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"Private Mass" "Private Mass" (in Latin, Missa privata or secreta, familiaris, peculiaris), which is now understood as Mass celebrated without a congregation, formerly meant any Low Mass, even with a large congregation. "At first the expression 'private mass' meant what used to be called a 'low mass', i.e., one without the normal solemnity and not considered the celebration of the entire community.
Only later in the period did it come to mean masses celebrated by the priest alone" ([https://archive.org/details/ministryinchurch0000bern/page/298 Paul Bernier, Ministry in the Church: a historical and pastoral approach, p. 298)]</ref>"The variations in the ceremonies practised in the celebration of the Eucharist make a division into two heads easy: missa solemnis and missa privata" (Edward Godfrey Cuthbert Frederic Atchley, Percy Dearmer, John Wickham Legg, Edmund Bishop, Essays on Ceremonial, p. 68) In editions of the Roman Missal earlier than that of 1962, "Missa privata" was still contrasted with "Missa solemnis".<ref>For example, in Rubricae generales Missalis, XVI, which deals with what parts of the Mass should be said aloud and which parts so quietly that only the priest himself can hear.
In 1960 Pope John XXIII, who in 1962 removed from the Roman Missal the section headed Rubricae generales Missalis, replacing it with his Code of Rubrics, decried use of the term "Missa privata": "The most sacred Sacrifice of the Mass celebrated according to the rites and regulations is an act of public worship offered to God in the name of Christ and the Church. Therefore, the term 'private Mass' should be avoided." When applied to Low Mass in general, the word privata indicated that that form of Mass was deprived of certain ceremonies.
Structure of the Low Mass The Eucharistic celebration is "one single act of worship" but consists of different elements, which always include "the proclamation of the Word of God; thanksgiving to God the Father for all his benefits, above all the gift of his Son; the consecration of bread and wine, which signifies also our own transformation into the body of Christ; and participation in the liturgical banquet by receiving the Lord's body and blood". Low Mass, celebrated in exactly the same way whether a congregation is present or not, was the most common form of Mass before 1969. In the 1970 edition of the Roman Missal a distinction was made between Mass celebrated with a congregation and Mass celebrated without a congregation.
No such distinction was made in earlier (Tridentine) editions of the Roman Missal, which only distinguished between Solemn Mass and Low Mass (calling the latter Missa lecta or, as in the Rubricae generales Missalis included in pre-1962 editions, Missa privata). The structure of the Low Mass is generally the same as that of the Solemn High Mass. However, prayers after Mass, including the Leonine prayers, are added. The main celebrant is not assisted by a deacon nor subdeacon, nor is he answered by a choir, but one or two altar servers follow their duties as acolytes, and answer the responses in latin.
All prayers are recited and no singing is expected. The incensement rite is not included. The faithful are expected to kneel for most of the Mass, except for the proclamation of the Gospel. Variations National variations Originally, Low Mass was sung in monotone. Thus we read of priests in the Middle Ages going to sing their "Missa privata" or "Low Mass". This custom of singing died out in the 18th century. Much of Low Mass is said in a voice audible only to the celebrating priest and the server(s). The French and Germans evolved the concept of accompanying Low Mass with music as an aid to the devotion of the faithful, thus giving rise to the French Organ Mass and the Deutsche Singmesse.
Also Messe basse, the French translation of Low Mass, was used to indicate Mass compositions, e.g. Fauré's Messe basse. In 1922, the Holy See granted approval to the Dialogue Mass, which enabled the faithful to speak, with the server, the Latin responses of the Tridentine Mass and to recite the parts that they were permitted to sing at a Missa Cantata, as well as the triple "Domine non sum dignus" that the priest said as part of the rite of Communion of the faithful, which, though not envisaged in the Ordinary of the Mass until after the Second Vatican Council, could be inserted into the celebration of Mass.
The three Masses of All Souls Day All Souls Day is the only non-Sunday, non-Holy Day in the Church Year on which a priest is permitted to celebrate three Masses. The Tridentine Missal contains three distinct sets of Mass Propers to be celebrated, should a priest be able to celebrate all three Masses. Note that no matter how many Masses are celebrated, the faithful may receive Holy Communion at no more than two Masses per day. Pontifical Low Mass At a Pontifical Low Mass, i.e. a Low Mass celebrated by a bishop, in addition to the two servers that you find at any typical low Mass, there are also two priest-attendants to the bishop that assist him, reminding us that a bishop retains the fullness of holy orders.
Instead of a mitre, a biretta is used by the prelate. Before the Second Vatican Council, at a Papal Low Mass (which was usually celebrated at a portable altar set up in one of the rooms of the Apostolic Palace and is distinct from the private Mass the Pope said in his private chapel), the Pope was assisted by two bishops and four papal Masters of Ceremonies. Chamberlains (cubicularii) served as torchbearers. The pontifical canon was used, as was the bugia. Vesting and unvesting at the altar is another peculiarity of Pontifical Low Mass. Low Mass in popular cultureThe Three Low Masses (Les Trois Messes basses) is a Christmas story by Alphonse Daudet, published in 1875 in the Tales of Monday and integrated in 1879 in the collection of the Letters from my Windmill.
The story is at the end of the eighteenth century, in an imaginary Provençal castle. Pleasant and irreverent, tinged with fantasy, it depicts a priest guilty of the sin of gluttony. Tempted by the devil who, in the guise of his young sexton, has described to him in great detail the exquisite menu of New Year's Eve, he sends off three Christmas Masses to rush more quickly to the table. God punishes his offense: before going to heaven, he will have to recite, for a century, in the company of his faithful culprits, a service of the Nativity, or three hundred low masses.
A French-language film with the same title was made in 1954 by Marcel Pagnol. However, the Christmas Low Masses are a goof as the rubrics extended the privilege of three sung Masses from the Pope to all the clergy, and in no case applied to the Low Mass. The three stational Masses celebrated by the Pope in Rome extended to three Christmas Masses to be sung, not without interruption: that of the day, solemnissima,; that of the night, valde solemnis,; that of daybreak, minus solemnis'' and resulted of a duplicate of the feast of the Epiphanies in Jerusalem. The privilege of celebrating at night did not extend, except indult, to private Masses, i.e.
