Datasets:
anhtunguyen98
/
LLM-SWP

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
text
stringlengths
1
146k
Although deer are abundant on the archipelago and mountain goats are abundant on Kodiak Island, few Kodiak bears actively prey on them. Another food source available year-round is the garbage supplied by the human population of Kodiak Island. As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries. Behavior The Kodiak bear is much like other brown bears in intelligence, although its tendency to feed in large dense groups leads to more complex social behaviors. Kodiak bears are generally solitary in nature; however, when food is concentrated in small areas, such as along salmon spawning streams, grass/sedge flats, berry patches, a dead whale, or even an open garbage dump, they often occur in large groups.
Along a few streams on Kodiak, up to 60 bears can be seen simultaneously in a area. To maximize food intake at these ecologically important areas, bears have learned to minimize fighting and fatal interactions by developing a complex communication (both verbal and body posturing) and social structure. Interactions with people Usually, Kodiak bears attempt to avoid encounters with people. The most notable exceptions to this behavior pattern occur when bears are surprised, threatened, or attracted by human food, garbage, or hunter-killed game. However, there has been an increase in Kodiak encounters due to increases in local population as well as increased hunting of Kodiak bears.
Bear safety precautions aim at avoiding such situations, understanding bear needs and behavior, and learning how to recognize the warning signs bears give when stressed. One fatal bear attack on a person on the Kodiak archipelago occurred in 1999. The National Geographic Society filmed a television program about two brown bear attacks as well as the life of them. A fatal attack occurred on Uganik Island (November 3, 1999), which is part of the Kodiak archipelago; the other attack occurred on Raspberry Island, home to two full-service wilderness lodges. Both hunters were returning to game they had killed previously and left alone to go kill another.
One of the hunters was killed by the bear and the other, after being attacked, stabbed the bear with a knife, then recovered his rifle and killed the attacking bear. Prior to that, the last fatality was in 1921. Both incidents involved hunters who were hunting by themselves. About once every other year, a bear injures a person on Kodiak. History and management Prehistory Early human occupants of the archipelago when the land was locked into the ice age looked to the sea for their sustenance. At that time, Kodiak Natives (Alutiiqs) occasionally hunted bears, using their meat for food, hides for clothing and bedding, and teeth for adornment.
Traditional stories often revolved around the similarity between bears and humans, and around the mystical nature of bears because of their proximity to the spirit world. Commercial harvests Russian hunters came to the area in the late 18th century to capitalize on the abundant fur resources. Bear hides were considered a "minor fur" and sold for about the same price as river otter pelts. The number of bears harvested increased substantially when sea otter populations declined and after the United States acquired Alaska in 1867, bear harvests on Kodiak increased, peaking at as many as 250 bears per year. Commercial fishing activities increased in the late 1880s and canneries proliferated throughout the archipelago.
Bears were viewed as competitors for the salmon resource and were routinely shot when seen on streams or coasts. At the same time, sportsmen and scientists had recognized the Kodiak bear as the largest in the world, and they voiced concerns about overharvesting the population. Guided hunters and competition for resources Professional interest in guided Kodiak bear hunts and a concern for unregulated resource use in frontier lands such as Alaska prompted the territorial government’s newly established Alaska Game Commission to abolish commercial bear hunting (selling the hides) on the archipelago in 1925. The impacts of the new regulations seemed to restore bear populations on the Kodiak islands.
By the 1930s, ranchers on northeast Kodiak reported an increase in bear problems and demanded action. Bears were also seen as a threat to the expanding commercial salmon-fishing industry. To address the dilemma of conserving bears while protecting cattle, salmon, and people, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge by executive order in 1941. The refuge roughly encompasses the southwestern two-thirds of Kodiak Island, Uganik Island, the Red Peaks area on northwestern Afognak Island, and all of Ban Island. Alaska achieved statehood in 1959 and assumed responsibility for managing the state’s wildlife. The Alaska Board of Game reduced bear-hunting seasons on Afognak and Raspberry Islands and on the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, but liberalized bear seasons on nonrefuge lands on Kodiak.
During the 1960s, state biologists worked with ranchers along the Kodiak road system to examine and reduce the predation problem. Biologists reported that cattle and bears were not compatible on the same ranges and potential solutions included poisons, fences to isolate cattle ranges, and aerial shooting of bears. Again, sport hunters voiced their support for Kodiak bears. In spite of public pressure, the state continued actively pursuing and dispatching problem bears until 1970. Changes in land status In 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) resolved many long-standing land issues with aboriginal Alaskans statewide. The impacts were felt strongly on the archipelago as large areas were conveyed to the Native corporations.
Federal management of the National Forest lands on Afognak was transferred to Native Corporation ownership with passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act in 1980 (ANILCA), and the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge lost control of of prime bear habitat (more than 17% of refuge lands). In 1975, construction of a logging road began on Afognak Island, and timber harvesting began in 1977. In 1979, work began on an environmental impact statement for the Terror Lake hydroelectric project on Kodiak Island. That project included an earthen dam on Terror Lake with Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and a tunnel through a mountain ridge to a penstock and powerhouse in the Kizhuyak River drainage.
The hydro project was the first significant invasion of inland bear habitat on Kodiak Island. To address the opposition encountered from the public and agencies, a mitigation settlement was negotiated in 1981 which included brown bear research and establishment of the Kodiak Brown Bear Trust. The hydroelectric project was completed in 1985. Human alteration of bear habitat on Kodiak and Afognak Islands spurred renewed interest and funding for bear research on the archipelago, resulting in a surge of baseline and applied bear research on Kodiak through the 1980s and 1990s. Bears were not directly harmed by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, although some were displaced from traditional feeding and traveling areas by cleanup crews.
No one was injured by a bear, and no Kodiak bears were killed. To mitigate the adverse impacts of the spill, Exxon reached a settlement with the state and federal governments. Paradoxically, the impacts of the oil spill and the subsequent cleanup and settlement proved to be beneficial to bears on Kodiak. Bear-safety training exposed thousands of workers to factual information about bears, and money from the settlement fund was used for funding land acquisitions. By the close of the 20th century, over 80% of the refuge lands that had been lost as a result of ANCSA and ANILCA were reinstated into the refuge, either through direct purchase or by means of conservation easements.
Lands were also purchased in America, Westtown, and Shuyak Islands and transferred into state ownership. The Kodiak Brown Bear Trust coordinated a coalition of sportsmen and other wildlife conservation groups from around the nation to lobby for use of settlement funds to acquire Kodiak lands. The groups also directly contributed funding to protect small parcels of important bear habitat around the islands. Kodiak Archipelago Bear Conservation and Management Plan In 2001, a citizens advisory committee was established to work closely with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), with the cooperation of Kodiak NWR, to develop a management plan addressing several problems that affect bears, including hunting, habitat, and viewing.
The resulting Kodiak Archipelago Bear Conservation and Management Plan was crafted over several months by representatives from 12 diverse user groups, which, after hearing from a variety of experts from agencies and receiving extensive public input, developed more than 270 recommendations for managing and conserving Kodiak bears. Despite the diversity of viewpoints expressed by members of the group, all of the recommendations were by consensus. The underlying themes of the recommendations were continued conservation of the bear population at its current level, increased education programs to teach people how to live with bears on Kodiak, and protection of bear habitat with allowances for continued human use of the archipelago.
