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<s>[INST] How do I know if I have incisional hernia and what are the symptoms of incisional hernia? [/INST] Abdominal wall pain Reducible hernia: There is a bulge in the abdominal area. It may be tender and can cause discomfort during any type of physical strain, such as lifting or coughing. The bulge may disappear when the patient is lying down, and be more visible when standing up. When a hernia cannot be pushed back into place, symptoms include pain, nausea, vomiting, inability to have a bowel movement, and a bulge that remains even when lying down. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for incisional hernia? [/INST] Obesity Pregnancy A history of multiple abdominal surgeries Chronic and severe constipation Severe vomiting Chronic and intense coughing </s> |
<s>[INST] How to know you have incisional hernia? [/INST] Physical exam: The doctor can diagnose incisional hernia by a physical examination. The doctor will look for a bulge in the abdominal area and may ask you to cough as he puts light pressure on the area. Coughing causes the hernia to bulge out further. CT scan: A CT scan may be a useful adjunct in confirming the diagnosis as well as determining the contents and extent of the hernia. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Incisional hernia ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of incisional hernia develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Sharp abdominal pain </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Indigestion? [/INST] Symptoms may include:
A feeling of heat, burning, or pain in the area between the navel and the lower part of the breastbone A feeling of fullness that is bothersome and occurs soon after the meal begins or when it is over
Bloating or nausea are less common symptoms.
Indigestion is NOT the same as heartburn. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Indigestion? [/INST] Indigestion may be triggered by:
Drinking too much alcohol Eating spicy, fatty, or greasy foods Eating too much (overeating) Eating too fast Emotional stress or nervousness High-fiber foods Tobacco smoking Too much caffeine
Other causes of indigestion are:
Gallstones Gastritis (when the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed or swollen) Swelling of the pancreas (pancreatitis) Ulcers (stomach or intestinal ulcer) Use of certain drugs such as antibiotics, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Indigestion ? [/INST] Indigestion is a common problem, usually not a sign of a more serious health problem, unless other symptoms also occur, such as weight loss or trouble swallowing. Rarely, the discomfort of a heart attack is mistaken for indigestion.
Seek immediate medical help if your symptoms include jaw pain, chest pain, back pain, profuse sweating, anxiety, or a feeling of impending doom. These are possible heart attack symptoms.
Call your health care provider if:
Indigestion symptoms change noticeably Symptoms last longer than a few days You have unexplained weight loss You have sudden, severe abdominal pain You have trouble swallowing You have yellow coloring of the skin and eyes (jaundice) You vomit blood or pass blood in the stool </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Indigestion (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Your doctor will perform a physical examination, paying special attention to the stomach area and digestive tract. You will be asked questions about your symptoms, including:
Does the discomfort begin or get worse after eating certain foods? Does it begin or get worse after drinking alcoholic or carbonated drinks? Do you eat quickly? Have you been overeating? Have you changed your diet? Have you had any spicy, high-fiber, or fatty foods? Do you drink a lot of caffeinated beverages (tea, soda, coffee)? What medications are you taking? Have you changed medications recently? What other symptoms do you have? For example, stomach pain or vomiting. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Indirect inguinal hernia? [/INST] Symptoms of inguinal hernia include
a small bulge in one or both sides of the groin that may increase in size and disappear when lying down; in males, it can present as a swollen or enlarged scrotum discomfort or sharp pain—especially when straining, lifting, or exercising—that improves when resting a feeling of weakness or pressure in the groin a burning, gurgling, or aching feeling at the bulge
Epididymitis (patient information) can also present with similar symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Indirect inguinal hernia? [/INST] Indirect inguinal hernia's are congenital and is caused by failure of the inguinal ring to close just after birth, leadving a weakness in the abdominal wall. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Indirect inguinal hernia ? [/INST] Premature infants are especially at risk for indirect inguinal hernias because there is less time for the inguinal canal to close. Males are also at a higher risk for developing indirect inguinal hernias because of the way they develop in the womb. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Indirect inguinal hernia ? [/INST] Contact your doctor if you experience any of the symptoms associated with an indirect inguinal hernia. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Indirect inguinal hernia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Surgery for inguinal hernia is usually done on an outpatient basis. Recovery time varies depending on the size of the hernia, the technique used, and the age and health of the patient. Complications from inguinal hernia surgery are rare and can include general anesthesia complications, hernia recurrence, bleeding, wound infection, painful scar, and injury to internal organs. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Intussusception? [/INST] The first sign of intussusception is usually sudden, loud crying caused by abdominal pain. The pain is colicky and not continuous (intermittent), but it comes back often, increasing in both intensity and duration. An infant with severe abdominal pain may draw the knees to the chest while crying.