low Masses; the contrary custom was an abuse and was condoned. References External links Preparations for a Low Mass - Handbook for Sacristan by Rev. William O'Brien, 1932 A Manual of the Ceremonies of Low Mass - Compiled and arranged by The Rev. L Kuenzel, 1923 Learning the Low Mass: A Manual for Seminarians and Priests by Rev. Walter J. Schmitz, S.S., S.T.D. Media Video tutorial of Low Mass with over 500 photos and accompanying liturgical texts Video of a Low Mass offered by an FSSP priest in North America on the Feast of the Transfiguration Video of the same Low Mass as above, but with a voice-over meditation taken from the writings of St. Peter Julian Eymard (alternate host) Another video of a Low Mass Category:Catholic liturgy Category:Christian terminology Category:Tridentine Mass Category:Anglican Eucharistic theology
LIB may refer to: Label Information Base, a table used by IP/MPLS capable routers to find labels to be pushed Lebanon, abbreviated from French Liban in international association football Let It Be (disambiguation) Let It Bleed (disambiguation) Lëvizja për Integrim dhe Bashkim (Movement for Integration and Unification), a political party in Kosovo Library (computing) Lightning in a Bottle, a music festival in Southern California Lithium-ion battery, a type of secondary battery Long Island Bus, now called Nassau Inter-County Express International School of Boston (Lycée International de Boston) See also Lib (disambiguation) cs:LIB ja:リブ
The Manila massacre (Filipino: Pagpatay sa Maynila or Masaker sa Maynila), also called as the Rape of Manila (Filipino: Paggahasa sa Maynila), involved atrocities committed against Filipino civilians in the City of Manila, the capital of the Philippines, by Japanese troops during World War II at the Battle of Manila (3 February 1945 – 3 March 1945). The combined death toll of civilians for the battle of Manila was about 100,000. The Manila massacre was one of several major war crimes committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as judged by the postwar military tribunal. The Japanese commanding general, Tomoyuki Yamashita, and his chief of staff Akira Mutō, were held responsible for the massacre and other war crimes in a trial starting October 1945.
Yamashita was executed on 23 February 1946 and Mutō on 23 December 1948. Description Massacre Before the battle, deciding that he would be unable to defend Manila with the forces available to him, and to preserve as large a force as possible in the rural mountain Luzon region of the Philippines, General Tomoyuki Yamashita had insisted on a complete withdrawal of Japanese troops from Manila in January 1945. However, Yamashita's order was ignored by about 10,000 Japanese marines under Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi who chose to remain in Manila. About 4,000 Japanese army personnel were unable to leave the city due to the advance of the American and Filipino forces.
In the Battle of Manila from February to March 1945, the United States Army advanced into the city of Manila in order to drive the Japanese out. During lulls in the battle for control of the city, Japanese troops took their anger and frustration out on the civilians in the city. Violent mutilations, rapes, and massacres occurred in schools, hospitals and convents, including San Juan de Dios Hospital, Santa Rosa College, Santo Domingo Church, Manila Cathedral, Paco Church, St. Paul's Convent, and St. Vincent de Paul Church. Dr Antonio Gisbert told of the murder of his father and brother at the Palacio del Gobernador, saying, "I am one of those few survivors, not more than 50 in all out of more than 3000 men herded into Fort Santiago and, two days later, massacred.
The Japanese forced Filipino women and children to be used as human shields into the front lines to protect Japanese positions, those who survived were then murdered by the Japanese. Mop-up operations The Japanese conducted mop-up operations to clear north Manila of guerrillas, executing more than 54,000 Filipinos, including children, as they passed through towns. Pregnant Filipino women were killed by having their bellies ripped open while the Japanese executed Filipino civilians trying flee. Mass rapes The Bayview Hotel was used as a designated "rape center". According to testimony at the Yamashita war crimes trial, 400 women and girls were rounded up from Manila's wealthy Ermita district, and submitted to a selection board that picked out the 25 women who were considered most beautiful.
These women and girls, many of them 12 to 14 years old, were then taken to the hotel, where Japanese enlisted men and officers took turns raping them. Despite many allied Germans held refuge in a German club, Japanese soldiers entered in and bayoneted infants and children of mothers pleading mercy and raped women seeking refuge. At least 20 Japanese soldiers raped a young girl before slicing her breasts off after which a Japanese soldier placed her mutilated breasts on his chest to mimic a woman while the other Japanese soldiers laughed. The Japanese then doused the young girl and two other women who were raped to death in gasoline and set them all on fire.
The Japanese went on setting the entire club on fire killing many of its inhabitants. Women who were escaping out the building from the fire were caught and raped by the Japanese. 28-year-old Julia Lopez had her breasts sliced off, raped by the Japanese soldiers and had her hair set on fire. Another woman was partially decapitated after attempting to defend herself and raped by a Japanese soldier. The combined death toll of civilians for the battle of Manila was about 100,000, most of which was attributed to massacres by Japanese forces. Some historians, citing a higher civilian casualty rate for the entire battle, suggest that 100,000 to 500,000 died as a result of the Manila massacre on its own, exclusive of other causes.
General Yamashita's role in the massacre General Yamashita was opposed to the plan devised by Imperial Headquarters because his soldiers lacked resources. The soldiers under Yamashita's command were low on ammunition and food. However, he was unable to disobey his superiors and sent approximately 80,000 soldiers to Leyte. Nearly all of his soldiers had died in the Battle of Leyte, and he was forced to move his headquarters from Manila to Saigon. Yamashita had anticipated that U.S. forces would come to the Philippines, so he had to move his headquarters again and evacuate in order to escape the U.S. forces.
On 9 January 1945, Yamashita was met by nearly 200,000 U.S. soldiers at Lingayen Gulf. As a result of this operation, nearly 100,000 Filipino civilians were killed by various methods of violence. Unexpectedly, some Filipino casualties were caused by U.S. aerial bombings. Yamashita continued to fight, but his lack of resources and his exposure to disease and sickness led to his capture. General Yamashita was considered a war criminal for his crimes in Manila. Evidence suggests that General Yamashita was unaware of the crimes committed by Japanese troops in Manila, and that he ultimately did not have control over those troops who committed the atrocities.
The morale of his troops was low, and many of the orders he gave were disobeyed. Yamashita had a sense of guilt and failure as a commanding general over the troops under his command. In the end, he took responsibility for the crimes that his troops committed under his command. A group of American military lawyers attempted to defend General Yamashita by appealing to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the appeal failed, 5 votes to 2. As a result, Yamashita was sentenced to death by hanging. He was hanged on 23 February 1946 in Manila. Rev. Peter Fallon SSC Rev.
Peter Fallon SSC, was an Irish missionary priest kidnapped and killed in the Philippines by Japanese forces in 1945 during Battle of Manila in the Second World War. Born in Ballinlass, Dunmore, County Galway, in Ireland, Fallon studied at All Hallows College, Dublin, before joining the Maynooth Mission to China, in Dalgan Park, where he was ordained in 1922. On ordination, he went to Hanyang, China, and was there until 1930. In 1931 he went to the Philippines, to the Malate Church which the Columbans were stationed. Fallon was first Columban parish priest of what then was the town of Misamis (now Ozamiz City).
Fr. Fallon was one of four priests of the Maynooth Mission to Manila, kidnapped by Japanese Navy forces and killed, along with local parishioners, the other Columbans being Rev John Heneghan, Rev Patrick Kelly, and Rev Joseph Monaghan, during the Battle of Manila. The four Columbans were taken from the Malate Church (Our Lady of Remedies Parish) to the Syquia apartments around 10 February 1945, and were never seen again. Along with the fifth Columban in Malate, Fr John Lalor, who was killed three days later while helping in makeshift hospital in the Malate School, they are often referred to as the "Manila Martyrs".
