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Renewable energy in Brazil
Ethanol fuel
According to industry sources, Brazil's ethanol exports reached 86,000 bbl/d in 2008, with 13,000 bbl/d going to the United States. Brazil is the largest ethanol exporter in the world, holding over 90% of the global export market.
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Richard Holmes (military historian)
Military career
Richard Holmes (military historian) Military career In 1964 he enlisted in the Territorial Army, the volunteer reserve of the British Army. Two years later he received a commission as a second lieutenant with the T.A., and was promoted to lieutenant on 17 June 1968. He was promoted acting captain in 1972, substantive captain in 1973, acting major in 1978, promoted to substantive major in 1980. In 1983, he transferred to and took command of the 2nd Battalion, The Wessex Regiment. In 1979 he was awarded the Territorial Decoration (the Long Service Decoration of the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve). He
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Richard Holmes (military historian)
Military career
was promoted to lieutenant-colonel when he chose to give up full-time service in 1986. In the 1988 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) (Military Division). He was promoted colonel on 29 January 1989. In June 1991, he was appointed aide-de-camp to the Queen, holding the post until February 1997. In January 1994, he was appointed Honorary Colonel of the Southampton University Officer Training Corps, and in that February, he was appointed Brigadier-General TA at Headquarters Land Command. In 1995, he became Professor of Military and Security Studies at Cranfield. From
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Richard Holmes (military historian)
Military career & Academic career
1997 until his retirement in 2000, Holmes was Director General, Reserve Forces and Cadets, as well as having the distinguished honour of being Britain's senior serving reservist. In the 1998 New Year Honours, he was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) (Military Division). From September 1999 to 1 February 2007, he was Colonel of the Regiment of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (successor to The Queen's and Royal Hampshire Regiments). On 19 September 2000, he was awarded the Volunteer Reserves Service Medal. Academic career Holmes was educated at Forest School, Walthamstow, Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
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Richard Holmes (military historian)
Academic career
Northern Illinois University and the University of Reading, where he was awarded a PhD in 1975. Between 1969 and 1985 he was a lecturer at the Department of War Studies at the RMA Sandhurst, becoming Deputy-Head of the department in 1984. In 1989 he was appointed as the Co-director of Cranfield University's Security Studies Institute at the Royal Military College of Science, at Shrivenham. He became Professor of Military and Security Studies there in 1995, retiring from both positions, although retaining some part-time responsibilities in 2009. Holmes was also President of the British Commission for Military History, and the Battlefields Trust.
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Richard Holmes (military historian)
Academic career & Publications and television work
He was also a patron of the Guild of Battlefield Guides, He received the Order of the Dannebrog and held honorary doctorates from the universities of Leicester and Kent. Publications and television work Holmes wrote more than twenty published books, including Firing Line and Redcoat, and was also Editor-in-Chief of the Oxford University Press' Companion to Military History. His television works included writing and presenting documentary series on the American Revolution such as Rebels and Redcoats in 2003 and Battlefields, a series concentrating on the bloody battles of the Second World War. His War Walks television series has been regularly
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Richard Holmes (military historian)
Publications and television work & Death
repeated on British terrestrial and digital television channels, including BBC Two and UKTV History. One of his documentary series was Wellington: The Iron Duke, in which he chronicled the Duke of Wellington's life, travelling to India, to Waterloo and numerous other locations. He used a similar format in his series, In the Footsteps of Churchill, a documentary on Winston Churchill. In this, he travelled across the world, including South Africa, Sudan, Egypt and various locations in the United Kingdom and Europe. He also wrote a book to accompany the series. Death Holmes died aged 65 on 30 April 2011 from
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Richard Holmes (military historian)
Death & Personal life
the effects of non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Personal life In 1975, Holmes married Catherine Saxton, with whom he had two daughters.
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Rickey Dixon
College football career
Rickey Dixon College football career A standout defensive back at Wilmer-Hutchins High School in Dallas, Dixon came to Norman to play for the Sooners in 1984. He played in the 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988 Orange Bowls, in two National Championship games, and was a key figure in Oklahoma's 1985 National Championship win over Penn State in the 1986 Orange Bowl. A consensus All-American in 1987, Dixon was the first Sooner to win the Jim Thorpe Award, given to the top defensive back in the country. He shared the Award with Miami's Bennie Blades. He won all-conference honors in 1986
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Rickey Dixon
College football career
and 1987. The defining game of Dixon's collegiate career was the 1987 contest against the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Hyped as the "Game of the Century II", playing on the moniker given the 1971 contest between Oklahoma and Nebraska, Nebraska was favored at home in Lincoln, boasting the #1 offense in the country. The Sooners came in ranked #2 in the nation, and sporting the #1 defense in the country. Nebraska quarterback Steve Taylor came into the game boasting that the Sooners could not compete against the Cornhuskers. It was Dixon's two interceptions of Taylor in the game (one to set up
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Rickey Dixon
College football career
a short touchdown drive, and one late in the fourth quarter to seal the win) that put the Cornhuskers away and guaranteed Oklahoma a shot at the Miami Hurricanes in the 1988 Orange Bowl. In the Orange Bowl, Dixon had another key interception to set up a Sooner touchdown drive in a game that Miami eventually won, 20-14. Dixon finished his career with 170 total tackles and 17 interceptions (second only to Darrell Royal for the school record). During his senior year, he had nine interceptions for 232 yards which remain school records for the Sooners.
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Robert Bollt
Education & Work
Robert Bollt Robert Bollt (26 August 1971 – 26 January 2010) was an American archaeologist, specializing in Pacific Archaeology. Education Bollt received his Ph.D. from the University of Hawaii in 2005. Work Bollt spent much of his career studying the prehistory of the Austral Islands in French Polynesia. He published a monograph about his excavations on the island of Rurutu (Peva) and co-authored several journal articles on prehistoric fishing strategies and extirpated birds, bats and land mammals, on both Rurutu and Tubuai. At the time of his death he was analysing material from the excavation he led in 2007
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Robert Bollt
Work
on the island of Tubuai at the Atiahara site, a remarkable Archaic East Polynesian occupation. Bollt was a professor at the University of Hawaii Manoa from 2005 to early 2007. He taught a range of classes in the anthropology department including lithic analysis, lab analysis, Hawaiian archaeology and Anthropology 101.
