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Many financial experts often talk about good and bad debt. This is confusing for some as it’s normally considered that debt is always bad. Surely there’s no positive side to parting ways with your money and being in debt to someone? So, is good debt really a thing? You might not believe this, but yes, it is. There is more than one type of debt out there, and good debt is different to bad debt. The best way to illustrate this is to look at examples of good debt to show why it’s more of a positive type of debt to bad debt.
I think the best way to explain good debt is to say that it’s any debt that will benefit you in the future. There are many things we can spend money on that put us in debt in the present but will reward us down the line. Student debt is a prime example of this. It may not seem like good debt at the time, but you will reap the rewards of a college education in your future. It can pave the way for a successful career where you earn lots of money. Just look at this article on usatoday.com as evidence of this point. The wage gap between college graduates and people without college degrees is larger than ever before. As such, you can argue it’s worth being in debt as you do benefit from the education. Another example of good debt is a debt consolidation loan. This is a loan that helps you get rid of all your other debts. It says on debtconsolidation.loans that you can often obtain one of these loans at a better interest rate than your current debt. So, although you are in debt, you benefit because you get rid of multiple debts and can now pay everything at a lower interest rate, in a much easier fashion.
Bad debt is pretty much what you think about whenever someone mentions they’re in debt. It’s the type of debt that puts you in a bad financial situation, and you get no benefits from the debt in the future at all. Bad debt is incredibly hard to pay off and can usually be avoided in the first place. The most prominent example of bad debt is credit card debt. In reality, a credit card isn’t essential – you don’t need one. So, when you get one and end up in debt, it’s a situation you don’t need to be in. What’s more, you get nothing out of being in debt other than losing a lot of money. Interest rates can get bigger, and the debt can rack up higher and higher. You see, good debt is a genuine thing. There are cases where being in debt isn’t the end of the world, and you will actually profit from it in the years to come. Bad debt is what you want to avoid at all costs. We wrote an article here quotegoat.com/finance/debt-is-now-an-emergency-changing-times-in-the-uk/ that spoke about debt in more detail. Check it out if you want some extra reading after this. | <urn:uuid:6db02f68-5a1d-4aa1-b2bf-e4903b5284c2> | {
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Tales From Around the World
Students read stories. In this culture lesson, students read stories from different regions around the world. Students look for each region on the map and listen for interesting cultural details in the story. Students then discuss the cultures the stories came from and write a paragraph about their favorite scene or character. | <urn:uuid:f2e4f950-0f3a-42ea-ad42-6d62d7967066> | {
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I'm working on an 8085 program to read sentences typed in by a user and then count the number of occurrences of a specific letter requested by the user. Program begins with a prompt for a sentence- user can end the sentence by either hitting the return key or typing a period. The program should then ask for a letter. It should then count the number of occurrences of that letter in the sentence and print it to the screen. User may type either a small or a capital letter. In either of the two cases, occurrences of both the small and the capital letter should be printed. How does one approach this? | <urn:uuid:8c184717-0c72-48dd-b216-4c3039fd8431> | {
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Part of the NOMOS - American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy series
The many questions that surround movements for secession and self-determination are both practically urgent and theoretically perplexing. The United States settled its secession crisis in the 1860s. But the trauma and unfinished business of those events are still with us. Around the world secession and self-determination are the key issues that cause strife and instability.
This volume provides an unusually comprehensive consideration of the many challenges of law and political philosophy that accompany them, and offers theoretical insights that provide guidance for policy. Among the questions considered are: should the international community recognize a right to secede and, if so, what conditions must be satisfied before the right can be asserted? Should secession and its conditions be recognized within domestic constitutions? Secession is the most extreme form of political separation and there are modes of self-determination short of it, including indigenous peoples' self-government and minority language rights. To what degree can these intrastate autonomy arrangements help ameliorate the injustices faced by indigenous groups?
New York University Press is proud to make many of our titles available in eBook editions. Below is the list of vendors that carry our titles in electronic format. Each vendor has its own pricing and delivery policies. Please follow the links below for more information.
Please list your name, institutional affiliation, course name and size, and institution address. NYU Press will cancel exam copy orders if information cannot be verified. | <urn:uuid:aedd27ef-54ad-4c0f-b8f5-b1fd42642c73> | {
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The most visited places are Plaza San Jose, Plaza Mel Quinton Centenario Memorial of 500th anniversary of Columbus discovery of the New World fort El Moro and the Pigeon park “barque de alas Palo mas”. This can go a long way in mending the age-old race tensions in America. Students respond differently to different methods. However, due to social or even geographical factors, children from certain ethnic groups lack adequate exposure to sources of learning. Mexicans consider titles and positions as their status symbols. In fact, it has even left the environmentalists worried, with some of them suggesting that we are closing in on yet another mass extinction. Apart from the cultural barriers discussed above, differences in political views, living values, priorities in life, trust levels, age difference and moods are some of the other factors that hinder effective communication. Very often,
To learn more about Equality and Diversity Training visit Equality and Diversity Training
it happens that people tend to underestimate the importance and impact of a team name.
The Options For Reasonable Diversity And Education Tactics
Culture is related to the development of our attitude. An organization is a coming together of different people who work in different verticals, although for the primary purpose of achieving a set goal. The course of cultural sensitivity training includes studying various important aspects of a particular culture. At the end of the day, it is the cumulative impact of all these threats that is making the problem worse. If your heart isn’t in what you are researching and writing on, what’s the point? Puerto Rican cuisine is mainly influenced by the taint’s, Spanish, Africans and Americans. These and a lot more related questions form the crux of the ‘satisfactory grading’ debate. Opportunities should be provided to people on the basis of their income, and not on the basis of their colon – this is what a majority of opponents of affirmative action want the government to do. They are part and parcel of the diverse American society. The teacher meanwhile should observe how children are behaving and reacting, and then make changes accordingly to help them out. | <urn:uuid:1ba6a327-933b-411f-a13a-49276208dbbd> | {
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In March 2004, Andrew Haeg reported that in this age of globalization, great cultural centers have become essential to a city's economic survival. The arts can even put cities like Milwaukee on the map.
- Describe the risks and benefits that entrepreneurs face when launching a new enterprise.
- Understand that entrepreneurs weigh financial risk and potential profit when they decide whether to launch a new enterprise.
Many factors influence a city's economy. Economic prosperity is affected by more than a city's financial district; international reputation, culture, and even architecture play a role in determining a city's economy. In this lesson students learn how some cities today are attempting to revamp their economies by building new and architecturally intriguing cultural centers. In studying these cases, the students will learn to recognize the costs and benefits of building such structures. [Note to the teacher: in explaining costs and benefits, you may want to use examples to show how externalities (positive and negative spillovers) are associated with decisions to build certain structures. Positive spillovers help to explain why cities build stadiums, museums, etc.; there's more than just prestige at stake. There are spillover costs, too, and they are sometimes overlooked. Many cities don't factor in all the spillover costs (such as the cost of relcating, homeless people, managing traffic flows, etc.) when they set about building a new structure. One of the extension activities below suggests using the lesson New Sense, Inc. vs. Fish 'Till U Drop or Coase Vs. Pigou, to expand on this concept.]
[Note to teacher: The following link requires RealPlayer www.real.com/dmm/realplayer/search
- Marketplace audio file about cultural centers and cities: For links to "marketplace" click on the link "Listen to today's show in Real Audio" and then go to timestamp 15:35. The ending timestamp will be about 20.05. This is an audio clip about how great cultural centers are essential to a city's economic survival.
www.marketplace.org/shows/2002/03/04_mpp.html (timestamp 15:35).
- Interactive Flash Activity: Students will use this note-taker throughout the lesson.
Economy of Architecture Note-Taker.
- The New York Times article: "A Struggle At Milwaukee Museum
" by Stephanie Strom (January 29,2006). This article presents information about the issues the Milwaukee Art Museum is facing due to the expansion of the Museum. The expansion is bringing in far fewer people than expected. This shortfall of visitors is creating new financial challenges for the Museum.
- P.A.C.E.D. Decision Making Grid: "P.A.C.E.D. Model." The following link provides a pdf file for students to work on using the P.A.C.E.D. model.
- Business Ownership: How Sweet It Can Be. Have the students further explore the risks/benefits entrepreneurs face by completing this online lesson.
Business Ownership: How Sweet It Can Be.
- Marketplace: To Show Or Not To Show. Students can explore how specific cultural institutions in New York were affected by the attacks of September 11th, 2001.
Marketplace: To Show Or Not To Show.
- New Sense, Inc. vs. Fish Till U Drop, or Coase vs. Pigou. Have the students consider how important it is to carefully weigh the units of costs and benefits when making decisions. To do this, they should by complete:
New Sense, Inc. vs. Fish Till U Drop, or Coase vs. Pigou.
Have the students listen to the Marketplace audio file (Economy of Architecture) about cultural centers and cities. As they listen they will complete an outline of important information contained in the audio file. Then they will use their outlines to answer factual and evaluative questions about economic concepts addressed in the audio.
Give students the following instructions:
Listen to the Marketplace audio file about Economy of Architecture (timestamp 15:35).
While you are listening, use the note-taker to record supporting details about three main ideas:
- Reasons why "Great Cultural Centers" are vital to a city's economic prosperity.
- Cities that have developed or are developing Great Cultural Centers.
- Economic risks in establishing Great Cultural Centers.
Additionally, as you listen to the segment, record any words that you don't know or that you think are important economic terms.
Then, listen to the audio file again to gather additional supporting details and possible definitions of the vocabulary words using context clues, and record them in your note-taker.
Finally, you will be asked a series of questions related to the story.
1. What are some of the characteristics of a great cultural center?
b) Economically viable
c) Architecturally intriguing
d) All of the above [correct]
2. What other characteristics might also be of importance to a great cultural center? Why? [Possible answers: location, city's current reputation, architect and his or her reputation, etc.]
3. What is the model many cities are looking towards for a great cultural center?
a) New York City
c) Bilbao, Spain
d) Minneapolis [correct]
4. Do you think a great cultural center to replace the World Trade Center would have more benefits or costs? Why? What are the costs and benefits and risks? [Possible answers: Risks: economic risks -- would it pay off in the end? Benefits: Job opportunities, tourism, etc.]
