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In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers "wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge." Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low-budget film entitled The Golden Blaze. In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as Alien vs. Predator, Love & Basketball and The Family That Preys. Reagan Gomez-Preston plays Roberta Tubbs, the stepdaughter of Cleveland. Gomez has stated that she uses her own voice to portray Roberta, and that she herself gets mistaken for a fifteen-year-old over the phone "all the time."
Before Gomez was cast as Roberta, Nia Long (who co-starred with Lathan in The Best Man franchise) provided the character's voice during the first thirteen episodes. According to Long, she was replaced because producers decided they wanted an actress with a younger-sounding voice, given that the character is a teenager. Kevin Michael Richardson, a recurring guest voice on Family Guy and American Dad, portrays Cleveland, Jr., as well as Cleveland's next door neighbor Lester Krinklesac. In portraying Cleveland, Jr., Richardson drew inspiration from a character named Patrick that he had played on the NBC drama series ER who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet.
For Lester, Richardson stated in an interview that, being African American, he had "run into a few rednecks in [his] time," and decided to simply perform a stereotypical redneck impression for the voice of Lester. Jason Sudeikis plays Holt Richter, one of Cleveland's drinking buddies with a short stature, and Terry Kimple, one of Cleveland's longtime friends who now works with him at Waterman Cable. Sudeikis originally began as a recurring cast member, but starting with the episode "Harder, Better, Faster, Browner", he was promoted to a series regular. Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a "Steve Martin impression [...] a Wild and Crazy Guy impression".
Jess Harnell voices the character for the rest of the series from the next episode onward. Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a.k.a. "Federline Jones", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn "Cookie" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar "Freight Train" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender. Characters Cleveland's newly introduced family includes his new wife, Donna Tubbs Brown (voiced by Sanaa Lathan); Donna's daughter Roberta (originally voiced by Nia Long, but later voiced by Reagan Gomez-Preston); and Donna's son Rallo (also voiced by Mike Henry).
Cleveland, Jr. underwent a complete redesign for the show, becoming sensitive and soft-spoken. Episodes Crossovers with other animated sitcoms The Cleveland Show characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa. The Cleveland Show crossovers have all involved two other animated programs. Both the other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy and American Dad! There are also many brief cameos of characters from other Fox animated series, The Simpsons, and King of the Hill. Broadcast Syndication In July 2010, the Turner Broadcasting System picked up syndication rights, for their networks TBS and Adult Swim.
The series first aired in syndication on Adult Swim on Cartoon Network in the United States on September 29, 2012 and on MuchMusic in Canada on September 2, 2013. Although the series was considered a TBS series, the series was broadcast on Adult Swim and MuchMusic. On October 7, 2018, the series stopped airing on Adult Swim and TBS in the United States. On August 31, 2017, the series stopped airing on MuchMusic in Canada. On July 14, 2018, Comedy Central picked up the rights to the series and it began airing on Comedy Central in the United States on October 8, 2018 and moved to Teletoon at Night in Canada on September 1, 2018.
Cancellation and returning to Family Guy On April 17, 2013, Fox dismissed increasing rumors that The Cleveland Show had been cancelled, reporting rather that renewal of the series was undetermined as of that time. However, on May 13, 2013, in the New York Daily News, Fox Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly confirmed its cancellation. Following the series cancellation, it was confirmed that Cleveland and the Brown/Tubbs family would be moving back to Quahog to rejoin the Family Guy cast. International broadcast Reception Critical reception The Cleveland Show has received mixed reviews from critics and negative reviews from fans. Review aggregator Metacritic gave the show a score of 57 out of 100.
Tom Shales of The Washington Post spoke very negatively about both the show and MacFarlane himself, describing him as "no better than the dirty old man hanging around playgrounds with naughty pictures or risque jokes as lures". Roberto Bianco of USA Today wrote a similarly negative review, suggesting that the easiest fix for its problem was "cancellation". John McWhorter of The New Republic called it "a patronizing mess" and "basically Family Guy in blackface". He added: "What isn't black in it is so shamelessly ripped off from Family Guy that it's hard to believe it's the product of creators who are usually so studiously 'post-' obvious stunts of the sort."
Matt Rouse of TV Guide wrote, "The lamest, most unnecessary spin-off since Private Practice, Cleveland rests on the shoulders of the hopelessly bland title character". However, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was more positive about the program, writing that although The Cleveland Show was "just as rude-crude" as Family Guy, it also had "more warmth" due to Cleveland being a more likeable character than Peter Griffin. Owen also praised the character of Tim the Bear, stating that "Tim is by far the most amusing creation."
Awards and nominations Home media References External links Category:2009 American television series debuts Category:2013 American television series endings Category:2000s American adult animated television series Category:2000s American black cartoons Category:2000s American black sitcoms Category:2000s American high school television series Category:2000s American satirical television series Category:2000s American single-camera sitcoms Category:2010s American adult animated television series Category:2010s American black cartoons Category:2010s American black sitcoms Category:2010s American high school television series Category:2010s American satirical television series Category:2010s American single-camera sitcoms Category:American adult animated comedy television series Category:American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Category:American adult animated television spin-offs Category:Animated television series about dysfunctional families Category:Black cartoons Category:English-language television programs Category:Family Guy Category:Fox Broadcasting Company original programming Category:Television series created by Seth MacFarlane Category:Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Category:Television series by Fuzzy Door Productions Category:Television series by Fox Television Animation Category:Television shows set in Virginia Category:Crossover animated television series
"Rock the Boat" is a song by American recording artist Aaliyah. It was written by Static Major, Eric Seats and Rapture Stewart for her 2001 self-titled album. "Rock the Boat" was posthumously released as a single in January 2002 in the United States and May 2002 in the United Kingdom. Prior to its release as a single, "Rock the Boat" charted as an "album cut" and peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the week of January 5. The song stayed on the chart for twenty-five weeks. Aaliyah initially started promotion for the expected second single "More Than a Woman".
"Rock the Boat" was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards. Background and production "Rock the Boat" came into fruition almost by accident, because producer Eric Seats almost deleted the song's file. The song's file almost got deleted because Seats didn't like what he heard right away. Seats explained "I almost deleted "Rock The Boat" because I'm the kind of guy that once I start producing a track and I don't feel it right away sometimes, I would delete it and just start something over fresh". The song was saved when songwriter Static Major heard the instrumental of the song through headphones and quickly wrote the hook for the song.
According to Eric Seats "Static heard it through my headphones. I took a break and went to the rest room, and by the time I got back he had already written a hook." When discussing the fate of the song he then proceeded to say "I wouldn't say it was an accident, but we weren't vibing with it as much. It was one of those things like if he had came 10 minutes later, he probably would've never heard it." During the early stages of the song "it was very raw" and since Static Major showed strong interest in the song Seats continued to develop the song.