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Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell
Early life & Legal career
Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell Early life The son of Alan and Nance Carswell was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution and Pembroke College, Oxford, where he received a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in classics and law in 1956. Two years later he graduated from the University of Chicago's Law School with a Doctor of Jurisprudence. Legal career Carswell was Counsel to the Attorney General for Northern Ireland in the years 1970 and 1971, and Senior Crown Counsel in Northern Ireland from 1979 to 1984. In 1984, he became Judge of the High Court of Justice Northern
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Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell
Legal career
Ireland, a post he held until 1993. He was Lord Justice of Appeal at the Supreme Court of Judicature in Northern Ireland from 1993 to 1997 and further Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland from 1997 to 2004. Lord Carswell was made a Queen's Counsel in 1971. Carswell became a Privy Counsellor in 1993. He was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary as Baron Carswell, of Killeen in the County of Down on 12 January 2004, having been knighted in 1988. He sits in the House of Lords as a crossbencher. During 2009–2010, Lord Carswell chaired an inquiry into the
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Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell
Legal career & Family
roles of Jersey's Crown Officers (the Bailiff, Deputy Bailiff, Attorney General and Solicitor General), presenting a report recommending reforms to the States of Jersey on 6 December 2010. Family Lord Carswell married Romayne Winifred Ferris in 1961; they have two daughters. Lady Carswell was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Belfast in 2000.
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Roger Leland Wollman
Early life and education & Early career
Roger Leland Wollman Early life and education Born in Frankfort, South Dakota, Roger's parents were Edwin J. Wollman (1907–1981) and Katherine (Kleinsasser) Wollman (1905–2002). His ancestors were ethnic Germans living in Russia and Wollman grew up Mennonite. He attended Doland High School. Wollman received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Tabor College in 1957. He was in the United States Army from 1957 to 1959. He then attended the University of South Dakota School of Law, graduating magna cum laude in 1962 with a Juris Doctor. In 1964, he received a Master of Laws from Harvard Law School. Early career
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Roger Leland Wollman
Early career & Federal judicial service
Wollman began his career as a judicial law clerk to Judge George Theodore Mickelson of the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota from 1962 to 1963. He was in private practice of law in Aberdeen, South Dakota, from 1964 to 1971, and served as a State's attorney of Brown County, South Dakota, (in Aberdeen) from 1967 to 1971. Wollman served for fifteen years on the Supreme Court of South Dakota, including as Chief Justice from 1978 to 1982. Federal judicial service Wollman was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on June 25, 1985, to the United States
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Roger Leland Wollman
Federal judicial service
Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, to a new seat created by 98 Stat. 333. South Dakota senior senator Larry Pressler worked with the White House to secure this nomination, and recommended Wollman as a conservative judge. He was the first South Dakotan on that court in 25 years. Wollman was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 19, 1985, and he received his commission on July 22, 1985. From 1999 to 2002, Wollman served as Chief Judge. Wollman maintains his chambers in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Among his judicial law clerks that worked under him include Ron A.
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Roger Leland Wollman
Federal judicial service
Parsons Jr. and his successor Jonathan A. Kobes. On February 9, 2018, Wollman notified President Donald Trump that he intended to step down as an active judge no later than the end of 2018. He assumed senior status on December 14, 2018, upon the confirmation of his successor and former clerk, Jonathan A. Kobes.
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Ron Brenneman
Ron Brenneman Ron A. Brenneman (born 1946) was the president and chief executive officer of Petro-Canada. He has been a director at the company since 2000. His annual compensation for 2005 was $2.68 million CAD. Prior to joining Petro-Canada, he was also a director at Scotiabank and Bell Canada Enterprises. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1968 with a degree in chemical engineering. He also received a master of science degree from the University of Manchester and completed the Senior Executive program at the MIT Sloan School of Management.
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Rukhsana Kausar
Militant Incident
Rukhsana Kausar Militant Incident On Sunday night at around 9:30 pm, 27 September 2009, three militants came to the house of Waqalat Hussain, Rukhsana's uncle. They had forced him to lead them to his elder brother Noor Hussain's adjoining house. When Noor Hussain did not open the door, the three allegedly broke open a window and entered the house. By then, he with his wife, Rashida Begum, had hidden Rukhsana beneath a cot. They demanded Rukhsana be handed over to them. When her parents and younger brother Aijaz tried to resist, the militants started hitting them with rifle butts. Rukhsana
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Rukhsana Kausar
Militant Incident
emerged from her hiding place with an axe and hit the LeT commander on his head One of the militants opened fire, injuring Waqalat Hussain in his arm. Other family members joined Rukhsana in attacking the militants. Rukhsana picked up the commander's AK47 rifle, retrieved another from the other militant, and threw it to her brother. Rukhsana shot the commander, killing him, and she and her brother fired on the other militants, forcing them to flee. Rukshana and her brother then led their family to the Shahdra Shareif police post and handed over the weapons. En route, to ensure
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Rukhsana Kausar
Militant Incident & Revenge attack
that the militants stayed away, her brother fired in the air at regular intervals until they reached the police post. The militant was later identified as Abu Osama, a commander of Laskar-E-Taiba. According to Rukhsana's mother, he had earlier threatened Rukhsana to beware. Revenge attack On 31 October 2009, unidentified gunmen threw two hand grenades and fired several rounds at Rukhsana's house at around 10:30 pm. The grenades, however, missed and exploded away from her house. Later, the militants again fired from a hilltop, retreating soon afterwards as night fell. As no family members were present at the time, there were
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Rukhsana Kausar
Revenge attack & 2013
no casualties. They had already been moved to a high-security police colony on 7 October 2009, where a government quarter has been allotted to them. On Tuesday night, 10 November 2009, following a tip-off, the security forces recovered an improvised explosive device (IED) near Rukhsana's house. It was later defused by a bomb disposal squad. 2013 By 2013, Rukhsana had taken a position as constable in her home town. She had two daughters. She still sought security from the government for her family. She had been awarded National Bravery Award, Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak, Sardar Patel Award, Rani Jhansi Bravery Award
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Rukhsana Kausar
2013 & Abducted earlier
and Astha Award among others Abducted earlier On 24 July 2009, Rukhsana and her aunt Kulzum Pari were reportedly abducted by local youth Aijaz Sameer and his accomplices. A medical report, however, confirmed that she had not been raped. Rukhsana alleged that the police tried to cover up her abduction and even offered her money to say before the magistrate that she was not abducted. The police closed the case after getting her statement recorded before a judicial magistrate. Rajour SSP Shafqat Watalli also admitted that the girl was indeed abducted. He said that the local police by no means
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Rukhsana Kausar
Abducted earlier & Reactions
could close the case, and even if it was closed, it will be reopened. He also reportedly said that there might be a link between her abduction and the militants' home invasion. Reactions Rukhsana, who had never picked up a rifle before that incident, has been the talk of the town. Maulana Amir Mohammad Shamsi, head preacher of Alhuda Jamia Masjid, Rajouri congratulated her saying that it was jihad. Shahdra Sharief shrine administrator Inayat Hussain Baba said Rukhsana had set an example for others to emulate. On Tuesday, 29 September 2009, Governor of J&K Narinder Nath Vohra said that he wanted
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Rukhsana Kausar
Reactions & Visiting Nariman House
to recommend Rukhsana for a gallantry award. The Governor also intended to invite her to be honoured at the Raj Bhavan. President Pratibha Patil, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and home minister P. Chidambaram, during their visit to J&K, praised Rukhsana for her act. Visiting Nariman House On Thursday, 26 November 2009, Rukhsana visited the Nariman House and paid homage to those killed at the Jewish centre during the 26/11 terror attacks. She was accompanied by M S Bitta, Chairman of the All India Anti-Terrorist Front (AIATF). She paid homage by lighting a candle in the prayer hall of the Nariman House.