5. Why are great cultural centers vital to a city's economic prosperity?
a) They will contain many retail shopping outlets.
b) They will attract people with a lot of money. [correct]
c) They will sell very easily in the real estate market.
d) None of the above
6. What are some other reasons why a great cultural center might be vital to a city's economic prosperity? [Possible answers: tourism, long-term reputation of the city, etc.]
[Note to the teacher: at this point, you may want to include a discussion on the opportunity costs of building such structures (for example, "If we don't build a museum, we could build a school").]
Have the students read the article "A Struggle for Solvency At Milwaukee Museum" by Stephanie Strom. This article will inform students about the financial woes of the Milwaukee Art Museum.
Give the students the following scenario, and have them evaluate it, using information and ideas from the audio file and the additional web site.
The students should record their ideas.
You have just been hired to offer your advice on the building of a cultural center to replace the World Trade Center. Consider the following as you record your ideas:
- What are New York City's potential benefits from creating a cultural center in downtown Manhattan?
- How will a cultural center help New York's economy?
- New York City already has a reputation as a culturally rich city; does it need a new cultural center?
- Learning from the experience of the Milwaukee Art Museum, what are some potential risks of rebuilding in lower Manhattan?
- What are some issues specific to rebuilding the World Trade Center site that are important to consider?
Evaluation 1: Have the students turn in their note-takers. Their work should reflect an understanding of how architecture and culture can both positively and negatively affect a city's economy.
Evaluation 2: Have the students hand in their recorded ideas from Activity 2. Their work should display an understanding of the risks and benefits that entrepreneurs would face when building a cultural center in lower Manhattan.
Evaluation 3: Have the students determine the hypothetical costs and benefits of building a convention center/event arena in their city. Have them come to a decision of whether to build this arena or not, and why.
By the conclusion of this lesson, the students should be able to identify at least three ways in which a city's architecture and cultural opportunities can affect its economic prosperity, both negatively and positively. These "opportunity costs" should be identified within the specific examples throughout the lesson.
[Note to the teacher: Support the students' as they make their decisions by using the P.A.C.E.D. model below. The following link provides a pdf file for the students to work on -- P.A.C.E.D. Decision Making grid]
Steps in the P.A.C.E.D. Model:
P- PROBLEM: Clearly define the problem.
A- ALTERNATIVES: List alternative solutions.
C- CRITERIA: Determine the criteria/goals.
E- EVALUATE: Evaluate each alternative.
D- DECISION: Make a decision.
1. Entrepreneurs starting private businesses also face costs and benefits- some similar to and some different from- the costs and benefits faced by those who build cultural centers. Compare and contrast these costs and benefits. Then have the students further explore the risks/benefits entrepreneurs face by completing Business Ownership: How Sweet It Can Be.
2. Have the students explore how specific cultural institutions in New York were affected by the attacks of September 11th, 2001. To do this, they should complete Marketplace: To Show Or Not To Show.
3. Have the students consider how important it is to carefully weigh the units of costs and benefits when making decisions. To do this, they should by complete New Sense, Inc. vs. Fish Till U Drop, or Coase vs. Pigou.
Be the first to review this lesson!Add a Review | <urn:uuid:a093dae5-b909-487d-a0d4-2194be56a4ea> | {
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The definition of an exclamation is a calling out, or something which is suddenly expressed.
An example of an exclamation is the phrase "Oh my gosh!"
- the act of exclaiming; sudden, vehement utterance; outcry
- something exclaimed; exclamatory word or phrase; interjection
Origin of exclamationMiddle English exclamacioun ; from Classical Latin exclamatio
- An abrupt, forceful utterance: an exclamation of delight.
- An outcry, as of protest.
- Grammar An interjection.
- A loud calling or crying out; outcry; loud or emphatic utterance; vehement vociferation; clamor; that which is cried out, as an expression of feeling; sudden expression of sound or words indicative of emotion, as in surprise, pain, grief, joy, anger, etc.
- A word expressing outcry; an interjection; a word expressing passion, as wonder, fear, or grief.
- A mark or sign by which outcry or emphatic utterance is marked; thus [!]; – also called an exclamation point.
- Coatlán Mixe
From Middle French exclamation, from Latin exclamatio | <urn:uuid:7793e9d3-0815-4fd5-bf16-6156c379ddeb> | {
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Click For Photo: https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2019/antifatiguef.jpg
Hydrogels are polymer networks infiltrated with water, widely used for tissue engineering vehicles of drug delivery and novel platforms for biomedical engineering. Emerging applications for new hydrogel materials call for robustness under cyclic mechanical loads. Materials scientists have developed tough hydrogels that resist fracture under a single cycle of mechanical load, yet these toughened gels still suffer from fatigue fracture under multiple cycles of loads. The present fatigue threshold for synthetic hydrogels is reported in the order of 1 to 100 J/m2.
In a recent study, Shaoting Lin and a team of materials scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) proposed the design of an anti-fatigue-fracture hydrogel. To develop the proposed hydrogel, the scientists needed the materials to have energies per unit area at a much higher value than that required to fracture a single layer of polymer chains. To accomplish this, they controlled the introduction of crystallinity in to hydrogels to substantially enhance their anti-fatigue-fracture properties. In this work, Lin et al. disclosed the fatigue threshold of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a crystallinity of 18.9 weight percent (18.9 wt%) in the swollen state to exceed 1000 J/m2. The results are now published in Science Advances.
Work - Gong - Al - Materials - Scientists
The pioneering work of Gong et al has inspired materials scientists to engineer hydrogels that are increasingly tough to resist crack propagation in a single cycle of mechanical load for industrial and biomedical applications. Hydrogels are toughened via mechanisms to dissipate mechanical energy, such as the fracture of short polymer chains and reversible crosslinks into stretchy polymer networks. Yet, the existing tough hydrogels suffer from fatigue fracture under multiple cycles of mechanical loads. The highest fatigue threshold on record so far is 418 J/m2 for a double network hydrogel, poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS)-PAAm. The outcome is credited to the high intrinsic fracture energy of the...
Wake Up To Breaking News! | <urn:uuid:dff201d4-6d29-46c3-96a1-cb54820dd16f> | {
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Ornamental grass has been named the Horticultural Trades Association's 'Plant of the Moment' for August.
Coming in a wide range of colours, sizes and growing habits, ornamental grass adds height and structure to borders, and with many varieties performing well in large patio pots, it also attracts wildlife into your garden.
If you're after a show-stopper, HTA recommend planting Golden Oats (Stipa gigantea), which grows to around two metres in height. Or, if space isn't a problem, try planting a statuesque clump of Pampas Grass, and enjoy their feathery plumes right into winter.
Teaming up with gardening consultant Adam Pasco, HTA have shared some top tips for planning and planting ornamental grass:
1. Be generous and plant grasses in drifts or bold groups rather than as lonely individuals.
2. Some large potted grasses can be divided into two or three pieces at planting time, each with roots and shoots attached.
3. Grasses grow well in patio pots, but make sure tall varieties are planted in large, heavy pots to prevent them blowing over in strong winds.
4. Line terracotta pots with plastic from old compost bags to help conserve moisture.
5. The tops of some perennial, like miscanthus, die over winter. Promptly cut away all old growth to avoid damaging new shoots that start emerging in early spring.
6. Many ornamental grasses can be raised from seed. Annual grasses like Bunny Tails (Lagurus ovatus), Greater Quaking Grass (Briza maxima), Feathertop (Pennisetum villosum), Purple Millet (Pennisetum 'Purple Majesty'), and Squirrel Tail Grass (Hordeum jubatum) as well as perennial grasses like Stipa tenuissima can be grown from spring sown seeds. | <urn:uuid:a6912d18-1616-4e49-a768-352358b5c9f9> | {
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24 Nov 2010
A Warning by Key Researcher On Risks of BPA in Our Lives
The synthetic chemical, BPA — found in everything from plastic bottles to cash register receipts — is a potent, estrogen-mimicking compound. In an interview with Yale Environment 360, biologist Frederick vom Saal harshly criticizes U.S. corporations and government regulators for covering up — or ignoring — the many health risks of BPA.
The chemical Bisphenol A, or BPA, has been much in the news lately. BPA is the building block for polycarbonate plastic — the sort of hard, clear plastic often used in water bottles — and it is found in everything from linings of metal cans, to the thermal paper used for cash register receipts, to the dental sealants applied to children’s teeth. The chemical mimics estrogen, and in studies involving lab animals, exposure to BPA, even at very low doses, has been linked to a wide variety of health problems, from an increased risk of prostate cancer, to heart disease, to damage to the reproductive system.
Frederick vom Saal, a biologist at the University of Missouri’s Endocrine Disruptors Group
, is one of the world’s leading researchers on the ill health effects of BPA in humans and animals. He is also one of the most outspoken critics of U.S. businesses and regulators for glossing over, or concealing, the major impact that BPA exposure is increasingly having on human health. Vom Staal is irate that even though BPA is quite similar to another
University of Missouri
Frederick vom Saal
synthetic hormone — DES, or Diethylstilbesterol — that caused myriad health problems in thousands of women in the 1940s and 1950s, federal regulators are only now beginning to take seriously the threat from BPA.
In an interview with Yale Environment 360
contributor Elizabeth Kolbert
, vom Saal excoriated the U.S. chemical industry for attempting to quash research showing the dangers of BPA and for threatening him and other researchers. Vom Saal was equally critical of regulators from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other agencies, whom he says have relied on outdated studies, often funded by industry, to support claims that BPA is safe.
Vom Saal adamantly believes that BPA should be removed from all products as soon as possible, as was done a decade ago in Japan. Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said earlier this year that the health effects of BPA represent “reason for some concern,” the chemical still remains unregulated. Vom Saal maintains that the regulatory system has failed to protect U.S. consumers, adding, “It is a lie. It is a fraud. It is absolutely intolerable that this kind of thing is going on.”
Yale Environment 360:
Everyone’s heard of BPA, but I really don’t think people know what it is. What is it?
