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After the end-Permian extinction, crinoids never regained the morphological diversity and dominant position they enjoyed in the Paleozoic; they employed a different suite of ecological strategies open to them from those that had proven so successful in the Paleozoic. Fossils Some fossil crinoids, such as Pentacrinites, seem to have lived attached to floating driftwood and complete colonies are often found. Sometimes this driftwood would become waterlogged and sink to the bottom, taking the attached crinoids with it. The stem of Pentacrinites can be several metres long. Modern relatives of Pentacrinites live in gentle currents attached to rocks by the end of their stem.
The largest fossil crinoid on record had a stem in length. In 2012, three geologists reported they had isolated complex organic molecules from 340-million-year-old (Mississippian) fossils of multiple species of crinoids. Identified as "resembl[ing ...] aromatic or polyaromatic quinones", these are the oldest molecules to be definitively associated with particular individual fossils, as they are believed to have been sealed inside ossicle pores by precipitated calcite during the fossilization process. Crinoid fossils, and in particular disarticulated crinoid columnals, can be so abundant that they at times serve as the primary supporting clasts in sedimentary rocks. Rocks of this nature are called encrinites.
Taxonomy Crinoidea has been accepted as a distinct clade of echinoderms since the definition of the group by Miller in 1821.
According to the World Register of Marine Species, Articulata, the only extant subclass of Crinoidea, includes the following families:- order Comatulida Clark, 1908 super-family Antedonoidea Norman, 1865 family Antedonidae Norman, 1865 family Pentametrocrinidae AH Clark, 1908 family Zenometridae AH Clark, 1909 super-family Atelecrinoidea Bather, 1899 family Atelecrinidae Bather, 1899 super-family Comatuloidea Fleming, 1828 family Comatulidae Fleming, 1828 super-family Himerometroidea AH Clark, 1908 family Colobometridae AH Clark, 1909 family Eudiocrinidae AH Clark, 1907 family Himerometridae AH Clark, 1907 family Mariametridae AH Clark, 1909 family Zygometridae AH Clark, 1908 super-family Notocrinoidea Mortensen, 1918 family Aporometridae HL Clark, 1938 family Notocrinidae Mortensen, 1918 super-family Paracomatuloidea Hess, 1951 † super-family Tropiometroidea AH Clark, 1908 family Asterometridae Gislén, 1924 family Calometridae AH Clark, 1911 family Charitometridae AH Clark, 1909 family Ptilometridae AH Clark, 1914 family Thalassometridae AH Clark, 1908 family Tropiometridae AH Clark, 1908 Comatulida incertae sedis family Atopocrinidae Messing, 2011 (in Hess & Messing, 2011) family Bathycrinidae Bather, 1899 family Bourgueticrinidae Loriol, 1882 family Guillecrinidae Mironov & Sorokina, 1998 family Phrynocrinidae AH Clark, 1907 family Septocrinidae Mironov, 2000 order Cyrtocrinida Sub-order Cyrtocrinina family Sclerocrinidae Jaekel, 1918 Sub-order Holopodina family Eudesicrinidae Bather, 1899 family Holopodidae Zittel, 1879 order Encrinida † order Hyocrinida family Hyocrinidae Carpenter, 1884 order Isocrinida Sub-order Isocrinina family Cainocrinidae Simms, 1988 family Isocrinidae Gislén, 1924 family Isselicrinidae Klikushkin, 1977 family Proisocrinidae Rasmussen, 1978 Sub-order Pentacrinitina † family Pentacrinitidae Gray, 1842 † order Millericrinida † Phylogeny The phylogeny, geologic history, and classification of the Crinoidea was discussed by Wright et al.
(2017). These authors presented new phylogeny-based and rank-based classifications based on results of recent phylogenetic analyses. Their rank-based classification of crinoid higher taxa (down to Order), not fully resolved and with numerous groups incertae sedis (of uncertain placement), is illustrated in the cladogram. In culture Fossilised crinoid columnal segments extracted from limestone quarried on Lindisfarne, or found washed up along the foreshore, were threaded into necklaces or rosaries, and became known as St. Cuthbert's beads in the Middle Ages. Similarly, in the Midwestern United States, fossilized segments of the columns of crinoids are sometimes known as Indian beads. Crinoids are the state fossil of Missouri.
Fossil crinoids References External links Category:Paleozoic invertebrates Category:Extant Ordovician first appearances
Prof. Aly Saad ( born 25 April 1954), is a pioneer professor of cardiology at Zagazig University and a Member of higher committee of promotion of professors and Assistant professors of cardiovascular diseases and Critical care Subspecialty in Egypt ( Supreme council of Egyptian universities). Background Before his graduation during undergraduate study he established Zagazig Student Scientific Society, and with group of active medical students founded the Egyptian Associations of Medical Scientific Societies and was the first elected president of this association. The association has wide and invaluable scientific and social activities nationally and internationally, including an annual exchange program for medical students all over the world, organizing and supervising many local and international conferences, Continuing medical education programs, editing many medical and scientific magazines, wide range of medical, scientific and environmental activities.
During this period he prepared and broadcast a public scientific program – Science in your hands – on Abu Dhabi radio for over 2 years. Immediately postgraduate he with others founded the Society of Young Doctors. After his residency in cardiovascular disease he became an assistant lecturer in cardiovascular diseases and during this period he was a director of catheterization unit. Then through a long scientific and academic life he became a professor of cardiovascular disease in Zagazig University. He also supervised a long list of leading master and doctorate thesis and published many scientific papers in a wide variety of Cardiovascular subspecialties.
He is a founding member of the Working Group of Drug Therapy ( Egyptian Society of Cardiology), and the Egyptian Society of Atherosclerosis that organized a considerable number of national and international conferences, and through them and in others he gave many scientific talks. Establishments Founding member of the Mediterranean Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound ( member of International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound ) Founding member of The Working Group of Drug Therapy (Egyptian Society of Cardiology ) Founding member of The Egyptian Society of Atherosclerosis, Awards Being a Fellow of the European Society of Cardiology in 2000 he has received many acknowledgements in (2000, 2008, 2013) Acknowledged as an outstanding reviewer by Elsevier Publisher (2014, 2015) Best investigator in EuroHeart Survey program of European Society of Cardiology.
Acknowledged from Zagazig Faculty of medicine and many Other Arabic, Egyptian and international bodies. Selected as one of the most eminent cardiologists in the Arabic world by cardiology department, Zagazig University, supreme council of Egyptian universities upon the request of Arab League. Selected as one of international expert in preventive Cardiology and member of panel for reviewing guidelines and Putting recommendations in this fields by 9 European societies helping in health plans in European union. Memberships Member of editorial board of The Egyptian Heart Journal ( the official journal of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology, a member of The European Society of Cardiology ).
Selected as a member in the European Endothelium Committee (Mediterranean Project). Member of organizing committee, speaker and chairman of the 4th World Congress of Echo-cardiography and Vascular Ultrasound organized by the International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound (ISCU) (Cairo, 19–21 January 2000) Member of the organizing committee, speaker and / or chairman of the annual scientific joint conference of department of cardiology (Zagazig University) and the Egyptian society of cardiology from 1993–2014. Member of the panellists of the joint meeting of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology and Texas Heart Institute (Cairo, 1 March 1995) Member of scientific board and chairman in the 6th annual congress of the Egyptian working group of International cardiology Member of the organizing committee of the annual congress of the Mediterranean Association of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (MACCS) in Egypt Sharm El-sheikh ( 7–10 November 2001).
Member of Executive board of the scientific council of Zagazig faculty of medicine. He is a voting (and honourable EB) member of working group of Hypertension and Heart (European Society of Cardiology ), European Association of heart failure, European Association of PCI, European Association of prevention and rehabilitation. International World Wide Research Programs Euro Heart Survey ( EHS) –European Society of Cardiology (ESC) EURO HEART SURVEY (EHS) Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) snapshot, ESC (2010). Euro Hear Survey (EHS) on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Registry (2008–2010) Euro Hear Survey (EHS) on Acute Coronary Syndrome III (ACS III) registry, ESC (2008). ACS study, ESC (2006).
