 5 ， 大 江 健 三 郎 ), ▁the ▁Nob le ▁Prize ▁La ure ate ▁for ▁Liter ature ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁the ▁critic ▁Sh |
ū ichi ▁Kat ō ▁( 1 9 1 9 - 2 0 0 8 , 加 藤 周 一 ), ▁ ▁Sh un su ke ▁T sur umi ▁( 1 9 2 2 - 2 0 1 5 , ▁ <0xE9> <0xB6> <0xB4> 見 <0xE4> <0xBF> <0x8A> <0xE8> <0xBC> <0x94> ), ▁a ▁well - known ▁philos opher ▁and ▁an ▁anti - war ▁activ ist , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁As ▁the ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁Secret ari at ▁of ▁A 9 A , ▁ ▁Kom ori ▁has ▁been ▁desperately ▁attempting ▁to ▁expand ▁further ▁A 9 A ▁groups ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁ide ological ▁or ▁political ▁differences ▁and ▁organize ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁peace ▁constitution . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁( 1 ) K om ori ▁Y osh io , ▁Sh im in ▁ha ▁ik ani ▁sens o ▁ni ▁do y in ▁sar er u ka , ▁( Tok yo : sh inn ih on ▁sh upp ans ha , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ), ▁ 2 0 5 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁Cultural ▁History ▁of ▁Modern ▁Japan ▁[ I wan ami ▁L ect ure ▁Series ] ▁at ▁i wan ami . co . j p ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : J apan ese ▁academ ics ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : J apan ese ▁literary ▁critics ▁Category : H ok ka ido ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : J apan ese ▁po ets ▁Category : J apan ese |
▁commun ists ▁Category : J apan ese ▁activ ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Cher yl ▁Stud er ▁( born ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁dramatic ▁sop r ano ▁who ▁has ▁sung ▁at ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁fore most ▁opera ▁houses . ▁Stud er ▁has ▁performed ▁more ▁than ▁eight y ▁roles ▁ranging ▁from ▁the ▁dramatic ▁re per toire ▁to ▁roles ▁more ▁commonly ▁associated ▁with ▁ly ric ▁sop ran os ▁and ▁color atura ▁sop ran os , ▁and , ▁in ▁her ▁late ▁stage , ▁me z zo - s op ran os . ▁She ▁is ▁particularly ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ▁and ▁Richard ▁W agner . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Stud er ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Mid land , ▁Michigan , ▁to ▁Carl ▁W . ▁Stud er ▁and ▁Elizabeth ▁( born ▁Smith ) ▁Stud er , ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁children . ▁ ▁She ▁studied ▁piano ▁and ▁viol a ▁as ▁a ▁child , ▁and ▁began ▁voice ▁lessons ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 2 ▁with ▁G wend ol yn ▁P ike , ▁a ▁local ▁opera ▁singer ▁and ▁voice ▁teacher . ▁ ▁She ▁attended ▁Herbert ▁Henry ▁Dow ▁High ▁School , ▁then ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Inter loc hen ▁Arts ▁Academy ▁for ▁her ▁junior ▁and ▁senior ▁years ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁Following ▁high ▁school , ▁Stud er ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Ober lin ▁Conserv atory ▁of ▁Music ▁but ▁left ▁the ▁program ▁after ▁a ▁year , ▁deciding ▁to ▁move |
▁with ▁her ▁family ▁to ▁Tennessee . ▁She ▁continued ▁her ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁at ▁Kn ox ville , ▁and ▁graduated ▁with ▁a ▁Bachelor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁V ocal ▁Performance ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Stud er ▁won ▁several ▁awards ▁and ▁compet itions ▁during ▁this ▁time , ▁including ▁the ▁High ▁F idel ity / Mus ical ▁America ▁Award ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera ▁National ▁Council ▁Aud itions ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Stud er ▁attended ▁a ▁course ▁for ▁foreign ▁students ▁on ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁L ied ▁at ▁the ▁Sch ub ert ▁Institute ▁in ▁B aden ▁bei ▁Wien , ▁Austria . ▁In ▁this ▁program , ▁Stud er ' s ▁teachers ▁included ▁I rm g ard ▁Se ef ried , ▁Brig itte ▁F ass ba ender , ▁and ▁Hans ▁Hot ter . ▁Hot ter ▁convinced ▁Stud er ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁Europe ▁to ▁study ▁further ▁with ▁him ▁at ▁the ▁Hoch sch ule ▁für ▁Musik ▁und ▁dar stell ende ▁Kunst , ▁Vienna . ▁Stud er ▁studied ▁with ▁Hot ter ▁for ▁one ▁year ▁before ▁launch ing ▁out ▁on ▁her ▁professional ▁career . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁Franz - Sch ub ert - Inst itut - Pre is ▁for ▁excell ence ▁in ▁L ied ▁interpretation . ▁ ▁V ocation ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Stud er ▁was ▁hired ▁as ▁a |
▁permanent ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera ▁by ▁Wol fg ang ▁Saw all isch . ▁She ▁remained ▁with ▁the ▁company ▁for ▁two ▁consecutive ▁seasons , ▁singing ▁mostly ▁minor ▁roles ▁in ▁their ▁produ ctions . ▁Her ▁lead ▁roles ▁at ▁the ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera ▁included ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁in ▁Carl ▁Maria ▁von ▁We ber ' s ▁E ury ant he ▁and ▁Ma ř en ka ▁The ▁Bar tered ▁Br ide . ▁It ▁was ▁while ▁working ▁with ▁the ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera ▁that ▁Stud er ▁was ▁first ▁encouraged ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Richard ▁W agner ▁and ▁the ▁dramatic ▁sop r ano ▁re per toire . ▁Up ▁to ▁this ▁point ▁she ▁had ▁focused ▁mostly ▁on ▁the ▁bel ▁c anto ▁re per toire , ▁with ▁her ▁only ▁for ay ▁into ▁German ▁re per toire ▁up ▁to ▁that ▁point ▁being ▁through ▁L ieder . ▁She ▁made ▁her ▁professional ▁opera ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁company ▁as ▁Hel m w ige ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Die ▁Walk ü re . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 ▁season , ▁she ▁left ▁the ▁Mun ich ▁ensemble ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁St aat st he ater ▁D arm stadt ▁for ▁two ▁seasons . ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Stud er ▁took ▁her ▁first ▁major ▁role ▁as ▁V io lett a ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁La ▁trav i ata ▁with ▁the ▁St aat st he ater ▁Bra un sch we ig . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by |
▁two ▁more ▁important ▁roles ▁the ▁following ▁summer : ▁Ire ne ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁R ien zi ▁and ▁D rol a ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Die ▁Fe en , ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Wol fg ang ▁Saw all isch ▁at ▁the ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera ' s ▁Summer ▁Music ▁Festival . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁Stud er ▁left ▁the ▁St aat st he ater ▁D arm stadt ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁permanent ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁De utsche ▁Oper ▁Berlin ▁ensemble . ▁She ▁stayed ▁with ▁the ▁company ▁for ▁two ▁full ▁seasons . ▁She ▁made ▁her ▁US ▁opera ▁debut ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁with ▁the ▁Ly ric ▁Opera ▁of ▁Chicago ▁as ▁M ica ë la ▁in ▁Carm en . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Stud er ▁performed ▁as ▁El is abeth ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁T ann h ä user ▁under ▁Gi useppe ▁Sin op oli ▁at ▁the ▁Bay re uth ▁Festival . ▁Pos itive ▁reviews ▁of ▁this ▁performance ▁quickly ▁led ▁Stud er ▁to ▁more ▁prominent ▁leading ▁roles . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁Stud er ▁made ▁her ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁L ice u ▁as ▁Fre ia ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Das ▁Rhe ing old ▁and ▁her ▁debut ▁at ▁Op éra ▁de ▁Paris ▁as ▁Pam ina ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁Die ▁Za uber fl ö te . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁she ▁made ▁her ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Opera ▁as ▁Eva ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Die ▁Me ister s inger |
. ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁Stud er ▁made ▁her ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Opera ▁House , ▁Cov ent ▁Garden , ▁as ▁El is abeth ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁T ann h ä user ▁and ▁her ▁debut ▁at ▁La ▁Scal a ▁as ▁Don na ▁Anna ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁Don ▁Giovanni . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Stud er ▁made ▁her ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera ▁debut ▁as ▁M ica ë la ▁in ▁B iz et ' s ▁Carm en . ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁La ▁Scal a ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Math ilde ▁in ▁Ross ini ' s ▁William ▁Tell . ▁She ▁sang ▁Ag at he ▁in ▁Carl ▁Maria ▁von ▁We ber ' s ▁Der ▁Fre isch üt z ▁at ▁the ▁Th é âtre ▁Mus ical ▁de ▁Paris . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁she ▁made ▁her ▁Vienna ▁State ▁Opera ▁and ▁Sal z burg ▁Festival ▁debut s ▁playing ▁the ▁same ▁role , ▁Ch rys ot hem is ▁in ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Ele k tra . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁Stud er ▁received ▁the ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁du ▁Dis que – ▁Prix ▁Maria ▁Call as . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁La ▁Scal a ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁La ▁Du ches se ▁H él ène ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁I ▁v esp ri ▁s ic il iani ▁and ▁made ▁her ▁debut ▁with ▁the ▁Opera ▁Company ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁in ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁of ▁Don iz |
etti ' s ▁Luc ia ▁di ▁Lam mer mo or . ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Stud er ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera ▁to ▁sing ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Don na ▁Anna ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁Don ▁Giovanni . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁El sa ▁in ▁Richard ▁W agner ' s ▁Lo hen gr in ▁at ▁the ▁Vienna ▁State ▁Opera . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Stud er ▁performed ▁two ▁more ▁roles ▁at ▁the ▁Met , ▁E let tra ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁I dom ene o ▁and ▁V io lett a ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁La ▁trav i ata . ▁She ▁sang ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁G ilda ▁in ▁act ▁ 3 ▁of ▁Ver di ' s ▁R igo let to ▁at ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera ' s ▁ 2 5 th ▁Ann iversary ▁G ala , ▁opposite ▁Luc iano ▁Pav ar otti ▁and ▁Leo ▁Nu cc i . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁she ▁also ▁sang ▁Od ab ella ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁Att ila ▁at ▁La ▁Scal a ▁and ▁Count ess ▁Al m av iva ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁Le ▁no z ze ▁di ▁Fig aro ▁at ▁the ▁Vienna ▁State ▁Opera . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁she ▁sang ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Princess ▁von ▁Wer den berg ▁in ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Der ▁Rosen k aval ier ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁Sal z |
burg ▁Festival . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Stud er ▁appeared ▁in ▁concert ▁with ▁her ▁hom et own ▁or chestra , ▁the ▁Mid land ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁in ▁Mid land , ▁Michigan , ▁during ▁the ▁or chestra ' s ▁ 6 0 th ▁anniversary ▁season . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁the ▁same ▁role ▁at ▁the ▁Vienna ▁State ▁Opera . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁Stud er ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Opera ▁to ▁sing ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁of ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Arab ella ▁and ▁re vis ited ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁in ▁A ï da ▁opposite ▁Wal tra ud ▁Me ier ▁as ▁Am ner is ▁in ▁performances ▁at ▁the ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera . ▁She ▁sang ▁Leon ore ▁in ▁Be eth oven ' s ▁F idel io ▁at ▁the ▁Sal z burg ▁Festival ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁conducted ▁by ▁Sir ▁Georg ▁Sol ti . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁she ▁sang ▁Ros al inde ▁in ▁Die ▁F led er ma us ▁and ▁Sie gl inde ▁in ▁Die ▁Walk ü re ▁at ▁the ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera . ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁she ▁also ▁sang ▁Prim ad onna / A ri ad ne ▁in ▁Stra uss ' ▁Ari ad ne ▁auf ▁N ax os ▁at ▁the ▁Mun ich ▁National the ater . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁she ▁sang ▁a ▁ ▁for ▁the ▁Richard ▁W agner ▁Society ▁at ▁the ▁Mark gr ä f lic hes ▁Oper |
