text
stringlengths 24
69k
|
|---|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Secondary amenorrhea (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outlook depends on the cause of amenorrhea. Most of the conditions that cause secondary amenorrhea will respond to treatment. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of SIADH? [/INST] Symptoms vary, depending on the degree of abnormality in the serum sodium concentration and the speed with which this concentration falls. Usual symptoms include:
Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Fatigue and weakness Irritability Personality changes, such as combativeness Seizures Confusion Hallucinations Stupor Coma
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes SIADH? [/INST] The causes of SIADH are many, and because the disease may present with features of electrolyte disturbances, there are many non-associated diseases that present like SIADH. The most common cause of SIADH is ectopic secretion of the antidiuretic hormone (also called arginine vasopressin) by cancer cells. Cancers like lung or bronchogenic cancers, lymphoma (s) in any location, head and neck cancers, sarcoma, and myriad of other cancers can cause SIADH. Other causes of SIADH include: Pulmonary diseases, central nervous system disorders, as well as pharmacotherapy with anticancer drugs like vincristine, cyclophosphamide; opioids like morphin, antiepileptics, and some antidepressants medications. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone ? [/INST] Central nervous system disease: Brain tumors, trauma, infection such as meningitis and encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, delirium tremens, multiple sclerosis Pulmonary disease: Small cell lung cancer, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung abscess, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, positive-pressure ventilation Cancer: Lung cancer, pancreas cancer, thymoma, ovarian cancer, lymphoma, laryngeal cancer, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, melanoma. Drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nicotine, diuretics, chlorpropamide, carbamazepine, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, vincristine, thioridazine, cyclophosphamide, clofibrate, bromocriptine, haloperidol, thiothixene, exogenous oxytocin. Surgery: Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland during or after surgery Idiopathic </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone ? [/INST] Depending on the degree of the dilution hyponatremia, presentation of SIADH varies. It can be asymptomatic, or present with features of mild hyponatremia, such as: Fatigue Vomiting Malaise Anorexia Headache It may progress to worsening or altered mental status, seizures, delirium, or coma in severe hyponatremia. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone may be a clinical condition of diseases, such as cancers, drugs, and pulmonary diseases. When you have the diseases mentioned above, seek urgent medical care as soon as possible if you experience either of the following symptoms: Dehydration Consciousness disorders Confusion Hallucinations Stupor Coma </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prognosis of SIADH depends on the severity of the disease and the promptness of treatment. Prognosis of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) also depends largely on its cause. If the cause is drugs, SIADH usually improves after stopping a drug. If SIADH is associated with some infection, treating the infection may be important. For those SIADH with cancers, the outcomes may be poor. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes weight gain? [/INST] Unintentional weight gain can be caused by many different things.
As you age, our metabolism slows down. This can cause weight gain if you eat too much, eat the wrong foods, or do not get enough exercise.
A medical problem or use of certain medication may also make you gain weight.
Medications that can cause weight gain include corticosteroids and drugs used to treat bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression.
Hormone changes can also cause unintentional weight gain. This may be due to:
Cushing syndrome Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid, or low thyroid) Polycystic ovary syndrome Menopause
Bloating, or swelling due to a buildup of fluid in the tissues can cause weight gain. This may occur with menstruation, heart or kidney failure, preeclampsia, or certain medications.
If you quit smoking, you might gain weight. Most people who quit smoking gain 4 - 10 pounds in the first 6 months after quitting. Some gain as much as 25 - 30 pounds. This weight gain is not simply due to eating more. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Weight gain ? [/INST] Contact your health care provider if the following symptoms occur along with the weight gain:
Constipation Excessive weight gain without a known cause Hair loss Sensitivity to cold Swollen feet and shortness of breath Uncontrollable hunger accompanied by palpitations, tremor, and sweating Vision changes </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Weight gain (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Your health care provider will perform a physical examination, measure your height and weight to calculate your body mass index (BMI), and ask questions about your weight gain, such as:
Are you anxious, depressed, or under stress ? Did you gain the weight quickly or slowly? Do you have a history of depression ? Do you use alcohol or street drugs?
Does the weight gain cause you much concern? Has your participation in social activities decreased? Has your physical activity been restricted due to illness or injury? Have there been changes in your diet or appetite?
How much weight have you gained?
What medications do you take? What other symptoms do you have? When did the weight gain begin?
Tests that may be done include:
Blood tests including chemistry profile Measurement of hormone levels Nutritional assessment
Weight gain caused by emotional problems may require psychological counseling. Talk to your health care provider about an appropriate diet and exercise program and realistic weight loss goals. If weight gain is caused by a physical illness, treatment (if there is any) for the underlying cause will be prescribed.
If weight continues to be a problem despite diet and exercise, talk with your health care provider about other treatment options, including medications and surgery. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? [/INST] Usual syptoms include:
Burning sensation in the abdomen Nausea and vomiting Weight loss Diarrhea
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome ? [/INST] The most potent risk factor in the development of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Other risk factors include alcohol abuse. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Zollinger-Ellison syndrome ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Severe burning sensation in the abdomen or heartburn Severe nausea, vomiting or diarrhea </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome for patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome largely depends on the nature and extent of the disease. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of abdominal distension? [/INST] Passing an excessive amount of gas or burping too frequently. Abdominal bloating Cramping abdominal pain Feeling of fullness in the stomach Diarrhea Constipation Pre-menstrual or menstrual discomfort </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes abdominal distension? [/INST] Air swallowing (a nervous habit) Constipation Gastroesophageal reflux Irritable bowel syndrome Lactose intolerance and other food intolerances Overeating Small bowel bacterial overgrowth Weight gain
More serious causes of abdominal distension or bloating are:
Ascites which is fluid that accumulates in the belly. Tumors Celiac disease, which is a condition caused by an allergy to a component of food called gluten. Dumping syndrome, which is a syndrome causing gastrointestinal side effects due to a tumor. Ovarian cancer When the pancreas is not able to make enzymes needed for digestion (pancreatic insufficiency) </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Abdominal distension ? [/INST] Female gender High body mass index or high BMI </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Abdominal mass? [/INST] An abdominal mass is usually found during a routine physical examination, as it develops slowly.