Euro Hear Survey (EHS) on Heart Failure II (EHFII) Registry. PCI study (2005–2006). Euro Hear Survey (EHS) on Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Registry (2004) (from which HAS bleed and CHAD2score Score have been established) Ischaemic Heart Diseases and Dibetes study (2003) Euro Heart Survey on Coronary Revascularization (REVASC) registry study (2002) EurObservational Research Program (EORP) EurObservational Research Program (EORP) on Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC) registry PeriPartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) registry Cardiomyopathy Long Term registry Others GAPS-HF Study World Heart Failure Society. Expert opinion for EAPCI pre and post results for DAPT,ITALIC, ESAR-SAFE and MATRIX studies.
Some of the publications and researches Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) snapshot Registry Euro Heart Survey on Coronary Revascularization (REVASC) Registry Euro Hear Survey (EHS) on Diabetes and Heart Registry 23- Abnormal glucose regulation in patients with coronary artery disease across Europe M Bartnik, L Rydén, R Ferrari, K Malmberg, K Pyorala, ML Simoons, E Standl, J Soler-Soler, J Ohrvik.. Aly Saad...." Diabetologia 47, A61-A61.2004 (23) Euro Hear Survey (EHS) on Heart Failure II (EHFII) Registry Contemporary management of octogenarians hospitalized for heart failure in Europe: Euro Heart Failure Survey II Michel Komajda, Olivier Hanon, Matthias Hochadel, Jose Luis Lopez-Sendon, Ferenc Follath, Piotr Ponikowski, Veli-Pekka Harjola, Helmut Drexler, Kenneth Dickstein, Luigi Tavazzi, Markku Nieminen,.... Aly Saad..... European heart journal, 2009 Gender related differences in patients presenting with acute heart failure.
Results from EuroHeart Failure Survey II Markku S Nieminen, Veli‐Pekka Harjola, Matthias Hochadel, Helmut Drexler, Michel Komajda, Dirk Brutsaert, Kenneth Dickstein, Piotr Ponikowski, Luigi Tavazzi, Ferenc Follath, Jose Luis Lopez‐Sendon...Aly Saad..... European journal of heart failure, 2008 Euro Hear Survey (EHS) on Acute Coronary Syndrome III (ACS III) Registry Value of Killip classification first described in 1967 for risk stratification of STEMI and NSTE-ACS in the new millennium: Lessons from the Euro Heart Survey ACS Registry AK Gitt, U Zeymer, M Hochadel, M Gierlotka, H Bueno, R Zahn, W Wojakowski, F Schiele, M Tendera, JP Bassand...Aly Saad.. .......... EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 2010 Reperfusion strategy in Europe: temporal trends in performance measures for reperfusion therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction François Schiele, Matthias Hochadel, Marco Tubaro, Nicolas Meneveau, Wojtek Wojakowski, Marek Gierlotka, Lech Polonski, Jean-Pierre Bassand, Keith AA Fox, Anselm K Gitt....Aly Saad... ..... EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 2010 MAJOR BLEEDING COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH STEMI ACCOUNT FOR A DOUBLING IN HOSPITAL MORTALITY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: LESSONS FROM THE EURO HEART SURVEY ACS REGISTRY.Anselm K. Gitt; Frank Towae; Ralf Zahn; Huo Katus; Marek Gierlotka; Wojtek Wojakowski; Michal Tendera; Francois Schiele; Jean-Pierre Bassand.....Aly Saad.......... EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 2009 Euro Hear Survey (EHS) on Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Registry Clinical correlates of immediate success and outcome at 1-year follow-up of real-world cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey Ron Pisters, Robby Nieuwlaat, Martin H Prins, Jean-Yves Le Heuzey, Aldo P Maggioni, A John Camm, Harry JGM Crijns, Aly Saad...Europace, 2012 A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey Ron Pisters, Deirdre A Lane, Robby Nieuwlaat, Cees B de Vos, Harry JGM Crijns, Gregory YH Lip......., Aly Saad....
Chest Journal,2010 Progression from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrillation: clinical correlates and prognosis Cees B de Vos, Ron Pisters, Robby Nieuwlaat, Martin H Prins, Robert G Tieleman, Robert-Jan S Coelen, Antonius C van den Heijkant, Maurits A Allessie, Harry JGM Crijns........Aly Saad....Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2010 Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation Gregory YH Lip, Robby Nieuwlaat, Ron Pisters, Deirdre A Lane, Harry JGM Crijns........Aly Saad....Chest Journal, 2010 Atrial fibrillation and heart failure in cardiology practice: reciprocal impact and combined management from the perspective of atrial fibrillation: results of the Euro Heart Survey on atrial fibrillation Robby Nieuwlaat, Luc W Eurlings, John G Cleland, Stuart M Cobbe, Panos E Vardas, Alessandro Capucci, José L López-Sendòn, Joan G Meeder, Yigal M Pinto, Harry HJGM Crijns........Aly Saad.... Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2009 Euro Hear Survey (EHS) on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Registry Fate of Patients With Coronary Perforation Complicating Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (from the Euro Heart Survey Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Registry).Bauer T, Boeder N, Nef HM, Möllmann H, Hochadel M, Marco J, Weidinger F, Zeymer U, Get AK, Hamm CW....Aly Saad...Am J Cardiol.
2015 Nov 1;116(9):1363-7 Fate of patients with coronary perforation complicating PCI: insights from the Euro Heart Survey PCI registry T Bauer, H Nef, M Hochadel, H Moellmann, F Weidinger, J Marco, A Gitt, U Zeymer, C Hamm...Aly Saad.... EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 2014 Use and outcome of thrombectomy in patients with primary PCI for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction: results from the Euro Heart Survey PCI registry T Bauer, K Weipert, M Hochadel, H Nef, H Moellmann, J Marco, F Weidinger, A Gitt, U Zeymer, C Hamm....Aly Saad... EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 2014 Achievement of TIMI-3- Flow Results in Significant Decrease in Hospital Mortality of Primary PCI for STEMI and PCI for NSTE-ACS – Findings of the Euro Heart Survey PCI- Registry Prima- vista multi-vessel percutaneous coronary intervention in haemodynamically stable patients with acute coronary syndromes: Analysis of over 4.400 patients in the EHS-PCI registry Timm Bauer, Uwe Zeymer, Matthias Hochadel, Helge Möllmann, Franz Weidinger, Ralf Zahn, Holger M Nef, Christian W Hamm, Jean Marco, Anselm K Gitt, Aly Saad...International Journal of Cardiology, 2013 Clinical and angiographic comparison between circumflex artery-related ST elevation and non ST elevation myocardial infarctions: results from the Euro Heart Survey PCI registry T Bauer, A Gitt, M Hochadel, H Moellmann, H Nef, F Weidinger, J Marco, R Zahn, C Hamm, U Zeymer, Aly Saad.
EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL 33, 461–462 2012 The high event rate in patients with diabetes mellitus treated with PCI for acute coronary syndromes is observed in the subgroup of patients with impaired renal function. Results of the Euro Heart Survey U Zeymer, T Bauer, M Hochadel, F Weidinger, R Zahn, AK Gitt,... Aly Saad... EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL, 2011 Use and outcomes of multi-vessel percutaneous coronary intervention in haemodynamically stable patients with acute coronary syndrome: results of the EHS-PCI registry T Bauer, U Zeymer, M Hochadel, H Moellmann, F Weidinger, R Zahn, HM Nef, C Hamm, J Marco, AK Gitt, Aly Saad.. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL 32, 1042–1042.
2011 EuroHeart score for the evaluation of in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention Maarten de Mulder, Anselm Gitt, Ron van Domburg, Matthias Hochadel, Ricardo Seabra-Gomes, Patrick W Serruys, Sigmund Silber, Franz Weidinger, William Wijns, Uwe Zeymer, Christian Hamm, Eric Boersma, Aly Saad.... European heart journal 32 (11), 1398–1408.2011 CURRENT PRACTICE OF PCI FOR ACS AND STABLE ANGINA IN EUROPE 2005–2008: LESSONS FROM THE EURO HEART SURVEY PCI REGISTRY Anselm K Gitt, Matthias Hochadel, Uwe Zeymer, Ralf Zahn, Franz Weidinger, Timm Bauer, Christian Hamm, Aly Saad..ournal of the American College of Cardiology,2011 Lower Rate of Major Bleeding Complications With Radial Arterial Access for Elective PCI in Clinical Practice in Europe: Results of the Euro Heart Survey PCI-Registry Anselm K Gitt, Timm Bauer, Uwe Zeymer, Matthias Hochadel, Ralf Zahn, Christian Hamm, Aly Saad ...