n haus ▁( Mar grav ial ▁or ▁Mar gr ave ' s ▁Opera ▁House ) ▁in ▁Bay re uth ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Stud er ▁had ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁vocal ▁problems ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera ▁cancel ing ▁her ▁contracts ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁but ▁after ▁a ▁brief ▁time ▁off ▁the ▁stage , ▁her ▁performances ▁indicated ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁form ▁and ▁the ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera ▁renew ed ▁her ▁contract ▁for ▁fourteen ▁more ▁performances . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Stud er ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera ▁to ▁sing ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Princess ▁von ▁Wer den berg ▁( the ▁Mars ch all in ) ▁in ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Der ▁Rosen k aval ier . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁the ▁title ▁role ▁of ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Arab ella ▁at ▁the ▁Z ür ich ▁Opera . ▁She ▁also ▁filled ▁in ▁as ▁a ▁last ▁minute ▁Sie gl inde ▁in ▁Die ▁Walk ü re ▁at ▁the ▁Bay re uth ▁Festival ▁subst itut ing ▁for ▁an ▁a iling ▁Wal tra ud ▁Me ier . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁she ▁also ▁sang ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Four ▁Last ▁Songs ▁with ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Phil harm onic ▁conducted ▁by ▁David ▁Z in man ▁subst itut ing ▁for ▁an ▁a iling ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado . ▁She ▁also |
▁sang ▁the ▁Walk ü re ▁Br ün nh ilde ' ▁in ▁concert ▁in ▁Budapest ▁with ▁the ▁Budapest ▁Festival ▁Orchestra ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Iv án ▁F ischer . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁Kaiser in ▁( Em press ) ▁in ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Die ▁Frau ▁ohne ▁Sch atten ▁at ▁the ▁D res den ▁Sem per oper ▁conducted ▁by ▁Gi useppe ▁Sin op oli . ▁She ▁re vis ited ▁the ▁role ▁at ▁the ▁Vienna ▁State ▁Opera ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Robert ▁Cars en ▁production . ▁Around ▁this ▁time , ▁Stud er ▁also ▁sang ▁back - to - back ▁performances ▁of ▁the ▁Kaiser in ▁and ▁the ▁Mars ch all in ▁at ▁the ▁Sem per oper ▁conducted ▁by ▁. ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁El is abeth ▁in ▁performances ▁of ▁Wer ner ▁Herz og ' s ▁production ▁of ▁Richard ▁W agner ' s ▁T ann h ä user ▁at ▁the ▁The atro ▁Municipal ▁do ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro , ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁Stud er ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁singing ▁the ▁" A ve ▁Maria " ▁from ▁Ver di ' s ▁Ot ello ▁in ▁the ▁sound track ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Hollywood ▁film , ▁O . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁she ▁made ▁a ▁rare ▁U . S . ▁appearance ▁singing ▁Is ol de ' s ▁" L ie best od " ▁with ▁the ▁Indian apolis ▁Sym phony . ▁ ▁In |
▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁the ▁sop r ano ▁part ▁in ▁Be eth oven ' s ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 9 ▁in ▁Berlin ▁during ▁UN ES CO ' s ▁official ▁design ation ▁of ▁the ▁sym phony ' s ▁manuscript ▁as ▁Memory ▁of ▁the ▁World . ▁ ▁Also ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁she ▁gave ▁a ▁ ▁" In ▁Mem or iam ▁Maria ▁Call as " ▁in ▁At hens , ▁Greece , ▁with ▁pian ist ▁Charles ▁Spencer , ▁featuring ▁songs ▁and ▁L ieder ▁by ▁Ver di , ▁W agner , ▁Bar ber , ▁Richard ▁Stra uss , ▁and ▁Cop land . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁her ▁first ▁complete ▁Is ol de ▁in ▁three ▁concert ▁performances ▁of ▁the ▁work , ▁in ▁Mün ster , ▁Germany . ▁Before ▁these ▁complete ▁Is old es , ▁she ▁had ▁sung ▁ex cer pts ▁from ▁all ▁three ▁acts ▁of ▁Tr istan ▁und ▁Is ol de ▁in ▁G ie ßen , ▁Germany ▁( in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ). ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Sie gl inde ▁in ▁Richard ▁W agner ' s ▁first - ever ▁Ring ▁Cy cle ▁in ▁China , ▁at ▁Beijing ' s ▁Poly ▁Theatre . ▁The ▁cycle ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Law less ▁for ▁the ▁St aat st he ater ▁N ür n berg ▁and ▁the ▁performances ▁were ▁conducted ▁by ▁Philippe ▁Aug u in . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 |
0 5 ▁it ▁was ▁reported , ▁but ▁never ▁confirmed , ▁that ▁Stud er ▁had ▁suffered ▁a ▁mild ▁heart ▁attack , ▁forcing ▁her ▁to ▁cancel ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁scheduled ▁conc erts ▁in ▁Spain . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Stud er ▁gave ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁Master classes ▁and ▁an ▁all - Rich ard ▁Stra uss ▁L ieder ▁rec ital ▁with ▁pian ist ▁S emy on ▁Sk igin ▁in ▁St . ▁Peters burg , ▁Russia . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁also ▁with ▁pian ist ▁S emy on ▁Sk igin , ▁she ▁sang ▁an ▁all - Rich ard ▁Stra uss ▁L ieder ▁rec ital ▁at ▁Villa ▁W ahn fried , ▁Bay re uth . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Stud er ▁gave ▁a ▁L ieder ▁rec ital ▁at ▁Te atro ▁Vill am arta ▁in ▁J ere z ▁de ▁la ▁Fr on tera , ▁Spain ▁with ▁pian ist ▁Jonathan ▁Ald er , ▁featuring ▁L ieder ▁by ▁Sch um ann , ▁Bra h ms , ▁Mah ler , ▁and ▁Richard ▁Stra uss . ▁Later ▁that ▁year ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Stud er ▁gave ▁another ▁L ieder ▁rec ital ▁at ▁D rake ▁University ▁with ▁pian ist ▁Nicholas ▁Roth , ▁featuring ▁songs ▁and ▁L ieder ▁by ▁Ross ini , ▁R avel , ▁Mass en et , ▁Alb én iz , ▁Bra h ms , ▁Bar ber , ▁and ▁Richard ▁Stra uss . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁she ▁gave ▁another ▁rec |
ital ▁in ▁Germany ▁with ▁Dutch ▁pian ist ▁ ▁featuring ▁L ieder ▁by ▁Sch um ann , ▁Bra h ms , ▁Mah ler , ▁and ▁Richard ▁Stra uss . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁Richard ▁W agner ' s ▁Wes end on ck ▁L ieder ▁in ▁Berlin , ▁Germany ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁short - l ived ▁Berlin ▁International ▁Music ▁Festival . ▁ ▁conducted ▁the ▁Festival ▁or chestra . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 – present ▁On ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Stud er ▁made ▁her ▁director ial ▁debut ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁production ▁of ▁Ross ini ' s ▁Il ▁bar bi ere ▁di ▁S iv iglia ▁at ▁the ▁ ▁in ▁W ür z burg , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁Terr as ▁sam ▁S omb ra ▁International ▁Prize . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁in ▁concert ▁in ▁N ure mber g ▁and ▁Ant werp , ▁Belgium , ▁with ▁the ▁N ure mber g ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁and ▁its ▁Chief ▁Music ▁Director , ▁Alexander ▁Shel ley . ▁The ▁all - W agner ▁conc erts , ▁also ▁featuring ▁Belg ian ▁bass - bar it one ▁Wil fried ▁Van ▁den ▁Br ande , ▁were ▁recorded ▁and ▁will ▁be ▁released ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁or chestra ' s ▁" N ür n berger ▁Sym ph on iker ▁Live " ▁series . ▁ ▁Stud er ▁has ▁begun ▁a ▁transition ▁into ▁a |
▁lower ▁voice ▁range . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁she ▁appeared ▁as ▁Ger tr ud ▁in ▁performances ▁of ▁Eng el bert ▁Hum per d in ck ' s ▁H än sel ▁und ▁G ret el ▁at ▁the ▁Hamburg ▁State ▁Opera . ▁She ▁re vis ited ▁the ▁role ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁also ▁in ▁Hamburg . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁O v ation ▁Award ▁by ▁the ▁Inter loc hen ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Arts . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁played ▁Ad ela ide ▁in ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Arab ella ▁at ▁the ▁Hamburg ▁State ▁Opera . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁pres ided ▁over ▁the ▁ 3 8 th ▁International ▁Maria ▁Call as ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁for ▁Opera ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁in ▁At hens , ▁Greece . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁the ▁O verse er / Conf id ant ▁( Die ▁Ver tr aute / Die ▁Auf se her in ) ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁Pat rice ▁Ch ére au ' s ▁production ▁of ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Ele k tra ▁at ▁the ▁Staats oper ▁Berlin , ▁conducted ▁by ▁Daniel ▁B aren bo im . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁she ▁sang ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁N ett ie ▁F ow ler ▁in ▁Rod gers ▁and ▁Ham mer stein ' s ▁musical ▁Car ousel ▁at ▁Theater ▁Bas el ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁in ▁a ▁run ▁of ▁performances |
▁through ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Stud er ▁sang ▁the ▁contr al to ▁role ▁of ▁M amma ▁Luc ia ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁production ▁of ▁Piet ro ▁M asc ag ni ' s ▁opera ▁Cav aller ia ▁rust ican a ▁at ▁Oper ▁G raz ▁in ▁Austria . ▁The ▁performances ▁were ▁recorded ▁and ▁released ▁by ▁the ▁O eh ms ▁Class ics ▁label . ▁ ▁Master classes , ▁opera ▁workshops , ▁adj ud ication ▁Since ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Stud er ▁teaches ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Music ▁in ▁W ür z burg . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁honor ary ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁Central ▁Conserv atory ▁of ▁Music ▁in ▁Beijing . ▁Stud er ▁conduct s ▁a ▁year ly ▁series ▁of ▁master ▁classes ▁and ▁opera ▁workshops ▁at ▁her ▁own ▁North ▁A e ge an ▁Music ▁Festival ▁in ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Les b os , ▁Greece . ▁She ▁conduct s ▁Master ▁Class es ▁internation ally ▁( USA , ▁Greece , ▁South ▁Korea , ▁China , ▁Spain , ▁Italy ▁and ▁Germany ). ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Stud er ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁Greek ▁ten or ▁Mich alis ▁Dou k ak is ▁and ▁has ▁lived ▁in ▁Germany ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁her ▁life . ▁From ▁previous ▁mar riages , ▁Stud er ▁has ▁two ▁daughters , ▁El sa ▁and ▁S enta , ▁named ▁after ▁characters ▁from ▁Richard ▁W agner ▁oper as . ▁The ▁elder , ▁S enta , ▁is ▁a ▁pop ▁music ▁singer . ▁Her ▁first ▁solo ▁album , ▁Happy , ▁was ▁released |
▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Complete ▁opera ▁record ings ▁ ▁A ida ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁A ida , ▁recorded ▁ 6 / 9 4 , ▁Royal ▁Opera ▁House , ▁Cov ent ▁Garden , ▁Edward ▁Down es , ▁P ione er ▁ ▁Count ess ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁Le ▁no z ze ▁di ▁Fig aro , ▁recorded ▁ 5 / 9 1 , ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁Sony ▁ ▁Count ess ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁Le ▁no z ze ▁di ▁Fig aro , ▁recorded ▁ 1 – 2 / 9 4 , ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Ch rys ot hem is ▁in ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ' ▁Ele k tra , ▁recorded ▁ 6 / 8 9 , ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁P ione er ▁ ▁Ch rys ot hem is ▁in ▁Stra uss ' ▁Ele k tra , ▁recorded ▁ 1 / 9 0 , ▁B av arian ▁Radio ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁Wol fg ang ▁Saw all isch , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Des dem ona ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁Ot ello , ▁recorded ▁ 5 / 9 3 , ▁Op éra ▁Bast ille , ▁My ung - wh un ▁Ch ung , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Don na ▁Anna ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁Don ▁Giovanni , |
▁recorded ▁ 9 / 9 0 , ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Ric card o ▁Mut i , ▁E MI ▁ ▁D roll a ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Die ▁Fe en , ▁recorded ▁ 7 / 8 3 , ▁B av arian ▁Radio ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁Wol fg ang ▁Saw all isch , ▁Or fe o ▁ ▁El ena ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁I ▁V esp ri ▁Sic il iani , ▁recorded ▁ 1 2 / 8 9 – 1 / 9 0 , ▁Te atro ▁alla ▁Scal a , ▁Ric card o ▁Mut i , ▁F on it ▁C et ra ▁ ▁El is abeth ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁T ann h ä user , ▁recorded ▁' 8 8 , ▁Phil harm onia ▁Orchestra , ▁Gi useppe ▁Sin op oli , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁El is abeth ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁T ann h ä user , ▁recorded ▁' 8 9 , ▁Bay re uth ▁Festival , ▁Gi useppe ▁Sin op oli , ▁Phil ips ▁ ▁El sa ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Lo hen gr in , ▁recorded ▁ 6 / 9 0 , ▁Bay re uth ▁Festival , ▁Peter ▁Sch ne ider , ▁Phil ips ▁ ▁El sa ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Lo hen gr in , ▁recorded ▁' 9 0 , ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Eva ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Die |