Other symptoms include:
Bloody, mucus-like bowel movement, sometimes called a "currant jelly" stool Fever Shock (pale color, lethargy, sweating) Stool mixed with blood and mucus Vomiting </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Intussusception? [/INST] Intussusception is caused by part of the intestine being pulled inward into itself. This can block the passage of food through the intestine. If the blood supply is cut off, the segment of intestine pulled inside can die.
The pressure created by the walls of the intestine pressing together causes: Decreased blood flow Irritation Swelling
The intestine can die, and the patient can have significant bleeding. If a hole occurs, infection, shock, and dehydration can take place very rapidly.
The cause of intussusception is not known, although viral infections may be responsible in some cases. Sometimes a lymph node, polyp, or tumor can trigger the problem. The older the child, the more likely such a trigger will be found. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Intussusception? [/INST] Risk factors:
Age: Intussusception can affect both children and adults, although most cases occur in children ages 6 months - 2 years Gender: It affects boys four times as often as girls </s> |
<s>[INST] How to know you have Intussusception (Diagnosis)? [/INST] Your doctor will perform a thorough examination, which may reveal a mass in the abdomen. There may also be signs of dehydration or shock.
Tests may include:
Abdominal x-ray Air or contrast enema </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Irritable bowel syndrome ? [/INST] Symptoms range from mild to severe, however most people have mild symptoms. IBS symptoms may be worse in patients with underlying stress or mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, but it is important to understand that these conditions do not cause IBS. Symptoms may include:
Abdominal distention Abdominal fullness, gas, bloating Abdominal pain or tenderness that:
Comes and goes Goes away after a bowel movement Occurs after meals
Chronic and frequent constipation, usually accompanied by pain Chronic and frequent diarrhea, usually accompanied by pain Emotional distress Depression Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Irritable bowel syndrome ? [/INST] Researchers have yet to discover any specific cause for IBS. One theory is that people who suffer from IBS have a colon, or large intestine, that is particularly sensitive and reactive to certain foods and stress. The immune system, which fights infection, may also be involved.
Normal motility, or movement, may not be present in the colon of a person who has IBS. It can be spasmodic or can even stop working temporarily. Spasms are sudden strong muscle contractions that come and go. The lining of the colon called the epithelium, which is affected by the immune and nervous systems, regulates the flow of fluids in and out of the colon. In IBS, the epithelium appears to work properly. However, when the contents inside the colon move too quickly, the colon loses its ability to absorb fluids. The result is too much fluid in the stool. In other people, the movement inside the colon is too slow, which causes extra fluid to be absorbed. As a result, a person develops constipation. A person’s colon may respond strongly to stimuli such as certain foods or stress that would not bother most people. Recent research has reported that serotonin is linked with normal gastrointestinal (GI) functioning. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, or chemical, that delivers messages from one part of your body to another. Ninety-five percent of the serotonin in your body is located in the GI tract, and the other 5 percent is found in the brain. Cells that line the inside of the bowel work as transporters and carry the serotonin out of the GI tract. People with IBS, however, have diminished receptor activity, causing abnormal levels of serotonin to exist in the GI tract. As a result, they experience problems with bowel movement, motility, and sensation—having more sensitive pain receptors in their GI tract. Researchers have reported that IBS may be caused by a bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies show that people who have had gastroenteritis sometimes develop IBS, otherwise called post-infectious IBS. Researchers have also found very mild celiac disease in some people with symptoms similar to IBS. People with celiac disease cannot digest gluten, a substance found in wheat, rye, and barley. People with celiac disease cannot eat these foods without becoming very sick because their immune system responds by damaging the small intestine. A blood test can determine whether celiac disease may be present. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Irritable bowel syndrome ? [/INST] Risk factors for IBS:
Gender: females are at higher risk than males Age: people younger than 35 are at greater risk </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Irritable bowel syndrome ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome or if you notice a persistent change in your bowel habits. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Irritable bowel syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Irritable bowel syndrome may be a life-long condition, but symptoms can often be improved or relieved through treatment. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Lactose intolerance? [/INST] Symptoms often occur 30 minutes to 2 hours after having milk products. Symptoms may be worse when you consume large amounts.
Symptoms include:
Abdominal bloating Abdominal cramps Diarrhea Gas (flatulence) Nausea </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Lactose intolerance? [/INST] .Babies' bodies make the lactase enzyme so they can digest milk, including breast milk.
Babies born too early (premature) sometimes have lactose intolerance. Children who were born at full term often do not show signs of the problem before they are 3 years old.
Lactose intolerance is very common in adults. It is rarely dangerous. About 30 million American adults have some degree of lactose intolerance by age 20.
In white people, lactose intolerance often develops in children older than age 5. This is the age when our bodies may stop making lactase. In African Americans, the problem can occur as early as age 2. The condition is very common among adults with Asian, African, or Native American heritage. It is less common in people of northern or western European background, but still may occur.
