Datasets:
anhtunguyen98
/
LLM-SWP

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
text
stringlengths
1
146k
Former Vice President Spiro Agnew, having pleaded no contest (which subjects a person to the same criminal penalties as a guilty plea, but is not an admission of guilt for a civil suit) to charges of bribery and tax evasion, was disbarred from Maryland, the state of which he had previously been governor. Former President Richard Nixon was disbarred from New York in 1976 for obstruction of justice related to the Watergate scandal. He had attempted to resign from the New York bar, as he had done with California and the Supreme Court, but his resignation was not accepted as he would not acknowledge that he was unable to defend himself from the charges brought against him.
In 2001, following a 5-year suspension by the Arkansas bar, the United States Supreme Court suspended Bill Clinton, providing 40 days for him to contest disbarment. He resigned before the end of the 40 day period, thus avoiding disbarment. Alger Hiss was disbarred for a felony conviction, but later became the first person reinstated to the bar in Massachusetts after disbarment. In 2007, Mike Nifong, the District Attorney of Durham County, North Carolina who presided over the 2006 Duke University lacrosse case, was disbarred for prosecutorial misconduct related to his handling of the case. In April 2012, a three-member panel appointed by the Arizona Supreme Court voted unanimously to disbar Andrew Thomas, former County Attorney of Maricopa County, Arizona, and a former close confederate of Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio.
According to the panel, Thomas "outrageously exploited power, flagrantly fostered fear, and disgracefully misused the law" while serving as Maricopa County Attorney. The panel found "clear and convincing evidence" that Thomas brought unfounded and malicious criminal and civil charges against political opponents, including four state judges and the state attorney general. "Were this a criminal case," the panel concluded, "we are confident that the evidence would establish this conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt." Jack Thompson, the Florida lawyer noted for his activism against Howard Stern, video games, and rap music, was permanently disbarred for various charges of misconduct. The action was the result of several grievances claiming that Thompson had made defamatory, false statements and attempted to humiliate, embarrass, harass or intimidate his opponents.
The order was made on September 25, 2008, effective October 25. However, Thompson attempted to appeal to the higher courts in order to avoid the penalty actually taking effect. Neither the US District court, nor the US Supreme Court would hear his appeal, rendering the judgment of the Florida Supreme Court final. Ed Fagan, a New York lawyer who prominently represented Holocaust victims against Swiss banks, was disbarred in New York (in 2008) and New Jersey (in 2009) for failing to pay court fines and fees; and for misappropriating client and escrow trust funds. F. Lee Bailey, noted criminal defense attorney, was disbarred by the state of Florida in 2001, with reciprocal disbarment in Massachusetts in 2002.
The Florida disbarment was the result of his handling of stock in the DuBoc marijuana case. Bailey was found guilty of 7 counts of attorney misconduct by the Florida Supreme Court. Bailey had transferred a large portion of DuBoc's assets into his own accounts, using the interest gained on those assets to pay for personal expenses. In March 2005, Bailey filed to regain his law license in Massachusetts. The book Florida Pulp Nonfiction details the peculiar facts of the DuBoc case along with extended interviews with Bailey that include his own defense. Bailey is also best known for infamously representing murder suspect O. J. Simpson in 1994.
References Category:Legal ethics Category:Practice of law Category:Abuse of the legal system
Alder–Reilly anomaly, or Alder anomaly, is an inherited abnormality of white blood cells associated with mucopolysaccharidosis. When blood smears and bone marrow preparations from patients with Alder-Reilly anomaly are stained and examined microscopically, large, coarse granules may be seen in their neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The condition may be mistaken for toxic granulation, a type of abnormal granulation in neutrophils that occurs transiently in inflammatory conditions. In addition to mucopolysaccharidosis, Alder–Reilly anomaly may occur in lipofuscinosis and Tay–Sachs disease. While the anomaly is generally considered to exhibit autosomal recessive inheritance, it may also occur in carriers who are heterozygous for the Tay–Sachs mutation, although the inclusions are much less frequent than in homozygotes.
Alder–Reilly anomaly is not diagnostic of any disorder and does not correlate with disease severity. Affected white blood cells function normally. Alder–Reilly inclusions stain appear violet when treated with Wright–Giemsa stain and, in mucopolysaccharidosis, stain metachromatically with toluidine blue. Metachromatic staining is not seen in Tay–Sachs disease. The granules tend to be round or comma-shaped and may be surrounded by a clearing in the cytoplasm. References Category:Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood Category:Proteoglycan metabolism disorders
In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state. The term, closely associated with the work of Edward Lorenz, is derived from the metaphorical example of the details of a tornado (the exact time of formation, the exact path taken) being influenced by minor perturbations such as the flapping of the wings of a distant butterfly several weeks earlier. Lorenz discovered the effect when he observed that runs of his weather model with initial condition data that was rounded in a seemingly inconsequential manner would fail to reproduce the results of runs with the unrounded initial condition data.
A very small change in initial conditions had created a significantly different outcome. The idea that small causes may have large effects in general and in weather specifically was earlier recognized by French mathematician and engineer Henri Poincaré and American mathematician and philosopher Norbert Wiener. Edward Lorenz's work placed the concept of instability of the Earth's atmosphere onto a quantitative base and linked the concept of instability to the properties of large classes of dynamic systems which are undergoing nonlinear dynamics and deterministic chaos. History In The Vocation of Man (1800), Johann Gottlieb Fichte says "you could not remove a single grain of sand from its place without thereby ... changing something throughout all parts of the immeasurable whole".
Chaos theory and the sensitive dependence on initial conditions were described in the literature in a particular case of the three-body problem by Henri Poincaré in 1890. He later proposed that such phenomena could be common, for example, in meteorology. In 1898, Jacques Hadamard noted general divergence of trajectories in spaces of negative curvature. Pierre Duhem discussed the possible general significance of this in 1908. The idea that the death of one butterfly could eventually have a far-reaching ripple effect on subsequent historical events made its earliest known appearance in "A Sound of Thunder", a 1952 short story by Ray Bradbury about time travel.
In 1961, Lorenz was running a numerical computer model to redo a weather prediction from the middle of the previous run as a shortcut. He entered the initial condition 0.506 from the printout instead of entering the full precision 0.506127 value. The result was a completely different weather scenario. Lorenz wrote: In 1963, Lorenz published a theoretical study of this effect in a highly cited, seminal paper called Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow (the calculations were performed on a Royal McBee LGP-30 computer). Elsewhere he stated: Following suggestions from colleagues, in later speeches and papers Lorenz used the more poetic butterfly. According to Lorenz, when he failed to provide a title for a talk he was to present at the 139th meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1972, Philip Merrilees concocted Does the flap of a butterfly’s wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas?
as a title. Although a butterfly flapping its wings has remained constant in the expression of this concept, the location of the butterfly, the consequences, and the location of the consequences have varied widely. The phrase refers to the idea that a butterfly's wings might create tiny changes in the atmosphere that may ultimately alter the path of a tornado or delay, accelerate or even prevent the occurrence of a tornado in another location. The butterfly does not power or directly create the tornado, but the term is intended to imply that the flap of the butterfly's wings can cause the tornado: in the sense that the flap of the wings is a part of the initial conditions of an inter-connected complex web; one set of conditions leads to a tornado while the other set of conditions doesn't.