Seats mentioned "Since he had an interest in it, I said, 'Let me go and continue building on it, let me embellish it, make something happen since you're feeling it.' We didn't know it was going to end up being "Rock The Boat." Seats "beefed" up the development process of the track by calling Dave Foreman and Rapture Stewart to add a guitar and strings to the songs instrumental. Originally "More than A Woman" was chosen as the second single from Aaliyah's self titled album but due to heavy radio airplay "Rock the Boat" became the second single. According to producer Rapture Stewart "The only reason they shot 'Rock the Boat' was because the radio was already playing it, so that kind of forced it to be the second single [instead of 'More Than a Woman'],".
Although "Rock the Boat" received heavy radio airplay Aaliyah's label didn't want that song to be released as a single. Instead the label felt that songs produced by Timbaland should be released singles because "that was her sound at the time", according to Stewart. Aaliyah who loved "Rock the Boat" fought with her label and pushed for the song to become the album's second single. Seats recalled hearing Aaliyah say "No, it's this one. I don't care who did what. This one is the next one" during an argument. Composition and lyrical interpretation "Rock the Boat" is described as being a Caribbean-flavored sensual and smooth mid-tempo song.
The song features an atmospheric groove, hypnotic rhythms, and fluctuating instrumentation such as synthesizer effects. Michael Odell from the British publication The Guardian felt that "Rock the Boat" pays tribute to synth-driven 1980s soul". On the song "Aaliyah's tentative vocal finds its way around a menu of high-octane sexual requests". Lyrically, its female narrator instructs a lover on how to please her sexually and equates her erotic high to a drug high: "Work the middle / Change positions / Now stroke it for me / ... I feel like I'm on dope / Explore my body / ". On the song "she is captain of her physical needs in the bedroom and confidently directs the voyage.
She knew what she wanted and knew how to get it". According to Producer Bud'da Aaliyah debated about if the song should include the line "Feels like I'm on dope." because she didn't want to send the wrong message to her fans about drugs. Critical reception Khal from Complex felt that the video for the song matched the laid-back vibe of the instrumental. According to Khal, "The end result was a thing of beauty, with tropical visuals properly matching the laid back vibe of the instrumental. Perfect percussive accents dwell around the chilled melodies ". James Poletti from dotmusic felt that Aaliyah's "breathy vocals become stutteringly suggestive as the track squelches and pops its way to a rather lovely place".
Connie Johnson from the Los Angeles Times described "Rock The boat" as being "sexily assertive" ; she also felt that this song along with "We need a resolution" were stand out songs compared to other artist material. Russell Baillie from The New Zealand Herald described the song as "boudoir-instructional" and he felt that "Aaliyah's voice weaves through the sparse but punchy arrangements with a mix of sultriness" on the song Brad Cawn from the Chicago Tribune felt that Aaliyah had matured and that she was "Growing into seductive escapades" on "Rock the Boat". Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine compared the song to the work of Janet Jackson and Marvin Gaye ; he ultimately[felt that Aaliyah does "80's retro" songs better than other artists.
Accolades In 2002 "Rock the Boat" was nominated for Video of the year and Viewer's choice at the 2002 BET Awards. At the 2002 Billboard-AURN R&B/Hip-Hop Awards the song was nominated for Top R&B/Hip-Hop Single and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Single – Airplay. At the 44th Annual Grammy Awards the song was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. At the 19th annual MTV Video Music Awards the video was nominated for Best R&B Video. At the 2002 NAACP Image Awards the video was nominated for Outstanding Music Video. The song won Best R&B/Soul Single, Female at the 2002 Soul Train Music Awards Meanwhile, at the 2002 Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards the song won Best R&B/Soul Single and Best R&B/Soul or Rap Song of the Year.
The song was also nominated for Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video at the 2002 ceremony as well. Chart performance On the Billboard Hot 100, the song entered the chart on September 8, 2001, at number 57 it reached peak at number 14 in its twelfth week on the chart. The song stayed on the hot 100 chart for a total of twenty-five weeks. 16 weeks later On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart the song peaked within the top 5 at number 2 on November 24, 2001. On the Rhythmic chart the song peaked within the top 20 at number 13 on January 12, 2002, eighteen weeks after its debut on the chart.
Internationally the song was just as successful peaking within the top 20 at number 12 On the UK official charts on May 12, 2002. Also on May 12, 2002, the song peaked within the top five at number 4 on the UK official R&B chart. In Scotland the song peaked within the top 40 at number 32 on the official Scotland Charts on May 12, 2002. According to the Official Charts Company "Rock the Boat" is Aaliyah's fourth best selling single in the UK. Elsewhere in Europe in Belgium the song peaked within the top 10 at number 9 on the Wallonia Ultra-Tip chart on April 4, 2002.
In the Netherlands the song peaked within the top 10 at number 9 on the Dutch Top 40 on the week ending on March 16, 2002. Also in The Netherlands the song peaked within the top 20 at number 12 on the Single Top 100 chart on March 16, 2002; it spent a total of two weeks at number 12 on the chart. Music video Background Appearing on BET's 106 & Park on August 21, 2001, Aaliyah announced that shooting of the video for "Rock the Boat" was to be directed by Hype Williams and that filming would begin the following day.
Nearly sixty people worked on the video in the Bahamas. On August 22, she filmed underwater shots for the video in Miami, Florida. On August 23, Aaliyah and employees of Virgin Records America flew to the Bahamas on two flights using a Fairchild Metro III, chartered through Sky Limo. She was scheduled to leave the Bahamas on August 26, but chose to leave the day before since she had finished early. Williams recalled: "Aaliyah left mid-production, so we were still shooting when she left". When discussing working with Aaliyah on the video Williams stated, "Those four days were very beautiful for everyone.
We all worked together as a family," Williams said Monday, adding that the camaraderie on the set was a refreshing change from the usual shoot. "The last day, Saturday, was one of the best I've had in this business. Everyone felt part of something special, part of her song." Due to the tragedy surrounding Aaliyah's death there was an uncertainty about the release date for the video. In a press release a spokesperson from Aaliyah's label, Blackground Records, "said it was too soon to say what would become of the footage". The music video made its world premiere on BET's Access Granted on October 9, 2001.
BET producer Kevin Taylor, who was in the Bahamas filming the shoot, described the clip as "gorgeous and sensual". Synopsis The music video for "Rock the Boat" was directed by Hype Williams, and it begins with Aaliyah "on the beach, her back to the ocean. Wearing a red top, dangling hoop earrings and shimmering gold eye shadow, she sings "Rock the Boat's slyly suggestive lyrics." The next scene in the video features Aaliyah dancing on a catamaran, on a beach in Marsh Harbour and swimming under water in the ocean. Other scenes include Aaliyah dancing in tide waves that is Computer-generated imagery.
The dance routine was choreographed by Aaliyah's close friend Fatima Robinson. Dancers in the video include Carmit Bachar, Denosh Bennett, Nadine Ellis and Electrik Red members Binkie and Lesley. When describing the video's recurring theme BET producer Kevin Taylor mentioned "It's very ethereal and heavenly,". He also stated There are lots of shots of water and clouds, and the video ends with Aaliyah swimming up from the bottom of a pool, almost looking like she's going into the clouds. It's really beautiful." The video was ranked at number 93 on Billboard's 100 Greatest Music Videos of the 21st Century list.