▁Me ister s inger ▁von ▁N ür n berg , ▁recorded ▁ 4 / 9 3 , ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera , ▁Wol fg ang ▁Saw all isch , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Flor inda ▁in ▁Sch ub ert ' s ▁Fi err ab ras , ▁recorded ▁ 5 / 8 8 , ▁Chamber ▁Orchestra ▁of ▁Europe , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁G ilda ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁R igo let to ▁act ▁ 3 , ▁recorded ▁ 9 / 9 1 , ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera , ▁James ▁Lev ine , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁G ilda ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁R igo let to , ▁recorded ▁ 6 / 9 3 , ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera , ▁James ▁Lev ine , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Gi ul iet ta ▁in ▁Off en bach ' s ▁Les ▁cont es ▁d ' H off mann , ▁recorded ▁ 8 7 / 8 8 / 8 9 , ▁S äch s ische ▁St aat sk ap elle ▁D res den , ▁Jeff rey ▁T ate , ▁Phil ips ▁ ▁G ut r une ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁G öt ter d äm mer ung , ▁recorded ▁ 5 / 8 9 , ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera , ▁James ▁Lev ine , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁H anna ▁Gl aw ari ▁in ▁Le h ár ' s ▁Die ▁L ust ige ▁W it we , ▁recorded ▁ 1 |
/ 9 4 , ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁John ▁Eli ot ▁Gard iner , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Ire ne ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁R ien zi , ▁recorded ▁ 7 / 8 3 , ▁B av arian ▁State ▁Opera , ▁Wol fg ang ▁Saw all isch , ▁Or fe o ▁ ▁Jess onda ▁in ▁Sp oh r ' s ▁Jess onda , ▁recorded ▁' 8 4 , ▁Aust rian ▁Radio ▁Orchestra , ▁G erd ▁Al bre cht , ▁Vo ce ▁ ▁Kaiser in ▁( Em press ) ▁in ▁Stra uss ' ▁Die ▁Frau ▁ohne ▁Sch atten , ▁recorded ▁ 2 – 1 2 / 8 7 , ▁B av arian ▁Radio ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁Wol fg ang ▁Saw all isch , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Kaiser in ▁( Em press ) ▁in ▁Stra uss ' ▁Die ▁Frau ▁ohne ▁Sch atten , ▁recorded ▁' 9 2 , ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Sir ▁Georg ▁Sol ti , ▁Sal z burg ▁Festival , ▁DE CC A / London ▁ ▁Kon stan ze ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁Die ▁Ent führ ung ▁aus ▁dem ▁Ser ail , ▁recorded ▁ 4 / 9 1 , ▁Wi ener ▁Sym ph on iker , ▁Bruno ▁We il , ▁Sony ▁ ▁Luc ia ▁in ▁Don iz etti ' s ▁Luc ia ▁di ▁Lam mer mo or , ▁recorded ▁ 8 / 9 0 , ▁London ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁I on ▁Mar in , ▁De utsche ▁Gram mm oph on |
▁ ▁Mad ama ▁Cort ese ▁in ▁Ross ini ' s ▁Il ▁vi aggio ▁a ▁Re ims , ▁recorded ▁ 1 0 / 9 2 , ▁Berlin er ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁Sony ▁ ▁M amma ▁Luc ia ▁in ▁M asc ag ni ' s ▁Cav aller ia ▁rust ican a , ▁recorded ▁ 2 0 1 8 / 2 0 1 9 , ▁Oper ▁G raz / G raz ▁Phil harm onic , ▁O ks ana ▁Lyn iv , ▁O eh ms ▁Class ics ▁ ▁Marg uer ite ▁in ▁G oun od ' s ▁Fa ust , ▁recorded ▁ 2 / 9 1 , ▁Or che stre ▁du ▁Cap it ole ▁de ▁T oul ouse , ▁Michel ▁Pl ass on , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Mat ilde ▁in ▁Ross ini ' s ▁G ug l iel mo ▁Tell , ▁recorded ▁ 1 2 / 8 8 , ▁Te atro ▁alla ▁Scal a , ▁Ric card o ▁Mut i , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Od ab ella ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁Att ila , ▁recorded ▁ 6 – 7 / 8 9 , ▁Te atro ▁alla ▁Scal a , ▁Ric card o ▁Mut i , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Od ab ella ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁Att ila , ▁recorded ▁ 6 / 9 0 , ▁Te atro ▁alla ▁Scal a , ▁Ric card o ▁Mut i , ▁Home ▁Vision ▁ ▁Ort lin de ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Die ▁Walk ü re , ▁recorded ▁ 8 / 8 |
1 , ▁S äch s ische ▁St aat sk ap elle ▁D res den , ▁M are k ▁Jan owski , ▁Euro dis c ▁ ▁Queen ▁of ▁the ▁Night ▁in ▁Moz art ' s ▁Die ▁Za uber fl ö te , ▁recorded ▁ 7 / 8 9 , ▁Academy ▁of ▁St ▁Martin ▁in ▁the ▁Field s , ▁Sir ▁Nev ille ▁Mar r iner , ▁Phil ips ▁ ▁Sal om é ▁in ▁Mass en et ' s ▁H éro di ade , ▁recorded ▁ 1 1 – 1 2 / 9 4 , ▁Or che stre ▁du ▁Cap it ole ▁de ▁T oul ouse , ▁Michel ▁Pl ass on , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Sal ome ▁in ▁Stra uss ' ▁Sal ome , ▁recorded ▁ 1 2 / 9 0 , ▁De utsche ▁Oper ▁Berlin , ▁Gi useppe ▁Sin op oli , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Sem ir am ide ▁in ▁Ross ini ' s ▁Sem ir am ide , ▁recorded ▁ 7 / 9 2 , ▁London ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁I on ▁Mar in , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁S enta ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Der ▁fl ieg ende ▁Holl ä nder , ▁recorded ▁ 1 / 9 1 , ▁De utsche ▁Oper ▁Berlin , ▁Gi useppe ▁Sin op oli , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Sie gl inde ▁in ▁W agner ' s ▁Die ▁Walk ü re , ▁recorded ▁ 2 – 3 / 8 8 , ▁B av arian ▁Radio ▁Sym phony |
▁Orchestra , ▁Bernard ▁H ait ink , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Sus ann ah ▁in ▁Carl isle ▁Flo yd ' s ▁Sus ann ah , ▁recorded ▁ 3 / 9 4 , ▁Op éra ▁de ▁Ly on , ▁Kent ▁Nag ano , ▁Virgin ▁ ▁V io lett a ▁in ▁Ver di ' s ▁La ▁trav i ata , ▁recorded ▁ 1 / 9 1 , ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera , ▁James ▁Lev ine , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Z em l insky ' s ▁Der ▁Z wer g , ▁recorded ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Berlin ▁Radio ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁G erd ▁Al bre cht , ▁K och - Sch w ann ▁ ▁Con cert ▁record ings ▁ ▁Samuel ▁Bar ber ▁Complete ▁Songs , ▁recorded ▁ 9 / 9 2 , ▁John ▁Brow ning , ▁Thomas ▁Ham pson , ▁Em erson ▁String ▁Qu art et , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Be eth oven ' s ▁Miss a ▁so lem nis , ▁recorded ▁ 8 / 9 1 , ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Sal z burg ▁Festival , ▁James ▁Lev ine , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Be eth oven ▁in ▁Berlin ▁(" Ah ! ▁perf ido " / Ch oral ▁Fant asy / E g mont ), ▁recorded ▁ 1 2 / 9 1 , ▁Berlin er ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Be eth oven ' s ▁Sym phony ▁No |
. ▁ 9 , ▁recorded ▁ 4 / 8 9 , ▁Philadelphia ▁Orchestra , ▁Ric card o ▁Mut i , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Bra h ms ' ▁Ein ▁De uts ches ▁Requ iem , ▁recorded ▁ 1 0 / 9 2 , ▁Berlin er ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Bru ck ner ' s ▁Mass ▁in ▁F ▁minor ▁/ ▁Moz art ' s ▁V es pers , ▁recorded ▁ 3 / 7 7 , ▁MIT ▁Ch oral ▁Society , ▁John ▁Oliver , ▁private ▁issue ▁LP ▁ ▁Don iz etti ' s ▁M essa ▁da ▁Requ iem , ▁recorded ▁ 1 / 8 4 , ▁B amber ger ▁Sym ph on iker , ▁Miguel ▁Á ng el ▁G ó me z ▁Mart í nez , ▁Or fe o ▁ ▁Mah ler ' s ▁Das ▁kl ag ende ▁L ied , ▁recorded ▁ 1 1 / 9 0 , ▁Phil harm onia ▁Orchestra , ▁Gi useppe ▁Sin op oli , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Mah ler ' s ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 2 , ▁recorded ▁ 1 1 / 9 2 , ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Mah ler ' s ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 8 , ▁recorded ▁ 1 1 – 1 2 / 9 0 , ▁Phil harm onia ▁Orchestra , ▁Gi useppe ▁Sin op oli , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph |
on ▁ ▁Mah ler ' s ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 8 , ▁recorded ▁ 1 / 9 4 , ▁Berlin er ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Sch ub ert ▁L ieder , ▁recorded ▁ 1 / 9 0 , ▁Ir win ▁G age , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁von ▁Schwe init z ' s ▁M esse , ▁Op . ▁ 2 1 , ▁recorded ▁ 7 / 8 4 , ▁Berlin ▁Radio ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁G erd ▁Al bre cht , ▁Wer go ▁ ▁Stra uss ▁Ch oral ▁Works , ▁recorded ▁ 9 / 8 4 , ▁R I AS ▁Kam mer chor , ▁U we ▁G ron ost ay , ▁Marcus ▁C reed , ▁De utsche ▁Sch all pl atten ▁ ▁Stra uss ' ▁V ier ▁Let zte ▁L ieder / W agner ' s ▁Wes end on ck ▁L ieder ▁and ▁Is ol de ' s ▁" L ie best od ", ▁recorded ▁ 1 / 9 3 , ▁S äch s ische ▁St aat sk ap elle ▁D res den , ▁Gi useppe ▁Sin op oli , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Ver di ' s ▁M essa ▁da ▁Requ iem , ▁recorded ▁ 6 / 8 7 , ▁Te atro ▁alla ▁Scal a , ▁Ric card o ▁Mut i , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Ver di ' s ▁M essa ▁da ▁Requ iem , ▁recorded ▁ 1 1 / 9 1 |
, ▁Wi ener ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁W agner , ▁Is ol de ' s ▁" L ie best od ", ▁recorded ▁ 1 / 8 8 , ▁B av arian ▁Radio ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁Jeff rey ▁T ate , ▁E MI ▁ ▁W agner ▁G ala ▁( T ann h ä user / Lo hen gr in / Die ▁Me ister s inger ▁von ▁N ür n berg / Die ▁Walk ü re ), ▁recorded ▁ 1 2 / 9 3 , ▁Berlin er ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Cov ent ▁Garden ▁G ala ▁( O t ello / La ▁trav i ata / Die ▁F led er ma us ), ▁recorded ▁ 7 / 8 8 , ▁Royal ▁Opera ▁House , ▁Cov ent ▁Garden , ▁John ▁Bark er , ▁E MI ▁ ▁First ▁Europ ak on z ert ▁in ▁Pr ague ▁( M oz art : ▁Non ▁mi ▁dir / Ch ' io ▁mi ▁sc ord i ▁di ▁te ? – ▁Non ▁tem er , ▁am ato ▁b ene ), ▁recorded ▁ 5 / 9 1 , ▁Berlin er ▁Phil harm on iker , ▁Cl audio ▁Abb ado , ▁Sony ▁ ▁The ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera ▁G ala ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁recorded ▁ 9 / 9 1 , ▁Met ropolitan ▁Opera ▁Orchestra , ▁James ▁Lev ine , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph |
on ▁DVD ▁ ▁Sal z burg ▁Rec ital ▁( S tra uss / Sch ub ert / D eb ussy ), ▁recorded ▁ 8 / 9 2 , ▁Ir win ▁G age , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Joh an ▁Both a ▁Wi ener ▁Staats oper ▁Live : ▁Be eth oven ▁| ▁W agner ▁| ▁Stra uss ▁( At m est ▁du ▁nicht , ▁from ▁act ▁ 3 ▁of ▁Lo hen gr in ), ▁recorded ▁ 2 / 9 7 , ▁Wi ener ▁Staats oper , ▁Sim one ▁Young , ▁Or fe o ▁International ▁ ▁S olo ▁record ings ▁ ▁Color atura ▁A rias ▁by ▁Bell ini ▁( La ▁son n amb ula / Norm a ), ▁Ver di ▁( La ▁trav i ata / Il ▁tro v atore ), ▁Don iz etti ▁( Luc ia ▁di ▁Lam mer mo or / Lu cre z ia ▁B org ia ), ▁Ross ini ▁( Il ▁bar bi ere ▁di ▁Sev iglia / Sem ir am ide ), ▁recorded ▁ 4 / 8 9 , ▁Mun ich ▁Radio ▁Orchestra , ▁Gab ri ele ▁Fer ro , ▁E MI ▁ ▁Sac red ▁Works ▁( J . ▁S . ▁Bach / Sch ub ert / M end els so hn / Hand el / M oz art / G oun od / F aur é / P oul enc / B ern stein / B ru ch ), ▁recorded ▁ 3 / 9 1 , ▁London ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra , ▁I on ▁Mar in , |
▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Moz art ▁A rias ▁( Die ▁Ent führ ung ▁aus ▁dem ▁Ser ail / Die ▁Za uber fl ö te / Id om ene o / Le ▁no z ze ▁di ▁Fig aro / Don ▁Giovanni / La ▁cle men za ▁di ▁T ito / C os ì ▁fan ▁tut te ), ▁recorded ▁ 9 / 8 9 , ▁Academy ▁of ▁St ▁Martin ▁in ▁the ▁Field s , ▁Sir ▁Nev ille ▁Mar r iner , ▁Phil ips ▁Sch ub ert ▁L ieder , ▁recorded ▁ 6 / 9 0 , ▁Ir win ▁G age , ▁piano , ▁De utsche ▁Gr amm oph on ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Mid land , ▁Michigan ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁oper atic ▁sop ran os ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Michigan ▁Category : Inter loc hen ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Arts ▁al umn i ▁Category : O ber lin ▁Conserv atory ▁of ▁Music ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Class ical ▁musicians ▁from ▁Michigan <0x0A> </s> ▁R . ▁Andrew ▁Lee ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁in ▁Ex c els ior ▁Springs , ▁Missouri ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁pian ist ▁of ▁contemporary ▁classical ▁music , ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁emphasis ▁on ▁Min imal ▁music ▁and ▁music ▁of ▁the ▁W and el we iser ▁collective . |
▁He ▁has ▁recorded ▁ten ▁albums ▁for ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music . ▁ ▁Education ▁▁ ▁R . ▁Andrew ▁Lee ▁received ▁a ▁BM ▁in ▁piano ▁performance ▁from ▁Tr uman ▁State ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁under ▁Dr . ▁David ▁McK am ie . ▁He ▁continued ▁his ▁education ▁in ▁piano ▁performance ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Missouri - K ansas ▁City , ▁where ▁he ▁met ▁David ▁Mc Int ire , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁would ▁eventually ▁help ▁launch ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music . ▁Lee ▁c ites ▁Mc Int ire ▁as ▁having ▁introduced ▁him ▁to ▁William ▁D uck worth ' s ▁The ▁Time ▁Cur ve ▁P rel udes , ▁which ▁spark ed ▁his ▁interest ▁in ▁minimal ist ▁music . ▁Lee ▁received ▁his ▁M M ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁his ▁DMA ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁from ▁U M K C . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁R . ▁Andrew ▁Lee ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁Artist - in - Res idence ▁at ▁Av ila ▁University ▁in ▁Kansas ▁City , ▁Missouri ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁released ▁his ▁first ▁album ▁with ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁Tom ▁Johnson : ▁An ▁H our ▁for ▁P iano . ▁This ▁album , ▁the ▁first ▁recording ▁of ▁An ▁H our ▁for ▁P iano ▁to ▁be ▁exactly ▁one ▁hour , ▁also ▁marked ▁the ▁first ▁release ▁for ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge |
h og . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Lee ▁took ▁a ▁position ▁at ▁Reg is ▁University ▁in ▁Denver , ▁Colorado , ▁becoming ▁the ▁Associ ate ▁University ▁Minister ▁for ▁Lit urg ical ▁& ▁Sac red ▁Music . ▁There ▁he ▁overse es ▁music ▁for ▁lit urg ical ▁celebr ations ▁while ▁also ▁teaching ▁in ▁the ▁music ▁department . ▁ ▁Lee ▁continued ▁to ▁record ▁for ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og , ▁gar ner ing ▁increasing ▁attention ▁from ▁critics . ▁His ▁third ▁album , ▁William ▁D uck worth : ▁The ▁Time ▁Cur ve ▁P rel udes ▁was ▁named ▁by ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Crit ics ' ▁Choice ▁by ▁Gram oph one ▁Magazine . ▁His ▁fifth ▁album , ▁Dennis ▁Johnson : ▁November ▁was ▁named ▁by ▁Steve ▁Smith ▁of ▁Time ▁Out ▁NY ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁classical ▁album ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁and ▁his ▁sixth ▁album , ▁Eva - M aria ▁Hou ben : ▁P iano ▁Music ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁Alex ▁Ross ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York er ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁ten ▁notable ▁classical ▁record ings ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Lee ▁has ▁performed ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁including ▁cities ▁such ▁as ▁Seattle , ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁Denver , ▁Austin , ▁Chicago , ▁Boston ▁and ▁New ▁York . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁performed ▁abroad ▁in ▁Canada , ▁England , ▁France , ▁Belgium , ▁and ▁Italy . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁perform er , ▁Lee ▁has ▁taken ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁music ▁of ▁an ▁extended ▁duration , ▁performing ▁and ▁commission ing |
▁works ▁that ▁are ▁often ▁multiple ▁hours ▁long . ▁ ▁Writing ▁ ▁The ▁intersection ▁of ▁tempor ality ▁is ▁a ▁primary ▁research ▁av enue ▁for ▁R . ▁Andrew ▁Lee , ▁having ▁published ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁Ce Re Ne M ▁Journal . ▁Lee ▁also ▁writes ▁reviews ▁and ▁opinion ▁pieces ▁for ▁New Music Box ▁and ▁I ▁C ARE ▁IF ▁YOU ▁L IST EN . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁▁ ▁Lee ▁currently ▁res ides ▁in ▁Denver , ▁Colorado , ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁three ▁children . ▁He ▁takes ▁" gr illing ▁and ▁drinking ▁seriously " ▁and ▁also ▁notes ▁a ▁" pen chant ▁for ▁interesting ▁socks ." ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Ad rian ▁Knight : ▁O bs essions ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Paul ▁A . ▁Ep stein : ▁P iano ▁Music ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Jay ▁B atz ner : ▁as ▁if ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁J ür g ▁Fre y : ▁P ian ist , ▁Al one ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Eva - M aria ▁Hou ben : ▁P iano ▁Music ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Dennis ▁Johnson : ▁November ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁J ür g ▁Fre y : ▁P |
iano ▁Music ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁William ▁D uck worth : ▁The ▁Time ▁Cur ve ▁P rel udes ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Ann ▁South am : ▁Sound ings ▁for ▁a ▁New ▁P iano ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Tom ▁Johnson : ▁An ▁H our ▁for ▁P iano ▁- ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Music , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁Ir rit able ▁H edge h og ▁Label ▁Inter view ▁on ▁The ▁Next ▁Track ▁podcast ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : American ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : Av ant - gar de ▁pian ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Av ila ▁University ▁faculty ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁musicians ▁Category : American ▁male ▁pian ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁male ▁musicians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁pian ists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 ▁season ▁was ▁AC ▁A j acc io ' s ▁ 9 5 th ▁season . ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁In ▁ ▁Out ▁ ▁Current ▁squad ▁and ▁statistics ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Friend ly ▁matches ▁ ▁L igue ▁ 1 ▁ ▁League ▁table ▁ |
▁Results ▁summary ▁ ▁Results ▁by ▁round ▁ ▁Mat ches ▁ ▁Coupe ▁de ▁France ▁ ▁Coupe ▁de ▁la ▁L igue ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Top ▁sc or ers ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 ▁season ▁A j acc io <0x0A> </s> ▁Anthony ▁O ' S ull ivan ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁retired ▁hur ler ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁C ork ▁Championship ▁club ▁Bishop st own . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁C ork ▁senior ▁hur ling ▁team ▁for ▁one ▁season , ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁usually ▁lined ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁right ▁wing - forward . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁University ▁College ▁C ork ▁Fitz g ib bon ▁Cup ▁( 2 ): ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁Bishop st own ▁C ork ▁Inter mediate ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁ ▁C ork ▁All - I re land ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Mun ster ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁University ▁College ▁C ork ▁Category : B ishop st own ▁h url ers ▁Category : U CC ▁h url ers ▁Category : C ork ▁inter - count y ▁h url ers <0x0A> </s> ▁V ib urn um ▁car les ii ▁( common ▁names |
▁arrow wood , ▁Korean ▁sp ice ▁v ib urn um ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁flower ing ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ad ox aceae ▁( former ly ▁Cap rif oli aceae ), ▁native ▁to ▁Korea ▁and ▁Japan ▁( T s ush ima ▁Island ) ▁and ▁natural ised ▁in ▁Ohio , ▁USA . ▁Grow ing ▁to ▁ ▁tall ▁and ▁broad , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁bush y ▁decid uous ▁shr ub ▁with ▁o val ▁leaves ▁which ▁are ▁copper - col oured ▁when ▁young . ▁Round ▁clusters ▁of ▁red ▁bud s ▁open ▁to ▁strongly ▁sc ented , ▁pale ▁pink ▁flowers ▁in ▁late ▁spring . ▁These ▁are ▁followed ▁in ▁late ▁summer ▁by ▁o val ▁red ▁fruits ▁ri pen ing ▁to ▁black ▁in ▁autumn . ▁ ▁The ▁Latin ▁specific ▁ep it het ▁car les ii ▁refers ▁to ▁William ▁Richard ▁Car les ▁( 1 8 4 8 – 1 9 2 9 ), ▁a ▁plant ▁col lector ▁in ▁Korea . ▁ ▁The ▁cultiv ars ▁' A ur ora ' ▁and ▁‘ D iana ’ ▁have ▁gained ▁the ▁Royal ▁H ort icult ural ▁Society ' s ▁Award ▁of ▁Garden ▁Mer it . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Korea ▁car les ii <0x0A> </s> ▁Kan pur ▁Jun ction ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Kan pur ▁Pur ana ) ▁was ▁a ▁former ▁station ▁in ▁Kan pur ▁on ▁the ▁Kan pur - All ah abad ▁railway ▁line ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁and ▁closed ▁after ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁Kan pur ▁Central , |
▁the ▁present ▁station . ▁ ▁History ▁After ▁the ▁first ▁passenger ▁train ▁service ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁between ▁Bomb ay ▁and ▁Th ane , ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁fourth ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁India ▁opened ▁from ▁All ah abad ▁to ▁Kan pur ▁( 1 8 0 km ) ▁on ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 1 8 5 9 , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁passenger ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁North ▁India . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁by ▁the ▁Delhi ▁- ▁Amb ala ▁- ▁K alk a ▁line . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Kan pur ▁Category : R ail way ▁jun ction ▁stations ▁in ▁India ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁Category : All ah abad ▁railway ▁division ▁Category : Def unct ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁radio ▁stations ▁broadcast ▁on ▁AM ▁frequency ▁ 1 2 4 0 k Hz : ▁ 1 2 4 0 ▁AM ▁is ▁a ▁regional ▁( Class ▁B ) ▁frequency ▁outside ▁the ▁cot erm in ous ▁ 4 8 ▁United ▁States ▁( AK , ▁H I , ▁PR ▁& ▁U . S . ▁VI ), ▁and ▁a ▁local ▁frequency ▁( Class ▁C ) ▁within ▁the ▁cot erm in ous ▁ 4 8 ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁Argentina ▁ ▁Cad ena ▁Un o ▁in ▁Argentina ▁ ▁L RI 2 1 8 ▁Universidad ▁Nacional ▁del ▁Sur ▁in ▁Bah ia ▁Bl anca , ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁ ▁In ▁Canada ▁ ▁In ▁Mexico ▁ ▁X |
EB Q - AM ▁in ▁Gu ay mas , ▁Son ora ▁ ▁X EC G - AM ▁in ▁N og ales , ▁Son ora ▁ ▁X ER D - AM ▁in ▁P ach uc a , ▁H idal go ▁ ▁X ES - AM ▁in ▁T amp ico , ▁T ama ul ip as ▁( m oved ▁to ▁FM ) ▁ ▁X E W G - AM ▁in ▁C d . J u are z , ▁Ch ih u ah ua ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁CON EL R AD ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁radio ▁stations ▁by ▁frequency <0x0A> </s> ▁Isaac ▁Daniel ▁" I ke " ▁Rose f elt ▁( ; ▁born ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American - Is rael i ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁who ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁free ▁agent . ▁He ▁played ▁college ▁basketball ▁for ▁Bow ling ▁Green ▁Fal cons ▁and ▁St . ▁Thomas ▁Tom m ies ▁before ▁playing ▁profession ally ▁in ▁Spain , ▁Portugal , ▁France ▁and ▁Israel , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁four - time ▁Israeli ▁League ▁All - Star . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁college ▁career ▁Rose f elt ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁He ▁was ▁adopted ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁two ▁months ▁by ▁a ▁Jewish ▁family ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Saint ▁Paul , ▁Minnesota . ▁ ▁Rose f elt ▁attended ▁Saint ▁Thomas ▁Academy ▁in ▁Mend ota ▁He ights |
, ▁Minnesota . ▁He ▁played ▁college ▁basketball ▁for ▁Bow ling ▁Green ▁State ▁University ' s ▁Fal cons ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁St . ▁Thomas ' s ▁Tom m ies . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁senior ▁year ▁at ▁St . ▁Thomas , ▁Rose f elt ▁aver aged ▁ 1 7 . 9 ▁points , ▁ 1 0 . 1 ▁reb ounds ▁and ▁ 2 . 4 ▁blocks ▁per ▁game . ▁ ▁Rose f elt ▁was ▁a ▁two - time ▁D 3 ho ops . com ▁All - America ▁selection . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Rose f elt ▁was ▁named ▁N AB C ▁All - American . ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Rose f elt ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁St . ▁Thomas ▁Athlet ic ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁On ▁July ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Rose f elt ▁started ▁his ▁professional ▁career ▁in ▁Spain , ▁signing ▁a ▁one - year ▁deal ▁with ▁C ó rd oba ▁of ▁the ▁LE B ▁Bron ce . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Rose f elt ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁team ▁Ac adém ica ▁de ▁Co im bra ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁season . ▁However , ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Rose f elt ▁part ed ▁ways ▁with ▁Ac adém ica ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁French ▁team ▁Den ek ▁for |
▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Rose f elt ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁Israeli ▁team ▁B ne i ▁Hash aron ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ▁season . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Rose f elt ▁signed ▁with ▁Iron i ▁Ram at ▁G an ▁of ▁the ▁Liga ▁Le um it ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁season . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Rose f elt ▁returned ▁to ▁B ne i ▁Hash aron ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁st int , ▁signing ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Rose f elt ▁recorded ▁a ▁career - high ▁ 2 8 ▁points , ▁shooting ▁ 1 1 - of - 1 4 ▁from ▁the ▁field , ▁along ▁with ▁ 1 5 ▁reb ounds ▁in ▁an ▁ 8 4 - 8 1 ▁win ▁over ▁Bar ak ▁Net anya . ▁He ▁was ▁subsequently ▁named ▁Israeli ▁League ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Week . ▁Rose f elt ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁as ▁the ▁Israeli ▁League ▁second ▁leading ▁player ▁in ▁reb ounds ▁( 9 . 2 ▁per ▁game ), ▁just ▁behind ▁Bry ant ▁Dun ston . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Rose f elt ▁signed ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract ▁extension ▁with ▁B ne i ▁Hash aron . ▁ ▁On ▁June |
▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Rose f elt ▁signed ▁a ▁two - year ▁deal ▁with ▁H ap o el ▁Hol on . ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Rose f elt ▁recorded ▁ 1 3 ▁points ▁and ▁sets ▁an ▁Israeli ▁Premier ▁League ▁single - game ▁record ▁with ▁ 2 6 ▁reb ounds ▁in ▁an ▁ 8 9 - 7 2 ▁win ▁over ▁H ap o el ▁Gil bo a ▁Gal il . ▁On ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Rose f elt ▁was ▁named ▁Israeli ▁League ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁games ▁played ▁in ▁October . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Rose f elt ▁signed ▁with ▁H ap o el ▁Jerusalem ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁season . ▁Rose f let ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Israeli ▁League ▁Cup ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Israeli ▁League ▁Championship ▁with ▁Jerusalem . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Rose f elt ▁signed ▁with ▁H ap o el ▁E il at ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁season . ▁On ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Rose f elt ▁recorded ▁a ▁season - high ▁ 2 2 ▁points , ▁shooting ▁ 1 0 - of - 1 6 ▁from ▁the ▁field , ▁along ▁with ▁ 7 |
▁reb ounds ▁in ▁an ▁ 8 7 – 7 0 ▁win ▁over ▁his ▁former ▁team ▁H ap o el ▁Hol on . ▁Rose f elt ▁helped ▁E il at ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Israeli ▁League ▁Play offs , ▁where ▁they ▁eventually ▁lost ▁to ▁H ap o el ▁Hol on . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Rose f elt ▁signed ▁a ▁one - year ▁deal ▁with ▁M acc abi ▁Ash d od . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Rose f elt ▁signed ▁with ▁H ap o el ▁Ha ifa ▁of ▁the ▁Israeli ▁National ▁League , ▁joining ▁his ▁former ▁head ▁coach ▁El ad ▁Has in . ▁On ▁September ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Rose f elt ▁part ed ▁ways ▁with ▁H ap o el ▁Ha ifa ▁due ▁to ▁personal ▁reasons . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Dom estic ▁Le agues ▁ ▁Source : ▁Basket . co . il ▁& ▁Real GM . com ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Real GM ▁profile ▁Basket . co . il ▁profile ▁Agent ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁France ▁Category : American ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁Israel ▁Category : American ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : American ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁Spain ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁the |
▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area ▁Category : B asket ball ▁players ▁from ▁Minnesota ▁Category : B ne i ▁Ha Sh aron ▁players ▁Category : B ow ling ▁Green ▁Fal cons ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : Cent ers ▁( b asket ball ) ▁Category : H ap o el ▁E il at ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : H ap o el ▁Hol on ▁players ▁Category : H ap o el ▁Jerusalem ▁B . C . ▁players ▁Category : I ron i ▁Ram at ▁G an ▁players ▁Category : Is rael i ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : M acc abi ▁Ash d od ▁B . C . ▁players ▁Category : St . ▁Thomas ▁( M inn esota ) ▁Tom m ies ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Saint ▁Paul , ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁E uth alia ▁am anda , ▁the ▁Sul aw esi ▁g aud y ▁bar on , ▁is ▁butter fly ▁end emic ▁to ▁Sul aw esi , ▁Indonesia . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁William ▁Chap man ▁He w its on ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁ ▁Sub spec ies ▁ ▁E . ▁a . ▁am anda ▁( S ul aw esi , ▁But on ) ▁ ▁E . ▁a . ▁sel ay are ns is ▁T su k ada , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁( S el ay ar ) ▁ ▁E . ▁a . ▁per i ya ▁F ru h st or fer , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁( B |
ang g ai ) ▁ ▁E . ▁a . ▁ir au ana ▁J um al on , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁( Pal aw an ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Butter fl ies ▁of ▁Sout he astern ▁Sul aw esi ▁ ▁am anda ▁Category : But ter fl ies ▁of ▁Indonesia ▁Category : But ter fl ies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁" F uy u ▁no ▁A ma oto ▁/ ▁Night ▁Par ade " ▁is ▁F LOW ' s ▁th ir teenth ▁single . ▁" N ight ▁Par ade " ▁is ▁a ▁collaboration ▁between ▁F LOW ▁and ▁Home ▁Made ▁Kaz oku . ▁The ▁single ▁has ▁two ▁ed itions : ▁regular ▁and ▁limited . ▁The ▁limited ▁edition ▁includes ▁a ▁bonus ▁DVD . ▁It ▁reached ▁# 1 9 ▁on ▁the ▁O ric on ▁charts ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁week ▁and ▁chart ed ▁for ▁ 4 ▁weeks . ▁* ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Bon us ▁DVD ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁singles ▁Category : K i / oon ▁Music ▁singles ▁Category : Flow ▁( band ) ▁songs ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁Th ick ▁as ▁Th ie ves ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁novel ▁by ▁American ▁author ▁Peter ▁Sp ie gel man . ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁the ▁fifth ▁novel ▁by ▁Sp ie gel man ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁through ▁Kn opf . ▁The |
▁story ▁surround s ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁th ie ves ▁following ▁their ▁reluct ant ▁leader ▁Carr ▁as ▁he ▁plans ▁a ▁million - d ollar ▁he ist ▁of ▁a ▁crim inals ▁compound . ▁The ▁novel ▁was ▁well ▁received . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Th ick ▁as ▁Th ie ves ▁follows ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁high - end ▁crim inals ▁and ▁their ▁reluct ant ▁leader ▁Carr . ▁Carr ▁was ▁indu cted ▁as ▁a ▁th ief ▁by ▁the ▁group ' s ▁previous ▁leader , ▁Decl an ▁( aka ▁" De ke ") ▁who ▁died ▁during ▁the ▁get away ▁from ▁their ▁previous ▁job , ▁and ▁feels ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁right ▁person ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁role , ▁despite ▁this ▁having ▁been ▁Decl ans ▁overall ▁intention ▁for ▁him . ▁The ▁group ▁plan ▁to ▁steal ▁millions ▁of ▁dollars ▁from ▁a ▁former ▁hed ge ▁fund ▁manager ▁named ▁Curt is ▁Pr ager , ▁who ▁is ▁now ▁engaging ▁in ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁illegal ▁activity . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁history ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁USA , ▁Kn opf ▁, ▁pub ▁date ▁July ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Hard back ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Dream scape ▁Media ▁, ▁pub ▁date ▁July ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁A udi ob ook ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁UK , ▁Qu erc us ▁, ▁pub ▁date ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Hard back ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁was ▁well ▁received , ▁with ▁review ers ▁pra ising ▁Sp |
ie gel man ' s ▁pro se ▁and ▁ability ▁to ▁create ▁an ▁interesting ▁story ▁using ▁a ▁cl ich éd ▁prem ise . ▁ ▁Tom ▁N olan , ▁for ▁the ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal , ▁stated ▁that ▁" there ' s ▁no ▁de arth ▁of ▁heart - p ound ing , ▁pulse - r acing , ▁stomach - dro pping ▁moments " ▁in ▁the ▁novel . ▁He ▁also ▁praised ▁the ▁pro se , ▁stating ▁that ▁" Mr . ▁Sp ie gel man ▁describes ▁things ▁with ▁fl air ", ▁finding ▁that ▁" Such ▁pro se ▁creates ▁a ▁special ▁tension ▁and ▁pict orial ▁vivid ness , ▁to ▁add ▁to ▁the ▁book ' s ▁intellig ently ▁structured ▁thr iller ▁plot ", ▁concl uding ▁that ▁" read ers ▁may ▁find ▁themselves ▁ling ering ▁over ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁well - w rought ▁phrases ▁before ▁racing ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁exciting ▁page ." ▁Kirk us ▁Reviews ▁also ▁praised ▁Spe ig el mans ▁writing , ▁finding ▁the ▁novel ▁to ▁be ▁" Character - driven ▁with ▁a ▁protagon ist ▁as ▁en ig matic ▁as ▁he ▁is ▁compelling . ▁But ▁what ▁really ▁sets ▁this ▁apart ▁is ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁Sp ie gel man ' s ▁writing "; ▁" it ' s ▁not ▁every ▁day ▁genre ▁pro se ▁gets ▁that ▁kind ▁of ▁pol ish ." ▁Bruce ▁T ier ney , ▁for ▁Book Page , ▁called ▁the ▁story ▁a ▁" gen re - def ining ▁he ist ▁novel ", ▁concl uding ▁that ▁" Th ick ▁as ▁Th ie ves ▁is ▁a ▁super b ly ▁craft ed ▁tale |
, ▁puls ing ▁with ▁tension , ▁twist y ▁as ▁a ▁c ork sc rew ▁and ▁posit ively ▁demanding ▁to ▁be ▁read ▁in ▁one ▁sitting ." ▁Rob ▁Brun ner , ▁for ▁Entertainment ▁Week ly , ▁awarded ▁the ▁novel ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁" B + ", ▁stating ▁that ▁while ▁the ▁novel ▁features ▁" some ▁stock ▁characters ▁and ▁a ▁prem ise ▁as ▁cl ich éd ▁as ▁its ▁title ", ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁" well - construct ed ▁crime ▁thr iller ". ▁Brun ner ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁state ▁that ▁he ▁found ▁the ▁novel ▁to ▁be ▁" a ▁complex , ▁satisfying ▁tale " ▁and ▁praised ▁" Sp ie gel man ' s ▁sharp ▁pro se ▁and ▁de ft ▁plot ting ". ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nom inations ▁The ▁novel ▁was ▁recognised ▁Kirk us ▁Reviews ▁editor ▁El aine ▁Sz ew czy k ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" Best ▁F iction ▁novels ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 ". ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁American ▁novels ▁Category : N ov els ▁by ▁Peter ▁Sp ie gel man <0x0A> </s> ▁ 1 9 0 5 - 0 6 ▁was ▁Eth nik os ' ▁second ▁season ▁of ▁organ ised ▁football , ▁competing ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁Pan hell en ic ▁Championship , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁club ▁came ▁first . ▁ ▁Pan hell en ic ▁Championship ▁ ▁All ▁Mat ches ▁ ▁Squad ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Em pro s ▁New sp aper , ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁issue ▁( Page ▁ 2 , ▁Greek |
) ▁ ▁Em pro s ▁New sp aper , ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁issue ▁( Page ▁ 2 , ▁Greek ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 6 – 0 7 ▁in ▁Greek ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁Rh od ac ar us ▁mark sa e ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁m ite ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Rh od ac ar idae . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ar ach n ids ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Anim als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁V uk ▁V r č ev ić ▁( , ▁R isan , ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁– ▁Dub rov nik , ▁ 1 3 ▁August ▁ 1 8 8 2 ) ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁Mont en egr in ▁Ser b ▁col lector ▁of ▁ly ric ▁poetry ▁and ▁companion ▁of ▁V uk ▁Kar ad ž ić , ▁the ▁fam ed ▁lingu ist ▁and ▁reform er ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁language . ▁He ▁also ▁translated ▁into ▁Ser bian ▁the ▁poet ical ▁work ▁of ▁Piet ro ▁Antonio ▁D omen ico ▁T rap ess i , ▁better ▁known ▁by ▁his ▁pseud onym ▁Met ast as io ▁( 1 6 9 8 – 1 7 8 2 ). ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁V uk ▁V r č ev ić ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁R isan ▁in ▁Bay ▁of ▁Kot or , ▁then ▁under ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁Hab sburg ▁Mon archy , ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 1 |
8 1 1 . ▁His ▁family ▁was ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁origin , ▁and ▁was ▁settled ▁in ▁B oka ▁Kot ors ka ▁from ▁time ▁im mem orial . ▁His ▁parents ▁were ▁in ▁poor ▁circumstances , ▁and ▁he ▁o wed ▁his ▁education ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁per se ver ance . ▁He ▁early ▁developed ▁a ▁gift ▁for ▁languages , ▁becoming ▁familiar ▁not ▁only ▁with ▁Old ▁Sl av onic , ▁Russian ▁and ▁Greek , ▁but ▁also ▁Turkish , ▁Latin , ▁Italian , ▁French ▁and ▁ ▁German ▁( th us ▁master ing ▁all ▁the ▁languages ▁spoken ▁by ▁the ▁foreign ▁inv aders ▁of ▁his ▁Ser bian ▁hom eland ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ). ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁twenty ▁years ▁old ▁V r č ev ić ' s ▁father , ▁a ▁well - res pected ▁cl erk ▁and ▁school te acher ▁who ▁was ▁batt ling ▁tub er cul osis , ▁died ▁suddenly ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁leaving ▁his ▁mother ▁and ▁ 1 3 ▁siblings ▁in ▁his ▁care . ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁they ▁all ▁moved ▁to ▁Bud va , ▁where ▁V r č ev ić ' s ▁first ▁job ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁merchant ' s ▁office ▁as ▁an ▁agent ▁of ▁a ▁trading ▁company , ▁thanks ▁to ▁his ▁uncle ' s ▁connections . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 5 ▁V uk ▁Stefan ović ▁Kar ad ž ić ▁was ▁living ▁in ▁nearby ▁Kot or ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁It ▁was ▁there ▁that ▁V r č ev ić ▁first ▁made ▁an ▁acqu aint ance ▁with |