Frederick vom Saal:
Bisphenol A is derived from petroleum. You take benzene, this sort of basic building block that corporations like Exxon produce, and they sell this to corporations like Dow Chemical. And they’re the ones that turn this, through a manmade chemical reaction, into this chemical called Bisphenol A. And this is an extremely reactive chemical that has the shape that any biochemist will look at and say, “This chemical will act as an estrogen-mimicking hormonal chemical.”
This chemical was originally investigated by...
Charles Edward Dodds. He was a British chemist, one of the leading chemists of the 1930s and 40s, and he won the Nobel Prize for synthesizing a chemical — people would love to dig him up and take the prize away from him — called DES, diethylstilbesterol, which was given to millions of women and has destroyed the lives of many of them. They were looking for synthetic, orally-active estrogens. Bisphenol A is highly absorbed, unlike the natural hormones that are degraded almost immediately in the stomach. And DES is highly absorbed. DES is, both structurally and functionally, very similar to BPA. There are lots of other, much more sophisticated, 21st century molecular assays that show BPA is actually as potent, and in some cases more potent, than DES.
And why can’t we use BPA, for example, as a birth control hormone?
For the same reason we can’t use DES. It’s a cancer-causing chemical. When fetuses are exposed to it, we now know that it is related to increasing body weight. Also obesity, diabetes, heart disease, immune dysfunction including asthma and allergy, damage to every part of the reproductive system, including uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts in women,
That is such a staggeringly small drop in an Olympic-sized swimming pool, and it’s causing breast cancers.”
breast cancer. In men, low sperm counts, prostate cancer, abnormalities of the urethra that as they age, men can’t urinate normally — a major reason men go to the doctor. We are talking about billions of dollars of medical costs. And then from a neuro-biological point of view, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, some learning disabilities, social behavior disruption. It causes the brain of a young animal to look like a senile, aged adult, old person, and is part of impaired memory. This chemical is related to many of the epidemics in the world — diabetes, obesity, neural behavioral problems, reproductive abnormalities, decreases in fertility, early puberty in girls.
So you have this estrogen-mimicking chemical. Why do we put it into so many products?
The idea that a chemist would study biology is new. Chemists who do chemical synthesis would look at that molecule and not see estrogen, okay. And they wouldn’t be aware that somebody had published that this was being considered to be a hormonal drug.
But why is it in everything?
Well, this is a molecule that when you put it together, you make my hard and clear glasses. This is a great-looking product. The problem is that if you put it into hot material, put it in a base of a little bit of an alkaline environment, then the bonds break apart. When it’s in chain-linked form, its polymer form, these molecules are not hormonally active. But when they break away and they’re free, it’s a hormone.
But let’s say I took the BPA out of this chemical. Why not just take it out?
Think of polycarbonate as a steel chain. And what you’re asking is — what if I take the steel out of that? You don’t have a steel chain. You can make that chain with something else, but it’s not going to have those characteristics. Now, actually they are making other polymer blends that have hard, clear characteristics. It’s taken them a long time to do that. In the 1950’s when they did this, they were euphoric. They had made something that superficially they thought looked like glass. Now, as anybody who’s had any kind of polycarbonate item knows, after washing it a hundred times or so, you can’t see through it. Water starts penetrating it, breaking it down; it’s dissolving. And under extreme conditions, you can take polycarbonate and put it in a saltwater solution and heat it up, and within 20 or 30 days, most of it is completely dissolved. It’s just gone.
So how did you identify it as something of concern?
We were studying estrogens and their effects on fetuses, because we know that your natural hormone, estradiol, the International Cancer Registry labels that as a Class I carcinogen. Your lifetime risk of breast cancer is best described by your lifetime exposure to your own
Dow Chemical said, ‘Can we arrive at a mutually beneficial outcome, where you don’t publish this paper?’”
natural hormone, estradiol. You need that to reproduce. But humans didn’t used to live to 50 or 60. That wasn’t part of evolution, and — oops, you’re exposed to it that long, and then it’s involved in causing cancers in your body. And all of these other estrogens contribute to the estrogen load, because your body doesn’t know whether DES is estradiol or one of these other myriad of chemicals that can trick the body into thinking it’s being exposed to estrogens. Bisphenol A is on a list of chemicals that had been shown very clearly to mimic the efficacy of the natural hormone, estrogen.
The mantra about Bisphenol A is, “Even if it is an estrogen, it’s so weak, you don’t need to worry about it.” But that’s like saying Arnold Schwarzenegger is weak relative to Superman. Because estradiol can act below a part-per-trillion. That is such a staggeringly small drop in an Olympic-sized swimming pool, and it’s causing breast cancers. We are between 10 and a hundred to a thousand-million times lower than whatever toxicologists were thinking about. And what we did was, using human breast cancer cells, we were studying estrogen chemicals for their potency. And Bisphenol A lit up like a Christmas tree. We said, “Holy mackerel. What is it that would ever make anybody think this is weak?”
And we did an experiment, and we started off using a dose 25,000 times lower than anybody had ever studied. There had been one major NIH study on it. No one had really done a detailed examination of exposure during fetal and neonatal stages and childhood, when development’s occurring, when estrogens really damage the programming of the way your body’s going to function for the rest of life. This is what happened to the DES babies. At 20, they’re showing cancers nobody had ever seen before. The problem is, you don’t see them right away. Now, when you get into their uterus, it’s shaped like an hourglass; the fallopian tubes are all damaged. And now at age 50, they have over a three-fold increase in breast cancer. It took 50 years to see that. This is the signature of endocrine disruption.
We published that, and the chemical industry came after us, threatening us. All of the manufacturers called us up, threatened us.
What year are we in?
1996. Then Dow Chemical sent somebody down and said, “Can we arrive at a mutually beneficial outcome, where you don’t publish this
None of the regulatory agencies, which are heavily dominated by chemical industry interests, knew what to do with this.”
paper?” — which had already been accepted. I got a call a few weeks later, from somebody who said, “I’m aware that the chemical manufacturers are gearing up for a multi-million-dollar campaign about how great BPA is for babies,” borrowing a page out of Dutch Boy Paints, where, knowing lead kills babies, they targeted it as making your baby happy. So what you do is you target the product at the sub-population it’s actually going to seriously harm. These people are really sick. I mean somebody who would do that is, from my perspective, a sociopath.
But now we’re 14 years on, and how many studies later?
Okay, over 1,000. And what you have is regulatory agency after regulatory agency, locked into procedures decades out of date. And unable, they claim, due to their rules, to acknowledge the existence, literally of any modern science. It’s like if you were to develop polio, we’d have to put you in an iron lung because our regulatory system doesn’t allow any kind of modern approach to deal with this. But that’s our chemical regulatory system.
None of the regulatory agencies, all of which are heavily dominated by chemical industry interests — they just didn’t know what to do with this. And the choice is, they’ve got 100,000 chemicals in commerce. They actually have regulatory authority over a small number of them, because in the 1970’s with the Toxic Substance Control Act, they grandfathered in 62,000 chemicals, including BPA, that are totally outside the regulatory system. So there’s no regulation of BPA.
But in January, 2010, the FDA did something remarkable — it reversed its position that BPA is safe, and said we agree with our science advisory agency that there is reason for concern for prostate cancer, for early puberty, for a variety of things. This was a huge breakthrough. Now we actually have a government agency that has accepted that this is a chemical to be avoided. But they said, “We’re sorry, but we do not have the authority to do that. We don’t even have the authority to go to the chemical industry and say, ‘What’s this in?’ We can’t even find that out.” It’s a grandfathered chemical.
What could [the FDA] do?
What the FDA said is, “We are working with Congress to try to get laws changed.” But changing the rules that we operate by, if we had a compliant industry, would take five to 10 years. And this is one extremely non-compliant industry. It’s almost a $10 billion-a-year product. You know, people don’t give up that kind of money.
And 100 percent of chemical industry-funded studies say this chemical is completely safe. Have you heard this before? Every chemical, every drug
Every chemical you look at, follow the money and it will tell you the outcome of the research.”
you look at, follow the money and it will tell you the outcome of the research. Independent scientists find harm. People either overtly or covertly working with chemical industry’s interests are finding no harm. None of the industry and corporate labs have any standing whatsoever in the scientific community. And their research is pathetic because it’s so totally out of date, and uses techniques that nobody would use in an experiment, and are 40, 50 years old.
Could you just describe one of the experiments that your lab did?
The first finding we had was that it created an abnormal prostate in a mouse fetus. And then we published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
that you could actually, using a very sophisticated technique, take out the organ, you section it and scan it into a computer. You can say how many dorsal ducts there are, what are the characteristics of these ducts. Then we take these ducts coming out of the urethra and we stain them with special stains that identify exactly which types of cells are in there, and whether they’re dividing or not. And what we found is the stem cells — worst of all things, because these are the cells that in adulthood transition and become the cancer cells — and they’re the target of Bisphenol A. And they’re growing abnormally; the ducts are all grossly malformed.
We also fed BPA to a pregnant mouse, at a dose that was a thousand-fold difference between what could cause any effect, and then took her sons and identified that there were abnormalities in prostate development. Another group picked that up and treated rats with Bisphenol A. And in adulthood, they developed early stage prostate cancer. And this group was able to relate that to a change in programming of genes that were associated with the transition into prostate cancer in humans.
So on a practical level — as a woman who fed all three of her infant sons out of plastic bottles — how worried do all of us parents have to be, and what can people practically do to avoid this ubiquitous chemical?
What we know is that estradiol and estrogens are risk factors for disease. And that means that if you take a hundred people, you know, seven or eight may get the disease, or ten, or more. And the other thing is that we know that among women, there’s a hundred-fold variation in the degree to which women respond to oral contraceptives, for instance. So what you cannot say is the fact that you did this to your children means automatically they’re going to have all these diseases. But it does increase
One of the things that I’ve done in our household is get rid of any kind of polycarbonate plastic.”
their risk of various abnormalities that you would want to keep an eye on. But all of the diseases we’re talking about are multi-factorial, and with BPA, the whole rest of an individual’s lifestyle interacts with that. I mean, in our animals it is leading to obesity with no increase in eating. But it means that if you’ve been exposed to this and you start to show symptoms of obesity, you would want to take counter measures, recognizing that just having the person having eat what you eat, doesn’t work — because this chemical, we find that it’s reprogrammed genes in fat cells, to function differently. And they’re putting more fat into their fat cells. Their fat cells are huge, compared to normal fat cells. They’re just socking away more lipid in there. And there’s nothing that person can do about it. But you can still control that person’s diet and not allow that to happen. One of the things that I’ve done is, in our household, my wife and I, first of all, have gotten rid of any kind of polycarbonate plastic.