The flapping wing represents a small change in the initial condition of the system, which cascades to large-scale alterations of events (compare: domino effect). Had the butterfly not flapped its wings, the trajectory of the system might have been vastly different—but it's also equally possible that the set of conditions without the butterfly flapping its wings is the set that leads to a tornado. The butterfly effect presents an obvious challenge to prediction, since initial conditions for a system such as the weather can never be known to complete accuracy. This problem motivated the development of ensemble forecasting, in which a number of forecasts are made from perturbed initial conditions.
Some scientists have since argued that the weather system is not as sensitive to initial conditions as previously believed. David Orrell argues that the major contributor to weather forecast error is model error, with sensitivity to initial conditions playing a relatively small role. Stephen Wolfram also notes that the Lorenz equations are highly simplified and do not contain terms that represent viscous effects; he believes that these terms would tend to damp out small perturbations. While the "butterfly effect" is often explained as being synonymous with sensitive dependence on initial conditions of the kind described by Lorenz in his 1963 paper (and previously observed by Poincaré), the butterfly metaphor was originally applied to work he published in 1969 which took the idea a step further.
Lorenz proposed a mathematical model for how tiny motions in the atmosphere scale up to affect larger systems. He found that the systems in that model could only be predicted up to a specific point in the future, and beyond that, reducing the error in the initial conditions would not increase the predictability (as long as the error is not zero). This demonstrated that a deterministic system could be "observationally indistinguishable" from a non-deterministic one in terms of predictability. Recent re-examinations of this paper suggest that it offered a significant challenge to the idea that our universe is deterministic, comparable to the challenges offered by quantum physics.
Illustration {|class="wikitable" width=100% |- ! colspan=3|The butterfly effect in the Lorenz attractor |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| time 0 ≤ t ≤ 30 (larger) | style="text-align:center;"| z coordinate (larger) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:center;"| |- |colspan=3| These figures show two segments of the three-dimensional evolution of two trajectories (one in blue, and the other in yellow) for the same period of time in the Lorenz attractor starting at two initial points that differ by only 10−5 in the x-coordinate. Initially, the two trajectories seem coincident, as indicated by the small difference between the z coordinate of the blue and yellow trajectories, but for t > 23 the difference is as large as the value of the trajectory.
The final position of the cones indicates that the two trajectories are no longer coincident at t = 30. |- | style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| An animation of the Lorenz attractor shows the continuous evolution. |} Theory and mathematical definition Recurrence, the approximate return of a system towards its initial conditions, together with sensitive dependence on initial conditions, are the two main ingredients for chaotic motion. They have the practical consequence of making complex systems, such as the weather, difficult to predict past a certain time range (approximately a week in the case of weather) since it is impossible to measure the starting atmospheric conditions completely accurately.
A dynamical system displays sensitive dependence on initial conditions if points arbitrarily close together separate over time at an exponential rate. The definition is not topological, but essentially metrical. If M is the state space for the map , then displays sensitive dependence to initial conditions if for any x in M and any δ > 0, there are y in M, with distance d(. , .) such that and such that for some positive parameter a. The definition does not require that all points from a neighborhood separate from the base point x, but it requires one positive Lyapunov exponent.
The simplest mathematical framework exhibiting sensitive dependence on initial conditions is provided by a particular parametrization of the logistic map: which, unlike most chaotic maps, has a closed-form solution: where the initial condition parameter is given by . For rational , after a finite number of iterations maps into a periodic sequence. But almost all are irrational, and, for irrational , never repeats itself – it is non-periodic. This solution equation clearly demonstrates the two key features of chaos – stretching and folding: the factor 2n shows the exponential growth of stretching, which results in sensitive dependence on initial conditions (the butterfly effect), while the squared sine function keeps folded within the range [0, 1].
In physical systems In weather The butterfly effect is most familiar in terms of weather; it can easily be demonstrated in standard weather prediction models, for example. The climate scientists James Annan and William Connolley explain that chaos is important in the development of weather prediction methods; models are sensitive to initial conditions. They add the caveat: "Of course the existence of an unknown butterfly flapping its wings has no direct bearing on weather forecasts, since it will take far too long for such a small perturbation to grow to a significant size, and we have many more immediate uncertainties to worry about.
So the direct impact of this phenomenon on weather prediction is often somewhat wrong." In quantum mechanics The potential for sensitive dependence on initial conditions (the butterfly effect) has been studied in a number of cases in semiclassical and quantum physics including atoms in strong fields and the anisotropic Kepler problem. Some authors have argued that extreme (exponential) dependence on initial conditions is not expected in pure quantum treatments; however, the sensitive dependence on initial conditions demonstrated in classical motion is included in the semiclassical treatments developed by Martin Gutzwiller and Delos and co-workers. Other authors suggest that the butterfly effect can be observed in quantum systems.
Karkuszewski et al. consider the time evolution of quantum systems which have slightly different Hamiltonians. They investigate the level of sensitivity of quantum systems to small changes in their given Hamiltonians. Poulin et al. presented a quantum algorithm to measure fidelity decay, which "measures the rate at which identical initial states diverge when subjected to slightly different dynamics". They consider fidelity decay to be "the closest quantum analog to the (purely classical) butterfly effect". Whereas the classical butterfly effect considers the effect of a small change in the position and/or velocity of an object in a given Hamiltonian system, the quantum butterfly effect considers the effect of a small change in the Hamiltonian system with a given initial position and velocity.
This quantum butterfly effect has been demonstrated experimentally. Quantum and semiclassical treatments of system sensitivity to initial conditions are known as quantum chaos. In popular culture The journalist Peter Dizikes, writing in The Boston Globe in 2008, notes that popular culture likes the idea of the butterfly effect, but gets it wrong. Whereas Lorenz suggested correctly with his butterfly metaphor that predictability "is inherently limited", popular culture supposes that each event can be explained by finding the small reasons that caused it. Dizikes explains: "It speaks to our larger expectation that the world should be comprehensible – that everything happens for a reason, and that we can pinpoint all those reasons, however small they may be.
But nature itself defies this expectation." See also Actuality and potentiality Avalanche effect Behavioral cusp Butterfly effect in popular culture Cascading failure Causality Chain reaction Clapotis Determinism Domino effect Dynamical systems Fractal Great Stirrup Controversy Innovation butterfly Kessler syndrome Law of unintended consequences Norton's dome Point of divergence Positive feedback Representativeness heuristic Ripple effect Snowball effect Traffic congestion Tropical cyclogenesis References Further reading James Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science, New York: Viking, 1987. 368 pp. External links Weather and Chaos: The Work of Edward N. Lorenz. A short documentary that explains the "butterfly effect" in context of Lorenz's work.