Circulation 122 (21 Supplement), A20964.2010 IMPACT OF RENAL FAILURE ON MORTALITY, STROKE AND BLEEDING COMPLICATIONS IN THE SETTING OF PCI FOR ACS OR STABLE ANGINA IN EUROPE: LESSONS FROM THE EURO HEART SURVEY PCI REGISTRY Anselm K Gitt, Timm Bauer, Uwe Zeymer, Ralf Zahn, Franz Weidinger, Matthias Hochadel, Christian Hamm, ...Aly Saad... Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2010 Incidence and clinical impact of stroke complicating percutaneous coronary intervention results of the euro heart survey percutaneous coronary interventions registry Nicolas Werner, Timm Bauer, Matthias Hochadel, Ralf Zahn, Franz Weidinger, Jean Marco, Christian Hamm, Anselm K Gitt, Uwe Zeymer,.. Aly Saad ..
Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions, 2013 EurObservational Research Program (EORP) on Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC) Registry References External links Prof. Aly Saad website Google Scholar's page Researchid's profile page Orchid's page Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Zagazig University faculty Category:Egyptian cardiologists
Idiosyncratic drug reactions, also known as type B reactions, are drug reactions that occur rarely and unpredictably amongst the population. This is not to be mistaken with idiopathic, which implies that the cause is not known. They frequently occur with exposure to new drugs, as they have not been fully tested and the full range of possible side-effects have not been discovered; they may also be listed as an adverse drug reaction with a drug, but are extremely rare. Some patients have multiple-drug intolerance. Patients who have multiple idiopathic effects that are nonspecific are more likely to have anxiety and depression.Idiosyncratic drug reactions appear to not be concentration dependent.
A minimal amount of drug will cause an immune response, but it is suspected that at a low enough concentration, a drug will be less likely to initiate an immune response. Mechanism In adverse drug reactions involving overdoses, the toxic effect is simply an extension of the pharmacological effect (Type A adverse drug reactions). On the other hand, clinical symptoms of idiosyncratic drug reactions (Type B adverse drug reactions) are different from the pharmacological effect of the drug. The proposed mechanism of most idiosyncratic drug reactions is immune-mediated toxicity. To create an immune response, a foreign molecule must be present that antibodies can bind to (i.e.
the antigen) and cellular damage must exist. Very often, drugs will not be immunogenic because they are too small to induce immune response. However, a drug can cause an immune response if the drug binds a larger molecule. Some unaltered drugs, such as penicillin, will bind avidly to proteins. Others must be bioactivated into a toxic compound that will in turn bind to proteins. The second criterion of cellular damage can come either from a toxic drug/drug metabolite, or from an injury or infection. These will sensitize the immune system to the drug and cause a response. Idiosyncratic reactions fall conventionally under toxicology.
See also Idiosyncrasy References External links Category:Medical terminology Category:Pharmacy Category:Clinical pharmacology
Bolt, bolts, or bolting may refer to: Implements and technology Bolt (fastener), similar to a screw, used with a nut Bolt (climbing), an anchor point used in rock climbing Bolt (firearms), a mechanism used in firearms Crossbow bolt, ammunition used in a crossbow Places Bolt, West Virginia, an unincorporated census-designated place Bolt, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community La Bolt, South Dakota, a town Mount Bolt, Victoria Land, Antarctica Arts, entertainment, and media Bolt (1994 film), a drama starring Richard Grieco Bolt (2008 film), a Disney animated film Bolt (Disney character), the main character of the film Bolt (video game), based on the film Bolt (DC Comics), a fictional supervillain from DC Comics The Bolt (Shostakovich), a three-act ballet by Dmitri Shostakovich Bolt (1986), a book by Dick Francis The Bolts, American band Computing Bolt (network protocol), a network protocol used in database applications Bolt (web browser) Bolt (website), a social networking and video website active from 1996 to 2007 Sports Usain Bolt, a Jamaican sprint world-record holder and Olympic gold medalist Anaheim Bolts, a Professional Arena Soccer League team Boston Bolts, a short-lived American Soccer League team Meralco Bolts, a Philippine Basketball Association team San Diego Chargers (secondary nickname), a National Football League team Tampa Bay Lightning (secondary nickname), a National Hockey League team Other uses Bolt (company), a transportation network company Bolt (fabric), a unit of measurement Bolting (horse), the term for when a horse runs away Bolting (horticulture), the early growth of a flowering stalk in a crop plant Chevrolet Bolt, an electric vehicle that General Motors put into limited production in 2016 Lightning bolt See also Lightning bolt (disambiguation) Screw, a type of fastener, in some ways similar to a bolt
Bunostomum is a genus of nematodes of the small intestine of ruminants and camelids. Important species include: B. phlebotomum in calves and B. trigonocephalum in lambs. The worms are stout and measure in length. Young animals are most commonly affected and only several hundred worms are necessary to cause morbidity. Adults often carry worms without showing clinical signs. Life cycle The life cycle is direct, with a prepatent period of 7–9 weeks. Eggs hatch on the ground and develop into infective larvae in several weeks. Larvae penetrate through the skin or are ingested and then migrate to the respiratory system, are coughed up and swallowed and finally reach the small intestine.
Eggs are then shed in the faeces of the infected host. Clinical signs and diagnosis Diarrhoea is the primary sign, along with systemic signs of anorexia, lethargy and weight loss if the worm burden is severe. Hypoproteinaemia, anaemia and dehydration often occur. Skin involvement due to larvae penetration appears as lesions especially on the feet and limbs. Analysis of faecal samples enables eggs to be found, or adults are visualised in the small intestine at necropsy. Treatment and control All available anthelmintics are efficient at treating the infection. Prophylactic anthelmintic treatment may help prevent the disease, as well as pasture management to avoid egg and larvae accumulation.
References Bunostomum reviewed and published by Wikivet accessed 09/10/2011. Category:Strongylida Category:Veterinary parasitology Category:Parasitic nematodes of mammals Category:Rhabditida genera
Abla Fahita (  , "abla" means "teacher/maa'm", "fahita" comes from fajita) is an Egyptian satirical puppet character. The character was introduced in 2010 online, she featured in Al Bernameg with Bassem Youssef, and has started a show in 2014 Abla Fahita Live from the Duplex on CBC channel. The infamous widow with her sharp tongue and acid humour and an obvious defiance for taboos has gained her both lovers and haters. Being a puppet loved by children yet hosting a show for adults has been her controversy. The highest paid female presenter in the Middle East. However, she also meets with celebrities as they arrive for the Dubai International Film Festival.
Erin Cunningham of the Washington Post compared Abla Fahita to a Muppet. Dalia Kholaif of Al Jazeera wrote that Abla Fahita "gained popularity for its off-beat expressions in mocking developments in Egypt". The character has a daughter, Caro (Carcoura) who she treats in a tough way to roughen her up for a rough world. Her son is Boudi, her favorite and most cherished. Vodafone advert controversy In December 2013 Abla Fahita had appeared on a Vodafone Egypt advert. In this advert she is looking for the SIM card of her deceased husband. Vodafone, a British company, is Egypt's largest mobile service provider.
A youth regime apologist in Egypt accused the advertisement of being a coded message for a planned attack on a shopping complex. The Egyptian prosecutor general asked the state prosecution service to carry out an investigation into the character. The conspiracy theorist, Ahmed Zebidar or Ahmed Spider, filed a complaint against Vodafone Egypt and stated his intention to have the character imprisoned. The accuser, Ahmed Spider, is a supporter of Hosni Mubarak. The puppet was accused of being a British agent, and the accusations stated that the advert had Muslim Brotherhood messages. Egyptian government officials questioned Vodafone executives, and an article in Slate stated that the government had "reportedly" asked those executives to report to court in the near future.
A Twitter stream named #FreeFahita advocated in favor of the character. In January 2014 Abla Fahita and her accuser, Spider, were interviewed on a live primetime TV show on Capital Broadcast Center (CBC) via skype and over the phone, respectively. Abla Fahita denied that there were coded messages in the advert. The Economist wrote that "By and large, Egyptians have poured scorn and ridicule on all this silly talk." and news.com.au wrote that "The official investigation into the puppet has been widely mocked." Cunningham wrote that "The investigation of the puppet is an extreme sign of a climate of fear and paranoia in Egypt that has intensified in recent weeks."