Which means any kind of those hard plastic bottles?
Hard, clear that do not say BPA free. They contain other chemicals that I would not recommend being exposed to. And the water in there is not pure, nor is it regulated. The best thing you can do for your water supply is buy a good in-house filtering system, and use public water that’s run through a reverse osmosis, carbon filter. And within a few months, relative to buying bottled water, you will be financially ahead. And you will be guaranteed to be drinking pure water. Okay. So the other thing is, any kind of water I put in a container, I put in a stainless steel container.
And I once read you’ve said you only drink your beer out of bottles; we should not be using cans.
There is no canned product in the United States that does not have BPA, with a very few exceptions. So we use no canned products at our house. When the Japanese changed their can lining — which NAMPA, the National Association of Metal Packagers Association, claims that life on Earth would end if we took away BPA. Well, guess what? The Japanese did that. You don’t find BPA in can linings in Japan.
There are a zillion alternatives to baby bottles [with BPA], and there are already alternatives to cans. So what [U.S. Senator Diane] Feinstein wants to do in the BPA bill is give the canning industry a finite amount of time to get it changed.
The other thing is when you change the can lining, you’d better change it to something that’s gone through not the traditional regulatory agency nonsense, with out-of-date testing methods. You’d better get the experts in this field together and say, “How do I determine whether this has endocrine disrupting activity?” Other people in this community can tell you that. But you will not get that out of the U.S. EPA.
All this raises rather alarming questions about whether we can really be confident of anything, or any chemicals that we’re consuming. But your story suggests that even when we have very clear evidence that something is harmful, we can’t get rid of it. So what faith should we have in this system at all? Any?
None. The system has fossilized to the point that it is absolutely perverting the sense that they are engaging in any kind of rational process
The system has fossilized to the point that it is perverting any rational process of evaluating the health effects of chemicals.”
of evaluating the health effects of chemicals. A group of us from the Endocrine Society, representatives of a large medical society, told the head of the [EPA] Office of Chemical Safety, “You people have spent over $100 million; you do not have a credible set of assays, you have accomplished nothing except wasting a lot of money on non-bid contracts, for which you got no data. And the contract labs you’re using are providing you garbage that are so out of range of acceptable performance limits. And you’re declaring them usable.”
And he rejected this. He got mad. We told him, “You don’t know what you’re doing. And unless you bring in endocrinologists who know how to study hormonally-active chemicals, you’re going nowhere.” And he didn’t want to hear that. And he’s going around telling people they have this wonderful program. It’s a lie; it is a fraud; it is absolutely intolerable that this kind of thing is going on.
Now, you must get this all the time, but people must say, “Oh, you’re just being an alarmist.” What do you say to those folks?
Look at the data. I mean, as a scientist, if you go beyond what the data show, you lose credibility and you’re finished. One of the reasons that I have credibility in this field is that I have never done more than explained when I read that list of what this does, each of them are supported by piles of publications, from different laboratories. And that is the process of validation of scientific findings. If these studies were only done once in one place and nobody could replicate them, I would not be including them in a list of harm caused by this chemical. This is the highest
MORE FROM YALE e360
Pervasive Plastics: Why New,
Tighter Controls Are Needed
Plastics are in everything from diapers to water bottles to cell phones. But given the proven health threats of some plastics — as well as the enormous environmental costs — the time has come for the U.S. to pass a comprehensive plastics control law, writes John Wargo. READ MORE
volume endocrine-disrupting chemical in commerce. We don’t know what products it’s in. We know that in animals, it causes extensive harm. There are now a whole series of human studies finding exactly the same relationship between the presence of Bisphenol A and the kind of harm shown in animals.
That scares me. I don’t think that’s alarmist. This is a chemical about which we know more than any other chemical with the exception of dioxin. Right now, it is the most studied chemical in the world. NIH [National Institutes of Health] has $30 million of ongoing studies of this chemical. Do you think that federal officials in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Japan, would all have this as the highest priority chemical to study, if there were only a few alarmists saying it was a problem?
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
, who conducted this interview for Yale Environment 360
, has been a staff writer for the New Yorker
since 1999. Her 2005 New Yorker
series on global warming, “The Climate of Man,” won a National Magazine Award and was extended into a book, Field Notes from a Catastrophe
, which was published in 2006. In previous articles for Yale Environment 360
, she reported on a study that found the pace of global warming is outstripping projections
and on the possibility that scientists will designate a new geological epoch
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What is WPM?
Words per minute (WPM) is a measure of typing speed commonly used in recruitment. Our free speed typing test gives test-takers instantaneous feedback on their WPM - words per minute. Simply put, WPM or words per minute is a measure of the number of words typed in a one minute period of time. Our free typing test offers one minute speed typing test, a two minute speed typing test, a three minute speed typing test with a variety of content options ranging from simple to quite difficult. Once the speed typing test is completed and submitted, our servers will calculate your WPM words per minute and provide you with a score. It is important to remember that the WPM typing speed is calculated based on NET WPM words per minute. That is, if you type a word incorrectly you do not get credit for that word. It is important then, not only to concentrate on speed in typing but also on accuracy in typing. An accurate speed typing test may score higher on WPM words per minute than a speedier test with a significant number of errors.
For the purposes of WPM measurement a word is generally standardized to five characters or keystrokes. So, "eight" counts as one word, but "eighteenth" counts as two words for purposes of calculating WPM. The benefit of a standardized measurement of WPM words per minute input speed is that it enables comparison across language and hardware boundaries.
Someone having minor experience with keyboards can, with some practice, reach a typing speed of about 20 words per minute. An average typist can achieve about 30 to 45 words per minute (usually the minimum required for dispatch positions, data entry, or other professional typing jobs). Advanced typists generally are expected to operate at typing speeds above 60 WPM.
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Garden Talk: October 25, 2007
From NGA Editors
Thornless Lime Tree for Containers
Dwarf citrus trees make great container plants because they are adaptable to both indoor and outdoor conditions and produce fruit while taking up very little space. In warm climates (USDA zones 9-11) they can be grown year-round on decks and patios. In colder climates, they can be moved indoors for the winter to a sunny window or greenhouse.
One of the best container citrus is the Mexican lime tree, and a new thornless variety is now available. The Mexican thornless lime (Citrus aurantifolia) features upright branches with no thorns, fragrant blossoms, and 2-inch-diameter fruits for use in cooking and beverages. Mexican limes dehydrate quickly because of their thin rinds, so freshly picked limes are much more flavorful than store-bought fruits. The Mexican lime tree reaches 12 to 15 feet tall and 6 feet wide outdoors in frost-free areas, but it grows much smaller in a container. The green fruits set in summer and mature to a pale yellow in early winter. The fruits hold well on the tree and continue ripening even when moved indoors.
For more information on the Mexican thornless lime, go to: Monrovia Nursery.
Handy Tool for Cleaning Up Dropped Fruits
There are many tools for raking and removing leaves that drop on our lawns and gardens, but when it comes to picking up fallen nuts and fruits, most of us resort to picking them up by hand or leaving them to rot on the ground, which can increase disease and insect problems.
Now cleaning up fallen fruits and nuts is a little easier. The Apple Rake features a woven fabric bag attached to a bent steel rod. It has a telescoping handle that adjusts to between 46 to 72 inches long. You can pick up several fruits with a simple sweeping motion and easily detach the bag for dropping the fruits into a pail or barrel. Not only does it make for faster cleanup, it helps reduce back stress by avoiding continuous bending.
For more information on the apple rake, go to: Lee Valley .
Fruits and Vegetables Are Bigger But Not Better
Large strawberries, huge watermelons, bigger tomatoes -- it seems we have a fascination with large fruits and vegetables. However, in the quest to grow larger and higher-yielding produce, we may have lost something very important: the nutrients.
This decline in food quality is documented in a new report from the Worldwatch Institute called Still No Free Lunch: Nutrient levels in U.S. food supply eroded by pursuit of high yields. The report contends that while yields of most food crops have doubled or even tripled over the last 50 years, the nutrient density (concentration of nutrients per ounce, serving, or calorie of food) of those crops has declined. The report highlights the decline of nutrients in modern food varieties. For example, researchers at the USDA Vegetable Laboratory grew 43 broccoli varieties and found that as broccoli head size increased, the calcium and magnesium in those heads decreased. A British study showed that today you would have to eat three apples to get the same iron content that one apple provided in the 1940s.
Researchers attribute this decline to breeding for increased size and modern agricultural practices that emphasize yield over soil quality and health. They also state that by breeding for quicker maturity, plants have less time to accumulate nutrients from the soil. The solution, according to the report, includes growing a wider variety of crops, breeding for higher nutrient content, and using more organic farming techniques.
For more information on this research, go to: The Organic Center.
Perennial Vegetables That Keep on Giving
While perennial flowers have been popular for many years, little attention has been paid to perennial vegetables. Most gardeners think of vegetables as annual crops. In his new book, Perennial Vegetables From Artichokes to Zuiki Taro, A Gardener's Guide to Over 100 Delicious, Easy-to-Grow Edibles (Chelsea Green, 2007; $35), Eric Toensmeier discusses the usual suspects in the perennial vegetable world (asparagus and artichokes), and he also opens our eyes to some unusual perennial selections (ground cherries and ramps).
The first section of the book features design ideas for edible landscaping and discusses perennial vegetables for different climates and soils. The second section covers more than 100 vegetables, with information on each crop?s history, growing needs, propagation, harvest, and storage.
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Swedish carmaker Volvo has unveiled the world’s first car with external airbags to ensure the safety of pedestrians and protect them from serious head and neck injuries. The airbag is located under the hood and inflates at the base of the windshield while enabling the driver to see ahead. The new Volvo V40 hatchback goes on sale in Australia today.