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Rukhsana Kausar
In popular culture & Felicitations
In popular culture In 2010, Indian Film Director Geetha Krishna announced his film Koffi Shop, which happens to be dedicated to Rukhsana, hailing her as one of the bravest women India has seen lately. Felicitations On Wednesday, 18 November 2009, the All India Anti-Terrorist Front (AIATF) chairman M S Bitta, at a function organised at the Town Hall on Ashram Road, conferred the Sardar Patel Award on Rukhsana and her brother Aijaz Ahmed for their courageous act. He also presented a cash award of Rs. 1 lakh to both as appreciation of their bravery. Certain organisations of the Nahan town in
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Rukhsana Kausar
Felicitations
Himachal Pradesh are planning to honour Rukhsana on 28 December 2009. Rukhsana will be accompanied by her parents and AIATF chief Manjinder Singh Bitta. It will be her first tour to this hilly state. Ashutosh Gupta, the chairman of the Aastha welfare Society said that Rukhsana would be given a cash award of rupees one lakhs. After the Nahan, Rukhsana would also be honored in the state capital on 29 December 2009.
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SIVU des Inforoutes de l'Ardèche
Framework and legal nature & Mission & Services
SIVU des Inforoutes de l'Ardèche Framework and legal nature The Syndicat des Inforoutes de l'Ardèche is a "mixed syndicate" (French: syndicat mixte), which is nomenclature existing in France to designate an organisation aiming to improve cooperation within neighboring communities. Mission The organisation aims to increase public awareness of the latest developments in information technology. It also trains professionals from the government working in the field of education and local authorities to use the new information and communication technologies in the most efficient way possible. Services The organisation provides primary schools, town councils and public institutions of its member municipalities (Etablissements
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SIVU des Inforoutes de l'Ardèche
Services & Subscribers & Finance
Publics de Coopération Intercommunale; EPCI) of the Ardèche department with computer hardware and assistance with their digital projects. It also coordinates the public network of the multimedia centres in the Ardèche department. Subscribers The organisation includes almost all of the Ardèche department town councils and some town councils of the adjacent departments of Drôme and Loire, for a total of more than 300 town councils. It represents 16 town councils communities and 2 intercity syndicates. Finance The Syndicat mixte des Inforoutes de l'Ardèche is mainly supported by the general council of the Ardèche department. It also received financial support from
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SIVU des Inforoutes de l'Ardèche
Finance
European (Feder, Ten-Telecom, Leader II) and national budgets (France Telecom and Datar).
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Plot
Scrooge (1951 film) Plot Ebenezer Scrooge (Alastair Sim) is seen leaving the London Exchange on his way to his counting house on Christmas Eve, 1843. Scrooge tells two other men of business that he has no intention of celebrating Christmas, which he considers to be a humbug. He refuses leniency to a debtor who owes Scrooge money. Back at his place of business, Scrooge refuses a donation to two men collecting for the poor, suggesting that prisons and workhouses are sufficient for maintaining the poor, and that those who won't go would be better off dead. Scrooge's nephew, Fred
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Plot
(Brian Worth), invites Scrooge to dinner the next day, but Scrooge refuses, disparaging Fred for having married. Scrooge reluctantly gives his poor clerk Bob Cratchit (Mervyn Johns) the day off with pay, but expects him back all the earlier the next day. After Scrooge dines alone in a seedy restaurant (where he refuses more bread because the waiter informs him that there is an extra charge for it ("ha'penny extra")), he goes home for the night. Scrooge sees the door-knocker turn into the face of his seven-years-dead partner, Jacob Marley (Michael Hordern). Scrooge's supper of gruel is interrupted by the ringing
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Plot
of bells before Marley appears as a ghost. Scrooge believes he is hallucinating until Marley howls in anguish and frustration. Marley warns Scrooge that he must repent or suffer Marley's unbearable fate: condemned to walk the earth forever, bound in the chains he "forged in life" by his greedy ways. He warns Scrooge that he will be visited by three spirits; the first will arrive when the bell tolls one. Marley leaves to join other ghosts suffering the same torment. Frightened by the sight of the damned, Scrooge takes refuge in his bed. At one in the morning, the Spirit of
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Plot
Christmas Past (Michael Dolan) arrives to show Scrooge scenes from his past. A young Scrooge (George Cole) is alone at school, unwanted by his father ever since his mother died in childbirth. His sister Fan (Carol Marsh) arrives to take him home, claiming their father has changed. Next, the Spirit shows Scrooge the annual Christmas party thrown by his fondly remembered employer, old Fezziwig (Roddy Hughes). Scrooge shows his first signs of change as he realises Fezziwig did not have to spend much money to bring happiness to his staff. Scrooge then witnesses his proposal to his girlfriend, Alice (Rona
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Plot
Anderson). He is reminded that the lure of money from the sarcastic Mr. Jorkin (Jack Warner) seduced him to abandon his loyalty to Fezziwig and to regard the world as a "hard and cruel place." Scrooge relives the death of Fan; as she lay dying, he angrily walked away and refused to look after her son, Fred. The older Scrooge is overcome, and begs for her forgiveness. Taking a clerk job with Jorkin, young Scrooge befriends a young Jacob Marley (Patrick Macnee). Scrooge and Marley eventually buy out Fezziwig's business and replace the sign bearing his name with one showing
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Plot
their own names. Alice breaks off her engagement to Scrooge, feeling that love of money has replaced his love for her. Years later, Scrooge and Marley are Board members of the Amalgamated Mercantile Society as they offer to rescue the company from bankruptcy after Jorkin embezzles the company's funds, taking control of the company in the process. On Christmas Eve, 1836, Marley lay dying, but Scrooge refused to visit his only friend during business hours. When Scrooge finally arrives, Marley, aware he will face eternal punishment for his avarice, tries to warn Scrooge before he dies. The Spirit reproaches Scrooge
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Plot
for taking Marley's money and house. The Spirit of Christmas Present (Francis de Wolff) shows Scrooge how "men of goodwill" celebrate Christmas. He shows him poor miners joyfully singing Christmas carols around a small fire. Scrooge then sees the Cratchits celebrating Christmas in a happy, loving, and festive manner despite their poverty, with a goose in the oven, Christmas pudding "singing in a copper," and hot gin punch on hand. Scrooge is ashamed to hear the family refusing to toast him at the mention of his name. He asks whether the youngest child, lame Tiny Tim (Glyn Dearman), will survive his
