text
stringlengths 24
69k
|
|---|
<s>[INST] What are the Symptoms of Pompe disease? [/INST] Hypotonia
Muscular weakness
Failure to thrive
Respiratory distress </s>
|
<s>[INST] What Causes Pompe disease? [/INST] Pompe disease occurs when the body lacks the protein (enzyme) that releases glycogen. This causes abnormal amounts of glycogen to build up in certain tissues.
Pompe disease is inherited, which means it is passed down through families. If both parents carry the defective gene related to this condition, each of their children has a 25% chance of developing the disease. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Glycogen storage disease type II ? [/INST] Siblings of patients with pompe disease are at highest risk </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Glycogen storage disease type II ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have a family history of glycogen storage disease or symptoms such as hypotonia and muscle weakness. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Where to find Medical Care for Pompe Disease? [/INST] Medical care for (disease name) can be found here. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Glycogen storage disease type II (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Depending on the age of onset of glycogen storage disease type 2, the prognosis may vary. The prognosis is comparatively better as age of onset increases. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the Symptoms of Cori Disease? [/INST] Constant hunger and need to eat often Fatigue Irritability Abdominal protrusion </s>
|
<s>[INST] What Causes Cori Disease? [/INST] Cori disease occurs when the body lacks the protein (enzyme) that releases glucose from glycogen. This causes abnormal amounts of glycogen to build up in certain tissues. When glycogen is not broken down properly, it leads to low blood sugar.
Cori disease is inherited, which means it is passed down through families. If both parents carry the defective gene related to this condition, each of their children has a 25% chance of developing the disease. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Glycogen storage disease type III ? [/INST] Siblings of patients with cori disease are at highest risk </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Glycogen storage disease type III ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have a family history of glycogen storage disease or early infant death due to low blood sugar. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Where to find Medical Care for glycogen storage disease type III? [/INST] Medical care for glycogen storage disease type III can be found here. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Glycogen storage disease type III (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Since treatments have been developed, growth, puberty, and quality of life have improved for people with cori disease. Those who are identified and carefully treated at a young age can live into adulthood.
Early treatment also decreases the rate of severe problems such as:
Life-threatening low blood sugar Liver tumors Muscle weakness Heart abnormalities </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Goiter? [/INST] The main symptom is a swollen thyroid gland. The size may range from a single small nodule to a large neck lump.
The swollen thyroid can put pressure on the windpipe and esophagus, which can lead to:
Breathing difficulties (may rarely occur with very large goiters) Cough Hoarseness Swallowing difficulties
There may be neck vein swelling and dizziness when the arms are raised above the head. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Goiter? [/INST] There are different kinds of goiters. A simple goiter can occur for no known reason, or when the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body's needs. The thyroid gland makes up for this by becoming larger.
There are two types of simple goiter:
Endemic (colloid) goiter Sporadic (nontoxic) goiter
Colloid goiters occur in groups of people who live in areas with iodine-poor soil. These regions are usually away from the sea coast. People in these communities might not get enough iodine in their diet (iodine is needed to produce thyroid hormone).
The use of iodized table salt in the United States today prevents iodine deficiency. However, the Great Lakes, Midwest, and inner mountain areas of the United States were once called the "goiter belt," because a high number of goiter cases occurred there. A lack of enough iodine is still common in central Asia, the Andes region of South America, and central Africa.
In most cases of sporadic goiter the cause is unknown. Occasionally, certain medications such as lithium or aminoglutethimide can cause a nontoxic goiter. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Goiter ? [/INST] Inherited factors may cause goiters. Risk factors include:
Age over 40 years Family history of goiter Female gender Not getting enough iodine in the diet </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Goiter ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you experience any swelling in the front of your neck or any other symptoms of goiter. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Goiter (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] A simple goiter may disappear on its own, or may become large. Over time, destruction to the thyroid may cause the gland to stop making enough thyroid hormone. This condition is called hypothyroidism.
