Datasets:
anhtunguyen98
/
LLM-SWP

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
text
stringlengths
1
146k
Notable achievements In 1972, the MCH post was the first nutrition rehabilitation centre in Nepal. In 1974 the PHCRC created Sarbottam Pihto (Super Flour), a flour conceived as a weaning food. In 1984, a Health Micro-insurance Scheme (HMIS) was introduced. The HMIS was the first in Nepal. In 1995 Mental Health Training for the local police was added to the mental health program. Also of notable interest is PCHRC's use of international medical and lay volunteers: Over 20 years, dozens of volunteers have passed through PHCRC, some clinically trained volunteers worked in OPD and other frontline medical services, whilst lay volunteers helped to build walls and with admin.
References External links Category:Health in Nepal
F2F may refer to: Friend-to-friend, a type of private P2P computer network Firewall-to-firewall transfers, an important part of most modern P2P network designs FAI CLASS F2F - Diesel Powered Profile Fuselage Control Line Team Racing Model Aircraft. F2F (TV series), a UK youth chat show Grumman F2F, a biplane fighter aircraft Face to Face (disambiguation) Forecast-to-Fulfil, a term used in supply chain management, particularly in relation to cash flow or financial management Frequency/double frequency or Aiken Biphase. See Differential Manchester encoding.
Wallblake House is a heritage plantation house and museum annex in The Valley, Anguilla in the northeastern Caribbean. Built in 1787 by Will Blake, a sugar planter, it is stated to be the oldest structure on the island. Although gutted by the French in the late 1790s, it was rebuilt by the British and today has been fully restored, with its kitchen complex, stables and slave quarters intact. A church in the vicinity contains a stone fascia with open-air side walls and a ceiling, which is the form of a hull of a ship. Wallblake House is one of the ten heritage houses in The Valley that was refurbished over a seven-year period and completed in 2004, at a cost of EC$250,000 (about US$92,000).
The Wallblake Trust gained the support of the Catholic Church, many local enthusiasts and NGOS. The Heritage Trail Committee has raised the status of this house consequent to an agreement between the Wallblake Trust and the Anguilla Heritage Trail. It is Anguilla's only surviving plantation house. History The house was built in the mid to late 1700s. The name "Walblake" is probably a distortion of William Blake, a planter who lived around the end of the 18th century. The construction date, 1787, is noted from an inscription on an old brick on the northern kitchen wing. The first known historical event that occurred at the house was the French invasion by Victor Hugues of this island in 1796 when the Wallblake House witnessed a “crippled Anguillian” known as Hodge, taking shelter in its cellar.
However, he could not escape the French soldiers who caught and executed him. This was followed by their gutting the property. The execution of the injured Anguillian further led to a reparation reflex reaction by the Anguillians as they executed the French prisoners of war who had been detained in the Old Court House on Crocus Hill, without trial. However, the French were not successful in their invasion effort as the local Angullians put up a brave fight and were supported by the British ship, , arriving on the scene at the right time. After this incident, the Wallblake estate was rebuilt.
The house was owned by the planter Valentine Blake for some time. In the 1800s, when Anguilla experienced severe drought, the estate resorted to raising economic crops such as sugar and cotton over an area of of plantation, but with little success, the same being true with the other Anguillian plantations. Thereafter, the estate saw several owners. In the 1900s, it was with Carter Rey, a rich business baron who had bought the estate from the Lake family. Next, it was owned by his younger brother Frank Rey. In 1959, Marie Rey Lake, who had converted from the Anglican Church to being a Roman Catholic, donated the house to the Catholic Church, which continues to own it till this day.
The house was leased to the Department of Tourism in 1978 for a time when they refurbished it. After the lease expired, the house was returned to the Roman Catholic Church and currently functions as a rectory. Now the heritage monument is being planned to depict the history of the island and the Anguilla's Heritage Trail. In this effort, Lilli Azevedo, an archaeologist and Heritage Trail Committee member who is providing the narration support, has planned to give expositions of the archaeological findings of Fountain Cavern related to the Amerindian archaeology of Anguilla. Architecture and features The house has a stone foundation.
The roof is formed with Guyanese hardwood and is shingled. The upper section is wooden. The original structure was built with dressed stones that were probably brought from East End or even Scrub Island. The lime mortar for jointing was made from a mixture of burnt coral and shells with admixtures of molasses and marl. The original timber has been retained in the upper floors. The structure has double paneling. Intricate carvings on its edges give the effect of a "tray ceiling", that is, the appearance of inverted trays hung from the roof as if rope is tied to the edges to hide any defects in its construction.
The heritage building has been restored to its original design and colour scheme. The elegant and decorative designs that existed in the original building have been fully retained. Grounds The grounds have a bakery, cistern, and stable block. Tall, Spanish bayonet trees are on the property. An adjacent church has a unique decorative stone front facade. Tourism Set behind a white picket fence, Wallblake is now a private house, and living quarters to the priest from St Gerard's Roman Catholic Church. However, tours can be arranged. However, it also serves as a museum annex, as well as a venue for art shows, flower shops and marriage receptions.
The International Airport in The Valley, just to the south of the house was also named as Wallblake Airport, now renamed as Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport. References External links Photographs Category:Buildings and structures in Anguilla Category:Historic preservation Category:Houses completed in 1787 Category:Buildings and structures in The Valley, Anguilla Category:1787 establishments in the British Empire Category:Slave cabins and quarters
3rd Degree! is an American game show that aired in syndication from September 11, 1989, to June 8, 1990, with repeats continuing until September 7, 1990. The show was a panel game much in the vein of an earlier game show called Make the Connection, where two people with a specific connection would play against the panel. 3rd Degree was hosted by Bert Convy, who co-created and produced the series along with his production partner Burt Reynolds. Bob Hilton was the announcer, with Don Morrow and Michael Hanks substituting for brief periods. The series was taped at CBS Television City in Hollywood, California.
John C. Mula was the art director. 3rd Degree was a production of Burt and Bert Productions and Kline & Friends Productions, the same team behind the game show Win, Lose or Draw. The series was produced in association with Lorimar Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television Distribution. This was the last game show Convy would host, as he was diagnosed with an aggressive form of brain cancer toward the end of 3rd Degree'''s run and died in July 1991. Premise A panel of four celebrities who were split into two teams (two men, two women) faced a team of two contestants who have a special relationship between them.
Two rounds were played for each civilian team; in each round, each team of celebrities had a limited time to question the contestants (or give them "the third degree", hence the name of the show). In the first round, each team of celebrities had one minute to question the contestants, and in the second round, the time was cut to 30 seconds. When the time was up, the celebrity team in control then got to guess the relationship (or when Bert Convy asked the question, "What's the relationship?" when they were getting close to the correct relationship). An incorrect guess awarded $250 to the contestants, and stumping the panel completely won $2,000 total, which includes a $1,000 bonus.