The Chaos Hypertextbook. An introductory primer on chaos and fractals The meaning of the butterfly: Why pop culture loves the 'butterfly effect,' and gets it totally wrong, Peter Dizikes, The Boston Globe, June 8, 2008 New England Complex Systems Institute - Concepts: Butterfly Effect The Chaos Hypertextbook. An introductory primer on chaos and fractals ChaosBook.org. Advanced graduate textbook on chaos (no fractals) Category:Causality Category:Chaos theory Category:Determinism Category:Metaphors referring to insects Category:Physical phenomena Category:Stability theory
Status epilepticus (SE) is a single seizure lasting more than five minutes or two or more seizures within a five-minute period without the person returning to normal between them. Previous definitions used a 30-minute time limit. The seizures can be of the tonic–clonic type, with a regular pattern of contraction and extension of the arms and legs, or of types that do not involve contractions, such as absence seizures or complex partial seizures. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency, particularly if treatment is delayed. Status epilepticus may occur in those with a history of epilepsy as well as those with an underlying problem of the brain.
These underlying brain problems may include trauma, infections, or strokes among others. Diagnosis often involves checking the blood sugar, imaging of the head, a number of blood tests, and an electroencephalogram. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures may present similarly. Other conditions that may also appear to be SE include low blood sugar, movement disorders, meningitis, and delirium among others. Benzodiazepines are the preferred initial treatment after which typically phenytoin is given. Possible benzodiazepines include intravenous lorazepam as well as intramuscular injections of midazolam. A number of other medications may be used if these are not effective such as valproic acid, phenobarbital, propofol, or ketamine.
Intubation may be required to help maintain the person's airway. Between 10 and 30% of people who have status epilepticus die within 30 days. The underlying cause, the person's age, and the length of the seizure are important factors in the outcome. Status epilepticus occurs in up to 40 per 100,000 people per year. It makes up about 1% of people who visit the emergency department. Signs and symptoms Status epilepticus can be divided into two categories: convulsive and nonconvulsive (NCSE). Convulsive Convulsive status epilepticus presents with a regular pattern of contraction and extension of the arms and legs. Epilepsia partialis continua is a variant involving hour-, day-, or even week-long jerking.
It is a consequence of vascular disease, tumors, or encephalitis, and is drug-resistant. Generalized myoclonus is commonly seen in comatose people following CPR and is seen by some as an indication of catastrophic damage to the neocortex. Refractory status epilepticus is defined as status epilepticus that continues despite treatment with benzodiazepines and one antiepileptic drug. Super-refractory status epilepticus is defined as status epilepticus that continues or recurs 24 hours or more after the onset of anaesthetic therapy, including those cases where status epilepticus recurs on the reduction or withdrawal of anesthesia. Nonconvulsive Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is a relatively long duration change in a person's level of consciousness without large scale bending and extension of the limbs due to seizure activity.
It is of two main types with either prolonged complex partial seizures or absence seizures. Up to a quarter of cases of SE are nonconvulsive. In the case of complex partial status epilepticus, the seizure is confined to a small area of the brain, normally the temporal lobe. Absence status epilepticus is marked by a generalized seizure affecting the whole brain. An EEG is needed to differentiate between the two conditions. This results in episodes characterized by a long-lasting stupor, staring, and unresponsiveness. Causes Only 25% of people who experience seizures or status epilepticus have epilepsy.
The following is a list of possible causes: Stroke Hemorrhage Intoxicants or adverse reactions to drugs Insufficient dosage or sudden withdrawal of a medication (especially anticonvulsants) Consumption of alcoholic beverages while on an anticonvulsant, or alcohol withdrawal Dieting or fasting while on an anticonvulsant Starting on a new medication that reduces the effectiveness of the anticonvulsant or changes drug metabolism, decreasing its half-life, leading to decreased blood concentrations Developing a resistance to an anticonvulsant already being used Gastroenteritis while on an anticonvulsant, where lower levels of anticonvulsant may exist in the bloodstream due to vomiting of gastric contents or reduced absorption due to mucosal edema Developing a new, unrelated condition in which seizures are coincidentally also a symptom, but are not controlled by an anticonvulsant already used Metabolic disturbances—such as affected kidney and liver Sleep deprivation of more than a short duration is often the cause of a (usually, but not always, temporary) loss of seizure control.
Diagnosis Definitions vary, but currently it is defined as one continuous, unremitting seizure lasting longer than five minutes, or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures for greater than five minutes. Previous definitions used a 30-minute time limit. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is believed to be under-diagnosed. Treatments Benzodiazepines are the preferred initial treatment after which typically phenytoin or fosphenytoin is given. First aid guidelines for seizures state that, as a rule, an ambulance should be called for seizures lasting longer than five minutes (or sooner if this is the person's first seizure episode and no precipitating factors are known, or if SE happens to a person with epilepsy whose seizures were previously absent or well controlled for a considerable time period).
Benzodiazepines When given intravenously, lorazepam appears to be superior to diazepam for stopping seizure activity. Intramuscular midazolam appears to be a reasonable option especially in those who are not in hospital. The benzodiazepine of choice in North America for initial treatment is lorazepam, due to its relatively long duration of action (2–8 hours) when injected, and rapid onset of action, which is thought to be due to its high affinity for GABA receptors and low lipid solubility, which causes it to remain in the vascular compartment. If lorazepam is not available, or intravenous access is not possible, then diazepam should be given.
In several countries outside North America, intravenous clonazepam is regarded as the drug of first choice. For instance, a guideline from the Netherlands recommends clonazepam. Cited advantages of clonazepam include a longer duration of action than diazepam, and a lower propensity for the development of acute tolerance than lorazepam. The use of clonazepam for this indication has not caught on in North America, as it is not available as an intravenous formulation there. Particularly in children, another popular treatment choice is midazolam, given into the side of the mouth or the nose. Sometimes, the failure of lorazepam alone is considered to be enough to classify a case of SE as resistant to treatment.
Phenytoin and fosphenytoin Phenytoin was once another first-line therapy, although the prodrug fosphenytoin can be administered three times as fast and with far fewer injection site reactions. If these or any other hydantoin derivatives are used, then cardiac monitoring is a must if they are administered intravenously. Because the hydantoins take 15–30 minutes to work, a benzodiazepine or barbiturate is often coadministered. Because of diazepam's short duration of action, they were often administered together anyway. Barbiturates Before the benzodiazepines were invented, there were the barbiturates, which are still used today if benzodiazepines or the hydantoins are not an option. These are used to induce a barbituric coma.
The barbiturate most commonly used for this is phenobarbital. Thiopental or pentobarbital may also be used for that purpose if the seizures have to be stopped immediately or if the person has already been compromised by the underlying illness or toxic/metabolic-induced seizures; however, in those situations, thiopental is the agent of choice. Carbamazepine and valproate Valproate is available to be given intravenously, and may be used for status epilepticus. Carbamazepine is not available in an intravenous formulation, and does not play a role in status epilepticus. Others If this proves ineffective or if barbiturates cannot be used for some reason, then a general anesthetic such as propofol may be tried; sometimes it is used second after the failure of lorazepam.