Occasionally, a goiter may become toxic and produce thyroid hormone on its own. This can cause high levels of thyroid hormone, a condition called hyperthyroidism. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Gynecomastia? [/INST] Breast enlargement Breast pain </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Gynecomastia? [/INST] All men have both androgens and estrogens in fix levels. Androgens are hormones that create male characteristics, such as hair growth, muscle size, and a deep voice. Estrogens are hormones that create female characteristics. Changes in the levels of these hormones, or in how the body uses or responds to these hormones can cause enlarged breasts in men.
Infancy Puberty Aging Chronic liver disease Exposure to anabolic steroid hormones Exposure to estrogen (female hormone) Kidney failure and dialysis Lack (deficiency) of testosterone (male hormone) Marijuana use Hormone treatment for prostate cancer Radiation treatment of the testicles Side effects of some medications (ketoconazole, spironolactone, cimetidine etc) Overactive thyroid
Genetic defects Tumors
One-sided breast growth Firm or hard breast lump that feels like it is attached to the tissue Skin sore over the breast Bloody discharge from the nipple </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Gynecomastia ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if: You have recent swelling, pain, or enlargement in one or both breasts. There is dark or bloody discharge from the nipples. There is a skin sore or ulcer over the breast. A breast lump feels hard or firm. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hyperaldosteronism? [/INST] Fatigue Headache Hypertension Intermittent paralysis Muscle weakness Numbness </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the causes of Hyperaldosteronism? [/INST] Persons with primary hyperaldosteronism have a problem with the adrenal gland that causes it to release too much aldosterone. In secondary hyperaldosteronism, the excess aldosterone is caused by something outside the adrenal gland that mimics the primary condition. Primary hyperaldosteronism used to be considered a rare condition, but some experts believe that it may be the cause of hypertension in some patients. Most cases of primary hyperaldosteronism are caused by a noncancerous (benign) tumor of the adrenal gland. Secondary hyperaldosteronism is generally related to hypertension. It is also related to disorders such as:
Cirrhosis of the liver Heart failure Nephrotic syndrome </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Hyperaldosteronism ? [/INST] The condition is common in people ages 30 - 50. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hyperandrogenism? [/INST] Hyperandrogenism:
Acne Amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods) Changes in female body contours Decrease in breast size Increase in body hair in a male pattern (hirsutism) such as on the face, chin, and abdomen Oily skin
Virilization:
Clitoromegaly (enlargement of the clitoris) Deepening of the voice Increase in muscle mass Temporal balding (thinning hair and hair loss) </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Hyperandrogenism? [/INST] In healthy women, the ovaries and adrenal glands produce about 40 - 50% of the body's testosterone. Both tumors of the ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can cause excess androgen production.
Cushing's disease, an abnormality in the pituitary gland, causes excess amounts of corticosteroids, which cause masculine body changes in women. Also, tumors in the adrenal glands can cause overproduction of androgens and lead to male body characteristics in women. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hyperandrogenism (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The success of the treatment depends on what caused the excess androgen production.
If the condition is caused by an ovarian tumor, surgical removal of the tumor may correct the problem. Most ovarian tumors are not cancerous (benign), and will not come back after they've been removed.
In polycystic ovary syndrome, the following can reduce symptoms caused by increased androgen levels:
Careful monitoring Dietary changes Medications Regular vigorous exercise </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hyperkalemia? [/INST] Hyperkalemia often has no symptoms. Occasionally, people may have the following symptoms:
Irregular heartbeat Nausea Slow, weak, or absent pulse </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Hyperkalemia? [/INST] Potassium is involved in regulating muscle tissue, and is part of digestion, metabolism, and homeostasis (maintaining a balance between the many electrical and chemical processes of the body).
Hyperkalemia occurs when the level of potassium in the bloodstream is higher than normal. This may be related to an increase in total body potassium or the excess release of potassium from the cells into the bloodstream.
The kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of hyperkalemia are caused by disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium.This may result from disorders such as:
Acute kidney failure Chronic kidney failure Glomerulonephritis Obstructive uropathy Rejection of a kidney transplant
The hormone aldosterone regulates kidney removal of sodium and potassium. Lack of aldosterone can result in hyperkalemia with an increase in total body potassium. Addison's disease is one disorder that causes reduced aldosterone production.