Notable contestantsI Love Lucy writers Madelyn Pugh Davis and Bob Carroll, Jr. appeared as contestants on the show's premiere, and successfully stumped the panel to win the $2,000 top payoff. Later in the premiere week, famed film composers Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman appeared as contestants and completely stumped the panel, who failed to identify them as having written "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" (from the 1964 Disney film Mary Poppins). Michael Burger, then host of Straight to the Heart, and David Ruprecht of Supermarket Sweep appeared on the show as contestants. Don Messick and Lucille Bliss appeared as contestants on the show, and the panel knew after the first minute that they were voice actors from the Smurfs.
Don and Lucille had to settle for parting gifts on the show, but did the voices of Papa Smurf and Smurfette, respectively, when heading off to a commercial break. Henry Corden and Jean Vander Pyl were featured as contestants, with the panel successfully identifying them as the voices of Fred Flintstone and Wilma from The Flintstones, respectively. The panel figured out their relationship halfway through the second round, after the pair had won $500. Thurl Ravenscroft, who did the voice of Tony the Tiger for Frosted Flakes cereal commercials, was a contestant on the show, and he and his teammate stumped the panel and won $2,000.
A team of four men, all of whom played the character Jason Voorhees in the Friday the 13th movies, were contestants and stumped the panel to win $2,000. One team attempted to perform a magic trick by sawing Bert Convy in half. Roger Patterson and Robert Gimlin were contestants on the show and ran footage of Bigfoot that they spotted. Two cooks who worked for Elvis Presley appeared on the show, and shared one of his favorite snacks with the panel. Two rodeo clowns lost early when celebrity panelist Marsha Warfield correctly guessed their job completely at random. Dispute When 3rd Degree went to pilot, Peter Marshall was brought in to be the host.
After the series was picked up for syndication, however, co-producer Bert Convy decided to leave his position as the host of the syndicated edition of Win, Lose or Draw and take Marshall's place on 3rd Degree''. Marshall filed a lawsuit against Convy for the action, but later dropped it after Convy's cancer diagnosis was made public. References External links 3rd Degree page from bertconvy.net (from archive.org) Category:1989 American television series debuts Category:1990 American television series endings Category:1980s American game shows Category:1990s American game shows Category:English-language television programs Category:First-run syndicated television programs in the United States Category:Panel games Category:Television series by Kline and Friends Category:Television series by Lorimar Television Category:Television series by Warner Bros. Television
The Bowman's membrane (Bowman's layer, anterior limiting lamina, anterior elastic lamina) is a smooth, acellular, nonregenerating layer, located between the superficial epithelium and the stroma in the cornea of the eye. It is composed of strong, randomly oriented collagen fibrils in which the smooth anterior surface faces the epithelial basement membrane and the posterior surface merges with the collagen lamellae of the corneal stroma proper. In adult humans, Bowman's membrane is 8-12 μm thick. With ageing, this layer becomes thinner. The function of the Bowman's membrane remains unclear and appears to have no critical function in corneal physiology. Recently, it is postulated that the layer may act as a physical barrier to protect the subepithelial nerve plexus and thereby hastens epithelial innervation and sensory recovery.
Moreover, it may also serve as a barrier that prevents direct traumatic contact with the corneal stroma and hence it is highly involved in stromal wound healing and the associated restoration of anterior corneal transparency at the morphological level. Part of the Bowman's membrane is ablated by the photorefractive keratectomy refractive surgery (commonly known as PRK). As the layer is non-generative, the section of the membrane ablated in the procedure is lost forever. History The Bowman's membrane is named after Sir William Bowman (1816–1892), an English physician, anatomist and ophthalmologist, who discovered this membrane. Bowman's layer is not a membrane and should not be called a membrane.
The term Bowman's layer is now starting to gain acceptance. See also Refractive surgery Descemet's membrane References External links Diagram at sheinman.com Diagram at cornea_crosssection_en.jpg Category:Human eye anatomy de:Hornhaut#Bowman-Membran
Mindfulness has been defined in modern psychological terms as "paying attention to relevant aspects of experience in a nonjudgmental manner", and maintaining attention on present moment experience with an attitude of openness and acceptance. Meditation is a platform used to achieve mindfulness. Both practices, mindfulness and meditation, have been "directly inspired from the Buddhist tradition" and have been widely promoted by Jon Kabat-Zinn. Mindfulness meditation has been shown to have a positive impact on several psychiatric problems such as depression and therefore has formed the basis of mindfulness programs such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction. The applications of mindfulness meditation are well established, however the mechanisms that underlie this practice are yet to be fully understood.
Four components of mindfulness meditation have been proposed to describe much of the mechanism of action by which mindfulness meditation may work: attention regulation, body awareness, emotion regulation, and change in perspective on the self. All of the components described above are connected to each other. For example, when a person is triggered by an external stimulus, the executive attention system attempts to maintain a mindful state. There is also a heightened body awareness such as a rapid heartbeat which triggers an emotional response. The response is then regulated so that it does not become habitual, but constantly changes from moment to moment experience.
This eventually leads to a change in the perspective of the self. Attention regulation Attention regulation is the task of focusing attention on an object, acknowledging any distractions, and then returning your focus back to the object. Some evidence for mechanisms responsible for attention regulation during mindfulness meditation are shown below. Mindfulness meditators showed greater activation of rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). This suggests that meditators have a stronger processing of conflict/distraction and are more engaged in emotional regulation. However, as the meditators become more efficient at focused attention, regulation becomes unnecessary and consequentially decreases activation of ACC in the long term.
The cortical thickness in the dorsal ACC was also found to be greater in the gray matter of experienced meditators. There is an increased frontal midline theta rhythm, which is related to attention demanding tasks and is believed to be indicative of ACC activation. High midline theta rhythm has been associated with lowest anxiety score in the Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS), the highest score in the extrovertive scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and the lowest score in the neurotic scale of MPI. The ACC detects conflicting information coming from distractions. When a person is presented with a conflicting stimulus, the brain initially processes the stimulus incorrectly.
This is known as error-related negativity (ERN). Before the ERN reaches a threshold, the correct conflict is detected by the frontocentral N2. After the correction, the rostral ACC is activated and allows for executive attention to the correct stimulus. Therefore, mindfulness meditation could potentially be a method for treating attention related disorders such as ADHD and bipolar disorder. Body awareness Body awareness refers to focusing on an object/task within the body such as breathing. From a qualitative interview with ten mindfulness meditators, some of the following responses were observed: "When I'm walking, I deliberately notice the sensations of my body moving" and "I notice how foods and drinks affect my thoughts, bodily sensations, and emotions”.