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Plot
(presumed) tuberculosis, but the Spirit hints that he may not and mockingly repeats Scrooge's callous statement about the poor being better off dead. They next visit Fred's home and witness his Christmas dinner party, at which Fred defends his uncle from several mean jokes and leads his happy guests in a lively polka. Scrooge is then shown his lost love Alice working in a poorhouse, ministering to the sick on Christmas Eve. Finally, the Spirit shows Scrooge a metaphor: two gaunt, sickly children named Ignorance and Want, both of whom humans are to beware. When Scrooge asks if they have
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Plot
no refuge, the Spirit taunts him by repeating his earlier statements: "Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses?" Scrooge runs away, but does not get far before he encounters the Spirit of Christmas Yet to Come (Czeslaw Konarski), a shrouded figure with a single hand extended. This spirit wordlessly shows Scrooge what lies in store in the future if he does not change. Scrooge first visits the Cratchits, a pall hanging over their Christmas as they mourn Tiny Tim's recent death. Next he sees his charwoman Mrs. Dilber (Kathleen Harrison), the undertaker (Ernest Thesiger), and laundress (Louise Hampton) pawning some
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5,987
Scrooge (1951 film)
Plot
deceased's possessions for a meager gain. Slowly, Scrooge realises it is he who has died; his two colleagues from the beginning discuss his funeral and wonder if anyone will go, one of them (Peter Bull) resolving only to go if a lunch is provided. When shown his own grave, lonely and neglected, Scrooge weeps openly, begs the Spirit for mercy, and pledges to change his ways. All of a sudden, Scrooge awakens in his bed in the present and is ecstatic to discover it is still Christmas Day, and he still has an opportunity to do good. Mrs. Dilber is frightened
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Plot
by his sudden transformation and thinks he's gone mad, but he reassures her, gives her a guinea for a Christmas present, and pledges to raise her salary fivefold. He next enlists the help of a "remarkable boy" passing by his window to deliver a large and expensive turkey to the Cratchits for half a crown; only the innocent Tiny Tim guesses who has sent the generous gift. That night, Scrooge delights Fred by attending his dinner party and dancing with the other guests. The next day, 26 December, Scrooge plays a practical joke on Bob Cratchit, pretending he is about
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Plot & Comparison with the source material
to sack him for being late, but instead offers him a raise and a hand in helping his family. The narrator recounts that Ebenezer Scrooge became "as good a man as the old city ever knew", and a second father to Tiny Tim, who recovered from his illness and learned to walk on his right leg without a crutch. Scrooge carries Tiny Tim on his shoulder off into the distance as the film ends to the tune of "Silent Night". Comparison with the source material In the film, Mrs Dilber is the name of the charwoman, whereas in the book
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Comparison with the source material
the woman was unnamed and the laundress was named Mrs Dilber. The charwoman's role is greatly expanded in the film, to the point that she receives second billing in the list of characters. The film also expands on the story by detailing Scrooge's rise as a prominent businessman. He was corrupted by a greedy new mentor, Mr. Jorkin (played by Jack Warner, a popular British actor in his time) who lured him away from the benevolent Mr. Fezziwig and also introduced him to Jacob Marley. When Jorkin, who does not appear at all in Dickens's original story, is discovered to be
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161,912
Q1058952
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1,300
Scrooge (1951 film)
Comparison with the source material
an embezzler, the opportunistic Scrooge and Marley offer to compensate the company's losses on the condition that they receive control of the company for which they work – and so, Scrooge and Marley is born. During the Ghost of Christmas Present sequence, Scrooge's former fiancée, Alice, works with the homeless and sick (the character is named "Belle" in the book, and her employment is not described). The film also posits that Ebenezer's sister died while giving birth to his nephew, Fred, thus engendering Scrooge's estrangement from him. We are also told that Ebenezer's mother died while giving birth to him, causing his
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161,912
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Comparison with the source material & Release and reception
father to resent him just as Ebenezer resents his nephew. In the book, Fan is much younger than Ebenezer, and the cause of her death is not mentioned. Release and reception The film was released in Great Britain under its original title, Scrooge. United Artists handled the U.S. release under the title A Christmas Carol. The film was originally slated to be shown at New York City's Radio City Music Hall as part of their Christmas attraction, but the theatre management decided that the film was too grim and did not possess enough family entertainment value to warrant an engagement
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Release and reception & Reviews
at the Music Hall. Instead, the film premiered at the Guild Theatre (near the Music Hall, and not to be confused with the Guild Theatre which showcased plays) on 28 November 1951. Reviews Contemporary reviews were mixed to positive, with a number of critics remarking on how gloomy the film was compared to other renditions of the Dickens story. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times posted a favourable notice, writing that producer Brian Desmond Hurst "has not only hewed to the line of Dickens' classic fable of a spiritual regeneration on Christmas Eve, but he has got some arresting
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Reviews
recreations of the story's familiar characters," adding, "The visions of Scrooge's life story are glimpses into depressing realms, and the aspects of poverty and ignorance in 19th century England are made plain. To the credit of Mr. Hurst's production, not to its disfavour, let it be said that it does not conceal Dickens' intimations of human meanness with artificial gloss." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post was also positive, writing, "This may not be 'A Christmas Carol' of recent tradition, but I've an idea it's the way Dickens would have wanted it. It's the way he wrote it." Harrison's
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Reviews
Reports called the film "delightful entertainment," finding that "though it does have its somber moments it ends on so cheerful a note that one cannot help but leave the theatre in a happy mood." John McCarten of The New Yorker was also mostly positive, writing that "there's enough good here to warrant the attendance of all save the hardest of heart." Variety, however, called the film "a grim thing that will give tender-aged kiddies viewing it the screaming-meemies, and adults will find it long, dull and greatly overdone." Time magazine ran a mixed review, criticising the direction while praising the performances.