The abdomen is divided into four quadrants:
Right-upper quadrant Left-upper quadrant Right-lower quadrant Left-lower quadrant
The location of the pain, firmness, texture of the mass helps the physician diagnose the cause.
Other terms used to find the location of abdominal pain or masses include:
Epigastric -- center of the abdomen just below the rib cage Periumbilical -- area around the bellybutton </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Abdominal mass? [/INST] Abdominal aortic aneurysm can cause a pulsating mass around the navel. Bladder distention (urinary bladder over-filled with fluid) can cause a firm mass in the center of the lower abdomen above the pelvic bones, in extreme cases it can reach as far up as the navel. Cholecystitis can cause a very tender mass that is felt below the liver in the right-upper quadrant (occasionally). Colon cancer and Volvulus can cause a mass at any location in the abdomen. Crohn's disease or bowel obstruction can cause many tender, sausage-shaped masses anywhere in the abdomen. Diverticulitis can cause a mass that is usually located in the left-lower quadrant. Gallbladder tumor can cause a tender, irregularly shaped mass in the right-upper quadrant. Hydronephrosis (fluid-filled kidney) can cause a smooth, spongy-feeling mass in one or both sides or toward the back (flank area). Kidney cancer can sometimes cause a mass in the abdomen. Liver cancer can cause a firm, lumpy mass in the right upper quadrant. Liver enlargement (hepatomegaly) can cause a firm, irregular mass below the right rib cage, or on the left side in the stomach area. Neuroblastoma, a cancerous tumor, often found in the lower abdomen, that mainly occurs in children and infants. Ovarian cyst can cause a smooth, rounded, rubbery mass above the pelvis in the lower abdomen. Pancreatic abscess can cause a mass in the upper abdomen in the epigastric area. Pancreatic pseudocyst can cause a lumpy mass in the upper abdomen in the epigastric area. Renal cell carcinoma can cause a smooth, firm, but not tender mass near the kidney (usually only affects one kidney). Spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) can sometimes be felt in the left-upper quadrant. Stomach cancer can cause a mass in the left-upper abdomen in the stomach area (epigastric) if the cancer is large. Uterine leiomyoma (fibroids) can cause a round, lumpy mass above the pelvis in the lower abdomen (sometimes can be felt if the fibroids are large). Ureteropelvic junction obstruction can cause a mass in the lower abdomen. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Abdominal mass ? [/INST] Seek immediate medical help if you have a pulsating lump in your abdomen along with severe abdominal pain. This could be a sign of a ruptured aortic aneurysm, which is an emergency condition.
Contact your doctor if you notice any type of abdominal mass. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Abdominal pain? [/INST] Almost everyone has pain in the abdomen at one time or another, a majority of which are not caused by a serious medical problem.
How bad your pain feels doesn't always reflect the seriousness of the condition causing the pain.
For example, you might feel severe abdominal pain if you have gas or stomach cramps due to a viral gastroenteritis.
On the other hand, life-threatening conditions such as colon cancer or early appendicitis may only cause mild pain or no pain.
Other ways of describing pain in your abdomen include:
Pain may be generalized, meaning that you feel it in more than half of your belly. This is more typical for a stomach virus, indigestion, or gas. If the pain becomes more severe, it may be caused by a blockage of the intestines. Pain that is localized is found in only one area of your belly. This type of pain is more likely to be a sign of a problem in an organ, such as the appendix, gallbladder, or stomach. Cramp like pain is usually not serious and is more likely to be due to gas and bloating which is followed by diarrhea. More worrisome signs include pain that occurs more often, lasts more than 24 hours, or occurs with fever. Colicky pain is pain that comes in waves. It usually starts and ends suddenly, and is often severe. Kidney stones and gallstones are common causes of this type of belly pain. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Abdominal pain? [/INST] Many different conditions can cause abdominal pain. The key is to know when you need to get immediate medical care. Sometimes you may only need to call a doctor if your symptoms continue.