▁the ▁great ▁man ▁who ▁had ▁already ▁started ▁to ▁reform ▁and ▁standard ize ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁language , ▁and ▁became ▁his ▁lif el ong ▁collabor ator ▁in ▁collecting ▁national ▁folk - s ongs ▁and ▁tales . ▁Together ▁with ▁V uk ▁Pop ović ▁he ▁collected ▁s r bul je ▁in ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁Three ▁V u ks ▁( K ar ad ž ić , ▁Pop ović ▁and ▁V r č ev ić ) ▁with ▁support ▁of ▁Russian ▁scholars ▁collected ▁almost ▁all ▁remaining ▁s r bul je ▁from ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁ ▁Europe ▁had ▁scarc ely ▁found ▁res pite ▁from ▁the ▁campaigns ▁of ▁Napoleon ▁when ▁Kar ad ž ić ▁first ▁reduced ▁Ser bian ▁national ▁poems ▁to ▁writing , ▁res cu ing ▁these ▁pes me ▁from ▁that ▁state ▁of ▁oral ▁tradition ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁had ▁remained ▁for ▁ages . ▁For ▁the ▁next ▁six ▁years ▁V r č ev ić ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁Bud va ▁traders ▁and ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Kar ad ż ić ▁as ▁well . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁civil ▁servant ▁in ▁Bud va ▁and ▁married ▁a ▁girl ▁from ▁Kot or . ▁The ▁revolutionary ▁movement ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁had ▁marked ▁B oka ▁Kot ors ka ▁to ▁a ▁degree . ▁V r č ev ić ▁was ▁oblig ed ▁to ▁quit ▁his ▁post ▁and ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁transl ator ▁at ▁a ▁Kot or ▁trib unal . ▁V re č ev ić ' s ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁man |
▁of ▁letters ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁turned ▁almost ▁by ▁accident ; ▁his ▁fine ▁voice ▁gained ▁him ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁C et in je ▁household ▁of ▁Dan ilo ▁I , ▁Prince ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁and ▁by - and - by , ▁having ▁already ▁some ▁reputation ▁as ▁a ▁Latin ist , ▁he ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁teach ▁Dan ilo , ▁the ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Pet ar ▁II ▁Pet ro vi ć - N j ego š , ▁Italian , ▁then ▁an ▁important ▁language ▁in ▁the ▁Ven et ian - occup ied , ▁Ser bian - spe aking ▁Ad ri atic ▁region . ▁The ▁prince ▁immediately ▁took ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁children ▁under ▁his ▁protection . ▁But ▁this ▁id yl lic ▁situation ▁did ▁not ▁remain ▁for ▁long . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁an ▁Austria ▁invasion ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro ▁became ▁im min ent ▁and ▁V r č ev ić ▁decided ▁to ▁leave ▁C et in je ▁for ▁Z ad ar , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Dal mat ia . ▁Before ▁he ▁left , ▁the ▁prince ▁showed ▁V r č ev ić ▁further ▁favour ▁by ▁best owing ▁on ▁him ▁the ▁habit ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁Independ ence ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro ▁( Order ▁of ▁Prince ▁Dan ilo ▁I ). ▁Upon ▁his ▁arrival ▁at ▁Z ad ar ▁he ▁received ▁an ▁appointment ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁Hall , ▁a ▁cl erk ship ▁that ▁offered ▁more ▁solid ▁prospects , ▁in ▁the ▁Dal mat ian ▁revenue ▁administration . |
▁For ▁the ▁next ▁five ▁years ▁he ▁worked ▁hard ▁and ▁his ▁eyes ight ▁began ▁to ▁fail . ▁Through ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁Aust rian ▁Baron ▁L azar ▁Mam ula ▁( 1 7 9 5 – 1 8 7 8 ), ▁then ▁Governor ▁of ▁Dal mat ia ▁( 1 8 5 0 – 1 8 6 8 ), ▁V r č ev ić ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁appointed ▁Aust rian ▁vice - cons ul ▁at ▁Tre bin je ▁in ▁Herz eg ov ina , ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁volatile ▁regions ▁in ▁Europe . ▁No ▁sooner ▁had ▁he ▁entered ▁on ▁his ▁new ▁duties ▁than ▁his ▁great ▁capacity ▁for ▁ar du ous ▁work ▁was ▁put ▁to ▁a ▁test . ▁Besides ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁V oj vod ina ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁re per cuss ions ▁from ▁the ▁Mag y ars , ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁dev ote ▁much ▁attention , ▁the ▁Herz eg ov inian ▁ins ur rection , ▁led ▁by ▁Lu ka ▁V uk al ović ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁had ▁broken - out ▁once ▁again ▁( 1 8 6 1 – 1 8 6 2 ), ▁and ▁V r č ev ić ▁could ▁per ceive ▁from ▁secret ▁official ▁dis pat ches ▁and ▁from ▁his ▁own ▁personal ▁contacts ▁that ▁the ▁incident ▁was ▁bound ▁to ▁have ▁far - re aching ▁ram ifications ▁sooner ▁or ▁later . ▁V r č ev ić ▁passed ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁vice - cons ular ▁office ▁in ▁Tre bin je . |
▁He ▁died ▁at ▁Dub rov nik ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁August ▁ 1 8 8 2 . ▁▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁hon oured ▁with ▁special ▁recognition ▁from ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁Lear ned ▁Society ▁( ind u cted ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 8 6 8 ), ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁particular ▁favourite ▁of ▁Milan ▁I ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Nicholas ▁I ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁who ▁made ▁him ▁histor i ographer ▁royal . ▁ ▁Work ▁and ▁legacy ▁ ▁V r č ev ić ▁began ▁his ▁literary ▁career ▁by ▁publishing ▁transl ations ▁from ▁the ▁poet ic ▁work ▁of ▁Italian ▁poet ▁Piet ro ▁Antonio ▁D omen ico ▁T rap ass i , ▁better ▁known ▁by ▁his ▁pseud onym ▁Met ast as io ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 . ▁In ▁Mont en eg ro ▁he ▁wrote ▁Mor al no ▁z ab av ne ▁i ▁sal j ivo ▁pou č no ▁z agon et ke . ▁Asc ension ▁songs ▁( Sp as ov ske ▁pes me ) ▁disappeared ▁quite ▁early . ▁V uk ▁V r č ev ić ▁managed ▁to ▁record ▁the ▁surviving ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁tradition ▁while ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro ▁( B ud va ) ▁and ▁sent ▁them ▁to ▁V uk ▁Kar ad ž ić , ▁who ▁included ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁already ▁completed ▁text ▁of ▁his ▁first ▁volume ▁of ▁folk ▁songs ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁their ▁aesthetic ▁quality ▁and ▁unique ▁character . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁comic ▁tales ▁were ▁neg lected ▁for ▁the ▁sole ▁reason ▁that ▁such ▁tales ▁did |
▁not ▁enhance ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁myth ological ▁subjects , ▁and ▁often ▁referred ▁as ▁refuse ▁of ▁golden ▁tradition . ▁With ▁V r č ev ić , ▁however , ▁an ▁exception ▁was ▁made . ▁He ▁supplied ▁the ▁first ▁classification ▁of ▁comic ▁tales . ▁ ▁In ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁V r č ev ić ▁came ▁in ▁touch ▁with ▁the ▁Ser b ▁Mos lem ▁folk ▁at ▁Tre bin je ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 . ▁( After ▁the ▁Tur ks ▁over ran ▁the ▁Ser b ▁lands , ▁namely ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁and ▁Bos nia ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁the ▁people ▁found ▁it ▁to ▁their ▁temporal ▁advantage ▁to ▁become ▁Mos le ms ). ▁V r č ev ić ▁wrote ▁to ▁V uk ▁Kar ad ž ić ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁heard ▁of ▁St ol ac ▁a ▁place ▁which ▁exc els ▁in ▁" Tur ks ▁who ▁are ▁most ▁skilled ▁in ▁singing ▁folk ▁songs ▁in ▁Herz eg ov ina , ▁but ▁I ▁do ▁not ▁know ▁how ▁to ▁bring ▁one ▁to ▁Tre bin je , ▁or ▁how ▁to ▁get ▁there ▁myself ▁both ▁things ▁being ▁equally ▁hard ." ▁With ▁an ▁almost ▁modern ▁real ism ▁V r č ev ić ▁reprodu ced ▁the ▁mot ley ▁world ▁of ▁the ▁old , ▁oral ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁g us l ars , ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁not ▁losing ▁sight ▁of ▁their ▁literary ▁value . ▁After ▁all , ▁they ▁came ▁to ▁express ▁the ▁deep ▁heart ▁of ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁nation , ▁through ▁centuries ▁of ▁temp est ▁and ▁travail . ▁In ▁ |
1 8 6 6 ▁in ▁Tre bin je , ▁Herz eg ov ina , ▁he ▁wrote ▁Sr ps ke ▁Nar od ne ▁P es me ▁u ▁Herz eg ov ini ▁( Ser bian ▁National ▁Po ems ) ▁and ▁Tu ž bal ice ▁( L aments ). ▁Two ▁books ▁of ▁his ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁by ▁the ▁Sr ps ko ▁nau č no ▁dru št vo ▁( Ser bian ▁Lear ned ▁Society ) ▁in ▁Bel grade : ▁Sr ps ke ▁nar od ne ▁pri p ov et ke , ▁k rat ke ▁i ▁š al j ive ▁( Ser bian ▁Fol k ▁T ales , ▁Short ▁and ▁Hum orous ) ▁and ▁Nar od ne ▁ig re ▁( National ▁D ances ). ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁two ▁more ▁books ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁Bel grade ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁society : ▁J una č ke ▁pes me ▁( H ero ic ▁Po ems ), ▁and ▁Nar od ne ▁pos lov ice ▁( National ▁Pro ver bs ). ▁He ▁published ▁in ▁Bel grade ▁many ▁Ser bian ▁transl ations ▁of ▁foreign ▁works , ▁but ▁his ▁chief ▁glory ▁was ▁the ▁collection ▁of ▁national ▁songs ▁which ▁he ▁sent ▁to ▁V uk ▁Kar ad ž ić ▁for ▁publication ▁in ▁Vienna . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁J ovan ▁Sk er li ć , ▁Ist or ije ▁nove ▁s r ps ke ▁kn i ž ev nosti ▁( Bel grade , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ), ▁pages ▁ 2 3 9 – 2 7 |
5 ▁ ▁H rv at ska ▁Lip a ▁Magazine , ▁Vol . ▁I , ▁No . ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁pages ▁ 2 2 8 ▁and ▁ 2 3 3 . ▁ ▁Ми ли ће ви ћ , ▁Ми лан ▁ Ђ . ▁( 1 8 8 8 ). ▁По ме ник ▁зна мени ти х ▁ љу ди ▁у ▁с р п ско г ▁на ро да ▁но ви је га ▁до ба . ▁ ▁Га ври ло ви ћ , ▁Анд ра ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁З на мени ти ▁С р би ▁XIX ▁ви је ка . ▁Бе о град : ▁На у чна ▁К М Д . ▁ ▁Category : Ser bian ▁writers ▁Category : Bay ▁of ▁Kot or ▁Category : 1 8 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : L ingu ists ▁from ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁C ere zo ▁Os aka ▁season ▁ ▁Compet itions ▁ ▁Dom estic ▁results ▁ ▁J . ▁League ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Emperor ' s ▁Cup ▁ ▁Player ▁statistics ▁ ▁Other ▁pages ▁ ▁J . ▁League ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁C ere zo ▁Os aka ▁Category : C ere zo ▁Os aka ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁P ann ella ▁List ▁( , ▁LP ) ▁is ▁a ▁liberal ▁and ▁libert arian ▁association , ▁which ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁elect oral ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁Rad icals ▁between ▁ |
1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Bon ino ▁List . ▁ ▁Its ▁standard - bear er ▁was ▁Marco ▁P ann ella ▁( who ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ), ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁main ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Rad ical ▁Party ▁( PR ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁and ▁later ▁of ▁the ▁Trans n ational ▁Rad ical ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁Rad icals . ▁The ▁List ▁still ▁functions ▁as ▁an ▁association ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Rad ical ▁assets , ▁notably ▁including ▁the ▁party ' s ▁headquarters ▁and ▁Radio ▁Rad ical e . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁the ▁PR ▁was ▁transformed ▁into ▁the ▁Trans n ational ▁Rad ical ▁Party , ▁an ▁N GO ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁UN - level ▁and ▁coord inating ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁several ▁national ▁parties ▁and ▁group ings ▁mainly ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁human ▁rights . ▁Individual ▁Rad icals , ▁who ▁always ▁had ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁" double ▁membership " ▁( i . e . ▁being ▁members ▁of ▁another ▁party ), ▁joined ▁different ▁parties , ▁while ▁remaining ▁committed ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁PR / PR T . ▁In ▁that ▁year ' s ▁European ▁Parliament ▁election , ▁P ann ella ▁ran ▁in ▁the ▁Liberal – Rep ublic an ▁joint ▁list , ▁Marco ▁Tar ad ash ▁launched ▁the ▁" Ant i - pro hib ition ▁List ▁on ▁Dru gs ", ▁several ▁joined ▁the ▁Rain bow ▁Gre ens ▁( |