Rebecca Milzoff from Billboard praised the video and said "The video for Aaliyah's sinuous "Rock the Boat" might have easily gone down as just one of the many examples of the beloved singer's preternatural cool and low-key sex appeal, featuring Aaliyah leading an all-female ensemble in understatedly sexy moves mirroring the song's hypnotic, undulating melody". Aaliyah's death On Saturday, August 25, 2001, after Aaliyah and the record company employees had completed filming the music video for "Rock the Boat", at 6:50 p.m. (EDT), they boarded a twin-engine Cessna 402B (registration N8097W) at the Marsh Harbour Airport, located on the Abaco Islands, for the return trip back to Opa-locka Airport in Florida.
The return flight was originally booked for the following day, but filming had finished early, and Aaliyah and her entourage were eager to return to the U.S. They made the decision to leave immediately. The aircraft designated for the return flight was smaller than the one on which they had originally arrived, but it accommodated the whole party and all of their equipment. The passengers had grown impatient because the Cessna was supposed to arrive at 4:30 p.m. EDT, but did not arrive until 6:15 p.m. EDT. Charter pilot Lewis Key claimed to have overheard passengers arguing with fellow pilot Luis Morales III prior to take off, adding that Morales warned them that there was too much weight for a "safe flight".
Key further stated: "He tried to convince them the plane was overloaded, but they insisted they had chartered the plane and they had to be in Miami Saturday night." Key indicated that Morales gave in to the passengers and that he had trouble starting one of the engines. The aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff, about from the runway. Aaliyah and the eight others on board: Morales, hair stylist Eric Foreman, Anthony Dodd, security guard Scott Gallin, family friend Keith Wallace, make-up artist Christopher Maldonado, and Blackground Records employees Douglas Kratz and Gina Smith were all killed. Gallin survived the initial impact and, according to paramedics, spent his last moments worrying about Aaliyah's condition.
Kathleen Bergen, spokeswoman for the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in Atlanta, identified the aircraft as being owned by Florida-based company Skystream. Initial crash reports identified Luis Morales as "L Marael". Key suggested that engine failure, along with overloading of the aircraft, could have caused the crash, recalling that others had seen the plane experience an engine failure on takeoff. One witness believed that no one could have survived the accident because of the crash intensity and the fact that the aircraft had disintegrated upon impact. He also recalled the condition of the bodies: "It was an awful sight. Some bodies were so badly disfigured, you couldn't identify them.
And two guys were alive — one screaming and screaming for help. He was horribly burned all over." A 25-year-old charter pilot who witnessed the crash saw the Cessna go down as he was working on some machinery "about half a mile" away. He recalled the aircraft being only "60 to 100 feet" off the ground before it crashed. He went to get a fire truck and was stunned by what he saw upon arriving at the crash site. "I've seen crashes before but that was probably one of the worst ones," he said. "It was pretty devastating. The aircraft was broken into pieces and some of the seats were thrown from the aircraft."
Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts References External links Category:2002 songs Category:Aaliyah songs Category:Music videos directed by Hype Williams Category:Songs written by Static Major Category:Songs about sexuality Category:2002 singles Category:Songs with double entendres
Chester County (Pennsylvania German: Tscheschter Kaundi), colloquially known as Chesco, is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 498,886, increasing by 5.2% to a census-estimated 524,989 residents . The county seat is West Chester. Chester County was one of the three original Pennsylvania counties created by William Penn in 1682. It was named for Chester, England. Chester County is part of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. Eastern Chester County is home to many communities that comprise part of the Main Line western suburbs outside of Philadelphia, while part of its southernmost portion is considered suburban Wilmington, along with southwest Delaware County.
History Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester were the three Pennsylvania counties initially created by William Penn on August 24, 1682. At that time, Chester County's borders were Philadelphia County to the north, the ill-defined western edge of the colony (approximately the Susquehanna River) to the west, the Delaware River to the east, and Delaware and Maryland to the south. Chester County replaced the Pennsylvania portion of New Netherland/New York’s "Upland", which was officially eliminated when Pennsylvania was chartered on March 4, 1681, but did not cease to exist until June of that year. Much of the Welsh Tract was in eastern Chester County, and Welsh place names, given by early settlers, continue to predominate there.
The fourth county in the state, Lancaster County, was formed from Chester County on May 10, 1729. On March 11, 1752, Berks County was formed from the northern section of Chester County, as well as parts of Lancaster and Philadelphia counties. The original Chester County seat was the City of Chester, a center of naval shipbuilding, at the eastern edge of the county. In an effort to accommodate the increased population of the western part of the county, the county seat was moved to a more central location in 1788; in order to mollify the eastern portion of the county, the village, known as Turk's Head, was renamed West Chester.
In response to the new location of the county seat, the eastern portion of the county separated and formed the new Delaware County in 1789 with the City of Chester as its county seat. Much of the history of Chester County arises from its location between Philadelphia and the Susquehanna River. The first road to "the West" (meaning Lancaster County) passed through the central part of Chester County, following the Great Valley westward; with some re-alignments, it became the Lincoln Highway and later U.S. Route 30. This road is still named Lancaster Avenue in most of the Chester County towns it runs through.
The first railroad (which became the Pennsylvania Railroad) followed much the same route, and the Reading Railroad progressed up the Schuylkill River to Reading. Industry tended to concentrate along the rail lines. Easy transportation allowed workers to commute to urban jobs, and the rise of the suburbs followed. To this day, the developed areas form "fingers" extending along major lines of transportation. During the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Brandywine was fought at what is now the southeastern fringe of the county. The Valley Forge encampment was at the northeastern edge. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.1%) is water.
The topography consists of rolling hills and valleys and it is part of the region known as the Piedmont. Watersheds that serve Chester County include the Octoraro, the Brandywine, and Chester creeks, and the Schuylkill River. Many of the soils are fertile, rich loam as much as twenty-four inches thick; together with the temperate climate, this was long a major agricultural area. Because of its proximity to Philadelphia, Chester County has seen large waves of development over the past half-century due to suburbanization. Although development in Chester County has increased, agriculture is still a major part of the county's economy, and the number of horse farms is increasing in the county.
Mushroom growing is a specialty in the southern portion of the county. Elevations (in feet): High point—1020 Welsh Mt., Honeybrook Twp. Other high points—960 Thomas Hill, Warwick Twp; 960 Barren Hill, West Caln Twp. Low point—66 Schuylkill River, Chester-Montgomery county line. Cities and boroughs: Coatesville 314; Downingtown 255; Kennett Square 300; Oxford 535; Parkesburg 542; Phoenixville 127; Spring City 114; West Chester 459. Adjacent counties Berks County (north) Montgomery County (northeast) Delaware County (east) New Castle County, Delaware (southeast) Cecil County, Maryland (south) Lancaster County (west) National protected area Valley Forge National Historical Park (part) State protected areas French Creek State Park Marsh Creek State Park White Clay Creek Preserve Major roads and highways Economy and environment Lanchester Landfill, located on the border of Chester and Lancaster Counties, captures methane which is sold for renewable natural gas credits, and piped to seven local businesses.