Any time potassium is released from the cells, it may build up in the fluid outside the cells and in the bloodstream. Acidosis leads to the movement of potassium from inside the cells to the fluid outside the cells. Tissue injury can cause the cells to release potassium. Such injury includes:
Burns Disorders that cause blood cells to burst (hemolytic conditions) Gastrointestinal bleeding Rhabdomyolysis from drugs, alcoholism, coma, or certain infections Surgery Traumatic injury Tumors
If the kidney is working properly, and there is enough aldosterone, tissue trauma alone rarely leads to hyperkalemia. A normally functioning kidney will remove the excess potassium that has been released from the cells.
Increased intake of potassium can cause hyperkalemia if kidney function is poor. Salt substitutes often contain potassium, as do many "low-salt" packaged foods.
Hyperkalemia may be caused by medications, including medications that affect kidney function (potassium sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone, amiloride, or triamterene) and potassium supplements (especially intravenous potassium). </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Hyperkalemia ? [/INST] Any time potassium is released from the cells, it may build up in the fluid outside the cells and in the bloodstream. Acidosis leads to the movement of potassium from inside the cells to the fluid outside the cells. Tissue injury can cause the cells to release potassium. Such injury includes:
Burns Disorders that cause blood cells to burst (hemolytic conditions) Gastrointestinal bleeding Rhabdomyolysis from drugs, alcoholism, coma, or certain infections Surgery Traumatic injury Tumors
If the kidney is working properly, and there is enough aldosterone, tissue trauma alone rarely leads to hyperkalemia. A normally functioning kidney will remove the excess potassium that has been released from the cells.
Increased intake of potassium can cause hyperkalemia if kidney function is poor. Salt substitutes often contain potassium, as do many "low-salt" packaged foods.
Hyperkalemia may be caused by medications, including medications that affect kidney function (potassium sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone, amiloride, or triamterene) and potassium supplements (especially intravenous potassium). </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hyperkalemia ? [/INST] Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of hyperkalemia. Emergency symptoms include:
Absent or weak heartbeat Changes in breathing pattern Loss of consciousness Nausea Weakness </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hyperkalemia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome with this condition varies. In some people, the disorder causes deadly complications, while others tolerate it well. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state ? [/INST] Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes who have decreased access to fluids or any condition that limits fluid intake or during an illness such as pneumonia, heart attack, stroke or pregnancy are at highest risk for the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. This condition has also been seen in type 1 diabetes, children, and young adults, but less common. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state ? [/INST] Seek urgent medical care as soon as possible especially in a diabetic patient, if you experience either of the following symptoms:
Vomiting or nausea Fatigue Cramps Decreased consciousness or mental stupor </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state ? [/INST] Directions to Hospitals Treating hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prognosis of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state depends on:
Whether the patient is diagnosed or treated in time. The age of the patient as individual more than 65 years of age have worse outcomes. Whether other conditions such as, such as heart attack or renal failure are present. The presenting signs and symptoms at the time of hospital presentation such as low blood pressure, shock, unconsciousness. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? [/INST] Symptoms of hyperthyroidism vary from person to person. Usual signs include the following:
Goiter Increased appetite, but weight loss Palpitation Hypertension Increased sensitivity to heat and perspiration Nervousness, anxiety or irritability, difficulty sleeping Hand tremors Fatigue, muscle weakness Changes in menstrual patterns (usually lighter flow, less frequent periods) in women
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Hyperthyroidism ? [/INST] Graves’ disease Thyroid nodules Thyroiditis Too much iodine ingestion Over-medicating with synthetic thyroid hormone </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hyperthyroidism ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of hyperthyroidism develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Palpitation Severe hypertension </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hyperthyroidism (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Many cases of hyperthyroidism are generally treatable. Prognosis depends on whether or not the patient has severe complications. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hypoglycemia? [/INST] Cold sweats Confusion Convulsions Coma Double vision or blurry vision Fatigue General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise) Headache Hunger Irritability (possible aggression) Nervousness Rapid heart rate Trembling
Other symptoms that may be associated with this disease:
Decreased alertness Different size pupils Dizziness Excessive sweating Fainting Hallucinations Memory loss Muscle pain Paleness Pounding heartbeat (heartbeat sensations) Sleeping difficulty </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Hypoglycemia? [/INST] Hypoglycemia occurs when:
Your body's sugar (glucose) is used up too quickly Glucose is released into the bloodstream too slowly Too much insulin is released into the bloodstream
Insulin is a hormone that reduces blood sugar. It is produced by the pancreas in response to increased glucose levels in the blood.