In February 1997 there was a monument erected in front of the Malate Church, in the memory of Fallon, Kelly, Monaghan and Heneghan. See also Bataan Death March De La Salle Brothers Philippine District Thomas Flynn (Columban priest) Notes References Taylor, Lawrence. A Trial of Generals. Icarus Press, South Bend IN, 1981 External links WW2DB: The Philippines Campaign The Battling Bastards of Bataan The Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century by Matthew White Category:Massacres of women Category:World War II massacres Category:Massacres in the Philippines Category:Massacres committed by Japan Category:History of Manila Category:1945 in Japan Category:1945 in the Philippines Category:Conflicts in 1945 Category:Japanese war crimes Category:Military history of the Philippines during World War II Category:Mass murder in 1945 Category:War crimes in the Philippines
Plumbers Don't Wear Ties is an adult-oriented "romantic comedy" graphic adventure game/dating sim developed by United Pixtures and published by Kirin Entertainment for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer. Although the game did have a PC version, it had very limited distribution and was published by United Pixtures itself. The game stars Edward J. Foster and Jeanne Basone as John and Jane, respectively; two people who are being pressured by their respective parents to go out and find a spouse. The player's task is to get John and Jane together. Plumbers Don't Wear Ties received negative attention for its lackluster production value, nonsensical storyline, poor acting and humor, and for primarily being presented as a slideshow despite being advertised as a full motion video game.
As a result, it is considered one of the worst games of all time. Gameplay The only interaction is where the player gets to choose the storyline (two to three choices at a time) in a DVD menu-style manner, although there are only one to two right choices. The player will use the D-pad (or mouse in the PC version) to make a choice and then will press the A button to see what will happen for choosing that option. At certain points in the game, the player has the opportunity to choose what actions John or Jane will do; making the right choices will bring the characters together while making the wrong choices will result in commentary from the game's two narrators, who sometimes fight with each other.
If enough bad choices are made, the player is given the choice to restart the game or try to make the right choice. Plot A full motion video clip features the character Jane introducing the player to the main objective and basic rules of the game. From that point onwards the entire format is that of still photographs with actors reading the dialogue. The narrator also changes once during the game, before being changed back to the original a few scenes later. In the early 1990s, Los Angeles locals John (Edward J. Foster) and Jane (Jeanne Basone), are both being pressured by their respective parents to find a suitable spouse.
John, a plumber, is told by his mother (Violetta Gevorkian, voiced by Samantha Eggersoll) to go to her house with the girl she had set a date up with, Amy, for dinner at 6:00 pm. College student Jane, meanwhile, who is considered a "daddy's girl", is going to a job interview, having disliked her coworkers at her previous job. John and Jane both meet in a parking lot by 8:00 AM and John instantly falls in love with Jane, calling her "perfect". John decides not to go to work and stays in the parking lot to wait for Jane to leave from her job interview so he can meet Jane again, thinking it is more important than his job, possibly due to the fact of his mother's wanting of a spouse for him.
Around this time, it is revealed that the game is being narrated by Harry Armis (who also played Jane's father). When Jane is at the interview, her prospective boss, Paul Mark Thresher (Paul Bokor), tells her that, despite her outstanding qualifications and recommendations, her position was canceled an hour before. When Jane gets very upset about this, Thresher says that "something can be worked out, after all," and asks her to take her clothes off, which appears to be an attempt to lead Jane to have sex with him to get a job. However, when Jane refuses, Thresher attempts to rape her and eventually Jane (still partially undressed) runs away from him.
John sees Thresher chasing Jane and dashes off to save her. After a long chase sequence through the streets of Los Angeles, the three find themselves in an abandoned building. Around this time, Harry Armis is replaced by a female narrator named Wilma (Thyra Metz). Later, she is shot multiple times by Armis, who then returns as narrator. After the chase, Thresher offers to pay Jane $5 million for sex. Jane refuses after John confesses his feelings for her. John and Jane both walk out of the house with Thresher having a date with somebody else (Samantha Eggersoll) as a consolation to lose Jane to John, and asking to call the police, while John and Jane return to the parking lot where they first met.
As a reward for being honorable, Jane decides to treat John to dinner and they travel to her place on John's bike. While he attempts to tell her that his profession is that of a plumber, Jane believes he is joking, then replies, "Plumbers don't wear ties." Bad endings include the following: If John doesn't chase after Thresher in the parking lot, Thresher will seduce John, and they two will suddenly become a couple before the game tells the player that they should try again. If John decides to chase after Thresher in the parking lot, to help protect Jane, a few different alternative endings become possible.
If Jane accepts this offer, it also would force John to have to marry Amy and have 3 kids to please his mother, and Jane to be turned into a prostitute If the "Gimme Something Completely Different" is selected instead, Jane confesses to John that she is still a virgin and plans to become a nun, much to John's surprise. After failing to talk her out of it, John is forced to return home to have dinner with his mother, who arranges a shotgun wedding between him and Amy. Development Plumbers Don't Wear Ties was developed by Fremont, California-based game company Kirin Entertainment, a subsidiary of Digital Stuff Inc.
It was developed and produced by Michael Anderson. The musical score was provided by Martin Golnick and the Audio Micro music production library. The PC version was actually developed before the 3DO version, but due to a limited number of copies being made it faded into obscurity; however, it was uploaded to archive.org and can be found on the Internet Archive. It features higher-quality audio than the 3DO version and uncensored cutscenes. Cast Source: Edward J. Foster as John Jeanne Basone as Jane Paul Bokor as Thresher Harry Armis as the Male Narrator and Jane's father Thyra Metz as Wilma, the Female Narrator Violetta Gevorkian as John's mother with Samantha Eggersoll providing her voice Danny Beyda Giovanni Cuarez Grant Swanson Daniel Taylor Soumaya Young Reception Plumbers Don’t Wear Ties is now widely considered to be one of the worst games of all time.
Plumbers Don't Wear Ties received negative attention mainly due to much of the game being presented as a slideshow despite being advertised as a full motion video game (only its introduction was FMV) where it uses mostly still images instead of full motion graphics as well as random, out-of-place color filters. Other criticisms focused on its "surreal" storyline and poor voice acting. It has been also cited as one of the primary reasons for the commercial failure of the 3DO game system. Critical response to the game was overwhelmingly negative. Criticisms focused on the game's voice acting, controls for making a choice, and for using still frame footage instead of full motion video.
In giving the game a meager 15% rating, Diego Antico wrote: "It's hard to determine where Plumbers Don't Wear Ties is at its most horrendous. Is it in the pathetic music department? The graphics (or its lack thereof)? The awful gameplay?" Allgame gave the game one star. The site made note of how despite it being advertised as full motion video, the game was simply a slideshow. Video Games & Computer Entertainment magazine criticized the game for being all just "still pictures of the director's friends acting like goofballs and delivering bad voiceovers", also stating: "Not even the promise of some naked pictures could save this disc from becoming a joke around here.
