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▁"[ r ] e port edly ▁[...] ▁never ▁read ▁newspapers " ▁( an ▁assessment ▁shared ▁by ▁Sor in ▁Alexand res cu ). ▁Eli ade ' s ▁student ▁Io an ▁Pet ru ▁C ul ian u ▁noted ▁that ▁journalists ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁scholar ▁as ▁" the ▁great ▁re cl use ". ▁Despite ▁Eli ade ' s ▁withdrawal ▁from ▁radical ▁politics , ▁Ell wood ▁indicates , ▁he ▁still ▁remained ▁concerned ▁with ▁Rom ania ' s ▁welfare . ▁He ▁saw ▁himself ▁and ▁other ▁ex iled ▁Roman ian ▁intellect uals ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁a ▁circle ▁who ▁worked ▁to ▁" m aint ain ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁a ▁free ▁Rom ania ▁and , ▁above ▁all , ▁to ▁publish ▁texts ▁that ▁had ▁become ▁un publish able ▁in ▁Rom ania ▁itself ". ▁ ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁Eli ade ' s ▁past ▁became ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁public ▁debate ▁in ▁Israel . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁historian ▁G ers hom ▁Sch ole m ▁asked ▁Eli ade ▁to ▁explain ▁his ▁attitudes , ▁which ▁the ▁latter ▁did ▁using ▁vague ▁terms . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁this ▁exchange , ▁Sch ole m ▁declared ▁his ▁diss atisf action , ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁Israel ▁could ▁not ▁extend ▁a ▁welcome ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁academic . ▁During ▁the ▁final ▁years ▁of ▁Eli ade ' s ▁life , ▁his ▁disc iple ▁C ul ian u ▁exposed ▁and ▁publicly ▁critic ized ▁his ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁pro - I ron ▁Guard ▁activities ; ▁relations ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁sou |
red ▁as ▁a ▁result . ▁Eli ade ' s ▁other ▁Roman ian ▁disc iple , ▁And rei ▁O i ş te an u , ▁noted ▁that , ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁following ▁Eli ade ' s ▁death , ▁conversations ▁with ▁various ▁people ▁who ▁had ▁known ▁the ▁scholar ▁had ▁made ▁C ul ian u ▁less ▁certain ▁of ▁his ▁earlier ▁st ances , ▁and ▁had ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁declare : ▁" Mr . ▁Eli ade ▁was ▁never ▁ant is emit ic , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard , ▁or ▁pro - N azi . ▁But , ▁in ▁any ▁case , ▁I ▁am ▁led ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ▁than ▁I ▁would ▁have ▁liked ▁to ▁believe ." ▁ ▁At ▁an ▁early ▁stage ▁of ▁his ▁pole mic ▁with ▁C ul ian u , ▁Eli ade ▁complained ▁in ▁writing ▁that ▁" it ▁is ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁write ▁an ▁objective ▁history " ▁of ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ▁and ▁its ▁leader ▁Corn el iu ▁Z ele a ▁C od re an u . ▁Ar gu ing ▁that ▁people ▁" w ould ▁only ▁accept ▁apolog etics ▁[...] ▁or ▁execut ions ", ▁he ▁cont ended : ▁" After ▁Buc hen wald ▁and ▁Aus ch w itz , ▁even ▁honest ▁people ▁cannot ▁afford ▁being ▁objective ". ▁ ▁Post er ity ▁Along side ▁the ▁arguments ▁introduced ▁by ▁Daniel ▁Dub u isson , ▁criticism ▁of ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ' s ▁political ▁involvement ▁with ▁ant is emit ism ▁and ▁fasc ism ▁came ▁from ▁Ad ri ana ▁Ber ger , ▁Leon |
▁Vol ov ici , ▁Alex andra ▁L agn iel - L av ast ine , ▁Flor in ▁ Ț ur can u ▁and ▁others , ▁who ▁have ▁attempted ▁to ▁trace ▁Eli ade ' s ▁ant is emit ism ▁throughout ▁his ▁work ▁and ▁through ▁his ▁associations ▁with ▁contemporary ▁ant is em ites , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Italian ▁fasc ist ▁occ ult ist ▁Jul ius ▁E vol a . ▁Vol ov ici , ▁for ▁example , ▁is ▁critical ▁of ▁Eli ade ▁not ▁only ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard , ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁spreading ▁ant is emit ism ▁and ▁anti - M ason ry ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁Rom ania . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ex iled ▁novel ist ▁Norman ▁M ane a ▁published ▁an ▁essay ▁firmly ▁condem ning ▁Eli ade ' s ▁attachment ▁to ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard . ▁ ▁Other ▁scholars , ▁like ▁Bryan ▁S . ▁R enn ie , ▁have ▁claimed ▁that ▁there ▁is , ▁to ▁date , ▁no ▁evidence ▁of ▁Eli ade ' s ▁membership , ▁active ▁services ▁rendered , ▁or ▁of ▁any ▁real ▁involvement ▁with ▁any ▁fasc ist ▁or ▁total itarian ▁movements ▁or ▁membership ▁organizations , ▁nor ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁any ▁evidence ▁of ▁his ▁continued ▁support ▁for ▁national ist ▁ide als ▁after ▁their ▁inher ently ▁violent ▁nature ▁was ▁revealed . ▁They ▁further ▁assert ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁im print ▁of ▁over t ▁political ▁beliefs ▁in ▁Eli ade ' s ▁scholarship , ▁and ▁also ▁claim ▁that ▁Eli ade ' s ▁critics ▁are ▁following ▁political |
▁ag end as . B ry an ▁S . ▁R enn ie , ▁Re construct ing ▁Eli ade : ▁Making ▁S ense ▁of ▁Relig ion , ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Press , ▁Alb any , ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁p . 1 4 9 – 1 7 7 . ▁ ▁Roman ian ▁scholar ▁Mir ce a ▁Hand oca , ▁editor ▁of ▁Eli ade ' s ▁writ ings , ▁arg ues ▁that ▁the ▁controversy ▁surrounding ▁Eli ade ▁was ▁encouraged ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ex iled ▁writers , ▁of ▁whom ▁M ane a ▁was ▁a ▁main ▁representative , ▁and ▁believes ▁that ▁Eli ade ' s ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁Guard ▁was ▁a ▁con ject ural ▁one , ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁young ▁author ' s ▁Christian ▁values ▁and ▁conservative ▁stance , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁by ▁his ▁belief ▁that ▁a ▁Leg ion ary ▁Rom ania ▁could ▁mirror ▁Portugal ' s ▁Estado ▁Nov o . ▁Hand oca ▁op ined ▁that ▁Eli ade ▁changed ▁his ▁stance ▁after ▁discover ing ▁that ▁the ▁Leg ion aries ▁had ▁turned ▁violent , ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁evidence ▁of ▁Eli ade ' s ▁actual ▁affili ation ▁with ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ▁as ▁a ▁political ▁movement . ▁Additionally , ▁Jo aqu ín ▁G arr ig ós , ▁who ▁translated ▁Eli ade ' s ▁works ▁into ▁Spanish , ▁claimed ▁that ▁none ▁of ▁Eli ade ' s ▁texts ▁he ▁ever ▁encountered ▁show ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁ant is em ite . ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ' s ▁nep hew ▁and ▁comment ator ▁Sor |
in ▁Alexand res cu ▁himself ▁proposed ▁that ▁Eli ade ' s ▁politics ▁were ▁essentially ▁conservative ▁and ▁patri otic , ▁in ▁part ▁motivated ▁by ▁a ▁fear ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁which ▁he ▁shared ▁with ▁many ▁other ▁young ▁intellect uals . ▁Based ▁on ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ' s ▁adm iration ▁for ▁Gand hi , ▁various ▁other ▁authors ▁assess ▁that ▁Eli ade ▁remained ▁committed ▁to ▁non vi olence . ▁ ▁Robert ▁Ell wood ▁also ▁places ▁Eli ade ' s ▁involvement ▁with ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁scholar ' s ▁conserv at ism , ▁and ▁connect s ▁this ▁aspect ▁of ▁Eli ade ' s ▁life ▁with ▁both ▁his ▁nost alg ia ▁and ▁his ▁study ▁of ▁prim al ▁societies . ▁According ▁to ▁Ell wood , ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁Eli ade ▁that ▁felt ▁attracted ▁to ▁the ▁" f reedom ▁of ▁new ▁beg innings ▁suggested ▁by ▁prim al ▁myth s " ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁part ▁that ▁felt ▁attracted ▁to ▁the ▁Guard , ▁with ▁its ▁almost ▁myth ological ▁notion ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁beginning ▁through ▁a ▁" n ational ▁resur rection ". ▁On ▁a ▁more ▁basic ▁level , ▁Ell wood ▁describes ▁Eli ade ▁as ▁an ▁" inst inct ively ▁spiritual " ▁person ▁who ▁saw ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ▁as ▁a ▁spiritual ▁movement . ▁In ▁Ell wood ' s ▁view , ▁Eli ade ▁was ▁aware ▁that ▁the ▁" gold en ▁age " ▁of ▁ant iqu ity ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁accessible ▁to ▁sec ular ▁man , ▁that ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁recalled ▁but ▁not ▁re - est ab lished . ▁Thus , ▁a |
▁" more ▁accessible " ▁object ▁for ▁nost alg ia ▁was ▁a ▁" secondary ▁silver ▁age ▁within ▁the ▁last ▁few ▁hundred ▁years "— the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Rom ania ' s ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁cultural ▁re naissance . ▁To ▁the ▁young ▁Eli ade , ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ▁seemed ▁like ▁a ▁path ▁for ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁silver ▁age ▁of ▁Rom ania ' s ▁glory , ▁being ▁a ▁movement ▁" ded icated ▁to ▁the ▁cultural ▁and ▁national ▁renew al ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁people ▁by ▁appeal ▁to ▁their ▁spiritual ▁roots ". ▁Ell wood ▁describes ▁the ▁young ▁Eli ade ▁as ▁someone ▁" cap able ▁of ▁being ▁fired ▁up ▁by ▁myth ological ▁ar che types ▁and ▁with ▁no ▁awareness ▁of ▁the ▁evil ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁un le ashed ". ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁Eli ade ' s ▁withdrawal ▁from ▁politics , ▁and ▁also ▁because ▁the ▁later ▁Eli ade ' s ▁relig ios ity ▁was ▁very ▁personal ▁and ▁id ios ync r atic , ▁Ell wood ▁believes ▁the ▁later ▁Eli ade ▁probably ▁would ▁have ▁rejected ▁the ▁" cor por ate ▁sacred " ▁of ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard . ▁According ▁to ▁Ell wood , ▁the ▁later ▁Eli ade ▁had ▁the ▁same ▁desire ▁for ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁" res ur rection " ▁that ▁had ▁motivated ▁the ▁early ▁Eli ade ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard , ▁but ▁he ▁now ▁channel ed ▁it ▁ap ol it ically ▁through ▁his ▁efforts ▁to ▁" m aint ain ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁a ▁free ▁Rom ania " ▁abroad . ▁In ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁writ ings , ▁Eli |
ade ▁says , ▁" Ag ain st ▁the ▁terror ▁of ▁History ▁there ▁are ▁only ▁two ▁possibilities ▁of ▁defense : ▁action ▁or ▁contempl ation ." ▁According ▁to ▁Ell wood , ▁the ▁young ▁Eli ade ▁took ▁the ▁former ▁option , ▁trying ▁to ▁reform ▁the ▁world ▁through ▁action , ▁whereas ▁the ▁older ▁Eli ade ▁tried ▁to ▁resist ▁the ▁terror ▁of ▁history ▁intellect ually . ▁ ▁Eli ade ' s ▁own ▁version ▁of ▁events , ▁presenting ▁his ▁involvement ▁in ▁far ▁right ▁politics ▁as ▁marginal , ▁was ▁jud ged ▁to ▁contain ▁several ▁in accur acies ▁and ▁un ver ifiable ▁claims . Or nea , ▁p . 2 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 8 – 2 1 1 , ▁ 2 3 9 – 2 4 0 ▁For ▁instance , ▁Eli ade ▁depicted ▁his ▁arrest ▁as ▁having ▁been ▁solely ▁caused ▁by ▁his ▁friendship ▁with ▁N ae ▁I ones cu . ▁On ▁another ▁occasion , ▁answering ▁G ers hom ▁Sch ole m ' s ▁query , ▁he ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁explicitly ▁denied ▁ever ▁having ▁contributed ▁to ▁B una ▁V est ire . ▁According ▁to ▁Sor in ▁Ant oh i , ▁" E li ade ▁died ▁without ▁ever ▁clearly ▁express ing ▁regret ▁for ▁his ▁Iron ▁Guard ▁sym path ies ". ▁Z . ▁Or nea ▁noted ▁that , ▁in ▁a ▁short ▁section ▁of ▁his ▁Aut obi ography ▁where ▁he ▁discuss es ▁the ▁E ina udi ▁incident , ▁Eli ade ▁speaks ▁of ▁" my ▁imp rud ent ▁acts ▁and ▁errors ▁committed ▁in ▁youth ", ▁as ▁" a ▁series ▁of ▁mal ent |
end us ▁that ▁would ▁follow ▁me ▁all ▁my ▁life ." ▁Or nea ▁commented ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁instance ▁where ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁academic ▁spoke ▁of ▁his ▁political ▁involvement ▁with ▁a ▁dose ▁of ▁self - crit icism , ▁and ▁contrast ed ▁the ▁statement ▁with ▁Eli ade ' s ▁usual ▁ref usal ▁to ▁discuss ▁his ▁st ances ▁" pert in ently ". ▁Review ing ▁the ▁arguments ▁brought ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁Eli ade , ▁Ser gio ▁V ila - San ju án ▁concluded : ▁" Never theless , ▁Eli ade ' s ▁pro - Leg ion ary ▁columns ▁end ure ▁in ▁the ▁newspaper ▁libraries , ▁he ▁never ▁showed ▁his ▁regret ▁for ▁this ▁connection ▁[ with ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ] ▁and ▁always , ▁right ▁up ▁to ▁his ▁final ▁writ ings , ▁he ▁invoked ▁the ▁figure ▁of ▁his ▁teacher ▁N ae ▁I ones cu ." ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁Felix ▁C ul pa , ▁M ane a ▁directly ▁accused ▁Eli ade ▁of ▁having ▁emb ell ished ▁his ▁mem oirs ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁minimize ▁an ▁embarrass ing ▁past . ▁A ▁secondary ▁debate ▁surrounding ▁Eli ade ' s ▁alleged ▁unw illing ness ▁to ▁diss oci ate ▁with ▁the ▁Guard ▁took ▁place ▁after ▁J urn al ul ▁port ug he z ▁saw ▁print . ▁Sor in ▁Alexand res cu ▁expressed ▁a ▁belief ▁that ▁notes ▁in ▁the ▁diary ▁show ▁Eli ade ' s ▁" break ▁with ▁his ▁far ▁right ▁past ". ▁C ă t ă lin ▁Av r ames cu ▁defined ▁this ▁conclusion ▁as ▁" white w ashing ", ▁and , ▁answering |
▁to ▁Alexand res cu ' s ▁claim ▁that ▁his ▁uncle ' s ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁Guard ▁was ▁always ▁super f icial , ▁argued ▁that ▁J urn al ▁port ug he z ▁and ▁other ▁writ ings ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁showed ▁Eli ade ' s ▁dis en chant ment ▁with ▁the ▁Leg ion aries ' ▁Christian ▁stance ▁in ▁tand em ▁with ▁his ▁growing ▁sympathy ▁for ▁Naz ism ▁and ▁its ▁pag an ▁messages . ▁Paul ▁C ern at , ▁who ▁stressed ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁Eli ade ' s ▁aut obi ographical ▁works ▁not ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁re work ed ▁by ▁its ▁author , ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁book ▁documented ▁Eli ade ' s ▁own ▁efforts ▁to ▁" cam ou fl age " ▁his ▁political ▁sym path ies ▁without ▁reject ing ▁them ▁altogether . ▁ ▁O i ș te an u ▁argued ▁that , ▁in ▁old ▁age , ▁Eli ade ▁moved ▁away ▁from ▁his ▁earlier ▁st ances ▁and ▁even ▁came ▁to ▁sym path ize ▁with ▁the ▁non - Mar x ist ▁Left ▁and ▁the ▁hip pie ▁youth ▁movement . ▁He ▁noted ▁that ▁Eli ade ▁initially ▁felt ▁app re hens ive ▁about ▁the ▁consequences ▁of ▁hip pie ▁activ ism , ▁but ▁that ▁the ▁interests ▁they ▁shared , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁their ▁advoc acy ▁of ▁commun al ism ▁and ▁free ▁love ▁had ▁made ▁him ▁argue ▁that ▁hip p ies ▁were ▁" a ▁quasi - rel igious ▁movement " ▁that ▁was ▁" red is cover ing ▁the ▁sac ral ity ▁of ▁Life ". ▁And rei ▁O i |
ș te an u , ▁who ▁proposed ▁that ▁Eli ade ' s ▁critics ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁a ▁" max imal ist " ▁and ▁a ▁" min imal ist " ▁camp ▁( try ing ▁to , ▁respectively , ▁enhance ▁or ▁shadow ▁the ▁impact ▁Leg ion ary ▁ideas ▁had ▁on ▁Eli ade ), ▁argued ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁moder ation , ▁and ▁indicated ▁that ▁Eli ade ' s ▁fasc ism ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁cor related ▁to ▁the ▁political ▁choices ▁of ▁his ▁generation . ▁ ▁Political ▁symbol ism ▁in ▁Eli ade ' s ▁fiction ▁Var ious ▁critics ▁have ▁tr aced ▁links ▁between ▁Eli ade ' s ▁fiction ▁works ▁and ▁his ▁political ▁views , ▁or ▁Roman ian ▁politics ▁in ▁general . ▁Early ▁on , ▁George ▁C ă lines cu ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁total itarian ▁model ▁outlined ▁in ▁H ul igan ii ▁was : ▁" An ▁all usion ▁to ▁certain ▁by g one ▁political ▁movements ▁[... ], ▁sub lim ated ▁in ▁the ▁ever ▁so ▁ab stru se ▁philosophy ▁of ▁death ▁as ▁a ▁path ▁to ▁knowledge ." ▁By ▁contrast , ▁Î nt o arc ere a ▁din ▁r ai ▁partly ▁focuses ▁on ▁a ▁failed ▁commun ist ▁rebell ion , ▁which ▁en lists ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁its ▁main ▁characters . I ph igen ia ' s ▁story ▁of ▁self - s ac rifice , ▁turned ▁volunt ary ▁in ▁Eli ade ' s ▁version , ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁various ▁comment ators , ▁beginning ▁with ▁M ih ail ▁Sebastian , ▁as ▁a ▁favor able ▁all usion ▁to ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ' s |
▁beliefs ▁on ▁commitment ▁and ▁death , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁bloody ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Leg ion ary ▁Reb ell ion . ▁Ten ▁years ▁after ▁its ▁premi ere , ▁the ▁play ▁was ▁re print ed ▁by ▁Leg ion ary ▁refugees ▁in ▁Argentina : ▁on ▁the ▁occasion , ▁the ▁text ▁was ▁reviewed ▁for ▁publishing ▁by ▁Eli ade ▁himself . ▁Reading ▁I ph igen ia ▁was ▁what ▁partly ▁spark ed ▁C ul ian u ' s ▁investigation ▁of ▁his ▁ment or ' s ▁early ▁political ▁affili ations . ▁ ▁A ▁special ▁debate ▁was ▁spark ed ▁by ▁Un ▁om ▁mare . ▁C ul ian u ▁viewed ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁direct ▁reference ▁to ▁Corn el iu ▁Z ele a ▁C od re an u ▁and ▁his ▁rise ▁in ▁popularity , ▁an ▁interpretation ▁partly ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁similar ity ▁between , ▁on ▁one ▁hand , ▁two ▁mon ik ers ▁asc ribed ▁to ▁the ▁Leg ion ary ▁leader ▁( by , ▁respectively , ▁his ▁advers aries ▁and ▁his ▁followers ), ▁and , ▁on ▁the ▁other , ▁the ▁main ▁character ' s ▁name ▁( C u co anes ). ▁M ate i ▁C ă lines cu ▁did ▁not ▁reject ▁C ul ian u ' s ▁version , ▁but ▁argued ▁that , ▁on ▁its ▁own , ▁the ▁piece ▁was ▁beyond ▁political ▁interpret ations . ▁Comment ing ▁on ▁this ▁dialog , ▁literary ▁historian ▁and ▁essay ist ▁Mir ce a ▁I org ules cu ▁object ed ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁ver dict , ▁indicating ▁his ▁belief ▁that ▁there ▁was |
▁no ▁historical ▁evidence ▁to ▁substant iate ▁C ul ian u ' s ▁point ▁of ▁view . ▁ ▁Along side ▁Eli ade ' s ▁main ▁works , ▁his ▁attempted ▁novel ▁of ▁youth , ▁Min un ata ▁că l ă tor ie ▁a ▁cel or ▁cin ci ▁că r ă bu și ▁in ▁ ț ara ▁furn ic ilor ▁ro ș ii , ▁which ▁dep icts ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁red ▁an ts ▁living ▁in ▁a ▁total itarian ▁society ▁and ▁forming ▁bands ▁to ▁harass ▁the ▁be et les , ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁potential ▁all usion ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁to ▁commun ism . ▁Despite ▁Eli ade ' s ▁ultimate ▁reception ▁in ▁Communist ▁Rom ania , ▁this ▁writing ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁published ▁during ▁the ▁period , ▁after ▁cens ors ▁sing led ▁out ▁fragments ▁which ▁they ▁saw ▁as ▁especially ▁problem atic . ▁ ▁Cultural ▁legacy ▁ ▁T ributes ▁ ▁An ▁end owed ▁chair ▁in ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁Relig ions ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Div inity ▁School ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Eli ade ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁wide ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁research ▁on ▁this ▁subject ; ▁the ▁current ▁( and ▁first ▁inc umb ent ) ▁holder ▁of ▁this ▁chair ▁is ▁Wend y ▁Don iger . ▁ ▁To ▁evaluate ▁the ▁legacy ▁of ▁Eli ade ▁and ▁Jo ach im ▁W ach ▁within ▁the ▁discipline ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁relig ions , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁chose ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁( the ▁intermediate ▁year ▁between ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁W ach ' s ▁death ▁and |