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Reviews & Box Office
In Britain, The Monthly Film Bulletin was also mixed, finding that the film "as a whole lacks style" and that Sim resembled more a "dour dyspeptic" than a miser, but nevertheless concluded that "the film may please in its good-natured reminder of Christmas joys, and much praise is due to Kathleen Harrison for her inimitable playing of the true Cockney." Box Office The film was one of the most popular in Britain in 1952, but was a box office disappointment in the U.S. However, the film became a holiday favourite on American television where it was broadcast regularly during the
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Box Office & Home media
1950s and 1960s. In the estimation of critic A. O. Scott, Scrooge is the best film adaptation of A Christmas Carol ever made. Home media A colourised version of the film was released in 1989, and many of the DVD issues include it as an extra. The film was released on Blu-ray in 2009 by VCI, in a package that also included a DVD copy of the film, cropped into a faux widescreen format. This package only contained minimal bonus features. It was issued again on Blu-ray in 2011 with a remastered transfer, and many bonus features that did not appear in
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Scrooge (1951 film)
Home media & Miscellaneous
the first Blu-ray version. Miscellaneous Alastair Sim and Michael Hordern reprised their roles two decades later, lending their voices to Richard Williams's 1971 animated version of the tale. Clive Donner who edited this version later directed the 1984 version Scrooge can be seen playing on a television in the beginning of the 2015 film Krampus.
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161,913
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250
Seventeen Mile River
Seventeen Mile River Seventeen Mile River is a stream in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is a tributary to the Satilla River. Seventeen Mile River most likely was so named on account of its length. Variant names are "Seventeen Mile Creek" and "Seventeenmile Creek".
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161,914
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590
Skol Lager Individual
Skol Lager Individual The Skol Lager Individual was a European Tour golf tournament which was played from 1974 to 1977. The event was a 36-hole strokeplay tournament which preceded the Double Diamond International team event, which was played later the same week. The tournament was called the Double Diamond Strokeplay in 1974 and 1975 and the Double Diamond Individual Championship in 1976. The 1977 Skol Lager Individual was played over the King's Course at Gleneagles in Scotland on 16 and 17 August. After the 36 holes, Nick Faldo, Craig Defoy and Chris Witcher were tied at 139. Faldo won a playoff
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161,914
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675
Skol Lager Individual
at the first extra hole to claim his first European Tour title at the age of twenty.
{"datasets_id": 161915, "wiki_id": "Q7107662", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 110}
161,915
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Sky Studios
Studio facilities & Former studio facilities & Productions
Sky Studios Studio facilities The studios at Osterley are currently located across three main buildings. Former studio facilities There are a number of buildings previously containing television studios which have now been vacated. Productions Some productions have been broadcast from different studios, so the studios listed are the most recently used.
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161,916
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Somers Library
History
Somers Library The Somers Library is a member of the Westchester Library System. The present building opened in 1982. It is located in Reis Park off New York State Route 139 in Somers, NY. History The first library in Somers was organized by Ruth Tompkins in 1875. It consisted of a shelf of books on the second floor of District Schoolhouse Number 2. A portion of the books in the original collection came from Ralph Waldo Emerson's private library. Ruth Tomkins' sister Susan had married John Emerson, nephew of Ralph Waldo Emerson and through them Ralph Waldo Emerson, or "Uncle
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8
1,000
Somers Library
History
Waldo", became one of the library's first patrons. The reasons for the move are unclear, but in the early 1880s the Library moved to a converted chicken coop across the street from the schoolhouse. It remained at the refurbished chicken coop for 14 years. In 1896, the Library outgrew the chicken coop and moved into a former cobbler's shop. The cobbler's shop location later became the Elephant's Trunk Thrift Shop, which was run by Friends of the Somers Library to provide money for the Library's operation. In 1963, the Library outgrew the cobbler's shop and moved across the street to the former
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161,916
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1,000
8
1,165
Somers Library
History
cobbler's house, which was refurbished for the Library's use. The present building is located on a portion of the Wright-Reis Homestead and opened on June 22, 1982.