The two possible mechanisms by which a mindfulness meditator can experience body awareness are discussed below. Meditators showed a greater cortical thickness and greater gray matter concentration in the right anterior insula. On the contrary, subjects who had undergone 8 weeks of mindfulness training showed no significant change in gray matter concentration of the insula, but rather an increase gray matter concentration of the temporo-parietal junction. The insula is responsible for awareness to stimuli and the thickness of its gray matter correlates to the accuracy and detection of the stimuli by the nervous system. Qualitative evidence suggests that mindfulness meditation impacts body awareness, however this component is not well characterized.
Emotion regulation Emotions can be regulated cognitively or behaviorally. Cognitive regulation (in terms of mindfulness meditation) means having control over giving attention to a particular stimuli or by changing the response to that stimuli. The cognitive change is achieved through reappraisal (interpreting the stimulus in a more positive manner) and extinction (reversing the response to the stimulus). Behavioral regulation refers to inhibiting the expression of certain behaviors in response to a stimulus. Research suggests two main mechanisms for how mindfulness meditation influences the emotional response to a stimulus. Mindfulness meditation regulates emotions via increased activation of the dorso-medial PFC and rostral ACC.
Increased activation of the ventrolateral PFC can regulate emotion by decreasing the activity of the amygdala. This was also predicted by a study that observed the effect of a person's mood/attitude during mindfulness on brain activation. Lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) is important for selective attention while ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) is involved in inhibiting a response. As noted before, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been noted for maintaining attention to a stimulus. The amygdala is responsible for generating emotions. Mindfulness meditation is believed to be able to regulate negative thoughts and decrease emotional reactivity through these regions of the brain.
Emotion regulation deficits have been noted in disorders such as borderline personality disorder and depression. These deficits have been associated with reduced prefrontal activation and increased amygdala activity, which mindfulness meditation might be able to attenuate. Pain Pain is known to activate the following regions of the brain: the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior/posterior insula, primary/secondary somatosensory cortices, and the thalamus. Mindfulness meditation may provide several methods by which a person can consciously regulate pain. Brown and Jones found that mindfulness meditation decreased pain anticipation in the right parietal cortex and mid-cingulate cortex. Mindfulness meditation also increased the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and ventromedial-prefrontal cortex (vm-PFC).
Since the vm-PFC is involved in inhibiting emotional responses to stimuli, anticipation to pain was concluded to be reduced by cognitive and emotional control. Another study by Grant revealed that meditators showed greater activation of insula, thalamus, and mid-cingulate cortex while a lower activation of the regions responsible for emotion control (medial-PFC, OFC, and amygdala). Meditators were believed to be in a mental state that allowed them to pay close attention to the sensory input from the stimuli and simultaneously inhibit any appraisal or emotional reactivity. Brown and Jones found that meditators showed no difference in pain sensitivity but rather the anticipation in pain.
However, Grant's research showed that meditators experienced lower sensitivity to pain. These conflicting studies illustrate that the exact mechanism may vary with the expertise level or meditation technique. References External links Mindfulness Meditation: Jon Kabat-Zinn Mindfulness Meditation Pt. 1 Mindfulness Meditation Pt. 2 Category:Neuroscience Category:Mindfulness (psychology)
The diamond cubic crystal structure is a repeating pattern of 8 atoms that certain materials may adopt as they solidify. While the first known example was diamond, other elements in group 14 also adopt this structure, including α-tin, the semiconductors silicon and germanium, and silicon/germanium alloys in any proportion. Although often called the diamond lattice, this structure is not a lattice in the technical sense of this word used in mathematics. Crystallographic structure Diamond's cubic structure is in the Fdm space group, which follows the face-centered cubic Bravais lattice. The lattice describes the repeat pattern; for diamond cubic crystals this lattice is "decorated" with a motif of two tetrahedrally bonded atoms in each primitive cell, separated by of the width of the unit cell in each dimension.
The diamond lattice can be viewed as a pair of intersecting face-centered cubic lattices, with each separated by of the width of the unit cell in each dimension. Many compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide, β-silicon carbide, and indium antimonide adopt the analogous zincblende structure, where each atom has nearest neighbors of an unlike element. Zincblende's space group is F3m, but many of its structural properties are quite similar to the diamond structure. The atomic packing factor of the diamond cubic structure (the proportion of space that would be filled by spheres that are centered on the vertices of the structure and are as large as possible without overlapping) is ≈ 0.34, significantly smaller (indicating a less dense structure) than the packing factors for the face-centered and body-centered cubic lattices.
Zincblende structures have higher packing factors than 0.34 depending on the relative sizes of their two component atoms. The first-, second-, third-, fourth- and fifth-nearest-neighbor distances in units of the cubic lattice constant are , , , 1 and , respectively. Mathematical structure Mathematically, the points of the diamond cubic structure can be given coordinates as a subset of a three-dimensional integer lattice by using a cubic unit cell four units across. With these coordinates, the points of the structure have coordinates (x, y, z) satisfying the equations x = y = z (mod 2), and x + y + z = 0 or 1 (mod 4).
There are eight points (modulo 4) that satisfy these conditions: (0,0,0), (0,2,2), (2,0,2), (2,2,0), (3,3,3), (3,1,1), (1,3,1), (1,1,3) All of the other points in the structure may be obtained by adding multiples of four to the x, y, and z coordinates of these eight points. Adjacent points in this structure are at distance apart in the integer lattice; the edges of the diamond structure lie along the body diagonals of the integer grid cubes. This structure may be scaled to a cubical unit cell that is some number a of units across by multiplying all coordinates by . Alternatively, each point of the diamond cubic structure may be given by four-dimensional integer coordinates whose sum is either zero or one.
Two points are adjacent in the diamond structure if and only if their four-dimensional coordinates differ by one in a single coordinate. The total difference in coordinate values between any two points (their four-dimensional Manhattan distance) gives the number of edges in the shortest path between them in the diamond structure. The four nearest neighbors of each point may be obtained, in this coordinate system, by adding one to each of the four coordinates, or by subtracting one from each of the four coordinates, accordingly as the coordinate sum is zero or one. These four-dimensional coordinates may be transformed into three-dimensional coordinates by the formula (a, b, c, d) → (a + b − c − d, a − b + c − d, −a + b + c − d).
Because the diamond structure forms a distance-preserving subset of the four-dimensional integer lattice, it is a partial cube. Yet another coordinatization of the diamond cubic involves the removal of some of the edges from a three-dimensional grid graph. In this coordinatization, which has a distorted geometry from the standard diamond cubic structure but has the same topological structure, the vertices of the diamond cubic are represented by all possible 3d grid points and the edges of the diamond cubic are represented by a subset of the 3d grid edges. The diamond cubic is sometimes called the "diamond lattice" but it is not, mathematically, a lattice: there is no translational symmetry that takes the point (0,0,0) into the point (3,3,3), for instance.