▁the ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁anniversary ▁of ▁Eli ade ' s ▁birth ), ▁to ▁hold ▁a ▁two - day ▁conference ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁reflect ▁upon ▁their ▁academic ▁contributions ▁and ▁their ▁political ▁lives ▁in ▁their ▁social ▁and ▁historical ▁context s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁their ▁works ▁and ▁their ▁lives . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁after ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Revolution , ▁Eli ade ▁was ▁elected ▁post hum ously ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Academy . ▁In ▁Rom ania , ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ' s ▁legacy ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁relig ions ▁is ▁mir ro red ▁by ▁the ▁journal ▁Arch ae us ▁( found ed ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁and ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Buch arest ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁History ). ▁The ▁ 6 th ▁European ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Relig ion ▁and ▁International ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁Relig ions ▁Special ▁Conference ▁on ▁Relig ious ▁History ▁of ▁Europe ▁and ▁Asia ▁took ▁place ▁from ▁September ▁ 2 0 ▁to ▁September ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁in ▁Buch arest . ▁An ▁important ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Congress ▁was ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁memory ▁of ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade , ▁whose ▁legacy ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁history ▁of ▁relig ions ▁was ▁scrut in ized ▁by ▁various ▁scholars , ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁his ▁direct ▁students ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago . ▁ ▁As ▁Ant oh i ▁noted , ▁Eli ade , ▁Em il ▁C ior an ▁and |
▁Constant in ▁No ica ▁" rep resent ▁in ▁Roman ian ▁culture ▁ultimate ▁expressions ▁of ▁excell ence , ▁[ E li ade ▁and ▁C ior an ] ▁being ▁regarded ▁as ▁proof ▁that ▁Rom ania ' s ▁inter war ▁culture ▁( and , ▁by ▁extension , ▁Roman ian ▁culture ▁as ▁a ▁whole ) ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁ultimate ▁levels ▁of ▁depth , ▁sophistic ation ▁and ▁creativity ." ▁A ▁Roman ian ▁Television ▁ 1 ▁poll ▁carried ▁out ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁nominated ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁as ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁Great est ▁Roman ian ▁in ▁history ; ▁his ▁case ▁was ▁argued ▁by ▁the ▁journalist ▁Dr ago ş ▁Buc uren ci ▁( see ▁ 1 0 0 ▁greatest ▁Roman ians ). ▁His ▁name ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁a ▁bou lev ard ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁Buch arest ▁area ▁of ▁Prim ă ver ii , ▁to ▁a ▁street ▁in ▁Cl uj - N ap oca , ▁and ▁to ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Buch arest , ▁S igh i ş o ara , ▁and ▁Re ş i ţ a . ▁The ▁Eli ades ' ▁house ▁on ▁Mel od ie i ▁Street ▁was ▁torn ▁down ▁during ▁the ▁commun ist ▁regime , ▁and ▁an ▁apartment ▁block ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁its ▁place ; ▁his ▁second ▁residence , ▁on ▁D acia ▁Bou lev ard , ▁features ▁a ▁memorial ▁pl aque ▁in ▁his ▁honor . ▁ ▁Eli ade ' s ▁image ▁in ▁contemporary ▁culture ▁also ▁has ▁political ▁implications . ▁Histor ian ▁Ir ina ▁Live ze an u ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁respect ▁he |
▁enjo ys ▁in ▁Rom ania ▁is ▁matched ▁by ▁that ▁of ▁other ▁" n ational ist ▁think ers ▁and ▁politicians " ▁who ▁" have ▁re ent ered ▁the ▁contemporary ▁scene ▁largely ▁as ▁heroes ▁of ▁a ▁pre - ▁and ▁ant ic om mun ist ▁past ", ▁including ▁N ae ▁I ones cu ▁and ▁C ior an , ▁but ▁also ▁I on ▁Ant ones cu ▁and ▁Nich if or ▁Cr ain ic . ▁In ▁parallel , ▁according ▁to ▁O i ş te an u ▁( who ▁rel ied ▁his ▁assessment ▁on ▁Eli ade ' s ▁own ▁personal ▁notes ), ▁Eli ade ' s ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁hip pie ▁community ▁was ▁recip roc ated ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁latter , ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁reported ly ▁viewed ▁Eli ade ▁as ▁" a ▁g uru ". ▁ ▁Eli ade ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁h ailed ▁as ▁an ▁inspiration ▁by ▁German ▁representatives ▁of ▁the ▁Ne ue ▁Re chte , ▁claiming ▁legacy ▁from ▁the ▁Conservative ▁Revolution ary ▁movement ▁( am ong ▁them ▁is ▁the ▁controversial ▁magazine ▁Jun ge ▁Fre i heit ▁and ▁the ▁essay ist ▁Karl he inz ▁We iß mann ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Flor in ▁ Ţ ur can u ' s ▁bi ographical ▁volume ▁on ▁Eli ade ▁was ▁issued ▁in ▁a ▁German ▁translation ▁by ▁the ▁Ant ai os ▁publishing ▁house , ▁which ▁is ▁mouth piece ▁for ▁the ▁Ne ue ▁Re chte . ▁The ▁edition ▁was ▁not ▁reviewed ▁by ▁the ▁mainstream ▁German ▁press . ▁Other ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁far ▁right ▁also ▁claim ▁Eli ade |
▁as ▁an ▁inspiration , ▁and ▁consider ▁his ▁contacts ▁with ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁mer it — am ong ▁their ▁representatives ▁are ▁the ▁Italian ▁ne of asc ist ▁Cl audio ▁Mut ti ▁and ▁Roman ian ▁groups ▁who ▁trace ▁their ▁origin ▁to ▁the ▁Leg ion ary ▁Movement . ▁ ▁Port ray als , ▁film ography ▁and ▁dram at izations ▁Early ▁on , ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ' s ▁novels ▁were ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁sat ire : ▁before ▁the ▁two ▁of ▁them ▁became ▁friends , ▁Nic ola e ▁Stein hard t , ▁using ▁the ▁pen ▁name ▁Ant is th ius , ▁auth ored ▁and ▁published ▁par od ies ▁of ▁them . ▁M ait rey i ▁Dev i , ▁who ▁strongly ▁object ed ▁to ▁Eli ade ' s ▁account ▁of ▁their ▁encounter ▁and ▁relationship , ▁wrote ▁her ▁own ▁novel ▁as ▁a ▁reply ▁to ▁his ▁M ait rey i ; ▁written ▁in ▁Beng ali , ▁it ▁was ▁titled ▁Na ▁H any ate ▁( transl ated ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁" It ▁Does ▁Not ▁Die "). ▁Several ▁authors , ▁including ▁Io an ▁Pet ru ▁C ul ian u , ▁have ▁drawn ▁a ▁parallel ▁between ▁Eug ène ▁I ones co ' s ▁Abs ur dist ▁play ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁Rh in oc eros , ▁which ▁dep icts ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁falling ▁victim ▁to ▁a ▁mass ▁met am orph osis , ▁and ▁the ▁impact ▁fasc ism ▁had ▁on ▁I ones co ' s ▁closest ▁friends ▁( E li ade ▁included ). ▁ |
▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁S aul ▁B ellow ▁published ▁his ▁controversial ▁R avel stein ▁novel . ▁Having ▁for ▁its ▁setting ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago , ▁it ▁had ▁among ▁its ▁characters ▁Rad u ▁G ri eles cu , ▁who ▁was ▁identified ▁by ▁several ▁critics ▁as ▁Eli ade . ▁The ▁latter ' s ▁port ray al , ▁accomplished ▁through ▁statements ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁character , ▁is ▁pole m ical : ▁G ri eles cu , ▁who ▁is ▁identified ▁as ▁a ▁disc iple ▁of ▁N ae ▁I ones cu , ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Buch arest ▁P og rom , ▁and ▁is ▁in ▁Chicago ▁as ▁a ▁refuge e ▁scholar , ▁searching ▁for ▁the ▁friendship ▁of ▁a ▁Jewish ▁colle ague ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁re habil itate ▁himself . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁literary ▁critic ▁and ▁transl ator ▁Ant o an eta ▁R al ian , ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁acqu aint ance ▁of ▁B ellow ' s , ▁argued ▁that ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁negative ▁port ray al ▁was ▁o wed ▁to ▁a ▁personal ▁choice ▁B ellow ▁made ▁( after ▁having ▁divor ced ▁from ▁Alex andra ▁Bag das ar , ▁his ▁Roman ian ▁wife ▁and ▁Eli ade ▁disc iple ). ▁She ▁also ▁mentioned ▁that , ▁during ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁interview , ▁B ellow ▁had ▁expressed ▁adm iration ▁for ▁Eli ade . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁film ▁The ▁Beng ali ▁Night , ▁directed ▁by ▁Nicol as ▁Kl ot z ▁and |
▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁French ▁translation ▁of ▁M ait rey i , ▁stars ▁British ▁actor ▁Hugh ▁Grant ▁as ▁All an , ▁the ▁European ▁character ▁based ▁on ▁Eli ade , ▁while ▁Sup ri ya ▁Path ak ▁is ▁Gay atri , ▁a ▁character ▁based ▁on ▁M ait rey i ▁Dev i ▁( who ▁had ▁refused ▁to ▁be ▁mentioned ▁by ▁name ). ▁The ▁film , ▁considered ▁" p orn ographic " ▁by ▁Hindu ▁activ ists , ▁was ▁only ▁shown ▁once ▁in ▁India . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁The ▁Beng ali ▁Night , ▁films ▁based ▁on , ▁or ▁referring ▁to , ▁his ▁works , ▁include : ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁et ▁la ▁red éc ouver te ▁du ▁Sac ré ▁( 1 9 8 7 ), ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁Architect ure ▁et ▁G é ographie ▁sac r ées , ▁by ▁Paul ▁Barb ă ▁Ne agr ă ; ▁Dom ni ş o ara ▁Christ ina ▁( 1 9 9 2 ), ▁by ▁Vi ore l ▁Ser gov ici ; ▁Eu ▁Adam ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁by ▁Dan ▁Pi ța ; ▁Youth ▁Without ▁Youth ▁( 2 0 0 7 ), ▁by ▁Francis ▁Ford ▁Cop pol a . ▁ ▁Eli ade ' s ▁I ph igen ia ▁was ▁again ▁included ▁in ▁theater ▁programs ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁Nic ola e ▁Ce au ş es cu ▁regime : ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁a ▁new ▁version , ▁directed ▁by ▁I on ▁Co jar , ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Theater ▁Buch arest , ▁star |
ring ▁Mir ce a ▁Alb ules cu , ▁T ania ▁Filip ▁and ▁Ad rian ▁P inte a ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁roles . ▁Dr am at izations ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁work ▁include ▁La ▁ Ț ig ă n ci , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁two ▁theater ▁adapt ations : ▁C az ul ▁G av r iles cu ▁(" The ▁G av r iles cu ▁Case "), ▁directed ▁by ▁Gel u ▁Col ce ag ▁and ▁hosted ▁by ▁the ▁N ott ara ▁Theater , ▁and ▁an ▁e pon ym ous ▁play ▁by ▁director ▁Alexand ru ▁Haus v ater , ▁first ▁st aged ▁by ▁the ▁O de on ▁Theater ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁( star ring , ▁among ▁others , ▁Ad ri ana ▁Tr and af ir , ▁Flor in ▁Z am f ires cu , ▁and ▁Carm en ▁T ă n ase ). ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁on ▁Eli ade ' s ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁birthday , ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Radio ▁Broad cast ing ▁Company ▁hosted ▁the ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁Week , ▁during ▁which ▁radio ▁drama ▁adapt ations ▁of ▁several ▁works ▁were ▁broadcast . ▁In ▁September ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁director ▁and ▁dram at ist ▁C ez ar ina ▁U d res cu ▁st aged ▁a ▁mult imedia ▁performance ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁works ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁wrote ▁during ▁his ▁stay ▁in ▁Portugal ; ▁titled ▁Ap ocal ips a ▁dup ă ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁(" The ▁Ap |
ocal yp se ▁According ▁to ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade "), ▁and ▁shown ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁Radio ▁cultural ▁campaign , ▁it ▁star red ▁I on ▁C aram it ru , ▁O ana ▁P elle a ▁and ▁R ă z van ▁Vas iles cu . ▁Dom ni ș o ara ▁Christ ina ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁two ▁oper as : ▁the ▁first , ▁carrying ▁the ▁same ▁Roman ian ▁title , ▁was ▁auth ored ▁by ▁Roman ian ▁composer ▁ Ș er ban ▁Nich if or ▁and ▁premier ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁at ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Radio ; ▁the ▁second , ▁titled ▁La ▁señ or ita ▁Crist ina , ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Spanish ▁composer ▁Luis ▁de ▁P ablo ▁and ▁premier ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁at ▁the ▁Te atro ▁Real ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Bibli ography ▁of ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade : A ▁History ▁of ▁Relig ious ▁Ide as , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 ▁( trans . ▁Will ard ▁R . ▁Tr ask ), ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Press , ▁Chicago , ▁ 1 9 7 8 . Images ▁and ▁Symbol s : ▁Studies ▁in ▁Relig ious ▁Symbol ism ▁( trans . ▁Philip ▁M aire t ), ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Press , ▁Pr inceton , ▁ 1 9 9 1 My th ▁and ▁Re ality ▁( trans . ▁Will ard ▁R . ▁Tr ask ), ▁Harper ▁& ▁Row , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 1 9 |
6 3 My th s , ▁Dream s ▁and ▁Myst eries ▁( trans . ▁Philip ▁M aire t ), ▁Harper ▁& ▁Row , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 1 9 6 7 My th s , ▁R ites , ▁Symbol s : ▁A ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁Read er , ▁Vol . ▁ 2 , ▁Ed . ▁Wend ell ▁C . ▁Be ane ▁and ▁William ▁G . ▁D ot y , ▁Harper ▁Col oph on , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 1 9 7 6 Pattern s ▁in ▁Compar ative ▁Relig ion , ▁She ed ▁& ▁Ward , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 1 9 5 8 Sh aman ism : ▁Arch a ic ▁Techn iques ▁of ▁Ec st asy , ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Press , ▁Pr inceton , ▁ 2 0 0 4 The ▁My th ▁of ▁the ▁E ternal ▁Return : ▁Cos mos ▁and ▁History ▁( trans . ▁Will ard ▁R . ▁Tr ask ), ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Press , ▁Pr inceton , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁" The ▁Quest ▁for ▁the ▁' Or ig ins ' ▁of ▁Relig ion ", ▁in ▁History ▁of ▁Relig ions ▁ 4 . 1 ▁( 1 9 6 4 ), ▁p . 1 5 4 – 1 6 9 The ▁Sac red ▁and ▁the ▁Prof ane : ▁The ▁Nature ▁of ▁Relig ion ▁( trans . ▁Will ard ▁R . ▁Tr ask ), ▁Harper ▁Tor ch books , ▁New ▁York , ▁ 1 9 6 1 Y oga : ▁Imm ort ality ▁and ▁Freedom ▁( trans |
. ▁Will ard ▁R . ▁Tr ask ), ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Press , ▁Pr inceton , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Final ▁Report ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Commission ▁on ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁in ▁Rom ania , ▁Pol ir om , ▁I a ş i , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁; ▁retriev ed ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Sor in ▁Ant oh i , ▁" Com mut ing ▁to ▁Cast alia : ▁No ica ' s ▁' Sch ool ', ▁Culture ▁and ▁Power ▁in ▁Communist ▁Rom ania ", ▁pre face ▁to ▁Gabriel ▁Li ice an u , ▁The ▁P ă lt ini ş ▁Di ary : ▁A ▁Pa ide ic ▁Model ▁in ▁Human ist ▁Culture , ▁Central ▁European ▁University ▁Press , ▁Budapest , ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁p . v ii – xx iv . ▁ ▁George ▁C ă lines cu , ▁Ist oria ▁liter atur ii ▁rom â ne ▁de ▁la ▁orig ini ▁p ân ă ▁în ▁pre zent ▁(" The ▁History ▁of ▁Roman ian ▁Liter ature ▁from ▁Its ▁Or ig ins ▁to ▁Present ▁Times "), ▁Edit ura ▁Min erv a , ▁Buch arest , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁John ▁Daniel ▁D ados ky , ▁The ▁Str ucture ▁of ▁Relig ious ▁Know ing : ▁En counter ing ▁the ▁Sac red ▁in ▁Eli ade ▁and ▁L on er gan , ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Press , ▁Alb any , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Robert ▁Ell wood , ▁The ▁Politics ▁of ▁My th : |
▁A ▁Study ▁of ▁C . ▁G . ▁Jung , ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade , ▁and ▁Joseph ▁Campbell , ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Press , ▁Alb any , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Victor ▁Fr un z ă , ▁Ist oria ▁st alin ism ului ▁în ▁Rom â nia ▁(" The ▁History ▁of ▁Stalin ism ▁in ▁Rom ania "), ▁Human itas , ▁Buch arest , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Roger ▁Griff in , ▁The ▁Nature ▁of ▁F asc ism , ▁R out ledge , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Mir ce a ▁Hand oca , ▁Con vor b iri ▁cu ▁ ş i ▁des pre ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁(" Con vers ations ▁with ▁and ▁about ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ") ▁on ▁Aut ori ▁(" Pub lished ▁Authors ") ▁page ▁of ▁the ▁Human itas ▁publishing ▁house ▁ ▁Fur io ▁Jes i , ▁M ito , ▁Mond ador i , ▁Milan , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁G . ▁S . ▁Kirk , My th : ▁Its ▁Mean ing ▁and ▁Fun ctions ▁in ▁Anc ient ▁and ▁Other ▁C ult ures , ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press , ▁Berkeley , ▁ 1 9 7 3 The ▁Nature ▁of ▁Greek ▁My th s , ▁P engu in ▁Books , ▁Harm ond sw orth , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁William ▁Mc Gu ire , ▁B oll ingen : ▁An ▁Advent ure ▁in ▁Collect ing ▁the ▁Past , ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Press , ▁Pr inceton , ▁ 1 9 8 2 . |
▁ ▁Luc ian ▁N ast as ă , ▁" Su ver an ii " ▁univers it ă ţ ilor ▁rom â ne ş ti ▁(" The ▁' S over e ign s ' ▁of ▁Roman ian ▁Univers ities "), ▁Edit ura ▁L imes , ▁Cl uj - N ap oca , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁( available ▁online ▁at ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Academy ' s ▁George ▁B ari ţ ▁Institute ▁of ▁History ) ▁And rei ▁O i ş te an u , ▁" Ang aj ament ul ▁polit ic ▁al ▁lui ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade " ▁(" Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ' s ▁Political ▁Aff iliation "), ▁in ▁ 2 2 , ▁Nr . ▁ 8 9 1 , ▁March – Apr il ▁ 2 0 0 7 ; ▁retriev ed ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ; ▁retriev ed ▁January ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁" Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁ ş i ▁mi ş c area ▁hip pie " ▁(" Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁and ▁the ▁H ip pie ▁Movement "), ▁in ▁D ile ma ▁Ve che , ▁Vol . ▁III , ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ; ▁retriev ed ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Z . ▁Or nea , ▁An ii ▁tre ize ci . ▁Ext re ma ▁dre apt ă ▁rom â ne asc ă ▁(" The ▁ 1 9 3 0 s : ▁The ▁Roman ian ▁Far ▁Right |
"), ▁Edit ura ▁E ST - Sam uel ▁T ast et ▁Ed ite ur , ▁Buch arest , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁M ih ail ▁Sebastian , ▁Journal , ▁ 1 9 3 5 – 1 9 4 4 : ▁The ▁F asc ist ▁Years , ▁Ivan ▁R . ▁De e , ▁Chicago , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁▁ ▁David ▁Le em ing . ▁" Ar che types ". ▁The ▁Oxford ▁Compan ion ▁to ▁World ▁My th ology . ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Oxford ▁Reference ▁Online . ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁U C — I rv ine . ▁▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁▁▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁English ▁ ▁Car ras co , ▁David ▁and ▁Law , ▁Jane ▁Marie ▁( eds .). ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Wait ing ▁for ▁the ▁Da wn . ▁B ould er : ▁West view ▁Press . ▁ ▁D ud ley , ▁Gu il ford . ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁on ▁T rial : ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁& ▁His ▁Crit ics . ▁Philadelphia : ▁Temple ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Id in op ulos , ▁Thomas ▁A ., ▁Y on an , ▁Edward ▁A . ▁( eds .) ▁▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁and ▁Red uction ism : ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁Eli ade , ▁Seg al , ▁and ▁the ▁Challenge ▁of ▁the ▁Social ▁Sciences ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Relig ion , ▁Le |