Hypoglycemia is relatively common in persons with diabetes. It occurs when
You take too much insulin or diabetes medicine You don't eat enough food You suddenly increase your exercise without increasing the amount of food you eat
Relative hypoglycemia is a fairly common condition in which a newborn's blood sugar is low. Babies born to mothers with diabetes may have severe hypoglycemia.
Idiopathic hypoglycemia is hypoglycemia that occurs without a known cause. People with this type of hypoglycemia do not have diabetes.
Hypoglycemia may also be caused by:
Ingestion of alcohol Insulin-secreting tumor of the pancreas Liver disease </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Hypoglycemia ? [/INST] Hypoglycemia is relatively common in persons with diabetes. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypoglycemia ? [/INST] Go to the emergency room immediately or call a local emergency number (such as 911) if early signs of hypoglycemia do not improve after you've eaten a snack containing sugar.
Get immediate medical help if a person with diabetes or a history of hypoglycemia loses alertness or if you can't wake them up. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hypoglycemia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prognosis of hypoglycemia depends on:
The cause of hypoglycemia Whether the patient is diagnosed and treated in time. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hypomagnesemia? [/INST] Common symptoms include:
Abnormal eye movements (nystagmus) Convulsions Fatigue Muscle spasms or cramps Muscle weakness Numbness </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Hypomagnesemia? [/INST] Several conditions can cause hypomagnesemia, including:
Alcoholism Chronic diarrhea High blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia) Hyperaldosteronism Malabsorption syndromes, such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease Malnutrition Medications including amphotericin, cisplatin, cyclosporine, diuretics, and aminoglycoside antibiotics Excessive urination (polyuria), such as in uncontrolled diabetes and during recovery from acute kidney failure Sweating </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypomagnesemia ? [/INST] Hypomagnesemia can be a life-threatening emergency. Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of this condition. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hypomagnesemia (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outcome depends on the condition that is causing the problem. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hypopituitarism ? [/INST] Signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism vary, depending on which pituitary hormones are deficient. Abdominal pain Loss of appetite and weight loss Hypotension Sensitivity to cold Visual disturbances Fatigue and weakness Headache Slowed growth and sexual development in children Short stature Loss of armpit or pubic hair, loss of body or facial hair in men Cessation of menstrual periods and infertility in women Decreased sexual interest in both men and women
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Hypopituitarism ? [/INST] Head trauma
Brain tumor Brain surgery Radiation treatment Autoimmune inflammation, such as hypophysitis Stroke Infections of the brain, such as meningitis Tuberculosis Infiltrative diseases, such as sarcoidosis, histiocytosis X, and hemochromatosis. Severe loss of blood: Sheehan syndrome or postpartum hypopituitarism Genetic mutations </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Hypopituitarism (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prognosis of hypopituitarism depends on:
The cause of hypopituitarism: Prognosis of hypopituitarism resulting from tumor is worse than other causes. The reaction of hormone replacement therapy. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Lipoma? [/INST] Lipoma is usually asymptomatic. However, it may be painful. Lipomas are often located under the skin. They often affect the neck, shoulders, back, arms and thighs. They are usually less than 2 inches or 5 centimeters in diameter. Large lipomas are usually less than 10 cm. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Lipoma ? [/INST] The exact cause of lipomas is not clear. Studies suggest injury may help the development of lipoma. Genetic factors likely play a role in the development of lipomas. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Lipoma ? [/INST] A lipoma is rarely a serious medical condition. However, a rapidly growing mass needs further evaluations. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Lipoma (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The outlook of lipoma is always good. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? [/INST] You may have intense or uncontrollable thirst, and crave ice water. You will produce large amounts of urine, usually more than 3 - 15 liters per day.