This also means putting the people on artificial ventilation. Propofol has been shown to be effective in suppressing the jerks seen in myoclonus status epilepticus. Ketamine, an NMDA antagonist drug, can be used as a last resort for drug-resistant status epilepticus. Lidocaine has been used in cases that do not improve with other more typical medications. One concern is that seizures often begin again 30 minutes after it is stopped. Additionally, it is not recommended in those with heart or liver problems. Prognosis Between 10 and 30% of people who have status epilepticus die within 30 days. The great majority of these people have an underlying brain condition causing their status seizure such as brain tumor, brain infection, brain trauma, or stroke.
However, people with diagnosed epilepsy who have a status seizure also have an increased risk of death if their condition is not stabilized quickly, their medication and sleep regimen adapted and adhered to, and stress and other stimulant (seizure trigger) levels controlled. However, with optimal neurological care, adherence to the medication regimen, and a good prognosis (no other underlying uncontrolled brain or other organic disease), the person—even people who have been diagnosed with epilepsy—in otherwise good health can survive with minimal or no brain damage, and can decrease risk of death and even avoid future seizures. Epidemiology In the United States, about 40 cases of SE occur annually per 100,000 people.
This includes about 10–20% of all first seizures. Research Allopregnanolone is being studied in a clinical trial by the Mayo Clinic to treat super-resistant status epilepticus. References External links Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society Category:Medical emergencies Category:Epilepsy Category:Seizure types Category:RTT Category:RTTEM
The anterior sacroiliac ligament consists of numerous thin bands, which connect the anterior surface of the lateral part of the sacrum to the margin of the auricular surface of the ilium and to the preauricular sulcus. See also Posterior sacroiliac ligament References External links () Category:Ligaments of the torso Category:Ligaments
Asbestos-ceramic is a type of pottery manufactured with asbestos and clay in Finland, Karelia and more widely in Fennoscandia from around 5,000 BC. Some remnants of this style of pottery lasted until as late as 200 AD. These pottery exhibit adiabatic behaviour. A certain vessel-type with insulating properties is also sometimes called asbestos-ceramic although it does not contain any asbestos. Origin and distribution Ceramics with an admixture of asbestos emerged in eastern Finland and the Karelia regions near Lake Ladoga, and also along the Neva river around 3600 BC, when Typical Comb Ware ceramics were replaced by Late Comb Ware ceramics.
The most probable origin of this style of ware is the shores of lake Saimaa in Finland, which is the only place for richer easily accessible natural deposits of asbestos in its area of distribution. Finds from inland Finland are the oldest. In Finland real asbestos-ware is known from ca. 3900–2800 BC to ca. 1800–1500 BC. In northern Scandinavia, asbestos ware appears apparently from ca. 1500 BC to ca. 500 BC. Some scholars argue that these pottery traditions were influenced from the Upper Volga and the Oka regions. Asbestos-ceramic of 'Lovozero Ware' type is also found in Fennoscandia, on the Bolshoy Oleny Island in the Murmansk region of Russia.
Furthermore, a later type of asbestos tempered ware was also found here, known in the Russian archaeological literature as ‘waffe’ ware. In Norwegian and Finnish literature, similar impressions on pottery are usually called ‘textile’ or ‘imitated textile’. Classification Asbestos ware is usually classified under comb ceramic ware. From the times of the earliest comb ware (ca. 5000 BC) in Finland, asbestos was mixed with clay as an adhesive. At some point, people started to make use of the characteristics of asbestos: its long fibres allowed large vessels with thin walls, which made them lighter, without compromising durability. Some of the vessels had 6 mm thick walls with a diameter of around 50 cm (Pöljä-style).
The ware is divided into the following styles (Finland): early asbestos ware: Pit-comb ware with asbestos Kaunissaari ware main styles: Pöljä ware Kierikki ware late asbestos ware: Jysmä ware Kaunissaari Ware (c. 4300-3800 cal BC) was an early asbestos-tempered ware. Its distribution is centred on the eastern lake area of Finland. Sperrings Ware was another type of early asbestos-tempered ware from about the same time. There are two variants of asbestos-pottery depending on its asbestos amount. Asbestos pottery had an asbestos amount of 50–60%. It is usually found along with evidence suggesting metal work, i.e. crucibles, moulds, slag, fused clay, artefacts of bronze and copper and stone sledge hammers.
There are a few finds of pure copper artifacts among asbestos ceramic finds. These include a bracelet and a hatchet (Finland) and some pieces of copper (Sweden). Asbestos ceramic may also have been used as a heat-storage medium. The vessel patterns are identical to the Neolithic and Bronze Age Jōmon culture in Japan (jōmon = rope pattern). The most common patterns, however, are the comb and pit decorations typical of North-Eastern Europe at the time (Finland). The term asbestos ware refers to vessels containing 90% asbestos and 10% clay. Asbestos ware can resist heat up to 900–1000 °C. The clay made shaping of the vessel possible, but the high amount of asbestos does not classify it as pottery in a formal sense.
It is believed that the asbestos ware was used in iron production such as spearheads, arrowheads and artefacts. The vessel is also drilled with many holes. The fact that the reduction of iron ore (FeO3) with abundant carbon generates large amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) may suggest that the drilled holes were used to increase the influx of air (oxygen) required for proper glowing process. Iron ore is abundant in lakes e.g. in Finland. Hair-temperature pottery Lastly, the term hair-temperature pottery refers to ware made of fine, sorted clay tempered with about 30% finely cut hair and chamotte with similar shape, size, and surface treatment (including decoration) as the asbestos pottery.
It does not generally contain asbestos, but some samples have small traces. Hair, when used as ceramic temper, leaves thin pores in the ware after firing. Its intended use is unknown, but its adiabatic capacity suggests some kind of insulating usage (but not heat resistance). The analysis made by University of Lund, Department of Quaternary Geology, on asbestos pottery was quite unexpected, since this part of Northern Europe, usually considered to be a step behind the rest of Europe, actually introduced iron production in the pre-Roman Iron Age. The style seems to disappear around 200 AD in Finland but continues in Scandinavia.
The disappearance is thought to be related to the transition to a semi-nomadic reindeer husbandry lifestyle. Notes Sources Hulthén, Birgitta, On Ceramic ware in Northern Scandinavia during the Neolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Age (1993). Category:Archaeological cultures of Northern Europe Category:Ancient pottery
Epsilon Indi (ε Indi, ε Ind) is a star system approximately 12 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Indus consisting of a K-type main-sequence star, ε Indi A, and two brown dwarfs, ε Indi Ba and ε Indi Bb, in a wide orbit around it. The brown dwarfs were discovered in 2003. ε Indi Ba is an early T dwarf (T1) and ε Indi Bb a late T dwarf (T6) separated by 0.6 arcseconds, with a projected distance of 1460 AU from their primary star. ε Indi A has one known planet, ε Indi Ab, with a mass of 3.3 Jupiter masses in a nearly circular orbit with a period of about 45 years.