However, it is still a highly symmetric structure: any incident pair of a vertex and edge can be transformed into any other incident pair by a congruence of Euclidean space. Moreover, the diamond crystal as a network in space has a strong isotropic property. Namely, for any two vertices x and y of the crystal net, and for any ordering of the edges adjacent to x and any ordering of the edges adjacent to y, there is a net-preserving congruence taking x to y and each x-edge to the similarly ordered y-edge. Another (hypothetical) crystal with this property is the Laves graph (also called the K4 crystal, (10,3)-a, or the diamond twin).
Mechanical properties The compressive strength and hardness of diamond and various other materials, such as boron nitride, is attributed to the diamond cubic structure. Similarly truss systems that follow the diamond cubic geometry have a high capacity to withstand compression, by minimizing the unbraced length of individual struts. The diamond cubic geometry has also been considered for the purpose of providing structural rigidity though structures composed of skeletal triangles, such as the octet truss, have been found to be more effective for this purpose. See also References External links Software to construct self avoiding random walks on the diamond cubic lattice Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Crystallography Category:Infinite graphs Category:Regular graphs Category:Lattice points Category:Cubes Category:Crystal structure types
Rear-Admiral Henry Lidgbird Ball (1756–1818) was a Royal Navy officer, best known for discovering and exploring Lord Howe Island. Early life The son of George Ball, gentleman, and his wife Lucy Stringer, he was baptised on 7 December 1756 at Woodchurch, Cheshire. Career In 1788, having previously commanded HMS Supply as part of the First Fleet voyaging to Australia, Lieutenant Ball commanded the vessel entrusted with shipping the first group of settlers from Botany Bay to Norfolk Island. Between 1788 and 1790, Ball explored the area around Port Jackson and took part in the capture of the Aborigine, Arabanoo, on 31 December 1788, in addition to revisiting Lord Howe's Island, as it was then known, and Norfolk Island.
After falling ill in January 1791, Ball returned to England to convalesce. Leaving Australia in November 1791, he landed at Plymouth in April 1792 with the first kangaroo to be shipped to England on board his ship. Ball returned to duty in December 1792 and was made a captain in 1795, in which position he served with distinction between 1795 and 1812, commanding HMS Daedalus at the Action of 9 February 1799 and capturing the French frigate Prudente. In 1812 he went onto half pay in semi-retirement. In the summer of 1809 he was called as a witness at the Court-martial of James, Lord Gambier which assessed whether Admiral Lord Gambier had failed to support Captain Lord Cochrane at the Battle of Basque Roads in April 1809.
Gambier was controversially cleared of all charges. On 4 June 1814 Ball was promoted to flag rank as Rear-Admiral of the Blue. Personal life During his time in Australia, Ball had a relationship with Sarah Partridge (also known as Mary Stokes), a convict who had been transported by the First Fleet in the Lady Penrhyn. They had a daughter, Anne Maria (born 1789). On 17 June 1802 Ball married Charlotte Foster in London; she died a year later. On 19 July 1810, at Kingston upon Thames, he married Anne Georgianna Henrietta Johnston, who was 31 years younger than he was: she survived him and died in 1864.
Death and legacy He died on 22 October 1818 at Mitcham (then in Surrey and now in Greater London), England. He was buried in the churchyard at St Peter's Church, Petersham, in the family vault of his wife Anne Georgianna Henrietta Johnston. A commemorative plaque marking Ball was added to the Johnston tomb on 20 October 2013 at a service attended by the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Ball's Pyramid, Mount Lidgbird, Ball Bay on Norfolk Island and (possibly) Balls Head on Sydney Harbour are all named after him. References Further reading External links Silhouette picture of Ball, at the National Library of Australia Category:1756 births Category:1818 deaths Category:Royal Navy admirals Category:Explorers of Australia
Deoli is a city and a municipality in Tonk district, 85 km from Kota in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is located 53 km towards South from District headquarters Tonk. Deoli is surrounded by Todaraisingh Tehsil towards North, Kekri Tehsil towards west, Hindoli Tehsil towards South, Jahazpur Tehsil towards South . Todaraisingh, Tonk, Malpura, Shahpura are the nearby Cities to Deoli. This Place is in the border of the Tonk District and Ajmer District. Ajmer District Kekri is west towards this place . Deoli 2011 Census Details Deoli Tehsil of Tonk district has total population of 214,408 as per the Census 2011.
Out of which 110,648 are males while 103,760 are females. In 2011 there were total 43,632 families residing in Deoli Tehsil. The Average Sex Ratio of Deoli Tehsil is 938. As per Census 2011 out of total population, 10.3% people lives in Urban areas while 89.7% lives in the Rural areas. The average literacy rate in urban areas is 86.7% while that in the rural areas is 58%. Also the Sex Ratio of Urban areas in Deoli Tehsil is 837 while that of Rural areas is 950. The population of Children of age 0–6 years in Deoli Tehsil is 30123 which is 14% of the total population.
There are 15928 male children and 14195 female children between the age 0–6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Deoli Tehsil is 891 which is less than Average Sex Ratio ( 938 ) of Deoli Tehsil. The total literacy rate of Deoli Tehsil is 61.07%. The male literacy rate is 66.52% and the female literacy rate is 37.54% in Deoli Tehsil. Population 214,408 Literacy Rate 61.07% Sex Ratio 938 Administrative Bifurcation To facilitate the administration, Deoli Tehsil is further divided into 1 town and 186 villages. Deoli Tehsil Data As per the Population Census 2011 data, following are some quick facts about Deoli Tehsil.
Caste-wise Population - Deoli Tehsil Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 21.1% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 20.4% of total population in Deoli Tehsil of . Religion-wise Population - Deoli Tehsil Literacy Rate - Deoli Tehsil Average literacy rate of Deoli Tehsil in 2011 were 61.07% in which, male and female literacy were 77.7% and 43.49% respectively. Total literate in Deoli Tehsil were 112,551 of which male and female were 73,602 and 38,949 respectively. Sex Ratio - Deoli Tehsil The Sex Ratio of Deoli Tehsil is 938 . Thus for every 1000 men there were 938 females in Deoli Tehsil. Also as per Census 2011, the Child Sex Ration was 891 which is less than Average Sex Ratio ( 938 ) of Deoli Tehsil.
Child Population - Deoli Tehsil According to Census 2011, there were 30,123 children between age 0 to 6 years in Deoli Tehsil. Out of which 30,123 were male while 30,123 were female. Urban/Rural Population - Deoli Tehsil As per Census 2011, there are total 3,773 families under Deoli Tehsil living in urban areas while 3,773 families are living within Rural areas. Thus around 10.3% of total population of Deoli Tehsil lives in Urban areas while 89.7% lives under Rural areas. Population of children (0 – 6 years) in urban region is 2,537 while that in rural region is 27,586. Working Population - Deoli Tehsil In Deoli Tehsil out of a total population, 105,918 were engaged in work activities.