Avoid this one at all costs, it looks like a bad Public Access show and that's the pits." PC Gamer, giving the game a 3%, said that the game was funny for only 30 seconds, calling the game an "irksome and yobbishly executed pseudo-pornographic photo story with the wit and charm of an elephant's arse". PC Format rated the game a 4%, the lowest rating the magazine had ever given to a video game. In 1997 Electronic Gaming Monthly listed it as the fourth worst console video game of all time. PC Gamer dubbed Plumbers Don't Wear Ties a "shallow, hateful waste of a game, [that] may very well be responsible for having killed the 3DO, interactive fiction, and the whale", naming it #1 on its "Must NOT Buy" list in May 2007.
It was #27 in UGO Network's 102 "Worst Video Games of All Time", concluding "If you have the patience, check out a video walkthrough online of either the worst storyline in gaming history, or a post-modern masterpiece", and #4 in Screen Play's, calling the game a "hilariously dodgy FMV adventure with actors who make Home and Away look like Shakespeare". The game was also put in 411mania.com's 2008 "Hall of Shame", with writer Vincent Chiucchi stating "By Jove, this could very well be the worst game ever!" It was included among the worst games of all time by GamesRadar in 2014.
The game's cover art was one of 1UP.com's "Worst Videogame Box Covers", criticizing its use of clip art and fonts. IGN has cited Plumbers Don't Wear Ties as "a symbol for everything that was wrong with giving a license to anyone that wanted one", referring to the fact that 3DO publishers only needed to pay a $3 royalty per disc and did not have to join a stringent licensing program like other game consoles, which led to many low-quality adult-oriented video games being released for the system.
References External links Plumbers Don't Wear Ties at GameFAQs Plumbers Don't Wear Ties at Giant Bomb Plumbers Don't Wear Ties at MobyGames Plumbers Don't Wear Ties, AVGN Review on YouTube Category:1993 video games Category:3DO Interactive Multiplayer games Category:Adventure games Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Erotic video games Category:Internet memes Category:North America-exclusive video games Category:ScummVM supported games Category:Single-player video games Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:Video games featuring female protagonists Category:Video games set in Los Angeles Category:Western visual novels Category:Windows games
True's shrew mole (Dymecodon pilirostris) is a species of mammal in the family Talpidae. It is endemic to Japan (Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu) and is a common species above 1000 meters in grassland, shrubland and forest. It is the only species in the genus Dymecodon. It has sometimes been considered belonging to the genus Urotrichus. Etymology The genus name is the compound of δύο () "two", μήκος () "size", and όδούς () "tooth", so "two size teeth", because of the alternation in size of the teeth in the lower jaw. Description D. pilirostris is a mole resembling the Japanese shrewmole, with a head-body length of about 6½ cm covered in thick, 5 mm long, darkbrown fur with a strong greenish metallic lustre, and a tail of about 3½ cm, covered with dark hair of about 7 mm.
The palms and soles are covered in darkbrown scales. It differs somewhat from Urotrichus in overall size (smaller) and the relative size of its body parts (such as a relatively longer tail). Its dentition however differs remarkably. The first incisor in the upper jaw is low and broad, the broadest of all teeth in front of the true molars. The second is nearly as broad and comparable in shape. The third incisor and the canine are simple and rounded and about ¼ of the other incisors. The teeth in the lower jaw compare to those in the upper jaw, but the second incisor has an additional conic cusp at its back, there is no third incisor and the canine is minute.
References Category:Talpidae Category:Mammals of Japan Category:Endemic fauna of Japan Category:Mammals described in 1886 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Donald A. Gillies (; born 1944) is a British philosopher and historian of science and mathematics. He is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at University College, London. Career After undergraduate studies in mathematics and philosophy at Cambridge, Gillies became a graduate student of Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos (his official PhD supervisor) at the London School of Economics, where he completed a PhD on the foundations of probability. Gilles is a past President and a current Vice-President of British Society for the Philosophy of Science. From 1982 to 1985 he was an editor of the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.
Gillies is probably best known for his work on Bayesian confirmation theory, his attempt to simplify and extend Popper’s theory of corroboration. He proposes a novel "principle of explanatory surplus", likening a successful theoretician to a successful entrepreneur. The entrepreneur generates a surplus (of income) over and above his initial investment (of funds) to meet the necessary expenses of the enterprise. Similarly, the theoretician generates a surplus (of explanations) over and above his initial investment (of assumptions) to make the necessary explanations of known facts. The size of this surplus is held to be a measure of the confirmation of the theory — but only in qualitative, rather than quantitative, terms.
Gillies has researched the philosophy of science, most particularly the foundations of probability; the philosophy of logic and mathematics; and the interactions of artificial intelligence with some aspects of philosophy, including probability, logic, causality and scientific method. Books and articles (selection) Gillies, Donald (2011) "An objective theory of probability". London: Routledge. Gillies, Donald (2011). "Frege, Dedekind, and Peano on the foundations of arithmetic". London: Routledge. Gillies, Donald (2000) Philosophical Theories of Probability. London: Routledge. Gillies, Donald (1996) "Artificial intelligence and scientific method". Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gillies, Donald ed. (1992) Revolutions in Mathematics. Oxford Science Publications. The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, New York.
Gillies, Donald (1989). Non-Bayesian Confirmation Theory and the Principle of Explanatory Surplus. The Philosophy of Science Association, PSA 1988, Volume 2, pp. 373–380. Gillies, Donald and Chihara, Charles S. (1988). An Interchange on the Popper-Miller Argument. Philosophical Studies, Volume 54, pp. 1–8. References External links Professor Donald Gillies, personal webpage, University College, London Category:Philosophers of mathematics Category:Philosophers of science Category:Historians of mathematics Category:20th-century English mathematicians Category:21st-century English mathematicians Category:Academics of University College London Category:Living people Category:20th-century British philosophers Category:21st-century British philosophers Category:1944 births
The International Information System Security Certification Consortium, or (ISC)², is a non-profit organization which specializes in training and certifications for cybersecurity professionals. It has been described as the "world's largest IT security organization". The most widely known certification offered by (ISC)² is the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) certification. History In the mid-1980s a need arose for a standardized and vendor-neutral certification program that provided structure and demonstrated competence in the field of IT security, and several professional societies recognized that certification programs attesting to the qualifications of information security personnel were desperately needed. In June 1988, a conference was hosted by the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Federal Information Systems Security Educators Association (FISSEA) at Idaho State University in Pocatello, Idaho to address the need for standardized curriculum for the burgeoning profession.
Organizations in attendance included: • Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS) • Computer Security Institute (CSI) • Data Processing Management Association Special Interest Group for Certified Professionals (DPMA SIG-CP) • Data Processing Management Association Special Interest Group for Computer Security (DPMA SIG-CS) • Idaho State University (ISU) • Information Systems Security Association (ISSA) • and the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) During the conference, the question was raised why virtually every group represented, save NIST and ISU, was creating a professional certification. The conference participants agreed to form a consortium that would attempt to bring together the competing agendas of the various organizations.