This reduces the county's methane emissions, and provides an alternative to fracking for shale gas. Demographics As of the 2010 census, the county was 82.1% White Non-Hispanic, 6.1% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American or Alaskan Native, 3.9% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian, 1.8% were two or more races, and 2.4% were some other race. 6.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino. As of the census of 2000, there were 433,501 people, 157,905 households, and 113,375 families residing in the county. The population density was 573 people per square mile (221/km²). There were 163,773 housing units at an average density of 217 per square mile (84/km²).
The racial makeup of the county was 89.21% White, 6.24% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 1.95% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. 3.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.0% were of Irish, 17.3% German, 13.1% Italian, 10.1% English and 5.6% American ancestry. 91.4% spoke English and 3.7% Spanish as their first language. There were 157,905 households out of which 35.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.50% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families.
22.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.15. In the county, the population was spread out with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 30.40% from 25 to 44, 23.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $65,295, and the median income for a family was $76,916 (these figures had risen to $80,818 and $97,894 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $51,223 versus $34,854 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,627. About 3.10% of families and 5.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.10% of those under age 18 and 5.50% of those age 65 or over. The region was originally occupied by the Lenni Lenape people, who greeted European settlers in the seventeenth century with amity and kindness.
British settlers were mostly English, Scotch-Irish and Welsh in ethnicity. From the late 19th to early 20th century, the industrial areas of the region, such as Coatesville, attracted immigrants and job seekers from Germany and Ireland, Eastern Europe, Italy, and the American rural South, with both black and white migrants coming north. Later Hispanic immigrants have included Puerto Ricans and, most recently, Mexicans. Long a primarily rural area, Chester County is now the fastest-growing county in the Delaware Valley; it is one of the fastest growing in the entire Northeastern section of the United States. Religion In keeping with its colonial history, Chester County is home to a number of historic Quaker buildings, including Birmingham, Birmingham Orthodox, Bradford, Caln, Old Kennett, Parkersville, Westtown, and Uwchlan meeting houses.
Other historic religious buildings include St. Malachi Church, southeastern Pennsylvania's oldest active Catholic mission church, and the Episcopal St. Mary's, St. Paul's, and St. Peter's churches, and Washington Memorial Chapel. Also located in the county are the First Presbyterian Church of West Chester, Coventryville United Methodist Church, which is part of the Coventryville Historic District, and Beth Israel Congregation of Chester County, a Conservative synagogue in Coatesville, a site of Eastern European immigration in the 20th century. Politics Election results , there are 356,888 registered voters in Chester County. Republican: 147,747 (41.40%) Democratic: 147,092 (41.22%) Other Political parties and no affiliation: 62,049 (17.38%) Chester County has historically been reliably Republican at the county level; traditionally, it was the most conservative county near Philadelphia in Pennsylvania.
In recent elections, however, it has been trending Democratic, though not as overwhelmingly as the rest of the Philadelphia suburbs. In 2000 Al Gore lost it by almost 10 percent but in 2004 George W. Bush defeated John Kerry by a much smaller margin of only 4.5 percent. Bob Casey, Jr. carried it by 10% when he unseated incumbent Republican US Senator Rick Santorum in 2006. In 2008, Chester County sided with the rest of Pennsylvania and voted for Barack Obama by a much larger margin of 9%, making him the first Democrat to carry it in a Presidential election since 1964.
But, in 2009, with a smaller turnout, Republican candidates swept all county-row offices, winning with an average margin of 20%. In 2012 the county voted for Republican candidate Mitt Romney, by a very small margin of about 500 votes. In 2016, despite Pennsylvania voting for a Republican presidential candidate for the first time since 1988, Chester County voted more Democratic than in 2012, with Hillary Clinton leading Donald Trump by over 25,000 votes or 9.4 percentage points; a 4.8 percentage point swing from 2012. The only two statewide winners in 2016 to carry Chester County were U.S. Senator Pat Toomey (R) and Pennsylvania State Treasurer Joe Torsella (D).
Republican candidates John Brown and John Rafferty carried Chester County, though both lost their races for Auditor General and Attorney General, respectively (Rafferty, a State Senator whose district includes northern Chester County, carried the county by a slim margin of 50 votes) Democrats have made gains in Chester County state legislative seats in recent elections. Democrat Andy Dinniman picked up the 19th Senate District in May 2006 in the special election to replace the late Robert Thompson. Democrat Barbara McIlvaine Smith picked up the open 156th House district in November 2006, winning by 28 votes and tipping the State-House majority to the Democrats.
This was the first time that a Democrat had served part of Chester County as State Representative since Jim Gerlach (who represented much of Chester County for 12 years in Congress) unseated Sam Morris in 1990. In 2008, two more open House seats in the county went Democratic—to Tom Houghton in the 13th and Paul Drucker in the 157th. In 2010, however, Chester County swung back to the GOP, with Republicans Dan Truitt (who defeated McIlvaine Smith), Warren Kampf (who defeated Drucker), and John Lawrence (who defeated Houghton) all elected to the State House. On November 8, 2017, Democrats made historic inroads in Chester County by winning their first County Row Office seats since 1799, picking up 4 row office seats.
On November 5, 2019, Democrats swept countywide row office seat elections and took a majority on the Board of Commissioners, for a first time in county history. Government Commissioners Chester County is administered by a three-person Board of Commissioners, who serve four-year terms. Elections occur in the odd-numbered years that precede U.S. Presidential elections, with the next election falling in 2023. The Commissioners have selective policy-making authority to provide certain local services and facilities on a county-wide basis. Accordingly, the commissioners are responsible for the management of the fiscal and administrative functions of the county. As of the November 2019 election: County Row Officers As of the November 2019 election: United States House of Representatives United States Senate State House of Representatives As of the November 2018 election.
State Senate As of the November 2018 election.
Education Colleges and universities Cheyney University of Pennsylvania (partially in Delaware County) Delaware County Community College (locations in Exton, Downingtown, Phoenixville and West Grove) Immaculata University Lincoln University Penn State Great Valley University of Valley Forge West Chester University of Pennsylvania Public school districts Avon Grove School District Coatesville Area School District Downingtown Area School District Great Valley School District Kennett Consolidated School District Octorara Area School District Owen J. Roberts School District Oxford Area School District Phoenixville Area School District Spring-Ford Area School District Tredyffrin-Easttown School District Twin Valley School District Unionville-Chadds Ford School District West Chester Area School District Charter schools Achievement House Charter School grades 9-12, Exton Avon Grove Charter School grades K-12, West Grove Chester County Family Academy Charter School grades K-2, West Chester Collegium Charter School grades K-12, Exton Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School K-12, West Chester Renaissance Academy Charter School grades K-12, Phoenixville Sankofa Academy Charter School grades 5–8, West Chester 21st Century Cyber Charter School grades 6-12.
Downingtown. There are 11 public cyber charter schools and 144 bricks and mortar charter schools in Pennsylvania that are available for free statewide, to children K-12. See: Education in Pennsylvania.