Although the group's role is merely advisory, government management agencies expressed a commitment to implement all of the regulations that were feasible and within their legal jurisdictions. Genetic diversity and endangerment The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List does not list subspecies. The brown bear species, of which the Kodiak subspecies is a member, is listed as Lower Risk or Least Concern. The Kodiak is not listed as an endangered species by the Endangered Species Act of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service. Hunt-management Kodiak bear research and habitat protection is done cooperatively by the ADF&G and Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.
Bear hunting is managed by the ADF&G, and hunting regulations are established by the Alaska Board of Game. Currently, a finely tuned management system distributes hunters in 32 different areas during two seasons (spring: April 1 – May 15, and fall: October 25 – November 30). Each year, about 4,500 people apply for the 496 permits offered for Kodiak bear hunts (two-thirds to Alaska residents, one-third to nonresidents). Nonresidents are required to hire a registered guide who is authorized to hunt in a particular area, and this can cost from $10,000–$22,000. All hunters must come into the Alaska Department of Fish and Game office in Kodiak prior to going into the field for a brief orientation and must check out before they leave the island.
Every bear that is legally killed on the archipelago must be inspected by an ADF&G wildlife biologist before it can be taken from the islands. Pelts receive a stamp from an ADF&G officer if the hunter and guide provide proper documentation to prove licensing. Pelts cannot be transported or legally preserved or sold without the official stamp. Hunting laws are strictly enforced by the ADF&G officers who often have the full support of the local community. Illegal hunting and fishing is frowned upon by the community which maintains a healthy respect for the island's environmental laws, as well. Stiff penalties accompany illegal hunting and fishing.
The island's remote location makes trafficking in illegal pelts difficult for would-be poachers. Since statehood, the reported number of Kodiak bears killed by hunters has ranged from 77 (1968–1969) to 206 (1965–1966). From 2000 to 2006, an average of 173 Kodiak bears were killed by hunters each year (118 during the fall season and 55 in the spring season). Over 75% of those were males. An additional nine bears were reported killed annually in defense of life or property during the same time. The number of large, trophy-sized bears (total skull size at least ) killed by hunters in recent years has been increasing.
In the 1970s, only 2.5% of the bears killed on Kodiak were trophy-sized; in the 1990s and 2000s, the proportion increased to almost 9%. Bear-viewing In the past 20 years, bear viewing has become increasingly popular on Kodiak and other parts of Alaska. The most accessible bear-viewing location on Kodiak, Frazer River, had over 1,100 people come in 2007. Visitor numbers have been increasing at about 10% annually and development of additional bear viewing areas on Kodiak is planned. Also, other bear viewing opportunities exist through air-taxi, charter boat, remote lodge, and trekking operations on the archipelago. Although bear-viewing is often considered a "nonconsumptive" use, it can have serious impacts on bear populations if it is not conducted properly.
Most viewing occurs at places where bears congregate because of feeding opportunities that are critical to their survival. If some bears avoid these areas because people are there, those bears may not get the fat and protein they need to make it through the upcoming winter. Consequently, unmanaged bear viewing could affect several bears, especially productive sows with cubs. Often, bear-viewing and bear-hunting are considered incompatible. Even if the bear population is healthy and bear hunting is sustainable, ethical questions arise especially if hunting occurs near viewing areas and either during or soon after the viewing season. Many feel that it is not fair to encourage bears to be close to people during the summer, only to allow them to be shot in the fall.
The Kodiak bear plan recognized bear hunting as a legitimate, traditional, and biologically justifiable activity. It recommended that agencies find ways to make bear hunting and bear viewing compatible on the archipelago. Cultural significance The bear is important to the Alutiiq people. Its Alutiiq name is Taquka’aq (Bear), with the pronunciation varying between Northern and Southern dialects. Notes References External links Category:Mammals described in 1896 Category:Apex predators Category:Grizzly bears Bear, Kodiak Bear, Kodiak Category:Fauna of Alaska Category:Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska Bear, Kodiak Category:Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam
Rutland Water is a reservoir in Rutland, England, east of the county town, Oakham. It is filled by pumping from the River Nene and River Welland and provides water to the East Midlands. It is one of the largest artificial lakes in Europe. By surface area it is the largest reservoir in England, but by capacity it is exceeded by Kielder Water. Set in of countryside, it has a perimeter track, ( excluding Hambleton Peninsula) for walking or cycling. Since the water is drawn upon when needed, the relative areas of land and water vary a little, but the flatter parts of the lake margin are enclosed by banks so that the wetland nature reserve is maintained ().
A 1,555 hectare area of lake and shore is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, a Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds and Nature Conservation Review site. An area of 1,333 hectares is a Ramsar internationally important wetland site, and 393 hectares at the western end is managed by the Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust. Construction Its construction by damming the Gwash valley near Empingham was completed in 1975. During its construction, it was known as Empingham Reservoir. It flooded six or seven square kilometres of the Gwash valley as well as the side valley at the head of which lies Oakham.
Nether Hambleton and most of Middle Hambleton were demolished and their wells were plugged as part of the ground preparation. Their neighbouring village of Upper Hambleton survived, and now sits on the Hambleton Peninsula. The Gwash makes a net input to the lake but its flow downstream is maintained. Most of the stored water is extracted from the River Welland at , between Tinwell and Stamford and from the River Nene upstream from Peterborough, a city which is a major user of the water. Because much of the valley is clay, material for the dam was extracted from pits dug within the area that would be subsequently flooded.
The clay dam is high, and around long. At its base, it is up to wide, and the finished structure has been landscaped to blend in with the environment, even when viewed from Empingham, the nearest village. Rutland Water contains a limnological tower for study of the reservoir's ecological conditions. Community Upper Hambleton and the remnant of Middle Hambleton, including the Old Hall, are now known simply as Hambleton and are to be found on a long peninsula in the middle of the lake; land which was formerly a ridge between the two valleys in which the lake now lies.
The few houses of Normanton avoided flooding although its church did not. The lower part of the building was supported against water damage so that its upper part could be used to present the story of the construction of the reservoir to the public. Some funerary monuments from it can be seen at Edenham church, Lincolnshire. Recreation The reservoir is used not just for water storage, but is a popular sports centre – as well as water sports such as sailing visitors enjoy fishing, walking and cycling along a perimeter track. A pleasure cruiser, the Rutland Belle, carries people around the lake.
Birdwatching brings visitors from far afield. The former butterfly centre at Sykes Lane has been turned into Bugtopia – The Zoo. Wildlife Large areas of wetland (as well as several small woods) at the western end of the lake form a nature reserve, managed by Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust. The area is designated a Special Protection Area of international importance for its wintering populations of gadwall (some 4% of this species’ European population) and shoveller. It is home to the Anglian Water Bird Watching Centre. Every August, the centre is the venue for the British Birdwatching Fair. Other birds found here include lapwing, coot, goldeneye, tufted duck, pochard, teal, wigeon, cormorant, great crested grebe, little grebe and, most notably, osprey, which were re-introduced to the area during 1996, including one called "Mr Rutland".
The lake is stocked with brown trout and rainbow trout, but there is a large head of coarse fish populated by water pumped in from the River Welland and River Nene, species include roach, bream, pike, zander, perch, eel, wels catfish and carp. Visitor centres The Anglian Water Birdwatching Centre, located in Egleton, features a gift shop operated by the Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust and a shop selling binoculars and telescopes. The centre includes the Rutland Environmental Education Centre, exhibits, and windows overlooking the wetlands. The Lyndon Visitor Centre is located on the reserve's south shore. There are exhibits, bird viewing windows, trails and hides.