In addition to the external airbag mechanism, the new car—which was recently unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in Switzerland—also features a pedestrian detection system. Once a pedestrian steps in front of the vehicle, the car’s brakes apply automatically if the driver doesn’t react fast enough. If the sensors detect an imminent collision with a pedestrian while driving at high speed, the airbag pops-up and inflates in a U-shape.
Numbers state that there has been a decrease in pedestrian deaths in Australia, but these still account for 13 percent of all traffic related fatalities. According to Volvo, nearly 12 percent of all road accident deaths in the US are still pedestrian related.
*“It’s fantastic technology and every car should have it,”* said Harold Scruby, road safety campaigner and the chairman of the Pedestrian Council Of Australia. She pointed out the lack of federal regulations when it comes to pedestrian protection, which is partially to blame for a small number of cars like Volvo V40 on the streets.
Learn more here http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/volvo-offers-worlds-first-pedestrian-airbag/story-e6freuy9-1226579835911?nk=97a6315ffbe2ce255a924f250dc6cb49 | <urn:uuid:cfc71a77-0f45-42e0-8431-d0bcda65adaf> | {
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Mostly every home has now this kind of utilities — wireless speakers, printers, smart watches, smart boards, pet feeders and many more.
Of the most valuable thing about Internet of Things is that they have wireless sensors which are connected to the internet and can provide up to date information. For instance, a sensor could be included in any food item (to its’ package) and can monitor different predefined conditions: freshness, quantity left inside and so on.
Seokheun Choi, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at Binghamton University said that availability of sensors and internet constructed a new paradigm — Internet of Disposable Things (IoDT):
“This novel technique, constructed in a small, compact, disposable package at a low price point, can connect things inexpensively to function for only a programmed period and then be readily thrown away.”
Battery is the only one issue, because these sensors must be very small, light and last for a big period of time. Seokheun Choi is working on constructing a long lasting solution for this kind of demand. His team once created a small – size microbial fuel cells. They had issues with low power density and energy-intensive fluidic feeding operation.
Researchers at Binghamton University, State University of New York have developed a micro biobattery that could power these disposable sensors.
A small-power, disposable, solid-state battery-type microbial fuel cell platform without the fluidic system would be more applicable and potentially realizable.
“The biobattery we developed this time was a kind of combined technique of those two; the power duration was significantly enhanced by using solid-state compartments but the device is a form of a battery without complicated energy-intensive fluidic feeding systems that typical microbial fuel cells require.”
This battery is expected to be low-cost, environmentally-friendly by being disposable as well.
If you want to know more about this and other topics directly from end users of energy storage technologies join us at one of these annual events: The Energy Storage World Forum (Grid Scale Applications), or The Residential Energy Storage Forum, or one of our Training Courses. | <urn:uuid:b10c5285-4777-4a0d-aff7-3b03f0e8946c> | {
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If you are near an outside lamp after dark you will notice some insects spiraling around it. Are they simply attracted to the light?
If an insect positions its body in a certain direction and keeps a constant angle with the light rays coming from the Sun or the Moon (which are parallel), it will follow a straight line trajectory. However, people brought to the night sky electric lights emitting radial rays. The insects, continuing to follow the same way of orientation will keep a constant angle with the light rays, but this time they will not fly on a straight line. The trajectory will be an equiangular spiral.
Here are two GeoGebra applets modeling this phenomenon.
Irina Boyadzhiev (author) is a lecturer in mathematics at the Ohio State University at Lima. Her GeoGebra applets are available at: | <urn:uuid:6c9a8ba0-6c9a-4db1-b518-bff4580786d6> | {
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by Staff Writers
Boulder CO (SPX) Sep 14, 2011
A three-year series of research flights from the Arctic to the Antarctic has successfully produced an unprecedented portrait of greenhouse gases and particles in the atmosphere, scientists announced Thursday. The far-reaching field project, known as HIPPO, is enabling researchers to generate the first detailed mapping of the global distribution of gases and particles that affect Earth's climate.
The series of flights, which come to an end this week, mark an important milestone as scientists work toward targeting both the sources of greenhouse gases and the natural processes that draw the gases back out of the atmosphere.
"Tracking carbon dioxide and other gases with only surface measurements has been like snorkeling with a really foggy mask," says Britton Stephens, a scientist with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and one of the project's principal investigators. "Finally, HIPPO is giving us a clear view of what's really out there."
"With HIPPO, we now have views of whole slices of the atmosphere," says Steven Wofsy, HIPPO principal investigator and atmospheric and environmental professor at Harvard University's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. "We've been quite surprised by the abundance of certain atmospheric components and the locations where they are most common."
The three-year campaign has relied on the powerful capabilities of a specially equipped Gulfstream V aircraft, owned by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated by NCAR. The research jet, known as the High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER), has a range of about 7,000 miles (11,000 kilometers). It is outfitted with a suite of specially designed instruments to sample a broad range of atmospheric constituents.
The flights have helped scientists compile extraordinary detail about the atmosphere. The research team has studied air samples at different latitudes during various seasons from altitudes of 500 feet (150 meters) above Earth's surface up to as high as 45,000 feet (13,750 meters), into the lower stratosphere.
HIPPO, which stands for HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations, brings together scientists from organizations across the nation, including NCAR, Harvard University, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the University of Miami, and Princeton University. NSF, which is NCAR's sponsor, and NOAA are funding the project.
Surprises on the way to a global pictureB The first of the five HIPPO missions began in January 2009. Two subsequent missions were launched in 2010, and two in 2011. The final mission comes to an end on September 9, as the aircraft returns from the Arctic to Anchorage and then to its home base at NCAR's Research Aviation Facility near Boulder.
Each of the missions took the research team from Colorado to Alaska and the Arctic Circle, then south over the Pacific to New Zealand and near Antarctica. The flights took place at different times of year, resulting in a range of seasonal snapshots of concentrations of greenhouse gases. The research was designed to help answer such questions as why atmospheric levels of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, have tripled since the Industrial Age and are on the rise again after leveling off in the 1990s.
Scientists also studied how logging and regrowth in northern boreal forests and tropical rain forests are affecting levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Such research will provide a baseline against which to evaluate the success of efforts to curb CO2 emissions and to enhance natural CO2 uptake and storage.
The team measured a total of over 80 gases and particles in the atmosphere.
One of HIPPO's most significant accomplishments has been quantifying the seasonal amounts of CO2 taken up and released by land plants and the oceans. Those measurements will help scientists produce more accurate estimates of the annual cycle of carbon dioxide in and out of the atmosphere and how the increasing amount of this gas is influenced by both the natural world and society.
The team also found that black carbon particles-emitted by diesel engines, industrial processes, and fires-are more widely distributed in the atmosphere than previously thought. Such particles can affect climate in various ways, such as directly absorbing solar radiation, influencing the formation of clouds or enhancing melt rates when they are deposited on ice or snow.
"What we didn't anticipate were the very high levels of black carbon we observed in plumes of air sweeping over the central Pacific toward the U.S. West Coast," says NOAA scientist Ryan Spackman, a member of the HIPPO research team.
"Levels were comparable with those measured in megacities such as Houston or Los Angeles. This suggests that western Pacific sources of black carbon are significant and that atmospheric transport of the material is efficient."
Researchers were also surprised to find larger-than-expected concentrations of nitrous oxide high in the tropical atmosphere. The finding has significant environmental implications because the gas both traps heat and contributes to the thinning of the ozone layer.
Nitrous oxide levels have been increasing for decades in part because of the intensive use of nitrogen fertilizer for agriculture. The abundance of the gas high in the tropical atmosphere may be a sign that storms are carrying it aloft from sources in Southeast Asia.
Balancing the carbon budget
"Carbon markets and emission offset projects are moving ahead, but we still have imperfect knowledge of where human-emitted carbon dioxide is ending up," NCAR's Stephens says.
Before HIPPO, scientists primarily used ground stations to determine the distribution of sources of atmospheric CO2 and "sinks" that reabsorb some of the gas back into the land and oceans. But ground stations can be separated by thousands of miles, which hinders the ability to measure CO2 in specific locations. To estimate how the gas is distributed vertically, scientists have had to rely on computer models, which will now be improved with HIPPO data.
HIPPO at UCAR
The Air We Breathe at TerraDaily.com
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Microbes travel through the air
Blacksburg, VA (SPX) Sep 12, 2011
Preliminary research on Fusarium, a group of fungi that includes devastating pathogens of plants and animals, shows how these microbes travel through the air. Researchers now believe that with improvements on this preliminary research, there will be a better understanding about crop security, disease spread, and climate change. Engineers and biologists are steering their efforts towards a ... read more
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2011 - Space Media Network. AFP and UPI Wire Stories are copyright Agence France-Presse and United Press International. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement| | <urn:uuid:4968597d-c110-453a-b350-1f0b3343f630> | {
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Part One: Chaos and Concordance
It was the Imperial sage Teshnuvar, during the reign of Emperor Bringing Prosperity, who wrote the first unified theory concerning the nature of the World of Conclave, and this theory has endured for over two thousand years since his death.
Teshnuvar opened his classic On The Workings Of The Universe with the line 'Our world is flat, for how else would it be?' He goes on, however, to cite observations that refute this bold statement. In fact, Conclave is like a droplet of water on a mirror. It has a convex curvature to the surface (and hence a horizon) and it has a reflection (but more on that later).
Conclave is formed, or driven, by the interplay of two equal and opposite cosmic forces - Concordance and Chaos. As Teshnuvar says:
'The world is grown out of the Chaos that lies beyond its fringes, under the power of Concordance that lies at its heart. Without Chaos, there would be no creation. Without Concordance, creation would not be shaped.'
Concordance is like a distaff that spins the world from the stuff of Chaos. Concordance at the centre, Chaos at the edge, the two forces impose themselves on the matter and energy of the world.
'Air and Cold are Concordant Energy. Land and Earth are Concordant form. Around the centre of the world lies the great continent Perfection of Concordance where the weather is temperate and calm. At the very centre of the world lies the Great Glacier, where, so it is said, the very air and even time itself become frozen.'