Less serious causes of abdominal pain include:
Constipation Food allergies or intolerance (such as lactose intolerance) Food poisoning Irritable bowel syndrome Stomach flu
Other possible causes include:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm Appendicitis Bowel blockage or obstruction Cancer of the stomach, colon, and other organs Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) with or without gallstones Decreased blood supply to the intestines (ischemic bowel) Diverticulitis Heartburn, indigestion, or gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) Kidney stones Pancreatitis (swelling or infection of the pancreas) Ulcers
Sometimes abdominal pain may be due to a problem somewhere else in your body, such as your chest or pelvic area. For example, you may have abdominal pain if you have:
Endometriosis Heart attack Muscle strain Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Pneumonia Severe menstrual cramps Tubal (ectopic) pregnancy Urinary tract infections </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Abdominal pain ? [/INST] Seek immediate medical help or call your local emergency number (such as 911) if you:
Are currently being treated for cancer Are pregnant or could be pregnant Are unable to pass stool, especially if you are also vomiting Are vomiting blood or have blood in your stool (especially if it's maroon or dark, tarry black in color) Had a recent injury to your abdomen Have chest, neck, or shoulder pain Have difficulty breathing Have pain in, or between, your shoulder blades with nausea Have sudden, sharp abdominal pain Have tenderness in your belly, or your belly is rigid and hard to the touch
Call your doctor if you have:
Abdominal discomfort that lasts 1 week or longer Abdominal pain that does not improve in 24 - 48 hours, or becomes more severe and frequent and occurs with nausea and vomiting Bloating that persists for more than 2 days Burning sensation when you urinate or frequent urination Diarrhea for more than 5 days Fever (over 100°F for adults or 100.4°F for children) with your pain Prolonged poor appetite Prolonged vaginal bleeding Unexplained weight loss </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes accessory pancreas? [/INST] The cause is not very clear. It is thought to be related to abnormal embryo development. </s>
|
<s>[INST] what are the symptoms of accessory pancreas? [/INST] Some patients with accessory pancreas may not show any symptom or sign. The disorder is revealed by other diseases such as diabetic, disorder of biliary tract or duodenum, or abdominal trauma or surgery, or examination. Other patients may have symptoms as the following:
Low-grade fever Weakness and fatigue Pain in the upper abdomen or epigastric area Itching Nausea and vomiting Jaundice
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for accessory pancreas? [/INST] Studies suggest that this disorder is related to abnormal embryo development. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Accessory pancreas ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of accessory pancreas develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Severe abdominal pain Severe nausea and vomiting </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Accessory pancreas (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of accessory pancreas depends on whether secondary pathologic changes take place or not. If any carcinomatous change on accessory pancreas, outcome of patient is poor. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Acute cholecystitis? [/INST] The main symptom is pain in the upper right side or upper middle of the abdomen. The pain may:
Sharp, cramping, or dull Steady Radiating to the back or below the right scapula
Other symptoms that may occur include:
Clay-colored stools Fever Nausea and vomiting Yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Acute cholecystitis? [/INST] In 90% of cases, acute cholecystitis is caused by gallstones in the gallbladder. Other causes include severe illness and (rarely) tumors of the gallbladder. Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. The buildup of bile causes irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to infection and a hole (perforation) in the organ. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Acute cholecystitis ? [/INST] Gallstone disease Women are at more risk than men. Native Americans and Hispanics have a higher rate of gallstones than most other people. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Acute cholecystitis ? [/INST] Severe abdominal pain If symptoms of cholecystitis return after a previous episode </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Acute cholecystitis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Patients who have surgery to remove the gallbladder usually do very well. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Diarrhea? [/INST] Diarrhea may be accompanied by cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, or an urgent need to use the bathroom. Depending on the cause, a person may have a fever or bloody stools. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Diarrhea? [/INST] Acute diarrhea is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea is usually related to functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
A few of the more common causes of diarrhea include the following:
Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria consumed through contaminated food or water can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including rotavirus, Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis. Food intolerances. Some people are unable to digest food components such as artificial sweeteners and lactose—the sugar found in milk. Parasites. Parasites can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium. Reaction to medicines. Antibiotics, blood pressure medications, cancer drugs, and antacids containing magnesium can all cause diarrhea. Intestinal diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease often lead to diarrhea. Functional bowel disorders. Diarrhea can be a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.
Some people develop diarrhea after stomach surgery or removal of the gallbladder. The reason may be a change in how quickly food moves through the digestive system after stomach surgery or an increase in bile in the colon after gallbladder surgery.
People who visit foreign countries are at risk for traveler’s diarrhea, which is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Traveler’s diarrhea can be a problem for people visiting developing countries. Visitors to the United States, Canada, most European countries, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand do not face much risk for traveler’s diarrhea.
In many cases, the cause of diarrhea cannot be found. As long as diarrhea goes away on its own, an extensive search for the cause is not usually necessary. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Diarrhea? [/INST] Anyone can get diarrhea. This common problem can last a day or two or for months or years, depending on the cause. Most people get better on their own, but diarrhea can be serious for babies and older people if lost fluids are not replaced. Many people throughout the world die from diarrhea because of the large volume of water lost and the accompanying loss of salts. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Anal fistula ? [/INST] Patients with anal fistula may experience the following symptoms:
Pain Discharge, either bloody or purulent Pruritus ani or itching Fatigue Irritation of skin around the anus Visible redness and swelling If fistula becomes infected, fever and chills
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Anal fistula ? [/INST] The following factors increase your chance of developing an anal fistula. If you have any of these risk factors, discuss them with your doctor:
Colitis or other inflammatory bowel disease, for example Crohn's disease Passage of hard stool Chronic diarrhea </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Anal fistula ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of anal fistula develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Discharge a lot of blood. Fever and chills </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Anal fistula (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prognosis for fistulas is excellent after surgery. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Ankyloglossia? [/INST] Symptoms of ankyloglossia include an inability to stick the tongue forward, difficulty feeding, excessive attachment of tongue to bottom of the mouth, V-shaped notch in tip of tongue. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Ankyloglossia? [/INST] Tongue tie occurs when the tissue on the underside of the front of the tongue is positioned too far forward on the tongue, making it difficult to move the tongue. This tissue is called the lingual frenulum.
If the tissue reaches the tip of the tongue, a V-shaped notch may be seen.