References External links Rutland Water Nature Reserve Official Tourism Guide to Rutland Water Special Protection Area data Rutland Sailing Club Images of Rutland Water Image gallery of Photos taken around Rutland Water Category:Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust Category:Nature Conservation Review sites Category:Ramsar sites in England Category:Reservoirs in Rutland Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Rutland Category:Special Protection Areas in England Category:Drinking water reservoirs in England Category:Nature centres in England
Diphtheritic stomatitis is a recently discovered disease and has thus far been reported only in Yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes). Its symptoms are similar to human diphtheria and is characterized by infecteous lesions in the mouth area that impede swallowing and cause respiratory troubles. The infection is caused by Corynebacterium amycolatum, an aerobic Gram-positive bacterium and mainly affects very young chicks. However, it seems likely that a triggering agent (e.g. a virus) might be involved in which renders the corynebacterium a secondary pathogen. The disease has been a serious cause of mortality in the 2002 and 2004 Yellow-eyed penguin breeding seasons.
It seems that only the New Zealand South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura were affected. Signs and symptoms Almost exclusively seen in Yellow-eyed penguin chicks Heavy breathing and signs of weakness Yellow caesous exudate within the beak and at the commissures of the mouth Yellow diphtheritic membrane covers the hard palate, tongue and buccal mucosa Mouth can often not be closed due to lesions, in serious cases tongue exposed Diagnosis Isolation of Corynebacterium amycolatum from a clinical specimen, or Histopathologic diagnosis of diphtheria Treatment During the latest outbreak of the disease (2004), several treatment methods were tested. Main treatment involved the administration of antibiotics, in some cases glucose solution or dietary mixtures were additionally supplemented.
Outcome of the different treatment methods varied greatly. Especially the success of antibiotic treatment and a widespread use on wild animals remains a matter of debate. Sources Summarized from Minutes of "Yellow-eyed Penguin Corynebacterium Workshop" held in Dunedin, Tuesday 5 April 2005 Category:Bacterial diseases Category:Bird diseases
Dexter "The Blade" Jackson (born November 25, 1969) is an American IFBB professional bodybuilder and the 2008 Mr. Olympia bodybuilding champion. Jackson has won more professional bodybuilding titles than any other person. He has the distinction of winning the Arnold Classic a record five times (2005, 2006, 2008, 2013, 2015). After winning the Arnold Classic in 2015, he proceeded to place second in the 2015 Mr. Olympia. He is from Jacksonville, Florida. Biography Dexter's first NPC (National Physique Committee) competition was the NPC Southern States Championship of 1992, where he took 3rd. He first competed professionally in the 1999 Arnold Classic, Night of Champions, and Mr. Olympia contests, placing 7th, 3rd, and 9th, respectively.
At the 2007 Mr. Olympia, Jackson placed 3rd and many critics said he would not likely place any higher. On September 27, 2008, he defeated the reigning two-time Mr. Olympia, Jay Cutler to become the 12th man to win the title, and only the second to have won it and the Arnold Classic title in the same year. Jackson has won the Mr. Olympia title once, sharing this distinction with Chris Dickerson (1982), Samir Bannout (1983), Shawn Rhoden (2018), and Brandon Curry (2019). 2008 was a great year for Jackson, as he won the Arnold Classic, Australian Pro Grand Prix VIII, New Zealand Grand Prix, Russian Grand Prix and the Mr. Olympia.
Jackson placed 3rd in the 2009 Mr. Olympia contest. In 2012, Jackson placed 4th in the Mr. Olympia, then surprised everyone by winning that year's Masters Olympia at the age of 43 and then won his fourth Arnold Classic title in 2013. In 2015, Jackson showed he was still a force to be reckoned with at the age of 45 when he placed 2nd at the Mr. Olympia; his highest placing since winning the Mr. Olympia in 2008. Jackson has been featured in many fitness and bodybuilding articles, including being pictured on the cover of Muscular Development and Flex magazine.
He shot his new documentary DVD titled Dexter Jackson: Unbreakable with filmmaker Alex Ardenti of Ardenti Films in Florida and California which was released in 2009. Distinctions , Jackson has won a record-setting 29 IFBB professional bodybuilding titles. , Jackson has made a record-setting 20 Mr. Olympia appearances. Jackson is the only bodybuilder to win the overall title in both the Mr. Olympia and Masters Olympia bodybuilding competitions. Jackson has won the original Arnold Classic five times (2005, 2006, 2008, 2013, 2015), more than any other bodybuilder. Jackson is one of only three bodybuilders to have won both the Mr. Olympia and Arnold Classic bodybuilding competitions.
Jackson is the fifth oldest bodybuilder (second oldest male bodybuilder) ever to win an open IFBB pro show at the age of 49 years 8 months and 9 days after Yaxeni Oriquen-Garcia at the age of 49 years 10 months and 13 days, Lisa Aukland at the age of 49 years and 364 days, and 50 years and 361 days, Betty Pariso at the age of 53, and Albert Beckles at the age of between 52 and 61.
Physical Stats Height: Contest Weight: Off Season Weight: Chest: 52" (132 cm) Arms: 20" (50 cm) Contest history 1992 NPC Southern States, Lightweight, 3rd 1995 NPC USA Championships, Light-Heavyweight, 1st 1996 NPC Nationals, Light-Heavyweight, 6th 1998 North American Championships, Light-HeavyWeight, 1st and Overall 1999 Arnold Classic, 7th 1999 Grand Prix England, 4th 1999 Night of Champions, 3rd 1999 Mr. Olympia, 9th 1999 World Pro Championships, 4th 2000 Arnold Classic, 5th 2000 Grand Prix Hungary, 2nd 2000 Ironman Pro Invitational, 3rd 2000 Night of Champions, 8th 2000 Mr. Olympia, 9th 2000 Toronto Pro Invitational, 2nd 2001 Arnold Classic, 5th 2001 Grand Prix Australia, 3rd 2001 Grand Prix England, 4th 2001 Grand Prix Hungary, 3rd 2001 Night of Champions, 2nd 2001 Mr. Olympia, 8th 2001 Toronto Pro Invitational, 2nd 2002 Arnold Classic, 3rd 2002 Grand Prix Australia, 2nd 2002 Grand Prix Austria, 2nd 2002 Grand Prix England, 1st 2002 Grand Prix Holland, 3rd 2002 Mr. Olympia, 4th 2002 San Francisco Pro Invitational, 3rd 2002 Show of Strength Pro Championship, 6th 2003 Arnold Classic, 4th 2003 Maximum Pro Invitational, 3rd 2003 Mr. Olympia, 3rd 2003 San Francisco Pro Invitational, 3rd 2003 Show of Strength Pro Championship, 1st 2004 Arnold Classic, 3rd 2004 Grand Prix Australia, 1st 2004 Ironman Pro Invitational, 1st 2004 Mr. Olympia, 4th 2004 San Francisco Pro Invitational, 1st 2005 Arnold Classic, 1st 2005 San Francisco Pro Invitational, 2nd 2006 Arnold Classic, 1st 2006 Mr. Olympia, 4th 2007 Arnold Classic, 2nd 2007 IFBB Australian Pro Grand Prix, 1st 2007 Mr. Olympia, 3rd 2008 Arnold Classic, 1st 2008 IFBB Australian Pro Grand Prix VIII, 1st 2008 IFBB New Zealand Grand Prix, 1st 2008 IFBB Russian Grand Prix, 1st 2008 Mr. Olympia, 1st 2009 Mr. Olympia, 