'Fire and Heat are Chaotic Energy. Sea and Water are Chaotic form. Looking outwards from Perfection, the landmasses become smaller. At first they are large enough for many nations, then they diminish to where they can support one small nation each, until they become rocks barely capable of supporting life. The weather becomes warmer and less predictable. At the edge of the world is the Boiling Ocean where no mortal can survive.'
This is the overview of Conclave. At the centre, the Inner Continent of Perfection, home to large, old, organised and potentially stagnating nations. Beyond, the Inner Islands, still large, more vigourous than the old lands of the Inner Continent, rising powers in the world. Further still, the Outer Islands, each one too small to exert much influence beyond its own shores. Due to the greater strength of Chaos the Outer Islands are weird and magical places, some only existing transiently like brief dreams. | <urn:uuid:f9a01c4d-cd5f-4f6d-8082-105103da93de> | {
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A recent survey in the US found that most people are optimistic that coming technology and science advances will improve their lives, but a significant number believe such changes will make their lives worse.
That’s one of the findings from a national survey by the Pew Research Center and Smithsonian magazine.
The survey of 1001 adults, conducted in February, found that 59 percent of respondents believe future innovations will make their lives better. A full 30 percent, however, think that changes in science and technology will leave their worse off than they are today.
Among the survey’s main findings are:
66 percent of respondents said life would be worse if prospective parents could alter the DNA of their children to produce smarter, healthier or more athletic offspring;
65 percent said life would be worse if lifelike robots took over primary care for the elderly and people in poor health;
63 percent did not want to see personal and commercial drones given permission to fly through most of US airspace, and;
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1. What is BMI?
BMI (Body Mass index) is a measurement of body fat of an individual based on weight and height.
2. What is normal BMI?
BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal
BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight
BMI of greater than 30 is considered obese
Click here to calculate your BMI
3. What is lifestyle modification?
It is a combination of dietary changes and physical activity in daily life. Obesity is a chronic disease and needs life style modification on a day today basis. It plays a very important role in weight loss in addition to medications. It is very crucial part in keeping the weight off.
4. What is Obesity?
Obesity results from complex interaction of genetic, behavioral and environmental factors causing an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. A body weight of 20% or more above the desired weight loss is the point at which excessive weight becomes an established health hazard.
5. What are the health consequences of obesity?
Obesity is associated with the following diseases:
- High Cholesterol
- Heart Disease
- Sleep apnea
- Liver and Gallbladder disease
- Abnormal menses and infertility
6. What tests will be done during initial evaluation?
You will have blood tests for sugar, thyroid, liver and kidney function. These results will be discussed with you at your first follow-up visit.
An EKG will be done to make sure that the heart rate and rhythm is normal.
A Body Composition Analysis will be done using InBody 230. The results will be discussed with you and will help you to focus on your diet and exercise needs.
7. How frequently will I need to follow up?
You will be seen one week after the initial visit to discuss the lab results and to address your concerns and any questions you might have about your medicine. Thereafter, you will be seen every two weeks to ensure that the treatment is effective. Body composition analysis will be repeated as indicated.
8. What type of medicines will be used?
Appetite suppressants are the most commonly prescribed medications for weight loss. These include medicines like phentermine. The medicine will be dispensed to you,only, at the time of the visit. In addition to oral medicines, such as vitamins, will be given at the visit.
9. How effective is the treatment for weight loss?
Weight loss medicines along with life style modification are a very effective way of losing weight. You can lose 1-2 pounds every week in the first month on an average. Physical exercise will add to the weight loss. Fat distribution will be checked by Body Composition Analyzer to see the effectiveness of the treatment. | <urn:uuid:6a3e8f7f-e90f-4341-819a-7a1d3d40ac5a> | {
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The exotic pink, purple, red, yellow or white flowers of the Christmas cactus (Schlumbergera bridgesii) are a bright addition to the holiday décor. The holiday cactus is one of three – the Christmas, Thanksgiving (Schlumbergera truncates) and Easter (Rhipsalidopsis gaertnerrii) cacti. Natives of South America, these houseplants are hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 10 through 12. You might give your holiday cacti a summer vacation in a shady location outside, but when temperatures drop to 50 degrees Fahrenheit, these tropical plants need to go inside for the winter.
The Three Cacti
While the three holiday cacti have the same environmental and temperature needs, each has distinctive characteristics. The leaves are actually flattened stem segments; the plants don't have true leaves like other plants. The Christmas cactus' "leaves" have smooth, scalloped outer edges, while the Thanksgiving cactus, also known as the crab's claw or lobster cactus, has hook- or claw-like points along the leaf margins. The Easter cactus also has smooth, lightly scalloped edges and sports hair-like bristles between and at the end of each leaf segment.
Temperature, Light and Blooming
In their native habitat, the holiday cacti thrive amid the high branches of trees, surviving in pockets of decaying organic matter and rainwater. If you take your plant outside for the summer, the Christmas cactus care for outdoors is relatively simple. Keep it in the shade, and water when the top of the soil is dry. If the leaf segments turn reddish, it's had too much sun or not enough water. In some cases, it may be lacking in phosphorus.
As fall approaches and temperatures begin to drop, take your cactus indoors. They may tolerate short periods of temperatures below 50 degrees, but they cannot tolerate freezing temperatures.
All of the cacti are short-day plants. They require 14 hours of uninterrupted darkness daily to produce blossoms. Put the Thanksgiving cactus on this light/dark schedule on September 1st, the Christmas cactus on October 1st and the Easter cactus on January 1st. Once flower buds appear, in four to eight weeks, you can move the cacti back into normal light.
Temperatures are also a factor in encouraging the cacti to bloom. If you're unable to maintain solid darkness for 14 hours daily, the cacti will also produce blossoms when kept at 55 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit at night and 60 to 70 degrees during the day. Keep the plant out of direct sunlight and away from heater vents; sun, heat and overwatering can cause the buds to dry up and drop off.
Christmas Cactus Care
While the holiday cacti are true cacti, they are not drought-tolerant like their desert cousins. These are tropical plants and need consistent moisture and high humidity. Water when the soil is dry to the touch. Place the flowerpot on top of a tray of pebbles and water to add humidity to the air, but don't let the water touch the bottom of the pot. Reduce watering after the plant blooms, and then resume watering when new growth appears.
Fertilize every three to four weeks between April and October with water soluble, balanced 20-20-20 fertilizer mixed to a half-strength solution. Always water thoroughly after fertilizing to prevent the fertilizer salts from burning the plant's tender roots.
Holiday Cacti Propagation
Pruning and Christmas cactus propagation are both accomplished in late spring. Sterilize your scissors or anvil pruners between cuts in a household cleaner, such as Pine-Sol or Lysol. Pinch or cut off a few segments on each stem. This encourages branching.
Set the cuttings to the side overnight so the cut ends dry. The next day, insert the cut end approximately 1-inch-deep into moist potting soil, vermiculite, perlite or sand. Cover with clear plastic wrap or a plastic bag supported by stakes. Place in a brightly lit location. In a few weeks, roots will develop, and you can transplant the new plants into their new flowerpots.
Christmas Cactus Problems
Monitor your cactus for pests and fungal diseases. If you see fungal growth or signs of wilting or rot, apply a fungicide according to the package directions. Prune if necessary, and discard infected trimmings in the trash. Practice preventative measures such as potting in sterilized potting mix and avoiding overwatering.
Aphids, mealybugs and spider mites may infest the cactus. A strong stream of water will knock off many pests without resorting to insecticides. Gently wipe the leaf segments with a damp paper towel or cloth to remove pests and dust.
- Missouri Botanical Garden – Home Gardening Blog: What Holiday Cacti Do You Have?
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Schlumbergera Truncata
- Iowa State University Extension and Outreach: Is It a Thanksgiving, Christmas or Easter Cactus?
- University of Connecticut Home & Garden Education Center: Holiday Cacti
- PennState Extension: Christmas Cactus Diseases
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:206fbab0-5653-4810-ac3f-b9c64d50c1f0> | {
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GisMap is a .NET component for building GIS and CAM/CAD application. It's a part of MVisionTech VisiWorks data visualization framework. GisMap uses Canvas for drawing geometrical shapes and GDAL project for handling different geographical vector and raster formats.
Maps are essential to locate objects distributed over wide areas. There are many kinds of applications that require geographical presentation of data, such as trip organizers, assets management systems, fleet management, GPS tracking and many others. All these types of system constitute the GIS or Geographical Information System.
A classical GIS system consists of tables with data records related to objects and geometrical shapes representing the objects such as polygons and polylines. Tables in a GIS system represent the different layers in the map. Some layers represent different functional objects such as roads, counties and cities, while others represent different resolutions of the same functional layer such as hi-ways, main roads and all roads. Satellite images and aerial photography are frequently used in combination with other geometrical objects. There are different sources of geographical data, GIS system vendors use different file formats to store data in their system. Some major players in the GIS market are ESRI, MapInfo and Oracle.
GisMap uses the open source library called GDAL (Geographical Data Abstraction Layer) to access different sources of geographical data. GDAL supports most of the raster formats (images) and main vector formats via its OGR library. It also provides classes for geographical coordinate system transformation.
Geographical coordinate system is another story, there are a number of different systems, and some of them are very exotic. The reason is that the Earth is a sphere (well almost) and people like to use square coordinates when they measure things. So for measurements they use the projection of various parts of the sphere on the plane. Then these different projections originated from different places, depending on the state, country or continent is measured.
The most popular coordinate systems are WGS-84 (spherical coordinate system with longitude and latitude) and UTM a system of 60 cylindrical projections of WGS-84.
The picture above shows USA's main roads with aerial image somewhere in Texas. When the user zooms in and out the map, GisMap gets the proper image size and resolution from TerraService web services and displays the vector data from the locally stored shape files. Vector data is organized in layers, where each layer corresponds to different map resolutions. GisMap has two different views of the same geographical data, one for navigation and another for browsing. Two views are synchronized; the small blue rectangle on the navigation view shows the location of the second view.
The layer control can be used to adjust the order and visibility of different layers. For every layer the user can specify the minimum and maximum scale to switch from course view to detailed one.