ε Indi Ab is the closest Jovian exoplanet. The ε Indi system provides a benchmark case for the study of the formation of gas giants and brown dwarfs. Observation The constellation Indus (the Indian) first appeared in Johann Bayer's celestial atlas Uranometria in 1603. The 1801 star atlas Uranographia, by German astronomer Johann Elert Bode, places ε Indi as one of the arrows being held in the left hand of the Indian. In 1847, Heinrich Louis d'Arrest compared the position of this star in several catalogues dating back to 1750, and discovered that it possessed a measureable proper motion. That is, he found that the star had changed position across the celestial sphere over time.
In 1882–3, the parallax of ε Indi was measured by astronomers David Gill and William L. Elkin at the Cape of Good Hope. They derived a parallax estimate of arcseconds. In 1923, Harlow Shapley of the Harvard Observatory derived a parallax of 0.45 arcseconds. During Project Ozma in 1960, this star was examined for artificial radio signals, but none were found. In 1972, the Copernicus satellite was used to examine this star for the emission of ultraviolet laser signals. Again, the result was negative. ε Indi leads a list, compiled by Margaret Turnbull and Jill Tarter of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, of 17,129 nearby stars most likely to have planets that could support complex life.
The star is among five nearby paradigms as K-type stars of a type in a 'sweet spot’ between Sun-analog stars and M stars for the likelihood of evolved life, per analysis of Giada Arney from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Characteristics ε Indi A is a main-sequence star of spectral type K4.5V. The star has only about three-fourths the mass of the Sun. Its surface gravity is slightly higher than the Sun's. The metallicity of a star is the proportion of elements with higher atomic numbers than helium, being typically represented by the ratio of iron to hydrogen compared to the same ratio for the Sun; ε Indi A is found to have about 87% of the Sun's proportion of iron in its photosphere.
The corona of ε Indi A is similar to the Sun, with an X-ray luminosity of 2 ergs s−1 (2 W) and an estimated coronal temperature of 2 K. The stellar wind of this star expands outward, producing a bow shock at a distance of 63 AU. Downstream of the bow, the termination shock reaches as far as 140 AU from the star. This star has the third highest proper motion of any star visible to the unaided eye, after Groombridge 1830 and 61 Cygni, and the ninth highest overall. This motion will move the star into the constellation Tucana around 2640 AD.
ε Indi A has a space velocity relative to the Sun of 86 km/s, which is unusually high for what is considered a young star. It is thought to be a member of the ε Indi moving group of at least sixteen population I stars. This is an association of stars that have similar space velocity vectors, and therefore most likely formed at the same time and location. ε Indi will make its closest approach to the Sun in about 17,500 years when it makes perihelion passage at a distance of around . As seen from ε Indi, the Sun is a 2.6-magnitude star in Ursa Major, near the bowl of the Big Dipper.
Companions In January 2003, astronomers announced the discovery of a brown dwarf with a mass of 40 to 60 Jupiter masses in orbit around ε Indi A at a distance of at least 1,500 AU. In August 2003, astronomers discovered that this brown dwarf was actually a binary brown dwarf, with an apparent separation of 2.1 AU and an orbital period of about 15 years. Both brown dwarfs are of spectral class T; the more massive component, ε Indi Ba, is of spectral type T1–T1.5 and the less massive component, ε Indi Bb, of spectral type T6. Evolutionary models have been used to estimate the physical properties of these brown dwarfs from spectroscopic and photometric measurements.
These yield masses of and times the mass of Jupiter, and radii of and solar radii, for ε Indi Ba and ε Indi Bb, respectively. The effective temperatures are 1300–1340 K and 880–940 K, while the log g (cm s−1) surface gravities are 5.50 and 5.25, and their luminosities are and the luminosity of the Sun. They have an estimated metallicity of [M/H] = –0.2. Measurements of the radial velocity of Epsilon Indi by Endl et al. (2002) appear to show a trend that indicated a planetary companion with an orbital period of more than 20 years. A substellar object with minimum mass of 1.6 Jupiter masses and orbital separation of roughly 6.5 AU (a Jupiter-analogue) was within the parameters of the highly approximate data.
A visual search using the ESO's Very Large Telescope found one potential candidate. However, a subsequent examination by the Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS showed that this was a background object. As of 2009, a search for an unseen companion at 4 μm failed to detect an orbiting object. These observations further constrained the hypothetical object to be 5–20 times the mass of Jupiter, orbiting between 10–20 AU and have an inclination of more than 20°. Alternatively, it may be an exotic stellar remnant. A longer study of radial (to or from Earth) velocity, using the Echelle spectrometer on the HARPS telescope, to follow up on Endl findings, was published in a paper by M. Zechmeister et al.
in 2013. The findings confirm that, quoting the paper, "Epsilon Ind A has a steady long-term trend still explained by a planetary companion". This refined the radial-velocity trend observed and indicates a planetary companion with an orbital period of 45 years. A gas giant with a minimum mass of 0.97 Jupiter masses and a minimal orbital separation of roughly 9.0 AU could explain the observed trend. 9.0 AU is about the same distance out as Saturn. This does not quite qualify the planet as a true Jupiter analogue because it orbits considerably further out than 5.0 AU. Not only does it orbit further out, but ε Indi A is also dimmer than the Sun, so it would only receive about the same amount of energy per square meter as Uranus does from the Sun.
The radial-velocity trend was observed through all the observations so far taken using the HARPS telescope but due to the long time period predicted for just one orbit of the object around ε Indi A, more than 30 years, the astrometric phase coverage is not yet complete. In March 2018, the existence of the planet was confirmed using radial velocity measurements. At a separation of 3.3 arcseconds from its host star, ε Indi Ab is a candidate for direct imaging by the James Webb Space Telescope. In October 2019, Feng et al. published an updated orbit for the planet. They show that the orbit is slightly eccentric, with an eccentricity of about 0.26.
The mass of the planet is 3.25 Jupiter masses, and it orbits at a distance of 11.6 AU, with a period of 45 years. No excess infrared radiation that would indicate a debris disk has been detected around ε Indi. Such a debris disk could be formed from the collisions of planetesimals that survive from the early period of the star's protoplanetary disk. See also Epsilon Indi in fiction List of nearest stars Notes References External links Discovery of Nearest Known Brown Dwarf (eso0303 : 13 January 2003) Epsilon Indi Ab at The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2018-07-02. Indi, Epsilon CD-57 08464 209100 Category:High-proper-motion stars 108870 8387 0845 Category:Indus (constellation) Category:Planetary systems with one confirmed planet Category:K-type main-sequence stars Category:Local Bubble Category:T-type stars
This article contains links to Lists of hospitals in the United States, including U.S. States, the District, insular areas, and outlying islands. Links to more detailed state lists are shown. According to a report by the Sheps Center for Health Services Research at the University of North Carolina in 2017, 79 mostly rural hospitals have closed since 2010, mostly across the Southern United States. U.S. states In 2020, there were 5,250 acute care and critical access hospitals in the United States. In the decade from 2010 to 2020, dozens of hospitals have closed in rural areas of the United States, particularly in the Southeast region.