3rd 2010 Arnold Classic, 4th 2010 IFBB Australian Pro Grand Prix, 2nd 2010 Mr. Olympia, 4th 2011 Flex Pro, 2nd 2011 Mr. Olympia, 6th 2011 FIBO Pro, 1st 2011 Pro Masters World Champion, 1st 2012 Arnold Classic, 5th 2012 Mr. Olympia, 4th 2012 IFBB Masters Olympia, 1st 2013 Arnold Classic, 1st 2013 IFBB Australian Pro Grand Prix, 1st 2013 Mr. Olympia, 5th 2013 EVLS Prague Pro, 2nd 2013 Tijuana Pro, 1st 2014 Mr. Olympia, 5th 2014 Arnold Classic Europe, 3rd 2014 Dubai Pro, 1st 2014 Prague Pro, 2nd 2015 Arnold Classic, 1st 2015 Arnold Classic Australia, 1st 2015 Arnold Classic Europe, 1st 2015 Mr. Olympia, 2nd 2015 Prague Pro, 1st 2016 New York Pro, 1st 2016 Arnold Classic South Africa, 1st 2016 Mr. Olympia, 3rd 2016 Arnold Classic Europe, 1st 2016 Prague Pro, 3rd 2016 Mr. Olympia Europe, 1st 2017 Mr. Olympia, 4th 2017 Prague Pro, 3rd 2018 Arnold Classic, 2nd 2018 IFBB Arnold Classic Australia, 3rd 2018 Mr. Olympia, 7th 2019 Tampa Pro, 1st 2019 Mr. Olympia, 4th 2020 Arnold Classic, 2nd References External links Dexterjacksonshredded.com archived Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:African-American bodybuilders Category:Professional bodybuilders Category:American bodybuilders Category:People from Jacksonville, Florida
Jerzy Filip Janowicz Jr. (; born 13 November 1990) is a professional tennis player from Poland. Born in Łódź, Poland he was introduced to tennis at the age of five by his parents. Known for his very powerful serve, he can hit at up to along with strong groundstrokes. Despite never winning an ATP title, Janowicz obtained a career-high world ranking of No. 14 in August 2013. He was awarded the Gold Cross of Merit by Polish President Bronisław Komorowski in 2013 for his achievements. Having finished as runner-up at two Junior Grand Slam tournaments, Janowicz rose to prominence on the pro circuit leading up to and following his run to the final, as a qualifier, of the 2012 Paris Masters, during which he defeated five top-20 players such as Andy Murray and Janko Tipsarević.
Despite losing to David Ferrer in the finals, he made his top-30 debut in the ATP Rankings and became the highest-ranked male Polish tennis player. Janowicz became the first Polish male to reach a Grand Slam semifinal at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, losing to eventual champion Andy Murray. He struggled with a major knee injury during the 2016 season, which led to a significant drop in rankings and form. Janowicz is currently coached by Günter Bresnik and his strength and conditioning coach is Piotr Grabia. Personal life Born in Łódź, Poland Janowicz began playing tennis at the age of five after his parents introduced him to the sport.
Father Jerzy and mother Anna Szalbot were both professional volleyball players. Janowicz has named Pete Sampras as his inspiration. Every October Janowicz and his team run the annual Atlas Jerzyk Cup tennis tournament in Lodz, Poland promoting the sport to young children, ages 8 to 12 years old. Career Juniors Janowicz inherits his athleticism and height from his parents, who were both volleyball players. At the age of 10 or 11, his parents sold off their chain of sports stores and apartments to support their son's training, recognizing that he had a future in tennis from a young age. As a junior, Janowicz posted a 59–23 win/loss record and reached a combined ranking of No.
5 in the world in 2008. He reached the boys' singles final at the 2007 US Open and 2008 French Open, losing in straight sets to Ričardas Berankis and Yang Tsung-hua, respectively. 2012: Top 30 ATP ranking and breakthrough on ATP World Tour Janowicz ended 2011 ranked 221 in the world. At the start of 2012 he could not play in the Australian Open due to lack of sponsorship. In February, he was the runner-up in a Challenger tournament in Wolfsburg, Germany. Later in the year, he won three Challenger tournament finals. At the French Open, he got as far as the third round of qualifying, but failed to make it into the main draw.
At the Wimbledon Championships, he made it through the three rounds of qualifying to be in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time, where he defeated a qualifier, Simone Bolelli, in the first round, Ernests Gulbis in the second, then lost to the 31st seed Florian Mayer in the third. At the US Open, he made it directly into a Grand Slam without having to compete in the qualifying rounds. He lost to young American wildcard Dennis Novikov. In November 2012, Janowicz qualified for the main draw of the 2012 BNP Paribas Masters, an ATP 1000 tournament.
He defeated world No. 19, Philipp Kohlschreiber, in the first round, the No. 14 Marin Čilić in the second and the No. 3 and Olympic gold medalist and US Open champion Andy Murray in the third. He defeated Murray in three sets, saving one match point en route. He said afterwards "This was the most unbelievable day in my life." In the quarterfinals, he defeated No. 9 Janko Tipsarević, to go on to play in the semifinals where he beat Frenchman and No. 20 Gilles Simon to reach his first ATP tour-level final. He was the first qualifier to do this since Andrei Pavel in 2003 and the first player to reach the final on his ATP World Tour Masters 1000 debut since Harel Levy in 2000.
In the final, he was defeated by fourth seed David Ferrer, but afterwards said "I've got a lot of confidence right now. I learned if you have big heart and you want to do something amazing and you're going to fight for this, you have a big chance to make it." His run led him to the top 30 for the first time in his career, and he finished the year ranked No. 24, almost 200 places higher than the previous year. 2013: Ascent to No. 14 and first Grand Slam semifinal Janowicz began his season at the Heineken Open in Auckland, New Zealand, where he was seeded fifth; however, he lost his opening match against American Brian Baker.
He then competed for the first time in the main draw of the Australian Open, where he was the 24th seed, the first time he had been seeded at a Grand Slam tournament. He won his first two matches against Simone Bolelli in straight sets, and Somdev Devvarman of India, against whom he had to recover from a two-set deficit to win in five. In his third-round match, he lost to 10th seed Nicolás Almagro in straight sets. He played the Indian Wells Masters, where he reached the third round and was eventually eliminated by Richard Gasquet. He then played at the Miami Masters, where he was seeded 21st, but lost his first match in the second round to Brazilian Thomaz Bellucci.
At the Monte-Carlo Masters, he again lost his first match in the first round to South African, Kevin Anderson. He continued to play at the Madrid Masters, where he won his first-round match against Sam Querrey, but was eliminated in the second round by eventual semifinalist, Tomáš Berdych. He then played at the Italian Open, where he reached the quarterfinals with consecutive wins over two top-ten players, Richard Gasquet and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. He lost to Roger Federer in the quarterfinals. Federer said: "He obviously has a big game, unconventional shot selection at times, but really fun to watch... I've got to be careful."