If you do not drink enough fluids, dehydration can result. Symptoms may include:
Dry mucous membranes Dry skin Sunken appearance to eyes Sunken fontanelles (soft spot) in infants
Other symptoms that can occur due to inadequate fluids include:
Fatigue, lethargy Headache Irritability Low body temperature Muscle pains Rapid heart rate Weight loss </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? [/INST] Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs when the kidney tubules do not respond to a chemical in the body called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin. ADH normally tells the kidneys to make the urine more concentrated.
As a result of the defect, the kidneys release an excessive amount of water into the urine, producing a large quantity of very dilute urine. This makes you produce large amounts of urine. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ? [/INST] Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is rare. Congenital diabetes insipidus is present at birth as a result of an inherited defect that usually affects men, although women can pass the gene on to their children.
Most commonly, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus develops because of other reasons. This is called an acquired disorder. Factors that can trigger the acquired form of this condition include:
Blockage in the urinary tract High calcium levels Low potassium levels Use of certain drugs (lithium, demeclocycline, amphotericin B) </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] If a person drinks enough fluids, this condition has no significant effects on the fluid or electrolyte balance of the body.
If the person does not drink enough fluids, high urine output may cause dehydration and high levels of sodium in the blood.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus that is present at birth is a chronic condition requiring lifelong treatment. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Neuroendocrine tumors? [/INST] Symptoms depend on which hormone is made by the tumor.
For example, insulinomas produce insulin, which helps the body lower blood sugar levels. Symptoms may include: Feeling tired or weak Shaking or sweating Headache Hunger Nervousness, anxiety, or feeling irritable Unclear thinking or feeling uneasy Double or blurry vision Fast or pounding heartbeat
If your blood sugar gets too low, you may faint, have a seizure, or even go into a coma.
Gastrinomas make the hormone gastrin, which tells the body to make stomach acid. Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain Diarrhea Ulcers in the stomach and small bowel Vomiting blood (occasionally)
Glucagonomas make the hormone glucagon, which helps the body raise blood sugar levels. Symptoms can include: Diabetes Red, blistery rash in the groin or buttocks Weight loss </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Neuroendocrine tumors? [/INST] In the normal pancreas, cells called islet cells produce hormones that regulate a variety of bodily functions, such as blood sugar level and the production of stomach acid.
Tumors that arise from islet cells of the pancreas can also produce a variety of hormones, though some do not.
Although islet cells produce many different hormones, most tumors release only one hormone that leads to specific symptoms. Pancreatic islet cell tumors can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant).
Islet cell tumors include:
Gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) Glucagonomas Insulinomas </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Neuroendocrine tumors ? [/INST] A family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I (MEN I) is a risk factor for islet cell tumors. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Neuroendocrine tumors ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you develop symptoms of these tumors, especially if you have a family history of MEN I. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Neuroendocrine tumors (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] You may be cured if the tumors are surgically removed before they have spread to other organs. If tumors are cancerous, chemotherapy may be used, but it usually cannot cure patients.
Life-threatening problems (such as very low blood sugar) can occur due to excess hormone production, or if the cancer spreads throughout the body. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of osteoporosis? [/INST] There are no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. Symptoms occurring late in the disease include:
Bone pain or tenderness Fractures with little or no trauma Loss of height (as much as 6 inches) over time Low back pain due to fractures of the spinal bones Neck pain due to fractures of the spinal bones Stooped posture or kyphosis, also called a "dowager's hump" </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes osteoporosis? [/INST] Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease. Researchers estimate that about 1 out of 5 American women over the age of 50 have osteoporosis. About half of all women over the age of 50 will have a fracture of the hip, wrist, or vertebra (bones of the spine). Osteoporosis occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body or both.