72.3% of workers describe their work as 'main work' (employment or earning for more than six months) while 27.7% were involved in marginal activity providing a livelihood for less than six months. Of 105,918 workers engaged in main work, 43,529 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 9,757 were agricultural workers or labourers. History Deoli was established by the British in the year 1854; earlier it was a small village. It is believed that the name Deoli came from the Hindi word Devro (देवरों), meaning "Place of Gods", due to the existence of many temples to Hindu deities. It has a reservoir, "Nayanabhiram" or "Nekchal" Lake, literally meaning "good motive lake".
This British-made lake was constructed to fight drought and scarcity of water. The cost of acquiring land, incurred for construction of Camp Deoli, by the British, was Rs. 368 at the time. Although most of the Princely units had accepted the sovereignty of the British, they always remained skeptical about the intentions of the annexed states. In order to overcome this, a regulation was passed, making it mandatory to keep a conservator from the annexed princely under the control of a British agent. This agent was referred to as Rokadia; although they had all the facilities they were, in a way, under the detention of the British Government.
The present Senior Secondary School building was the bungalow of the then political agent, which had a swimming pool. Similarly, the famous Nevar Bagh (नेवर बाग) was also developed by the English agent. A swimming pool was also built here which has now been dumped. Today's CISF set-up was originally a prison. Prisoners of the Indian freedom struggle were kept here. The church was established here during the British period. It is said to be about a hundred hundred years old. There is a medieval pilgrimage center around the Deoli, which includes Borda Ganesh, Kunchalvada-Mata, Chandali Mata, Gokarneshwar Mahadev, Ravata Hanuman ji, Gadoli Mahadev, Lakdeshwar Mahadev, Hindeshwar Mahadev etc.
Amongst these, there is a story associated with Hindeshwar Mahadev of Hindoli that, during exile, the Pandavas built this Shiva Lingam with only five fistfuls of clay (पाँच मुटृठी (धोबे)). There is also a folklore that ten-headed Ravana performed Shiva Worshipping in nearby Bisalpur at Gokarneshwar Mahadev Temple. Places It has a CISF training center. RTC Deoli was established on 1 August 1984. It is located in District Tonk, Post Deoli, Rajasthan, which is away from Jaipur Airport and from Kota Railway Station. RTC Deoli conducts the basic induction training of directly recruited Constables. It has been imparting professional and specialized training to officers and men of CISF and other private Security Organizations in addition to its primary task of grooming the Constables.
This was one of the epicenters of the freedom struggle. It is believed that Birsa Munda was detained here. Bisalpur Dam The Bisalpur Project of the state is a multipurpose scheme, which supplies drinking water to Jaipur district and Ajmer, Beawar, Nasirabad and Kishangarh towns of Ajmer district besides provisions for irrigating hectares of land. The dam is constructed on the River Banas in Tonk district. Work on the Bisalpur dam was started in 1993–94. Polling Stations/Booths near Deoli Govt Prim School Balapura Govt Sec School Right Part Banthali Govt Sen Sec School Nivariya Left Part Govt Sen Sec School Mohammadgarh Govt Prim Sch Thikriya How to reach Deoli By Rail There is no railway station near to Deoli.
Pincodes near Deoli 304803 (Panwar), 304804 (Deoli (Tonk)), 304802 (Duni (Tonk)) Colleges near Deoli Govt. College, Deoli, Tonk (Deoli, Tonk) Maharshi Kashyap College (Mehra Krishi Farm, Saroli Road, Dooni) Krishna Mahila Mahavidyalaya (Nearby Rupesh Field In Plate Of Mahavir Gokru) Govt. Collage Deoli (Deoli) Mahatma Gandhi College Of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Riico, Institutional Area, Sitapura, Tonk Road, Jaipur 302022) Schools near Deoli Bharitiya Pub. Sec. Sch. Nagarfort (Nagarfort, Deoli, Tonk, Rajasthan. PIN 304024, Post - Uniara.) Ups Neharu Bal Ni. Juniya (Juniya, Deoli, Tonk, Rajasthan. PIN 304802, Post - Duni (Tonk).) Maa Bharti V.m. Ambapura (Ambapura (Ganwadi), Deoli, Tonk, Rajasthan. PIN 304804, Post - Deoli (Tonk).)
Rajan Rajiv Vidhya Dhunwa Kalan (Dhuan Kalan, Deoli, Tonk, Rajasthan. PIN 304806.) Govt Health Centers near Deoli Raghunath Pura, Village Raghunathpura Ambapura, Village Ambapura Aanwa, Village Aanwa References Deoli Coordinates Category:Cities and towns in Tonk district
The Mercedes-Benz OM906 is a 6.4 liter (6,374cc) Straight-6 (I6) Overhead camshaft (SOHC) Diesel engine with 3 valves per cylinder. It is related to the Straight-4 OM904 engine which has two cylinders chopped off, while the bore and stroke remain unchanged. It launched in 1996 and had a Unit injector system to deliver fuel to every cylinder. It used a twin-scroll Turbocharger that was giving ~1-1.6atm of boost. Torque Curve See also List of Mercedes-Benz engines References Category:Mercedes-Benz engines
A re-entry permit is required by some countries, for their citizens or tourists who leave the country for an extended period of time. For example, the United States issues a re-entry permit to a resident alien who plans to travel abroad for an extended period of time (up to two years) while maintaining their permanent residency. Re-entry permit is a travel document similar to a certificate of identity issued by the country to permanent residence to allow them to travel abroad return to country. When a person traveling for more than 1 year from his/her own country he/she required this form.
It is mostly valid for 2 year's or based on conditional residences Re-issued from Emigration office References I Am a Permanent Resident How Do I… Get a Reentry Permit. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. August 2008. Retrieved November 13, 2010. See also Hong Kong Re-entry Permit Japan Re-entry Permit U.S. Re-entry Permit Category:International travel documents Category:Visa policy of the United States
In enzymology, a 2-aminohexanoate transaminase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-2-aminohexanoate + 2-oxoglutarate 2-oxohexanoate + L-glutamate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-2-aminohexanoate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are 2-oxohexanoate and L-glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-2-aminohexanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include norleucine transaminase, norleucine (leucine) aminotransferase, and leucine L-norleucine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate. References Category:EC 2.6.1 Category:Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes Category:Enzymes of unknown structure
Secondary electrons are electrons generated as ionization products. They are called 'secondary' because they are generated by other radiation (the primary radiation). This radiation can be in the form of ions, electrons, or photons with sufficiently high energy, i.e. exceeding the ionization potential. Photoelectrons can be considered an example of secondary electrons where the primary radiation are photons; in some discussions photoelectrons with higher energy (>50 eV) are still considered "primary" while the electrons freed by the photoelectrons are "secondary". Applications Secondary electrons are also the main means of viewing images in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The range of secondary electrons depends on the energy.