In November 1988, the Special Interest Group for Computer Security (SIG-CS), a member of the Data Processing Management Association (DPMA), brought together several organizations interested in this. The (ISC)² was formed in mid-1989 as a non-profit organization with this goal in mind [8]. By 1990, the first working committee to establish something called the Common Body of Knowledge (CBK) had been formed. The work done by that committee resulted in the first version of CBK being finalized by 1992, with the CISSP credential launched by 1994, followed by the SSCP credential in 2001, the CAP credential in 2005, and the CSSLP credential in 2008, the CCFP and HCISPP in 2013 and the CCSP in 2015.
[9] In 2001, (ISC)² established its Europe, Middle East and Africa regional office in London. In 2002, (ISC)² opened its Asia-Pacific regional office in Hong Kong. In 2015, (ISC)² introduced its North America regional office in Washington, D.C. Since 2011, (ISC)² organizes the annual (ISC)² Security Congress conference. The 2019 conference will be the first international iteration of the event and will be held in Orlando, Florida.
Professional certifications (ISC)² maintains what it calls a Common Body of Knowledge for information security for the following certifications: Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), including: Information Systems Security Architecture Professional (CISSP-ISSAP) Information Systems Security Engineering Professional (CISSP-ISSEP) Information Systems Security Management Professional (CISSP-ISSMP) Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional (CSSLP) Certified Authorization Professional (CAP) Certified Cloud Security Professional (CCSP) Systems Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP) HealthCare Information Security and Privacy Practitioner (HCISPP) It is certified by ANSI that (ISC)² meets the requirements of ANSI/ISO/IEC Standard 17024, a personnel certification accreditation program. That accreditation covers the CISSP, SSCP, CISSP-ISSAP, CISSP-ISSEP, CISSP-ISSMP, CAP, and CSSLP certifications.
Continuous Professional Education All (ISC)² certified professionals are required to earn Continuous Professional Education (CPE) credits on an annual basis in order to maintain their certifications. CPE credits can be obtained by attending industry events or conferences, writing articles/book reviews/books, etc. Code of Ethics All certified (ISC)² professionals are required to support the (ISC)² Code of Ethics. Violations of the code of ethics are each investigated by a peer review panel, within the potential of revoking the certification. (ISC)² (along with other security certification organizations) has been criticized for lack of education in the area of ethics. See also Certified Information Systems Security Professional UK cyber security community ISACA References External links The (ISC)² website International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc. Business Entity Summary Massachusetts Corporations Division International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc.
Trademark Registration Summary International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc. 2017 Federal Tax Return Form 990 ISC Category:Non-profit organizations based in Florida Category:Organizations established in 1988 Category:Companies based in St. Petersburg, Florida *
Interstate 87 may refer to either of two unconnected Interstate Highways in the United States: Interstate 87 (New York), a highway running from New York City north to the Canadian border in Champlain, New York. Interstate 87 (North Carolina), a highway presently running from Raleigh, North Carolina, east to Wendell, North Carolina, that is planned to extend northeast toward Norfolk, Virginia. 87
A Whisky Macdonald more commonly known under the shortened name Whisky Mac is a cocktail made up of whisky and ginger wine. The whisky is expected to be a Scotch whisky, usually a blended type. The ginger wine should be green ginger wine. Recipes vary from those having equal parts of each ingredient to those that use a ratio of 3 to 2 of whisky to wine. A common recipe is to take 1½ fluid ounces Scotch whisky, 1½ fluid ounces green ginger wine. Pour both of the ingredients into a wine goblet with no ice. A hot version can also be made, akin to a hot toddy, made with the addition of boiling water.
The invention of it, and its name, is attributed to a Colonel Hector Macdonald, who devised it during the days of the British Raj in India.The mixed drink is sometimes referred to as "The Golfers' Favourite". Apparently, golfers drank whisky macs to ward off the cold after a chilly round on the links. See also List of cocktails References Category:Cocktails with whisky Category:Cocktails with wine
Bill Orcutt (born February 2, 1962) is an American guitarist and composer whose work combines elements of blues, punk, and free improvisation. Biography Inspired by seeing Muddy Waters in The Last Waltz, Orcutt began playing the guitar as a teenager in Miami. In 1992, he formed the band Harry Pussy with his wife, Cuban/American drummer and vocalist Adris Hoyos. The group recorded three LPs and toured the US frequently, often in support of indie bands like Sonic Youth and Sebadoh. Their music, which drew from American no wave, hardcore punk and free jazz was influential and "served as a progenitor for the Noise movement."
In 1997 the band dissolved and the couple divorced. Orcutt moved to San Francisco and took a long hiatus from music, returning in 2009, with an LP of solo guitar entitled A New Way To Pay Old Debts which was well received, ranking third of 2009 in the Wire magazine's annual "Rewind" list. His follow-up release How The Thing Sings was similarly praised, reaching number 3 on NPR's The Best Outer Sound Albums Of 2011. Since 2009, Orcutt has toured often appearing at festivals in the US and Europe, including Hopscotch, Incubate, Le Nouveau Festival du Centre Pompidou, Hardly Strictly Bluegrass, Donau and Big Ears.
Typically a solo performer, Orcutt has also recorded or performed with Loren Mazzacane Connors, Chris Corsano, Peter Brötzmann and Alan & Richard Bishop. Discography Solo Untitled (Audible Hiss 1996) A New Way To Pay Old Debts (Palilalia 2009, reissued Editions Mego 2011) How the Thing Sings (Editions Mego 2011) A History Of Every One (Editions Mego 2013) Solo Acoustic Volume Ten (Vin Du Select Qualitite 2014) Bill Orcutt (Palilalia 2017) Odds Against Tomorrow (Palilalia 2019) References External links Category:American experimental guitarists Category:American male guitarists Category:Living people Category:1962 births Category:20th-century American guitarists Category:20th-century American male musicians
Cdiscount is a French e-commerce website with products such as Tech, IT, household appliances, personal appliances and food. Back in 2013, it was the most important French e-commerce website in terms of turnover with a growth superior to the market’s average in 2013. Cdiscount operates in France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy and Luxembourg. History Founded in December 1998 by three brothers, Hervé, Christophe and Nicolas Charle, Cdiscount has been a subsidiary of Casino Group since February 2000. In September 2008 Casino Group increased both its direct and indirect participation to 79,6% of the capital and adopted a new structure with a board constituted of Casino founders and representatives.
In January 2011, Casino Group bought the Charle brothers’ shares and now possess 99,6% of the capital. In October 2014, Cdiscount continues its internationalization with the opening of cdiscount.com.br in Brazil, with the support of Cnova Brasil. Operations Cdiscount.com is an online retailer for goods and services. Its range is structured around 40 stores organized in categories: cultural goods, high-tech, IT, household appliances, and personal appliances (games, toys…). In order to grow further Cdiscount has incorporated high-potential goods and services under their banner (financing, insurance, travel, wine, mobile phone subscription…). In 2006 Cdiscount opened a pilot physical store in Le Bouscat near Bordeaux (France) that utilises sales data from the websites to select only the best-selling products.