Abla Fahita singing In 2014, Abla Fahita cooperated with the famous Egyptian composer and Arab Idol judge Hassan El Shafei in a song named "Mayestahloushi" ("they are not worthy") which hit more than a million and a half views in less than a week (considered a lot at that time). References External links Category:Egyptian television personalities Category:Fictional Egyptian people
John Alexander MacWilliam (31 July 1857 – 13 January 1937), a physiologist at the University of Aberdeen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was a pioneer in the field of cardiac electrophysiology. He spent many years studying ventricular fibrillation, and was the first person to propose that ventricular fibrillation was the most common cause of sudden death - and that fibrillation could be terminated (and life potentially saved) by a series of induction shocks to the heart. He was the first to accurately describe the condition of arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), and he suggested transthoracic pacing to treat transient asystole (cardiac arrest).
Although his work was recognised within his lifetime, it was not until many decades later that it laid the foundations for developments in the understanding and treatment of life-threatening heart conditions, such as in the artificial cardiac pacemaker. MacWilliam was appointed Regius Professor of the Institutes of Medicine (later Physiology) at the University of Aberdeen at the age of 29 in 1886, and remained in that post for 41 years until his retirement in 1927. Background MacWilliam was born 31 July 1857 at Kiltarlity, near Beauly, Inverness-shire in Scotland, where his father was farmer at Culmill farm. His parents were William McWilliam (1814 - 1888) and his wife Isabella Cumming (1816 - 1887) who had moved around 1850 from the neighbouring parishes of Inveravon (sometimes spelled Inveraven) and Knockando on Speyside to the farm at Culmill.
His mother Isabella Cumming was the youngest daughter of John and Helen Cumming, founders of the Cardhu whisky distillery on Speyside. John Alexander had two siblings. His elder brother, William Lewis McWilliam, was born at Kiltarlity in 1855. He stayed as farmer at Culmill and married Mary Burns. They had no children. William was a respected farmer and an Inverness-shire County Councillor, who was also chairman of the local schools committee and chairman of the Parish Council for over 30 years. He died in 1936, aged 81. His sister, Isabella Helen McWilliam, was born 12.10.1859 and died in infanthood – at the age of just 16 months.
Around the late 1880s, he chose to alter the spelling of his name to MacWilliam rather than McWilliam. His published papers until 1889 are under the McWilliam spelling. Education and early work MacWilliam was educated at Kiltarlity parish school until moving on to Aberdeen University at the age of 17 in 1874. At Aberdeen he studied in the Arts faculty for two years before changing course to study medicine. He graduated M.B, C.M. in 1880, and was awarded the John Murray medal in that year for outstanding achievement. After postgraduate work at the University of Edinburgh and at University College, London, MacWilliam worked with physiologists Hugo Kronecker at Bern, and Carl Ludwig, director of the Physiological Institute at the University of Leipzig.
In 1847 Ludwig had invented the Kymograph (a mechanical instrument to record heartbeat and other muscle contractions or movements), but of course this was still before the invention of the electrocardiograph. MacWilliam began his research with Ludwig on the hearts of cold-blooded animals such as eels, fish and frogs, and noted a phylogenic similarity between the electrical behaviour of hearts progressing from these creatures to man. He logically extended his experiments on ventricular fibrillation in lower animals to humans, surmising that this arrythmia was the cause of sudden death. After returning from the continent, MacWilliam received his M.D. degree (with highest honours) from Aberdeen University in 1882 for his thesis: Part 1 – "On the cardiac muscular fibre in various animals", Part 2 – "On the diaphragmatic fibre in various animals".
Research work and teaching In the four years from 1883 till 1886 MacWilliam worked primarily at University College London, as demonstrator under Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer (previously Schäfer), and working closely with eminent contemporaries in physiology there (W.D. Halliburton and Ernest Starling), and with inspiration and guidance from W.H. Gaskell at Kings College, Cambridge. In 1886 MacWilliam was appointed Regius Professor of the Institutes of Medicine at the University of Aberdeen – at just 29 years old – succeeding Professor William Stirling. The role was subsequently retitled as Regius Professor of Physiology. During his time at University College, MacWilliam studied the structure of the muscular fibres of the diaphragm and of the heart.
The results of his research were communicated to the Royal Society in a paper "The structure and rhythm of the heart of the eel" – with the results of experiments extending over two years on the origin and conduction of the wave of contraction which sweeps over the eel’s heart, the different ways in which the wave could be blocked, and the manner in which its direction could be changed. From 1885 onwards, there followed three more years of systematic investigation. He extended his experiments to the hearts of mammals, most often cats, and found that all he had observed in the heart of the (cold-blooded) eel was also to be seen in the mammalian heart.
He studied the condition known then as "Herz-delirium" or "ventricular fibrillation", which became of importance to clinicians in the opening decades of the twentieth century. He sought to explain the manner in which this incoordination in the action of the heart’s muscle was brought about and the manner in which normal contraction could be restored. He found that there was a "certain area along the septum" where inhibition of the wave of contraction could be easily produced. He observed the condition which became known as "auricular flutter", and concluded that fibrillation was a disorder of muscle, not of nerve. He also described the basic elements of cardiopulmonary resuscitation - commonly abbreviated as CPR - (ventilation and cardiac compression) in keeping his experimental animals alive.
His contributions to cardiac electrophysiology were not limited to ventricular fibrillation. For example, he described the technique of transthoratic pacing for transient bradycardia (abnormally slow heartbeat), and he proposed stimulating the heart during asystole (cardiac arrest) by causing "artificial excitation" with a series of induction shocks (rather than using constant strong electric currents that could trigger fibrillation). He listed several potential triggers of ventricular fibrillation in individuals with underlying cardiac disease that could lead to a "hypersensitive state" of the heart. These included exertion-related changes in blood pressure and heart rate, digitalis, chloroform, and coronary obstruction. MacWilliam made many other contributions to cardiac physiology during his career.
In 1887, when chloroform anaesthesia was a cause of surgical death, his extensive animal experiments showed that chloroform could affect the heart directly and cause ventricular fibrillation. Between 1912 and 1925 he published articles analyzing the contractile properties of isolated blood vessels, the mechanism of the Korotkoff sounds, the effect of peripheral resistance on blood pressure, and blood pressure measurements in normal and pathological conditions. In 1919 he published The Mechanism and Control of Fibrillation in the Mammalian Heart. MacWilliam was the first person to describe the action of dreams on the heart rate and blood pressure, having first noticed this in dogs in the late 1800s.
In 1923 he reported his sleep studies on humans and dogs, in which he observed that profound effects on blood pressure and heart rate sometimes occurred with "disturbed sleep" which "imposed sudden and dangerous demands on the heart". He felt that fibrillation could be precipitated during sleep and dreaming, similar to the effects of emotional distress. Although his research work continued throughout his career, his focus moved more towards his teaching role after taking the physiology chair in Aberdeen in 1886., He retired in 1927 at the age of 70. Amongst his students at Aberdeen were many who went on to outstanding achievements of their own, including John James Rickard Macleod (joint Nobel prize-winner in 1923 for the discovery of insulin).
In 1928 Macleod returned from Canada to take the physiology chair at Aberdeen, in succession to MacWilliam. Arthur Robertson Cushny graduated M.D. at Aberdeen in 1892 and went on to become a leading pharmacologist, and Professor in the medical faculties of the University of Michigan, University College London, and finally the University of Edinburgh. Legacy It would be more than 60 years before MacWilliam’s research on arrhythmias and their treatment was translated into clinical approaches that physicians and surgeons could use in patient care. The first successful defibrillation of a human was reported in 1947 by Cleveland surgeon Claude Beck, and the first successful human transthoratic defibrillation by Boston cardiologist Paul Zoll in 1956.