At the French Open, he reached the third round, where he was eliminated in four sets by Stan Wawrinka. At Wimbledon, he defeated Kyle Edmund, Radek Štěpánek and Nicolás Almagro for a spot in the round of 16 and Jürgen Melzer for a spot in his first career Grand Slam quarterfinal. He then beat fellow Pole Łukasz Kubot in straight sets, becoming the first Polish man to reach a Grand Slam semifinal. There, he was beaten by No. 2 and eventual champion Andy Murray in four sets. He did not reach quarterfinals in his next few tournaments, falling to Fernando Verdasco by retirement in Hamburg Open and Rafael Nadal in two tight sets at the Rogers Cup.
Janowicz actually served for the first set. His next result was a straight-set loss to James Blake in the Cincinnati Open first round. Jerzy performed disappointingly in the US Open, falling to world No. 247 Máximo González in straight sets, suffering from a back injury. His back injury caused him to withdraw from next few tournaments. He returned in October to reach the quarterfinals at the Stockholm Open, where he lost to Ernests Gulbis in three sets, a player he had beaten in the previous year's Wimbledon in a long five-set match. Then he traveled to Valencia, where he reached the quarterfinals as well, losing to eventual runner-up David Ferrer.
Janowicz's last tournament of the year was the Paris Masters, where he had made his breakthrough the previous year. He won his opening meeting with Santiago Giraldo, but did not defend points due to his loss to top seed Rafael Nadal. Janowicz finished the season at No. 21. 2014: Foot injury, and out of top 50 Janowicz was to partner Agnieszka Radwańska in the Hopman Cup, the annual international mixed-team tournament in Perth, Australia, but was unable to do so due to a foot injury. He was replaced in the draw by Davis Cup teammate Grzegorz Panfil. Janowicz started his season at Sydney International, where he was seeded second, but lost his first match in the second round to Alexandr Dolgopolov.
At the Australian Open, he beat Jordan Thompson in the first round and Pablo Andújar in the second round, then lost to Florian Mayer in the third round. After the match, Janowicz revealed that he had been playing with a broken bone in his foot, which was diagnosed during the off season. Janowicz continued at the Open Sud de France, where he won his second-round match against Adrian Mannarino and quarterfinal match against Édouard Roger-Vasselin. He then lost in the semifinals against Richard Gasquet in a tight match. At ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam, Janowicz beat the previous year's finalist Julien Benneteau in the first round and Tommy Haas in the second round.
He was defeated by Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals. Janowicz was due to play at Open 13 in Marseille, where he made it to the previous year's quarterfinals, but withdrew from the event to recover from a case of sinusitis. Next, Janowicz played at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, California, where he lost to Alejandro Falla in the second round. Similarly, he was defeated by Roberto Bautista Agut in the second round at the Sony Open Tennis ATP World Tour Masters 1000 in Miami. Additionally, he made an early exit at the Monte Carlo Rolex Masters, where he failed to make it past the first round, going down in straight sets against the French veteran Michael Llodra.
After early losses in Barcelona, Madrid, and Rome, Janowicz concentrated on getting ready for the French Open. At Roland Garros, Janowicz defeated Victor Estrella Burgos and Jarkko Nieminen, then lost to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the third round. Before Wimbledon, Janowicz played at Halle Open in Germany and at the Boodles Challenge in Buckinghamshire, England. At Wimbledon, he defeated Somdev Devvarman and Lleyton Hewitt, then lost to Tommy Robredo in five sets. This third-round loss to Robredo would mean a loss of 610 ranking points, and a significant drop in ranking, bringing him down to No. 51. Following Wimbledon, Janowicz competed at the Swedish Open in Bastad, where he was forced to retire in the first round due to a left foot injury.
Subsequently, he entered the German Open Tennis Championships in Hamburg, where he was defeated by Alexandr Dolgopolov in the second round. Janowicz began his US Open Series campaign at the Rogers Cup in Toronto, where he fell to Canadian wildcard Peter Polansky. At the Western & Southern Open, he defeated qualifier Teymuraz Gabashvili and Grigor Dimitrov, then lost to Julien Benneteau in the third round. After Cincinnati, Janowicz continued at Winston-Salem Open, where he defeated Carlos Berlocq, João Sousa, Édouard Roger-Vasselin, David Goffin, and Sam Querrey, then lost to Lukáš Rosol in the final despite having two championship points in the third set.
Janowicz won his first career match at the US Open, defeating Dušan Lajović, then lost to 18th seed Kevin Anderson in four sets. He next participated at the Moselle Open in France, where he defeated Adrian Mannarino and Jarkko Nieminen, then lost to Gaël Monfils in the quarterfinals. He continued at the China Open, where he was defeated by Andy Murray in the first round. At the Shanghai Rolex Masters, he defeated Edouard Roger-Vasselin, then lost to Andy Murray in the second round. Janowicz ended the season at the Paris Masters, where he lost a three-set match against Sam Querrey.
He ended the season ranked No. 43, finishing with a top-50 ranking for the third time in succession. 2015: Hopman Cup title Janowicz started 2015 season by teaming up with Agnieszka Radwańska to win the Hopman Cup, Poland's first title in the event. Janowicz and Radwanska claimed their first Hopman Cup title after they beat the top-seeded USA team 2–1 in a final mixed doubles match over the Americans Serena Williams and John Isner. Janowicz continued at the Sydney International, where he defeated Nick Kyrgios, then lost to Leonardo Mayer in the second round. At the Australian Open Janowicz defeated Hiroki Moriya in his opening match, followed by a defeat of 17th-seeded Gaël Monfils in the second round, coming back from two sets to one down to make the third round for the third year in a row.
In the third round, Janowicz lost to 12th seeded Feliciano Lopez. Janowicz continued at Open Sud de France in Montpellier where he defeated Dustin Brown, Benoit Paire, Gilles Simon and João Sousa to make his third ATP final. In the final against Richard Gasquet, Janowicz was forced to retire due to a viral infection. At Indian Wells Masters, Janowicz was defeated by Diego Schwartzman in the first round. The following week Janowicz defeated Édouard Roger-Vasselin and Roberto Bautista Agut ,then lost to David Goffin in the third round of the Miami Masters. After early losses at ATP tournaments in Monte Carlo, Madrid, and Rome Janowicz participated at Roland Garros.
He defeated Maxime Hamou, then lost to Leonardo Mayer in the second round. Janowicz started the grass season with the Stuttgart Open tournament, where he defeated Dustin Brown, then lost to Philipp Kohlschreiber in the second round. At Halle Open, Janowicz defeated Pablo Cuevas and Alejandro Falla to make his third ATP 500 quarterfinal against Kei Nishikori. After a three set battle, Janowicz lost to Nishikori. The following week he continued at Wimbledon, losing in the first round against Marsel İlhan in four sets. At the Swedish Open, Janowicz defeated Andrea Arnaboldi, then lost to Steve Darcis in the second round.
Janowicz continued at the German Open Tennis Championships in Hamburg where he defeated Taro Daniel, then lost to Pablo Cuevas in three sets. After a first round loss at Rogers Cup, Janowicz continued at Cincinnati Masters where he defeated Gaël Monfils and Jared Donaldson, then lost to Alexandr Dolgopolov in the third round. Following a first round loss at the US Open, Janowicz entered for the first time in his career St. Petersburg Open, where he defeated Benoit Paire, then lost to Lucas Pouille in the second round. Jerzy Janowicz ended the season ranked 57th. 2016: Knee injury and Rio Summer Olympics Jerzy Janowicz began his season at the Australian Open where he faced John Isner in the first round.