iden : ▁Br ill ▁Publish ers . ▁▁ ▁McC ut che on , ▁Russell ▁T . ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Manufact uring ▁Relig ion : ▁The ▁Dis course ▁on ▁S ui ▁Gener is ▁Relig ion ▁and ▁the ▁Politics ▁of ▁N ost alg ia . ▁New ▁York : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁Ol son , ▁Carl . ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁The ology ▁and ▁Philosoph y ▁of ▁Eli ade : ▁A ▁Search ▁for ▁the ▁Centre . ▁New ▁York : ▁St ▁Mart ins ▁Press . ▁P als , ▁Daniel ▁L . ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Seven ▁The ories ▁of ▁Relig ion . ▁USA : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁▁ ▁R enn ie , ▁Bryan ▁S . ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Re construct ing ▁Eli ade : ▁Making ▁S ense ▁of ▁Relig ion . ▁Alb any : ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Press . ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁Sim ion , ▁Eug en . ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade : ▁A ▁Spirit ▁of ▁Am plit ude . ▁B ould er : ▁East ▁European ▁Mon ograph s . ▁ ▁St ren ski , ▁Ivan . ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Four ▁The ories ▁of ▁My th ▁in ▁Tw entieth - Cent ury ▁History : ▁Cass ir er , ▁Eli ade , ▁Lev i ▁Stra uss ▁and ▁Mal in owski . ▁Iowa ▁City : ▁University ▁of ▁Iowa ▁Press . ▁ ▁Wasser st rom , |
▁Steven ▁M . ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁after ▁Relig ion : ▁G ers hom ▁Sch ole m , ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade , ▁and ▁Henry ▁Cor bin ▁at ▁Er anos . ▁Pr inceton : ▁Pr inceton ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁Wed em ey er , ▁Christian ; ▁Don iger , ▁Wend y ▁( eds .). ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Herm ene ut ics , ▁Politics , ▁and ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁Relig ions : ▁The ▁Cont ested ▁Leg acies ▁of ▁Jo ach im ▁W ach ▁and ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade . ▁Oxford ▁etc .: ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁Other ▁languages ▁ ▁Alexand res cu , ▁Sor in . ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade , ▁din sp re ▁Portug alia . ▁Buch arest : ▁Human itas . ▁▁ ▁B ă ic u ş , ▁I ul ian , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade . ▁L iterator ▁ ş i ▁mit od olog . ▁În ▁că ut area ▁Cent r ului ▁pier d ut . ▁Buch arest : ▁Edit ura ▁Univers it ă ţ ii ▁Buc ure ş ti ▁ ▁C ă lines cu , ▁M ate i . ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Des pre ▁Io an ▁P . ▁C ul ian u ▁ ş i ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade . ▁Am int iri , ▁lect uri , ▁ref le c ţ ii . ▁I a ş i : ▁Pol |
ir om . ▁▁ ▁C ul ian u , ▁Io an ▁Pet ru . ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade . ▁Ass isi : ▁C itt ad ella ▁Edit rice ; ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Roma : ▁S ett imo ▁Sig illo . ▁ ▁David , ▁Dor in . ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁De ▁la ▁Eli ade ▁la ▁C ul ian u ▁( I ). ▁Cl uj - N ap oca : ▁E ik on . ▁ ▁De ▁Mart ino , ▁Marc ello . ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁es oter ico . ▁Roma : ▁S ett imo ▁Sig illo . ▁ ▁Dub u isson , ▁Daniel . ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Imp ost ures ▁et ▁pseudo - science . ▁L ' œuvre ▁de ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade . ▁Vill ene uve ▁d ' A sc q : ▁Press es ▁Univers it aires ▁du ▁Sept entr ion ▁ ▁G ors h un ova , ▁Ol ga . ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Ter ra ▁Inc ogn ita ▁of ▁Io an ▁C ul ian u , ▁in ▁È tn ograf ič esk oe ▁ob oz ren ie . ▁N ° ▁ 6 , ▁pp . 9 4 – 1 1 0 . ▁.. ▁ ▁La ign el - L av ast ine , ▁Alex andra . ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁C ior an , ▁Eli ade , ▁I ones co |
▁– ▁L ' ou b li ▁du ▁fasc isme . ▁Paris : ▁Press es ▁Univers it aires ▁de ▁France - Pers pectives ▁crit iques . ▁ ▁O i ş te an u , ▁And rei . ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Relig ie , ▁polit ic ă ▁ ş i ▁mit . ▁Tex te ▁des pre ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁ ş i ▁Io an ▁Pet ru ▁C ul ian u . ▁I a ş i : ▁Pol ir om . ▁ ▁Pos ada , ▁M ih ai . ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Opera ▁public istic ă ▁a ▁lui ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade . ▁Buch arest : ▁Edit ura ▁C riterion . ▁▁ ▁Ru ş ti , ▁Do ina . ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁D ic ţ ion ar ▁de ▁sim bol uri ▁din ▁opera ▁lui ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade . ▁Buch arest : ▁Edit ura ▁Co res i ▁ ▁T ac ou , ▁Constant in ▁( ed .). ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁C ah ier ▁Eli ade . ▁Paris : ▁L ' Her ne . ▁ ▁Tol ce a , ▁Marcel . ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Eli ade , ▁e z oter ic ul . ▁Tim i ş o ara : ▁Edit ura ▁Mir ton . ▁▁ Ţ ur can u , ▁Flor in . ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade . ▁Le ▁prison nier ▁de ▁l ' histoire ' '. |
▁Paris : ▁Ed itions ▁La ▁D éc ouver te . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Biography ▁of ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁▁ ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade , ▁From ▁Pr imit ives ▁to ▁Zen ▁List ▁of ▁Terms ▁Used ▁in ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ' s ▁The ▁Sac red ▁and ▁The ▁Prof ane ▁Bryan ▁S . ▁R enn ie ▁on ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁Joseph ▁G . ▁M uth ur aj , ▁The ▁Sign ific ance ▁of ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁for ▁Christian ▁The ology ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁presentation ▁on ▁the ▁" 1 0 0 ▁Great est ▁Roman ians " ▁site ▁ ▁Arch ae us ▁magazine ▁ ▁Claud ia ▁G ug gen b ü hl , ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁and ▁Sure nd ran ath ▁Das gu pt a . ▁The ▁History ▁Of ▁Their ▁En counter ▁▁▁ ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁Mir ce a ▁Eli ade ▁Papers ▁ 1 9 2 6 - 1 9 9 8 ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Special ▁Collections ▁Research ▁Center ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Roman ian ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Roman ian ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : R oman ian ▁histor ians ▁of ▁religion ▁Category : My th ograph ers ▁Category : R oman ian ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : Phil osoph ers ▁of ▁religion ▁Category |
: E astern ▁Orth odox ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : Rel igious ▁studies ▁scholars ▁Category : Sh aman ism ▁Category : Tr ad itional ist ▁School ▁Category : R oman ian ▁es oter ic ists ▁Category : R oman ian ▁orient al ists ▁Category : R oman ian ▁anth rop ologists ▁Category : Cont im por an ul ▁writers ▁Category : R oman ian ▁journalists ▁Category : R oman ian ▁literary ▁critics ▁Category : R oman ian ▁mem oir ists ▁Category : R oman ian ▁essay ists ▁Category : R oman ian ▁fantasy ▁writers ▁Category : R oman ian ▁male ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : R oman ian ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : R oman ian ▁travel ▁writers ▁Category : R oman ian ▁writers ▁in ▁French ▁Category : R oman ian ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : M ale ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Buch arest ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁Category : Sc outing ▁and ▁Gu iding ▁in ▁Rom ania ▁Category : Sp ir u ▁H aret ▁National ▁College ▁( B uch arest ) ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Buch arest ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Buch arest ▁faculty ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Cal cut ta ▁al umn i ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Iron ▁Guard ▁Category : Christ ian ▁fasc ists ▁Category : R oman ian ▁people ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : R oman ian ▁diplom ats ▁Category : R oman ian ▁defect ors |
▁Category : R oman ian ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁France ▁Category : R oman ian ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Div inity ▁School ▁faculty ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Academy ▁elected ▁post hum ously ▁Category : Ne u rolog ical ▁disease ▁deaths ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Roman ian ▁histor ians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁essay ists ▁Category : W estern ▁es oter icism ▁scholars <0x0A> </s> ▁Ol iven eb ula ▁mont ic ola ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁No ct u idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Category : H aden ina e <0x0A> </s> ▁Material ▁non im plication ▁or ▁ab j unction ▁( L atin ▁ab ▁= ▁" from ", ▁jun ct io = – " join ing ") ▁is ▁the ▁neg ation ▁of ▁material ▁im plication . ▁That ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁for ▁any ▁two ▁propos itions ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁the ▁material ▁non im plication ▁from ▁ ▁to ▁ ▁is ▁true ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁the ▁neg ation ▁of ▁the ▁material ▁im plication ▁from ▁ ▁to ▁ ▁is ▁true . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁more ▁naturally ▁stated ▁as ▁that ▁the ▁material ▁non im plication ▁from ▁ ▁to ▁ ▁is ▁true ▁only ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁true ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁false . ▁ ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁written ▁using ▁logical ▁notation ▁as ▁, ▁, |
▁or ▁" L p q " ▁( in ▁B oche ński ▁notation ), ▁and ▁is ▁log ically ▁equivalent ▁to ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Definition ▁ ▁Truth ▁table ▁ ▁Log ical ▁Equ ival ences ▁ ▁Material ▁non im plication ▁may ▁be ▁defined ▁as ▁the ▁neg ation ▁of ▁material ▁im plication . ▁ ▁In ▁classical ▁logic , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁neg ation ▁of ▁the ▁dis j unction ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁conj unction ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Properties ▁ ▁false hood - pres erv ing : ▁The ▁interpretation ▁under ▁which ▁all ▁variables ▁are ▁assigned ▁a ▁truth ▁value ▁of ▁" false " ▁produces ▁a ▁truth ▁value ▁of ▁" false " ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁material ▁non im plication . ▁ ▁Symbol ▁The ▁symbol ▁for ▁material ▁non im plication ▁is ▁simply ▁a ▁crossed - out ▁material ▁im plication ▁symbol . ▁Its ▁Un icode ▁symbol ▁is ▁ 2 1 9 B 1 6 ▁( 8 6 0 3 ▁decimal ). ▁ ▁Natural ▁language ▁ ▁Gram mat ical ▁" p ▁min us ▁q ." ▁ ▁" p ▁without ▁q ." ▁ ▁R het or ical ▁" p ▁but ▁not ▁q ." ▁ ▁Computer ▁science ▁Bit wise ▁operation : ▁A & ( ~ B ) ▁▁ ▁Log ical ▁operation : ▁A && (! B ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Im plication ▁ ▁Boolean ▁algebra ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Log ical ▁connect ives <0x0A> </s> ▁Lin wood ▁V room an ▁Carter ▁( J une ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 |
9 3 0 ▁– ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁author ▁of ▁science ▁fiction ▁and ▁fantasy , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁editor , ▁poet ▁and ▁critic . ▁He ▁usually ▁wrote ▁as ▁Lin ▁Carter ; ▁known ▁pseud ony ms ▁include ▁H . ▁P . ▁Low craft ▁( for ▁an ▁H . ▁P . ▁Love craft ▁par ody ) ▁and ▁Gra il ▁Und win . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁as ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁Ball antine ▁Adult ▁Fant asy ▁series , ▁which ▁introduced ▁readers ▁to ▁many ▁overlook ed ▁class ics ▁of ▁the ▁fantasy ▁genre . ▁ ▁Life ▁Carter ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁St . ▁Peters burg , ▁Florida . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁av id ▁reader ▁of ▁science ▁fiction ▁and ▁fantasy ▁in ▁his ▁youth , ▁and ▁became ▁broad ly ▁knowledge able ▁in ▁both ▁fields . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁active ▁in ▁f andom . ▁ ▁Carter ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁( inf antry , ▁Korea , ▁ 1 9 5 1 – 5 3 ), ▁and ▁then ▁attended ▁Columbia ▁University ▁and ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁Leon ie ▁Adams ' s ▁Po etry ▁Work shop ▁( 1 9 5 3 – 5 4 ). < ref > Cont ribut or ▁note ▁on ▁Lin ▁Carter ▁in ▁August ▁Der le th , ▁ed . ▁Fire , ▁S le et ▁and ▁Cand le light : ▁New ▁Po ems ▁of ▁the ▁Mac ab re . ▁Sau k ▁City , ▁W I : ▁Ark ham ▁House |
, ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁p . ▁ 2 2 8 </ ref > ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁advertising ▁and ▁publish ers ' ▁copy writer ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁when ▁he ▁took ▁up ▁writing ▁full - time . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁editorial ▁consultant . ▁During ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁writing ▁career ▁he ▁lived ▁in ▁Holl is , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Carter ▁was ▁married ▁twice , ▁first ▁to ▁Jud ith ▁Ellen ▁H ers h kov itz ▁( mar ried ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁divor ced ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁and ▁second ▁to ▁No el ▁V re eland ▁( mar ried ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁both ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁publisher ▁P rent ice - H all ; ▁divor ced ▁ 1 9 7 5 ). ▁ ▁Carter ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁T rap ▁Door ▁Sp iders , ▁an ▁all - m ale ▁literary ▁ban qu eting ▁club ▁which ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁Isaac ▁As im ov ' s ▁fict ional ▁group ▁of ▁mystery - sol vers , ▁the ▁Black ▁W id ow ers . ▁Carter ▁was ▁the ▁model ▁for ▁As im ov ' s ▁character ▁Mario ▁Gon z alo . ▁Carter ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁S words men ▁and ▁Sor cer ers ' ▁G uild ▁of ▁America ▁( S AG A ), ▁a ▁loose - kn it ▁group ▁of ▁Hero ic ▁fantasy ▁authors ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 |
s , ▁some ▁of ▁whose ▁work ▁he ▁anth olog ized ▁in ▁the ▁Fl ashing ▁S words ! ▁series . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁Carter ▁published ▁one ▁issue ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁fantasy ▁f anz ine ▁K ad ath , ▁named ▁after ▁H . ▁P . ▁Love craft ' s ▁fict ional ▁setting ▁( see ▁The ▁Dream - Quest ▁of ▁Un known ▁K ad ath ). ▁It ▁was ▁printed ▁in ▁extremely ▁low ▁numbers ▁and ▁was ▁scarc ely ▁circul ated . ▁It ▁contained ▁Carter ' s ▁C th ul hu ▁My th os ▁story ▁" The ▁City ▁of ▁P ill ars " ▁( pp . 2 2 – 2 5 ). ▁ ▁Carter ▁res ided ▁in ▁East ▁Orange , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁in ▁his ▁later ▁years , ▁and ▁drank ▁and ▁sm oked ▁heavily . ▁It ▁was ▁probably ▁smoking ▁that ▁gave ▁him ▁oral ▁cancer ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁Only ▁his ▁status ▁as ▁a ▁Korean ▁War ▁veteran ▁enabled ▁him ▁to ▁receive ▁extensive ▁surgery . ▁However , ▁it ▁failed ▁to ▁cure ▁the ▁cancer ▁and ▁left ▁him ▁dis fig ured . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁year ▁before ▁his ▁death , ▁he ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁re appe ar ▁in ▁print ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁book ▁in ▁his ▁Ter ra ▁Mag ica ▁series , ▁a ▁long - prom ised ▁Prince ▁Z ark on ▁pul p ▁hero ▁past iche , ▁Hor ror ▁W ears ▁Blue , ▁and ▁a ▁regular ▁column ▁for ▁the ▁magazine ▁C rypt ▁of ▁C th ul hu . ▁Despite ▁these ▁success es |
, ▁Carter ▁increased ▁his ▁alcohol ▁int ake , ▁becoming ▁an ▁alcohol ic . ▁His ▁cancer ▁resur faced , ▁spreading ▁to ▁his ▁throat ▁and ▁leading ▁to ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁Mont cl air , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Robert ▁M . ▁Price , ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁C rypt ▁of ▁C th ul hu , ▁who ▁had ▁published ▁a ▁Lin ▁Carter ▁special ▁issue ▁( Vol . ▁ 5 , ▁No ▁ 2 , ▁whole ▁number ▁ 3 6 , ▁ ▁Yu let ide ▁ 1 9 8 5 ), ▁was ▁preparing ▁a ▁second ▁all - C arter ▁issue ▁when ▁Carter ▁died . ▁It ▁was ▁turned ▁into ▁a ▁memorial ▁issue ▁( Vol . ▁ 7 , ▁No ▁ 4 , ▁whole ▁number ▁ 5 4 , ▁Easter t ide ▁ 1 9 8 8 ). ▁Two ▁further ▁issues ▁of ▁the ▁magazine ▁were ▁devoted ▁to ▁Carter ▁alone ▁( see ▁Re ferences ▁below ). ▁Price ▁was ▁also ▁appointed ▁Carter ' s ▁literary ▁execut or . ▁ ▁Writing ▁career ▁ ▁A ▁long time ▁science - f iction ▁and ▁fantasy ▁fan , ▁Carter ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁print ▁with ▁entertaining ▁letters ▁to ▁Start ling ▁Stories ▁and ▁other ▁pul p ▁magazines ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 0 s . ▁He ▁issued ▁two ▁volumes ▁of ▁fantasy ▁verse , ▁Sand al wood ▁and ▁J ade ▁( 1 9 5 1 ), ▁technically ▁his ▁first ▁book , ▁and ▁G alle on ▁of ▁Dream ▁( 1 9 5 5 ) |
▁( see ▁Po etry ▁in ▁Bibli ography ▁below ) ▁His ▁first ▁professional ▁publication ▁was ▁the ▁short ▁story ▁" M asters ▁of ▁the ▁Met ropol is ", ▁co - written ▁with ▁Rand all ▁Gar rett , ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁Anthony ▁B ouch er ▁in ▁The ▁Magazine ▁of ▁Fant asy ▁and ▁Science ▁F iction , ▁April ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁Another ▁early ▁collabor ative ▁story , ▁" The ▁Sl ither er ▁from ▁the ▁Sl ime " ▁( In side ▁SF , ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 8 ), ▁by ▁Carter , ▁as ▁" H . ▁P . ▁Low craft ", ▁with ▁Dave ▁F ole y , ▁is ▁a ▁par ody ▁of ▁H . ▁P . ▁Love craft . ▁The ▁story ▁" Un col lected ▁Works " ▁( F ant asy ▁and ▁SF , ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁final ist ▁for ▁the ▁annual ▁Neb ula ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Short ▁Story , ▁from ▁the ▁SF ▁and ▁fantasy ▁writers , ▁the ▁only ▁time ▁Carter ▁was ▁a ▁runner - up ▁for ▁a ▁major ▁award . ▁ ▁Early ▁in ▁his ▁efforts ▁to ▁establish ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁writer , ▁Carter ▁gained ▁a ▁ment or ▁in ▁L . ▁Spr ague ▁de ▁Camp , ▁who ▁crit iqu ed ▁his ▁novel ▁The ▁W izard ▁of ▁Lem ur ia ▁in ▁manuscript . ▁The ▁seventh ▁novel ▁Carter ▁wrote , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁publisher , ▁appearing ▁from ▁A ce ▁Books ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁Due ▁in ▁large ▁part ▁to ▁their ▁later ▁collabor |