Fr ances co ▁R ut elli , ▁Ad ela ide ▁Ag li etta , ▁etc .), ▁and ▁Giovanni ▁Neg ri ▁was ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁Italian ▁Democratic ▁Social ist ▁Party . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁run - up ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁general ▁election ▁the ▁Rain bow ▁Gre ens ▁joined ▁forces ▁with ▁the ▁Federation ▁of ▁Green ▁L ists ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁full - f led ged ▁party ▁named ▁Federation ▁of ▁the ▁Gre ens , ▁and ▁other ▁Rad icals ▁( M arc ello ▁P era , ▁Mass imo ▁Te od ori , ▁etc .) ▁launched ▁the ▁" Yes ▁Refer end um " ▁list , ▁while ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁PR ▁joined ▁P ann ella ▁and ▁organ ised ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁P ann ella ▁Club s ' ▁Movement ▁( which ▁would ▁field ▁lists ▁for ▁Italian ▁elections ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 9 ). ▁In ▁the ▁election ▁the ▁LP ▁won ▁ 1 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote , ▁while ▁Yes ▁Refer end um ▁stopped ▁at ▁ 0 . 8 % ▁and ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁Federation ▁of ▁the ▁Gre ens ▁ 2 . 8 %. ▁ ▁The ▁PR ▁had ▁histor ically ▁been ▁considered ▁a ▁left - li bert arian ▁party ▁and ▁often ▁proposed ▁itself ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁Italian ▁political ▁establishment , ▁thus , ▁when ▁Sil v io ▁Ber l us con i ▁entered ▁the ▁political ▁arena ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁P ann ella ▁decided ▁to ▁form ▁an ▁alliance ▁with ▁him |
▁in ▁order ▁to ▁start ▁an ▁( econom ically ) ▁" li ber al ▁revolution ", ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁conservative ▁and ▁statist ▁political ▁establishment . ▁The ▁LP ' s ▁alliance ▁with ▁Ber l us con i ' s ▁For za ▁Italia ▁( FI ) ▁was , ▁however , ▁controversial ▁and ▁temporary . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁general ▁election ▁the ▁LP ▁won ▁ 3 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁( des pite ▁not ▁being ▁present ▁in ▁some ▁key ▁regions ), ▁below ▁the ▁required ▁threshold , ▁but ▁still ▁had ▁six ▁deput ies ▁elected ▁from ▁FI ▁lists , ▁plus ▁two ▁sen ators . ▁The ▁Rad icals ▁were ▁not ▁involved ▁in ▁Ber l us con i ' s ▁first ▁government ▁( 1 9 9 4 – 1 9 9 9 ), ▁but ▁the ▁elected ▁Rad ical ▁deput ies ▁and ▁sen ators ▁sat ▁with ▁FI ▁and ▁Emma ▁Bon ino , ▁the ▁Rad icals ' ▁number ▁two , ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁Commission . ▁The ▁twisted ▁relationship ▁between ▁P ann ella ▁and ▁Ber l us con i , ▁whose ▁allies ▁included ▁soc ially ▁conservative ▁parties ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁Rad icals ▁( not ably ▁including ▁National ▁Alliance ), ▁soon ▁ended . ▁Following ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁European ▁Parliament ▁election , ▁the ▁two ▁Rad ical ▁M EP s ▁formed ▁the ▁European ▁Rad ical ▁Alliance ▁group ▁with ▁M EP s ▁from ▁the ▁French ▁Rad ical ▁Energy ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Free ▁Alliance ' s ▁regional ist ▁member ▁parties . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁ |
1 9 9 6 ▁general ▁election ▁P ann ella ▁team ed ▁up ▁with ▁V itt orio ▁S gar bi . ▁In ▁the ▁election , ▁during ▁which ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁protest ▁and ▁libert arian ▁votes ▁were ▁attracted ▁by ▁L ega ▁Nord , ▁the ▁P ann ella – S gar bi ▁List ▁won ▁a ▁mere ▁ 1 . 9 %, ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁only ▁a ▁sen ator , ▁Piet ro ▁Mil io . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁run - up ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁European ▁Parliament ▁election , ▁the ▁LP ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Bon ino ▁List . ▁The ▁new ▁list ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Bon ino ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁popularity ▁that ▁the ▁European ▁Commission er ▁had ▁acquired ▁during ▁her ▁term ▁( 1 9 9 5 – 1 9 9 9 ) ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁" Em ma ▁for ▁President " ▁campaign . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁the ▁LP ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁Italian ▁Rad icals ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁Rad ical ▁political ▁outfit ▁in ▁Italy . ▁After ▁that , ▁the ▁List ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁active ▁only ▁as ▁an ▁association ▁spons oring ▁Rad ical ▁campaigns ▁( including ▁Bon ino ▁List ' s ▁elect oral ▁campaigns ) ▁and ▁managing ▁Rad ical ▁assets , ▁notably ▁including ▁the ▁PR / PR T ' s ▁headquarters ▁and ▁Radio ▁Rad ical e , ▁the ▁party ' s ▁FM ▁radio . ▁ ▁After ▁P ann ella ' s ▁death ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Maur izio ▁Tur co ▁and ▁Laura ▁Ar cont |
i ▁were ▁elected ▁president ▁and ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁association , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁E lector al ▁results ▁ ▁Italian ▁Parliament ▁ ▁European ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Lead ership ▁President : ▁Marco ▁P ann ella ▁( 1 9 9 2 – 2 0 1 6 ), ▁Maur izio ▁Tur co ▁( 2 0 1 6 – present ) ▁Secretary : ▁Maur izio ▁Tur co ▁( 1 9 9 2 – 1 9 9 5 ), ▁Dan ilo ▁Qu into ▁( 1 9 9 5 – 2 0 0 5 ), ▁Maur izio ▁Tur co ▁( 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 1 6 ), ▁Laura ▁Ar cont i ▁( 2 0 1 6 – present ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L iber al ▁parties ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Rad ical ▁parties ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : F ederal ist ▁parties ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : L iber t arian ism ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : L iber t arian ▁parties <0x0A> </s> ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁English ▁football ▁season , ▁She ff ield ▁United ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁Championship . ▁ ▁Season ▁summary ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁season ▁was ▁She ff ield ▁United ' s ▁tw elf th ▁straight ▁season ▁at ▁the ▁second ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁football ▁py ram id ▁– ▁a ▁period ▁longer ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁team ▁currently ▁in ▁the ▁Championship , ▁and ▁their ▁longest ▁spell ▁in ▁any ▁Division ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁ ▁After ▁beating ▁Card iff ▁City |
▁ 1 – 0 ▁on ▁Good ▁Friday ▁and ▁never ▁being ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁two ▁places ▁all ▁season , ▁the ▁Bl ades ▁required ▁only ▁one ▁point ▁from ▁their ▁final ▁three ▁games ▁to ▁secure ▁their ▁promotion . ▁A ▁day ▁later , ▁however , ▁Le eds ▁United ▁failed ▁to ▁beat ▁Reading ▁at ▁Ell and ▁Road , ▁which ▁saw ▁She ff ield ▁United ▁promoted ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Prem iers hip ▁after ▁many ▁disappoint ments ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁few ▁seasons . ▁ ▁Kit ▁United ' s ▁kit ▁was ▁manufactured ▁by ▁French ▁company ▁Le ▁Co q ▁Sport if ▁and ▁sponsored ▁by ▁H FS ▁Lo ans . ▁ ▁Players ▁ ▁First - team ▁squad ▁Squad ▁at ▁end ▁of ▁season ▁ ▁Left ▁club ▁during ▁season ▁ ▁} ▁ ▁Reserve ▁squad ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁for ▁the ▁first - team ▁this ▁season . ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁In ▁ ▁Summer ▁ ▁Winter ▁ ▁Final ▁league ▁table ▁ ▁Results ▁She ff ield ▁United ' s ▁score ▁comes ▁first ▁ ▁Legend ▁ ▁Football ▁League ▁Championship ▁ ▁FA ▁Cup ▁ ▁League ▁Cup ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁She ff ield ▁United ▁ 2 0 0 5 - 0 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁M uj ib ul ▁Hu q ▁was ▁a ▁Bangl adesh ▁civil ▁servant ▁and ▁recipient ▁of ▁the ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁Award ▁of ▁Bangl adesh . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Hu q ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ban ar ip ara , ▁Bar is al . ▁He ▁studied ▁in ▁D h aka ▁University ▁and ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Language ▁Movement ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 |
2 . ▁He ▁taught ▁in ▁University ▁of ▁D h aka ▁for ▁a ▁while . ▁ ▁Career ▁Hu q ▁joined ▁the ▁Pakistan ▁civil ▁service ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁After ▁the ▁Independ ence ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁secretary ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁minist ries ▁including ▁the ▁defense ▁ministry . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Pay ▁Commission . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁as ▁the ▁cabinet ▁secretary . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁At ish d ip ank ar ▁Gold ▁Medal . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁Award . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Nag or ik ▁Committee ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Death ▁Hu q ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Bar is al ▁District ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁D h aka ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁D h aka ▁faculty <0x0A> </s> ▁D ys ch ir ius ▁as se ga a icus ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ground ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁sub family ▁Scar it ina e . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Fed oren ko ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : D ys ch ir ius ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 |
0 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Filip po ▁B ub b ico ▁( born ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁politician ▁and ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁Bas il ic ata ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁with ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁architecture ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁at ▁the ▁S ap ien za ▁University ▁in ▁Rome , ▁B ub b ico ▁joined ▁the ▁Italian ▁Communist ▁Party , ▁with ▁which ▁he ▁held ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁mayor ▁of ▁his ▁hom et own ▁Mont esc ag li oso ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁B ub b ico ▁entered ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Regional ▁Council ▁of ▁Bas il ic ata ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁he ▁became ▁provincial ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁Communist ▁Party ▁in ▁M ater a . ▁He ▁later ▁joined ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁of ▁the ▁Left ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁Democrats ▁of ▁the ▁Left . ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁Bas il ic ata ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁regional ▁elections ▁in ▁Bas il ic ata ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁B ub b ico ▁candidates ▁for ▁the ▁Pres id ency ▁of ▁Bas il ic ata ▁at ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁a ▁centre - left ▁coalition ▁of ▁The ▁Ol ive ▁Tree . ▁B ub b ico ▁was ▁elected ▁President ▁with ▁ 6 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁votes . ▁He ▁remained ▁in ▁office ▁until |
▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁V ito ▁De ▁Filip po . ▁ ▁Senator , ▁Under secret ary ▁and ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁general ▁election , ▁B ub b ico ▁is ▁elected ▁Senator , ▁supported ▁by ▁The ▁Union ▁coalition , ▁leaving ▁the ▁office ▁once ▁he ▁is ▁appointed ▁Under secret ary ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Economic ▁Development , ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁Pier ▁Lu igi ▁B ers ani , ▁in ▁the ▁Pro di ▁II ▁Cab inet . ▁ ▁B ub b ico ▁is ▁re - e lected ▁Senator ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁election ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁election ▁with ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party . ▁From ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁B ub b ico ▁has ▁been ▁appointed ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁the ▁Interior ▁in ▁the ▁Let ta , ▁Ren zi ▁and ▁Gent ilon i ▁cabin ets . ▁ ▁B ub b ico ▁ran ▁for ▁a ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Dep ut ies ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁election ▁with ▁Free ▁and ▁Equ al , ▁but ▁failed ▁the ▁election . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Files ▁about ▁his ▁parliament ary ▁activities ▁( in ▁Italian ): ▁XV , ▁XVI , ▁XVII ▁legisl ature . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : It al ian ▁Communist ▁Party ▁politicians ▁Category : Art icle ▁One ▁( polit ical ▁party |