Cardiac pacemaker therapy would not become reality in clinical medicine until the 1950s (transthoracic and temporary pacing) and the 1960s (permanent pacing). During the 1960s the care of patients who suffered cardiac arrest or were thought to be at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias was significantly improved by the introduction of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the introduction of the coronary care unit. The value of MacWilliam's work has been recognised in recent years in several published articles. In 1989, Regis de Silva of Harvard University wrote: "MacWilliam devised methods that laid the foundations for modern cardiac research and that provided the first comprehensive approach to successful cardiac resuscitation" and "MacWilliam’s basic physiologic concepts have survived for a century, greatly influencing more than three generations of research and practice in clinical cardiology".
In 1959 Dr Bernard Lown at Harvard invented direct current cardioversion based on the original work of MacWilliam. In his lengthy obituary in the Aberdeen University Review Professor Hugh Maclean states that "He lived thirty years before his time" and "It is now obvious that the value of his contributions can hardly be overestimated". Honours MacWilliam was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1916, and awarded the LL.D. degree by Aberdeen University in 1927. He was a member of the University Court (governing body) of Aberdeen University from 1917 until 1921 and was a member of the University Senate (Senatus Academicus) from 1906 until his retirement.
At Aberdeen he is commemorated in the naming of the MacWilliam Resuscitation Training Room in the University's Suttie Building. At the National Portrait Gallery in London he is represented by two photographic portraits (approx. 1912 and 1925). Personal life In 1889 at the age of 32, MacWilliam married Edith Constance Wise, the sister of Berkeley Deane Wise, a civil engineer. Edith died in November 1893 at the age of 33, of malaria contracted in the Canary Islands while her husband travelled on to South Africa. In 1898 he was married for a second time, to Florence Edith Thomas originally from Wrexham in North Wales, who outlived him by nearly two years.
She was a trained nurse who had worked at the London Temperance Hospital and then as a sister at St. Bartholomew's in London and later as Matron of the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford. In Aberdeen she involved herself in a variety of social work, including caring for soldiers returning from service during World War I. For all his married life MacWilliam lived in the village of Cults, now a suburb of Aberdeen. John MacWilliam suffered for much of his life from an obscure form of dyspepsia, only diagnosed (as duodenal ulceration) and treated in later life. Death MacWilliam died of heart failure in January 1937, in a nursing home at 35 Drumsheugh Gardens in Edinburgh.
He is buried, along with his wives, at Allenvale cemetery in Aberdeen. Publications J.A. McWilliam: On the structure and rhythm of the heart in fishes, with especial reference to the heart of the eel J Physiol, 6 (1885), pp. 192–245 J.A. McWilliam: Fibrillar contraction of the heart J Physiol, 8 (1887), pp. 296–310 J.A. McWilliam: On the rhythm of the mammalian heart Proc Royal Soc (2nd ed. ), 44 (1888), pp. 206–208 J.A. McWilliam: Inhibition of the mammalian heart Proc Royal Soc (2nd ed. ), 44 (1888), pp. 208–213 J.A. MacWilliam: Cardiac failure and sudden death Br Med J, 1 (1889), pp.
6–8 J.A. MacWilliam: Some applications of physiology to medicine, Ventricuar fibrillation and sudden death Br Med J, 2 (1923), pp. 215–217 J.A. MacWilliam: Blood pressure and heart action in sleep and dreams Br Med J, 2 (1923), pp. 1196–1200 John Alexander MacWilliam: Physiological Studies First Series by (pub. 1916 by Aberdeen University Press, republished by Hardpress Ltd in 2012) John Gray Mackendrick, and John Alexander MacWilliam: The Principles of Physiology (pub. 1928) References External links Regis de Silva, Heart Disease (Biographies of Disease) Hardcover, Greenwood Press, (Jun 2012) Mickey S. Eisenberg MD, PhD, History of the Science of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Springer, (2005) Category:1857 births Category:1937 deaths Category:Scottish physiologists Category:Academics of the University of Aberdeen Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
The EMD G12 was a class of locomotive built by GM-EMD, and its Canadian affiliate General Motors Diesel. In addition, Australian licensee Clyde Engineering built ten locomotives for New Zealand in 1957, five for Hong Kong, 23 for Queensland, 14 for Western Australia and seven for BHP. Australian licensee Commonwealth Engineering also built 42 for Queensland Rail in 1964–66. Many examples were built in the 1950-1960s for railroads all over the world. They are powered by EMD 12-567C prime movers rated at . Some have been rebuilt with EMD 645 engines. The A1A-A1A version had a lower axle loading than the Bo-Bo version.
Original Owners Bo-Bo version Australia 7 Broken Hill Proprietary Company – DE class Brazil A total of 241 locomotives: 2 Estrada de Ferro de Goiás 5201–5202 30 Mogiana Railway 3001–3030 43 Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil 1101–1143 17 Rede de Viação Paraná-Santa Catarina 18 São Paulo Railway 700–717 25 Rede Mineira de Viação 2201–2207, 2217–2228 71 Viação Férrea do Rio Grande do Sul 2121–2145, 2161–2168, 6169–6206 35 Estrada de Ferro Vitória a Minas 531–565 Canada 2 London and Port Stanley Railway L4, L5 1 General Motors Diesel demonstrator 7707 (to Sweden as Statens Järnvägar T42 in service between 1956 and 1983) Chile 3 Andes Copper Mining 81–83 Egypt 97 Egyptian Railways 3701–3797.
During the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel captured 3712, 3715, 3766 and 3795, which were appropriated to Israel Railways stock. Israel 23 Israel Railways 104–126, some since rebuilt with 12-645E engines. After the 1967 Six-Day War, four captured Egyptian G12s were renumbered 127–130. Iran 137 Islamic Republic of Iran Railways 40.01–40.137 Driver cab of most of the active units have been changed to full view like GT26. Railway Research Center (MATRAI) has converted one of G12 loco to Hybrid locomotive in 2001 with AC drive. Hong Kong 5 Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation No.
51–55 52–55 re-sold to Chicago Freight Car Leasing Australia as TL152–TL155 51 "Sir Alexander", named after by-then governor of Hong Kong in 1955, Alexander Grantham, was donated and preserved in Hong Kong Railway Museum after retirement and restoration Mexico 84 Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México 5806–5889 Netherlands 5 Dutch State Mines SM 151-155 (Built in 1956-1959 under license as Henschel G12 in Germany). In 1970 sold to the Nederlandse Spoorwegen as series NS 2901-2905. In 1975 sold to Ferrocarriles de Vía Estrecha in Spain. South Korea 25 Korean National Railways 4001–4015(From 4011 to 4015, the gear ratio was changed to change the speed to reach 153 kph(95 mph), and the numbers were revised to 4301 to 4305) , 4101–4110 Nigeria 25 Nigerian Railways 1101–1125 Norway 2 Sydvaranger 1, DE101 – G12 (used on the Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line, 1954–97) Sri Lanka 2 Sri Lanka Railways.
Class M2C 626–627 (Before 2010 it used only for upcountry between Rathmalana, Colombo- Kandy, Badulla.) Venezuela Government Coal Mines 01–03 A1A-A1A version Argentina 25 Sarmiento Railway 4501–4525, later 6551-6575. Australia 13 Queensland Rail 1400 class Brazil A total of 26 locomotives: 6 Rede Mineira de Viação 2708–2712 20 Viação Férrea do Rio Grande do Sul 2101–2120 Indonesia 11 Indonesian State Railways BB201 01–BB201 11 Mexico 6 Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México 5800–5805 New Zealand 146 New Zealand Government Railways 1400–1545 – New Zealand DA class locomotive Sri Lanka 12 Sri Lanka Railways. All except M2 571 still in daily operation (1).
Classified as Class M2 Class M2 569–573 An one locomotive (M2 571) destroyed by terrorism. Class M2A 591–593 Class M2B 594–595 Class M2D 628–629 Taiwan 52 Taiwan Railway Administration R21–R72; some of their engines were replaced to 12-645E. R56–59: sent to Malawi Railways in July 2006. USA 1 Electro-Motive Division demonstrator 1956 Co-Co version Australia A total of 66 locomotives: 10 1450 class 42 1460 class (later on-sold to Tranz Rail and converted to DQ class locomotives for use in New Zealand and Tasmania).