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Sound icon
Background
Sound icon Background Horațiu Rădulescu first conceived of the sound icon in 1965. It consists of a lidless grand piano that has been placed on its side, so that it resembles a harp. Typically, nylon cords are rubbed with rosin and woven behind the piano strings. When the cord is bowed against the string, it creates a unique timbre which has been described as “sounds of an infinite resonance that have no equivalent among other instruments”. Rădulescu called his invention a sound icon, because he conceived it while living in Romania where “religion was only…possible through music”. To Rădulescu, the striking
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Sound icon
Background & Technique
image of the grand piano on its side presented the instrument “in a new light; it now resembles a religious object – a Byzantine icon.” The name also has a punning connotation because its acronym is “si”, the French and Italian syllable for “B”. Technique The sound icon is played in several ways. The primary technique is to bow the strings, a tradition which dates back to instruments like the bowed clavier and the hurdy gurdy. Unlike those instruments, which rely on rosined wheels to stimulate the string, the sound icon is bowed by weaving material between the strings. Rădulescu
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Sound icon
Technique
is reported to have used a variety of materials to both bow and pluck the piano strings, including fishing line as well as gold coins. The seminal technique for bowing the sound icon is to use a single horsehair as thin as 0.1 mm in diameter. Rădulescu was preoccupied with “reversing the proportion of the bows and strings” usually found in a violin. He wound the horsehair in a “V” shape around the string. Bowing the horsehair makes the piano string vibrate and creates a sympathetic resonance in the other strings. The location of the bow on the string also creates a
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161,917
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Sound icon
Technique & Legacy
dramatic difference in the resulting sound. In works with multiple sound icons, Rădulescu would weave “spider webs of nylon threads of different thickness in between the pianos.” In each piece, Rădulescu would work out a very precise tuning for the sound icon to control the timbre of its sympathetic resonance. He called this tuning a “spectral scordatura”. Rădulescu compared the droning nature of the sound icon to the Indian tanpura. Legacy Because of the difficulty of vertically orienting a grand piano, composers often simply write for “bowed piano”, using the technique that Rădulescu pioneered. Composers like John Oliver, Kirsten Broberg, and
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Sound icon
Legacy
Stephen Scott have all written for bowed piano. Scott even formed the Bowed Piano Ensemble. Bands like Wilco and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band have also used bowed piano. In 2015, the sound icon was assigned as part of the instrumentation at Iron Composer.
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Description
St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold Description The church features a mixture of architectural styles due to additions and renovations over several centuries. The floor plan is Cruciform, including a four-bay nave with north and south porches, wide aisles, a tower in the south transept position, a north transept and a three-bay chancel with organ chamber and vestry. The walls are rubble built, the roof is Cotswold stone, and the ashlar tower has parapets. The remaining Norman work is confined to the buttresses and some chip-carved string at the west end of the church. The south porch is gabled, and the shallow north
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Description
porch from the 17th century masks a 13th-century moulding on the north door, which is framed by yew trees. The north aisle features three late tracery windows and one small 13th century lancet, and the south aisle features 14th century tracery. The chancel includes tall 14th century windows which have been restored, and a flowing east window designed by Pearson. The west window is from the 14th century and reticulated with an ogee arch which ends in a canopied niche. The north transept is probably 13th century and features two lancets flanking the 15th century east window. Tudor windows line the
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161,918
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Description
north transept and lie on the west side of the aisles. Square-headed clerestory windows feature a stilted drip moulding. In the interior of the church, the arcades date principally from the 13th century and incorporate older 12th century structure, but the work is not uniform. The north transept is divided from the north aisle by a double arcade. The chancel features a 14th-century truss-rafter roof, and a decorated piscina and part of a sedilia retaining traces of color are fitted under the first south window, which is lowered to accommodate them. The chancel arch is of plain half-round structure with
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161,918
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Description
no springing. The organ is blocked, and a chamber arch and two medieval tile settings have been excavated at west end. The nave roof is 19th century, but one of the 15th century corbel beams bears the arms of John Weston, who served as rector from 1416–38. The font is in goblet style from the late 16th century, and the stained glass was provided by Wailes and Strang, a 19th-century firm notable for English church window designs. The church features a four-stage tower from the 15th century, with corner buttresses to the second stages, two-light supermullioned bell openings, battlements adorned with
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161,918
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Description
blank arches, and crocketed corner pinnacles. A projecting rectangular turret on the southwest side houses the stair. The parapet includes pinnacles and a string course with gargoyles. The tower was completed in 1447, is 88 feet (26.8 metres) high and houses the heaviest ring of bells, eight in all, in Gloucestershire. A clock with chimes has existed there since 1580, and the present clock was built in 1926. The painting of the Crucifixion in the south aisle was painted by Gaspar de Craeyer (1582–1669), a contemporary of Reubens and Van Dyck. Many notable features of the Cotswold church can be
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161,918
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Description & Building and restorations
attributed to the town's prosperity as a trade centre. The church is in the highest category of architectural/historic listing (Grade I), having been assessed under the standards set by the statutorily responsible charity, English Heritage, which compiles the heritage list for England. A tourist attraction, it is among 98 Grade I listed buildings in Cotswold (district), a mainly rural district having about one third of those in Gloucestershire, having many conservation areas and neatly cut Cotswold stone which is the main building material of this structure. Building and restorations The Church of St Edward is an ashlar Cotswold stone Norman church,
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161,918
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Building and restorations
its parts dating from the 11th or 12th to the 14th century except for its tower and clerestory of the 15th century. It stands on the site of the original Saxon church, believed to have been made of wood. The tower and clerestory required substantial funds, provided by the community's wool trade which directly enriched the medieval rectory. The church was also renovated in the 17th century and in 1873. The then parish priest, Reverend Robert William Hippisley, commissioned architect John Loughborough Pearson. Hippisley served long and had a substantial parish income as Rector during his 1844-99 ministry. He
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161,918
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Building and restorations & Rectory house
conserved the building avoiding blunt Victorian restoration. He attracted complaints in the running of the final civic (secular) vestry: ...all became controversial issues that on occasions led to physical violence. Factions grew up, and before he resigned in 1899 the townspeople had hanged the rector in effigy. — The Victoria County History Project Title: The History of Gloucestershire, 1965, Christopher Elrington (1930-2009) . Rectory house Stow Lodge, now non-religious was said in 1900 to be Hippisley's property, built, in the 18th century, for the Chamberlayne family whose crest it bears and was used as the parsonage for a large part of the 19th century.