ations , ▁mutual ▁promotion ▁of ▁each ▁other ▁in ▁print , ▁joint ▁membership ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁T rap ▁Door ▁Sp iders ▁and ▁S AG A , ▁and ▁complement ary ▁schol arly ▁efforts ▁to ▁document ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁fantasy , ▁de ▁Camp ▁is ▁the ▁person ▁with ▁whom ▁Carter ▁is ▁most ▁closely ▁associated ▁as ▁a ▁writer . ▁A ▁falling - out ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁decade ▁of ▁Carter ' s ▁life ▁did ▁not ▁become ▁generally ▁known ▁until ▁after ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁Carter ▁was ▁a ▁pro l ific ▁writer , ▁producing ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁six ▁books ▁a ▁year ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁nearly ▁monthly ▁column , ▁" Our ▁Man ▁in ▁F andom ", ▁in ▁If , ▁edited ▁by ▁Freder ik ▁P ohl , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁writer ▁on ▁ABC ' s ▁original ▁Sp ider - Man ▁animated ▁TV ▁show ▁during ▁its ▁fantasy - oriented ▁second ▁season ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 - 6 9 . ▁ ▁Carter ▁frequently ▁cited ▁his ▁own ▁writ ings ▁in ▁his ▁non - f iction ▁and ▁almost ▁always ▁included ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁pieces ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁anth ologies ▁he ▁edited . ▁The ▁most ▁extreme ▁instance ▁of ▁his ▁pen chant ▁for ▁self - prom otion ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁sixth ▁novel ▁in ▁his ▁Call isto ▁sequence , ▁L ank ar ▁of ▁Call isto , ▁which ▁features ▁Carter ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁protagon ist . ▁ ▁Carter ▁was ▁not ▁reluct ant ▁to ▁attack ▁organized ▁religion ▁in ▁his ▁books |
, ▁notably ▁in ▁his ▁un finished ▁epic ▁World ' s ▁End , ▁in ▁" Am al ric ▁the ▁Man - God " ▁( also ▁un finished ), ▁and ▁in ▁The ▁W izard ▁of ▁Z ao . ▁He ▁port rayed ▁relig ions ▁as ▁cruel ▁and ▁re press ive , ▁and ▁had ▁his ▁heroes ▁escape ▁from ▁their ▁in quis itions . ▁ ▁In ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁fiction , ▁Carter ▁was ▁conscious ly ▁im itative ▁of ▁the ▁themes , ▁subjects ▁and ▁styles ▁of ▁authors ▁he ▁adm ired . ▁He ▁usually ▁identified ▁his ▁models ▁in ▁the ▁introdu ctions ▁or ▁after words ▁of ▁his ▁novels , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁intro duct ory ▁notes ▁to ▁self - anth olog ized ▁or ▁collected ▁short ▁stories . ▁His ▁best - known ▁works ▁are ▁his ▁sword ▁and ▁planet ▁and ▁sword ▁and ▁sor cery ▁novels ▁in ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁Ed gar ▁Rice ▁Bur rough s , ▁Robert ▁E . ▁Howard , ▁and ▁James ▁Branch ▁Cab ell . ▁His ▁first ▁published ▁book , ▁The ▁W izard ▁of ▁Lem ur ia ▁( 1 9 6 5 ), ▁first ▁of ▁the ▁" Th ong or ▁the ▁Bar bar ian " ▁series , ▁comb ines ▁both ▁influences . ▁Although ▁he ▁wrote ▁only ▁six ▁Th ong or ▁novels , ▁the ▁character ▁appeared ▁in ▁Marvel ▁Com ics ' s ▁Creat ures ▁on ▁the ▁Lo ose ▁for ▁an ▁eight - issue ▁run ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 - 7 4 ▁and ▁was ▁often ▁option ed ▁for ▁films , ▁although ▁none ▁has ▁been ▁produced . ▁His ▁other ▁major |
▁series , ▁the ▁" Call isto " ▁and ▁" Z anth od on " ▁books , ▁are ▁direct ▁t ributes ▁to ▁Bur rough s ' ▁Bar so om ▁series ▁and ▁P ell uc id ar ▁novels , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁In ▁other ▁works ▁Carter ▁paid ▁hom age ▁to ▁the ▁styles ▁of ▁contemporary ▁pul p ▁magazine ▁authors ▁or ▁their ▁pre curs ors . ▁Some ▁of ▁these , ▁together ▁with ▁Carter ' s ▁models , ▁include ▁his ▁" Sim r ana " ▁stories ▁( in flu enced ▁by ▁Lord ▁Dun s any ), ▁his ▁horror ▁stories ▁( set ▁in ▁the ▁" C th ul hu ▁My th os " ▁of ▁H . ▁P . ▁Love craft ), ▁his ▁" Green ▁Star " ▁novels ▁( un iting ▁influences ▁from ▁Clark ▁As ht on ▁Smith ▁and ▁Ed gar ▁Rice ▁Bur rough s ), ▁his ▁" M yst eries ▁of ▁Mars " ▁series ▁( pattern ed ▁on ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Le igh ▁Br ack ett ), ▁and ▁his ▁" Pr ince ▁Z ark on " ▁books ▁( based ▁on ▁the ▁" Doc ▁Sav age " ▁series ▁of ▁Kenn eth ▁Rob es on ). ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁his ▁career ▁Carter ▁ass imil ated ▁influences ▁from ▁myth ology ▁and ▁fair y ▁tales , ▁and ▁even ▁br an ched ▁out ▁briefly ▁into ▁porn ographic ▁fantasy . ▁ ▁Post hum ous ▁collabor ations ▁with ▁Howard ▁and ▁Smith ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁Carter ' s ▁most ▁prominent ▁works ▁were ▁what ▁he ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" post hum ous ▁collabor ations " ▁with ▁dece ased |
▁authors , ▁notably ▁Robert ▁E . ▁Howard ▁and ▁Clark ▁As ht on ▁Smith . ▁He ▁completed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Howard ' s ▁un finished ▁tales ▁of ▁K ull ▁( see ▁K ull ▁( collection ) ▁ ▁and ▁Con an ▁the ▁Bar bar ian , ▁the ▁latter ▁often ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁L . ▁Spr ague ▁de ▁Camp . ▁He ▁also ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁de ▁Camp ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁past iche ▁novels ▁and ▁short ▁stories ▁featuring ▁Con an . ▁ ▁The ▁" post hum ous ▁collabor ations " ▁with ▁Smith ▁were ▁of ▁a ▁different ▁order , ▁usually ▁completely ▁new ▁stories ▁built ▁around ▁title ▁ideas ▁or ▁short ▁fragments ▁found ▁among ▁Smith ' s ▁notes ▁and ▁j ott ings . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁these ▁tales ▁feature ▁Smith ' s ▁invented ▁book ▁of ▁for bidden ▁l ore , ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁E ib on ▁( C th ul hu ▁My th os ▁arc ane ▁literature ). ▁Some ▁of ▁them ▁also ▁overlap ▁as ▁past iches ▁of ▁H . P . ▁Love craft ' s ▁work ▁by ▁util ising ▁elements ▁of ▁Love craft ' s ▁C th ul hu ▁My th os . ▁These ▁stories ▁are ▁un col lected . ▁For ▁further ▁information ▁see ▁Steve ▁Be h rend s , ▁" The ▁Carter - Sm ith ▁Coll abor ations " ▁in ▁Robert ▁M . ▁Price ▁( ed ). ▁The ▁Hor ror ▁of ▁it ▁All : ▁En cr usted ▁G ems ▁from ▁the ▁C rypt ▁of ▁C th ul hu . ▁See ▁also ▁Lin ▁Carter ▁de ities . ▁ ▁P |
astic hes ▁of ▁H . ▁P . ▁Love craft ▁and ▁Lord ▁Dun s any ▁ ▁Carter ▁wrote ▁numerous ▁stories ▁in ▁the ▁C th ul hu ▁My th os ▁of ▁H . ▁P . ▁Love craft . ▁Many ▁have ▁been ▁collected ▁in ▁ ▁The ▁X oth ic ▁Legend ▁Cy cle : ▁The ▁Complete ▁My th os ▁F iction ▁of ▁Lin ▁Carter , ▁edited ▁by ▁Robert ▁M . ▁Price . ▁Despite ▁the ▁title , ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁un col lected ▁My th os ▁stories ▁by ▁Carter . ▁See ▁also ▁X oth ic ▁legend ▁cycle . ▁For ▁further ▁info ▁see ▁Robert ▁M . ▁Price ▁" The ▁Statement ▁of ▁Lin ▁Carter ", ▁C rypt ▁of ▁C th ul hu ▁ 1 , ▁No ▁ 2 ▁( Y u let ide ▁ 1 9 8 1 ), ▁ 1 1 - 1 9 . ▁ ▁Carter ▁wrote ▁two ▁cycles ▁of ▁stories ▁set ▁in ▁" d ream lands ," ▁paying ▁t ribute ▁to ▁the ▁fantasy ▁of ▁Lord ▁Dun s any , ▁I kr anos , ▁from ▁his ▁fan ▁days , ▁and ▁Sim r ana , ▁after ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁professional ▁writer . ▁ ▁Un finished ▁projects ▁ ▁Carter ▁left ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁projects ▁un finished . ▁He ▁regularly ▁announced ▁plans ▁for ▁future ▁works ▁that ▁never ▁came ▁to ▁fru ition , ▁even ▁including ▁some ▁among ▁lists ▁of ▁other ▁works ▁printed ▁in ▁the ▁front s ▁of ▁his ▁books . ▁His ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁anth ologies ▁Kingdom s ▁of ▁Sor cery ▁and ▁Real ms ▁of ▁W izard ry ▁both ▁included |
▁such ▁ph ant om ▁books ▁among ▁his ▁other ▁listed ▁works , ▁titled ▁Robert ▁E . ▁Howard ▁and ▁the ▁R ise ▁of ▁S word ▁& ▁Sor cery , ▁The ▁St ones ▁of ▁M nar ▁and ▁J ungle ▁M aid ▁of ▁Call isto . ▁The ▁first ▁of ▁these , ▁presumably ▁a ▁non - f iction ▁study ▁along ▁the ▁lines ▁of ▁his ▁Tol k ien : ▁A ▁Look ▁Behind ▁" The ▁Lord ▁of ▁the ▁R ings " ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁never ▁saw ▁print ; ▁the ▁second ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁The ▁T error ▁Out ▁of ▁Time , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁C th ul hu ▁My th os ▁tales ▁he ▁had ▁pit ched ▁un success fully ▁to ▁Ark ham ▁House ▁( the ▁existing ▁material ▁for ▁which ▁was ▁eventually ▁gathered ▁into ▁his ▁The ▁X oth ic ▁Legend ▁Cy cle ▁( 1 9 9 7 )); ▁the ▁third ▁was ▁apparently ▁a ▁working ▁title ▁for ▁Y l ana ▁of ▁Call isto ▁( 1 9 7 7 ), ▁published ▁the ▁year ▁after ▁the ▁anth ologies . ▁ ▁Several ▁of ▁his ▁series ▁were ▁abandoned ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁publisher ▁or ▁reader ▁interest ▁or ▁to ▁his ▁deter ior ating ▁health . ▁Among ▁these ▁are ▁his ▁" Th ong or " ▁series , ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁intended ▁to ▁add ▁two ▁books ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁hero ' s ▁youth ; ▁only ▁a ▁scattering ▁of ▁short ▁stories ▁intended ▁for ▁the ▁volumes ▁appeared . ▁His ▁" G ond w ane " ▁epic , ▁which ▁he ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁final ▁book ▁and ▁afterwards ▁added |
▁several ▁more ▁covering ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁s aga , ▁lack s ▁its ▁middle ▁volumes , ▁his ▁publisher ▁having ▁cancel ed ▁the ▁series ▁before ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁gap ▁between . ▁Similarly , ▁his ▁projected ▁Atl ant is ▁tr il ogy ▁was ▁cancel ed ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁book ▁( The ▁Black ▁Star ), ▁and ▁his ▁five - volume ▁" Ch ron icles ▁of ▁K yl ix " ▁ended ▁with ▁three ▁volumes ▁published ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁another ▁( Am al ric ). ▁ ▁Another ▁un finished ▁project ▁was ▁Carter ' s ▁self - pro claimed ▁mag num ▁op us , ▁an ▁epic ▁literary ▁fantasy ▁entitled ▁Kh ym y rium , ▁or , ▁to ▁give ▁it ▁its ▁full ▁title , ▁Kh ym y rium : ▁The ▁City ▁of ▁the ▁H undred ▁Kings , ▁from ▁the ▁Com ing ▁of ▁A vi ath ar ▁the ▁Lion ▁to ▁the ▁Pass ing ▁of ▁Sp her id ion ▁the ▁Do omed . ▁It ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁genre ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁direction ▁by ▁resur rect ing ▁the ▁fantastic ▁medieval ▁chron icle ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁sort ▁exempl ified ▁by ▁Geoff rey ▁of ▁Mon mouth ' s ▁Historia ▁Reg um ▁Brit ann ia e ▁and ▁Sax o ▁Gr amm atic us ' s ▁G esta ▁Dan orum . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁to ▁present ▁a ▁new ▁invented ▁system ▁of ▁magic ▁called ▁" en star ment ", ▁which ▁from ▁Carter ' s ▁description ▁somewhat ▁re semb les ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁magical ▁luck ▁investment ▁later ▁dev ised ▁by ▁Emma ▁Bull ▁and ▁Will ▁She |
t ter ly ▁for ▁their ▁" Li ave k " ▁series ▁of ▁shared ▁world ▁anth ologies . ▁Carter ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁begun ▁the ▁work ▁about ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁and ▁published ▁three ▁ex cer pts ▁from ▁it ▁as ▁separate ▁short ▁stories ▁during ▁his ▁lifetime ▁– ▁" Az lon " ▁in ▁The ▁Young ▁Mag icians ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁" The ▁M ant ich ore " ▁in ▁Beyond ▁the ▁G ates ▁of ▁Dream ▁( also ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁and ▁" The ▁S word ▁of ▁Power " ▁in ▁New ▁World s ▁for ▁Old ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁A ▁fourth ▁episode ▁was ▁published ▁post hum ously ▁in ▁F ung i ▁# 1 7 , ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁f anz ine . ▁His ▁most ▁comprehensive ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁appeared ▁in ▁Im ag inary ▁World s : ▁the ▁Art ▁of ▁Fant asy ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁While ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁make ▁claims ▁for ▁its ▁excell ence ▁throughout ▁his ▁lifetime , ▁the ▁complete ▁novel ▁never ▁appeared . ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁problem ▁was ▁that ▁Carter ▁was ▁forcing ▁himself ▁to ▁write ▁the ▁novel ▁in ▁a ▁formal ▁style ▁more ▁like ▁that ▁of ▁William ▁Morris ▁and ▁quite ▁unlike ▁his ▁own . ▁ ▁Career ▁as ▁editor ▁and ▁critic ▁Carter ▁was ▁influential ▁as ▁a ▁critic ▁of ▁contemporary ▁fantasy ▁and ▁a ▁pione ering ▁historian ▁of ▁the ▁genre . ▁His ▁book ▁reviews ▁and ▁surveys ▁of ▁the ▁year ' s ▁best ▁fantasy ▁fiction ▁appeared ▁regularly ▁in ▁Castle ▁of ▁Frank en stein , |
▁continuing ▁after ▁that ▁magazine ' s ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁dem ise ▁in ▁The ▁Year ' s ▁Best ▁Fant asy ▁Stories . ▁His ▁early ▁studies ▁of ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁J . ▁R . ▁R . ▁Tol k ien ▁( T olk ien : ▁A ▁Look ▁Behind ▁" The ▁Lord ▁of ▁the ▁R ings ") ▁and ▁H . ▁P . ▁Love craft ▁( Love craft : ▁A ▁Look ▁Behind ▁the ▁C th ul hu ▁My th os ) ▁were ▁followed ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁wide - r anging ▁Im ag inary ▁World s : ▁the ▁Art ▁of ▁Fant asy , ▁a ▁study ▁tracing ▁the ▁emer gence ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁modern ▁fantasy ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁nineteenth ▁century ▁novels ▁of ▁William ▁Morris ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁Peter ▁Be agle ▁fault ed ▁Carter ' s ▁scholarship , ▁saying ▁" He ▁gets ▁so ▁many ▁facts ▁embarrass ingly ▁wrong , ▁so ▁many ▁attribut ions ▁mis qu oted , ▁that ▁the ▁entire ▁comment ary ▁is ▁essentially ▁worth less ." ▁ ▁His ▁greatest ▁influence ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁as ▁an ▁editor ▁for ▁Ball antine ▁Books ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 9 – 1 9 7 4 , ▁when ▁Carter ▁brought ▁several ▁then ▁obsc ure ▁yet ▁important ▁books ▁of ▁fantasy ▁back ▁into ▁print ▁under ▁the ▁" Ad ult ▁Fant asy " ▁line . ▁Authors ▁whose ▁works ▁he ▁rev ived ▁included ▁Dun s any , ▁Morris , ▁Smith , ▁James ▁Branch ▁Cab ell , ▁Hope ▁Mir r le es , ▁and ▁Ev ang eline ▁Wal |
ton . ▁David ▁G . ▁Hart well ▁praised ▁the ▁series , ▁saying ▁it ▁brought ▁" into ▁mass ▁ed itions ▁nearly ▁all ▁the ▁adult ▁fantasy ▁stories ▁and ▁novels ▁worth ▁reading ." ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁helped ▁new ▁authors ▁break ▁into ▁the ▁field , ▁such ▁as ▁K atherine ▁Kurt z , ▁Joy ▁Ch ant , ▁and ▁Sand ers ▁Anne ▁La ub ent hal . ▁ ▁Carter ▁was ▁a ▁fantasy ▁anth ologist ▁of ▁note , ▁editing ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁new ▁anth ologies ▁of ▁classic ▁and ▁contemporary ▁fantasy ▁for ▁Ball antine ▁and ▁other ▁publish ers . ▁He ▁also ▁edited ▁several ▁anth ology ▁series , ▁including ▁the ▁Fl ashing ▁S words ! ▁series ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁the ▁first ▁six ▁volumes ▁of ▁The ▁Year ' s ▁Best ▁Fant asy ▁Stories ▁for ▁DA W ▁Books ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁and ▁an ▁anth ology ▁format ▁rev ival ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁fantasy ▁magazine ▁We ird ▁T ales ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Together ▁with ▁S AG A ▁he ▁sponsored ▁the ▁Gand alf ▁Award , ▁an ▁early ▁fantasy ▁equivalent ▁to ▁science ▁fiction ' s ▁Hugo ▁Award , ▁for ▁the ▁recognition ▁of ▁outstanding ▁mer it ▁in ▁authors ▁and ▁works ▁of ▁fantasy . ▁It ▁was ▁given ▁annually ▁by ▁the ▁World ▁Science ▁F iction ▁Society ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁but ▁went ▁into ▁ab ey ance ▁with ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁Carter |
' s ▁health ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Its ▁primary ▁purpose ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁ful filled ▁by ▁the ▁initially ▁rival ▁World ▁Fant asy ▁Awards , ▁first ▁presented ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Post hum ous ▁rev ival ▁Wild side ▁Press ▁began ▁an ▁extensive ▁program ▁returning ▁much ▁of ▁Carter ' s ▁fiction ▁to ▁print ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁All ▁remain ▁in ▁print , ▁and ▁one ▁original ▁book ▁was ▁issued ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁collecting ▁the ▁short ▁stories ▁about ▁Th ong or . ▁See ▁the ▁bibli ography ▁for ▁Wild side ▁re issues . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Nova ▁Award , ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Ball antine ▁Adult ▁Fant asy ▁Series ▁ ▁S words men ▁and ▁Sor cer ers ' ▁G uild ▁of ▁America ▁ ▁T rap ▁Door ▁Sp iders ▁ ▁Black ▁W id ow ers ▁ ▁Lin ▁Carter ▁de ities ▁ ▁Gand alf ▁Award ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁C rypt ▁of ▁C th ul hu ▁magazine . ▁No ▁less ▁than ▁five ▁issues ▁of ▁this ▁Love craft ian ▁f anz ine ▁edited ▁by ▁Robert ▁M . ▁Price , ▁all ▁published ▁in ▁Upper ▁Mont cl air , ▁N . J ., ▁were ▁devoted ▁to ▁Lin ▁Carter ▁as ▁special ▁issues : ▁No . ▁ 3 6 ▁( v . ▁ 5 , ▁no . ▁ 2 ), ▁Yu let ide ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁No . ▁ 5 4 ▁( v |
. ▁ 7 , ▁no . ▁ 4 ), ▁Easter t ide ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁[ Lin ▁Carter ▁memorial ▁issue , ▁titled ▁The ▁Fish ers ▁from ▁Outside ; ▁Carter ▁died ▁on ▁Feb . ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁just ▁as ▁this ▁issue ▁had ▁been ▁types et ▁and ▁laid ▁out . ▁The ▁back ▁cover ▁carries ▁an ▁unsigned ▁ob it uary ] ▁No . ▁ 6 9 ▁ ▁( v . ▁ 9 , ▁no . ▁ 2 ), ▁Yu let ide ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁No . ▁ 7 0 ▁( v . ▁ 9 , ▁no . ▁ 3 ), ▁Cand lem as ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁[ t itled ▁The ▁N ec ron om icon : ▁Book ▁One : ▁The ▁E pis odes ] ▁No ▁ 9 5 ▁( v . 1 6 , ▁no ▁ 2 ) ▁Easter t ide ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Cont ains ▁" C th ul hu ▁and ▁Co " ▁( ess ay ▁on ▁Love craft ) ▁and ▁" The ▁Light ▁in ▁the ▁East " ▁( ess ay ▁on ▁the ▁Herm etic ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Golden ▁Da wn ) ▁both ▁by ▁Carter . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Lin ▁Carter ▁Liter ary ▁Arch ive ▁The ▁Ohio ▁State ▁University ▁R are ▁Books ▁and ▁Man us cript s ▁Collection ▁ ▁In ▁Mem or iam ▁Lin ▁Carter ▁ 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 8 8 , ▁a ▁t ribute ▁site ▁by ▁Ken ▁St . ▁Andre ▁ ▁Bar |
bar ians ▁of ▁Lem ur ia , ▁a ▁free ▁role - play ing ▁game ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁Carter ' s ▁Th ong or '' ▁series . ▁ ▁t ribute ▁site ▁display ing ▁many ▁Lin ▁Carter ▁book ▁covers ▁ ▁" Why ▁Lin ▁Carter ' s ▁Name ▁keeps ▁Com ing ▁Up " ▁by ▁David ▁Bruce ▁Bo z arth l ▁ ▁" My ▁Life ▁with ▁Lin ▁Carter " ▁by ▁No el ▁V re eland ▁Carter ▁ ▁Information ▁on ▁Th ong or ▁of ▁Lem ur ia ▁as ▁a ▁character ▁in ▁Marvel ▁Com ics ▁adapt ations ▁ ▁" An ▁Un natural ▁History ▁of ▁Th ong or ' s ▁Lem ur ia " ▁by ▁Den ▁V ald ron ▁ ▁Stephen ▁J . ▁Serv ello , ▁" Lin ▁Carter ▁and ▁Clark ▁As ht on ▁Smith " ▁ ▁Lin ▁Carter ▁Papers ▁at ▁David ▁M . ▁Rub en stein ▁R are ▁Book ▁and ▁Man us cript ▁Library , ▁Duke ▁University ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁fantasy ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁science ▁fiction ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁book ▁ed itors ▁Category : American ▁spec ulative ▁fiction ▁ed itors ▁Category : Con an ▁the ▁Bar bar ian ▁novel ists ▁Category : S ci ence ▁fiction ▁ed itors ▁Category : S ci ence ▁fiction ▁fans ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : C th ul hu ▁My th os ▁writers ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁oral ▁cancer |
▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁cancer ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : American ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : L em ur ia ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : American ▁male ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁St . ▁Peters burg , ▁Florida ▁Category : N ov el ists ▁from ▁Florida ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Holl is , ▁Queens ▁Category : H . ▁P . ▁Love craft ▁scholars ▁Category : We ird ▁fiction ▁writers ▁Category : P ulp ▁fiction ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁ 1 0 th ▁Ann iversary ▁Album ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁▁ 1 0 th ▁Ann iversary ▁Album ▁( The ▁Vent ures ▁album ), ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁▁ 1 0 th ▁Ann iversary ▁Album ▁( N at ▁King ▁Cole ▁album ), ▁ 1 9 5 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Full ▁Metal ▁Challenge ▁was ▁a ▁television ▁series ▁made ▁by ▁R DF ▁Media ▁for ▁Channel ▁ 4 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁the ▁Learning ▁Channel ▁in ▁the ▁USA . ▁Host ed ▁by ▁series ▁creator ▁Cath y ▁Rogers ▁and ▁Henry ▁Roll ins , ▁the ▁show ▁was ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁Rogers ' ▁last ▁show , ▁Sc rap heap ▁Challenge . ▁It ▁was ▁fil med ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁with ▁a ▁budget ▁of ▁approx ▁£ 6 . 5 ▁million ▁on ▁location ▁at ▁the ▁dis used ▁Rich borough ▁Power ▁Station ▁just ▁outside ▁Sand wich ▁in ▁Kent . ▁ ▁Prem ise ▁Twenty - seven ▁teams ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁compete ▁in ▁the ▁challenge . ▁Each ▁team ▁consists ▁of ▁ 3 ▁people . ▁The ▁teams ▁were ▁all ▁given ▁ 1 |
▁month ▁and ▁$ 3 0 0 0 ▁USD ▁( ex changed ▁to ▁their ▁country ' s ▁respective ▁currency ) ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁vehicle ▁that ▁" could ▁with stand ▁anything ." ▁Te ams ▁did ▁not ▁know ▁ahead ▁of ▁time ▁exactly ▁what ▁the ▁events ▁would ▁be ▁and ▁how ▁they ▁would ▁work . ▁Period ically ▁during ▁the ▁build , ▁a ▁technical ▁advis or ▁would ▁visit ▁the ▁teams ▁to ▁make ▁sure ▁the ▁vehicles ▁would ▁pass ▁safety ▁regulations ▁and ▁to ▁make ▁sure ▁they ▁stayed ▁legal ▁for ▁the ▁tournament . ▁They ▁were ▁also ▁required ▁to ▁be ▁no ▁heav ier ▁than ▁ 3 ▁tons ▁and / or ▁wider ▁than ▁ 8 ▁feet ▁( for ▁the ▁hall ▁of ▁mir rors ). ▁Cars ▁ended ▁up ▁being ▁loud , ▁no isy , ▁big , ▁and ▁destruct ive ▁( qual ities ▁rel ished ▁by ▁the ▁show ' s ▁co - host , ▁Henry ▁Roll ins ). ▁ ▁In ▁each ▁show , ▁ 3 ▁machines ▁competed . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁round , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 ▁he ats , ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁involved ▁one ▁machine ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁one ▁from ▁North ▁America , ▁and ▁one ▁from ▁another ▁country ▁( Ch ile , ▁India , ▁Australia , ▁China , ▁I cel and , ▁Germany , ▁Russia , ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ). ▁The ▁team ▁that ▁won ▁a ▁challenge ▁got ▁ 3 ▁points , ▁placed ▁ 2 nd ▁got ▁ 2 , ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁placed ▁got ▁ 1 , ▁with ▁a ▁failure ▁to ▁finish ▁worth ▁ 0 ▁points ▁and ▁a ▁tie ▁worth |
▁half ▁a ▁point . ▁After ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁challenge , ▁the ▁machine ▁with ▁the ▁lowest ▁score ▁was ▁" inc iner ated " ▁and ▁the ▁top ▁ 2 ▁progress ed ▁to ▁the ▁Sum o ▁round . ▁ ▁The ▁sole ▁winners ▁were ▁The ▁Aqu ah ol ics ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁run ners ▁up ▁The ▁Snow dig gers ▁from ▁Canada ▁( the ▁only ▁Canadian ▁team ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁section ) ▁with ▁Chile ' s ▁Des ert ▁P um as ▁in ▁ 3 rd ▁place . ▁ ▁Tour nament ▁Play ▁The ▁vehicles ▁competed ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁events , ▁with ▁each ▁episode ▁showing ▁the ▁competition ▁between ▁ 3 ▁vehicles . ▁After ▁the ▁events , ▁the ▁teams ▁each ▁received ▁points ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁performance , ▁usually ▁ 3 ▁for ▁ 1 st ▁place , ▁ 2 ▁for ▁ 2 nd ▁place , ▁ 1 ▁for ▁ 3 rd ▁place , ▁though ▁contest ants ▁could ▁score ▁ 0 ▁points ▁for ▁not ▁completing ▁a ▁course , ▁or ▁share ▁points ▁if ▁they ▁got ▁the ▁same ▁score ). ▁After ▁all ▁the ▁events ▁were ▁complete , ▁the ▁team ▁with ▁the ▁lowest ▁score ▁had ▁to ▁watch ▁their ▁car ▁blow ▁up , ▁though ▁it ▁was ▁fe igned ▁for ▁effect . ▁The ▁two ▁winning ▁teams ▁faced ▁off ▁in ▁a ▁sum o ▁wrest ling ▁match . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁Sum o ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁tournament . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁Pre liminary ▁Each ▁episode ▁featured ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁events . ▁Te ams ▁were ▁awarded ▁ 3 ▁points ▁for ▁first ▁place |
, ▁ 2 ▁for ▁second , ▁ 1 ▁for ▁third ▁and ▁none ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁finish ▁an ▁event . ▁In ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁a ▁tie , ▁the ▁points ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁places ▁are ▁aver aged ▁and ▁divided ▁equally ▁( i . e . ▁a ▁tie ▁for ▁second ▁results ▁in ▁ 1 . 5 ▁points ▁per ▁team ). ▁▁▁ 1 0 ▁Pin ▁Cars ▁start ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁soap ▁s lick ed ▁path ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁p ins ▁at ▁the ▁other ▁end , ▁each ▁weigh ing ▁ 1 5 0 l bs . ▁Each ▁team ▁is ▁given ▁ 2 ▁trials ▁to ▁knock ▁down ▁as ▁many ▁p ins ▁as ▁possible . ▁P ins ▁knocked ▁over ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁trial ▁are ▁removed ▁from ▁play ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁trial . ▁Each ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁features ▁this ▁game ▁first . ▁▁ ▁P it ball ▁In ▁this ▁game , ▁all ▁three ▁teams ▁start ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁a ▁cr ater - like ▁dirt ▁pit . ▁Position ed ▁facing ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁center , ▁a ▁giant ▁wire frame ▁soccer ▁ball ▁with ▁fl aming ▁core ▁is ▁rolled ▁into ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁pit ▁and ▁before ▁coming ▁to ▁rest , ▁a ▁signal ▁sound ing ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁sounds . ▁The ▁first ▁team ▁to ▁push ▁the ▁ball ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁pit ▁wins ▁the ▁game . ▁After wards , ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁reset ▁for ▁the ▁remaining ▁two ▁teams ▁to ▁settle ▁second ▁and ▁third . ▁If ▁a ▁car ▁goes ▁over ▁the ▁lip ▁of ▁the ▁pit ▁in ▁the ▁process |
▁of ▁scoring ▁a ▁goal , ▁a ▁foul ▁is ▁called ▁and ▁the ▁cars ▁are ▁put ▁back ▁into ▁starting ▁position . ▁For ▁the ▁final , ▁posts ▁were ▁added ▁mark ing ▁a ▁goal ▁and ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁goal ▁to ▁count , ▁teams ▁had ▁to ▁push ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁any ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 ▁goals . ▁▁ ▁Hall ▁of ▁Mir rors ▁Te ams ▁begin ▁on ▁the ▁outside ▁of ▁a ▁giant ▁hex agon ▁m aze ▁with ▁reflect ive ▁walls ▁and ▁attempt ▁to ▁drive ▁to ▁the ▁center ▁marked ▁by ▁the ▁F MC ▁logo . ▁Once ▁green ▁flag ged , ▁they ▁must ▁find ▁the ▁quick est ▁route ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁m aze ▁entirely . ▁First ▁team ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁m aze ▁wins . ▁F inding ▁a ▁clear ▁path ▁can ▁prove ▁difficult ▁as ▁some ▁walls ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁rot ate , ▁changing ▁the ▁layout ▁of ▁the ▁m aze . ▁Te ams ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁watch ▁a ▁monitor ▁with ▁an ▁overhead ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁m aze ▁and ▁can ▁communicate ▁directions ▁to ▁the ▁driving ▁team mate . ▁▁ ▁B umper ▁Cars ▁All ▁three ▁teams ▁begin ▁in ▁a ▁so aps lick ed ▁area ▁and ▁proceed ▁to ▁run ▁into ▁be ac ons ▁scattered ▁around ▁the ▁play ▁area . ▁Te ams ▁score ▁points ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁be acon ▁hit ▁and ▁after ▁contact , ▁render ▁the ▁be acon ▁out ▁of ▁play ▁for ▁ 3 5 ▁seconds . ▁This ▁information ▁was ▁kept ▁hidden ▁from ▁teams ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁aware ▁that ▁only ▁lit ▁be ac ons ▁counted ▁for ▁points . ▁After ▁ 5 ▁minutes , ▁teams ▁scores |
▁were ▁tall ied ▁and ▁event ▁points ▁awarded ▁accordingly . ▁▁ ▁Roll er co aster ▁One ▁at ▁a ▁time , ▁teams ▁drive ▁their ▁vehicle ▁around ▁a ▁course ▁that ▁includes ▁two ▁ 5 0 ▁foot ▁high ▁te eters , ▁a ▁trick y ▁ 3 - way ▁te eter , ▁a ▁ 3 0 - degree ▁in verted ▁bank ▁and ▁multiple ▁b umps ▁along ▁the ▁way . ▁Te ams ▁try ▁to ▁complete ▁the ▁course ▁in ▁as ▁little ▁time ▁as ▁possible . ▁For ▁each ▁time ▁a ▁car ▁falls ▁off ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁track , ▁a ▁ 2 0 - second ▁penalty ▁is ▁assess ed . ▁▁ ▁W et ropol is ▁Te ams ▁start ▁at ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁a ▁field ▁flo oded ▁with ▁ 3 ▁feet ▁of ▁water . ▁Te ams ▁man eu ver ▁to ▁red ▁hy dr ants ▁scattered ▁around ▁the ▁course ▁and ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁continue , ▁the ▁car ▁must ▁complete ▁a ▁ 3 6 0 - degree ▁turn ▁in ▁reverse ▁around ▁it . ▁After ▁all ▁the ▁hy dr ants ▁had ▁been ▁cir cl ed , ▁the ▁team ▁drives ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁start ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁clock . ▁Ten ▁seconds ▁are ▁assess ed ▁in ▁pen alties ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁complete ▁a ▁circle ▁or ▁for ▁knock ing ▁signs ▁or ▁people ▁over , ▁fastest ▁time ▁wins ▁the ▁event . ▁▁ ▁King ▁of ▁the ▁Hill ▁Te ams ▁start ▁amongst ▁ 7 ▁m ounds , ▁each ▁with ▁a ▁sign ▁at ▁the ▁top . ▁Three ▁of ▁the ▁m ounds ▁are ▁assigned ▁solely ▁to ▁one ▁team , ▁three ▁more |
▁are ▁assigned ▁as ▁shared ▁between ▁two ▁teams ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁m ound ▁shared ▁by ▁all ▁three ▁teams . ▁After ▁the ▁start , ▁teams ▁must ▁knock ▁over ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁signs ▁set ▁up ▁around ▁the ▁center ▁m ound ▁with ▁their ▁cars . ▁Sign s ▁shared ▁by ▁teams ▁can ▁be ▁knocked ▁over ▁by ▁either ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁teams ▁assigned ▁to ▁it . ▁Once ▁a ▁team ▁has ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁signs ▁on ▁the ▁outer ▁ring ▁knocked ▁over , ▁they ▁then ▁attempt ▁the ▁center ▁m ound . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁signs ▁are ▁shared , ▁it ▁is ▁entirely ▁possible ▁for ▁a ▁team ▁to ▁be ▁eliminated ▁if ▁both ▁of ▁their ▁shared ▁signs ▁are ▁claimed ▁by ▁the ▁other ▁teams . ▁Once ▁a ▁team ▁has ▁finished , ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁start ▁from ▁where ▁they ▁left ▁off ▁to ▁attempt ▁to ▁complete ▁the ▁center ▁m ound . ▁If ▁teams ▁cannot ▁finish ▁and ▁it ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁tie , ▁wh ome ver ▁climbed ▁up ▁the ▁hill ▁closest ▁to ▁the ▁center ▁sign ▁wins . ▁This ▁event ▁was ▁always ▁played ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁event ▁of ▁the ▁sem if inal ▁round . ▁▁ ▁Grand ▁International ▁Te ams ▁are ▁lined ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁and ▁must ▁complete ▁two ▁l aps ▁of ▁the ▁course , ▁covered ▁in ▁multiple ▁j umps , ▁p onds , ▁and ▁hay ▁b ale ▁walls . ▁First ▁to ▁finish ▁wins . ▁This ▁event ▁was ▁only ▁played ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁event ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁round . ▁ ▁Fin ish ▁games ▁ ▁Sum o ▁After ▁the ▁last ▁place ▁team ▁was ▁eliminated |
, ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 2 ▁teams ▁would ▁compete ▁in ▁Sum o . ▁The ▁sum o ▁ring ▁was ▁overs ized ▁for ▁the ▁cars ▁and ▁was ▁section ed ▁off ▁so ▁that ▁various ▁sections ▁contained ▁haz ards . ▁Water , ▁sand , ▁bar bed ▁wire , ▁tire ▁sp ikes ▁and ▁other ▁devices ▁were ▁included ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁breakdown ▁more ▁likely . ▁As ▁with ▁sum o ▁wrest ling , ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁to ▁push ▁the ▁opponent ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁ring ▁wins . ▁Vict ory ▁was ▁also ▁declared ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁a ▁vehicle ▁sur rend ering ▁or ▁being ▁rendered ▁incap ac itated . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : Channel ▁ 4 ▁game ▁shows <0x0A> </s> ▁H ipp od rome ▁W are gem ▁( D utch : ▁H ipp od room ▁van ▁W are gem ), ▁located ▁in ▁ ▁W are gem , ▁Belgium , ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁horse ▁racing . ▁ ▁It ▁hosts ▁the ▁annual ▁Great ▁F land ers ▁Ste ep le ▁Chase , ▁a ▁steep le ch ase ▁event . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁spect ators . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ven ue ▁information ▁ ▁H ipp od room ▁W are gem ▁home page ▁ ▁Category : H orse ▁racing ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Belgium ▁Category : S |
ports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁West ▁F land ers ▁Category : Cross ▁country ▁running ▁ven ues <0x0A> </s> ▁On ▁Time ▁is ▁a ▁Grand ▁F unk ▁Rail road ▁album . ▁ ▁On ▁Time ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁On ▁Time ▁( Les ▁McC ann ▁album ), ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁On ▁Time , ▁album ▁by ▁I leg ales ▁" On ▁Time " ▁( s ong ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁song ▁by ▁the ▁Be e ▁Ge es ▁On ▁Time ▁( film ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁American ▁film ▁On Time , ▁software ▁by ▁Ax oso ft <0x0A> </s> ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Sports ▁Village ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁multi - s port ▁facility ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁out sk irts ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Wes ham ▁in ▁the ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁F y ld e ▁ ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire , ▁England . ▁Fac ilities ▁include ▁the ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁football ▁stadium , ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁football ▁team ▁A . F . C . ▁F y ld e ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁and ▁several ▁ 3 G ▁football ▁and ▁hockey ▁pit ches . ▁ ▁History ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁A . F . C . ▁F y ld e ▁announced ▁plans ▁to ▁move ▁from ▁their ▁current ▁ground ▁at ▁K ell amer gh ▁Park ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁W art on ▁to ▁a ▁then ▁un named ▁location , ▁and ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁un ve iled ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁Community ▁Sports |
▁Complex ▁in ▁W rea ▁Green ; ▁however , ▁the ▁planning ▁application ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁F y ld e ▁Council ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁. ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁club ▁announced ▁that ▁new ▁plans ▁had ▁been ▁drawn ▁up ▁for ▁a ▁£ 1 8 ▁million ▁multi - s port ▁development , ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Sports ▁Village , ▁on ▁the ▁out sk irts ▁of ▁Wes ham ▁. ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 - capacity ▁Football ▁League ▁standard ▁football ▁stadium ▁with ▁supporters ' ▁facilities , ▁the ▁development ▁would ▁include ▁community ▁sports ▁pit ches , ▁sports ▁science ▁facilities , ▁and ▁commercial ▁opportunities ▁including ▁a ▁super market ▁. ▁The ▁planning ▁application ▁for ▁the ▁stadium ▁and ▁associated ▁facilities ▁was ▁accepted ▁by ▁F y ld e ▁Bor ough ▁Council ▁on ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁Prest on ▁architecture ▁company ▁the ▁Frank ▁Wh ittle ▁Part nership ▁Limited ▁( the ▁F WP ▁group ), ▁who ▁have ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁successful ▁design ▁and ▁delivery ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁football ▁stadium s ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire ▁ ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁design ▁the ▁sport ing ▁village . ▁The ▁prime ▁developer ▁chosen ▁was ▁W arden ▁Construction ▁Limited , ▁also ▁of ▁Prest on . ▁Construction ▁began ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁and ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁. ▁The ▁ground ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁for ▁the ▁club ' |
s ▁first ▁National ▁League ▁North ▁match ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁against ▁Br ack ley ▁Town . ▁The ▁final ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁sports ▁village ▁was ▁approximately ▁£ 2 5 ▁million . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁Fac ilities ▁The ▁main ▁structure ▁within ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Sports ▁Village ▁is ▁the ▁football ▁stadium . ▁▁ ▁The ▁stadium ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁hold ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 ▁spect ators ▁in ▁three ▁stands . ▁The ▁main ▁grand stand ▁offers ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁seats ▁and ▁hospital ity ▁areas , ▁and ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁south ▁stands ▁provide ▁covered ▁terr acing . ▁ ▁The ▁stadium ▁is ▁described ▁as ▁" simple ▁yet ▁elegant "; ▁it ▁is ▁decorated ▁almost ▁solely ▁in ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁colours ▁for ▁its ▁outer / inner ▁cl adding ▁and ▁comb ines ▁a ▁smooth , ▁cur ved ▁roof ▁. ▁ ▁Customer ▁facilities ▁include ▁: ▁▁ 2 9 0 - se at ▁sports ▁bar ▁(" B rad ley ' s ") ▁featuring ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁large - screen ▁TV s ▁▁ 8 0 - se at ▁restaurant ▁with ▁roof ▁terr ace ▁▁ 4 0 - se at ▁ca fe ▁ ▁conference ▁and ▁event ▁facilities ▁across ▁ 9 ▁rooms ▁ ▁Other ▁Fac ilities ▁ ▁Other ▁Sport ing ▁Fac ilities ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁football ▁stadium , ▁the ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Sports ▁Village ▁also ▁contains ▁ 3 rd ▁generation ▁artificial ▁tur f ▁football ▁and ▁hockey ▁pit ches ▁for ▁community ▁use , ▁and ▁a ▁sports ▁science ▁centre . ▁ ▁Commercial ▁Fac ilities ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Sports ▁Village ▁also ▁contains ▁an ▁Ald i ▁super |