14 Western Australian Government Railways A class Gallery See also List of GM-EMD locomotives List of GMD Locomotives References External links Unofficial EMD Homepage G12 orders G12 G12 Category:Clyde Engineering locomotives T42 Category:A1A-A1A locomotives Category:Bo-Bo locomotives Category:Co-Co locomotives Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Argentina Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Brazil Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Canada Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Chile Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Egypt Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Indonesia Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Israel Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Iran Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Hong Kong Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Mexico Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of New Zealand Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of South Korea Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Nigeria Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Norway Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Sri Lanka Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Sweden Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Taiwan Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Venezuela Category:Six-Day War Category:Metre gauge diesel locomotives Category:3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives Category:Standard gauge railway locomotives Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives Category:Year of introduction missing
The Gypsies are a Danish hip-hop / R&B band with a live sound instead of using backing tracks or turntables. The band's sound is characterized by vocalists Shaka Loveless and Benjamin Kissi. The other members are: Lasse Boman (guitar), Peter Blonde (bass), Andrew Hagedorn (keyboards) and Birk Nevel (drums). The band began before the 2000s as The Electric Gypsies with a more rock-oriented sound. With the addition of Benjamin Kissi, the group moved to a more urban sound and a consequent change of name to The Gypsies. In addition to being regular backing band for Danish names like Jokeren and Outlandish, they have also opened for The Roots and Fugees for their Danish concerts.
In 2007, The Gypsies released their debut album, One Hand Up on Superstar Records label. The video for the single "Part of Me" from the album was released on 18 January 2008. The follow up second album was For the Feeble Hearted in 2009. Other projects Band members Lasse Boman, Shaka Loveless, Benjamin Kissi and Birk Nevel also play in the side project Are We Brothers? Lead vocalist Shaka Loveless is also a solo singer with reggae roots. He is the son of famous blues player James Loveless. He has been a regular part of the Danish blues scene, in particular with his long collaboration as member of Shades of Blue, where he played with guitarist Uffe Steen, bassist Morten Brauner and drummer Claus Daugaard.
He is also developing a solo career with his single "Tomgang" reaching #1 in the Danish Singles Chart. Discography Albums 2007: One Hand Up 2009: For the Feeble Hearted Singles 2008: "Part of Me" References External links Myspace Category:Danish hip hop groups Category:Musical groups established in 2000
Abbas Tyrewala (born 15 May 1974) is an Indian film screenwriter and director. After making his mark as a screenwriter and dialogue writer in early 2000s, with award-winning films like Maqbool (2003), Munnabhai M.B.B.S. (2003), he made his debut as a director with a breezy romantic comedy, Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na (2008). Biography Born and brought up in Mumbai, Abbas joined St. Xavier's College, Mumbai for graduation, where he started working on plays and soon started writing advertising jingles, but he left without securing a degree to join Ogilvy & Mather PR agency, where he worked for a year; he then joined television production company Cinevista as creative consultant, which he left in 2000, to become a full-time writer.
He entered the film industry as a lyricist, writing for films like, Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar!! (2000), and Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega (2001), till he got his break with Santosh Sivan's Asoka (2001) as a dialogue writer. He is married to Pakhi who had her debut in his film Jhoota Hi Sahi opposite John Abraham. Abbas hails from a modest background. Born to a poor Muslim family. Abbas's father owned a tire repair shop, his mom, Biwi, was keen to get Tyrewala a good education in order to help him achieve. Filmography Director Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na (2008) Jhootha Hi Sahi (2010) Writer Asoka (2001) Chupke Se (2003) Darna Mana Hai (2003) Maqbool (2003) Main Hoon Na (2004) Vaada (2005) Salaam Namaste (2005) De Taali (2008) Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na (2008) Mere Brother Ki Dulhan (2011) Dialogues and lyrics Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar!!
(2000) (Lyrics) Kushi (2001) (Lyrics) (Telugu Film) Asoka (2001) (Dialogue) Leela (2002) (lyrics) Chupke Se (2003) (Writer) Maqbool (2003) (Screenplay & actor) Darna Mana Hai (2003) (Writer, screenplay & dialogue) Munnabhai M.B.B.S. (2003) (Dialogue) Paanch (2003) (Lyrics) Main Hoon Na (2004) (Dialogue & screenplay) Shikhar (2005) (Screenplay) Salaam Namaste (2005) (Story & dialogue) Vaada (2005) (Dialogue) De Taali (2008) (Written by) Welcome (2007) (Dialogue) Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na (2008) (Director & screenwriter) Jhoota Hi Sahi (2010) (Director, Screenplay & lyrics) Bang Bang! (2014) (Dialogue) 2.0 (2018) (Dialogues & Lyrics in Hindi) War (2019) (Dialogue) Awards 2004: Filmfare Best Dialogue Award: Munnabhai M.B.B.S.
2004: Zee Cine Award for Best Dialogue: Munnabhai M.B.B.S. 2005: GIFA Best Screenplay Award: Maqbool 2005: Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay: Maqbool (with Vishal Bhardwaj) References External links Abbas Tyrewala: a one-man show at Rediff.com Category:Living people Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni Category:Indian male screenwriters Category:Hindi-language film directors Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:Indian Muslims Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights Category:1974 births Category:Telugu screenwriters Category:Hindi screenwriters Category:21st-century Indian male writers
A residue curve describes the change of the composition of the liquid phase of a chemical mixture during continuous evaporation at the condition of vapor–liquid equilibrium (open distillation). Multiple residue curves for a single system are called residue curves map. Residue curves allow testing the feasibility of a separation of mixtures and therefore are a valuable tool in designing distillation processes. Residue curve maps are typically used for examining ternary mixtures which can't be easily separated by distillation because of azeotropic points or too small relative volatilities. Characteristics Residue curves start at the composition of a feed and then move to pure components or azeotropic points with higher temperatures (isobaric condition) or lower vapor pressures (isothermal condition).
This happens because more of the light boiling substances are vaporized than of the high boiling substances and therefore the concentration of the high boilers increase in the liquid phase. A residue curve can also be constructed backwards and then moves to the azeotropic point or pure component with lower temperatures or higher vapor pressure. Azeotropic points can create so called distillation regions separated by border lines from other regions. If the composition of a feed lies inside a specific region a residue curve cannot cross a border line and stays in its initial region. This means for a distillation tower that it is not possible to obtain pure components at the bottom and the head of the column.
At least at one outlet an azeotropic mixture is obtained. The same conclusion is valid for the pure components. If they are in different distillation regions mixtures of these pure components can't be separated by simple distillation. Definitions Pure components and azeotropic points are called nodes. Three different types are possible: Stable node: This is the pure component or the azeotropic point with the highest boiling temperature and lowest vapor pressure in a distillation region. All residue curves end at stable nodes. Unstable node: This is the pure component or the azeotropic point with the lowest boiling temperature and highest vapor pressure in a distillation region.
Residue curve never reach an unstable node. Saddle: These are pure components or azeotropic points with an intermediate boiling temperature and vapor pressure in a distillation region. Residue curves move toward and then away from saddles but saddles are never end points. Only border lines start or end at saddles. The distillation regions and the nodes are the topology of the mixture. Calculation The calculation of residue curves is done by solving the mass balance over time by numerical integration with methods like Runge-Kutta. with x: vector of liquid compositions in mole fractions [mol/mol] y: vector of vapor compositions in mole fractions [mol/mol] ξ: dimensionless time The integration of this equation can be done forward and backward in time allowing the calculation from any feed composition to the begin and end of the residue curve.
Example The ternary mixture of chloroform, methanol and acetone has three binary azeotropes and one ternary azeotrope. Together with the three pure components the system has seven nodes which altogether form four distallation regions. Two nodes are stable (pure methanol and the binary azeotrope of chloroform and acetone which have both the lowest vapor pressure (isothermal calculation) in their two regions where they are part of. The other two binary azeotropes are unstable nodes. They have the highest vapor pressure in their regions. The other nodes are saddles (the ternary azeotrope, the pure acetone and the pure chloroform). The border lines in this system connect the ternary azeotrope (saddle) with the two stable nodes and the two unstable nodes.