Tongue tie may cause feeding problems, tooth problems, and speech problems. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Ankyloglossia ? [/INST] Ankyloglossia may be genetic. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Ankyloglossia ? [/INST] If you are concerned that your child may have tongue tie, have your health care provider examine it during a routine well-baby examination. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Ankyloglossia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Surgery, if performed, is usually successful. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Ascending cholangitis? [/INST] The following symptoms may occur:
Abdominal pain which is in the right upper side or middle of the upper abdomen and may come and go. Pain is sharp, crampy, or dull and may move to the back or below the right shoulder blade. Chills Fever Clay-colored stools Dark urine Nausea and vomiting Yellowing of the skin (jaundice) -- may come and go </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Ascending cholangitis? [/INST] Cholangitis is usually caused by a bacterial infection, which can occur when the duct is blocked by something, such as a gallstone or tumor. The infection causing this condition may also spread to the liver. Risk factors include a previous history of gallstones, sclerosing cholangitis, HIV, narrowing of the common bile duct, and, rarely, travel to countries where you might catch a worm or parasite infection. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Ascending cholangitis ? [/INST] Risk factors include a previous history of gallstones, sclerosing cholangitis, HIV, narrowing of the common bile duct, and, rarely, travel to countries where you might catch a worm or parasite infection. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Ascending cholangitis ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of cholangitis. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Ascending cholangitis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome is usually good with treatment, but poor without it. Modern improvements in diagnosis and treatment have led to a reduction in mortality. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Ascites? [/INST] When just a small amount of fluid has collected in the belly, there may be no symptoms. Symptoms often develop slowly or suddenly, but a rapid buildup of fluid and symptoms may occur with some causes of ascites.
As more fluid collects, abdominal pain and bloating may occur. When a large amount of ascites is present shortness of breath may develop also. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Ascites ? [/INST] A person with ascites usually has severe liver disease. Ascites due to liver disease is caused by high pressure in the blood vessels of the liver (portal hypertension) and low albumin levels.
Cirrhosis and any illness that leads to it is a common cause of ascites. Long-term infections with hepatitis C or B and long-term alcohol abuse are two of the most common causes of cirrhosis.
People with colon cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer may develop ascites. Other conditions which may lead to this problem include:
Disorders that may be associated with ascites include:
Clots in the veins of the liver (portal vein thrombosis) Congestive heart failure Pancreatitis Thickening and scarring of the sac like covering of the heart
Kidney dialysis may also be associated with ascites. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to Contact a Medical Professional ? [/INST] Anyone who has ascites and develops new abdominal pain and fever should contact their health care provider immediately. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of blind loop syndrome? [/INST] Diarrhea Fatty stools Fullness after a meal Loss of appetite Nausea Unintentional weight loss </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes blind loop syndrome? [/INST] The name of this condition refers to the "blind loop" formed by the blocked intestine. This blind loop does not allow the normal flow of digested food through the intestinal tract.
When a section of the intestine is blocked by blind loop syndrome, bile salts needed to digest fats become ineffective, resulting in fatty stools and poor absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin B12 deficiency may occur because the extra bacteria that develop in this situation use up all of the vitamin.
Blind loop syndrome is a complication that occurs after many operations, including subtotal gastrectomy (surgical removal of part of the stomach), operations for extreme obesity, or as a complication of inflammatory bowel disease or scleroderma. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Blind loop syndrome ? [/INST] Having a surgical procedure such as a subtotal gastrectomy or a procedure for obesity can put you at risk for developing blind loop syndrome.
People who have IBD or scleroderma are also at risk. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Blind loop syndrome ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of blind loop syndrome. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Bloody or tarry stools? [/INST] The upper part of the GI tract will usually cause black stools due to: Abnormal blood vessels (vascular malformation) A tear in the esophagus from violent vomiting (Mallory-Weiss tear) Bleeding stomach or duodenal ulcer Inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis) Lack of proper blood flow to the intestines (bowel ischemia) Trauma or foreign body Widened, overgrown veins (called varices) in the esophagus and stomach The lower part of the GI tract will usually cause maroon or bright red, bloody stools due to: Anal fissures Bowel ischemia (when blood supply is cut off to part of the intestines) Colon polyps or colon cancer Diverticulosis (abnormal pouches in the colon) Hemorrhoids (common cause) Inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) Intestinal infection (such as bacterial enterocolitis) Small bowel tumor Trauma or foreign body Vascular malformation (abnormal collections of blood vessels called arteriovenous malformations or AVMs)
Eating black licorice, lead, iron pills, bismuth medicines like Pepto-Bismol, or blueberries can also cause black stools. Beets and tomatoes can sometimes make stools appear reddish. In these cases, your doctor can test the stool with a chemical to rule out the presence of blood. Bleeding in the esophagus or stomach (such as with peptic ulcer disease) can also cause you to vomit blood. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Bloody or tarry stools ? [/INST] Call your doctor immediately if you notice blood or changes in the color of your stool. Even if you think that hemorrhoids are causing the blood in your stool, your doctor should examine you to make sure that there is no other, more serious cause present. In children, a small amount of blood in the stool is usually not serious. The most common causes are constipation and milk allergies. However, it is still worth reporting to your doctor, even if no evaluation is needed. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Boerhaave syndrome? [/INST] Most common symptoms of Boerhaave syndrome include:
Severe throat pain Upper abdominal pain Fever Pain with swallowing </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Boerhaave syndrome? [/INST] Causes of Boerhaave syndrome include:
Seizures Severe straining Vomiting Childbirth Procedures involving the esophagus (such as endoscopy) Prolonged coughing or laughing </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Boerhaave syndrome ? [/INST] Overindulgence in food Iatrogenic Alcohol History of allergies Medication-induced esophagitis Barrett's Infectious ulcers </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Boerhaave syndrome ? [/INST] Call your health care provider promptly if there is a rectal prolapse. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Choledocholithiasis? [/INST] Symptoms usually do not occur unless the stone blocks the common bile duct. Symptoms that may occur include:
Abdominal pain in the right upper or middle upper abdomen that may: Come and go Be sharp, cramping, or dull Spread to the back or below the right shoulder blade Get worse after eating fatty or greasy foods Occurs within minutes of a meal Fever Loss of appetite Jaundice (yellowing of skin and whites of eyes) Nausea Vomiting </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Choledocholithiasis? [/INST] While stones can frequently pass through the common bile duct into the duodenum, some stones may be too large to pass through the CBD and will cause an obstruction. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Choledocholithiasis ? [/INST] Risk Factors include:
A previous medical history of gallstones
Choledocholithiasis can occur in people who have had their gallbladder removed </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Choledocholithiasis ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if abdominal pain with or without fever develops that is not attributable to other causes, if jaundice develops, or if other symptoms suggestive of choledocholithiasis occur. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Choledocholithiasis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Blockage and infection caused by stones in the biliary tract can be life threatening. However, with prompt diagnosis and treatment, the outcome is usually very good.