An illness that involves or injures your small intestine may cause less of the lactase enzyme to be made. Treatment of these illnesses may improve the symptoms of lactose intolerance. These may include:
Surgery of the small intestine Infections in the small intestine (this is most often seen in children) Diseases that damage the small intestines, such as celiac sprue or crohn disease
Babies may be born with a genetic defect and are not able to make any of the lactase enzyme. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Lactose intolerance ? [/INST] Between 30 and 50 million Americans are lactose intolerant and certain ethnic and racial populations are more affected than others. Up to 80 percent of African Americans, 80 to 100 percent of American Indians, and 90 to 100 percent of Asian Americans are lactose intolerant. The condition is least common among people of northern European descent.
Babies that are born prematurely are also more likely to be lactose intolerant, because lactase levels do not increase until the third trimester of a woman’s pregnancy. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Lactose intolerance ? [/INST] Lactose intolerance is not serious.
Call your provider if:
You have an infant younger than 2 or 3 years old who has symptoms of lactose intolerance. Your child is growing slowly or not gaining weight. You or your child has symptoms of lactose intolerance and you need information about food substitutes. Your symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment. You develop new symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Lactose intolerance (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Symptoms most often go away when you remove milk, other dairy products, and other sources of lactose from your diet. Without dietary changes, infants or children may have growth problems. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma? [/INST] In its earliest stages, hepatocellular carcinoma does not cause any symptoms. When the tumors grow larger, people may notice one or more of the following symptoms:
Abdominal pain and vague abdominal fullness: At first the location of the abdominal pain you are experiencing may be isolated on the upper-right part of your abdomen. It is usually relatively mild pain or no pain at all that is present with this life-threatening condition. With the development of cancer, abdominal pain is usually persistent. Abdominal lump: People cannot find any lump at the beginning of the disease. When the tumor begins to enlarge, the lump may be obvious in the abdominal region. Jaundice and itching: This is caused by hepatocellular necrosis and obstruction of bile in the bile ducts. Nausea and vomiting: Hepatocellular carcinoma disturbs the normal functions of digestion. Vomiting blood: This symptom is attributed to many factors such as dysfunction of the liver and spleen. Loss of appetite General decline in health Weakness or fatigue Fever
Infections or other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma? [/INST] There are some factors that may increase your risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. These risk factors include:
Chronic hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis C Cirrhosis Inherited metabolic diseases such as hemochromatosis, tyrosinemia, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, porphyria cutanea tarda, glycogen storage diseases, and Wilson disease Diabetes Mellitus Aflatoxins Anabolic steroids Arsenic Vinyl chloride and thorium dioxide Obesity </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Liver mass ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma develop. If one or more of the following symptoms emerge, seek medical care as soon as possible:
Sudden severe abdominal pain and a decrease in blood pressure: The reason a person with hepatocellular carcinoma has sudden severe abdominal pain is sometimes due to a ruptured carcinoma. This is the result of cancer developing very fast. Sometimes if the carcinoma invades the main vessel it results in a hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity and the patients may feel sudden abdominal pain. Vomiting a lot of blood: This is the result of complications such as dysfunction of the liver or synthetic blood coagulation factors and esophagogastric fundus vein rupture. An abundant amount of blood loss due to vomiting may lead to shock and even death. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Liver mass (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is poor and it depends on the following:
Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery The stage of cancer: the size of the tumor, whether cancer has spread outside the liver The patient’s general health Whether cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred </s> |
<s>[INST] What has been achieved so far? [/INST] NOTES has been studied through both, animal and human studies. Substantial evidence exists to support the usage of NOTES in various laboratory and clinical settings. </s> |
<s>[INST] What has been achieved in NOTES? [/INST] Colectomy Gastric sleeve resection Peroral esophageal segmentectomy and anastomosis . Pyloroplasty Transanal radical sigmoidectomy Transanal rectosigmoid resection Transesophageal endoscopic mediastinoscopy and thoracoscopy Transesophageal endoscopic myotomy Transesophageal lymphadenectomy Transesophageal pleural biopsy Transesophageal vagotomy Transgastric appendectomy Transgastric approach to the peritoneal cavity and abdominal exploration Transgastric cholecystectomy Transgastric cholecystogastric anastomosis Transgastric diaphragmatic pacing Transgastric distal pancreatectomy Transgastric fallopian tube ligation Transgastric gastrojejunostomy Transgastric intraperitoneal pressure measurement Transgastric liver biopsy Transgastric lymphadenectomy Transgastric oophorectomy Transgastric partial hysterectomy Transgastric peritoneoscopy and staging Transgastric splenectomy Transrectal appendectomy Transvaginal appendectomy Transvaginal nephrectomy Transvesical liver biopsy Ventral hernia repair
Endoscopic drainage of pseudocyst Percutaneous enteral gastrostomy salvage Robotic-assisted laparoscopic transvaginal nephrectomy Staging (Cancer) Transanal rectosigmoid resection Transgastric appendectomy Transgastric cholecystectomy Transgastric debridement of necrotizing pancreatitis Translumenal feeding gastrostomy Transvaginal donor kidney extraction Transvaginal cholecystectomy Transvaginal appendectomy </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes nausea and vomiting? [/INST] Many common problems may cause nausea and vomiting:
Food allergies Infections of the stomach or bowels, such as the "stomach flu" or food poisoning Leaking of stomach contents (food or liquid) upwards (also called gastroesophageal reflux or GERD) Medications or medical treatments, such as cancer chemotherapy or radiation treatment Migraine headaches Morning sickness during pregnancy Seasickness or motion sickness Severe pain, such as with kidney stones
Nausea and vomiting may also be early warning signs of more serious medical problems, such as:
Appendicitis Blockage in the intestines Cancer or a tumor Ingesting a drug or poison, especially by children Ulcers in the lining of the stomach or small intestine </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Nausea and vomiting ? [/INST] Call 911 or go to an emergency room if:
You think vomiting is from poisoning. You notice blood or dark, coffee-colored material in the vomit.