Calcium and phosphate are two minerals that are essential for normal bone formation. Throughout youth, your body uses these minerals to produce bones. If you do not get enough calcium, or if your body does not absorb enough calcium from the diet, bone production and bone tissues may suffer.
As you age, calcium and phosphate may be reabsorbed back into the body from the bones, which makes the bone tissue weaker. This can result in brittle, fragile bones that are more prone to fractures, even without injury. Usually, the loss occurs gradually over years. Many times, a person will have a fracture before becoming aware that the disease is present. By the time a fracture occurs, the disease is in its advanced stages and damage is severe. The leading causes of osteoporosis are a drop in estrogen in women at the time of menopause and a drop in testosterone in men. Women over age 50 and men over age 70 have a higher risk for osteoporosis.
Other causes include: Being confined to a bed Chronic rheumatoid arthritis, chronic kidney disease, eating disorders Taking corticosteroid medications (prednisone, methylprednisolone) every day for more than 3 months, or taking some antiseizure drugs Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Osteoporosis ? [/INST] White women, especially those with a family history of osteoporosis, have a greater than average risk of developing osteoporosis. Other risk factors include:
Absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) for long periods of time Drinking a large amount of alcohol Family history of osteoporosis History of hormone treatment for prostate cancer or breast cancer Low body weight Smoking Too little calcium in the diet </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Osteoporosis ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of osteoporosis or if you wish to be screened for the condition. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Osteoporosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Medications to treat osteoporosis can help prevent fractures, but vertebrae that have already collapsed cannot be reversed. Some persons with osteoporosis become severely disabled as a result of weakened bones. Hip fractures leave about half of the patients unable to walk independently. This is one of the major reasons people are admitted to nursing homes. Although osteoporosis is debilitating, it does not affect life expectancy. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Pheochromocytoma? [/INST] Abdominal pain Chest pain Irritability Nervousness Pallor Palpitations Rapid heart rate Severe headache Sweating Weight loss
Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:
Hand tremor High blood pressure Sleeping difficulty
Symptom attacks may occur at unpredictable intervals and usually last 15 to 20 minutes. The attacks may increase in frequency, length, and severity as the tumor grows. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Pheochromocytoma? [/INST] Pheochromocytoma may occur as a single tumor or as more than one growth. It usually develops in the center (medulla) of one or both adrenal glands. Rarely, this kind of tumor occurs outside the adrenal gland, usually somewhere else in the abdomen.
Very few pheochromocytomas are cancerous.
The tumors may occur at any age, but they are most common from early to mid-adulthood. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pheochromocytoma ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if:
You have symptoms of pheochromocytoma You had a pheochromocytoma in the past and your symptoms return </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Pheochromocytoma (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Most patients who have noncancerous tumors that are removed with surgery are still alive after 5 years. The tumors come back in less than 10% of these patients. Levels of the hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine return to normal after surgery. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Pituitary adenoma? [/INST] Most pituitary tumors produce too much of one or more hormones. As a result, symptoms of one or more of the following conditions can occur:
Hyperthyroidism Cushing syndrome Gigantism or acromegaly Nipple discharge
Symptoms caused by pressure from a larger pituitary tumor may include:
Headache Lethargy Nasal discharge Nausea and vomiting Problems with the sense of smell Visual changes Double vision Drooping eyelids Visual field deficit
Rarely, these symptoms may occur suddenly and can be severe. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Pituitary adenoma? [/INST] The causes of pituitary adenomas are unknown. However, some are part of a hereditary disorder called multiple endocrine neoplasia I (MEN I). </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Pituitary adenoma ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if you develop any symptoms of a pituitary tumor. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Pituitary adenoma (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] If the tumor can be surgically removed, the outlook is fair to good, depending upon whether the entire tumor is removed. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Precocious puberty? [/INST] Before 8 or 9 yeays old, girls and boys with precocious puberty show signs of secondary sex characteristics.