Biliary cirrhosis Cholangitis Pancreatitis </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Chronic pancreatitis? [/INST] Symptoms of Chronic pancreatitis include
Abdominal pain Greatest in the upper abdomen May last from hours to days Eventually may be continuous May be worsened by eating or drinking May be worsened by drinking alcohol May spread (radiate) to the back Digestive problems Fatty stools Nausea and vomiting Pale or clay-colored stools Unintentional weight loss
The symptoms may become more frequent as the condition gets worse. The symptoms may mimic pancreatic cancer. Sitting up and leaning forward may sometimes relieve the abdominal pain of pancreatitis. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Chronic pancreatitis? [/INST] Chronic pancreatitis causes inflammation and scarring of tissue in the pancreas. This makes the pancreas unable to produce the right amount of chemicals (enzymes) needed to digest fat. It also interferes with insulin production, which may lead to diabetes.
The condition is most often caused by alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Sometimes the cause cannot be determined, however. Genetic causes have become more common. Other conditions have also been linked to chronic pancreatitis, such as:
Chronic blockage of the pancreatic duct Injury Hyperlipidemia Hyperparathyroidism </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Chronic pancreatitis ? [/INST] Chronic pancreatitis occurs more frequently in men than in women. This may be because alcohol-use disorders are more common in men. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Chronic pancreatitis ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:
You develop symptoms of pancreatitis You have pancreatitis and your symptoms worsen or do not improve with treatment </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Chronic pancreatitis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] This is a serious disease that may lead to disability and death. You can reduce the risk by avoiding alcohol. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the Symptoms of Colon Polyps? [/INST] Polyps usually do not have symptoms. When present, symptoms may include:
Blood in the stools Change in bowel habit Fatigue caused by losing blood over time </s>
|
<s>[INST] What Causes Colon Polyps? [/INST] Polyps of the colon and rectum are most often benign. This means they are not a cancer and do not spread. You may have one or many polyps. They become more common with age. There are many types of polyps.
Adenomatous polyps are a common type. They are gland -like growths that develop on the mucous membrane that lines the large intestine. They are also called adenomas and are most often one of the following:
Tubular polyp, which protrudes out in the lumen (open space) of the colon Villous adenoma, which is sometimes flat and spreading, and is more likely to become a cancer
When adenomas become cancerous, they are known as adenocarcinomas. Adenocarcinomas are cancers that originate in glandular tissue cells. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of colorectal cancer.
Other types of polyps are:
Hyperplastic polyp, which rarely, if ever, develop into cancer Serrated polyp, which is less common, but may develop into cancer over time
A small number of people with polyps may also be linked to some inherited disorders, including:
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) Gardner syndrome (a type of FAP) Juvenile polyposis (disease that causes many benign growths in the intestine, usually before 20 years old) Lynch syndrome (HNPCC, a disease that raises the chance of many types of cancer, including in the intestine) Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (disease that causes intestinal polyps, usually in the small intestine and usually benign) </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Colon polyps ? [/INST] Polyps bigger than 1 centimeter (cm) have a higher cancer risk than polyps smaller than 1 centimeter. Risk factors include:
Age Family history of colon cancer or polyps A type of polyp called villous adenoma </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Colon polyps ? [/INST] Call your provider if you have:
Blood in a bowel movement Change in bowel habit </s>
|
<s>[INST] Where to find Medical Care for Colon Polyps? [/INST] Medical care for (disease name) can be found here. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Colon polyps (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Outlook is excellent if the polyps are removed. Polyps that are not removed can develop into cancer over time. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of a diaphragmatic hernia? [/INST] Severe breathing difficulty usually develops shortly after the baby is born, because of ineffective movement of the diaphragm and crowding of the lung tissue, which causes collapse. The reason why this occurs is not known.
Other symptoms include:
Bluish colored skin due to lack of oxygen Rapid breathing (tachypnea) Fast heart rate (tachycardia) </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the causes of a diaphragmatic hernia? [/INST] A diaphragmatic hernia is caused by the improper joining of structures during fetal development. As a result, the abdominal organs such as the stomach, small intestine, spleen, part of the liver, and the kidney appear in the chest cavity. The lung tissue on the affected side is thus not allowed to completely develop. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for a diaphragmatic hernia? [/INST] Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is seen in 1 out of every 2,200 to 5,000 live births. Most affect the left side. Having a parent or sibling with the condition slightly increases your risk. </s>
|
<s>[INST] How to know you have a diaphragmatic hernia (Diagnosis)? [/INST] The pregnant mother may have excessive amounts of amniotic fluid. Fetal ultrasound may show abdominal contents in the chest cavity.