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161,918
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Rectory house & Role in Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
The original parsonage, which was under repair in 1840 has been lost; with a plausible reference north-east of the town centre 'Parson's Corner'. The rectory was built in the early 20th century, away from the town at the southern end of the graveyard. Role in Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold In 1646 during the English Civil War, the Royalist army marched through the Cotswolds, attempting to join the forces of King Charles I at Oxford. However, they were met by a Parliamentary force in the battle, and the encounter was so deadly that it was said ducks could bathe in the pools
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161,918
Q7593009
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22
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Role in Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold & In contemporary film, fiction or media
of blood left in the street near the market square. Reportedly the street was afterward called "Digbeth" or "Duck's Bath" because of this. After the last battle in the war was fought at nearby Donnington, Gloucestershire, the church housed 1,000 prisoners following the defeat of the Royalists. The church features memorials to Francis Keyt and John Chamberlayne who died in 1646 during the Battle of Stow, and also houses memorials to those who died in service during World War I and World War II. In contemporary film, fiction or media The funeral of the Who's bass player, John Entwistle, took
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161,918
Q7593009
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310
St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
In contemporary film, fiction or media & Medieval period
place at the church in 2002. Entwistle lived at Quarwood, a country estate in the civil (and ecclesiastical) parishes of Stow. Many mourners attended the private church service conducted by family friend Rev. Colin Wilson. The service was broadcast through a PA system to fans who had gathered outside. Medieval period Elrington, a prominent historian selected to compile the lengthy Victoria County History work found sources such as quoting the town's name as Edwardstow(e) from at least Domesday. Churches were dedicated to the Holy Family or Saints, so if the town was named after its church as well as an individual,
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161,918
Q7593009
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908
St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Medieval period
the likely root of the name he believed was Edward the Martyr. A Latin charter pre-dating the other main contender for the dedication, bearing the date 986, he added, seems to be a medieval fake. He draws attention to the other lightly evidenced roots: saint 'Edwold' Æthelwold of Winchester and the late 12th century-canonised immediately pre-1066 King, Edward the Confessor being the dedication, the latter being taken as true in local 15th century worship. Maugersbury or Donnington in the parish formed wealthy manors. The only glebe in Donnington in 1765, Chapel Yard, may record a failed
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Medieval period & Lands and contributions to the church
intention to build a chapel of ease there. Evesham Abbey's rights in this church's donations, tithes and lands were an issue in disputes between the abbey and the bishop and in 1208 it was proposed to resolve the difficulties by appropriating the church. By then the abbey possessed two-thirds of the great tithes of Donnington and perhaps also of Maugersbury. In 1291 the Abbey also received a pension of £1 5s. 0d. from the church. The Abbey's attempts to appropriate subsided and the living (benefice) stayed as a rectory. Lands and contributions to the church In the 16th century the
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Lands and contributions to the church
rectory let as a farm produced nearly £18 a year clear. By 1650 it was worth c. £150 (a year) and remained about the same until inclosure (privatisation of common land) in 1765 and 1766 when in return for loss of its imputed interests the rectory (rector's successive estate) received glebe of 266 acres (1.08 km²) of that land. The annual value of the benefice rose to over £500 a year in 1864, equivalent to £48,000 in 2018, since which it has in real terms waned due to economic changes and a loss of public functions' supervision, such as
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Lands and contributions to the church & Rectors, curates and church hall
to Cotswold District council and central government. Three chantries in the town, one including a hospital, one formerly known as a guild that was reputedly pre-Conquest ended on Henry VIII's Chantries Acts; various educational and civic improvements and products of funding from the church are shown in medieval National Archives and Lambeth Palace records. Rectors, curates and church hall Rowland Wylde, parish priest of Stow and Lower Swell from 1642, was deprived before 1649 as a delinquent and restored (as with the monarchy, the year before) in 1661, this post having been served meanwhile by "an active controversialist of Congregational (parish
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Rectors, curates and church hall
independence) tendencies". Benjamin Callow followed Wylde in Stow and Lower Swell, ministering them for 40 years. He spent most of his time in Stow and faced disciplinary action for neglecting Lower Swell. Four rectors spanned the whole period from 1744 to 1899, and three of them were members of the Hippisley family; all of them maintained (paid for) curates but towards the end of the service from 1844-1899 of Robert William Hippisley, with whom many wealthy inhabitants quarrelled, a Stow Curate was appointed and paid by a committee independent of him. That curate was J. T. Evans who was rector
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Rectors, curates and church hall & Local roles before the enlargement of state funded institutions
from 1899 to 1935 and author of the standard work on the church plate of Gloucestershire. In 1937 the first church hall was built by the Foss Way in the superseded parish of Lower Swell. Local roles before the enlargement of state funded institutions In 1566 Stow had four churchwardens in all to help cover Maugersbury and Donnington, as in 1826. By the early 19th century one of the wardens for the town was the rector's nominee (choice). The office of parish clerk and sexton, prized, was filled by election by the parishioners. Two overseers and two surveyors who
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Local roles before the enlargement of state funded institutions
presented separate accounts operated and were made responsible in 1825 for repairing the town well. In 1834 a small majority defeated a proposal to appoint a paid assistant overseer. Two conditional contributions in 1691 and 1710 towards building a workhouse were returned because no workhouse was built. In 1712 Quarter Sessions (county judicial/administrative matters) ordered that a combined workhouse and house of correction should be established at Stow in the 'Eagle and Child'. Expenditure on poor relief in the late 18th century increased more than the average for the area, and remained high. A school of industry with 22
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Local roles before the enlargement of state funded institutions
children, recorded in one record of 1802 was not in that of 1812. To deal with health problems, the vestry in the 18th century kept a pest house, (fn. 523) and in 1831 and 1833, following outbreaks of smallpox, temporary boards of health were set up. (fn. 524) A burial board was formed in 1855, and a new graveyard was opened south of the town beside the Foss Way. A nuisance removal committee existed in 1859 when a nuisance inspector was appointed. The town and the two hamlets all became part of the Stow-on-the-Wold Poor Law Union under the Poor Laws-related act
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Local roles before the enlargement of state funded institutions
of 1834, and of the Stow-on-the-Wold highway district in 1863. Under 1872 legislation the town and the urban part of Maugersbury (transferred to Stow civil parish in 1894) were placed under a local board and subsequently became an urban district. Donnington and the rest of Maugersbury became part of the Stow-on-the-Wold Rural Sanitary District under the Act of 1872, and were transferred in 1935 to the newly formed North Cotswold Rural District, in which the Stow urban district was merged the same year and from that year a civil parish council governed the remaining civil aspects beneath the district level
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St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold
Local roles before the enlargement of state funded institutions
of government. Numerous church-overseen testamentary charities served, many of which were sufficient provision for the weak and infirm housed in the row of almshouses. Funds were more manageably administered into an annual revenue-focussed joint board Scheme from 1899. In 1961 the almshouses were condemned as unfit for habitation but five were occupied and stipends continued to be distributed to the almspeople. The other charities for the poor were distributed in kind, such as the rent from a fuel allotment (coppices) being spent on coal.