market , ▁Euro ▁Gar ages ▁pet rol ▁station ▁with ▁a ▁S ains bury % 2 7 s ▁Local , ▁Greg gs ▁b ak ery ▁and ▁K FC ▁fast ▁food ▁restaurant . ▁There ▁are ▁future ▁opportunities ▁for ▁a ▁ 6 0 - bed ▁hotel ▁on - site ▁. ▁ ▁Transport ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Sports ▁Village ▁is ▁accessible ▁by ▁both ▁public ▁transport ▁and ▁private ▁vehicles ▁ ▁By ▁Car ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Sports ▁Village ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 ▁mile ▁from ▁Jun ction ▁ 3 ▁of ▁the ▁M 5 5 ▁motor way ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁which ▁leads ▁to ▁Black pool ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁Prest on ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁M 6 ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁To ▁the ▁south , ▁the ▁A 5 8 5 ▁Fleet wood ▁Road ▁forms ▁the ▁Kirk ham ▁and ▁Wes ham ▁B yp ass ▁and ▁connect s ▁with ▁the ▁A 5 8 3 ▁Black pool ▁Road , ▁a ▁main ▁route ▁between ▁Black pool ▁and ▁Prest on . ▁Access ▁to ▁the ▁sports ▁village ▁is ▁via ▁the ▁A 5 8 5 ▁and ▁on - site ▁parking ▁is ▁available . ▁ ▁Public ▁Transport ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Sports ▁Village ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁regular ▁bus ▁and ▁train ▁services . ▁ ▁The ▁closest ▁bus ▁stop ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁A 5 8 5 ▁approximately ▁a ▁ 5 ▁minute ▁walk ▁from ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁sports ▁village . ▁ ▁The ▁Stage co ach ▁number ▁ 6 1 ▁service ▁operates ▁every ▁ 3 0 ▁minutes ▁providing ▁connections ▁through ▁Black pool ▁– ▁Kirk ham ▁– ▁Prest on ▁and ▁return . ▁ ▁The ▁closest ▁railway ▁station |
▁is ▁Kirk ham ▁and ▁Wes ham , ▁approximately ▁half ▁a ▁mile ▁away . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁operated ▁ ▁by ▁Northern ▁and ▁is ▁serv iced ▁by ▁the ▁Prest on - Black pool ▁North ▁and ▁Prest on - Black pool ▁South ▁lines , ▁with ▁up ▁to ▁six ▁services ▁per ▁hour ▁in ▁each ▁direction . ▁If ▁walking ▁to ▁the ▁sports ▁village ▁is ▁und es irable , ▁private ▁hire ▁vehicles ▁can ▁be ▁book ed ▁from ▁the ▁station . ▁ ▁P riz es ▁and ▁Hon ours ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁project ▁team ▁behind ▁the ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Sports ▁Village , ▁composed ▁of ▁representatives ▁from ▁W arden ▁Construction , ▁Frank ▁Wh ittle ▁Part nership , ▁Mill ▁Farm ▁Vent ures ▁and ▁A FC ▁F y ld e , ▁P WA ▁Planning , ▁Part ington ▁and ▁Associ ates , ▁Pet it ▁Sing leton ▁Associ ates , ▁Prest on ▁City ▁Council ▁and ▁F y ld e ▁Bor ough ▁Council , ▁was ▁a ▁regional ▁winner ▁in ▁Local ▁Authority ▁Building ▁Control ▁North ▁West ▁Awards . ▁ ▁The ▁judges ▁praised ▁the ▁winners ▁for ▁their : ▁“ inn ov ative ▁and ▁creative ▁solutions ▁and ▁building ▁control ▁professional ism ▁that ▁leads ▁to ▁safe , ▁sustainable ▁and ▁high ▁quality ▁construction ▁projects .” ▁ ▁Crit icism ▁Not ▁long ▁after ▁its ▁opening ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Mill ▁Hill ▁Sports ▁Village ▁was ▁critic ised ▁by ▁fans ▁and ▁community ▁groups ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁provide ▁sufficient ▁on - site ▁car ▁parking , ▁and ▁creating ▁traffic ▁problems ▁for ▁the ▁surrounding ▁roads . ▁Following ▁visits ▁from ▁its ▁planning ▁inspect |
ors ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁F y ld e ▁Council ▁ruled ▁that ▁Mill ▁Farm ' s ▁parking ▁facilities ▁and ▁A . F . C ▁F y ld e ' s ▁traffic ▁management ▁plans ▁were ▁" in ade quate " ▁. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Association ▁Football ▁Club ▁F y ld e ▁Brad ley ' s ▁Sports ▁Bar ▁F WP ▁Group ▁- ▁Architect s ▁- ▁Prest on ▁ ▁Category : A . F . C . ▁F y ld e ▁Category : Foot ball ▁ven ues ▁in ▁England ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire <0x0A> </s> ▁R ush ▁Township ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁twenty - three ▁town ships ▁in ▁Jo ▁Dav i ess ▁County , ▁Illinois , ▁USA . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 3 8 0 ▁and ▁it ▁contained ▁ 1 8 8 ▁housing ▁units . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁town ship ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁all ▁land . ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁town ships ▁ ▁Warren ▁Township ▁( n orth ) ▁ ▁N ora ▁Township ▁( east ) ▁ ▁W ards ▁Gro ve ▁Township ▁( s out heast ) ▁ ▁Stock ton ▁Township ▁( s outh ) ▁ ▁Wood b ine ▁Township ▁( s outh west ) ▁ ▁Thompson ▁Township ▁( west ) ▁ ▁Apple ▁River ▁Township ▁( n orth west ) ▁ ▁C em eter ies ▁The ▁town ship |
▁contains ▁these ▁four ▁c em eter ies . ▁ ▁Mill ville , ▁Oak land ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁P uck ett ), ▁Town send ▁and ▁Robinson . ▁ ▁Land marks ▁ ▁Apple ▁River ▁C any on ▁State ▁Park ▁ ▁Mill ville ▁Ghost ▁Town ▁( in ▁Apple ▁River ▁C any on ▁State ▁Park ) ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁School ▁districts ▁ ▁Stock ton ▁Community ▁Unit ▁School ▁District ▁ 2 0 6 ▁ ▁Warren ▁Community ▁Unit ▁School ▁District ▁ 2 0 5 ▁ ▁Political ▁districts ▁ ▁Illinois ' ▁ 1 6 th ▁congress ional ▁district ▁ ▁State ▁House ▁District ▁ 8 9 ▁ ▁State ▁Senate ▁District ▁ 4 5 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁T IG ER / Line ▁Sh ap ef iles ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁National ▁Atl as ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Jo ▁Dav i ess ▁County ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁City - Data . com ▁ ▁Illinois ▁State ▁Archives ▁ ▁Township ▁Official s ▁of ▁Illinois ▁ ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁Jo ▁Dav i ess ▁County , ▁Illinois ▁Category : T own ships ▁in ▁Illinois <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mill ▁River ▁is ▁a ▁t ribut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Saint ▁George ▁River ▁in ▁Thom ast on , ▁Maine . ▁From ▁the ▁con flu ence ▁() ▁of ▁Branch ▁Brook ▁and ▁M ead ow ▁Brook , ▁the ▁river ▁runs ▁ ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁est uary ▁of ▁the ▁Saint ▁George . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Maine ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁▁ ▁Maine |
▁Stream flow ▁Data ▁from ▁the ▁US GS ▁ ▁Maine ▁Wat ers hed ▁Data ▁From ▁Environmental ▁Protection ▁Agency ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Kn ox ▁County , ▁Maine ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Maine <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck : ▁ ▁A ▁Rom ance ▁is ▁an ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁historical ▁novel ▁by ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ▁about ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁takes ▁a ▁York ist ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁and ▁proceed s ▁from ▁the ▁conce it ▁that ▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁died ▁in ▁childhood ▁and ▁the ▁supposed ▁imp ost or ▁was ▁indeed ▁Richard ▁of ▁Sh rew sb ury . ▁ ▁Henry ▁VII ▁of ▁England ▁is ▁repeatedly ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁" fi end " ▁who ▁h ates ▁Elizabeth ▁of ▁York , ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁sister , ▁and ▁the ▁future ▁Henry ▁VIII , ▁mentioned ▁only ▁twice ▁in ▁the ▁novel , ▁is ▁a ▁v ile ▁youth ▁who ▁ab uses ▁dogs . ▁ ▁Her ▁pre face ▁estab l ishes ▁that ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁hist ories ▁of ▁Edward ▁Hall , ▁R aph ael ▁Hol ins hed , ▁and ▁Francis ▁B acon , ▁the ▁letters ▁of ▁Sir ▁John ▁R ams ay ▁to ▁Henry ▁VII ▁that ▁are ▁printed ▁in ▁the ▁Appendix ▁to ▁John ▁Pink ert on ' s ▁History ▁of ▁Scotland ▁establish ▁this ▁as ▁fact . ▁Each ▁chapter ▁opens ▁with ▁a ▁quot ation . ▁ ▁The ▁entire ▁book ▁is ▁pref aced ▁with ▁a ▁quot ation ▁in ▁French |
▁by ▁ ▁Georges ▁Ch ast ell ain ▁and ▁Jean ▁Mol inet . ▁ ▁Plot ▁and ▁themes ▁In ▁this ▁novel , ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ▁returned ▁to ▁The ▁Last ▁Mans ▁message ▁that ▁an ▁ideal istic ▁political ▁system ▁is ▁impossible ▁without ▁an ▁improvement ▁in ▁human ▁nature . ▁This ▁historical ▁novel , ▁influenced ▁by ▁those ▁of ▁Sir ▁Walter ▁Scott , ▁fict ional ises ▁the ▁explo its ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck , ▁a ▁pret ender ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁of ▁King ▁Henry ▁VII ▁who ▁claimed ▁to ▁be ▁Richard , ▁Duke ▁of ▁York , ▁the ▁second ▁son ▁of ▁King ▁Edward ▁IV . ▁Shel ley ▁believed ▁that ▁War beck ▁really ▁was ▁Richard ▁and ▁had ▁escaped ▁from ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London . ▁She ▁end ows ▁his ▁character ▁with ▁elements ▁of ▁Per cy ▁Shel ley , ▁port ray ing ▁him ▁sym pat het ically ▁as ▁" an ▁angel ic ▁essence , ▁incap able ▁of ▁wound ", ▁who ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁his ▁sens ibility ▁onto ▁the ▁political ▁stage . ▁She ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁identified ▁herself ▁with ▁Richard ' s ▁wife , ▁Lady ▁K atherine ▁Gordon , ▁who ▁surv ives ▁after ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁death ▁by ▁comprom ising ▁with ▁his ▁political ▁enemies . ▁Lady ▁Gordon ▁stands ▁for ▁the ▁values ▁of ▁friendship , ▁domestic ity ▁and ▁equality ; ▁through ▁her , ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ▁offers ▁a ▁female ▁alternative ▁to ▁the ▁mascul ine ▁power ▁politics ▁that ▁destroy ▁Richard , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁typical ▁historical ▁narrative ▁which ▁only ▁rel ates ▁those ▁events . ▁ ▁She ▁also ▁creates ▁a ▁strong ▁female ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁round - |
faced , ▁half - M oor , ▁half - F lem ing , ▁Mon ina ▁de ▁Far o , ▁Richard ' s ▁adopt ive ▁sister , ▁whom ▁Robin ▁Cl iff ord ▁demands ▁as ▁his ▁wife . ▁ ▁Mon ina ▁is ▁a ▁vers atile ▁young ▁lady ▁who ▁acts ▁as ▁dec oy , ▁mess enger , ▁and ▁military ▁organ izer , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁her ▁close ▁friendship ▁with ▁both ▁Richard ▁and ▁K atherine . ▁ ▁Robin ▁Cl iff ord ▁ep it om izes ▁mixed ▁l oy alties — an ▁old ▁friend ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Lanc ast ri ans , ▁who ▁is ▁constantly ▁divided ▁against ▁himself . ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Fr ion , ▁secretary ▁to ▁Henry ▁VII ▁and ▁bet rayed ▁by ▁him , ▁is ▁an ▁elder ▁fo il , ▁whose ▁l oy alties ▁shift ▁back ▁and ▁forth ▁dependent ▁on ▁Henry ' s ▁grace , ▁whereas ▁Cl iff ord ' s ▁wa ver ing ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁genuine ▁emotion . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁opens ▁immediately ▁after ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Bos worth ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 4 8 5 ▁( a ▁sc anning ▁error ▁in ▁the ▁D odo ▁Press ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁edition ▁gives ▁the ▁date ▁as ▁ 1 4 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Three ▁kn ights ▁are ▁fle eing ▁from ▁the ▁battle , ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Staff ord , ▁Lord ▁Lov el , ▁and ▁Ed mund ▁Plant agen et , ▁although ▁the ▁latter ▁two ▁are ▁not ▁identified ▁until ▁they ▁split ▁from ▁Staff ord ▁and ▁arrive ▁at ▁a ▁church . ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁are |
▁members ▁of ▁the ▁defeated ▁York ist ▁conting ency . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁John ▁de ▁la ▁P ole , ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Lincoln , ▁Lov el ▁and ▁Ed mund ▁are ▁involved ▁in ▁spir iting ▁away ▁Richard , ▁Duke ▁of ▁York ▁into ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁M yn he er ▁Jah n ▁War beck , ▁a ▁F lem ish ▁money l ender ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁hous ed ▁him ▁and ▁pret ended ▁that ▁Richard ▁was ▁his ▁dece ased ▁son , ▁Per kin ▁War beck . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁considered ▁safe ▁enough ▁for ▁the ▁youth ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁time , ▁so ▁it ▁is ▁arranged ▁for ▁Richard ▁to ▁go ▁with ▁Mad eline ▁de ▁Far o , ▁War beck ' s ▁ 2 5 - year - old ▁sister . ▁ ▁Mad eline ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁mar iner ▁Hern an ▁de ▁Far o , ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁have ▁a ▁daughter ▁named ▁Mon ina , ▁and ▁Richard ▁and ▁Mon ina ▁develop ▁a ▁strong ▁sib ling ▁bond , ▁Richard ▁aware ▁he ▁could ▁never ▁marry ▁a ▁common er . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁she ▁who ▁resc ues ▁and ▁nurses ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁health ▁after ▁his ▁first ▁taste ▁of ▁battle ▁in ▁the ▁Gran ada ▁War . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁Richard ▁of ▁Sh rew sb ury , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁York , ▁son ▁of ▁King ▁Edward ▁IV ▁and ▁nep hew ▁of ▁King ▁Richard ▁III ▁ ▁Per kin ▁War beck , ▁dece ased ▁son ▁of ▁M yn he er ▁Jah n ▁War beck , ▁and ▁alias ▁of ▁Richard ▁Lady ▁K atherine |
▁Gordon , ▁Richard ' s ▁wife , ▁and ▁cousin ▁of ▁James , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Lord ▁Hunt ley ▁Mon ina ▁de ▁Far o , ▁adopt ive ▁sister ▁of ▁Richard ▁and ▁close ▁friend ▁to ▁Lady ▁K atherine ▁Ed mund ▁Plant agen et , ▁bast ard ▁son ▁of ▁Richard ▁III , ▁cousin ▁and ▁close ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Stephen ▁Fr ion , ▁French - born ▁secretary ▁of ▁Henry ▁VII ▁and ▁opportun istic ▁enemy / ally ▁of ▁Richard ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁" Rob in " ▁Cl iff ord , ▁alternate ▁friend / bet ray er ▁of ▁Richard ▁James ▁IV ▁of ▁Scotland , ▁friend ▁to ▁Richard ▁Mad eline ▁War beck ▁de ▁Far o , ▁wife ▁of ▁Hern an ▁de ▁Far o , ▁mother ▁of ▁Mon ina , ▁adopt ive ▁mother ▁of ▁Richard , ▁and ▁sister ▁of ▁M yn he er ▁Jah n ▁War beck ▁Hern an ▁de ▁Far o , ▁a ▁Mo or ish ▁sail or ▁converted ▁to ▁Christianity , ▁husband ▁of ▁Mad eline , ▁father ▁of ▁Mon ina , ▁adopt ive ▁father ▁of ▁Richard ▁Henry ▁VII ▁of ▁England , ▁Earl ▁of ▁Richmond ▁and ▁first ▁T ud or ▁King ▁of ▁England ▁Elizabeth ▁of ▁York , ▁wife ▁of ▁Henry ▁VII ▁and ▁sister ▁of ▁Richard ▁Elizabeth ▁Wood ville , ▁mother ▁of ▁Richard ▁and ▁former ▁queen : ▁wid ow ▁of ▁Edward ▁IV ▁Jane ▁Sh ore , ▁mist ress ▁of ▁Edward ▁IV , ▁Richard ' s ▁father ▁Edward ▁Plant agen et , ▁ 1 7 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁War wick , ▁son ▁of ▁George , ▁Duke ▁of ▁Cl aren ce , ▁prisoner ▁of |
▁Henry ▁VII ▁John ▁de ▁la ▁Po ole , ▁Earl ▁of ▁Lincoln ▁Lady ▁Margaret ▁Br ampton , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Br ampton , ▁her ▁husband ▁Arthur , ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales , ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁Henry ▁VII ▁and ▁Elizabeth ▁of ▁York ▁Margaret ▁T ud or , ▁el dest ▁daughter ▁of ▁Henry ▁and ▁Elizabeth ▁Prince ▁Harry , ▁second ▁son ▁of ▁Henry ▁and ▁Elizabeth ▁Thomas ▁Grey , ▁ 1 st ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Dor set , ▁son ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁Wood ville ▁by ▁her ▁first ▁marriage ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Stanley , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Der by ▁ ▁John ▁de ▁Vere , ▁ 1 3 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Oxford ▁Henry ▁Staff ord , ▁ 2 nd ▁Duke ▁of ▁Buck ingham ▁Lord ▁Lov el ▁John ▁Mort on , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁E ly , ▁close ▁al ly ▁of ▁Henry ▁VII ▁Richard ▁Fox , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Ex eter , ▁Bath ▁and ▁Wells , ▁Dur ham , ▁and ▁Win chester , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Henry ▁VII ▁ ▁Christopher ▁Ur sw ick ▁Richard ▁Simon ▁Lam bert ▁Sim nel ▁M yn he er ▁Jah n ▁War beck , ▁father ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁Charles ▁the ▁B old ▁Is ab ella ▁I ▁of ▁Cast ile ▁Ferd inand ▁II ▁of ▁Ar agon ▁Louis ▁XI ▁of ▁France ▁J asper ▁T ud or , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Bed ford ▁ ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁B rought on ▁Mary ▁of ▁Burg und y ▁Lord ▁Barry , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Sir ▁William ▁Stanley , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Me iler ▁Tr ang mar |
, ▁assass in ▁disgu ised ▁as ▁a ▁mon k ▁Maurice ▁Fitz G er ald , ▁ 9 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Des mond , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁John ▁Lav all an , ▁Lord ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Dublin ▁and ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁John ▁O ' Water , ▁previous ▁and ▁subsequent ▁Lord ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Dublin , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Edward ▁Staff ord , ▁ 3 rd ▁Duke ▁of ▁Buck ingham ▁Lord ▁Hunt ley , ▁father ▁of ▁K atherine ▁John ▁R ams ay , ▁ 1 st ▁Lord ▁Both well , ▁L air d ▁of ▁Kil m aine ▁and ▁spy ▁of ▁Henry ▁VII ▁at ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁James ▁IV ▁Alexander ▁Stewart , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Buch an , ▁al ly ▁of ▁R ams ay ▁Lord ▁Bro ke ▁Charles ▁the ▁R ash ▁of ▁Burg und y ▁Margaret ▁of ▁York , ▁Richard ' s ▁aunt ▁Thomas ▁Ger ald ine , ▁Earl ▁of ▁K ild are ▁Martin ▁Sw art z ▁Ren é ▁of ▁An j ou ▁John ▁Rad cl iffe , ▁ 9 th ▁Baron ▁Fitz W alter ▁Don ▁Rodr igo ▁P once ▁de ▁Leon , ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Cad iz ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁D iaz ▁S ire ▁de ▁Bever em ▁Bo ab d il ▁el ▁Ch ico ▁El ▁Zag al ▁El ▁Z og oy bi ▁Count ▁de ▁T end illa ▁Al mor adi ▁G ome lez ▁Charles ▁VIII ▁of ▁France ▁Anne ▁of ▁Br itt any ▁Hub ert ▁Bur gh ▁Sir ▁James ▁Ke ating , ▁prior ▁of ▁Kil main ham ▁and ▁al ly |
▁of ▁Richard ▁ ▁Richard ▁Fitz roy ▁Sir ▁Simon ▁Mount ford ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Th wait es ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Rat cl iffe ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Les sey ▁William ▁W orse ley , ▁Dean ▁of ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁Master ▁William ▁Bar ley ▁Baron ▁George ▁Nev ille . ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Max imil ian ▁I , ▁Holy ▁Roman ▁Emperor ▁Adam ▁Flo yer ▁Lord ▁William ▁Daw ben ny ▁Thomas ▁C ress en or ▁Thomas ▁Ast wood ▁William ▁Rich ford ▁Thomas ▁P oy ns ▁Doctor ▁William ▁S utton ▁Robert ▁Lang borne ▁Sir ▁William ▁Les sey , ▁Gilbert ▁Daw ben ny , ▁brother ▁of ▁William ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Lis le ▁John ▁T ate , ▁Lord ▁Mayor ▁of ▁London ▁Thomas ▁Howard , ▁ 3 rd ▁Duke ▁of ▁Nor folk , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sur rey ▁Sir ▁John ▁Dig by , ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁Sir ▁John ▁Pe ach y ▁Lord ▁Ast ley ▁ ▁Sir ▁Patrick ▁Hamilton ▁of ▁K inc av il , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Mary ▁Boy d , ▁su itor ▁of ▁James ▁ ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁Kennedy , ▁su itor ▁of ▁James ▁Lord ▁Aud ley ▁Anne ▁de ▁M ow b ray , ▁ 8 th ▁Count ess ▁of ▁Nor folk ▁John ▁de ▁M ow b ray , ▁ 4 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Nor folk ▁Earl ▁of ▁Er rol ▁Earl ▁of ▁Douglas ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Todd ▁Sir ▁R oder ick - de - L al ane ▁Andrew ▁Stewart , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Mor ay ▁Master ▁Her on , ▁lieutenant ▁of ▁Richard ▁chosen ▁by ▁Mon ina ▁de ▁Far o |