Plotting the inelastic mean free path as a function of energy often shows characteristics of the "universal curve" familiar to electron spectroscopists and surface analysts. This distance is on the order of a few nanometers in metals and tens of nanometers in insulators. This small distance allows such fine resolution to be achieved in the SEM. For SiO2, for a primary electron energy of 100 eV, the secondary electron range is up to 20 nm from the point of incidence. See also Delta ray Everhart-Thornley detector References Category:Electron states Category:Ions
The Factories Act 1961 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. At the time of its passage, the Act consolidated much legislation on workplace health, safety and welfare in Great Britain. Though some of it remains in force, it has largely been superseded by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and regulations made under it. However, the Act continues to have a legal importance as cases of chronic workplace exposure to hazards such as industrial noise, as in the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire deafness litigation, or carcinogens often extend back in time beyond the current legislation.
Breach of the residual provisions is still a crime punishable on summary conviction in the Magistrates' Court by a fine of up to £20,000 or, on indictment in the Crown Court, imprisonment for up to two years and an unlimited fine. In the event of damage arising from a breach of the Act, there may be civil liability for breach of statutory duty. Though no such liability is stipulated by the Act itself, none is excluded and the facts could be such as to give rise to a cause of action in that tort. A breach not actionable in itself may be evidential towards a claim for common law negligence.
In particular, a criminal conviction may be given in evidence. Background The Act was the final consolidation of a line of legislation under Factory Acts that began in 1802. In particular, it consolidated the 1937 and 1959 Acts. The Acts were widely regarded as ineffective in practice. Section 14 of the 1961 Act required the guarding of all dangerous parts of machinery but a sequence of judicial decisions under the earlier Acts had restricted the scope of what was "dangerous" only to include hazards that were reasonable foreseeable.
Definition of "factory" Section 175 of the Act defines "factory" as premises in which persons are employed in manual labour in any process for or incidental to: Making any article or part of any article; Altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, cleaning, or washing, or breaking up or demolition of any article; Adapting any article for sale; Slaughtering of cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, asses or mules; or In some circumstances, confinement of such animals awaiting slaughter at other premises. The Act also defines certain other specific premises as "factories" such as laundries and printing works (s. 175(2)). Health (general provisions) Sections 1 to 7 define general broad requirements for healthy factory working conditions: Cleanliness; Overcrowding; Temperature; Ventilation; Lighting; Drainage of floors; and Sanitary conveniences.
These provisions were repealed and superseded, as far as they applied to "workplaces", by the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 with effect from 1 January 1993 for new workplaces and 1 January 1996 for established workplaces. There is still a potential residual scope of application to "factories" that are not "workplaces" as the definition of "workplace" is in some ways limited. Section 10A was added by the Employment Medical Advisory Service Act 1972 and gives powers to the Employment Medical Advisory Service to order medical examination and supervision of employees. Section 11 gave the Minister of State, as of 2008 the minister at the Department for Work and Pensions, the power to order medical supervision though these powers have been largely superseded by powers granted to the Health and Safety Executive and other powers of the Minister to make orders by statutory instrument.
Safety (general provisions) Sections 12 to 39 defined specific requirements for machinery safety but many have been repealed and superseded. As of 2008, the following sections remain fully in force: Secure fencing and handrails for teagle openings and doorways; Water-sealed gasholders. The following sections were repealed and superseded, as far as they applied to "workplaces", by the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 with effect from 1 January 1993 for new workplaces and 1 January 1996 for established workplaces. There is still a potential residual scope of application to "factories" that are not "workplaces". Dangerous substances; Construction and maintenance of floors; and Safe means of access.
The following sections were repealed and superseded by the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992 between 1 January 1993 and 1 January 1997: Prime movers; Transmission machinery; Other machinery; Provisions as to unfenced machinery; Construction and maintenance of fencing; Construction and sale of machinery; and Self-acting machines. The following sections were repealed and superseded by the Health and Safety (Young Persons) Regulations 1997 on 3 March 1997: Cleaning of machinery by young persons; and Training and supervision of young persons working at dangerous machines. The following sections were repealed and superseded by the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 on 5 December 1998: Hoists and lifts - general; Cranes and other lifting machines; and Chains, ropes and lifting tackle.
The following sections were repealed and superseded by the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 on 5 December 1998: Hoists and lifts used for carrying persons; and Protection from dangerous fumes and lack of oxygen. The following section was revoked and superseded by Schedule 7 of the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 on 9 December 2002. Precautions with respect to explosive or inflammable dust, gas, vapour or substance. The following sections were repealed in part and superseded by the Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers Regulations 1989 on 1 July 1994: Steam boilers — attachments and construction; and Steam boilers — maintenance, examination and use.
The following sections were repealed and superseded by the Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 on 21 February 2000: Steam boilers - restrictions on entry; Steam receivers and steam containers; and Air receivers. Sections 40 to 52 applied to fire safety and were repealed in 1976 when the Fire Precautions Act 1971 was extended to require fire certificates for a wide class of works premises. Welfare (general provisions) Sections 57 to 60 define general broad requirements for factory welfare: Supply of drinking water; Washing facilities; Accommodation for clothing; and Sitting facilities. These provisions were repealed and superseded, as far as they applied to "workplaces", by the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 with effect from 1 January 1993 for new workplaces and 1 January 1996 for established workplaces.
There is still a potential residual scope of application to "factories" that are not "workplaces". Section 61, first aid, has been repealed, as has section 62, power of minister to make regulations. Health, safety and welfare (special provisions and regulations) Sections 63 to 79 defined many specific regulations such as forbidding eating in places where lead or arsenic was processed (s. 64), and forbidding women and young people from working at foundries with lead or zinc, or "mixing or pasting in connection with the manufacture or repair of electric accumulators" (s. 74). As of 2008, these have all been repealed and superseded by subsequent regulations save for section 69 where there is a residual power for an inspector from the Health and Safety Executive to restrict working in underground rooms in "factories" that are not "workplaces".
Notification and investigation of accidents and industrial diseases Sections 80 to 85 specified reauirements for the statutory reporting of deaths, injuries and diseases that took place at work. As of 2008, these sections have all been repealed and superseded, especially by the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995. Employment of women and young persons Sections 86 to 116 restricted the working hours of women and young people in factories. Some exceptions were allowed such as for women in management positions (s. 95). All these sections have been repealed, either by: Sex Discrimination Act 1986, which makes restrictions on women's work unlawful; or Employment Act 1989, which defines a new regime for the training and employment of young people.