Examination of the infant shows:
Irregular chest movements Absent breath sounds on affected side Bowel sounds heard in the chest Abdomen feels less full on examination by touch (palpation)
A chest x-ray may show abdominal organs in chest cavity. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Constipation? [/INST] When the stool is hard, infrequent, and requires significant effort to pass, you have constipation. The passage of large, wide stools may tear the mucosal membrane of the anus, especially in children. This can cause bleeding and the possibility of an anal fissure. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Constipation? [/INST] To understand constipation, it helps to know how the colon, or large intestine, works. As food moves through the colon, the colon absorbs water from the food while it forms waste products, or stool. Muscle contractions in the colon then push the stool toward the rectum. By the time stool reaches the rectum it is solid, because most of the water has been absorbed.
Constipation occurs when the colon absorbs too much water or if the colon’s muscle contractions are slow or sluggish, causing the stool to move through the colon too slowly. As a result, stools can become hard and dry. Common causes of constipation are
not enough fiber in the diet lack of physical activity medications milk irritable bowel syndrome changes in life or routine such as pregnancy, aging, and travel abuse of laxatives ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement dehydration specific diseases or conditions, such as stroke (most common) problems with the colon and rectum problems with intestinal function (chronic idiopathic constipation)
People who eat a high-fiber diet are less likely to become constipated. The most common causes of constipation are a diet low in fiber or a diet high in fats, such as cheese, eggs, and meats.
Fiber—both soluble and insoluble—is the part of fruits, vegetables, and grains that the body cannot digest. Soluble fiber dissolves easily in water and takes on a soft, gel-like texture in the intestines. Insoluble fiber passes through the intestines almost unchanged. The bulk and soft texture of fiber help prevent hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass.
Americans eat an average of 5 to 14 grams of fiber daily,* which is short of the 20 to 35 grams recommended by the American Dietetic Association. Both children and adults often eat too many refined and processed foods from which the natural fiber has been removed.
A low-fiber diet also plays a key role in constipation among older adults, who may lose interest in eating and choose foods that are quick to make or buy, such as fast foods, or prepared foods, both of which are usually low in fiber. Also, difficulties with chewing or swallowing may cause older people to eat soft foods that are processed and low in fiber.
National Center for Health Statistics. Dietary Intake of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Other Dietary Constituents: United States, 1988–94. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 11, Number 245. July 2002.
Research shows that although increased fluid intake does not necessarily help relieve constipation, many people report some relief from their constipation if they drink fluids such as water and juice and avoid dehydration. Liquids add fluid to the colon and bulk to stools, making bowel movements softer and easier to pass. People who have problems with constipation should try to drink liquids every day. However, liquids that contain caffeine, such as coffee and cola drinks will worsen one’s symptoms by causing dehydration. Alcohol is another beverage that causes dehydration. It is important to drink fluids that hydrate the body, especially when consuming caffeine containing drinks or alcoholic beverages.
A lack of physical activity can lead to constipation, although doctors do not know precisely why. For example, constipation often occurs after an accident or during an illness when one must stay in bed and cannot exercise. Lack of physical activity is thought to be one of the reasons constipation is common in older people.
Some medications can cause constipation, including
pain medications (especially narcotics) antacids that contain aluminum and calcium blood pressure medications (calcium channel blockers) antiparkinson drugs antispasmodics antidepressants iron supplements diuretics anticonvulsants
During pregnancy, women may be constipated because of hormonal changes or because the uterus compresses the intestine. Aging may also affect bowel regularity, because a slower metabolism results in less intestinal activity and muscle tone. In addition, people often become constipated when traveling, because their normal diet and daily routine are disrupted.
The common belief that people must have a daily bowel movement has led to self-medicating with OTC laxative products. Although people may feel relief when they use laxatives, typically they must increase the dose over time because the body grows reliant on laxatives in order to have a bowel movement. As a result, laxatives may become habit-forming. Ignoring the Urge to Have a Bowel Movement
People who ignore the urge to have a bowel movement may eventually stop feeling the need to have one, which can lead to constipation. Some people delay having a bowel movement because they do not want to use toilets outside the home. Others ignore the urge because of emotional stress or because they are too busy. Children may postpone having a bowel movement because of stressful toilet training or because they do not want to interrupt their play.
Diseases that cause constipation include neurological disorders, metabolic and endocrine disorders, and systemic conditions that affect organ systems. These disorders can slow the movement of stool through the colon, rectum, or anus.
Conditions that can cause constipation are found below.
Neurological disorders multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction stroke spinal cord injuries
Metabolic and endocrine conditions diabetes uremia hypercalcemia poor glycemic control hypothyroidism
Systemic disorders amyloidosis lupus scleroderma
Intestinal obstruction, scar tissue—also called adhesions—diverticulosis, tumors, colorectal stricture, Hirschsprung disease, or cancer can compress, squeeze, or narrow the intestine and rectum and cause constipation.
The two types of constipation are idiopathic constipation and functional constipation. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with predominant symptoms of constipation is categorized separately.
Idiopathic—of unknown origin—constipation does not respond to standard treatment.
Functional constipation means that the bowel is healthy but not working properly. Functional constipation is often the result of poor dietary habits and lifestyle. It occurs in both children and adults and is most common in women. Colonic inertia, delayed transit, and pelvic floor dysfunction are three types of functional constipation. Colonic inertia and delayed transit are caused by a decrease in muscle activity in the colon. These syndromes may affect the entire colon or may be confined to the lower, or sigmoid, colon.