▁Master ▁Sk el ton , ▁lieutenant ▁of ▁Richard ▁chosen ▁by ▁Mon ina ▁de ▁Far o ▁Master ▁Tre ire ife , ▁lieutenant ▁of ▁Richard ▁chosen ▁by ▁Mon ina ▁de ▁Far o ▁William ▁Cour ten ay , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁Dev on , ▁al ly ▁of ▁Henry ▁VII ▁Adam ▁W icher ly ▁Mat ▁Old craft ▁John ▁de ▁Vere , ▁ 1 5 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Oxford ▁Em pson ▁G art he ▁John ▁Che ney ▁ ▁Sir ▁Harry ▁de ▁Vere ▁Cl im ▁of ▁T reg oth ius ▁Sw art z ▁( son ▁of ▁Martin ) ▁C ly m ▁of ▁the ▁Lyn , ▁a ▁fore ster ▁and ▁al ly ▁of ▁Richard ▁Sir ▁Hugh ▁L ut tre ll , ▁Lanc ast rian ▁ordered ▁to ▁take ▁Richard ▁prisoner ▁Long ▁Roger , ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁who ▁a ids ▁in ▁Edward ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁escape ▁attempt ▁D ame ▁Mad ge , ▁Long ▁Roger ' s ▁wife ▁( un seen ▁character ) ▁Ab el ▁B le w et , ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁who ▁a ids ▁in ▁Edward ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁escape ▁attempt , ▁a ▁murder ous ▁near - d warf ▁Mat ▁Str ange ways , ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁who ▁a ids ▁in ▁Edward ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁escape ▁attempt , ▁a ▁drunk ▁Master ▁Ast wood , ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁who ▁a ids ▁in ▁Edward ▁and ▁Richard ' s ▁escape ▁attempt , ▁a ▁miser ▁ ▁in ▁flash backs ▁Richard ▁III ▁of ▁England , ▁Richard ' s ▁p |
ater nal ▁uncle , ▁who ▁alleg edly ▁or chestr ated ▁his ▁murder ▁Anthony ▁Wood ville , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁Rivers , ▁Richard ' s ▁mater nal ▁uncle , ▁whose ▁death ▁was ▁or chestr ated ▁by ▁Richard ▁III ▁Edward ▁V ▁of ▁England , ▁Richard ' s ▁older ▁brother ▁George ▁Plant agen et , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Cl aren ce , ▁Richard ' s ▁p ater nal ▁uncle , ▁whose ▁death ▁was ▁or chestr ated ▁by ▁Richard ▁III ▁Sir ▁James ▁T ire ll , ▁v ass al ▁of ▁Richard ▁III ▁whom ▁he ▁was ▁alleged ▁to ▁have ▁hired ▁to ▁kill ▁Richard ▁ ▁John ▁D ight on , ▁servant ▁of ▁T ire ll ▁and ▁alleged ▁murder er ▁of ▁Richard ▁James ▁III ▁of ▁Scotland , ▁father ▁of ▁James ▁IV ▁Thomas ▁de ▁M ow b ray , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Nor folk ▁Roger ▁de ▁Cl iff ord , ▁ 5 th ▁Baron ▁de ▁Cl iff ord ▁Lady ▁M aud ▁Cl iff ord ▁Mist ress ▁Marg ery , ▁Richard ' s ▁gover ness ▁ ▁Qu ot ations ▁Each ▁chapter ▁opens ▁with ▁a ▁quot ation , ▁sometimes ▁two . ▁ ▁The ▁quot ations ▁come ▁from ▁the ▁following ▁authors : ▁ ▁Ed mund ▁Sp en ser , ▁( I : ▁ 1 , ▁ 5 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 5 ; ▁II : ▁ 1 5 ; ▁III : ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 ) ▁William ▁Shakespeare ▁( us ually ▁sp elled ▁" Sh aks |
pe are "), ▁( I : ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 7 ; ▁II : ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁ 4 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 8 , ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 7 , ▁III : ▁ 3 , ▁ 5 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 7 , ▁ 8 , ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 7 , ▁Con clusion ) ▁Per cy ▁By ss he ▁Shel ley , ▁( I : ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 2 ; ▁II : ▁ 5 , ▁ 9 , ▁III : ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 1 ) ▁Francis ▁Be a um ont ▁and ▁John ▁F let cher , ▁( I : ▁ 7 ) ▁Old ▁Ball ad , ▁( I : ▁ 8 , ▁ 9 ; ▁III : ▁ 9 ) ▁Lord ▁By ron , ▁( I : ▁ 9 ; ▁III : ▁ 1 8 ) ▁Hom er ' s ▁H ym n ▁to ▁Mer cury , ▁( I : ▁ 1 0 ) ▁The ▁Cycl ops ▁[ ▁Per cy ▁By ss he ▁Shel ley ▁], ▁( I : ▁ 1 0 ) ▁Thomas ▁Moore , ▁( I : ▁ 1 2 ; ▁III : ▁ 4 ) ▁Geoff rey ▁Ch au cer , ▁( I : ▁ 1 4 ) ▁Samuel ▁Taylor ▁Col er idge , ▁( I |
: ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 ) ▁John ▁Ford , ▁( I : ▁ 1 7 ; ▁II : ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 8 ; ▁III : ▁ 1 , ▁ 6 ) ▁The ▁He ir ▁of ▁Lyn ne , ▁ ▁( II : ▁ 1 ) ▁Two ▁Nob le ▁K ins men , ▁[ John ▁F let cher ▁and ▁William ▁Shakespeare ] ▁( II : ▁ 7 , ▁III : ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Ball ad ▁of ▁Jane ▁Sh ore , ▁( II : ▁ 8 ) ▁Ben ▁J ons on , ▁ ▁( II : ▁ 1 6 ) ▁Friedrich ▁Sch iller ' s ▁Wall en stein ▁( III : ▁ 1 , ▁ 8 ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Bennett , ▁Bet ty ▁T . ▁" The ▁Political ▁Philosoph y ▁of ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ' s ▁Historical ▁novels : ▁Val per ga ▁and ▁Per kin ▁War beck ". ▁The ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁the ▁Im ag ination . ▁Ed s . ▁Donald ▁H . ▁Re iman , ▁Michael ▁C . ▁Jay e , ▁and ▁Bet ty ▁T . ▁Bennett . ▁New ▁York : ▁New ▁York ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁Brew er , ▁William ▁D . ▁" Will iam ▁God win , ▁Ch ival ry , ▁and ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ' s ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ". ▁ ▁Papers ▁on ▁Language ▁and ▁Liter ature ▁ 3 5 . 2 ▁( |
Spring ▁ 1 9 9 9 ): ▁ 1 8 7 - 2 0 5 . ▁R pt . ▁on ▁b net . com . ▁Ret riev ed ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁B unn ell , ▁Charl ene ▁E . ▁" All ▁the ▁World ' s ▁a ▁Stage ": ▁Dr am atic ▁S ens ibility ▁in ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ' s ▁Nov els . ▁New ▁York : ▁R out ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁. ▁Gar bin , ▁L id ia . ▁" M ary ▁Shel ley ▁and ▁Walter ▁Scott : ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁and ▁the ▁Historical ▁Nov el ". ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ' s ▁F iction : ▁From ▁Frank en stein ▁to ▁F alk ner . ▁Ed s . ▁Michael ▁E ber le - S in atra ▁and ▁N ora ▁Cro ok . ▁New ▁York : ▁Mac mill an ; ▁St . ▁Martin ' s , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Hop kins , ▁Lisa . ▁" The ▁Self ▁and ▁the ▁Mon st rous ". ▁Icon oc l astic ▁Dep art ures : ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ▁after ▁" Fr ank en stein ": ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁Honor ▁of ▁the ▁B ic ent en ary ▁of ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ' s ▁Birth . ▁Ed s . ▁Sy nd y ▁M . ▁Cong er , ▁Frederick ▁S . ▁Frank , ▁and ▁Gregory ▁O ' De a . ▁Madison , ▁N J : ▁Fair le igh ▁Dick inson ▁University |
▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Lyn ch , ▁De id re . ▁" Hist or ical ▁novel ist ". ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁Compan ion ▁to ▁Mary ▁Shel ley . ▁Ed . ▁Est her ▁Sch or . ▁Cambridge : ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁. ▁S ites , ▁Mel issa . ▁" Ch ival ry ▁and ▁U top ian ▁Dom estic ity ▁in ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ' s ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ". ▁European ▁Rom antic ▁Review ▁ 1 6 . 5 ▁( 2 0 0 5 ): ▁ 5 2 5 - 4 3 . ▁Sp ark , ▁Mur iel . ▁Mary ▁Shel ley . ▁London : ▁Card inal , ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁. ▁W ake , ▁Ann ▁M ▁Frank . ▁" W omen ▁in ▁the ▁Active ▁Voice : ▁Rec over ing ▁Fem ale ▁History ▁in ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ' s ▁Val per ga ▁and ▁Per kin ▁War beck ". ▁Icon oc l astic ▁Dep art ures : ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ▁after ▁" Fr ank en stein ". ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁Honor ▁of ▁the ▁B ic ent en ary ▁of ▁Mary ▁Shel ley ' s ▁Birth . ▁Ed . ▁Sy nd y ▁M . ▁Cong er , ▁Frederick ▁S . ▁Frank , ▁and ▁Gregory ▁O ' De a . ▁Madison , ▁N J : ▁Far le igh ▁Dick inson ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁. ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of |
▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁( 1 8 3 0 ), ▁Volume ▁II ▁from ▁the ▁Internet ▁Arch ive ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁( 1 8 3 0 ), ▁Volume ▁III ▁from ▁the ▁Internet ▁Arch ive ▁The ▁Fort unes ▁of ▁Per kin ▁War beck ▁( 1 8 5 7 ) ▁from ▁Google ▁Books ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 0 ▁British ▁novels ▁Category : B rit ish ▁historical ▁novels ▁Category : N ov els ▁by ▁Mary ▁Shel ley <0x0A> </s> ▁Great est ▁H its ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁greatest ▁hits ▁album ▁by ▁Australian ▁soft ▁rock ▁group ▁Air ▁Supp ly . ▁ ▁It ▁spent ▁one ▁week ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁( K ent ▁Music ▁Report ) ▁album ▁chart ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁ ▁The ▁Jim ▁Stein man - written ▁and ▁produced ▁track ▁" M aking ▁Love ▁Out ▁of ▁Nothing ▁at ▁All " ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁and ▁became ▁Air ▁Supp ly ' s ▁last ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁pe aking ▁at ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁The ▁album ▁sold ▁over ▁ 7 ▁million ▁copies ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁" L ost ▁in ▁Love " ▁" Even ▁the ▁N ights ▁Are ▁Better " ▁" The ▁One ▁That ▁You ▁Love " ▁" Every ▁Woman ▁in ▁the ▁World " ▁" Ch ances " ▁" M aking ▁Love ▁Out ▁of ▁Nothing ▁at ▁All " ▁( |
J im ▁Stein man ) ▁( start s ▁Side ▁ 2 ▁on ▁LP ) ▁" All ▁Out ▁of ▁Love " ▁" Here ▁I ▁Am ▁( Just ▁When ▁I ▁Thought ▁I ▁Was ▁Over ▁You )" ▁" S weet ▁Dream s " ▁ ▁Chart ▁positions ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Russell ▁H itch cock ▁- ▁vocals ▁Graham ▁Russell ▁- ▁vocals , ▁guitar ▁Frank ▁Es ler - Sm ith ▁- ▁keyboard ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Google ▁Music : ▁Air ▁Supp ly ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁greatest ▁hits ▁albums ▁Category : Air ▁Supp ly ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : Ar ista ▁Records ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Peter ▁Daw kins ▁( mus ician ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 ▁was ▁a ▁highly ▁successful ▁single ▁deck , ▁double ▁deck ▁and ▁artic ulated ▁bus ▁manufactured ▁by ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁in ▁Mann heim , ▁West ▁Germany ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁complete ▁bus ▁or ▁a ▁bus ▁ch ass is ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁un ified ▁German ▁V ö V - Standard - Bus ▁design , ▁that ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁many ▁different ▁bus ▁manufacturers ▁including ▁B üss ing , ▁Mag irus - De utz , ▁M AN , ▁I kar us , ▁Gr ä f / Ste yr , ▁He ul ie z , ▁Ren ault , ▁and ▁Peg as o . ▁The ▁O 3 0 |
5 ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁single - de cker ▁bus , ▁however ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁re des igned ▁to ▁accommodate ▁double - de cker ▁bodies . ▁ ▁Germany ▁ ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁un ve iled ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁prototype ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁production ▁in ▁Mann heim ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁A ▁slightly ▁el ong ated ▁Standard - Ü ber land bus ▁subur ban ▁model ▁( 1 1 . 3 m ) ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁O 3 0 7 ▁class ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁received ▁a ▁more ▁powerful ▁engine ▁and ▁an ▁ep icy cl ic ▁gear ▁rear ▁ax le ▁plain ly ▁aud ible ▁by ▁its ▁distinctive ▁singing ▁noise . ▁ ▁An ▁artic ulated ▁version ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 G . ▁In ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁the ▁F alk en ried ▁rolling ▁stock ▁manufacturer ▁had ▁developed ▁a ▁transmission ▁concept ▁with ▁the ▁engine ▁and ▁the ▁power ▁train ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁rear ▁part . ▁After ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁had ▁acquired ▁the ▁patent , ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁prototype ▁was ▁deployed ▁by ▁the ▁Hamb ur ger ▁Hoch bahn ▁public ▁transport ▁operator . ▁Production ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁first ▁converted ▁t rol ley bus ▁version ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 T ▁was ▁deployed ▁in |
▁K ais ers l aut ern , ▁D aim ler - B enz ▁built ▁five ▁artic ulated ▁bus es ▁with ▁a ▁BBC - S é cher on ▁electrical ▁equipment ▁( O 3 0 5 GT ) ▁which ▁served ▁the ▁public ▁transport ▁in ▁K ais ers l aut ern ▁and ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁t rol ley bus ▁system , ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁in ▁Bas el , ▁and ▁finally ▁in ▁Bra ș ov , ▁Rom ania . ▁Four ▁dual - mode ▁bus ▁types ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁deployed ▁in ▁Ess ling en ▁and ▁Ess en . ▁Twenty ▁hybrid ▁electric ▁vari ants ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁St utt g arter ▁Stra ßen b ah nen ▁public ▁transport ▁company ▁and ▁in ▁Wes el . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁C MT C ▁in ▁Brazil ▁imported ▁one ▁O 3 0 5 T ▁for ▁test ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁on wards , ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁second ▁generation ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Standard - Lin ien bus ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 4 0 5 . ▁Production ▁of ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁ce ased ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁ ▁In ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁bus ▁model ▁from ▁outside ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁countries ▁of ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Nations ▁to ▁be ▁purchased . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 1 ▁bus es ▁were |
▁introduced , ▁with ▁the ▁prototype ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁All ▁were ▁withd rawn ▁and ▁subsequently ▁scr apped ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 / 0 2 ▁except ▁three , ▁which ▁are ▁preserved ▁by ▁groups ▁of ▁bus ▁enthusi asts ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁history ▁For ▁a ▁long ▁period ▁of ▁time , ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁franch ised ▁bus ▁operators ▁were ▁required ▁by ▁law ▁to ▁purchase ▁double - de cker ▁bus es ▁produced ▁in ▁Commonwealth ▁countries . ▁After ▁repe aling ▁the ▁requirement ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁supplied ▁a ▁two - ax le ▁ 1 1 - met re ▁double - de cker ▁to ▁K ow lo on ▁Motor ▁Bus ▁( K MB ). ▁ ▁The ▁O 3 0 5 ▁demonstr ator ▁was ▁registered ▁on ▁ 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁Following ▁successful ▁trials , ▁K MB ▁ordered ▁another ▁ 4 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁with ▁improved ▁front al ▁design ▁and ▁vent ilation ▁system . ▁All ▁the ▁ 4 1 ▁bus es ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁Alexander ▁R H ▁bodies . ▁ ▁K MB ▁later ▁adopted ▁a ▁policy ▁of ▁acqu iring ▁ 3 - ax le ▁double - de cker ▁bus es ▁of ▁similar ▁length . ▁Because ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁did ▁not ▁offer ▁a ▁ 3 - ax le ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁O 3 0 5 , ▁no ▁more ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁bus es ▁were ▁purchased |
▁by ▁K MB . ▁ ▁In ▁service ▁Init ially , ▁the ▁first ▁bus ▁ran ▁on ▁route ▁ 1 0 5 , ▁which ▁was ▁new , ▁running ▁between ▁L ai ▁Chi ▁K ok ▁and ▁She ung ▁W an . ▁However , ▁Cross ▁Har bour ▁T unnel ' s ▁environment ▁was ▁un su itable ▁for ▁this ▁model , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁to wing ▁of ▁these ▁bus es ▁by ▁the ▁tow ▁trucks ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁tunnel ▁authority ▁could ▁result ▁in ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁ch ass is , ▁so ▁entire ▁fleet ▁were ▁re alloc ated ▁to ▁express ▁routes ▁running ▁between ▁Y uen ▁Long ▁and ▁T su en ▁W an / K ow lo on . ▁The ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁were ▁renown ed ▁for ▁their ▁speed ▁and ▁power , ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁speed ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 2 0 km / h ▁reported . ▁ ▁The ▁bus es ▁provided ▁services ▁on ▁the ▁trunk ▁routes ▁in ▁Y uen ▁Long ▁until ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s . ▁With ▁newer ▁bus es ▁( especially ▁those ▁with ▁air ▁condition ing ) ▁available ▁for ▁trunk ▁services , ▁the ▁Mercedes ▁were ▁red istributed ▁to ▁North ▁District ▁and ▁Tai ▁Po ▁and ▁served ▁there ▁until ▁their ▁retirement ▁on ▁ 2 2 N ovember ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁These ▁bus es ▁had ▁a ▁unique ▁li very ▁designed ▁by ▁K MB , ▁but ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁had ▁the ▁li very ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁standard ▁li very ▁of ▁K MB ▁non - air - condition |
ed ▁bus es ▁shortly ▁before ▁their ▁re - d istribution . ▁ ▁Singapore ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁Singapore ▁Bus ▁Services ▁( S BS ) ▁acquired ▁a ▁single ▁Will ow bro ok - b od ied ▁Mercedes ▁Ben z ▁O 3 0 5 ▁double - deck ▁bus ▁in ▁June ▁for ▁trial ▁purposes . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁S BS ▁also ▁took ▁in ▁a ▁second ▁Mercedes ▁Ben z ▁O 3 0 5 ▁double - deck ▁demonstr ator ▁with ▁a ▁prototype ▁Alexander ▁R - type ▁body ▁make ▁that ▁was ▁previously ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Commercial ▁Motor ▁Show ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁These ▁bus es ▁were ▁retired ▁in ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁Sat isf ied ▁with ▁the ▁trial , ▁S BS ▁purchased ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 ▁double - deck ▁bus es ▁with ▁Alexander - R ▁body work ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁They ▁featured ▁an ▁ 1 1 , 4 1 2 cc ▁O M 4 0 7 h ▁engine ▁with ▁its ▁mod ular ▁W 3 D 0 8 0 R ▁gear box . ▁At ▁ 1 1 . 1 ▁metres ▁long ▁and ▁a ▁licensed ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 1 0 9 pass engers , ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁largest ▁non - air ▁condition ed ▁double - de cker ▁bus es ▁in ▁Singapore . ▁They ▁entered ▁service ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and |