This store also acted as a delivery point for small packages. A second store opened up in 2011 in Paris’s 7th district, Rue du Bac. This store displays the bestsellers from the website in every category, totalling over 2000 products across high-tech, IT, appliances, toys, DVDs, video games, and wines and spirits. The company being based in Bordeaux (region of Gironde), products are stocked in the area in the logistics site of Cestas Pot au Pin. Distribution strategy Since the involvement of Casino Group with Cdiscount the distribution strategy has evolved and now incorporates the Casino Group stores. New delivery points dedicated to Cdiscount are being built in the Casino stores.
June 2010: Integration in “Petit Casino” stores for packages that weigh less than 30 kg Late 2010: Every store integrated 2011 1st semester: all of the mini supermarkets retail network integrated October 2011: Cdiscount opens a store in Paris (Rue du Bac, 7th District) References External links Official website Category:Cnova Category:Online retailers of France Category:Retail companies established in 1998 Category:Internet properties established in 1998 Category:1998 establishments in France
As of September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 382 endangered reptile species. 7.4% of all evaluated reptile species are listed as endangered. The IUCN also lists nine reptile subspecies as endangered. Of the subpopulations of reptiles evaluated by the IUCN, one species subpopulation has been assessed as endangered. For a species to be considered endangered by the IUCN it must meet certain quantitative criteria which are designed to classify taxa facing "a very high risk of exintction". An even higher risk is faced by critically endangered species, which meet the quantitative criteria for endangered species.
Critically endangered reptiles are listed separately. There are 578 reptile species which are endangered or critically endangered. Additionally 910 reptile species (18% of those evaluated) are listed as data deficient, meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according to the IUCN. While the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed."
This is a complete list of endangered reptile species and subspecies evaluated by the IUCN. Species and subspecies which have endangered subpopulations (or stocks) are indicated. Turtles and tortoises There are 44 species, one subspecies, and one subpopulation of turtle assessed as endangered. Cheloniids Species Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) Subpopulations Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) (1 subpopulation) Platysternidae Big-headed turtle (Platysternon megacephalum) Tortoises Species Subspecies Western Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni hermanni) Geoemydids Trionychids Chelids Emydids Lizards There are 241 species and seven subspecies of lizard assessed as endangered. Iguanids Species Subspecies Anguids Diplodactylids Chameleons Anoles Gekkonids Wall lizards Skinks Species Subspecies Egernia stokesii badia Eulamprus tympanum marnieae Spectacled lizards Sphaerodactylids Phrynosomatids Liolaemids Other lizard species Snakes There are 97 species and one subspecies of snake assessed as endangered.
Pseudoxyrhophiids Typhlopid blind snakes Vipers Species Subspecies Vipera ursinii rakosiensis Dipsadids Elapids Colubrids Keelbacks Other snake species See also Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species List of least concern reptiles List of near threatened reptiles List of vulnerable reptiles List of critically endangered reptiles List of recently extinct reptiles List of data deficient reptiles References *Reptiles Endangered reptiles Endangered reptiles Category:Reptile conservation
The President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is a United States governmental initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease. Launched by U.S. President George W. Bush in 2003, PEPFAR has provided more than $80 billion in cumulative funding for HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and research since its inception, making it the largest global health program focused on a single disease in history. PEPFAR is implemented by a combination of U.S. government agencies in over 50 countries and overseen by the Global AIDS Coordinator at the U.S. Department of State.
It is widely credited with having helped save millions of lives, primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa. Latest results (Nov 27, 2018) show PEPFAR has saved over 17 million lives. History PEPFAR began with President George W. Bush and his wife, Laura, and their interests in AIDS, Africa, and what Bush termed “compassionate conservatism.” According to his 2010 memoir, Decision Points, the two of them developed a serious interest in improving the fate of the people of Africa after reading Alex Haley’s Roots, and visiting The Gambia in 1990. In 1998, while pondering a run for the U.S. presidency, he discussed Africa with Condoleezza Rice, his future secretary of state; she said that, if elected, working more closely with countries on that continent should be a significant part of his foreign policy.
She also told him that HIV/AIDS was a central problem in Africa but that the United States was spending only $500 million per year on global AIDS, with the money spread across six federal agencies, without a clear strategy for curbing the epidemic. The U.S. Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (or the Global AIDS Act) specified a series of broad and specific goals, alternately delegating authority to the President for identifying measurable outcomes in some areas, and specifying by law the quantitative benchmarks to be reached within discrete periods of time in others. The legislation also established the State Department Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator to oversee all international AIDS funding and programming.
PEPFAR continues to be a cornerstone of U.S. global health efforts. On April 4, 2014, Ambassador Deborah L. Birx was sworn in as United States Global AIDS Coordinator and currently holds the position. In December 2014, PEPFAR announced a program PEPFAR 3.0 focusing on Sustainable Control of the AIDS epidemic. This program was designed to address the UNAIDS "90-90-90" global goal: 90 percent of people with HIV diagnosed, 90 percent of them on ART and 90 percent of them virally suppressed by the year 2020. Focus countries When PEPFAR was signed into law 15 resource-limited countries with high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates were designated to receive the majority of the funding.
The 15 "focus countries" were Botswana, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Guyana, Haiti, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zambia. Most of the $15 billion for the program was to be spent on these focus countries, $4 billion was allocated for programs elsewhere, and for HIV/AIDS research. (The other $1 billion was contributed to the Global Fund, see below.) With the reauthorization of PEPFAR in 2008 there was a shift away from the "focus country" approach by authorizing the development of a Partnership Framework model for regions and countries, with the aim of ensuring long-term sustainability and country leadership.
Through bilaterally-funded programs, PEPFAR works in partnership with host nations to support treatment, prevention and care for millions of people in more than 85 countries. Partnership Frameworks provide a 5-year joint strategic framework for cooperation between the U.S. Government, the partner government, and other partners to combat HIV/AIDS in the host country through service delivery, policy reform, and coordinated financial commitments. See the PEPFAR World Wide Activities Map and PEPFAR Dashboard. Implementing agencies Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) Housed in the Department of State, the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator oversees the implementation of PEPFAR and ensures coordination among the various agencies involved in the U.S global response to HIV/AIDS.
United States Ambassadors from the State Department provide essential leadership to interagency HIV/AIDS teams and engage in policy discussions with host-country leaders. U.S. Agency for International Development An independent federal agency, USAID receives overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary of State and is the agency primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid. USAID supports the implementation of PEPFAR programs in nearly 100 countries, through direct in-country presence in 50 countries and through seven other regional programs. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Under PEPFAR, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) implements PEPFAR-funded prevention, treatment and care programs through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).
The Office of Global Health Affairs within HHS coordinates all of the HHS agencies to be sure PEPFAR resources are being used effectively. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) As part of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses PEPFAR funding to implement its Global AIDS Program (GAP). GAP works with highly trained physicians, epidemiologists, public health advisers, behavioral scientists, and laboratory scientists in 29 countries, who are part of USG teams implementing PEPFAR. Through partnerships with host governments, Ministries of Health, NGOs, international organizations, U.S.-based universities, and the private sector, GAP assists with HIV prevention, treatment, and care; laboratory capacity building; surveillance; monitoring and evaluation; and public health evaluation research.