Pelvic floor dysfunction is caused by a weakness of the muscles in the pelvis surrounding the anus and rectum. However, because this group of muscles is voluntarily controlled to some extent, biofeedback training is somewhat successful in retraining the muscles to function normally and improving the ability to have a bowel movement.
Functional constipation that stems from problems in the structure of the anus and rectum is known as anorectal dysfunction, or anismus. These abnormalities result in an inability to relax the rectal and anal muscles that allow stool to exit.
People with IBS having predominantly constipation also have pain and bloating as part of their symptoms. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Constipation? [/INST] Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints in the United States. More than 4 million Americans have frequent constipation, accounting for 2.5 million physician visits a year. Those reporting constipation most often are women and adults ages 65 and older. Pregnant women may have constipation, and it is a common problem following childbirth or surgery. </s>
|
<s>[INST] How to know you have Constipation (Diagnosis)? [/INST] The tests the doctor performs depend on the duration and severity of the constipation, the person’s age, and whether blood in stools, recent changes in bowel habits, or weight loss have occurred. Most people with constipation do not need extensive testing and can be treated with changes in diet and exercise. For example, in young people with mild symptoms, a medical history and physical exam may be all that is needed for diagnosis and treatment. Medical History
The doctor may ask a patient to describe his or her constipation, including duration of symptoms, frequency of bowel movements, consistency of stools, presence of blood in the stool, and toilet habits—how often and where one has bowel movements. A record of eating habits, medication, and level of physical activity will also help the doctor determine the cause of constipation.
The clinical definition of constipation is having any two of the following symptoms for at least 12 weeks—not always consecutive—in the previous 12 months:
straining during bowel movements lumpy or hard stool sensation of incomplete evacuation sensation of anorectal blockage/obstruction fewer than three bowel movements per week
A physical exam may include a rectal exam with a gloved, lubricated finger to evaluate the tone of the muscle that closes off the anus—also called anal sphincter—and to detect tenderness, obstruction, or blood. In some cases, blood and thyroid tests may be necessary to look for thyroid disease and serum calcium or to rule out inflammatory, metabolic, and other disorders.
Extensive testing usually is reserved for people with severe symptoms, for those with sudden changes in the number and consistency of bowel movements or blood in the stool, and older adults. Additional tests that may be used to evaluate constipation include
a colorectal transit study anorectal function tests a defecography
Because of an increased risk of colorectal cancer in older adults, the doctor may use tests to rule out a diagnosis of cancer, including a
barium enema x ray sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
Colorectal transit study. This test shows how well food moves through the colon. The patient swallows capsules containing small markers that are visible on an x ray. The movement of the markers through the colon is monitored by abdominal x rays taken several times 3 to 7 days after the capsule is swallowed. The patient eats a high-fiber diet during the course of this test.
Anorectal function tests. These tests diagnose constipation caused by abnormal functioning of the anus or rectum—also called anorectal function.
Anorectal manometry evaluates anal sphincter muscle function. For this test, a catheter or air-filled balloon is inserted into the anus and slowly pulled back through the sphincter muscle to measure muscle tone and contractions. Balloon expulsion tests consist of filling a balloon with varying amounts of water after it has been rectally inserted. Then the patient is asked to expel the balloon. The inability to expel a balloon filled with less than 150 mL of water may indicate a decrease in bowel function.
Defecography is an x ray of the anorectal area that evaluates completeness of stool elimination, identifies anorectal abnormalities, and evaluates rectal muscle contractions and relaxation. During the exam, the doctor fills the rectum with a soft paste that is the same consistency as stool. The patient sits on a toilet positioned inside an x-ray machine, then relaxes and squeezes the anus to expel the paste. The doctor studies the x rays for anorectal problems that occurred as the paste was expelled.
Barium enema x ray. This exam involves viewing the rectum, colon, and lower part of the small intestine to locate problems. This part of the digestive tract is known as the bowel. This test may show intestinal obstruction and Hirschsprung disease, which is a lack of nerves within the colon.
The night before the test, bowel cleansing, also called bowel prep, is necessary to clear the lower digestive tract. The patient drinks a special liquid to flush out the bowel. A clean bowel is important, because even a small amount of stool in the colon can hide details and result in an incomplete exam.
Because the colon does not show up well on x rays, the doctor fills it with barium, a chalky liquid that makes the area visible. Once the mixture coats the inside of the colon and rectum, x rays are taken that show their shape and condition. The patient may feel some abdominal cramping when the barium fills the colon but usually feels little discomfort after the procedure. Stools may be white in color for a few days after the exam.
Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. An examination of the rectum and lower, or sigmoid, colon is called a sigmoidoscopy. An examination of the rectum and entire colon is called a colonoscopy.
The person usually has a liquid dinner the night before a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy and takes an enema early the next morning. An enema an hour before the test may also be necessary.
To perform a sigmoidoscopy, the doctor uses a long, flexible tube with a light on the end, called a sigmoidoscope, to view the rectum and lower colon. The patient is lightly sedated before the exam. First, the doctor examines the rectum with a gloved, lubricated finger. Then, the sigmoidoscope is inserted through the anus into the rectum and lower colon. The procedure may cause abdominal pressure and a mild sensation of wanting to move the bowels. The doctor may fill the colon with air to get a better view. The air can cause mild cramping.