Independent schools Bishop Shanahan High School (Archdiocese of Philadelphia) Center for Arts and Technology (Administered by Chester County Intermediate Unit) Church Farm School (now called CFS the School at Church Farm) Delaware Valley Friends School Devon Preparatory School Fairville Friends School (Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania) Goshen Friends School (West Chester, Pennsylvania) Kimberton Waldorf School (Kimberton, Pennsylvania) London Grove Friends Kindergarten (Kennett Square, Pennsylvania) Malvern Preparatory School The Concept School - 6th through 12th Grade Upattinas School and Resource Center (Glenmoore, Pennsylvania) Upland Country Day School (UCDS) - Pre-K through 9th Grade Villa Maria Academy (Malvern, Pennsylvania) West-Mont Christian Academy West Chester Friends School West Fallowfield Christian School Westtown School Windsor Christian Academy - K through 6th Grade Windsor Christian Preschool Regina Luminis Academy Libraries The Chester County Library System in southeastern Pennsylvania was organized in 1965.
It is a federated system composed of a District Center Library in Exton and sixteen member libraries. The system provides materials and information for life, work and pleasure. Communities Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. The post office uses community names and boundaries that usually do not correspond to the townships, and usually only have the same names as the municipalities for the cities and boroughs. The names used by the post office are generally used by residents to describe where they live.
The following cities, boroughs and townships are located in Chester County: City Coatesville Boroughs Atglen Avondale Downingtown Elverson Honey Brook Kennett Square Malvern Modena Oxford Parkesburg Phoenixville South Coatesville Spring City West Chester (county seat) West Grove Townships Birmingham Caln Charlestown East Bradford East Brandywine East Caln East Coventry East Fallowfield East Goshen East Marlborough East Nantmeal East Nottingham East Pikeland East Vincent East Whiteland Easttown Elk Franklin Highland Honey Brook Kennett London Britain London Grove Londonderry Lower Oxford New Garden New London Newlin North Coventry Penn Pennsbury Pocopson Sadsbury Schuylkill South Coventry Thornbury Tredyffrin Upper Oxford Upper Uwchlan Uwchlan Valley Wallace Warwick West Bradford West Brandywine West Caln West Fallowfield West Goshen West Marlborough West Nantmeal West Nottingham West Pikeland West Sadsbury West Vincent West Whiteland Westtown Willistown Unincorporated communities Birchrunville Brandamore Bucktown Cedar Knoll Chester Springs Compass Coventry Coventryville Daylesford Devault Doe Run Dowlin Forge Embreeville Fisherville Frazer Glenmoore Hayti Hephzibah Humphreyville Ironsides Jennersville Kimberton Knauertown Landenberg Lenape Longwood Ludwigs Corner Lyndell Marchwood Marshallton Mortonville Nantmeal Village Newlinville Parker Ford Phillipsville Pine Swamp Pocopson Pomeroy Heights Pughtown Romansville Sadsburyville Schades Corner Strafford Suplee Unionville Warwick Weatherstone Wilsons Corner Valley Forge Census-designated places Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data.
They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Berwyn Caln Chesterbrook Cheyney University Cochranville Devon Eagleview Exton Kenilworth Lincoln University Lionville Paoli Pomeroy South Pottstown Thorndale Toughkenamon Westwood Historic community Barnestown Population ranking The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Chester County. † county seat Climate Chester County has four distinct seasons and has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) except for some far southern lowlands which have a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The hardiness zones are 6b and 7a. Public health Opioid crisis In both 2018 and 2019, deaths from drug overdoses in Chester County declined.
Of the 104 drug overdoses recorded by the coroner, an estimated 77 percent involved the presence of fentanyl. One of the reasons for the decline in overdose deaths was "the saturation across the county of Narcan, the anti-opioid nasal spray that can revive someone suffering an overdose." In 2019, any resident of Chester County could obtain a free Narcan dose at community training events across the county.
Notable people Jesse B. Aikin (1808-1900), first to produce a song book with a seven-shape note system Samuel Barber (1910-1981), one of the most celebrated composers of the 20th century Mifflin E. Bell (1847-1904), architect who served from 1883 to 1886 as Supervising Architect of the US Treasury Department Scott Brunner (born 1957), NFL quarterback during the 1980s Anthony Wayne (1745-1796), American Revolutionary War General known as "Mad" Anthony Wayne Samuel Van Leer (1747-1825), Captain during the American Revolution and well known Iron business owner. Owned Warwick Furnace Farms and other nearby historical places. Robert Grace (1709–1766) was the first manufacturer of the Franklin stove.
Isaac Israel Hayes (1832-1881), Arctic explorer and physician Mifflin Kenedy (1818-1895), South Texas rancher and steamboat operator; partner in King Ranch, born in Chester County Rebecca Webb Lukens (1794-1854) first female owner and manager of the company that became the Lukens Steel Mill Franklin MacVeagh (1837-1934), banker and Secretary of the US Treasury Bam Margera (born 1979), professional skateboarder, television and radio personality, and daredevil Ryan Dunn (1977-2011), actor, television personality, and daredevil. Died in a car crash in West Goshen, Pennsylvania. Jon Matlack (born 1950), baseball pitcher for the New York Mets and Texas Rangers (1971–83), All Star and N.L.
Champion Charles Follen McKim (1847-1909), one of the most prominent American Beaux-Arts architects of the late nineteenth century Herb Pennock (1894–1948), Hall of Fame baseball pitcher also known as the Squire of Kennett Square. Thomas Buchanan Read (1822-1872), poet and portrait painter Bayard Rustin (1912-1987), American civil rights leader posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. John Wallace Scott (1832-1903), Medal of Honor recipient during the American Civil War M. Night Shyamalan (born 1970), film director William Thomas Smedley (1858-1920), artist; member of the National Academy of Design James Smith (1719-1806), signer to the United States Declaration of Independence Richard Troxell, international opera star, aka America's Tenor.
Resides in Chester County. George Alexis Weymouth (born 1936), artist (painter); "whip" stager; founder of The Brandywine Conservancy and The Brandywine River Museum Thomas Wharton Jr. (1735-1778), served as the first President of Pennsylvania (an office akin to Governor) following the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain William (Amos) Wilson (1762-1821), famous folklore figure known as "The Pennsylvania Hermit" Andrew Wyeth (1917–2009), artist, son of N.C. Wyeth Jamie Wyeth (born 1946), artist, son of Andrew Wyeth N.C. Wyeth (1882-1945), artist Bernardhus Van Leer (1687–1790), Notable Doctor with rare at home practice and one of first doctors in New York Matt Ryan (born 1985), American Football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons, born in Exton.
Kyle Gallner (Born 1986) Actor Kerr Smith (Born 1972) Actor Smedley Butler (1881–1940) Twice recipient of the Medal of Honor, thwarted the Business Plot, advocate for veterans, author. Bartholomew Fussell (1794-1871) Abolitionist active in the Underground Railroad, Early advocate for women's careers in medicine. See also Duffy's Cut National Register of Historic Places listings in Chester County, Pennsylvania References External links Chester County Home Page Chester County Government Meeting Minutes and local news at TownWatcher Chester County Press Newspapers & Magazines Category:Populated places established in 1682 Category:1682 establishments in Pennsylvania
The , an alteration of the original is a monument in Kyoto, Japan, dedicated to the sliced noses of killed Korean soldiers and civilians as well as Ming Chinese troops taken as war trophies during the Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592 to 1598. The monument enshrines the severed noses of at least 38,000 Koreans killed during Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasions. The shrine is located just to the west of Toyokuni Shrine, the Shinto shrine honoring Hideyoshi in Kyoto. History Traditionally, Japanese warriors brought back the heads of enemies slain on the battlefield as proof of their deeds. Nose collection in lieu of heads became a feature of the second Korean invasion.