Department of Defense (DoD) The Department of Defense (DoD) implements PEPFAR programs by supporting HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care, strategic information, human capacity development and program/policy development in host military and civilian communities. The DoD HIV/AIDS Prevention Program (DHAPP) is the DoD Executive Agent for the technical assistance, management, and administrative support of the global HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment for foreign militaries. Department of Commerce (DoC) The Department of Commerce (DoC) provides support for PEPFAR by furthering private sector engagement through public-private partnerships. Housed within DoC, the U.S. Census Bureau assists with data management and analysis, survey support, estimating infections averted and supporting mapping of country-level activities.
Department of Labor (DoL) The Department of Labor (DoL) implements PEPFAR workplace-targeted projects that focus on the prevention and reduction of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination. DoL programs (in over 23 countries) consist of three main components: increasing knowledge aboutHIV/AIDS, implementing workplace policies to reduce stigma and discrimination and building capacity of employers to provide support services. Peace Corps With programs in 73 countries, the Peace Corps is heavily involved in the fight against HIV/AIDS.Peace Corps volunteers provide long-term capacity development support to nongovernmental, community-based, and faith-based organizations as they provide holistic support to people living with and affected by HIV/AIDS.
Programs The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: Five-Year Strategy report from 2009 outlines the PEPFAR strategy and programs for the fiscal years 2010-2014. Prevention To slow the spread of the epidemic, PEPFAR supports a variety of prevention programs: the ABC approach (Abstain, Be faithful, and correct and consistent use of Condoms); prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) interventions; and programs focusing on blood safety, injection safety, secondary prevention ("prevention with positives"), counseling and education. Initially, a recommended 20% of the PEPFAR budget was to be spent on prevention, with the remaining 80% going to care and treatment, laboratory support, antiretroviral drugs, TB/HIV services, support for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), infrastructure, training, and other related services.
Of the 20% spent on prevention, one third, or 6.7% of the total, was to be spent on abstinence-until-marriage programs in fiscal years 2006 through 2008, a controversial requirement (see below). The other two thirds was allotted for the widespread array of prevention interventions described above, including counseling, education, injection safety, blood safety and condoms. The 2008 reauthorization of PEPFAR eliminated the 20% recommendation for prevention efforts, including the requirement for abstinence programs. Treatment In addition to providing antiretroviral therapy (ART), PEPFAR supports prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections, as well as services to prevent and treat malaria, tuberculosis, waterborne illness, and other acute infections.
PEPFAR supports training and salaries for personnel (including clinicians, laboratorians, pharmacists, counselors, medical records staff, outreach workers, peer educators, etc. ), renovation and refurbishment of health care facilities, updated laboratory equipment and distribution systems, logistics and management for drugs and other commodities. This is intended to ensure the sustainability of PEPFAR services in host countries, enabling long-term management of HIV/AIDS. PEPFAR-supported care and treatment services are implemented by a wide array of U.S.-based and international groups and agencies. Among the largest "Track 1.0" (treatment) partners are Harvard University, Columbia University's International Center for AIDS Care & Treatment Programs (ICAP), the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF), and the AIDSRelief consortium of Catholic Relief Services.
Care For those who have already been infected with HIV/AIDS, PEPFAR provides HIV counseling, resources for maintaining financial stability, etc. Special care is given to orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) and services are provided that meet the unique needs of women and girls, including victims of sex trafficking, rape, abuse, and exploitation (see fact sheet on Gender and HIV/AIDS). Finally, the Emergency Plan works closely with country leaders, military groups, faith-based organizations, etc. in an attempt to eliminate stigma. Results The results of the program include: The U.S. directly supported life-saving antiretroviral treatment for more than 5.1 million men, women, and children worldwide as of September 30, 2012.
PEPFAR directly supported HIV testing and counseling for more than 11 million pregnant women in fiscal year 2012. PEPFAR supported antiretroviral drug prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission, more than 750,000 of these women who tested positive for HIV, allowing approximately 230,000 infants to be born HIV-free. PEPFAR directly supported nearly 15 million people with care and support, including nearly 15 million orphans and vulnerable children, in fiscal year 2012. PEPFAR directly supported approximately 2 million male circumcision procedures worldwide cumulatively through September 2012. PEPFAR directly supported HIV testing and counseling for more than 46.5 million people in fiscal year 2012, providing a critical entry point for treatment, prevention, and care.
The U.S. is the first and largest donor to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. To date, the U.S. has provided more than $7 billion to the fund. Of the estimated 8 million individuals in low- and middle-income countries who currently receive treatment, nearly 6.8 million receive support through PEPFAR bilateral programs, the Global Fund, or both. Accountability and funding PEPFAR reports to Congress on an annual basis, providing programmatic and financial data as required by law. The Fourteenth Annual Report to Congress on the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is available on the official PEPFAR website, as are more specific reports, financial information and other information.
Global AIDS funding is provided in the Foreign Operations and Labor, Health and Human Services appropriations bills, which, if the process goes smoothly, are agreed to by the House and Senate in advance of the federal fiscal year beginning October 1. The Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) budgets according to the allocations provided by Congress and the policy of the Administration. Funding figures by program are reported to Congress by the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator. For FY 2013, President Obama requested $6.42 billion, including more than $4.54 billion for bilateral HIV/AIDS programs and $1.65 billion for the Global Fund.
For FY 2014, President Obama is requesting $6.73 billion, including more than $4.88 billion for bilateral HIV/AIDS programs and $1.65 billion for the Global Fund. PEPFAR was exempt from the Mexico City Policy. Funding data Annual data on the PEPFAR budget, spending by budget code, and impact estimates are available online at https://data.pepfar.net/. Data is only available for the years 2004 through 2014 as of January 2016. Funding amounts to specific in-country implementing mechanisms and partners are only available for the year 2013 onward. In 2008, funding data was obtained by the Center for Public Integrity from PEPFAR's own information system COPRS.
The data were obtained after CPI sued the U.S. State Department to gain access to the data. The data were analyzed by the HIV/AIDS Monitor team at the Center for Global Development, who also share the full dataset. Criticism Controversial requirements Some critics of PEPFAR feel that American political and social groups with moral rather than public health agendas are behind several requirements of PEPFAR, pointing to the mandates that one-third of prevention spending in 2006–2008 be directed towards abstinence-until-marriage programs and that all funded organizations sign an anti-prostitution pledge. This pledge requires all organizations that receive PEPFAR funding to have a policy that explicitly opposes prostitution and sex trafficking which some activists compared to a loyalty oath.
A number of AIDS organizations felt such a policy would alienate their efforts to reduce HIV contraction rates among sex workers. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the requirement violated the First Amendment's prohibition against compelled speech in Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. According to a study presented at the 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in 2015, the $1.3 billion that the U.S. government spent on programs to promote abstinence in sub-Saharan Africa had no significant impact. The requirement for prevention spending was lifted with the PEPFAR reauthorization in 2008, but some critics worry that some funds could still be spent on abstinence programs.