Of the 3,143 county-equivalents in the United States, there were 700 counties in the United States with no hospitals in 2020.
Insular areas Lists or actual hospitals in insular areas of the United States include: List of hospitals in American Samoa List of hospitals in Guam List of hospitals in the Northern Mariana Islands List of hospitals in Puerto Rico List of hospitals in the United States Virgin Islands Freely associated states: List of hospitals in the Federated States of Micronesia List of hospitals in the Marshall Islands List of hospitals in Palau Outlying islands Lists of hospitals in outlying islands of the United States include: Baker Island, none currently, uninhabited Howland Island, none currently, uninhabited Jarvis Island, none currently, uninhabited Johnston Atoll, none currently, underground hospital during World War II (19391941) Kingman Reef, none currently, uninhabited Midway Atoll, none currently Navassa Island, none currently, uninhabited Palmyra Atoll, none currently, unoccupied Wake Island, none currently, field hospitals during the Vietnam War to assist refugees See also Lists of specific types of hospitals: List of burn centers in the United States List of trauma centers in the United States List of sanatoria in the United States List of the oldest hospitals in the United States List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities by state Combat support hospital List of United States Navy hospital ships References Hospitals Hospitals US
Edgar John Rubin (September 6, 1886 - May 3, 1951) was a Danish psychologist/phenomenologist, remembered for his work on figure-ground perception as seen in such optical illusions like the Rubin vase. Born to Jewish parents, Rubin was born and raised in Copenhagen. Enrolling at the University of Copenhagen in 1904, he majored in psychology and finished his magister artium examination in philosophy in 1910. Gestalt psychology Having specialized in figure–ground organization, Rubin spent the following two years as a research associate for Georg Elias Müller in Göttingen, Germany, examining the recognition of visual figures at different angles and sizes. His theories became influential within Gestalt psychology, yet Rubin is typically not included among the early influentials.
Nor did he consider himself a Gestalt psychologist, being "sceptical of their attempts to construct wide-ranging theories". Nevertheless, his terminology was retained and featured in Kurt Koffka's Principles of Gestalt Psychology. In 1922, Rubin became Professor of Psychology at the University of Copenhagen, a position he held until his death in 1951. External links Edgar Rubin in Litteraturpriser.dk Figure and ground at 100. Jörgen L. Pind Principles of Gestalt Psychology (vol.7). Koffka, Kurt. p. 183. Category:1886 births Category:1951 deaths Category:Danish Jews Category:Danish psychologists
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor, EGFR. Human EGF is 6-kDa and has 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds. EGF was originally described as a secreted peptide found in the submaxillary glands of mice and in human urine. EGF has since been found in many human tissues including submandibular gland (submaxillary gland) and parotid gland. Initially, human EGF was known as urogastrone. Function EGF, via binding to its cognate receptor, results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Salivary EGF, which seems to be regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity.
The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis as well as mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and to physical, chemical and bacterial agents. Biological sources Epidermal growth factor can be found in urine, saliva, milk, tears, and plasma. The production of epidermal growth factor has been found to be stimulated by testosterone. Selected Polypeptide Growth Factors Mechanism EGF acts by binding with high affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the cell surface. This stimulates ligand-induced dimerization, activating the intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor (see the second diagram).
The tyrosine kinase activity, in turn, initiates a signal transduction cascade that results in a variety of biochemical changes within the cell – a rise in intracellular calcium levels, increased glycolysis and protein synthesis, and increases in the expression of certain genes including the gene for EGFR – that ultimately lead to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. EGF-family / EGF-like domain EGF is the founding member of the EGF-family of proteins. Members of this protein family have highly similar structural and functional characteristics. Besides EGF itself other family members include: Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) Amphiregulin (AR) Epiregulin (EPR) Epigen Betacellulin (BTC) neuregulin-1 (NRG1) neuregulin-2 (NRG2) neuregulin-3 (NRG3) neuregulin-4 (NRG4).
All family members contain one or more repeats of the conserved amino acid sequence: CX7CX4-5CX10-13CXCX8GXRC Where C is cysteine, G is glycine, R is arginine, and X represents any amino acid. This sequence contains six cysteine residues that form three intramolecular disulfide bonds. Disulfide bond formation generates three structural loops that are essential for high-affinity binding between members of the EGF-family and their cell-surface receptors. Interactions Epidermal growth factor has been shown to interact with epidermal growth factor receptor. Medical uses Recombinant human epidermal growth factor, sold under the brand name Heberprot-P, is used to treat diabetic foot ulcers. It can be given by injection into the wound site, or may be used topically.
Tentative evidence shows improved wound healing. Safety has been poorly studied. EGF is used to modify synthetic scaffolds for manufacturing of bioengineered grafts by emulsion electrospinning or surface modification methods. Bone regeneration EGF plays an enhancer role on osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) because it is capable of increasing extracellular matrix mineralization. A low concentration of EGF (10 ng/ml) is sufficient to induce morphological and phenotypic changes. These data suggests that DPSCs in combination with EGF could be an effective stem cell-based therapy to bone tissue engineering applications in periodontics and oral implantology. References Further reading External links Shaanxi Zhongbang Pharma-Tech Co., Ltd.-Supply of Epidermal Growth Factor EGF at the Human Protein Reference Database.
EGF model in BioModels database Category:Growth factors Category:Morphogens
Willis John Potts (March 22, 1895 - May 5, 1968) was an American pediatric surgeon and one of the earliest physicians to focus on the surgical treatment of heart problems in children. Potts set up one of the country's early pediatric surgery programs at Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago. A graduate of the University of Chicago and Rush Medical College, Potts was known for introducing a surgery to address the heart defects that resulted in blue baby syndrome; the procedure became known as the Potts shunt. In addition, Potts performed the first successful repair of a cardiovascular abnormality known as a pulmonary artery sling.
He also invented several surgical instruments, with a particular emphasis on devices that allowed for safe surgery on major blood vessels. Potts remained a surgeon at Children's Memorial Hospital and a faculty member at the Northwestern University Medical School well into the 1960s. He retired to Sarasota, Florida, where he died of a heart attack in 1968. Early life Born in 1895 in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, Potts moved with his family to a farm in nearby Cedar Grove when he was four years old. After his father died, Potts and an older brother ran the farm. After earning enough money, he enrolled in a private school in Cedar Grove and then went to study at Hope College in Michigan.