He lost in straight sets. Subsequently, due to an ongoing struggle with a knee injury he was forced to withdraw from all of the tournaments in February. In March, Janowicz was originally expected to play Poland's first Davis Cup World Group tie, but two days before the event he had to undergo tests on his injured knee. In the end, he was forced to miss the tie, and Poland lost to Argentina 3–2. Due to the injury, Janowicz missed both the Masters 1000 events in Indian Wells and Miami. The knee injury was another in a long line of injuries for Janowicz.
A back injury initially stopped his climb toward the top of the tennis world in 2013. A foot injury followed in 2014. With the knee injury and unable to play during the first six months of the season, Janowicz managed to stay on the edge of the top 100 ATP ranking while maintaining his frozen ranking of No. 94. In July Janowicz participated at the Open Castilla y León ATP Challenger Tournament in Segovia, Spain, where he lost to Luca Vanni in the first round. Following the match Janowicz stated: "I have been out for eight months and I haven't touched the racket for five months".
He also added that he hoped of not injuring his knee again during the match. In August, Janowicz competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where he lost to Gilles Müller in the first round. Janowicz came back to the ATP tour starting with the US Open. In the opening match, he lost to Novak Djokovic, but managed to take a set off the defending champion before falling in a competitive match on Arthur Ashe Stadium. "It's never easy to play against Djokovic. It doesn't matter where or when or what shape I'm in," said Janowicz.
"I was just trying to play my best tennis. I was actually a little bit unlucky because I had quite a few chances to take the first set." Following US Open, Janowicz returned to the ATP Challenger Tour. He decided to primarily play in Challengers to gain match play and rebuild confidence in his game. "My rehab was long because I got injured during last year's US Open and then tried to play through it at the end of the season, which was quite stupid on my part," he said. "The doctors said it wouldn't be easy to come back and there was a chance I might not be able to, but I was still hoping to get better.
Now, I'm just trying to get back in shape again." To improve his game Janowicz chose to compete at the Challenger event in Genova, Italy. Showing that his knee can withstand plenty of time on court, he prevailed in a long three-set match over Lorenzo Sonego. He then defeated No. 2 seed Horacio Zeballos, Gianluca Mager, Carlos Berlocq and Nicolás Almagro to win his first tournament of the season. Next Janowicz participated in the Pekao Szczecin Open Challenger tournament in his homeland Poland and then competed at the Open d'Orléans in France, where he was a finalist last year. He ended the season with the ATP Challenger tournament in Mons, Belgium, and year-end ranking of No.
280. 2017: 100th match win and hiring of a new coach At the start of the season Janowicz hired a new coach, former Austrian Davis Cup captain, Günter Bresnik. Before the Australian Open, Janowicz participated at ATP Auckland Open in New Zealand. At the first Grand Slam of the year Janowicz faced seventh seed Marin Čilić in the first round. Both players produced an extraordinarily high level of tennis in the first two sets, with Janowicz hitting 23 winners and just nine unforced errors, while Cilic struck 27 winners and only 15 unforced errors. Janowicz required just a single break of serve late in each set to take a commanding two-set lead, but ultimately Cilic rallied from two sets down to prevail in five sets.
Janowicz continued at Australian Open with his doubles partner Marcin Matkowski. The Polish team defeated Fabio Fognini and Fernando Verdasco but lost to the top-seeded French team of Pierre-Hugues Herbert and Nicolas Mahut in the second round. Following Australian Open Janowicz competed at the Open BNP Paribas Banque de Bretagne Challenger Tournament in France as a wild card. Next he played at the ATP Sofia Open, where he lost a tight three-set second-round match to the 2017 Australian Open semifinalist Grigor Dimitrov. In February Janowicz claimed his sixth ATP Challenger career title at the Trofeo Faip–Perrel in Bergamo, Italy. Janowicz, who entered the main draw with a wild card, eased past Frenchman Quentin Halys in two sets.
Janowicz continued at Wrocław Open, where he lost to Jürgen Melzer in the second round. He then participated at the Jalisco Open Challenger Tour event in Guadalajara, Mexico where he lost to Denis Shapovalov in the semifinal. Janowicz played his only clay-court World Tour tournament at the 2017 French Open, where he lost to Taro Daniel in the first round. Janowicz began his grass-court season with a quarterfinal run at the Stuttgart Open. En route to the last eight, he defeated Andrey Kuznetsov and second seed Grigor Dimitrov. In the quarterfinals, he was defeated by Benoît Paire in straight sets.
He continued with the Aegon International. At Wimbledon he defeated Denis Shapovalov and Lucas Pouille but lost to Benoît Paire in the third round. In September, Janowicz reached the quarterfinals at the Pekao Szczecin Open, the oldest tennis tournament in Poland. He continued at Stockholm Open where he defeated Pierre-Hugues Herbert to face Grigor Dimitrov for the third time this season. Dimitrov drilled nine aces and did not drop serve defeating Janowicz in a tight two set match. In November Janowicz competed at the Bauer Watertechnology Cup in Eckental, where he was seeded 7th. He defeated top seeded Ruben Bemelmans and Matthias Bachinger, then lost to Maximilian Marterer in the final.
Next Janowicz made a winning start to Slovak Open, a Challenger event in Bratislava, defeating Norbert Gombos and Bernard Tomic, then lost to Mikhail Kukushkin in the quarterfinals. As a result, Janowicz ended the season ranked No. 122. 2019: Knee surgery and back to training Janowicz hasn't played since November 2017 due to knee injury. In April of 2019, the doctors approved his return to training. Preparation began in Poland and Austria as he looked to return to competitive action. When he returns to playing on the tour Janowicz will have a protected ranking of 123 in the world. He accepted a wildcard into the Sopot Open but later withdrew.
According to TennisWorldUSA, he is planning to return at the start of the 2020 season. 2020: Return from knee surgery At the start of the season Janowicz received a wild card to the 2020 Open de Rennes, returning to the tour for the first time since Bratislava Open in November 2017. He spent the offseason in Tenerife with his coach Gunter Bresnik, working hard on his game and preparing for his long-awaited return. In February Janowicz reached the final at the Teréga Open Pau–Pyrénées in France. In the semifinal he defeated No 1 seed Jiří Veselý before falling to Ernests Gulbis.
Davis Cup In 2009, Janowicz played a major role in Poland's 3–2 Davis Cup win over Great Britain at Liverpool's Echo Arena. Janowicz defeated Daniel Evans but lost to world No. 4 Andy Murray. In 2013 Jerzy Janowicz won the decisive fourth rubber for Poland with Slovenia to secure a Europe/Africa Zone Group I second-round tie against South Africa. Janowicz fended off early resistance to defeat Grega Žemlja in straight sets at Centennial Hall in Wrocław. Earlier Janowicz won with Blaž Kavčič, with the final tie result at 3–2 to Poland. Playing style Janowicz possesses one of the hardest serves in the world, hitting a first serve generally between 130 and 140 mph and often hitting a second serve from 115 to 120 mph.