GisMap has a
DataGrid showing the attributes of geographical objects in the map, when the map is in "find" mode and an object has been selected GisMap brings a record related to the selected shape.
Using the code
The main purpose of having a Map component is using it in other applications.
Canvas canvasGIS = new Canvas();
GisSelector gisSelector = new GisSelector();
ArrayList al = gisSelector.openGisFile(fname);
GeomModel.CanvasLayer lay1 =
GDalGIS.GdalImageCanvasItem geo_im =
GeomModel.CanvasLayer lay2 =
TerraService.TerraServiceImage t_im =
GisMap uses the
Canvas component for creating graphics and GDAL data abstraction to access geographical data. For aerial photography, it uses Microsoft's TerraServise, a thing of beauty. It covers the whole of USA with 1m per pixel resolution. GisMap uses OpenGIS Web Map standard (OGC Web Map Server) to access the data.
The class diagram below shows the main classes of GisMap component. It uses the
Canvas control and its geometrical model (GeomModel) to display maps and GDAL classes to deal with GIS data, coordinate systems and transformations. | <urn:uuid:387acfcf-9ec5-4e8e-b26a-314983f0e15f> | {
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Home Features Living Well National Stroke Awareness Month
National Stroke Awareness Month
May is National Stroke Awareness Month. Stroke is the third leading cause of death behind heart disease and all forms of cancer combined.
According to the National Stroke Association, a stroke, also called a “brain attack,” occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery or a blood vessel breaks, interrupting blood flow to an area of the brain. When either of these things happen, brain cells begin to die and brain damage occurs.When brain cells die during a stroke, abilities controlled by that area of the brain are lost, including speech, movement and memory. How a stroke patient is affected depends on where the stroke occurs in the brain and how much the brain is damaged. More than two-thirds of survivors will have some type of disability.
Through recognition and management of risk factors, lifestyle changes and compliance with recurrent stroke prevention treatments, up to 80 percent of strokes can be prevented.
• Blood pressure
• Cholesterol management
• TIA (transient ischemic
• Alcohol consumption
• Atrial fibrillation
Did you know?
• Stroke can happen to anyone at any age.
• Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability.
• It is projected that 795,000 Americans will suffer a stroke in 2009.
• High blood pressure is the primary cause of stroke.
• Cholesterol or plaque build-up in the arteries can block normal blood flow to the brain and cause a stroke.
• A TIA is a mini-stroke with stroke symptoms that last less than 24 hours before disappearing. More than one-third of all people who have a TIA will have a stroke. Learn more about TIA and how your risk level for stroke can be better managed.
• Approximately one-third of all stroke survivors will have another stroke within five years.
Want to help reduce the impact of stroke? Spread awareness about stroke symptoms so everyone quickly recognizes them and immediately calls 911. Use the F.A.S.T. method for recognizing symptoms.
F = FACE Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?
A = ARM Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?
S = SPEECH Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Does the speech sound slurred or strange?
T = TIME If you observe any of these signs, it’s time to call 911.
National Stroke Association: 1-800-STROKES, www.stroke.org | <urn:uuid:7c746d57-c81f-4519-bf5e-7b0cb72894d3> | {
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOTATION AND CONCEPTS IN ALGEBRA
Examples of the kind of questions that could be used for Assessments
N.B. IF YOU WISH TO DO ONE OF THESE QUESTIONS RATHER THAN MAKE UP YOUR OWN, YOU MUST STILL AGREE THIS WITH THE LECTURER BEFORE BEGINNING YOUR ANSWER. FAILURE TO DO THIS WILL RESULT IN A LOWER MARK.
- Discuss the liberation of algebra from arithmetical meaning in the 19th century, with particular reference to the algebraic systems developed by W. R. Hamilton and G. Boole (N.B. There is an O.U. video on this topic - MA 290/08 - "The Liberation of Algebra" - available in the library on Main Site for students to borrow and view on site. It is about 20 mins long).
- Summarise the contributions of N. Abel and E. Galois to the theory of the quintic equation. You may refer briefly to their life histories, but should concentrate on their relevant mathematical achievements.
- How would the cubic equation x - 6x + 11x - 6 = 0 have been written down at various stages in the development of algebraic notation? How can it be reduced to one of the three forms given in the Algebra in the Renaissance page?
- Describe, with an example, Cardano's method for solving quartic equations. Briefly suggest why no such method is taught in standard mathematics courses today.
- Describe the coordinate geometry of Descartes and/or Fermat, and comment on its role in the liberation of algebra from geometry.
- Write a critical analysis of the history of the notation used for powers and logarithms.
REMEMBER: What Criteria are you being judged on?
The Development of Algebra
History of Mathematics Module
Links to other History of Mathematics sites
[ Comments ] [ Module Leader ]
These pages are maintained by M.I.Woodcock. | <urn:uuid:775c6b92-9fab-4e5f-aada-5e51994412e6> | {
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Understanding AC Refrigerant Standards
Back in 1987, alarm about emissions of ozone layer-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and bromine gases led national governments worldwide to sign the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, a United Nations (UN) environmental agreement in which 197 countries and the European Union (EU) pledged to phase out production and use of CFCs, HCFCs and bromine gases. Though revised, more aggressive reduction targets for new refrigerant standards are being met, subsequent developments — rapid industrialization in large emerging market countries and the growing threats and costs of global warming — have complicated matters further.
Led by the European Union (EU), the U.S., Canada, Mexico and the Federated States of Micronesia, an international movement is already underway to ban and find substitutes for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) — the group of refrigerant gases now replacing ozone-depleting CFCs and HCFCs — that have lower Global Warming Potential (GWP). This is causing some confusion and consternation, and is being met with some resistance in industry, the marketplace and on the part of rapidly industrializing countries, such as Brazil, China and India, who are in the midst of phasing out CFCs and HCFCs, however.
The success of the Montreal Protocol to date demonstrates that such broad-based multilateral agreements can be effective in addressing urgent environmental issues on a global basis. On the other hand, the process also highlights the challenges, complexity, uncertainties and nuances involved in drafting and enacting effective and long-lasting government policies and regulations intended to enhance socioeconomic and environmental sustainability without sacrificing too much in the way of economic growth and development potential.
Though present in miniscule quantities (an average 0.6 parts per million (PPM)), the ozone layer absorbs 97-99 percent of the sun's medium frequency ultraviolet radiation. In the 1970s, scientists raised the alarm about CFC emissions depleting ozone (O3) in the lower stratosphere (some 12-19 miles above the Earth’s surface) threatening all forms of life. International policy makers and national leaders acknowledged this assessment and took action by signing the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985, and the subsequent signing and ratification of the Montreal Protocol (in 1987 and 1989, respectively).
Continue reading at TriplePundit.
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Up until now the divide and conquer technique was mankind's best approach to quelling any robot uprisings. But now that self-assembling swarm bots—scary in their own right—are teaming up with eye-in-the-sky drones to tackle tricky obstacles, we're pretty much screwed.
Demonstrated by a team of researchers at the 2012 Intelligent Robots and Systems conference, this little army of swarm bots is able to communicate with an overhead drone by simply using a series of flashing, colored LED lights. This system not only lets the drone communicate with a specific robot, but also pass along instructions. All without the need for a wireless signal that could be easily jammed. Here the technology is used to push a jug into the corner of a room, but how long before it's used to push a jug onto someone's head? [Automaton] | <urn:uuid:f9d24b15-2889-49f2-a220-1af098ce4f73> | {
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During World War Two the German navy and British navy both had small fast motor torpedo boats that were utilized to combat enemy shipping. Germany had the S-Boat or Schnellboote (called the E-Boat by the allies) and the British had the Motor Torpedo Boat or MTB. The boats on both sides were designed for speed and agility which allowed them to attack enemy ships quickly, launch torpedoes, and then maneuver away before the enemy ship’s gunners could target and hit them. Both the S-Boat (E-Boat) and the MTB were successful in their roles and served throughout World War Two.
Osprey Publications Ltd has released E-BOAT vs MTB, The English Channel 1941-45 as Number 34 in their Duel series. It is a paperback book with 80 pages. Included with the text are color and black and white photographs, color illustrations, color maps and detailed captions. It has a 2011 copyright and the ISBN is 978-1-84908-406-2. The book examines the German E-Boat (Schnellboot or “Fast Boat”) and the British MTB (motor torpedo boat).
Design and Development
The Strategic Situation
The text in the book is well written and extremely detailed. I didn’t notice and spelling or grammar errors as I read through the book. Williamson covers the design, development, technical data, German and British combatants and the use of the E-Boat and MTB in combat very well. It is obvious that Williamson has gone to great lengths to research the E-Boat and MTB and provides a very well written and accurate history on both types of craft. Anyone interested in German E-Boats and/or British MTBs will find this book very informative and interesting.
There are a total of 51 black and white photographs and 3 color photographs throughout the book. Most of the photographs are nice and clear, however there are some that have an out of focus look to them and some appear to be too dark. I have seen several military photographs that have this look to them so maybe that is just typical. I do know that several military photographs are actually stills taken from video so that could be one reason. With that said the quality of the photographs is of no fault of the author.
THE COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS
There are 9 color illustrations by illustrators Ian Palmer and Howard Gerrard are very well done, nicely detailed and cover:
- Vosper Type I MTB
- Other British Coastal Craft
- Low Forecastle E-Boat: S 7
- E-Boat evolution
- E-Boat armament/MTB Armament
- Three illustrations showing typical E-Boat attack formation
- Typical E-Boat Unit Formation
- Engagement between E-Boat and MTBs
- E-Boat attack on American LST 531
THE COLOR MAPS...
There are 2 color maps in the book and they show operations in:
- British and German navy bases
- British and German navy bases, mine laying operations and German main targets
The captions are well written and are very detailed and explain the accompanying photographs well. I didn’t notice any spelling or grammar errors.
All in all I am very impressed with the book. It details the E-Boat and the MTB very well. I would have no hesitation to add other Osprey titles to my personal library nor would I hesitate to recommend this book to others.
Please be sure to mention that you saw the book reviewed here when you make your purchase.