The residue curves are always moving away from an unstable node to a saddle but never reaches that because they then turn to a stable node. Literature Technical paper by Chemstations Jürgen Gmehling, Michael Kleiber, Bärbel Kolbe, Jürgen Rarey, "Chemical Thermodynamics for Process Simulation", Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012, Claudia Guterriez-Antonio, Gustavo A. Iglesias-Silva, Arturo Jimenez-Gutierrez, "Effect of Different Thermodynamic Models on the Design of Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Columns", Chem. Eng. Comm., 195:1059–1075, 2008, Bastian Schmid, "Einsatz einer modernen Gruppenbeitragszustandsgleichung für die Synthese thermischer Trennprozesse", Thesis, Carl-von-Ossietzky-University Oldenburg, 2011, available online Widagdo S., Seider W.D., "Azeotropic Distillation", AIChE J., 42(1), 96-130, 1996, Category:Distillation
Theodore Philip Toynbee (25 June 1916 – 15 June 1981) was a British writer and communist. He wrote experimental novels, and distinctive verse novels, one of which was an epic called Pantaloon, a work in several volumes, only some of which are published. He also wrote memoirs of the 1930s, and reviews and literary criticism, the latter mainly via his employment with The Observer newspaper. Life He was born in Oxford; his father was the historian Arnold J. Toynbee, and his maternal grandfather was Gilbert Murray. He was educated at Rugby School, where he became rebellious, reacting against the public school system.
Inspired by the example of Esmond Romilly, later a friend, he ran away, returned shortly and was expelled.< He later wrote a memoir of Romilly, and Jasper Ridley (1913–1944), entitled Friends Apart. Through Romilly, Toynbee met Jessica Mitford, who became a close friend after Esmond died in WWII. He was also influenced by bookshop owner and would-be encourager of the young radical element, David Archer, whom he met through David Gascoyne. At Christ Church, Oxford in the late 1930s he became the first communist president of the Oxford Union, at the height of its apparent success and social acceptability. He visited Spain at the end of 1936, at the start of the Spanish Civil War, in a student delegation.
He was said to have been beaten up by Mosley's Blackshirts at a fascist meeting. In 1938–39 he edited the Birmingham Town Crier. He married twice: in 1939, to Anne Powell and in 1950, Sally Smith. In the early 1940s Philip and Anne lived a bohemian life in London's Fitzrovia, and Philip was drinking heavily. At that time they knew Lucian Freud, Donald Maclean and Robert Kee, Henrietta Moraes and others from David Tennant's Gargoyle Club in Soho. Toynbee was later to be found, with Benedict Nicolson, in the Wednesday Club consisting of raffish male writers, artists and journalists. In 1945 they moved to the Isle of Wight, for a fresh start.
They had two children, the second being Mary Louisa, better known as the journalist Polly Toynbee. Anne later married Richard Wollheim shortly after divorcing Philip in 1950. As a foreign correspondent with The Observer, Philip then traveled to Tel Aviv, where he met Sally, who was a secretary for the American Embassy there. During the 1950s he continued to work for The Observer, and was one of the more prominent intellectual figures in British life (perhaps to be compared with Edmund Wilson in the United States, for example). In an article written for The Observer in 1961, he notoriously proclaimed the irrelevancy of J.R.R.
Tolkien's The Lord Of The Rings, just prior to its paperback publication in America and subsequent cultural phenomenon: "There was a time when the Hobbit fantasies of Professor Tolkien were being taken very seriously indeed by a great many distinguished literary figures. Mr. Auden is even reported to have claimed that these books were as good as War and Peace; Edwin Muir and many others were almost equally enthusiastic. I had a sense that one side or the other must be mad, for it seemed to me that these books were dull, ill-written, whimsical and childish. And for me this had a reassuring outcome, for most of his more ardent supporters were soon beginning to sell out their shares in Professor Tolkien, and today those books have passed into a merciful oblivion."
In the early to mid-1970s, Toynbee underwent a personal crisis, slowly entering into a period of deep depression. He had become increasingly concerned about ecological matters and this, along with his own ideological temperament, took him into the controversial decision to initiate a self-sufficient farming community. His family and friends thought this decision to be close to insane, considering as they did his privacy and routine-loving nature. The community quickly became a commune when Toynbee, Sally and their youngest daughter moved out, into a large cottage nearby. Nonetheless Toynbee and Sally continued to have a great deal of contact with the communards, and along with both spouses' active alcoholism, it frequently caused considerable tension in their marriage.
Toynbee's depression was sometimes immobilising and prevented him from enjoying his day-to-day life and work, and the regularity of his book reviews was sometimes interrupted as he struggled with the depression and the treatment he insisted on receiving for it – against the advice of his GP and consultant – namely, ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy). He finally got the go-ahead for the treatment, which he received in Bristol in the summer of 1977. The two books which followed the ECT consisted of the journal writings which Toynbee decided to edit and send off for publication. These largely revolved around his search for some kind of spiritual meaning.
It could be said that this arose out of his wish to find some purpose for the deep misery of his worst depression. He was strongly urged to stop drinking alcohol and occasionally managed short periods of abstinence. Yet he never really wanted long-term abstinence enough to make any real success of this. He was as a whole capable of great self-discipline, but needed to want his objectives with intense singular-mindedness in order to achieve them. The two journal books were entitled Part of a Journey (covering 1977 to 1979) and End of a Journey (1979 to 1981). They were very well thought of by a number of readers, some of whom were already interested in matters spiritual, self-searching and vaguely Christian.
For them and others, his best writing style shone throughout those pages, with its ready humility and gentle self-mockery. He died at his home in St Briavels, Gloucestershire, with most of his family (he had five children altogether) at his bedside.
Toynbee genealogy The Toynbees have been prominent in British intellectual society for several generations (note that this diagram is not a comprehensive Toynbee family tree): Works The Savage Days (1937) A School in Private (1941) The Barricades (1943) Tea with Mrs. Goodman (1947) (U.S. edition title: Prothalamium: A Cycle of the Holy Graal) The Garden to the Sea (1953) Friends Apart, A Memoir of Esmond Romilly & Jasper Ridley in the Thirties (1954) re-published in (1980) The Fearful Choice: a debate on nuclear policy (1958) Pantaloon or the Valediction (1961) verse novel Underdogs: Anguish and Anxiety, Eighteen Men and Women Write Their Own Case-Histories (1962) editor Comparing Notes: A Dialogue Across a Generation (1963) with Arnold J. Toynbee Thanatos, a Modern Symposium at which Nine Characters Argue at Quarles (1963) with Maurice Richardson Two Brothers: the fifth day of the Valediction of Pantaloon (1964) Pantaloon verse novel A Learned City: the sixth day of the valediction of pantaloon (1966) Pantaloon verse novel Views from a Lake: the seventh day of the Valediction of Pantaloon (1968) Pantaloon verse novel Age of the Spirit: Religion as Experience (1973) Distant Drum: Reflections on the Spanish Civil War (1976) editor Part of a Journey: An Autobiographical Journal, 1977-79 (1981) End of a Journey An Autobiographical Journal 1979-81 (1982) Towards the Holy Spirit: A Tract for the Times (1982) Notes References Faces of Philip; a memoir of Philip Toynbee (1984) Jessica Mitford Category:1916 births Category:1981 deaths Category:British communists Category:Deaths from cancer in England Category:Converts to Anglicanism Category:English Anglicans Category:English non-fiction writers Category:People from Oxford Category:The Guardian journalists Category:20th-century English poets Category:English male poets Category:People from St Briavels Category:Presidents of the Oxford Union
The FAB-500 is a Russian Air Force low-drag, general purpose, air-dropped bomb with a 500-kilogram high-explosive warhead. The first models of the bomb appeared in the early 1960s in the Soviet Union. The bomb is unguided, features a single nose fuse, and is compatible with most models of Soviet aircraft. The FAB-500 has been used most recently over Syria by both Russian and Syrian warplanes. Specifications Main characteristics FAB-500 M-62 Diameter Length Weight bomb explosive (TNT equivalent) Operational envelope Release altitude Release speed References Category:Aerial bombs of Russia Category:Cold War aerial bombs of the Soviet Union
Georgianne Leigh Walken ( Thon; born 1944) is an American casting director. Life and career Walken, along with casting partner Sheila Jaffe of Walken/Jaffe, has been the casting director for more than 80 television shows and movies since 1991, including The Sopranos and Entourage. Walken also had minor acting roles in a 2006 episode of The Sopranos, as well as Brainstorm, a 1983 movie starring her husband Christopher Walken and the late Natalie Wood. The Walkens have been married since 1969 and reside in rural Connecticut. Walken and Jaffe did the casting for Basquiat, in which Christopher Walken has a cameo appearance.