Call a health care provider right away or seek medical care if you or another person has:
Been vomiting for longer than 24 hours. Been unable to keep any fluids down for 12 hours or more. Headache or stiff neck. Not urinated for 8 or more hours. Severe stomach or belly pain. Vomited three or more times in 1 day.
Signs of dehydration include:
Crying without tears. Dry mouth. Increased thirst. Eyes that appear sunken. Skin changes -- for example, if you touch or squeeze the skin, it doesn't bounce back the way it usually does. Urinating less often or having dark yellow urine. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Neonatal jaundice? [/INST] The main symptom is a yellow color of the skin.
The yellow color is best seen right after gently pressing a finger onto the skin. The color sometimes begins on the face and then moves down to the chest, belly area, legs, and soles of the feet.
Sometimes, infants with significant jaundice have extreme tiredness and poor feeding. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Neonatal jaundice? [/INST] Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is created in the body during the normal recycling of old red blood cells. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool.
Before birth, the placenta (the organ that nourishes the developing baby) removes the bilirubin from the infant so that it can be processed by the mother's liver. Immediately after birth, the baby's own liver begins to take over the job, but this can take time. Therefore, bilirubin levels in an infant are normally a little higher after birth.
High levels of bilirubin in the body can cause the skin to look yellow. This is called jaundice. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the types of neonatal jaundice? [/INST] Jaundice is present to some degree in most newborns, and is called physiological jaundice. It usually appears between day 2 and 3, peaks between days 2 and 4, and clears by 2 weeks. Physiological jaundice usually causes no problems.
Other types of jaundice that usually cause no harm include:
Breast milk jaundice is probably caused by factors in the breast milk that slow the rate at which the liver breaks down bilirubin. Such jaundice appears in some healthy, breastfed babies after day 7 of life, and usually peaks during weeks 2 and 3. It may last at low levels for a month or more. Breastfeeding jaundice is seen in breastfed babies in the first week of life, especially in babies who are not nursing often enough. Breastfeeding jaundice is different than breast milk jaundice.
Babies who are born too early (premature) are more likely to develop jaundice than full-term babies.
Conditions that increase the number of red blood cells that need to be broken down, and can cause more severe newborn jaundice:
Abnormal blood cell shapes Blood type mismatch between the mother and the baby Bleeding underneath the scalp (cephalohematoma) caused by a difficult delivery Higher levels of red blood cells, which is more common in small-for-gestational-age babies and some twins Infection Lack (deficiency) of certain important enzymes
Conditions that make it harder for the baby's body to remove bilirubin may also lead to more severe jaundice:
Certain medications Congenital infections, such as rubella, syphilis, and others Diseases that affect the liver or biliary tract, such as cystic fibrosis or hepatitis Hypoxia Infections (such as sepsis) Many different genetic or inherited disorders </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Neonatal jaundice ? [/INST] All babies should be seen by a health care provider in the first 5 days of life to check for jaundice.
Those who spend less than 24 hours in a hospital should be seen by age 72 hours. Infants sent home between 24 and 48 hours should be seen again by age 96 hours. Infants sent home between 48 and 72 hours should be seen again by age 120 hours.
Jaundice is an emergency if the baby has a fever, has become listless, or is not feeding well. Jaundice may be dangerous in high-risk newborns.
Jaundice is generally NOT dangerous in term, otherwise healthy newborns. Call the infant's health care provider if:
Jaundice is severe (the skin is bright yellow) Jaundice continues to increase after the newborn visit, lasts longer than 2 weeks, or other symptoms develop The feet, especially the soles, are yellow </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Neonatal jaundice (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Usually newborn jaundice is not harmful. For most babies, jaundice usually gets better without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks.