His ball toss is extremely high, even for a man who is 6 feet 8, producing a high trajectory. Janowicz also moves remarkably well considering how big he is, and hits powerful groundstrokes from the back of the court and has an excellent drop shot. He has a double-handed backhand, and is known to hit hard and constantly mix up his game by hitting numerous drop shots, slices and spins. Significant finals Masters 1000 finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) ATP career finals Singles: 3 (3 runner-ups) Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) Other finals Team competition: 1 (1 title) Junior Grand Slam finals Singles (0–2) ITF junior results Singles: 7 (3–4) Doubles: 1 (1–0) ATP Challengers and ITF Futures titles Singles: 13 Performance timelines Singles Current through 2019 French Open.
Doubles Record against other top players Head-to-head vs. players who reached the top 10 in their careers Wins over top-10 players per season Notes References External links Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:Polish male tennis players Category:Sportspeople from Łódź Category:Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic tennis players of Poland Category:Hopman Cup competitors
Abortion in China is legal and is a government service available on request for women. In theory this does not apply to sex-selective abortion, although this remains the basis for some women's requests. In addition to virtually universal access to contraception, abortion was a common way for China to contain its population in accordance with its now-defunct one-child policy, which was removed in 2015 in favor of a two-child policy. History In the early 1950s, the Chinese government made abortion illegal other than when 1) the mother had a preexisting condition, such as tuberculosis or pernicious anemia, that would cause the pregnancy to be a threat to the mother's life; 2) when traditional Chinese medicine could not settle an overactive fetus and spontaneous abortion was expected; and 3) when the mother had already undergone two or more Caesarean sections.
Punishments were written into the law for those who received or performed illegal abortions. In 1954 and 1956, the law was extended to include other pre-existing illnesses and disabilities, such as hypertension and epilepsy, as well as allowed women working in certain types of occupations to qualify. Women who had already had four children and became pregnant four months after giving birth to their last child also qualified for an abortion. These restrictions were seen as the government's way of emphasizing the importance of population growth. The scholar Nie Jing-Bao explains that these laws were relaxed in the late 1950s and early 1960s with the intent of reducing the number of deaths and lifelong injuries women sustained due to illegal abortions as well as serving as a form of population control when used in conjunction with birth control.
Statistics Exact statistics on the number of abortions performed annually are hard to come by as not all abortions are registered and Family Planning statistics are usually considered state secrets. However, in 2008, there were an estimated 13 million abortions performed, and approximately 10 million abortion pills sold. Induced abortions are more common in urban areas, where couples may only have one child. In rural areas, it is permissible to have a second child if the first born is a girl and a "second-birth permit" is granted, costing approximately 4,000 yuan (US$600). By the 70s, abortion was officially termed a "remedial measure" for realising China's goals of controlling the population.
Sex-selective abortion The exception to the otherwise general permissibility of abortion in China is that the practice of pre-natal sex determination and sex-selective abortions for non-medical reasons are illegal. It is argued that sex-selective abortion continues to be one of the key factors in the notably imbalanced sex-ratio in China, as the imbalance cannot be explained solely by the underreporting of female births or by excess female infant mortality. In 2001, 117 boys were born to every 100 girls. These trends are explained by the persistence of a preference for sons in Chinese families. In 2005, the government began an Action Plan consisting of ten policies with the aim of normalising the sex ratio of newborns by 2010.
Under this plan, sex-selective abortion was outlawed, as was prenatal sex diagnosis, and harsher punishments were implemented for violating both. Other policies include controlling the marketing of ultrasonic B machines and improving the systems used by medical and Family Planning organisations to report on births, abortions and pregnancies. Family planning The importance of abortions as a family planning tool is evident through the extensive implementation of medical abortions (abortion induced by pills, which can be performed in early pregnancy) in China. In fact, such abortions were legalized in China in 1988, earlier than any other place and are already produced in a large scale in China for many years.
It is unclear whether the efficiency of the procedure reaches the high success rates it has in many western countries, but it is highly promoted by Chinese doctors and much less invasive than surgical abortion. See also Female infanticide in China List of Chinese administrative divisions by gender ratio References Category:Abortion in China Category:Chinese law Category:Abortion by country
Mahlon (Sandy) Apgar IV is a housing, infrastructure, and real estate consultant to global corporations and government agencies, and a non-resident Senior Advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). He is known as the "father" of the US Army's housing privatization program, the largest such public-private partnership program in the Department of Defense. He was a partner and senior advisor at the Boston Consulting Group (BCG), and a partner at McKinsey & Company where he led its operations in Saudi Arabia, and a Senior Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars where he wrote the playbook on public-private partnerships.
Education and military service Apgar graduated from Blair Academy in 1958, and in 1962 received a BA in Sociology from Dartmouth College, where he was a Choate Scholar and a Distinguished Military Graduate of Army ROTC. He spent his senior year with the Dartmouth-MIT Program In Urban Studies, examining Boston's cultural institutions as paths to upward mobility. As a member of Delta Tau Delta fraternity, he helped lead the chapter's break from the national organization due to its discriminatory admissions policy. In 1962, he was commissioned in the US Army and served as an intelligence officer covering the East-West German border until 1965.
The following year, he studied the British New Towns program at Oxford University. In 1968, he received an MBA from the Harvard Business School, as a National Fellow and Executive Editor of The MBA magazine. Consulting career Apgar began his real estate career with the developer James W. Rouse, and assisted in opening the new city of Columbia, Maryland. In 1968, he joined McKinsey, transferring to London in 1970, where he consulted on British and European housing, real estate, urban development, and local government issues. He wrote policy guidelines called The Sunderland Study: Tackling Urban Problems for the UK government, and advised private firms on real estate strategy.
In 1974, he began a five-year engagement in Saudi Arabia, leading planning teams for Saudi Aramco's large-scale community development and infrastructure expansion, and co-authoring a blueprint for the Saudi government's national urbanization strategy. In 1980, he founded Apgar & Company, an advisory firm specializing in large-scale corporate real estate strategy and management. In 1997, he patented a corporate real estate evaluation system known as the Apgar Real Estate Score. In 1998, President Bill Clinton appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations and Environment, with global responsibility for the Army's housing, real estate and facilities. In that role, he established the Residential Communities Initiative (RCI) to privatize military housing, and led negotiations for the Army with the National Trust for Historic Preservation to restructure the management of 70,000 historic military properties.
From 2002 to 2006, Apgar was a partner and director of BCG, where he established the Infrastructure and Real Estate practice. He was the firm's senior advisor on real estate from 2007 to 2011. He has advised over 200 companies, institutions and governments in 13 countries on some 600 projects, including Irvine and Playa Vista, California; Brandermill, Virginia; Disney World; Hull, London, and Sunderland in the United Kingdom; the Villes Nouvelles in France; and business new communities in Japan. Affiliations, publications, awards Apgar is a Counselor of Real Estate, a Member of the Business Executives for National Security Advisory Board, a Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, the Institute of Directors, and the Royal Society of Arts, a Trustee of the Urban Land Institute, and a Governor of the ULI Foundation.
He has taught courses at Harvard, Oxford, Princeton, and Yale. He has edited two books, including New Perspectives on Community Development, and authored more than 150 publications, including feature articles for the Harvard Business Review. Apgar received the Army's Decoration for Distinguished Civilian Service, the first Chairman's Award of the President's Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the Arthur A. May Award of the American Institute of Real Estate Appraisers, now The Appraisal Institute. He received the William S. Ballard Award and is the only two-time recipient of the James Felt Award for Creative Counseling, both from the Counselors of Real Estate.