Walken and Jaffee have cast numerous films, including Monkeybone, Bedazzled, Black Knight, Two Girls and a Guy, and Subway Stories. Their first casting effort was for the film End of the Night (1990). References External links Category:1944 births Category:Living people Category:Casting directors
Leucospermum is a genus of evergreen upright, sometimes creeping shrubs that is assigned to the Proteaceae, with currently forty-eight known species. Almost all species are easily recognised as Leucospermum because of the long protruding styles with a thickened pollen-presenter, which jointly give the flower head the appearance of a pincushion, its common name. Pincushions can be found in South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The shrubs mostly have a single stem at their base, but some species sprout from an underground rootstock, from which the plant can regrow after fire has killed the above ground biomass. In a larger group of species, specimens are killed by fire, and their survival depends on the seeds.
In all species, seeds are collected by ants, which take them to their underground nests to feed on their ant breads, a seed dispersal strategy known as myrmecochory. This ensures that the seeds do not burn, so new plants can grow from them. Leucospermum species mostly seated, simple, mostly leathery, often softly hairy leaves, set in a spiral, with entire margins or more often, with 3–17 blunt teeth with thickened, bony tips, and without stipules at their foot. The flowers are organised with many together in heads with bracts on the under- or outside. The hermaphrodite flowers themselves are set on a common base that may be cylindrical, conic or flat, and have small bracts at their base.
The flowers have a perianth that is hairy on the outside, particularly at the tip, and consists of four tepals that are merged into a tube. Usually the four anthers are merged individually with the tip the perianth lobes, and only in a few species, a very short filament is present that further down cannot be distinguished from the tepals anymore. While still in the bud, the pollen is transferred from the anthers to the pollen-presenter, a thickening at the tip of the style. At that stage, the style grows considerably and rips through the sutures between the two perianth lobes facing away from the centre of the flower head.
The perianth lobes all four remain attached to each other, or with three, or the four free lobes all curl back on themselves (like the lit of a sardine can), rimming the top of the tube. The superior ovary consists of one carpel and contains a single ovary, and is subtended by four small scales. The fruit is an oval or almost globe-shaped nut. Most species have very limited ecological ranges and distribution areas, and many are rare or endangered. The often attractive, large flower heads and evergreen foliage, the straight stems, combined with long flowering period makes that Leucospermum species and their hybrids are bred as garden ornamental and cut flower.
Description Most pincushions are upright shrubs or even small trees of high, that usually have a single main stem. Some species however only have trailing branches and can form low mats, in diameter. Yet another set of species grow several stems directly from a rootstock in the ground. This is an important character in distinguishing between some species. Dried specimens of L. pedunculatum and L. prostratum can be difficult to distinguish, but although both are prostrate species, the growth habits in the field differ considerably. In L. pedunculatum many horizontally spreading branches develop from an about main stem, in L. prostratum the branches rise from an underground woody rootstock.
The leaves are alternately set along the stem, distanced and slightly pointing towards the tip of the branch or overlapping, mostly without, sometimes with a leaf stalk but always without stipules at their base, 1½–14 cm (0.6–5.6 in) long and linear, elliptic, oblanceolate, oval, inverted egg-shaped or spade-shaped, the edge entire or with up to 17 teeth towards the tip, hairless or with a covering of soft cringy one-celled hairs, sometime interspersed with longer straight silky hairs. The flower heads are seated or have a short stalk, and grow individually in species with large heads or with two to ten together in species with smaller heads, in the axils of the leaves near the end of the branches.
The general shape of the heads is a flattened, round, egg- or cone-shaped sphere of in diameter. The position not at the very tip of the branches helps to distinguish Leucospermum from related genera such as Diastella, while the more than one head per branch helps to distinguish the sections Diastelloides and Hamatum from the other sections. The involucral bracts are green in fresh specimens, and inconspicuous. They may have different shapes such as linear or ovate, with a sharp or pointed tip. In the majority of the species the involucral bracts have tough rubbery consistency and are usually softly hairy, overlapping and tightly pressed against the flower head.
L. parile, L. tottum and L. vestitum on the other hand have thin, papery bracts. The common base of the flowers that jointly constitute a single flowerhead (called receptacle) varies considerably among species. It may be flat, globe-shaped, pointy conical or blunt cylindric. This character can best be seen by cutting a flower head lengthwise in two equal halves. The individual flowers are subtended by a bract (or bracteole) that is wooly at its foot and softly hairy or hairless near the tip. Sometimes it grows on while the flower is in bloom and eventually becomes woody. While still in the bud, the perianth is a tube of 1½–5½ cm (0.6–2.2 in) long.
When flowering, the perianth is yellow, orange, crimson, pink or white in color, straight or often curved towards the center of the flower head. The perianth consists of four tepals that are fused into a tube of either of uniform width or expanding towards the tip, but there are also a few species where it is inflated nearer the tip, such as in L. utriculosum, L. hamatum and L. harpagonatum. Above the tube, three of the lobes may become a fused in a sheath, open towards the outside of the flower head, while the lobe facing the rim of the flower head is free.
In the upper part of the perianth (or limbs) all four lobes may remain fused or only the three that remained already fused in the middle part. In the section Diastelloidea all four lobes are free in the upper parts and curl back forming a four-part rim around the top of the tube. The anthers differ little between species of Leucospermum and are usually fused with the tips of the perianth lobes, and filaments cannot be identified, but in the species that constitute the section Brevifilamentum, a filament of 1–1⅛ mm (0.2–0.3 in) long makes the connection between the anther and the lobe.
The buds are ripped open along a suture facing away from the center of the flower head by the style that growth in length quickly, eventually reaching a length of , straight or with a curve towards the center of the flower head, in diameter, often narrower nearer to the tip or thread-shaped, mostly identically colored as the perianth. The end of the style is (sometimes only slightly) thickened and holds the pollen that is transferred there just before the bud rips open. There is a considerable morphological variation in this so-called pollen presenter between species. The pollen presenter may be cylindric, oval, or conic in shape, either or not split in two lobes near the tip or oblique.
The very tip has a groove that functions as the stigma that is centrally or oblique oriented. The finely powdery ovary is long, and gradually merges into the style base. It consists of one carpel and contains a single pendulous ovule. At the base of the ovary are four linear or awl-shaped scales of long that secrete a copious amount of nectar. The indehiscent fruit consists of one cavity, containing one oval to globe-shaped seed of long, with a broad indent where it was attached, hairless or covered with a fine powder and generally partially covered by a pale elaiosome.
The sixteen Leucospermum species that have been analysed are all diploids having twelve sets of homologue chromosomes (2n=24), which is consistent with the rest of the subtribe Proteinae. Differences with related genera Leucospermum differs from genera such as Protea, Leucadendron, Mimetes, Diastella, Paranomus, Serruria, and Orothamnus by having the flower heads in the axils of the leaves (although often very near the tip of the branch), small and inconspicuous bracts subtending the head, brightly coloured styles that are straight or curve toward the center of the flower head and extend far from the perianth, giving the flower head the appearance of a pincushion, and large nut-like fruits covered by a pale and soft layer that attracts ants.
The style breaks out of the bud at the side facing the rim of the head, and the perianth lobes may stick together with four or three forming a sheath, or roll back individually. Sections Currently, the genus is subdivided in nine sections based on morphological communalities and differences. Brevifilamentum The six species of the section Brevifilamentum are sometimes called showy pincushions, and include several horticultural species. The species all share a character that is unique in the genus Leucospermum: their anthers top a short, 1–1½ mm (0.02–0.06 in) long filament that attach the anthers to the perianth, while in all other sections the anthers are directly fused with the limbs of the perianth lobes.
The common base of the flowers in one head (or involucral receptacle) as can be seen by cutting lengthwise through a head is very narrowly conical with a sharp tip. The pollen presenter is egg-shaped, obliquely egg-shaped or hoof-shaped. Cardinistyle The six species that are assigned to the section Cardinistyle are sometimes called fireworks pincushions. They are all large upright shrubs, with only one main stem. The common base of the flowers is a narrow cone with a pointy tip. The flowers have styles of 5½–8 cm (2.2–3.2 in) long that move downward when the flowers open, and are topped by a narrow pollen presenter ending in a sharp tip.