To perform a colonoscopy, the doctor uses a flexible tube with a light on the end, called a colonoscope, to view the entire colon. This tube is longer than a sigmoidoscope. During the exam, the patient lies on his or her side, and the doctor inserts the tube through the anus and rectum into the colon. If an abnormality is seen, the doctor can use the colonoscope to remove a small piece of tissue for examination (biopsy). The patient may feel gassy and bloated after the procedure. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Constipation ? [/INST] Call your doctor if you have:
Sudden constipation with abdominal cramps and an inability to pass gas or stool (DO NOT take any laxatives -- call immediately!) Sharp or severe abdominal pain, especially if you're also bloated Blood in your stool Constipation alternating with diarrhea Thin, pencil-like stools Rectal pain Unexplained weight loss Been using laxatives for several weeks or self care is not working
Call if:
An infant younger than 2 months is constipated An infant (except those exclusively breastfed) goes 3 days without a stool -- call immediately if the child is vomiting or irritable A child is holding back bowel movements in order to resist toilet training </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the Symptoms of cystic fibrosis? [/INST] Skin tastes salty Baby does not pass stool when first born
Pulmonary infections (cause frequent coughing that brings up thick sputum that is sometimes bloody) Nasal polyps (growths in the nose)
Diarrhea or bulky, foul-smelling, greasy stools (mucus can block ducts in pancreas and prevents enzymes from reaching the intestines. As a result, intestines can not fully absorb fats and proteins. Stomach pain and discomfort (because of too much gas or severe constipation) Poor weight gain and growth (because of the lack of enzymes to help absorb fats and proteins)
Rectal prolapse (frequent coughing or problems passing stools may cause rectal tissue from inside to move out of rectum) </s>
|
<s>[INST] What Causes cystic fibrosis? [/INST] The CFTR gene makes a protein that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of the cells. In people who have cystic fibrosis, the gene makes a protein that doesn't work well. This causes thick, sticky mucus and very salty sweat. More than a thousand defects are known that can affect the CFTR gene. The type of defect may affect the severity of cystic fibrosis. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Cystic fibrosis ? [/INST] Every person inherits two CFTR genes, one from each parent. Children who inherit two faulty CFTR gene from both parents will have CF. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Where to find Medical Care for Cystic fibrosis? [/INST] Medical care for cystic fibrosis can be found here. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Cystic fibrosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis has been increased over past decades because of better symptomatic treatment strategies. In patients with cystic fibrosis, lung complications are currently the primary causes of morbidity and are responsible for 80% of mortality. At present time survival probability of children is 40-50 years </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Diarrhea? [/INST] Diarrhea may be accompanied by cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, or an urgent need to use the bathroom. Depending on the cause, a person may have a fever or bloody stools. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Diarrhea? [/INST] Acute diarrhea is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea is usually related to functional disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
A few of the more common causes of diarrhea include the following:
Bacterial infections. Several types of bacteria consumed through contaminated food or water can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Viral infections. Many viruses cause diarrhea, including rotavirus, Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and viral hepatitis. Food intolerances. Some people are unable to digest food components such as artificial sweeteners and lactose—the sugar found in milk. Parasites. Parasites can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system. Parasites that cause diarrhea include Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium. Reaction to medicines. Antibiotics, blood pressure medications, cancer drugs, and antacids containing magnesium can all cause diarrhea. Intestinal diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease often lead to diarrhea. Functional bowel disorders. Diarrhea can be a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.
Some people develop diarrhea after stomach surgery or removal of the gallbladder. The reason may be a change in how quickly food moves through the digestive system after stomach surgery or an increase in bile in the colon after gallbladder surgery.
People who visit foreign countries are at risk for traveler’s diarrhea, which is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Traveler’s diarrhea can be a problem for people visiting developing countries. Visitors to the United States, Canada, most European countries, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand do not face much risk for traveler’s diarrhea.
In many cases, the cause of diarrhea cannot be found. As long as diarrhea goes away on its own, an extensive search for the cause is not usually necessary. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Diarrhea? [/INST] Anyone can get diarrhea. This common problem can last a day or two or for months or years, depending on the cause. Most people get better on their own, but diarrhea can be serious for babies and older people if lost fluids are not replaced. Many people throughout the world die from diarrhea because of the large volume of water lost and the accompanying loss of salts. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of a Direct inguinal hernia? [/INST] Symptoms of inguinal hernia include:
a small bulge in one or both sides of the groin that may increase in size and disappear when lying down; in males, it can present as a swollen or enlarged scrotum discomfort or sharp pain—especially when straining, lifting, or exercising—that improves when resting a feeling of weakness or pressure in the groin a burning, gurgling, or aching feeling at the bulge </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the causes of a Direct inguinal hernia? [/INST] Direct inguinal hernias are caused by connective tissue degeneration of the abdominal muscles, which causes weakening of the muscles during the adult years. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for a Direct inguinal hernia? [/INST] An inguinal hernia can occur any time from infancy to adulthood and is much more common in males than females. </s>
|
<s>[INST] How to know you have a Direct inguinal hernia (Diagnosis)? [/INST] To diagnose inguinal hernia, the doctor takes a thorough medical history and conducts a physical examination. The person may be asked to stand and cough so the doctor can feel the hernia as it moves into the groin or scrotum. The doctor checks to see if the hernia can be gently massaged back into its proper position in the abdomen. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Diverticulosis? [/INST] Many people don’t have symptoms accompanying diverticulosis,but some people may experience any combination of the following symptoms:
Cramping Bloating Constipation Bleeding Inflammation Fistulas
If you are bleeding, bright red blood will pass through your rectum. The rectum is the end of the colon that connects to the anus. The rectum and anus are part of the gastrointestinal tract, which is the passage that food goes through. Rectal bleeding is usually painless, but it can be dangerous. You should see a doctor right away. </s>
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.