Very high levels of bilirubin can damage the brain. This is called kernicterus. However, the condition is almost always diagnosed before levels become high enough to cause this damage.
For babies who need treatment, the treatment is usually effective. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Odynophagia? [/INST] “Odynophagia” is the medical term for painful swallowing. Pain can be felt in your mouth, throat, or esophagus. You may experience painful swallowing when drinking or eating food. Sometimes swallowing difficulties, known as dysphagia, can accompany the pain, but odynophagia is often a condition of its own. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Odynophagia? [/INST] Odynophagia may sometimes be related to a minor condition, such as the common cold. In such cases, painful swallowing will resolve on its own with time.
Chronic painful swallowing may be related to another underlying cause. There are several medical conditions that can cause odynophagia. Among the possibilities are:
Cancer: Sometimes chronic painful swallowing is an early sign of esophageal cancer. This is caused by tumors that develop in your esophagus. Esophageal cancer may develop from long-term smoking, alcohol abuse, or persistent heartburn. It can also be hereditary. Candida infection: This is a type of fungal (yeast) infection that may occur in your mouth. It can spread and cause esophageal symptoms like painful swallowing. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): This develops from the lower sphincter in the esophagus not closing properly. As a result, stomach acid leaks back into the esophagus. You might have GERD if you experience painful swallowing along with other symptoms, such as heartburn or chest pain. HIV: Esophagus problems occur often in people with HIV. According to the AIDS Education and Treatment Center Program, Candida infection is the most common cause. Sometimes antiretroviral agents used to treat HIV result in acid reflux. This can then lead to other symptoms like odynophagia. Ulcers: These are sores that can occur in your mouth, throat, or esophagus, as well as your stomach. Ulcers may also be caused by untreated GERD. The long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB), can increase your risk of ulcers.
Odynophagia can also be caused by medical treatments, such as radiation therapy for cancer. Some prescription medications may also lead to painful swallowing. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Odynophagia ? [/INST] The following are risk factors for dysphagia: Aging. Due to natural aging and normal wear and tear on the esophagus and a greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson's disease, older adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Odynophagia ? [/INST] If your doctor doesn’t detect any underlying medical issue, painful swallowing might resolve on its own with time. This is common after having a cold or severe allergies. Talk to your doctor if you have recurring discomfort with swallowing. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Odynophagia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] When caught and treated early, many underlying health conditions can improve, along with painful swallowing. The key is to call your doctor if you experience prolonged symptoms.
Left untreated, odynophagia and its underlying cause can lead to further complications. Weight loss may also occur with odynophagia. You may eat less due to the discomforts associated with swallowing. This can lead to other health concerns, such as anemia, dehydration, and malnutrition. If you find this is the case, see your doctor right away. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Pancreatic pseudocyst? [/INST] Symptoms can occur within days to months after an attack of pancreatitis, and include:
Bloating of the abdomen Constant pain or deep ache in the abdomen, which may also be felt in the back Difficulty eating and digesting food </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Pancreatic pseudocyst? [/INST] Pancreatic pseudocysts most often develop after an episode of severe, acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is sudden swelling (inflammation) of the pancreas. The cyst happens when the ducts (tubes) in the pancreas are damaged by the inflammation or swelling that occurs during pancreatitis.
A pancreatic pseudocyst may also occur after trauma to the abdomen, and in someone with chronic pancreatitis. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Pancreatic pseudocyst? [/INST] Patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis Patients who endure some type of trauma to the abdomen, especially small children </s> |
<s>[INST] How to know you have Pancreatic pseudocyst? [/INST] The health care provider may palpate your abdomen to feel for a pseudocyst, which feels like a mass in the middle or left upper abdomen.
Tests that may help diagnose pancreatic pseudocyst include:
Abdominal CT scan Abdominal MRI Abdominal ultrasound </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Peritonitis? [/INST] Abdominal distention Abdominal pain or tenderness Fever Fluid in the abdomen Inability to pass feces or gas Low urine output Nausea and vomiting Point tenderness Thirst
Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease include:
Cloudy dialysis fluid (if undergoing peritoneal dialysis) Nausea and vomiting Shaking chills Signs of shock </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Peritonitis? [/INST] A collection of pus in the abdomen, called an intra-abdominal abscess, may cause peritonitis. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Peritonitis ? [/INST] Risk factors for liver disease include alcoholic cirrhosis and other diseases that lead to cirrhosis, such as viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B or C). Spontaneous peritonitis also occurs in patients who are on dialysis for kidney failure. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Peritonitis ? [/INST] Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of peritonitis. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Peritonitis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] With treatment, patients usually do well. Without treatment, the outcome is usually poor. However, in some cases, patients do poorly even with prompt and appropriate treatment. If properly treated, typical cases of surgically correctable peritonitis (e.g. perforated peptic ulcer, appendicitis, and diverticulitis) have a mortality rate of about <10% in otherwise healthy patients, which rises to about 40% in the elderly, and/or in those with significant underlying illness, as well as in cases that present late (after 48h). If untreated, generalized peritonitis is almost always fatal. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome? [/INST] Symptoms of PJS are:
Brownish or bluish-gray spots on the lips, gums, inner lining of the mouth, and skin Clubbed fingers or toes Cramping pain in the belly area Dark freckles on and around the lips of a newborn Blood in the stool that can be seen with the naked eye (sometimes) Vomiting </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Peutz-Jeghers syndrome? [/INST] It is not known how many people are affected by PJS. The National Institutes of Health estimates that it affects about 1 in 25,000 to 300,000 births.