Potts, whose grandparents had taught him Dutch, studied Latin, Greek and German at Hope. During his senior year there, he joined the U.S. Chemical Warfare Service and fought overseas in World War I. After the war, Potts resumed his studies in Chicago in 1919. He graduated from the University of Chicago with a Bachelor of Science. (Upon his graduation, Hope College awarded him a Bachelor of Arts.) Potts applied to medical school at the University of Chicago, which at that time involved two years at the University of Chicago and two years at Rush Medical College. He was one chemistry credit short of the requirements for admission to medical school, but chemistry department head Julius Stieglitz allowed him to complete the credit if he could submit the required work in the 18 days that were left the university's academic term.
Medical career Beginnings Having completed the chemistry course, Potts was able to enroll in medical school. He held a job at a restaurant so that he could afford school. After graduating from medical school, he undertook general surgery training at Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago and at Rush Medical College. In 1925, Potts, who was by then married with two children, opened a general practice as a physician and surgeon in Oak Park, Illinois. He did not make much money at first, but by 1930 he had made enough money to head to Europe for further surgical training. After spending 1930 and 1931 in Frankfurt, Potts returned to Chicago and practiced general surgery there for several years.
In 1942, Potts went to the Pacific to serve in World War II, setting up the 25th Evacuation Hospital. When he was discharged three years later, he was a colonel. Return to Chicago Returning to Chicago after World War II, Potts resolved to focus on problems in pediatric surgery. He worked briefly as Chief of Surgery at West Suburban Hospital. In late 1946, he was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief of Children's Memorial Hospital (CMH). His position came with a faculty appointment at the Northwestern University Medical School. At the time of Potts' appointment at CMH, only a few childhood illnesses could be addressed surgically; appendicitis and pyloric stenosis were two of the most common pediatric surgical problems.
Potts recruited experts in several surgical specialties and asked them to commit themselves to developing surgical solutions for pediatric problems. As he was setting up the pediatric surgery program, Potts went to Boston Children's Hospital for three months to observe the workings of that program. The Potts shunt Potts spent considerable time thinking about the surgical correction of heart defects. Stanley Gibson was a pediatric cardiologist at CMH; working with pathologist Joseph Boggs, Potts and Gibson created a collection of anatomic specimens of various heart defects. The collection, which included more than 200 specimens, was later used extensively by cardiovascular pathologist Maurice Lev.
Potts, Gibson, and research fellow Sidney Smith became interested in treating blue baby syndrome, the group of heart defects that result in insufficient blood flow to the lungs. They became intrigued by the idea of somehow connecting the body's largest artery (the aorta) - which sent blood to all of the body's tissues - to the nearby artery that sent blood to the lungs (the pulmonary artery). In 1946, Potts and Smith devised an operation for blue baby syndrome. The surgery involved making a tiny incision in the aorta and a tiny incision in the pulmonary artery and then sewing the two openings together.
They performed the procedure successfully on 30 dogs before Gibson referred 19-month-old Diane Schnell to them. Schnell was turning blue and fainting frequently. The team felt that she would not live much longer without surgery, so they decided to make her the first patient to receive a Potts shunt. She did well after the surgery and was known to be alive and well in the late 1960s. Potts, Smith and Gibson published an article in JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association in November 1946 in which they described saving three children's lives. They wrote that the new Potts shunt was safer than the standard treatment at the time, the Blalock-Taussig shunt, which sometimes resulted in paralysis or death.
Other contributions, awards and recognition In 1953, Potts was the first surgeon to successfully repair a pulmonary artery sling, an abnormality in which the lung blood vessels wrapped around and compressed the patient's windpipe. The patient was a five-month-old girl. On follow-up, she was alive at nearly 25 years of age; like many of the patients who underwent Potts' version of this repair, she had decreased blood flow to the left lung, but she was doing well. Potts and his team also advanced the treatment of a heart defect known as transposition of the great arteries. Potts' work with heart surgery included the invention of at least three surgical devices.
His neighbor, Bruno Richter, worked for a medical instrument manufacturer and assisted him with these innovations. The Potts-Smith aortic exclusion clamp closed off only a portion of the aorta so that the Potts shunt could be completed while maintaining blood flow to the spinal cord. He also developed the Potts vascular clamp, which allowed vessels to be clamped without being crushed, which moved vascular surgery forward significantly. A third device, the pulmonary valvulotome, resulted in less bleeding when surgeons entered the right ventricle to repair a child's pulmonary valve. Non-cardiac surgical problems in children also interested Potts. Imperforate anus was one of his special clinical interests.
Potts made technical improvements to the surgery that was used for infant girls who had imperforate anus with a low rectovaginal fistula. In 1959, he attempted the separation of a set of conjoined twins who shared a heart. Both twins were weakening, but Potts hoped to save the stronger of the two; the child died within four hours of the procedure. He consulted on another case of conjoined twins the next year, but he declined to operate because the surgery was felt to have no chance of success. In 1955, Potts wrote an editorial in JAMA in which he criticized the overall quality of pediatric surgical care in the United States.
Potts pointed out that despite the proliferation of U.S. children's hospitals, only eight hospitals had pediatric surgery programs run by full-time pediatric surgeons. He noted that there were only 33 members of the surgical section of the American Academy of Pediatrics and that 12 of those members had practices that were not fully focused on children. While he acknowledged that increasing levels of specialization created new challenges in medical education, he said that parents would soon demand the same quality of care for their children as they did for themselves. Potts served as the president of several medical organizations, including the Institute of Medicine of Chicago, the Chicago Surgical Society and the Chicago Heart Association.
He won several awards, including an American Medical Association Gold Medal and the William E. Ladd Medal from the American Academy of Pediatrics. In 1964, Hope College awarded an honorary Doctor of Science to Potts. Personal life A Unitarian, Potts was deeply religious. Colleague Thomas Baffes wrote that he was "comfortable enough in his relationship with his God and secure enough in his technical excellence and genius not to feel threatened by the ambitious young people he attracted about him." A 1965 newspaper article called him "probably the world's only hymn-singing surgeon", noting that he might sing "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen" during a difficult surgery versus "Jesus Loves Me" during an easy case.
Potts married the former Henrietta Neeken in 1922 and they had three children. In 1948, Potts' son, a married 21-year-old father of two, disappeared from the University of Rochester for about two months before he was located in Texas. Later life Potts wrote two books, The Surgeon and the Child (1959) and Your Wonderful Baby (1966). In 1960, he gave up his administrative duties at CMH to devote his time to patient care, but he said that he looked to his younger colleagues to complete the difficult surgeries. Open heart surgery had become common by this time, and Potts said that it should be performed "by young men whose fingers are nimble, whose minds are agile, and whose coronaries are pliable."
In June 1965, a retirement celebration was held for Potts at the Sheraton Blackstone Hotel; some of Potts' former "blue babies" were among the 300 people who honored Potts that night. In retirement, Potts moved to Sarasota, Florida. Potts' congenital heart surgery research center was renamed in his honor. In a 1966 interview with the Associated Press, Potts warned about the risks of antibiotic misuse in treating colds and similar illnesses. He died of a heart attack in 1968; influenza had also contributed to his death. He was predeceased by two brothers and a sister, and he was survived by a sister, his wife, three children and 14 grandchildren.