▁were ▁deployed ▁to ▁Ang ▁Mo ▁K io , ▁To a ▁Pay oh ▁and ▁Hou gang ▁bus ▁dep ots ▁throughout ▁their ▁lif es pan . ▁With draw als ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁units ▁were ▁retired ▁by ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁Per th ▁Per th ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Australian ▁city ▁to ▁operate ▁the ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 . ▁The ▁first ▁units ▁entered ▁service ▁with ▁the ▁Met ropolitan ▁Transport ▁Trust ▁( MT T ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁eleven ▁years ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁over ▁ 4 0 0 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁were ▁purchased . ▁Trans per th ▁( as ▁the ▁M TT ▁was ▁re br anded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁and ▁its ▁contract ors ▁began ▁withdraw ing ▁this ▁s izable ▁fleet ▁of ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁although ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁until ▁the ▁last ▁were ▁withd rawn . ▁ ▁The ▁bodies ▁were ▁built ▁by ▁Fre ighter ▁Indust ries , ▁J W ▁Bol ton , ▁Hill qu ip ▁and ▁Howard ▁P orter . ▁There ▁were ▁some ▁unusual ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁operating ▁in ▁Per th . ▁Examples ▁include ▁ 4 4 4 , ▁which ▁featured ▁a ▁Maur i ▁( It aly ) ▁body ▁assembled ▁locally ▁by ▁J W ▁Bol ton ▁and ▁ 0 0 7 , |
▁an ▁experimental ▁bus ▁( model ▁O G 3 0 5 ) ▁with ▁an ▁L PG - fu elled ▁engine . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁ 0 0 8 ▁Australia ' s ▁first ▁C NG - fu elled ▁bus ▁entered ▁service . ▁From ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁trial ▁gas ▁bus es , ▁two ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁( 2 7 0 / 1 ) ▁were ▁converted ▁to ▁L PG ▁operation ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁a ▁C NG - fu elled ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁was ▁ordered ▁and ▁entered ▁service ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁as ▁ 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁ 2 6 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁were ▁converted ▁to ▁C NG . ▁ ▁Per th ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁Australian ▁city ▁to ▁operate ▁the ▁artic ulated ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 G . ▁Three ▁bat ches ▁were ▁purchased ▁with ▁ 1 8 ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁three ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 / 8 7 . ▁The ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁bat ches ▁had ▁body work ▁completed ▁by ▁J W ▁Bol ton ▁and ▁Howard ▁P orter ▁and ▁featured ▁model ▁O M 4 0 7 h ▁ 2 4 0 hp ▁( 1 7 7 k W ) ▁naturally ▁aspir ated ▁engines . ▁To ▁overcome ▁sl ugg ish ness , ▁the ▁bus |
es ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁batch ▁( also ▁featuring ▁Howard ▁P orter ▁bodies ▁but ▁built ▁to ▁the ▁V ö V - II ▁design ) ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁model ▁O M 4 0 7 h A ▁ 2 8 0 hp ▁( 2 0 6 k W ) ▁tur bo charg ed ▁engines . ▁ ▁Sydney ▁ ▁The ▁Public ▁Transport ▁Commission ▁and ▁its ▁success ors ▁operated ▁the ▁largest ▁fleet ▁of ▁O 3 0 5 s , ▁purchasing ▁ 1 , 2 8 7 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁artic ulated ▁O 3 0 5 G s , ▁all ▁bod ied ▁by ▁Press ed ▁Metal ▁Corporation ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁Sydney ▁and ▁New castle . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁with ▁Gal v ast ress ▁Mark ▁ 1 ▁body work ▁were ▁delivered ▁between ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁with ▁one ▁built ▁with ▁a ▁prototype ▁Mark 2 ▁body . ▁These ▁were ▁followed ▁by ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁ 5 5 0 ▁Gal v ast ress ▁Mark 2 ▁bod ied ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁that ▁remains ▁the ▁largest ▁bus ▁order ▁in ▁Australia . ▁These ▁were ▁delivered ▁between ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁Wh ilst ▁the ▁bodies ▁on ▁the ▁Mark ▁ 1 s ▁had ▁been ▁an ▁effectively ▁the ▁existing ▁P MC ▁body ▁married ▁with ▁a ▁V ö V ▁front , ▁the ▁Mark |
2 s ▁were ▁of ▁the ▁V ö V ▁design ▁with ▁a ▁lower ▁roof line ▁and ▁two - leaf ▁doors . ▁ ▁A ▁further ▁order ▁saw ▁ 1 8 2 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁bod ied ▁by ▁with ▁the ▁Gal v ast ress ▁Mark ▁ 3 ▁body ▁enter ▁service ▁between ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁with ▁one ▁built ▁with ▁a ▁prototype ▁Mark 4 ▁body . ▁The ▁re vis ions ▁to ▁the ▁body ▁were ▁minor , ▁and ▁the ▁most ▁notice able ▁were ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁four - piece ▁sliding ▁windows ▁to ▁improve ▁vent ilation ▁and ▁to ▁ 2 0 3 mm ▁high ▁route ▁numbers ▁at ▁both ▁the ▁front ▁and ▁rear ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 2 7 mm ▁examples ▁proved ▁un pop ular . ▁The ▁Mark 3 ▁body ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁artic ulated ▁bus es . ▁A ▁trial ▁unit ▁was ▁delivered ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁production ▁units ▁between ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁A ▁fleet ▁of ▁ 3 5 5 ▁Mark ▁ 4 ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁were ▁delivered ▁between ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁The ▁ch ass is ▁on ▁these ▁was ▁slightly ▁rev ised , ▁being ▁fitted ▁with ▁A BS . ▁ ▁With draw als ▁comm enced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁with ▁the ▁final ▁examples ▁withd rawn |
▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁withdrawal , ▁some ▁of ▁these ▁bus es ▁had ▁accum ulated ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 mill ion ▁kilometres ▁of ▁service ▁ ▁Can ber ra ▁ACTION ▁took ▁delivery ▁of ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁ 8 5 ▁An s air ▁bod ied ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁between ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁They ▁were ▁built ▁with ▁standard ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁" St UL B " ▁front s . ▁After ▁being ▁ref urb ished ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁first ▁were ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁then ▁at ▁several ▁other ▁intervals ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁All ▁were ▁sold ▁to ▁private ▁bus ▁companies ▁mainly ▁in ▁the ▁Sydney ▁and ▁Melbourne ▁met ropolitan ▁areas ▁with ▁ 1 2 ▁being ▁export ed ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁to ▁operate ▁in ▁A uck land ▁and ▁W elling ton . ▁ ▁An s air ▁also ▁bod ied ▁five ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁artic ulated ▁bus es ▁between ▁February ▁and ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁These ▁were ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 / 9 8 ▁to ▁private ▁bus ▁companies ▁around ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Ad ela ide ▁The ▁State ▁Transport ▁Authority ▁purchased ▁ 4 1 ▁O 3 0 5 ▁and ▁ 5 1 ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁artic ulated ▁bus es ▁for ▁service ▁on ▁the ▁O - B |
ahn ▁Bus way . ▁The ▁ch ass is ▁were ▁heavily ▁modified ▁at ▁the ▁M its ub ishi ▁Mot ors ▁plant ▁in ▁T ons ley . ▁The ▁rigid ▁bus es ▁had ▁their ▁power ▁increased ▁to ▁ 2 4 0 hp ▁( 1 7 7 k W ) ▁and ▁the ▁artic ulated s ▁to ▁ 2 8 0 hp ▁( 2 0 7 k W ); ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁bus es ▁to ▁travel ▁at ▁a ▁speed ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 km / h ▁on ▁subur ban ▁routes . ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁A uck land ▁A uck land ▁Regional ▁Authority ▁and ▁its ▁success ors ▁had ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 ▁bus es ▁which ▁remained ▁in ▁use ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁sold ▁to ▁other ▁bus ▁operators ▁or ▁converted ▁for ▁other ▁uses ▁including ▁mobile ▁homes . ▁All ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Motor ▁Bod ies ▁bodies , ▁Vo V ▁bodies ▁built ▁under ▁license . ▁One ▁has ▁been ▁preserved ▁at ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Technology . ▁ ▁After ▁serving ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁A uck land , ▁some ▁were ▁re built ▁with ▁low - floor ▁bodies ▁by ▁Design Line ▁and ▁Fair f ax ▁Indust ries , ▁for ▁further ▁subur ban ▁use . ▁ ▁New ▁P ly mouth ▁New ▁P ly mouth ▁City ▁Transport ▁purchased ▁seven ▁Mercedes - B enz ▁O 3 0 5 ▁bus es ▁over ▁two ▁orders : ▁▁▁ 4 ▁purchased ▁in |
▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁( on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁A uck land ▁Regional ▁Authority ▁order ). ▁▁ 3 ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Israel ▁E gged ▁in ▁Israel ▁purchased ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁O 3 0 5 s , ▁some ▁with ▁locally ▁made ▁bodies ▁including ▁by ▁Ha ' arg az ▁and ▁M erv ak im ▁and ▁others ▁with ▁bodies ▁by ▁Mercedes - B enz . ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁S EL NE C ▁The ▁South ▁East ▁Lanc ash ire ▁North ▁East ▁Che shire ▁Pass enger ▁Transport ▁Executive ▁purchased ▁two ▁O 3 0 5 s ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁had ▁them ▁fitted ▁with ▁Northern ▁Count ies ▁bodies ▁with ▁ 4 3 se ats ▁and ▁dual ▁doors . ▁They ▁were ▁evaluated ▁against ▁Le y land ▁National ▁and ▁Metro - Scan ias . ▁ ▁L ut on ▁Airport ▁L ut on ▁Airport ▁purchased ▁three ▁O 3 0 5 G ▁artic ulated ▁bus es ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁with ▁Lex ▁Services ▁bodies ▁based ▁on ▁He ul ie z ▁fr aming ▁delivered ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁they ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁only ▁ 3 5 ▁seats ▁allowing ▁for ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁standing ▁and ▁lug gage ▁space . ▁As ▁they ▁were ▁used ▁within ▁the ▁airport ▁and ▁not ▁on ▁public ▁roads , ▁they ▁were ▁left ▁hand ▁drive . ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁rear - eng ined ▁' p usher ' ▁art ics ▁to ▁enter ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal |
▁links ▁ ▁Category : Art ic ulated ▁bus es ▁Category : Bus ▁ch ass is ▁Category : Double - de cker ▁bus es ▁O 3 0 5 ▁Category : Single - deck ▁bus es ▁Category : T rol ley bus es ▁Category : V eh icles ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁E uf em io ▁A bre u ▁( born ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁– ▁death ▁date ▁unknown ) ▁was ▁a ▁Cub an ▁baseball ▁catch er ▁in ▁Negro ▁league ▁baseball . ▁He ▁played ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁with ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Stars ▁( West ) ▁and ▁the ▁Indian apolis ▁ABC s . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁unknown ▁Category : C ub an ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : Ind ian apolis ▁ABC s ▁players ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Mat anz as <0x0A> </s> ▁X E Z J - AM ▁is ▁a ▁radio ▁station ▁on ▁ 1 4 8 0 ▁AM ▁in ▁San ▁Miguel , ▁J alis co . ▁It ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Rad ior ama ▁and ▁known ▁as ▁ 1 4 8 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁X E Z J ▁received ▁its ▁con cess ion ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁Jul io ▁Rom o ▁Val div ia ▁and ▁based ▁in ▁Z ap op an , ▁with ▁ 2 5 0 ▁w atts ▁of ▁power |
. ▁Carlos ▁F reg oso ▁M endo za ▁bought ▁X E Z J ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁and ▁power ▁increased ▁to ▁ 5 0 0 ▁and ▁later ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁w atts . ▁X E Z J ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Radio ▁Se le cciones ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁Z ona ▁Ju ven il ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁ 1 4 - 8 0 ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁sports - form atted ▁S olo ▁F út bol ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 - 0 6 , ▁and ▁carried ▁Radio ▁Tre ce ▁programs ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Until ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁X E Z J ▁broadcast ▁from ▁the ▁Federal ismo ▁N orte ▁AM ▁transmit ter ▁used ▁by ▁X EB ON - AM ▁ 1 2 8 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁X E Z J ▁fl ipped ▁from ▁news / talk ▁format ▁" C i udad ▁ 1 4 8 0 " ▁to ▁a ▁motiv ational ▁talk ▁format ▁known ▁as ▁" Sim plement e ▁Sup ér ate ", ▁but ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁station ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁" 1 4 8 0 " ▁mon iker . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁in ▁Gu ad al aj ara <0x0A> |
</s> ▁A uro st ib ite ▁is ▁an ▁is ometric ▁gold ▁ant im on ide ▁mineral ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁py rite ▁group . ▁A uro st ib ite ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁hydro ther mal ▁gold - qu art z ▁ve ins , ▁in ▁sul fur - def icient ▁environments ▁that ▁contain ▁other ▁ant im ony ▁miner als . ▁The ▁mineral ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Yellow kn ife ▁in ▁the ▁North west ▁Terr itories ▁of ▁Canada , ▁and ▁the ▁Tim isk aming ▁District ▁in ▁Ontario , ▁Canada . ▁Ant im on ides ▁are ▁rare ▁and ▁are ▁normally ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁sul f ide ▁class ▁by ▁mineral og ists . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁miner als ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Gold ▁miner als ▁Category : Ant im on ides ▁Category : Ant im on ide ▁miner als ▁Category : Py rite ▁group ▁Category : C ub ic ▁miner als <0x0A> </s> ▁Camb od ia ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Atlanta , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁the ▁nation ▁had ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁in ▁ 2 4 ▁years . ▁ ▁Athlet ics ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Sw im ming ▁▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Wrest ling ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁fre estyle ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Official ▁Olympic ▁Re ports ▁sports - reference ▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics |
▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Olympic ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch am al ▁Jay anth a ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁( S in h ala : ▁ <0xE0> <0xB6> <0xA0> ම <0xE0> <0xB6> <0xBD> ් ▁ ර ා <0xE0> <0xB6> <0xA2> <0xE0> <0xB6> <0xB4> ක ් <0xE0> <0xB7> <0x82> ; ▁T amil : ▁ ச ம ல ் ▁ ர ா <0xE0> <0xAE> <0x9C> ப க ் <0xE0> <0xAE> <0xB7> ; ▁born ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁politician ▁who ▁was ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Pre viously ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Minister ▁of ▁Port s ▁& ▁A vi ation ▁and ▁I rr igation ▁& ▁Water ▁Management . ▁He ▁h ails ▁from ▁a ▁well ▁known ▁political ▁family ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁His ▁father , ▁D . ▁A . ▁Raj ap ak sa , ▁was ▁a ▁prominent ▁politician , ▁independence ▁ag it ator , ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁and ▁Minister ▁of ▁ ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁Land ▁in ▁W ij ey an anda ▁D ahan ay ake ' s ▁government . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁elder ▁brother ▁of ▁Mah inda ▁Raj ap ak sa , ▁who ▁was ▁President ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁N ine ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁family ▁have ▁been ▁members ▁of ▁parliament ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁ ▁Sh ash ind ra ▁Raj |
ap ak sa ▁( eld est ▁son ▁of ▁Raj ap ak sa ) ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁chief ▁Minister ▁of ▁U va ▁Provinc ial ▁Council ▁and ▁former ▁Bas n ay aka ▁N il ame ▁( L ay ▁C ust od ian ) ▁of ▁the ▁R uh un u ▁Mah a ▁K atar ag ama ▁de val aya . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Pal atu wa ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁District ▁of ▁Mat ara ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Med am ul ana ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Hamb ant ota . ▁He ▁h ails ▁from ▁a ▁well ▁known ▁political ▁family ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka . ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁had ▁his ▁entire ▁education ▁at ▁Richmond ▁College , ▁G alle . ▁As ▁a ▁student , ▁he ▁played ▁Soc cer ▁for ▁the ▁School ▁and ▁was ▁an ▁Ath lete . ▁Having ▁left ▁school , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Public ▁Service . ▁ ▁Public ▁Service ▁En tered ▁the ▁Public ▁Service ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁as ▁a ▁Police ▁Officer ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁Police ▁Force ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁eight ▁years . ▁S erved ▁the ▁State ▁Tr ading ▁General ▁Corporation ▁as ▁the ▁As st . ▁General ▁Manager ▁before ▁getting ▁into ▁active ▁politics ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁Cont ested ▁the ▁by - election ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁for ▁Mul kir ig ala ▁E lector ate . ▁ ▁En tered ▁Parliament ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁of ▁the ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Freedom ▁Party ▁representing ▁Hamb |
ant ota ▁District . ▁Has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁parliament ▁continuously ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁ret aining ▁his ▁seat ▁in ▁all ▁elections ▁held ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁appointment ▁as ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁he ▁has ▁held ▁the ▁following ▁port fol ios . ▁ ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁of ▁Agricult ure ▁and ▁L ands ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁of ▁Port s ▁& ▁Southern ▁Development ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁of ▁Plant ation ▁Indust ries ▁Minister ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁Development ▁Minister ▁of ▁I rr igation ▁& ▁Water ▁Management ▁Minister ▁of ▁Port s ▁& ▁A vi ation ▁ ▁Honor ary ▁titles ▁" S ri ▁L anka ▁Jan ase va ▁V ib h ush ana " ▁ ▁Other ▁positions ▁held ▁President , ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁– ▁Russia ▁Parliament ary ▁Friend ship ▁Association ▁President , ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁– ▁Hung ary ▁Parliament ary ▁Friend ship ▁Association ▁Chairman , ▁District ▁Development ▁Committee , ▁Hamb ant ota ▁( D istrict ▁Secret ari at ) ▁Chairman , ▁Hamb ant ota ▁Development ▁Foundation ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁political ▁families ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁The ▁Raj ap ak sa ▁Anc est ry ▁A ▁people - based ▁politician ▁Parliament ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ri ▁L ank an ▁Budd h ists ▁Category : Spe akers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : G overn ment ▁minister s ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th |
Subsets and Splits