There are 2 types of PJS:
Familial PJS may be due to a mutation in a gene called STK11. The genetic defect can be inherited through families as an autosomal dominant trait. That means if 1 of your parents has this type of PJS, you have a 50% chance of inheriting the gene and having the disease. Sporadic PJS is not passed down through families and appears unrelated to an STK11 gene mutation. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome ? [/INST] People with genetic mutations are at highest risk such as BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutations </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Peutz-Jeghers syndrome ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your provider if you or your baby has symptoms of this condition. Severe abdominal pain may be a sign of an emergency condition such as intussusception. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] There may be a high risk for these polyps becoming cancerous. Some studies link PJS with cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, uterus, and ovaries. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Primary sclerosing cholangitis? [/INST] The main symptoms of PSC include
itching fatigue yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes
An infection in the bile ducts can cause chills and fever. PSC progresses slowly, so a person can have the disease for years before symptoms develop.
Other symptoms may include:
Enlarged liver Enlarged spleen General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise) Indigestion Loss of appetite </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Primary sclerosing cholangitis? [/INST] The causes of PSC are not known. Genes, immune system problems, bacteria, and viruses may play roles in the development of the disease. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Primary sclerosing cholangitis ? [/INST] PSC is linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). About three out of four people with PSC have a type of IBD called ulcerative colitis. Most people with PSC are adults but the disease also occurs in children. The average age at diagnosis is 40. PSC is more common in men than women. Having family members with PSC may increase a person’s risk for developing PSC. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Primary sclerosing cholangitis ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have jaundice and itching that do not go away. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Primary sclerosing cholangitis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] How well patients do varies. The disease tends to get worse over time and most patients develop:
Biliary cirrhosis Liver failure Persistent jaundice
Some patients develop recurrent infections of the bile ducts. Some patients have worsening chronic liver disease with ascites and varices.
Patients with this condition have an increased risk of developing cancer of the bile ducts (cholangiocarcinoma), and should be checked on a regular basis (usually each year) with liver scans and blood tests. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Pseudomyxoma peritonei? [/INST] Symptoms of pseudomyxoma peritonei include:
Increase in abdominal girth Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting Bloating </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Pseudomyxoma peritonei? [/INST] There are no established causes for pseudomyxoma peritonei, it is shown in studies that pseudomyxoma mostly arises from the tumor of the appendix, and less commonly from ovary and colon. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Pseudomyxoma peritonei ? [/INST] Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a rare disease with an incidence of 0.1 person per 100,000 people and slightly is seen more in female and the average age at diagnosis is 50 years old. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pseudomyxoma peritonei ? [/INST] Patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei usually are asymptomatic at the beginning but any increase in abdominal girth, bloating, the sensation of fullness, abdominal pain warrants further evaluation and primary care visit is necessary. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Pseudomyxoma peritonei (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Majority of patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei experience good prognosis with exception of those having high-grade neoplasm. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Rectal prolapse? [/INST] The main symptom is a reddish-colored mass that sticks out from the opening of the anus, especially following a bowel movement. The lining of the rectal tissue may be visible and may bleed slightly. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Rectal prolapse? [/INST] Rectal Prolapse is often associated with the following conditions:
Anatomical abnormalities Perineal nerve injury (due to descent of the pelvic floor, vaginal delivery and excessive straining during defection) Altered colonic motility </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Rectal prolapse ? [/INST] Elderly patients Female gender
Increase intra-abdominal pressure such as straining, constipation or chronic coughing Obstetrical history (vaginal delivery, previous obstetrical trauma) Hormonal status (onset of menopause) Patients with any of the associated conditions listed above </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Rectal prolapse ? [/INST] Call your health care provider promptly if there is a rectal prolapse. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Rectal prolapse (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Treating the underlying condition usually cures the problem. In otherwise-healthy elderly patients with recurrent rectal prolapse, surgery can repair anatomic problems that predispose them to prolapse. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Reye's syndrome? [/INST] Reye syndrome often begins with vomiting, which lasts for many hours. The vomiting is quickly followed by irritable and aggressive behavior. As the condition gets worse, the child may be unable to stay awake and alert.