Legacy Potts made early and important advances in pediatric surgery, though most of his surgical techniques were refined or replaced as technology improved or theoretical knowledge grew. For example, over time it became apparent that it was difficult to determine the appropriate size for a Potts shunt; shunts were often either too small (resulting in insufficient blood flow to the lungs and continued hypoxia) or too large (resulting in too much blood flow to the lungs and congestive heart failure). Some babies experienced aneurysm formation in the left pulmonary artery and others experienced severe bleeding when surgeons attempted to "take down" the shunt.
For those reasons, as new techniques were developed, they replaced the Potts shunt as the preferred interventions for blue baby syndrome. Since the early 21st century, the Potts shunt has occasionally been brought back into use as a palliative treatment for children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. References Category:1895 births Category:1968 deaths Category:American pediatric surgeons Category:American cardiac surgeons Category:People from Sheboygan, Wisconsin Category:University of Chicago alumni Category:Hope College alumni Category:Rush Medical College alumni Category:Northwestern University faculty Category:People from Cedar Grove, Wisconsin
Andrew D. Huberman (born in 1975 in Palo Alto, California) is an American neuroscientist and tenured professor in the Department of Neurobiology at the Stanford University School of Medicine. He has made numerous important contributions to the fields of brain development, brain plasticity, and neural regeneration and repair. A large amount of that work focused on the visual system, including the mechanisms that control light-mediated activation of the circadian and autonomic arousal centers in the brain, as well as the brain control over conscious vision or sight. Huberman was awarded the McKnight Foundation Neuroscience Scholar Award (2013), and a Biomedical Scholar Award from the Pew Charitable Trusts.
He is the recipient of the 2017 ARVO Cogan Award for making major contributions to the fields of vision science and efforts to regenerate the visual system and cure blindness. He is currently or has served on as an elected member of the Editorial Boards for Current Biology. The Journal of Neuroscience, The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Cell Reports, Neural Development and is a member of Faculty 1000. Graduate/Postdoctoral Research From 1998–2000, Huberman worked in the laboratory of Irving Zucker and with Marc Breedlove, at University of California, Berkeley, as part of a team that defined how early androgen exposure impacts development, and he performed the first experiments defining the structure of binocular visual pathways that set the circadian clock in the hypothalamus.
From 2000-2004, working as a Ph.D. student in the laboratory of Barbara Chapman at the Center for Neuroscience at the University of California, Davis, he discovered that neural activity and axon guidance molecules work in concert to ensure proper wiring of binocular maps in the brain. Huberman was a Helen Hay Whitney Postdoctoral Fellow researcher in the laboratory of Ben A. Barres from 2005-2010. Huberman Lab Research Dr. Huberman was an Assistant Professor of Neurobiology and Neuroscience at University of California, San Diego from 2011–2015, where his group pioneered the use of genetic tools for the study of the visual system function, development and disease.
Among the Huberman Lab's discoveries was the finding that specific types of retinal neurons degenerate early in Glaucoma a common blinding disease that depletes sight in > 70 million people worldwide and for which there is currently no cure. After moving to Stanford in 2016, Huberman discovered and published the use of non-invasive methods such as visual stimulation can enhance regeneration of damaged retinal neurons, leading to partial recovery from blindness, especially when the stimulation is paired with specific forms of gene therapy. The work was covered extensively in the popular press, including TIME Magazine and Scientific American and is part of the National Eye Institute’s Audacious Goals Initiative to restore vision to the blind.
The Huberman Lab extended those findings to develop a human clinical trial using virtual reality technology to stimulate regeneration and plasticity of damaged retinal and other visual system neurons. In 2017, the Huberman Lab created a state-of-the-art virtual reality platform for probing the neural mechanisms underlying pathologic fear and anxiety. That work involved collecting 360-degree video of common fear inducing scenarios such as heights and claustrophobia as well as atypical fear inducing situations such as swimming with Great White Sharks. The Huberman VR platform is aimed at making discoveries that hopefully will lead to developing new tools for humans to adjust their state in order to promote adaptive coping with stress.
In May, 2018, the Huberman Laboratory published an Article in the journal Nature reporting their discovery of two new mammalian brain circuits: one that promotes fear and paralysis, and another that promotes “courageous”/confrontational reaction, to visually-evoked threats. That discovery prompted the now ongoing exploration of how these brain regions may be involved in humans suffering from anxiety-related disorders such as phobias and generalized anxiety. Public Education Starting in 2019, Dr. Huberman initiated a series of short, daily Neuroscience Education posts to Instagram, in order to share exciting discoveries in the field as they relate to human health, development, and disease.
Honors and awards McKnight Foundation Scholar Pew Biomedical Scholar Catalyst for a Cure Team Member ARVO Cogan Award for Contributions to Vision Science and Ophthalmology References External links Huberman Lab Andrew D. Huberman Ph.D. | Stanford Medicine Category:American neuroscientists Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:Stanford University alumni Category:People from Palo Alto, California Category:Vision scientists Category:University of California, Davis alumni Category:Scientists from California
Phosphate-selective porins are a family of outer bacterial membrane proteins. These are anion-specific porins, the binding site of which has a higher affinity for phosphate than chloride ions. Porin O has a higher affinity for polyphosphates, while porin P has a higher affinity for orthophosphate. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, porin O was found to be expressed only under phosphate-starvation conditions during the stationary growth phase. References Category:Outer membrane proteins Category:Protein families
S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10), also known as p11, is a protein that is encoded by the S100A10 gene in humans and the S100a10 gene in other species. S100A10 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells. They regulate a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. The S100 protein is implicated in exocytosis and endocytosis by reorganization of F-actin. The p11 protein is linked with the transport of neurotransmitters. Found in the brain of humans and other mammals, it has been implicated in the regulation of mood.
In addition, due to its interaction with serotonin-signaling proteins and its correlation with symptoms of mood disorders, p11 is a new potential target for drug therapy. Gene The S100 gene family includes at least 13 members that are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. In humans, 19 family members are currently known, with most S100 genes (S100A1 to S100A16). Structure The p11 protein can be found as a free monomer, a homodimer, or a heterotetramer composed of a p11 dimer complex with two molecules of annexin II. The homodimer or heterotetramer can, in turn, dimerize through formation of two disulfide bonds (see figure to the left).
The p11 monomer is an asymmetric protein composed of four alpha helices. The dimerized form of the protein is created by packing between the H1 and H4 helices in an antiparallel arrangement with the hydrophobic regions residing in the core. The structure of p11 is classified by a pair of the helix-loop-helix motif, also known as the EF-hand-type that recognizes and binds calcium ions. This is common to all known S-100 proteins. The EF-hand types, united by an anti-parallel beta-strand between loops L1 and L3, are located on the same side of the molecule, opposite the N-and C-termini. As a member of the S-100 family, its structure resembles that of the S-100A1 and S-100B proteins.