The Center for Health and Gender Equity and Health GAP outline their criticism of PEPFAR on a website known as PEPFAR Watch. The previous 33% earmark has since been replaced by a requirement that if more than 50% of PEPFAR funds are allocated to non-abstinence promotion measures, the US Global AIDS Coordinator must report to Congress. However, the new reporting requirement continues to emphasize abstinence and fidelity to the exclusion of comprehensive approaches, such as those that include education about male and female condoms. This can cause a chilling effort for organizations receiving PEPFAR funding, who may censor their prevention activities and fall short of providing comprehensive HIV prevention services to women, men, and young people.
PEPFAR also does not fund needle exchange programs, which are widely regarded as effective in preventing the spread of HIV. Conditions Many have argued that PEPFAR's emphasis on direct funding from the United States to African governments (bilateral programs) have been at the expense of full commitments to multilateral programs such as the Global Fund. Reasons given for this vary, but a major criticism has been that this enables the U.S. "to maximize its leverage with other countries through the funds available for distribution" since the "Global Fund and other multilateral venues do not possess the same top-down leverage as does the United States in demanding fundamental national-level reforms".
However, since the inception of PEPFAR there has been a shift away from strictly bilateral funding to more multilateral programs. Recruitment of locals PEPFAR has been criticized for having a negative impact on the health systems in regions receiving its funding through its recruitment practices. Although Congress made attempts to limit its impact by prohibiting "topping off" salaries and limiting funding for healthcare worker training (thereby eliminating per diems as a method of augmenting salaries), PEPFAR funded programs effectively paid its local staff up to a hundred times more than that of the local healthcare structure. Rather than strictly through salaries, program staff received benefits such as housing and education subsidies.
Countries, already stressed by the number of trained physicians and nurses emigrating to western nations, have seen the presence of PEPFAR programs significantly decrease the number of skilled medical professionals willing to work within the domestic healthcare infrastructure. As a result, the overall health of these communities are placed in jeopardy, but funds, physicians, and nurses are diverted to combat HIV/AIDS exclusively within the framework of PEPFAR. Investigations On June 15, 2011, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG) published a report critical of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) administration of PEPFAR funds.
The report read in part: "Our review found that CDC did not always monitor recipients' use of [PEPFAR] funds in accordance with departmental and other Federal requirements.... [M]ost of the award files did not include all required documents" to demonstrate proper monitoring. On the November 19, 2012, the OIG published a report critical of the CDC Namibia Office's monitoring of the use of PEPFAR funds.
See also United States Global AIDS Coordinator National Commission on AIDS Office of National AIDS Policy Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS President's Commission on the HIV Epidemic TRIPS Agreement References External links Official Official website Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator A USA government fact sheet on the project AIDS.gov—The U.S. Federal Domestic HIV/AIDS Resource HIVtest.org—Find an HIV testing site near you Others "Lectures For The Dying" by Max and the Marginalized (Song and Music Video about PEPFAR and Abstinence-Only Education) PEPFAR and the Global AIDS Response Video and summary for event held at the Woodrow Wilson Center in September 2007.
PEPFAR Watch AVERT's PEPFAR Information Site AIDSPortal PEPFAR page with reports, events and factsheets Mozambique faces HIV cash dilemma, BBC News, December 1, 2004 (note: graphic images) CSIS Events — ABC Guidance Roundtable — Global AIDS Coordinator Mark Dybul, M.D., addressing controversies over the ABC approach to prevention, misinformation, etc. (December 15, 2005) Religious Groups Get Chunk of AIDS Money, ABC News, January 30, 2006 Bush's Foreign Sex Policy, CounterPunch.org, December 22, 2006 George Bush is an HIV/AIDS relief revolutionary at Jewcy.com Twice As Many Die: Bush's Duplicitous New AIDS Plan in Dollars & Sense magazine, July/August 2007 The Flawed ABCs of PEPFAR Michael Stulman, Foreign Policy in Focus, August 21, 2007 Category:HIV/AIDS organizations in the United States Category:Presidency of George W. Bush Category:HIV/AIDS in Africa Category:HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia Category:HIV/AIDS in South Africa Category:HIV/AIDS in Uganda Category:Government programs Category:2003 establishments in the United States
Turpentine tree may refer to: Canarium australianum (brown cudgeree), native to Australia and Papua New Guinea Gardenia pyriformis, native to northern Australia Pistacia terebinthus (terebinth), native to the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands Syncarpia glomulifera, native to Australia Bursera simaruba, native to the tropical and subtropical Americas, called "turpentine" in the Virgin Islands See also Scrub turpentine Turpentine bush
Disbarment is the removal of a lawyer from a bar association or the practice of law, thus revoking his or her law license or admission to practice law. Disbarment is usually a punishment for unethical or criminal conduct. Procedures vary depending on the law society. Australia In Australia, states regulate the Legal Profession under state law, despite many participating in a uniform scheme. Admission as a lawyer is the business of the admissions board and the Supreme Court. Disciplinary proceedings may be commenced by the Bar Association or the Law Society of which one is a member, or the board itself Germany In Germany, a Berufsverbot is a ban on practicing a profession, which the government can issue to a lawyer for misconduct, Volksverhetzung or for serious mismanagement of personal finances.
In April 1933, the Nazi government issued a Berufsverbot forbidding the practice of law by Jews, communists, and other political opponents, except for those protected by the Frontkämpferprivileg. United States Overview Generally disbarment is imposed as a sanction for conduct indicating that an attorney is not fit to practice law, willfully disregarding the interests of a client, commingling funds, or engaging in fraud which impedes the administration of justice. In addition, any lawyer who is convicted of a felony is automatically disbarred in most jurisdictions, a policy that, although opposed by the American Bar Association, has been described as a convicted felon's just deserts.
In the United States legal system, disbarment is specific to regions; one can be disbarred from some courts, while still being a member of the bar in another jurisdiction. However, under the American Bar Association's Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which have been adopted in most states, disbarment in one state or court is grounds for disbarment in a jurisdiction which has adopted the Model Rules. Disbarment is quite rare (in 2011, only 1,046 lawyers were disbarred). Instead, lawyers are usually sanctioned by their own clients through civil malpractice proceedings, or via fine, censure, suspension, or other punishments from the disciplinary boards.
To be disbarred is considered a great embarrassment and shame, even if one no longer wishes to pursue a career in the law. Because disbarment rules vary by area, different rules can apply depending on where a lawyer is disbarred. Notably, the majority of US states have no procedure for permanently disbarring a person. Depending on the jurisdiction, a lawyer may reapply to the bar immediately, after five to seven years, or be banned for life. Notable U.S. disbarments The 20th and the 21st centuries have seen one former U.S. president and one former U.S. vice president disbarred, and another former president suspended from one bar and caused to resign from another bar rather than face disbarment.