Enforcement Enforcement originally lay with District Councils (ss. 8–10, 53–56) but, as of 1974, general responsibility falls to the Health and Safety Executive though they are often able to delegate this to local authorities. Factories Act (Northern Ireland) 1965 The Factories Act 1961 did not extend to Northern Ireland, but the Parliament of Northern Ireland enacted similar provisions in its Factories Act (Northern Ireland) 1965, which consolidated earlier Acts there. As with the British Act, as of 2008 most of the provisions have been repealed and superseded by more modern legislation under the Health and Safety at Work (Northern Ireland) Order 1978, such as the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1993.
Notes References Various authors, Tolley's Health and Safety at Work Handbook 2008 (Butterworths 2007) Lord Mackay of Clashfern, Halsbury's Laws of England (4th edn 2004) Vol 20, "Health and Safety at Work" JR Ridley and J Channing, Safety at Work (Butterworth-Heinemann 2003) J Stranks, Health and Safety Law (5th edn Prentice Hall 2005) W Cullen, The development of safety legislation (Royal Society of Edinburgh 1996) Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1961 Category:Health and safety in the United Kingdom Category:Safety codes Category:Occupational safety and health law
Youngers is a British comedy drama series created by Benjamin Kuffuor and Levi David Addai. It began airing on E4 on 20 March 2013. It is produced by Big Talk Productions. The series has been picked up for international distribution by BBC Worldwide. Premise The series follows a group of south-east London teenagers aiming to become the next big thing on the urban music scene. It opens with Yemi (Ade Oyefeso) and Jay (Calvin Demba) on their way to school to collect their GCSE results. After collecting the results, Yemi finds out he has had straight A's, whilst Jay receives poor grades.
Jay then receives a leaflet about a local music competition, and pays to go and perform at the competition. At the reception, a grumpy receptionist soon enlists them as 'youngers', on the performers sheet. They deliver an excellent performance, and slowly, rise to the top of the music charts. Yemi adds his secret-crush Davina to their group, who loves Jay. Getting managed by their good friend Ash, the Youngers slowly make their way to the top of the music charts in London, however, the higher they get, more problems emerge. Slowly, the group starts to fade away, as Jay and Davina get into a secret relationship to hide things from Yemi.
Production and cast The series was greenlit for an eight episode order in August 2012. Producer Luke Alkin said in an interview that the series is inspired by the mainstream success of British urban music, citing artists such as Dizzee Rascal and Tinie Tempah as models for the lead characters of Jay and Yemi. Well respected UK composer Aiden Hogarth aka S.K.I.T.Z Beatz was brought in to create the original soundtrack. There was an open casting call in early 2012 for the lead roles of Jay and Yemi, where over 350 actors were seen. To audition, it was required that the actors have some rap or musical background.
After Ade Oyefeso and Calvin Demba were starred, the series was filmed between September and November in Peckham. The final cast was made up of predominantly new talent including YouTube act and Brit School graduates Mandem on the Wall. Broadcast The series was declared a 'hit' after a 450,000 viewer turn out for the first episode. E4 have said, "Youngers has been a huge success, but we have to let time tell the tale from here, as the following episodes will have to be even better for it to continue." On 27 June 2013 it was announced by Morgan Jeffery on the Digital Spy Website that E4 have ordered a second series for Youngers.
It was broadcast some in June 2014 with 8 new episodes with Calvin Demba, Ade Oyefeso and Shavani Seth returning, also YouTube sensation Mandem on the Wall. Episodes Season 1 Season 2 References External links What's Good? Online | Interview with Shavani Seth Category:2010s British television series Category:2013 British television series debuts Category:2014 British television series endings Category:English-language television programs Category:Television shows set in London Category:British comedy-drama television programmes Category:Television series by Big Talk Productions Category:Television series by ITV Studios
The Rub were an English rock band, formed in 1998 in Whalley Range, Manchester by former Stone Roses drummer Alan "Reni" Wren. The band's line up featured Reni on vocals and lead guitar along with rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist Casey Longden, bassist and backing vocalist Neil Nisbet and drummer Mik Grant. Longden and Nisbet were from Manchester, and Grant from Greenock. Initially called Hunkpapa, earlier incarnations featured former bandmate Pete Garner on bass and Happy Mondays percussionist Lee Mullen. The band played several gigs in England during the spring of 2001, including Manchester University where they were introduced on stage by ex-Stone Roses bassist Mani.
They split up prior to releasing any studio material. References Category:English rock music groups
Joffroy is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alix Joffroy (1844–1908), French neurologist and psychiatrist remembered for describing Joffroy's sign Pierre Joffroy (born 1929), French author, dramaturge and journalist who writes for Paris Match, Libération and L'Express See also Joffroy's sign, clinical sign in which there is a lack of wrinkling of the forehead when a patient looks up with the head bent forwards
Coelomycetes are a form-class of fungi, part of what has often been referred to as Fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi. These are conidial fungi where the conidia form in a growing cavity in the host's tissue. The fruiting structures are spherical with an opening at the apex (pycnidia) or are disc-shaped (acervuli). The formation of conidia in a fruiting body separates this group from the hyphomycetes, who have "naked" conidia. Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel (1852–1920), an Austrian bryologist, mycologist and algologist, was known for his contributions to the taxonomy of the Coelomycetes. Orders Melanconiales (producing spores in acervuli) Sphaeropsidales (producing spores in pycnidia) References External links Category:Deuteromycota
The Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), also known as the Kodiak brown bear, sometimes the "Alaskan brown bear", inhabits the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in southwest Alaska. It is the largest recognized subspecies or population of the brown bear, and one of the two largest bears alive today, the other being the polar bear. Physiologically, the Kodiak bear is very similar to the other brown bear subspecies, such as the mainland grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) and the now-extinct California grizzly bear (U. a. californicus†), with the main difference being in size. While there is generally much variation in size between brown bears in different areas, most usually weigh between 115 and 360 kg (254 and 794 lb).
The Kodiak bear, on the other hand, commonly reaches sizes of , and has even been known to exceed weights of . Despite this large variation in size, the diet and lifestyle of the Kodiak bear does not differ greatly from that of other brown bears. Encounters between humans and Kodiak bears have been very infrequent since ancient times. Today, these encounters have become more common as a result of the increase in the human population in the region. Such encounters have included the hunting of bears by humans for their fur or meat, and, less commonly, attacks by bears upon humans.
More recently, as conservation efforts have become more commonplace, concerns over the sustenance and stability of the Kodiak bear population have arisen. The IUCN classifies Ursus arctos, the species to which the Kodiak belongs, as being of "least concern" in terms of endangerment or extinction. However, the IUCN does not differentiate between subspecies; therefore, it is unknown whether the Kodiak bear population is as healthy as is stated. As a result, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, along with, to a lesser extent, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, closely monitors the number of bears hunted in the state.