Other symptoms of Reye syndrome:
Confusion Lethargy Loss of consciousness or coma Mental changes Nausea and vomiting Seizures Unusual placement of arms and legs (decerebrate posture) -- the arms are extended straight and turned toward the body, the legs are held straight, and the toes are pointed downward
Other symptoms that can occur with this disorder include:
Double vision Hearing loss Muscle function loss or paralysis of the arms or legs Speech difficulties Weakness in the arms or legs </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Reye's syndrome? [/INST] Reye's syndrome is of unknown cause.
Causes for similar symptoms include
Various inborn metabolic disorders Viral encephalitis Drug overdose or poisoning Head trauma Hepatic failure due to other causes Meningitis Renal failure </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Reye%27s syndrome ? [/INST] Reye syndrome is most often seen in children ages 4 - 12. Most cases that occur with chickenpox are in children ages 5 - 9. Cases that occur with the flu (influenzae type B) are usually in children ages 10 - 14.
Children with Reye syndrome get sick very suddenly. Reye syndrome usually follows an upper respiratory infection (URI) or chickenpox by about 1 week. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Reye%27s syndrome ? [/INST] Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) immediately if your child has confusion, lethargy, or other mental changes. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Reye%27s syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Documented cases of Reye’s syndrome in adults are rare. The recovery of adults with the syndrome is generally complete, with liver and brain function returning to normal within two weeks of the illness. In children, however, mild to severe permanent brain damage is possible, especially in infants. Over thirty percent of the cases reported in the United States from 1981 through 1997 resulted in fatality. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of short bowel syndrome? [/INST] Diarrhea Fatigue Pale, greasy stools Swelling (edema), especially of the legs Very foul-smelling stools Weight loss </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes short bowel syndrome? [/INST] When areas of the small intestine are removed by surgery, or they are missing due to a birth defect (congenital defect), there may not be enough surface area left in the remaining bowel to absorb enough nutrients from food.
This condition is likely to develop when one-half or more of the bowel is removed during surgery. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Short bowel syndrome ? [/INST] Risk factors include diseases of the small intestine that may require surgery, such as Crohn's disease. Necrotizing enterocolitis is a common cause of short bowel syndrome in infants. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Short bowel syndrome ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop symptoms of short bowel syndrome, especially if you recently had bowel surgery. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Short bowel syndrome (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The condition may improve over time if it occurs as a result of surgery. There may be a gradual improvement in nutrient absorption. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome? [/INST] The major function of bone marrow is to produce new blood cells. These include red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body's tissues; white blood cells, which fight infection; and platelets, which are necessary for normal blood clotting. In Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, the bone marrow malfunctions and does not make some or all types of white blood cells. A shortage of neutrophils, the most common type of white blood cell, causes a condition called neutropenia. Most people with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome have at least occasional episodes of neutropenia, which makes them more vulnerable to infections such as pneumonia, recurrent ear infections (otitis media), and skin infections. Less commonly, bone marrow abnormalities lead to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), which causes fatigue and weakness, or a reduction in the amount of platelets (thrombocytopenia), which can result in easy bruising and abnormal bleeding.
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome also affects the pancreas, which is an organ that plays an essential role in digestion. One of this organ's main functions is to produce enzymes that help break down and use the nutrients from food. In most infants with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, the pancreas does not produce enough of these enzymes. This condition is known as pancreatic insufficiency. Infants with pancreatic insufficiency have trouble digesting food and absorbing nutrients that are needed for growth. As a result, they often have fatty, foul-smelling stools (steatorrhea); are slow to grow and gain weight (failure to thrive); and experience malnutrition. Pancreatic insufficiency often improves with age in people with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.
Skeletal abnormalities are another common feature of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Many affected individuals have problems with bone formation and growth, most often affecting the hips and knees. Low bone density is also frequently associated with this condition. Some infants are born with a narrow rib cage and short ribs, which can cause life-threatening problems with breathing. The combination of skeletal abnormalities and slow growth results in short stature in most people with this disorder.
The complications of this condition can affect several other parts of the body, including the liver, heart, endocrine system (which produces hormones), eyes, teeth, and skin. Additionally, studies suggest that Shwachman-Diamond syndrome may be associated with delayed speech and the delayed development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Shwachman-Diamond syndrome? [/INST] Shwachman-Diamond syndrome occurs when the bone marrow malfunctions and does not make some or all types of white blood cells.