He and his wife, Anne, established a teaching excellence awards program in 1982. References Oxford Said Business School – Associate Fellow Biography "The Alternative Workplace: Changing Where and How People Work," Harvard Business Review, May–June 1998, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 121–136. "Managing Real Estate to Build Value," Harvard Business Review, November–December 1995, Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 162–179. Mastering Urban Growth: A Blueprint for Management, McKinsey International, Inc. for the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1978. "New Business with the New Military" (with John M. Keane), Harvard Business Review, September 2004, Vol. 82, No. 9, pp. 45–56.
New Perspectives on Community Development, London/New York: McGraw Hill, 1976. Editor. Author of Introduction; Chapter 4, "Guiding the Development Enterprise", pp. 77–98; Chapter 5, "Developing the Project Strategy", pp. 99–128; Chapter 6, "Planning for Community Management", pp. 129–156; Chapter 7, "Mastering Development Economics", pp. 157–187. The Promise of Public-Private Partnerships: Principles and Proposals for the Next President, Report of the Forum on Privatization and Partnerships, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, August 2008. "Succeeding in Saudi Arabia," Harvard Business Review, January–February 1977, Vol. 55, No. 1. The Sunderland Study: Tackling Urban Problems (Volume 1) and A Working Guide (Volume 2), Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1973.
"Uncovering Your Hidden Occupancy Costs," Harvard Business Review, May–June 1993, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 124–136. Category:Blair Academy alumni Category:Boston Consulting Group people Category:Dartmouth College alumni Category:Harvard Business School alumni Category:Living people Category:McKinsey & Company people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Obstetrics & Gynecology is a peer-reviewed medical journal in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. It is the official publication of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. It is popularly known as the "Green Journal". Obstetrics & Gynecology has approximately 45,000 subscribers. According to the 2014 Journal Citation Reports, it had an impact factor of 4.982, ranking it 5th among 82 reproductive medicine journals. References Category:Monthly journals Category:English-language journals Category:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins academic journals Category:Publications established in 1953 Category:Obstetrics and gynaecology journals
The angle of the mandible (gonial angle) is located at the posterior border at the junction of the lower border of the ramus of the mandible. The angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted, is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of the masseter laterally, and the pterygoideus internus (medial pterygoid muscle) medially; the stylomandibular ligament is attached to the angle between these muscles. The forensic term for the midpoint of the mandibular angle is the gonion. The gonion is a cephalometric landmark located at the lowest, posterior, and lateral point on the angle.
This site is at the apex of the maximum curvature of the mandible, where the ascending ramus becomes the body of the mandible. The mandibular angle has been named as a forensic tool for gender determination, but recent studies have called into question whether there is any significant sex difference in humans in the angle. See also Ohngren's line Additional images References External links - "Oral Cavity: Bones" Category:Bones of the head and neck
3D scanning is the process of analyzing a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance (e.g. colour). The collected data can then be used to construct digital 3D models. A 3D scanner can be based on many different technologies, each with its own limitations, advantages and costs. Many limitations in the kind of objects that can be digitised are still present. for example, optical technology may encounter many difficulties with shiny, reflective or transparent objects. For example, industrial computed tomography scanning and structured-light 3D scanners can be used to construct digital 3D models, without destructive testing.
Collected 3D data is useful for a wide variety of applications. These devices are used extensively by the entertainment industry in the production of movies and video games, including virtual reality. Other common applications of this technology include augmented reality, motion capture, gesture recognition, robotic mapping, industrial design, orthotics and prosthetics, reverse engineering and prototyping, quality control/inspection and the digitization of cultural artifacts. Functionality The purpose of a 3D scanner is usually to create a 3D model. This 3D model consists of a point cloud of geometric samples on the surface of the subject. These points can then be used to extrapolate the shape of the subject (a process called reconstruction).
If colour information is collected at each point, then the colours on the surface of the subject can also be determined. 3D scanners share several traits with cameras. Like most cameras, they have a cone-like field of view, and like cameras, they can only collect information about surfaces that are not obscured. While a camera collects colour information about surfaces within its field of view, a 3D scanner collects distance information about surfaces within its field of view. The "picture" produced by a 3D scanner describes the distance to a surface at each point in the picture. This allows the three dimensional position of each point in the picture to be identified.
For most situations, a single scan will not produce a complete model of the subject. Multiple scans, even hundreds, from many different directions are usually required to obtain information about all sides of the subject. These scans have to be brought into a common reference system, a process that is usually called alignment or registration, and then merged to create a complete 3D model. This whole process, going from the single range map to the whole model, is usually known as the 3D scanning pipeline. Technology There are a variety of technologies for digitally acquiring the shape of a 3D object.
A well established classification divides them into two types: contact and non-contact. Non-contact solutions can be further divided into two main categories, active and passive. There are a variety of technologies that fall under each of these categories. Contact Contact 3D scanners probe the subject through physical touch, while the object is in contact with or resting on a precision flat surface plate, ground and polished to a specific maximum of surface roughness. Where the object to be scanned is not flat or can not rest stably on a flat surface, it is supported and held firmly in place by a fixture.
The scanner mechanism may have three different forms: A carriage system with rigid arms held tightly in perpendicular relationship and each axis gliding along a track. Such systems work best with flat profile shapes or simple convex curved surfaces. An articulated arm with rigid bones and high precision angular sensors. The location of the end of the arm involves complex math calculating the wrist rotation angle and hinge angle of each joint. This is ideal for probing into crevasses and interior spaces with a small mouth opening. A combination of both methods may be used, such as an articulated arm suspended from a traveling carriage, for mapping large objects with interior cavities or overlapping surfaces.
A CMM (coordinate measuring machine) is an example of a contact 3D scanner. It is used mostly in manufacturing and can be very precise. The disadvantage of CMMs though, is that it requires contact with the object being scanned. Thus, the act of scanning the object might modify or damage it. This fact is very significant when scanning delicate or valuable objects such as historical artifacts. The other disadvantage of CMMs is that they are relatively slow compared to the other scanning methods. Physically moving the arm that the probe is mounted on can be very slow and the fastest CMMs can only operate on a few hundred hertz.
In contrast, an optical system like a laser scanner can operate from 10 to 500 kHz. Other examples are the hand driven touch probes used to digitise clay models in computer animation industry. Non-contact active Active scanners emit some kind of radiation or light and detect its reflection or radiation passing through object in order to probe an object or environment. Possible types of emissions used include light, ultrasound or x-ray. Time-of-flight The time-of-flight 3D laser scanner is an active scanner that uses laser light to probe the subject. At the heart of this type of scanner is a time-of-flight laser range finder.
The laser range finder finds the distance of a surface by timing the round-trip time of a pulse of light. A laser is used to emit a pulse of light and the amount of time before the reflected light is seen by a detector is measured. Since the speed of light is known, the round-trip time determines the travel distance of the light, which is twice the distance between the scanner and the surface. If is the round-trip time, then distance is equal to . The accuracy of a time-of-flight 3D laser scanner depends on how precisely we can measure the time: 3.3 picoseconds (approx.)
is the time taken for light to travel 1 millimetre. The laser range finder only detects the distance of one point in its direction of view. Thus, the scanner scans its entire field of view one point at a time by changing the range finder's direction of view to scan different points. The view direction of the laser range finder can be changed either by rotating the range finder itself, or by using a system of rotating mirrors. The latter method is commonly used because mirrors are much lighter and can thus be rotated much faster and with greater accuracy.