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Stadion Nikola Mantov
Name
Stadion Nikola Mantov Name In 1973, during a football match between FK Osogovo and FK FAS 11 Oktomvri from Skopje, the 23-year-old Nikola Mantov - one of the best players of FK Osogovo at the time - collapsed on the field and died. In his honor, the home-ground of FK Osogovo is named Nikola Mantov Stadium. It is the only football stadium in North Macedonia named after a football player.
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State aid (European Union)
History
State aid (European Union) State aid in the European Union is the name given to a subsidy provided by a government. Under European Union competition law the term has a legal meaning, being any measure that demonstrates any of the characteristics in Article 107 of Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, in that if it distorts competition or the free market, it is classed by the European Union as being illegal state aid. Measures which fall within the definition of state aid are considered unlawful unless provided under an exemption or notified by the European Commission. History
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State aid (European Union)
History
State aid was formally introduced into European Union statute law by the Treaty of Rome where it classified state aid as being any state intervention that distorted competition law. The definition was later updated by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union in 2007. It stated that any aid given to a company by a state within the EU would generally be incompatible with the EU's Common Market. Within the new law under the treaty, the first chapter of it defines what is not allowed to be done with state aid and the second chapter defines actions that
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State aid (European Union)
History
can be done within legal limits.1. Save as otherwise provided in the Treaties, any aid granted by a Member State or through State resources in any form whatsoever which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods shall, in so far as it affects trade between Member States, be incompatible with the internal market. The intent of this was that in order to avoid favouring a certain company or commercial group, an EU member state should not provide support by financial aid, lesser taxation rates or other ways to a party that does
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State aid (European Union)
History
normal commercial business. For example, it would be considered illegal state aid by the EU if a government took over an unprofitable company with the sole intent to keep it running at a loss. However state aid can be approved by the European Commission in individual circumstances. but the aid reclaimed by the EU if it breaches the treaty. There are specific exemptions to the treaty's provisions with regard to state aid. State aid can be given to parties involved in charity or "to promote culture and heritage conservation". The treaty also stated that aid given in response to natural disasters
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State aid (European Union)
History & Examples
would be lawful. An exemption was given to allow Germany to provide aid providing the aid was used in relation to promoting development in former East German locations affected by the division of Germany after Germany's loss in the Second World War. Examples In 2008, the British government was granted permission from the European Commission to provide state aid to nationalise Lloyds TSB during the financial crisis of 2007–08. However, the Commission decreed that because Lloyds TSB's financial requirements had come about from their takeover of HBOS, in order for the state aid to be legal, they would have to
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State aid (European Union)
Examples
sell part of their business. Lloyds Bank did this by splitting off TSB Bank as a separate company initially owned by them and sold it to Banco de Sabadell in order to stay within the EU's rules on state aid. In 2016, following a 2-year investigation, the European Commission ruled that the Republic of Ireland had given tax rulings to Apple Inc that acted as a form of illegal State aid under EU competition law. Apple has been using a customized variation of the "double Irish" tax avoidance system (used by many US multinationals in Ireland). The rulings from
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Examples
the Irish Revenue Commissioners, which enabled the customization, were deemed to be unfair State aid. The Commission stated that as a result, Apple would have to pay €13 billion in Irish taxes (2004-2014), plus interest penalties, to the Irish government. The Irish cabinet stated they would challenge the Commission's finding of state aid and would appeal against the ruling.
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Strivers' Section Historic District
History
Strivers' Section Historic District History The area was envisioned as part of the capital city by Pierre Charles L’Enfant's 1791 plan; by 1852, plans were drawn up for 11 squares subdivided by streets. But the rural landscape remained largely uninhabited until the latter half of the century. Development began in the 1870s, encouraged by a north-south streetcar line along nearby 14th Street, and accelerated from about 1890 to 1910. Early residents including working-class people and professionals, African Americans, and whites. But the area became most strongly identified with the African American elites who were attracted by public transit and the
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Strivers' Section Historic District
History
nearby Howard University. Today, the Strivers' Section is still largely occupied by the Edwardian residences that have populated the area since its initial development, along with some apartment and condominium buildings, and a few small businesses. The area includes some 430 buildings constructed between 1875 and 1946 that are contributing properties to the historic district. It is the home of the national headquarters (1930 17th Street, NW) of Jack and Jill of America, which seeks to help children, especially African American children, obtain cultural opportunities, develop leadership skills, and form social networks.
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Sun Shaocheng
Education & Career
Sun Shaocheng Education Sun was born in Haiyang, Shandong in July 1960. He entered Shandong University in August 1980, majoring in Chinese language and literature at the Department of Chinese language, where he graduated in July 1984. After graduation, he entered the workforce, and joined the Communist Party of China in May 1986. He earned his doctor's degree in the science of law from Peking University in 2002. He was also studied at the Central Party School of the Communist Party of China as a part-time student. Career In July 1984, he was appointed as an official in the Ministry
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Sun Shaocheng
Career
of Civil Affairs and over a period of 25 years worked his way up to the position of Vice-Minister. In August 2012 he became the vice-governor of Shandong, a position he held until September 2014. Then he was transferred to Shanxi, a province rich in coal resources, he was a Standing Committee of the CPC Shanxi Provincial Committee and director of its United Front Work Department. He was promoted to vice-governor of Shanxi in November 2016, but having held the position for only three months, he was transferred back to Beijing and appointed the vice-minister of Ministry of Civil Affairs
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Sun Shaocheng
Career
again, but soon he was transferred to another post as vice-minister of Ministry of Land and Resources. On March 19, 2018, he was confirmed as the inaugural Minister of Veterans Affairs at the first session of the 13th National People's Congress.