Originally, remuneration was paid to soldiers by their daimyō commanders based on the severed heads upon submission to collection stations, where inspectors meticulously counted, recorded, salted and packed the heads bound for Japan. However, because of the number of civilians killed along with soldiers, and crowded conditions on the ships that transported troops, it was far easier to just bring back noses instead of whole heads. Hideyoshi was especially insistent upon receiving noses of people his samurai had killed as proof that his men really were killing people in Korea. Japanese chroniclers on the second invading campaign mention that the ears hacked off the faces of the massacred were also of ordinary civilians mostly in the provinces Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Chungcheong.
In the second invasion Hideyoshi's orders were thus: One hundred and sixty-thousand Japanese troops had gone to Korea where they had taken 185,738 Korean heads and 29,014 Chinese ones, a grand total of 214,752. As some might have been discarded, it is impossible to enumerate how many were killed in total during the war. The Mimizuka was dedicated September 28, 1597. Though the exact reasons as to its construction are not entirely known, scholars contend that during the second Japanese invasion of Korea in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi demanded his commanders show receipts of their martial valor in the destruction, dispatching congratulatory letters to his high-ranking warriors in the field as evidence of their service.
Hideyoshi then ordered the relics entombed in a shrine on the grounds of Hokoji Temple, and set Buddhist priests to work praying for the repose of the souls of the hundreds of thousands of Koreans from whose bodies they had come; an act that chief priest Saishō Jōtai (1548–1608) in a fit of toadyism would hail as a sign of Hideyoshi's "great mercy and compassion." The shrine initially was known as , Mound of Noses, but several decades later this would come to be regarded as too cruel-sounding a name, and would be changed to the more euphonious but inaccurate , Mound of Ears, the misnomer by which it is known to this day.
Other nose tombs dating from the same period are found elsewhere in Japan, such as at Okayama. Effect on modern foreign relations The Mimizuka is almost unknown to the Japanese public unlike to the Koreans. The British historian Stephen Turnbull called the Mimizuka "...Kyoto's least mentioned and most often avoided tourist attraction". A plaque, which was later removed, stood in front of the Ear Mound in the 1960s with the passage, "One cannot say that cutting off noses was so atrocious by the standard of the time." Most guidebooks do not mention the Ear Mound, and only a few Japanese or foreign tourists visit the site.
The majority of visiting tourists are Korean – Korean tour buses are often seen parked near the Ear Mound. In 1982, not a single Japanese school textbook mentioned the Ear Mound. As of 1997, the mound is referred to in about half of all high-school history textbooks according to Shigeo Shimoyama, an official of Jikkyo, a publishing company. The publisher released the first Japanese text book mentioning the Ear Mound in the mid-1980s. The Education Ministry of Japan at that time opposed the description as "too vivid" and pressured the publisher to reduce the tone and also to praise Hideyoshi for religiously dedicating the Ear Mound to store the spirits of the killed people.
In the 1970s under the Park Chung-hee administration, some of the officials of the South Korean government asked Japan to level the monument. However, most Koreans said that the mound should stay in Japan as a reminder of past savagery. Activity since the 1990s is aptly conveyed thus: On September 28, 1997, the 400th anniversary of the Mimizuka, a ceremony was held in respect for those killed, which people of all nationalities and faiths attended. The current caretaker of Mimizuka as of August 2009 is Shimizu Shirou (清水四郎). See also Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea Scalping Headhunting Human trophy collecting Nose tomb Yasukuni Shrine Japanese history textbook controversies References External links Asian Historical Architecture: Mimizuka Japan-Korea Friendship Year 2005 Category:Human trophy collecting Category:Japanese culture Category:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) Category:Buildings and structures in Kyoto Category:Monuments and memorials in Japan Category:Tourist attractions in Kyoto Category:Nose
The November Man is a 2014 British-American action spy thriller film based on the novel There Are No Spies by Bill Granger, which is canonically the seventh installment in The November Man novel series, published in 1987. It stars Pierce Brosnan, Luke Bracey and Olga Kurylenko with the screenplay written by Michael Finch and Karl Gajdusek. The film is directed by Roger Donaldson, who previously worked with Brosnan on Dante's Peak. The film was released on August 27, 2014 in the United States. Plot In 2008, CIA agent Peter Devereaux supervises a young operative, David Mason, during a protective mission in Montenegro.
Mason disobeys Devereaux's orders not to fire. He shoots and kills an assassin but also kills a child. Five years later, Devereaux is retired in Lausanne, Switzerland. His former boss, John Hanley, arrives and convinces him to extract Natalia Ulanova, the aide of Russian President-elect and former Army General Arkady Fedorov. Ulanova breaks into Fedorov's safe and copies old photos depicting his war crimes. She contacts the CIA extraction team, and escapes. Fedorov alerts the FSB, who pursue her through the streets of Moscow until Devereaux rescues her. She gives him a name, Mira Filipova, which he relays to Hanley.
The CIA team, co-ordinated by Hanley, is unaware of Devereaux's presence. The station chief, Perry Weinstein, gives the order to kill Ulanova, which Mason does. A dying Ulanova hands Devereaux her phone containing the photos. As the CIA team leaves the parking lot, Devereaux kills everyone in the squad until he faces Mason at gunpoint. The two separate without shooting. It is revealed that Devereaux and Ulanova were involved before. Hanley is detained for interrogation. Meanwhile, New York Times journalist Edgar Simpson tracks down refugee case worker Alice Fournier and requests her assistance to write an exposé of Fedorov's war crimes during the Second Chechen War.
Alexa, an assassin, arrives in Belgrade, and finds out that Fournier will meet Simpson in a cafe. Devereaux also arrives in Belgrade, heads to Hanley's house and finds Fournier as Filipova's only known contact. He arrives at the cafe and rescues Fournier from both Alexa and Mason's team. Fournier says that Filipova pretended to Federov to be mute. She actually spoke Russian and overheard Fedorov's conversations, including the 'false flag' conspiracy to bomb a Russian Army building to initiate war and seizure of Chechen oil fields. A former Fedorov associate, Denisov, confirms the conspiracy and reveals the CIA's involvement. Devereaux sends Fournier away.
Fedorov arrives in Belgrade for an energy conference. Fournier meets Simpson at his apartment where Alexa attacks them and kills him; but Fournier escapes. Devereaux infiltrates the CIA site where Hanley is being held; and Hanley claims Weinstein aided Fedorov and reveals that Fournier is actually Filipova. Mason also discovers the real Fournier died years ago and Filipova stole her identity. Filipova, disguised as a prostitute, goes to Fedorov's hotel room. It is revealed that her family was murdered in front of her by Federov, who raped her later. She surprises Federov but is unable to kill him. As he overpowers her, Devereaux ascends the stairs in the Hotel, shoots the bodyguards, and saves her.