Girls
First period (menstruation) Mature outer genitals Rapid height growth Breasts develpment Armpit or pubic hair
Boys
Growth of the testes and penis Armpit or pubic hair, and facial hair, often first on the upper lip Muscle growth, rapid height growth Voice deepening </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Precocious puberty ? [/INST] Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Disorders of the testicles, ovaries, or adrenal glands Hypothalamic hamartoma McCune-Albright syndrome Tumors that release a hormone called hCG </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Precocious puberty ? [/INST] If your child has any signs and symptoms of precocious puberty, call your health care provider to identify the cause of the disease. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Precocious puberty (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Prognosis in patients with precocious puberty depends on the cause. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Primary amenorrhea? [/INST] A female with amenorrhea will have no menstrual flow with or without other signs of puberty. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Primary amenorrhea? [/INST] Hormones play a big role in a woman's menstrual cycle. Hormone problems can occur when:
Changes occur to the parts of the brain where hormones that help manage the menstrual cycle are produced The ovaries are not working correctly
These problems may be due to:
Genetic defects Infections that occur in the womb or after birth Other birth defects Tumors
In many cases, the cause of primary amenorrhea is not known.
Conditions associated with primary amenorrhea include:
Adrenogenital syndrome Anorexia nervosa Chromosomal abnormalities such as Turner syndrome or Sawyer syndrome Congenital heart disease (cyanotic) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Craniopharyngioma Chronic (long-term) illnesses Cushing's disease Cystic fibrosis Gonadal dysgenesis Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Hyperprolactinemia Obesity Prader-Willi syndrome Polycystic ovarian disease Testicular feminization True hermaphroditism Tumors of the pituitary or adrenal glands Tumors of the ovaries </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Primary amenorrhea ? [/INST] Most girls begin menstruating between ages 9 and 18, with an average around 12 years old. Primary amenorrhea typically occurs when a girl is older than 15, if she has undergone other normal changes that occur during puberty. Primary amenorrhea may occur with or without other signs of puberty.
Being born with poorly formed genital or pelvic organs (missing uterus or vagina, vaginal septum, cervical stenosis, or imperforate hymen) can lead to primary amenorrhea. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Primary amenorrhea ? [/INST] Call your health provider if your daughter is older than age 16 and has not yet begun menstruating, or if she is 14 and shows no other signs of puberty. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Primary amenorrhea (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Overall the outlook is good, depending on the cause of the amenorrhea. If the amenorrhea is caused by one of the following conditions, there is a good chance that it can be corrected with medication, lifestyle changes, or surgery:
Adrenogenital syndrome Chronic illness Congenital heart disease Drastic weight reduction Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Imperforate hymen or vaginal septum Malnutrition Normal delay of onset (up to age 14 or 15) Obesity Overactive thyroid
Periods are unlikely to start on their own if the amenorrhea was caused by one of the following conditions:
Congenital abnormalities of the upper genital system Craniopharyngioma Cystic fibrosis Gonadal dysgenesis Prader-Willi syndrome Testicular feminization syndrome True hermaphroditism Turner syndrome (XO)
If the amenorrhea cannot be corrected, it is sometimes possible to create a menstrual-like situation (pseudomenstruation) with medications. Medicines can help you feel more like your friends or family, and will also protect the bones from becoming too thin (osteoporosis). </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Prolactinoma? [/INST] Early prolactinoma does not have any symptoms. As the tumor grows larger, people may notice one or more of the following symptoms:
Abnormal milk flow from the breast in a woman who is not pregnant or nursing Breast tenderness in women Stopping of menstruation not related to menopause Decreased sexual interest Headache Infertility Vision changes
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. Diseases with similar symptoms are:
Pituitary tumors that do not release prolactin Hypothalamus tumor </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Prolactinoma? [/INST] Although research continues to unravel the mysteries of disordered cell growth, the cause of pituitary tumors remains unknown. It has been shown that stress can significantly raise prolactin levels which should make stress a diagnostic differential though it usually is not considered such. Most pituitary tumors are sporadic--they are not genetically passed from parents to offspring. The majority of moderately raised prolactin levels (up to 5000mIU/L) are not due to microprolactinomas but other causes. The effects of some prescription drugs are the most common, but the normal physiological causes of pregnancy & breastfeeding should not be forgotten, nor the effects of other pituitary tumours. This is discussed more under Hyperprolactinaemia. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Prolactinoma ? [/INST] Prolactinoma is the most common type of pituitary tumor (adenoma). It makes up at least 30% of all pituitary adenomas. Most pituitary tumors are noncancerous (benign). Prolactinoma may occur as part of a hereditary disorder called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) Prolactinomas occur most commonly in people under age 40. They are about five times more common in women than men, but are rare in children. At least half of all prolactinomas are very small (less than 1 cm or 3/8 of an inch in diameter). These microprolactinomas are more common in women. Many small tumors remain small and never get larger. Larger tumors, called macroprolactinomas, are more common in men. Prolactinomas in men tend to occur at an older age and can grow to a large size before any symptoms appear. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Prolactinoma ? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of prolactinoma develop. If you have had a prolactinoma in the past, call your health care provider if the symptoms return. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have Prolactinoma (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] The prognosis of prolactinoma depends on the following:
Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery. The patient’s general health Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hyperthyroidism? [/INST] Symptoms of hyperthyroidism vary from person to person. Usual signs include the following:
Goiter Increased appetite, but weight loss Palpitation Hypertension Increased sensitivity to heat and perspiration Nervousness, anxiety or irritability, difficulty sleeping Hand tremors Fatigue, muscle weakness Changes in menstrual patterns (usually lighter flow, less frequent periods) in women
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for hyperthyroidism? [/INST] Graves’ disease Thyroid nodules Thyroiditis Too much iodine ingestion Over-medicating with synthetic thyroid hormone </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have hyperthyroidism? [/INST] Call your health care provider if symptoms of hyperthyroidism develop. If you experience either of the following symptoms, seeking urgent medical care as soon as possible:
Palpitation Severe hypertension </s>
|
<s>[INST] What to expect if I have hyperthyroidism (Outlook/Prognosis)? [/INST] Many cases of hyperthyroidism are generally treatable. Prognosis depends on whether or not the patient has severe complications. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Secondary amenorrhea? [/INST] No menstrual period for 6 months or longer Previously had one or more menstrual periods that started on their own
Other symptoms that can occur with secondary amenorrhea include:
Breast size changes Considerable weight gain or weight loss Discharge from the breast (galactorrhea) Headache Increased hair growth in a "male" pattern (hirsutism) and acne Vaginal dryness Voice changes
If amenorrhea is caused by a pituitary tumor, there may be other symptoms related to the tumor, such as vision loss. </s>
|
<s>[INST] What causes Secondary amenorrhea? [/INST] Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or in menopause are not considered to have secondary amenorrhea.
Women who are taking birth control pills or receive hormone shots such as Depo-Provera may not have any monthly bleeding. When they stop taking these hormones, their periods may not return for more than 6 months.
You are more likely to have amenorrhea if you:
Are obese Exercise excessively and for long periods of time Have less than 15% - 17% body fat Have severe anxiety or emotional distress Lose a lot of weight suddenly (for example, with a strict diet or after gastric bypass surgery)
Other causes include:
Brain (pituitary) tumors Polycystic ovarian syndrome Premature ovarian failure Thyroid dysfunction
The following drugs may also cause missed periods:
Busulfan Chemotherapy drugs for cancer Chlorambucil Cyclophosphamide Phenothiazines </s>
|
<s>[INST] Who is at highest risk for Secondary amenorrhea ? [/INST] Procedures such as a dilation and curettage (D and C) can lead to scar tissue formation that may cause a woman to stop menstruating. This is called Asherman syndrome. Scarring may also be caused by some severe pelvic infections. </s>
|
<s>[INST] When to seek urgent medical care when I have Secondary amenorrhea ? [/INST] Call for an appointment with your primary health care provider or OB/GYN provider if you have missed more than one period so that you can get diagnosed and treated, if necessary. </s>
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.