) ▁politicians ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Party ▁( It aly ) ▁politicians ▁Category : Dem ocr ats ▁of ▁the ▁Left ▁politicians ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Party ▁of ▁the ▁Left ▁politicians ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁Bas il ic ata ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Italian ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁U ch ur acc ay ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Per uv ian ▁province ▁of ▁Hu anta , ▁Ay ac uch o ▁Region . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁metres ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁The ▁population ▁as ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁was ▁ 4 7 0 ▁inhabitants . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁eight ▁Per uv ian ▁journalists ▁were ▁murdered ▁in ▁U ch ur acc ay , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁presidential ▁commission ▁headed ▁by ▁Mario ▁V arg as ▁L l osa ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁facts ▁of ▁the ▁case . ▁U ch ur acc ay ▁community ▁members ▁( com un eros ) ▁were ▁put ▁on ▁trial ▁for ▁the ▁mur ders . ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁desert ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Per uv ian ▁government ' s ▁struggle ▁against ▁Send ero ▁L um inos o , ▁but ▁some ▁families ▁eventually ▁returned . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Final ▁report ▁by ▁the ▁Com isión ▁de ▁la ▁Ver d ad ▁( Tr uth ▁commission ) ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Ay ac uch o ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁Tor i ▁Kelly ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁singer , |
▁song writer , ▁record ▁producer ▁and ▁actress ▁who ▁slowly ▁gained ▁recognition ▁after ▁starting ▁to ▁post ▁videos ▁on ▁YouTube ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 4 . ▁When ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 6 , ▁Kelly ▁aud ition ed ▁for ▁the ▁singing ▁competition ▁television ▁series ▁American ▁Id ol . ▁After ▁being ▁eliminated ▁from ▁the ▁show , ▁Kelly ▁began ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁her ▁own ▁music . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁she ▁independently ▁released ▁her ▁first ▁EP ▁that ▁she ▁produced , ▁wrote , ▁and ▁mixed ▁herself , ▁titled ▁Hand made ▁Songs ▁By ▁Tor i ▁Kelly . ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁S co oter ▁Bra un ▁became ▁her ▁manager ▁after ▁seeing ▁her ▁videos ▁on ▁YouTube ▁and ▁introduced ▁her ▁to ▁Cap itol ▁Records , ▁with ▁whom ▁she ▁signed ▁in ▁September . ▁Kelly ' s ▁second ▁EP ▁Fore word ▁came ▁out ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁her ▁first ▁major ▁label ▁release . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Kelly ' s ▁debut ▁album , ▁Un break able ▁Sm ile , ▁was ▁released . ▁The ▁lead ▁single , ▁" N ob ody ▁Love ", ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁and ▁became ▁her ▁first ▁US ▁ ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁appearance . ▁Kelly ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁Best ▁New ▁Artist ▁at ▁the ▁ 5 8 th ▁Gram my ▁Awards . ▁She ▁vo iced ▁a ▁shy ▁teen age ▁ele phant ▁named ▁Me ena ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁movie , ▁Sing . ▁ ▁Her ▁second ▁studio ▁album |
▁H iding ▁Place ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 3 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁ 2 0 0 ▁chart ▁and ▁received ▁two ▁Gram my ▁Awards , ▁for ▁Best ▁G ospel ▁Album ▁and ▁Best ▁G ospel ▁Performance / S ong , ▁respectively . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Kelly ▁released ▁her ▁third ▁studio ▁album ▁Insp ired ▁By ▁True ▁Events . ▁ ▁Re leased ▁songs ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Kelly , ▁Tor i <0x0A> </s> ▁Con us ▁n elson and r ado i ▁( or ▁Afr icon us ▁n elson and r ado i ), ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usc ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Con idae , ▁the ▁cone ▁sn ails , ▁cone ▁shell s ▁or ▁con es . ▁ ▁These ▁sn ails ▁are ▁pre dat ory ▁and ▁ven om ous . ▁They ▁are ▁capable ▁of ▁" st inging " ▁humans . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁marine ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁off ▁Sal ▁Island , ▁the ▁Cape ▁Ver des . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁n elson and r ado i ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁of ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁Category : F a una ▁of ▁Sal , ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Five ▁S enses ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁extended ▁play ▁from ▁South ▁Korean ▁boy ▁band ▁Pent agon . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁December ▁ 7 , ▁ |
2 0 1 6 , ▁by ▁C ube ▁Entertainment . ▁The ▁album ▁consists ▁of ▁five ▁tracks , ▁including ▁the ▁title ▁track , ▁" Can ▁You ▁Feel ▁It ". ▁ ▁Commercial ▁performance ▁The ▁EP ▁sold ▁ 2 2 , 5 8 9 + ▁copies ▁in ▁South ▁Korea . ▁It ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Korean ▁Ga on ▁Chart . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : K - pop ▁EP s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁EP s ▁Category : C ube ▁Entertainment ▁EP s ▁Category : P ent agon ▁( South ▁Korean ▁band ) ▁EP s ▁Category : K ak ao ▁M ▁EP s ▁ ▁Category : K ore an - language ▁albums ▁Category : K ore an - language ▁EP s <0x0A> </s> ▁Data ▁mining , ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁discover ing ▁patterns ▁in ▁large ▁data ▁sets , ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁many ▁applications . ▁ ▁Games ▁Since ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁with ▁the ▁availability ▁of ▁or acles ▁for ▁certain ▁comb inator ial ▁games , ▁also ▁called ▁table b ases ▁( e . g . ▁for ▁ 3 x 3 - che ss ) ▁with ▁any ▁beginning ▁configuration , ▁small - board ▁d ots - and - boxes , ▁small - board - hex , ▁and ▁certain ▁end g ames ▁in ▁che ss , ▁d ots - and - boxes , ▁and ▁hex ; ▁a ▁new ▁area ▁for ▁data ▁mining ▁has ▁been ▁opened . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁extr action ▁of ▁human - |
us able ▁strategies ▁from ▁these ▁or acles . ▁Current ▁pattern ▁recognition ▁approaches ▁do ▁not ▁seem ▁to ▁fully ▁acquire ▁the ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁ab stra ction ▁required ▁to ▁be ▁applied ▁successfully . ▁Instead , ▁extensive ▁experiment ation ▁with ▁the ▁table b ases ▁– ▁combined ▁with ▁an ▁int ensive ▁study ▁of ▁table base - ans w ers ▁to ▁well ▁designed ▁problems , ▁and ▁with ▁knowledge ▁of ▁prior ▁art ▁( i . e ., ▁pre - table base ▁knowledge ) ▁– ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁yield ▁insight ful ▁patterns . ▁Ber le kamp ▁( in ▁d ots - and - boxes , ▁etc .) ▁and ▁John ▁N unn ▁( in ▁che ss ▁end g ames ) ▁are ▁notable ▁examples ▁of ▁researchers ▁doing ▁this ▁work , ▁though ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁– ▁and ▁are ▁not ▁– ▁involved ▁in ▁table base ▁generation . ▁ ▁Business ▁ ▁In ▁business , ▁data ▁mining ▁is ▁the ▁analysis ▁of ▁historical ▁business ▁activities , ▁stored ▁as ▁static ▁data ▁in ▁data ▁warehouse ▁dat abases . ▁The ▁goal ▁is ▁to ▁reveal ▁hidden ▁patterns ▁and ▁trends . ▁Data ▁mining ▁software ▁uses ▁advanced ▁pattern ▁recognition ▁algorithms ▁to ▁s ift ▁through ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁data ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁discover ing ▁previously ▁unknown ▁strategic ▁business ▁information . ▁Examples ▁of ▁what ▁businesses ▁use ▁data ▁mining ▁for ▁is ▁to ▁include ▁performing ▁market ▁analysis ▁to ▁identify ▁new ▁product ▁bund les , ▁finding ▁the ▁root ▁cause ▁of ▁manufacturing ▁problems , ▁to ▁prevent ▁customer ▁attr ition ▁and ▁acquire ▁new ▁customers , ▁cross - selling ▁to ▁existing ▁customers , ▁and ▁prof iling ▁customers ▁with ▁more ▁accuracy . |
▁ ▁In ▁today ' s ▁world ▁raw ▁data ▁is ▁being ▁collected ▁by ▁companies ▁at ▁an ▁expl oding ▁rate . ▁For ▁example , ▁Wal mart ▁processes ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁point - of - s ale ▁transactions ▁every ▁day . ▁This ▁information ▁is ▁stored ▁in ▁a ▁central ized ▁database , ▁but ▁would ▁be ▁useless ▁without ▁some ▁type ▁of ▁data ▁mining ▁software ▁to ▁analyze ▁it . ▁If ▁Wal mart ▁analyzed ▁their ▁point - of - s ale ▁data ▁with ▁data ▁mining ▁techniques ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁determine ▁sales ▁trends , ▁develop ▁marketing ▁campaigns , ▁and ▁more ▁accurately ▁predict ▁customer ▁loyalty . ▁One ▁such ▁example ▁for ▁Wal mart ▁would ▁be ▁that ▁of ▁di apers ▁and ▁beer ▁sales , ▁discovered ▁through ▁data ▁mining . ▁ ▁C ategor ization ▁of ▁the ▁items ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁e - commerce ▁site ▁is ▁a ▁fundamental ▁problem . ▁A ▁correct ▁item ▁categor ization ▁system ▁is ▁essential ▁for ▁user ▁experience ▁as ▁it ▁helps ▁determine ▁the ▁items ▁relevant ▁to ▁him ▁for ▁search ▁and ▁brows ing . ▁ ▁Item ▁categor ization ▁can ▁be ▁form ulated ▁as ▁a ▁super vised ▁classification ▁problem ▁in ▁data ▁mining ▁where ▁the ▁categories ▁are ▁the ▁target ▁classes ▁and ▁the ▁features ▁are ▁the ▁words ▁compos ing ▁some ▁text ual ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁items . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁approaches ▁is ▁to ▁find ▁groups ▁initially ▁which ▁are ▁similar ▁and ▁place ▁them ▁together ▁in ▁a ▁lat ent ▁group . ▁ ▁Now ▁given ▁a ▁new ▁item , ▁first ▁class ify ▁into ▁a ▁lat ent ▁group ▁which ▁is ▁called ▁co arse ▁level ▁classification . ▁Then |
, ▁do ▁a ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁classification ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁category ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁item ▁belongs ▁to . ▁ ▁Every ▁time ▁a ▁credit ▁card ▁or ▁a ▁store ▁loyalty ▁card ▁is ▁being ▁used , ▁or ▁a ▁warranty ▁card ▁is ▁being ▁filled , ▁data ▁is ▁being ▁collected ▁about ▁the ▁user ' s ▁behavior . ▁Many ▁people ▁find ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁information ▁stored ▁about ▁us ▁from ▁companies , ▁such ▁as ▁Google , ▁Facebook , ▁and ▁Amazon , ▁disturb ing ▁and ▁are ▁concerned ▁about ▁privacy . ▁Although ▁there ▁is ▁the ▁potential ▁for ▁our ▁personal ▁data ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁harmful , ▁or ▁unw anted , ▁ways ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁being ▁used ▁to ▁make ▁our ▁lives ▁better . ▁For ▁example , ▁Ford ▁and ▁A udi ▁hope ▁to ▁one ▁day ▁collect ▁information ▁about ▁customer ▁driving ▁patterns ▁so ▁they ▁can ▁recommend ▁safer ▁routes ▁and ▁warn ▁drivers ▁about ▁dangerous ▁road ▁conditions . ▁ ▁Data ▁mining ▁in ▁customer ▁relationship ▁management ▁applications ▁can ▁contribute ▁significantly ▁to ▁the ▁bottom ▁line . ▁Rather ▁than ▁randomly ▁contact ing ▁a ▁prospect ▁or ▁customer ▁through ▁a ▁call ▁center ▁or ▁sending ▁mail , ▁a ▁company ▁can ▁concentrate ▁its ▁efforts ▁on ▁prospects ▁that ▁are ▁predicted ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁high ▁likelihood ▁of ▁responding ▁to ▁an ▁offer . ▁More ▁sophisticated ▁methods ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁optim ize ▁resources ▁across ▁campaigns ▁so ▁that ▁one ▁may ▁predict ▁to ▁which ▁channel ▁and ▁to ▁which ▁offer ▁an ▁individual ▁is ▁most ▁likely ▁to ▁respond ▁( ac ross ▁all ▁potential ▁offers ). ▁Additionally , ▁sophisticated ▁applications ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁autom ate ▁mail ing . ▁Once ▁the ▁results |
▁from ▁data ▁mining ▁( pot ential ▁prospect / customer ▁and ▁channel / off er ) ▁are ▁determined , ▁this ▁" s oph istic ated ▁application " ▁can ▁either ▁automatically ▁send ▁an ▁e - mail ▁or ▁a ▁regular ▁mail . ▁Finally , ▁in ▁cases ▁where ▁many ▁people ▁will ▁take ▁an ▁action ▁without ▁an ▁offer , ▁" u pl ift ▁modeling " ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁people ▁have ▁the ▁greatest ▁increase ▁in ▁response ▁if ▁given ▁an ▁offer . ▁U pl ift ▁modeling ▁thereby ▁enables ▁mark eters ▁to ▁focus ▁mail ings ▁and ▁offers ▁on ▁persu ad able ▁people , ▁and ▁not ▁to ▁send ▁offers ▁to ▁people ▁who ▁will ▁buy ▁the ▁product ▁without ▁an ▁offer . ▁Data ▁cl ust ering ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁automatically ▁discover ▁the ▁segments ▁or ▁groups ▁within ▁a ▁customer ▁data ▁set . ▁ ▁Business es ▁employ ing ▁data ▁mining ▁may ▁see ▁a ▁return ▁on ▁investment , ▁but ▁also ▁they ▁recognize ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁predict ive ▁models ▁can ▁quickly ▁become ▁very ▁large . ▁For ▁example , ▁rather ▁than ▁using ▁one ▁model ▁to ▁predict ▁how ▁many ▁customers ▁will ▁ch urn , ▁a ▁business ▁may ▁choose ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁separate ▁model ▁for ▁each ▁region ▁and ▁customer ▁type . ▁In ▁situations ▁where ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁models ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁maintained , ▁some ▁businesses ▁turn ▁to ▁more ▁automated ▁data ▁mining ▁method ologies . ▁ ▁Data ▁mining ▁can ▁be ▁helpful ▁to ▁human ▁resources ▁( HR ) ▁departments ▁in ▁identifying ▁the ▁characteristics ▁of ▁their ▁most ▁successful ▁employees . ▁Information ▁obtained ▁– ▁such ▁as ▁universities ▁attended |
Subsets and Splits