Devereaux interrogates Federov, demanding to know the name of the CIA operative involved in the operation. Federov, filmed by Filipova's phone, admits it was Hanley, not Weinstein; and Filipova confirms it. Mason arrives at the hotel but Devereaux and Filipova escape after he knocks out Mason and leaves him Fedorov's recorded confession. However, when Mason and Celia arrive in Langley to present the evidence, they realize that Weinstein has been replaced by Hanley. Devereaux calls Lucy, his and Ulanova's daughter; Hanley answers the phone, having kidnapped her. Devereaux convinces Filipova to go to a train station and wait for him.
There, she goes to a public computer to write her story regarding Fedorov. Devereaux meets with Hanley and Mason, stating she will be waiting at a bus station. Mason is tasked to go and recover her. Alexa finds Filipova at the station; but is knocked unconscious by her, who returns, finishes typing and sends it to the press. Hanley reveals his intention to blackmail Federov after he becomes the President, forcing Russia to join NATO against the Middle-East. Celia, Mason's CIA partner, finds the kidnappers' location and he rescues Lucy. He returns to Hanley and helps Devereaux kill Hanley's men and subdue Hanley.
Devereaux unites with Lucy and Filipova and they leave on the train. Later, Filipova testifies at the International Criminal Court against Fedorov, annulling his candidacy. Fedorov is later shot in the head by an unknown sniper.
Cast Pierce Brosnan as Peter H. Devereaux ("The November Man") Luke Bracey as David Mason Olga Kurylenko as Alice Fournier/Mira Filipova Eliza Taylor as Sarah Caterina Scorsone as Celia Bill Smitrovich as John Hanley Will Patton as Perry Weinstein Amila Terzimehić as Alexa Lazar Ristovski as Arkady Fedorov Mediha Musliović as Natalia Ulanova Akie Kotabe as Meyers Patrick Kennedy as Edgar Simpson Miloš Timotijević as Federov’s Chief of Staff Dragan Marinković as Semion Denisov Ben Willens as Agent Jones Production Development When Pierce Brosnan retired from playing the role of James Bond in 2005, it was reported that along with his then-business partner, Beau St. Clair, through their Irish DreamTime production company, he would be producing a down-to-earth spy thriller based on Bill Granger's book series, called The November Man, focusing on one particular novel in the series titled There Are No Spies, with shooting scheduled to begin in 2006.
The project, however, was shelved sometime in 2007 for unknown reasons, while Brosnan held on to the screen rights to the novel with the plan to produce an adaptation in the future. Pre-production Eventually, in 2012, it was reported that Brosnan had the project resurrected and was put back on the trail with Dominic Cooper reportedly joining the production shortly after its announcement. In April 2013, whilst promoting his then-latest romantic comedy, Love Is All You Need, Brosnan told the media: "I am about to go off to Serbia and do my own spy movie. Finally I have the director I want in Roger Donaldson and we’re gonna do a piece called November Man so I shall jump back into that arena".
Casting Brosnan revealed that Olga Kurylenko, who had a leading role in Quantum of Solace and the recent Oblivion, would co-star alongside him, commenting "I think there’s another room on the stage for another spy! Daniel [Craig] can’t have it all to himself. My co-star is a lovely actress called Olga Kurylenko, who seems to be going through leading men like hot dinners. She started with Daniel Craig and she’s gonna end up with Brosnan! She’s a gorgeous actress, beautiful woman. She’s in and it’s the older spy, younger spy". A month later, it was announced that shooting on the film would begin on 20 May 2013, with Luke Bracey and Bill Smitrovich joining the cast.
Dominic Cooper, however, left the project to star in Need For Speed, and was replaced with Bracey in the role of the main character's protege. In June 2013, it was reported that Will Patton and Caterina Scorsone joined the cast; the former played an old-school senior CIA operative, while the latter played an "ambitious up-and-comer". Filming Principal photography began on May 20, 2013 in Belgrade, with Brosnan, Bracey, and many other supporting actors seen on site, but nothing particularly came out of the regular photographers and journalists, because it was moved away from public eye, and the sets were closed down for filming, guarded by tight security against all unauthorized personnel.
In the original novel, Berlin was the main setting, but Brosnan stated that the production couldn't afford shooting there. Meanwhile, the second unit production team shot additional scenes in Montenegro locations posing as Switzerland. On June 2, 2013, Olga Kurylenko was spotted filming an action scene with Brosnan. Production on the film officially wrapped in late July 2013, and entered its post-production phase in September, later that year. Music On December 3, 2013, it was announced that Marco Beltrami would be composing the soundtrack for the film. "I wanted to create a taut score incorporating a guitar theme with a slightly Eastern European meets Western motif befitting an action thriller about international espionage," said Beltrami.
A soundtrack album was released by Varèse Sarabande on September 9, 2014. Other songs featured in the film include: "Die This Way" by Storm Large "Keep It Up" by Makao "Gnossienne No. 3" by Erik Satie "Ticking Bomb" by Aloe Blacc Release The film was released on August 27, 2014. On June 6, 2014, the first trailer for the film was released worldwide. The seventh novel in the original book series, There Are No Spies, was republished as The November Man to promote the release. The film was released on Blu-ray on November 25, 2014. Box office The November Man grossed $25 million in North America and $7.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $32.6 million, against a budget of $15 million.
In its opening weekend the film grossed $7.9 million, finishing in 6th place at the box office. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 35%, based on 124 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The November Man has a few of the ingredients necessary for a better-than-average spy thriller, making it all the more disappointing that it falls back on dull genre clichés." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 38 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Bilge Ebiri of Vulture wrote, "Brosnan, who was a better James Bond than he often gets credit for, doesn’t like to smile much, but he still brings a weary likability to a grim part, just enough to keep us invested as the movie trots through its gauntlet of familiar twists and double-crosses." Possible sequel On June 12, 2014, it was revealed that Sriram Das' production company, Das Films, have commissioned a sequel to the film. On August 20, while on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Brosnan officially announced that a sequel was in progress, and Relativity Media would soon be entering pre-production.
References External links Category:2014 films Category:2010s action thriller films Category:2010s crime thriller films Category:2010s spy films Category:American action thriller films Category:American films Category:American spy films Category:Films about the Central Intelligence Agency Category:Films about the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Category:English-language films Category:Films based on American novels Category:Films directed by Roger Donaldson Category:Films set in Belgrade Category:Films set in Montenegro Category:Films set in Russia Category:Films set in Serbia Category:Films set in Switzerland Category:Films shot in Montenegro Category:Films shot in Serbia Category:Films scored by Marco Beltrami Category:Relativity Media films Category:Films shot in Belgrade
The Rheinmetall Rh-120 is a 120 mm smoothbore tank gun designed and produced by the West German Rheinmetall-DeTec AG company, developed in response to Soviet advances in armor technology and development of new armored threats. Production began in 1974, with the first version of the gun, known as the L/44 as it was 44 calibers long, used on the German Leopard 2 tank and soon produced under license for the American M1A1 Abrams and other tanks. The gun has a length of , and the gun system weighs approximately . By 1990, the L/44 was not considered powerful enough to deal with future Soviet armour, which stimulated an effort by Rheinmetall to develop a better main armament.