The disorder has also been associated with pancreatic insufficiency, where the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at risk for Shwachman-Diamond syndrome? [/INST] Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a genetic disorder, so a person with a family history of the syndrome is at risk. </s> |
<s>[INST] How do people inherit Shwachman-Diamond syndrome? [/INST] This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. </s> |
<s>[INST] How common is Shwachman-Diamond syndrome? [/INST] Researchers are not sure how common Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is. Several hundred cases have been reported in scientific studies. </s> |
<s>[INST] What genes are related to Shwachman-Diamond syndrome? [/INST] Mutations in the SBDS gene have been identified in about 90 percent of people with the characteristic features of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. This gene provides instructions for making a protein whose function is unknown, although it is active in cells throughout the body. Researchers suspect that the SBDS protein may play a role in processing RNA (a molecule that is a chemical cousin of DNA). This protein may also be involved in building ribosomes, which are cellular structures that process the cell's genetic instructions to create proteins. It is unclear how SBDS mutations lead to the major signs and symptoms of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.
In cases where no SBDS mutation is found, the cause of this disorder is unknown. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Splenomegaly? [/INST] Symptoms of splenomegaly include:
Hiccups Inability to eat a large meal Pain on the upper left side of the abdomen </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Splenomegaly? [/INST] Infections Bacterial infections (subacute bacterial endocarditis) Cat scratch disease Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus) Other viral infections (Hepatitis) Parasitic infections (Malaria, Kala Azar)
Diseases involving the liver Biliary atresia Cirrhosis (alcoholic cirrhosis) Cystic fibrosis Portal hypertension Portal vein obstruction Sclerosing cholangitis
Blood diseases Hemoglobinopathies Hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency Idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia Hereditary spherocytosis Immune hemolytic anemia Myelodysplastic syndrome Polycythemia vera Thalassemia
Cancer Hodgkin's disease Leukemia Lymphoma
Autoimmune causes Felty syndrome (Rheumatoid Arthritis with splenomegaly and neutropenia) Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus) Sarcoidosis Sickle cell splenic crisis </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Splenomegaly ? [/INST] There are usually no symptoms from an enlarged spleen. However, some people have pain in the left upper section of the belly area. You should seek medical help right away if it is severe or gets worse when you take a deep breath. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Ulcerative colitis? [/INST] The most common symptoms of ulcerative colitis are abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. Patients also may experience:
Anemia Fatigue Weight loss Loss of appetite Rectal bleeding Loss of body fluids and nutrients Skin lesions Joint pain Growth failure (specifically in children)
About half of the people diagnosed with ulcerative colitis have mild symptoms. Others suffer frequent fevers, bloody diarrhea, nausea, and severe abdominal cramps. Ulcerative colitis may also cause problems such as arthritis, inflammation of the eye, liver disease, and osteoporosis. It is not known why these problems occur outside the colon. Scientists think these complications may be the result of inflammation triggered by the immune system. Some of these problems go away when the colitis is treated. </s> |
<s>[INST] What causes Ulcerative colitis? [/INST] Many theories exist about what causes ulcerative colitis. People with ulcerative colitis have abnormalities of the immune system, but doctors do not know whether these abnormalities are a cause or a result of the disease. The body’s immune system is believed to react abnormally to the bacteria in the digestive tract.
Ulcerative colitis is not caused by emotional distress or sensitivity to certain foods or food products, but these factors may trigger symptoms in some people. The stress of living with ulcerative colitis may also contribute to a worsening of symptoms. </s> |
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Ulcerative colitis ? [/INST] Risk factors include a family history of ulcerative colitis, or Jewish ancestry. The incidence is 10 to 15 out of 100,000 people. It may affect any age group, although there are peaks at ages 15 - 30 and then again at ages 50 - 70. It affects men and women equally and appears to run in families, with reports of up to 20 percent of people with ulcerative colitis having a family member or relative with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. A higher incidence of ulcerative colitis is seen in caucasians and people of Jewish descent. </s> |
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Ulcerative colitis ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you develop persistent abdominal pain, new or increased bleeding, persistent fever, or other symptoms of ulcerative colitis.
Call your health care provider if you have ulcerative colitis and your symptoms worsen or do not improve with treatment, or if new symptoms develop. </s> |
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Ulcerative colitis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The course of the disease generally varies. Ulcerative colitis may be inactive and then get worse over a period of years. Sometimes ulcerative colitis can progress quickly. A permanent and complete cure is unusual.
The risk of colon cancer increases in each decade after ulcerative colitis is diagnosed. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Umbilical hernia? [/INST] A hernia can vary in width from less than 1 centimeter to more than 5 centimeters.
There is a soft swelling over the belly button that often bulges when the baby sits up, cries, or strains. The bulge may be flat when the infant lies on the back and is quiet. </s> |
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Umbilical hernia? [/INST] An umbilical hernia in an infant occurs when the muscle through which blood vessels pass to feed the developing fetus doesn't close completely. </s> |
Subsets and Splits