Description Taxonomy Taxonomist C.H. Merriam was first to recognize the Kodiak bear as a unique subspecies of the brown bear, and he named it "Ursus middendorffi" in honor of the celebrated Baltic naturalist, Dr. A. Th. von Middendorff. Subsequent taxonomic work merged all North American brown bears into a single species (Ursus arctos). Genetic samples from bears on Kodiak have shown that they are related to brown bears on the Alaska Peninsula and Kamchatka, Russia, and all brown bears roughly north of the US. Kodiak bears have been genetically isolated since at least the last ice age (10,000 to 12,000 years ago) and very little genetic diversity exists within the population.
Although the current population is healthy and productive, and has shown no overt adverse signs of inbreeding, it may be more susceptible to new diseases or parasites than other, more diverse brown bear populations. Color Hair colors range from blonde to orange (typically females or bears from southern parts of the archipelago) to dark brown. Cubs often retain a white "natal ring" around their neck for the first few years of life. The Kodiak bear's color is similar to that of its close relatives, the mainland American and Eurasian brown bears. Size The size range for females (sows) is from , and for males (boars), it is .
Mature males average over the course of the year, and can weigh up to at peak times. Females are typically about 20% smaller and 30% lighter than males, and adult sizes are attained when they are 6 years old. Bears weigh the least when they emerge from their dens in the spring, and can increase their weight by 20–30% during late summer and fall. Captive bears can sometimes attain weights that are considerably greater than those of their counterparts in the wilderness. An average adult male measures in length, and stands tall at the shoulder. The largest recorded wild male weighed , and had a hind foot measurement of .
A large male Kodiak bear stands up to tall at the shoulder, when it is standing on all four legs. When standing fully upright on its hind legs, a large male could reach a height of . The largest verified size for a captive Kodiak bear was for a specimen that lived at the Dakota Zoo in Bismarck, North Dakota. Nicknamed "Clyde," he weighed when he died in June 1987 at the age of 22. According to zoo director Terry Lincoln, Clyde probably weighed close to a year earlier. He still had a fat layer of when he died. Also, an individual named Teddy, which portrayed a killer bear in the movie Grizzly, stood tall on hind legs and was the largest bear in captivity at the time.
Kodiak bears are the largest brown bear, comparable in size to polar bears. This makes Kodiak bears and polar bears both the two largest members of the bear family and Kodiak bears the largest extant terrestrial carnivorans. The standard method of evaluating the size of bears is by measuring their skulls. Most North American hunting organizations and management agencies use calipers to measure the length of the skull (back of sagittal crest on the back of the skull to the front tooth), and the width (maximum width between the zygomatic arches — "cheek bones"). The total skull size is the sum of these two measurements.
The largest bear ever killed in North America was from Kodiak Island, with a total skull size of , and eight of the top 10 brown bears listed in the Boone and Crockett record book are from Kodiak. The average skull size of Kodiak bears that were killed by hunters in the first five years of the 21st century was for boars, and for sows. Distribution and density This brown bear population only occurs on the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago (Kodiak, Afognak, Shuyak, Raspberry, Uganik, Sitkalidak, and adjacent islands). The Kodiak bear population was estimated to include 3,526 bears in 2005, yielding an estimated archipelago-wide population density of 270 bears per 1000 km2 (700 per 1000 sq.mi).
During the past decade the population has been slowly increasing. Life history Reproduction and survival Kodiak bears reach sexual maturity at age five, but most sows are over nine years old when they successfully wean their first litter. The average time between litters is four years. Sows continue to produce cubs throughout their lives, but their productivity diminishes after they are 20 years old. Mating season for Kodiak bears is during May and June. They are serially monogamous (having one partner at a time), staying together from two days to two weeks. As soon as the egg is fertilized and divides a few times, it enters a state of suspended animation until autumn when it finally implants on the uterine wall and begins to grow again.
Cubs are born in the den during January or February. Weighing less than at birth with little hair and closed eyes, they suckle for several months, emerging from the den in May or June, weighing . Typical litter sizes on Kodiak are two or three cubs, with a long-term average of 2.4 cubs per litter. However, Kodiak bears have six functional nipples and litters up to six cubs have been reported. Sows are sometimes seen with five or six cubs in tow, probably due to adopting cubs from other litters. Most cubs stay with their mothers for three years. Almost half of the cubs die before they leave, with cannibalism by adult males being one of the major causes of death.
Kodiak bears that have recently left their mothers, at ages 3–5 years, have high mortality rates with only 56% of males and 89% of females surviving. Most young female bears stay within or near their mother’s home range, while most males move farther away. Most adult sows die of natural causes (56%), while most adult male bears are killed by hunters (91%). The oldest known boar in the wild was 27 years old, and the oldest sow was 35. Denning Kodiak bears begin entering their dens in late October. Pregnant sows are usually the first to go to dens; males are the last.
Males begin emerging from their dens in early April, while sows with new cubs may stay in dens until late June. Bears living on the north end of Kodiak Island tend to have longer denning periods than bears in the southern areas. Most Kodiak bears dig their dens in hill or mountain sides and they use a wide variety of denning habitats depending on which part of the archipelago they live. Almost a quarter of the adult bears forgo denning, staying somewhat active throughout the winter. Home range Bears on Kodiak are naturally active during the day, but when faced with competition for food or space, they adopt a more nocturnal (active at night) lifestyle.
This behavior is especially evident in the bears that live near and within Kodiak City. Kodiak bears do not defend territories, but they do have traditional areas that they use each year (home ranges). Because of the rich variety of foods available on Kodiak, the bears on the archipelago have some of the smallest home ranges of any brown bear populations in North America and a great deal of overlap occurs among the ranges of individual bears. Home ranges of adult sows on Kodiak Island average , while boar home ranges average . Habitat and feeding habits The islands of the Kodiak Archipelago have a subpolar oceanic climate with cool temperatures, overcast skies, fog, windy conditions and moderate to heavy precipitation throughout most of the year.
Although the archipelago only covers about , a rich variety of topography and vegetation ranges from dense forests of Sitka spruce on the northern islands, to steep, glaciated mountains rising to Koniag Peak's along the central spine of Kodiak Island, to rolling hills and flat tundra on the south end of the archipelago. About 14,000 people live on the archipelago, primarily in and around the city of Kodiak and six outlying villages. Roads and other human alterations are generally limited to Afognak Island and the northeastern part of Kodiak Island. About half of the archipelago is included in the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.
Bears live throughout the archipelago, adapting to local resources and retaining relatively small home ranges and comparable densities in most habitats. Emerging vegetation and animals that died during the winter are the first foods bears eat in the spring. As summer progresses, a wide variety of vegetation supplies nutritional needs until salmon return. Salmon runs extend from May through September on most of the archipelago and bears consume the five species of Pacific salmon that spawn in local streams and lakes. In the late summer and early fall, bears consume several types of berries. Bears also feed on wind-rowed seaweed and invertebrates on some beaches throughout the year.