This first involved a tank gun named Neue Panzerkanone 140 ("new tank gun 140"), but later turned into a compromise which led to the development of an advanced 120 mm gun, the L/55, based on the same internal geometry as the L/44 and installed in the same breech and mount. The L/55 is longer, giving increased muzzle velocity to ammunition fired through it. As the L/55 retains the same barrel geometry, it can fire the same ammunition as the L/44. This gun was retrofitted into German and Dutch Leopard 2s, and chosen as the main gun of the Spanish Leopard 2E and the Greek Leopard 2HEL.
It was tested on the British Challenger 2 as a potential replacement for its current weapon, the rifled L30 120 mm cannon. A variety of ammunition has been developed for use by tanks with guns based on Rheinmetall's original L/44 design. This includes a series of kinetic energy penetrators, such as the American M829 series, and high explosive anti-tank warheads. Recent ammunition includes a range of anti-personnel rounds and demolition munitions. The LAHAT, developed in Israel, is a gun-launched missile which has received interest from Germany and other Leopard 2 users, and is designed to defeat both land armour and combat helicopters.
The Israelis also introduced a new anti-personnel munition which limits collateral damage by controlling the fragmentation of the projectile. Background Because of concerns about the inability of the L7 tank gun then in use across NATO forces to penetrate new Soviet armor, as proved in German tests on four T-62 Soviet tanks captured by Israel following the June 1967 Six-Day War, Rheinmetall was paid for the development of a new tank gun. A project started in 1965, as the Bundeswehr felt a more powerful gun was needed for its new tanks. The first instance of a larger Soviet tank gun was witnessed on the chassis of a modified T-55 in 1961.
In 1965, the Soviet Union's T-62 made its first public appearance, armed with a smoothbore tank gun. The Soviet decision to increase the power of its tank's main armament had come when, in the early 1960s, an Iranian tank commander defected over the Soviet border in a brand-new M60 Patton tank, which was armed with the M68 gun, the US version of the British Royal Ordnance L7. Despite the introduction of the T-62, in 1969 their T-64 tank was rearmed with a new tank gun, while in 1972 Nizhny Tagil began production of the T-72 tank, also armed with the gun.
At the fighting at Sultan Yakoub, during the 1982 Lebanon War, the Israeli government claimed to have destroyed nine Syrian T-72s with the Merkava main battle tank, armed with an Israeli version of the American M68 tank gun. Whether true or not, the Soviets test-fired a number of Israeli M111 Hetz armor-piercing discarding sabot rounds at Kubinka, finding the round was able to perforate the sloped front section plate but not the turret armor of the T-72 tank. In response, the Soviets developed the T-72M1. This led Israel to opt for a 120 mm tank gun during the development process of the Merkava III main battle tank.
This case is similar to the American decision to replace the M68 tank gun with Rheinmetall's 120 mm gun in 1976; the introduction of the T-64A had raised the question within the armor community whether the new ammunition for the existing gun caliber could effectively deal with the new Soviet tank. In 1963, Germany and the United States had already embarked on a joint tank program, known as the MBT-70. The new tank carried a three-man crew, with the driver in the turret, an automatic loader for the main gun, a autocannon as secondary armament, an active hydropneumatic suspension and spaced armour on the glacis plate and the front turret.
The new tank concept also had improved armament, a missile-launching main gun, designed to fire the MGM-51 Shillelagh anti-tank missile. However, the German Army was interested in a tank gun which could fire conventional ammunition. Although there were attempts to modify the tank gun to do so, the process proved extremely difficult, and the Germans began development of the future Rheinmetall 120 mm gun instead. In 1967, the German Ministry of Defense decided to re-open a Leopard 1 improvement program, known as the Vergoldeter Leopard ("Gilded Leopard"), later renamed the Keiler ("Wild Boar"). Krauss-Maffei was chosen as the contractor, and two prototypes were developed in 1969 and 1970.
This program grew into the Leopard 2; the first prototype of the new tank was delivered in 1972, equipped with a smoothbore main gun. Between 1972 and 1975, a total of 17 prototypes were developed. The new 120 mm gun's ten-year development effort, which had begun in 1964, ended in 1974. Ten of the 17 turrets built were equipped with the 105 mm smoothbore gun, and the other seven were equipped with the larger 120 mm gun. Another program aimed to mount the missile-gun was also developed in an attempt to save components from the MBT-70, but in 1971 the program was ended for economic reasons.
Instead, the Germans opted for Rheinmetall's 120 mm L/44 smoothbore tank gun. Design features Rheinmetall's L/44 tank gun has a caliber of 120 mm, and a length of 44 calibers (). The gun's barrel weighs , and on the M1 Abrams the gun mount weighs , while the new barrel (L/55) is 55 calibers long, longer. The bore evacuator and the gun's thermal sleeve, designed to regulate the temperature of the barrel, are made of glass-reinforced plastic, while the barrel has a chrome lining to increase barrel life. Originally the gun had an EFC barrel life of ~1,500 rounds, but with recent advances in propellant technology the average life has increased even further.
The gun's recoil mechanism is composed of two hydraulic retarders and a hydropneumatic assembly. Variants Rheinmetall Rh-120 L/44 120mm Production of the German Leopard 2 and the new 120 mm tank gun began in 1979, fulfilling an order for the German Army. Although the American M1 Abrams was originally armed with the M68A1 105 mm gun (a version of the L7), the United States Army had planned to fit the tank with a larger main gun at a later date, and the tank's turret had been designed to accommodate a larger 120 mm gun. The larger gun was integrated into the M1A1 Abrams, with the first vehicle coming off the production line in 1985 The gun, known as the M256, was based on the L/44 tank gun, although manufactured at Watervliet Arsenal.
Tanks armed with versions of Rheinmetall's gun produced under licence include Japan's Type 90 and South Korea's K1A1. Rheinmetall Rh-120 L/55 120mm The appearance of new Soviet tanks such as the T-80B during the late 1970s and early 1980s demanded the development of new technologies and weapons to counter the threat posed to Western armor. The T-80B had increased firepower and a new composite ceramic armor. The T-72 also went through a modernization program in an attempt to bring it up to the standards of the T-80B. In 1985 the new T-72B version entered production, with a new laminate armor protection system; its turret armor, designed primarily to defeat anti-tank missiles, surpassed the T-80B's in protection.
The German government began the development of the Leopard 3, although this was canceled after the fall of the Soviet Union. On 1991, the governments of Switzerland, the Netherlands and Germany agreed to cooperate in the development of a modernization program for the Leopard 2. Part of this program included the introduction of a longer 120 mm tank gun, a cheaper alternative to a brand new tank gun, increasing the maximum range of the gun by an estimated . Although the gun is longer, allowing for a higher peak pressure from the propellant, the geometry remains the same, allowing the gun to fire the same ammunition as that fired from the shorter version.