Great Weapons of World War II
John Kirk and Robert Young
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No-till farming aims to improve soil structure, soil aggregate stability and biological activity (see this previous article summary), reduce soil erosion and retain greater amounts of nutrients. It has also shown improved carbon storage ability to help mitigate climate change compared to conventional farming. These factors have led to a number of studies looking to quantify these benefits as well as any associated negatives. One negative associated with no-till farming are reports of reduced crop yields. Balancing the pros and cons to decide whether it is better than conventional farming on balance, given the number of variables that could affect results, is a difficult but important and ongoing area of research.
No-till farming avoids disrupting the soil surface and leaving 30% or more of the crop residues on the surface of the land. This contrasts to conventional farming where, usually, machinery is used to dig in crop residues and loosen the soil in preparation for growing new crops.
A recent review in the Journal of Agricultural Science by researchers at the University of Nottingham examined 49 data sets from other research articles comparing soil organic matter content between no-till and conventional till farming, and another 61 sets of data from research comparing crop yield between the two farming methods. The purpose was to compare the asserted benefits on reducing greenhouse gases of no-till farming with the losses in yield.
Greenhouse gas emissions
In general, it was found that the carbon content of soils under no-till farming was greater than that of conventional farming. This resulted from carbon being retained in soil micro-aggregates which were in turn protected by macro-aggregates that, under conventional tilling, would have been broken up and the carbon more easily converted into carbon dioxide. The carbon was mostly retained in the upper layers but the longer the land was not tilled, the more long-lived was the sequestration.
Improvements in soil structure, aggregate stability and biological activity was confirmed but, in the case of the size and frequency of pores in the soil, the improvements came after tilling had ceased for a number of years.
However, the nitrification of soil nitrogen (turned from mineralised or stable soil nitrogen to nitrogen based greenhouse gases) increased under no-till farming. This is considered to be as a result of the increased anaerobic conditions (as the soil isn’t aerated by tilling). This is concerning as nitrous oxides have a significantly greater warming effect than carbon dioxide to the point where the gains in carbon sequestration could be less than the increase in nitrous oxides.
Longer term studies demonstrated that the longer the no-till farming endured, the ability of the biological and soil aggregation improvements to improve porosity and aeration of the soil resulted in lower nitrous oxide emission.
When comparing different greenhouses gases and their warming potential, a standard is used to allow direct comparison. This standard is the carbon dioxide equivalent, which can be calculated per unit of a particular greenhouse gas. A 30 year simulation showed an improvement of 0.56 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per hectare per year under no-till farming, and a 43 year trial found a 1.03 tonne per hectare per year improvement, being a 52 per cent reduction of greenhouse gas emission compared to conventional farming.
Yield effects of no-till farming
The effect on yields is difficult to predict. Just over half of the studies the researchers looked at showed a decreased yield, just under half showed the opposite. Differences were noted between the effect on different crops, but a range of reductions between none and 30% were reported, with an average yield loss of 4.5% compared to conventional farming in the negative studies.
The major factors causing yield loss noted by the researchers were the increased susceptibility to weeds competing with crops, particularly seedlings, for nutrients. The shorter term anaerobic effects also increase water logging and reduced efficacy of fertilisers and pesticides (being unable to penetrate into the root zone).
Longer term studies showed increases in soybean yield over 10 years and comparable yields in wheat over 15 years, whilst another study showed that yield advantages under no-till were lost if the crop stubble was removed.
The difficulties of the effects on yield given different crops, different climates, different soil types and differing lengths of time under no-till mean that drawing a meaningful conclusion is difficult. However, it was noted in the article that there is the potential for yield increase when the benefits of no-till over longer periods on soil begin to show and if weed controls can be adequately implemented.
The article concludes with the observation that, as yet, we do not know when the net effect on greenhouse gas emissions moves from negative (increased nitrous oxide warming potential outweighs improve carbon storage) to positive. It appears that it takes some years for this to occur. Additionally, the improvements to soil structure also take some time to result in either slightly lower, comparable or better crop yields.
The hole in our current knowledge points to the need for a long-term study that notes the, say yearly for example, changes in carbon storage and nitrous oxide emissions to find the point in time where net difference on greenhouse gas emission is zero. At the same time, the improvements in soil structure, particularly the time required for anaerobic conditions in the soil to lessen and the associated issues that can reduce crop yield ease, needs to be ascertained. We can then be better placed to have some surety about what the long-term impacts of no-till farming will be on both issues and better inform ourselves on whether substantial improvements on either, or both, issues can be achieved and when. | <urn:uuid:33786b3a-d1dd-4a7f-9bf1-cf54344d6b88> | {
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Mayo Clinic Health System registered dietitian Diane Dressel offers parents snack options that meet caloric standards, while also taking into account portability, perishability, food allergies and dietary restrictions. Dressel says, “What better time to get kids into healthy eating patterns than at a young age?” and encourages any snack idea to include fruits or vegetables. Here are some suggestions:
- Grapes and pretzels
- Apples and string cheese or baked chips
- Carrots and fat-free dip
- Yogurt with strawberries or blueberries
Mayo Clinic dietitian Katherine Zeratsky, offers additional tips. Zeratsky says that while you can't go through the school lunch line with your child, you can offer some guidance ahead of time about making healthy choices.
"You can talk to them about all the different food groups and make sure they’re getting fruits and vegetables, some rich source of protein, something starchy to keep them fueled. All those are just great opportunities."
As far as after-school snacking goes, Zeratsky suggest putting healthier foods out in the line of sight, such as a bowl of fruit.
"If kids are on their own and making independent food choices, having available to them healthy choices, or maybe picking a special drawer in the refrigerator, all the things in this drawer, you don’t need to ask mom or dad."
For parents with student athletes, remind kids to drink enough water to stay hydrated, perhaps even have them carry a water bottle. Zeratsky says it's also wise to remember their extra physical activity may require more fuel.
"Another thing is, you might want to consider packing them an extra snack, whether it be granola, cheese and crackers, some fruit to fuel before their event or practice because it’s probably been a few hours since lunchtime.”
If your child must travel for sports, it's also a good idea to send along a healthy snack for after their event. | <urn:uuid:531e2fc2-c038-4a25-807c-d87f7aef48d2> | {
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How to Notify Parents About an Emergency at School
By: SchoolReach | March 12th, 2014 | No Comments »
As we discussed in our recent “10 Things to Do After a School Crisis” report, parent notification is an important early step to take after a crisis situation forces the evacuation of your school building.
An example of how to do this correctly can be seen in the way Rush County Schools in Indiana notified parents about a fire that sent students at Arlington Elementary home for the day.
Fortunately, the fire at Arlington was contained quickly; it was limited to an electrical panel in the maintenance room, and no students or staff members were hurt in the fire. However, the fire did make the early dismissal of students necessary since it happened around 10:00 AM, created smoke in the building, and caused a power outage.
Click here to listen to the call that Dr. John E. Williams, Superintendent of Rush County Schools, sent to parents around 11:00 AM on the day of the fire. There are five reasons why this message is great:
1. The safety of students is addressed early. Immediately after telling parents there was an emergency situation at Arlington, Dr. Williams states that all children are safe. Then he repeats himself for good measure, and at the end of the call states that children are safe once more. The repetition helps keep parents as calm as possible as they listen.
2. It communicates what happens next. After expressing that students are safe, Dr. Williams explains that students will be sent home on the buses.
3. It asks parents to stay away from the school. Realistically, many parents will go directly to the school when they hear an emergency has happened, regardless of what they are told to do. But Dr. Williams does his best to mitigate this tendency and give first responders room to work by asking parents to stay away. (It’s great that he mentioned students were being sent home on buses before making this request; parents might not have listened to the full call if the request to stay away was made first.)
4. It’s brief. In just 40 seconds, Dr. Williams delivers a calming message that focuses on the most important point: students are safe and being sent home. He doesn’t try to explain every last detail of the situation; instead, he provides only the most relevant information and does his best to prevent parents from rushing to the school.
5. It’s timely. By sending the message just an hour after the fire, Rush County administrators gave themselves their best chance at getting to parents with accurate information before news went live on the radio, TV, or social media.
Emergency notifications like Dr. Williams’ communicate that school leaders are in control of a situation and minimizes the spread of misinformation. A more serious emergency may require the sharing of additional information or instructions to parents, but for a minor emergency like the one seen at Arlington, Dr. Williams’ call hit all the right notes.
If a minor emergency such as an electrical fire, gas leak, or weather-related emergency hits your school, follow Dr. Williams’ lead when creating your parent notification with SchoolReach. And be sure to download our “10 Things to Do After a School Crisis” report for more expert tips on post-crisis operations.
New School Liability Concern: Student Health Information
By: SchoolReach | January 9th, 2014 | No Comments »
To limit your school’s liability risks, you must protect students from all kinds of safety threats. It’s important to not only be prepared for the obvious and established threats, but also for the emerging threats that could catch you off-guard.
One of those emerging threats relates to the management of student health information. To discuss this issue, we recently spoke with Chas Scarantino, an expert in the field. Chas is the CEO of Magnus Health, and he was the speaker for our webinar on student health record liability risks.
SchoolReach: What types of student health information are schools managing today?
Chas Scarantino: Schools have to manage any medical information required for healthcare and treatment, concussions, enrollment, or attendance purposes. Data on immunizations, sports physical data, consent to dispense prescription or over the counter medication, consent to treat, action plans, and health history are just a few of the many types of health information that schools may be managing. Nearly all of this information is private information, and as such, it presents liability for a school if it is handled incorrectly.
SchoolReach: Can you give us an example of how mismanagement of student health information exposed a school to negative consequences?
Chas Scarantino: Two come to mind. In one case, a school took a folder of athlete health information to an away baseball game, and when the game was over, and they were on the bus back to campus, they realized all of the private information in that folder had been left on the dugout bench. It was entirely by accident, but still, that information was available to anyone who happened upon it. Similarly, one school was very conscious of “going green” and were very active in recycling. Unfortunately, the nurse recycled health records, which were then used by other students to make paper airplanes. One of the airplanes hit an administrator, and that’s when they realized the proper record processes weren’t in place. In both cases, the school could have been open to very real consequences, simply by making honest mistakes.
SchoolReach: What kinds of liability risks are associated with the handling of student medical information?
Chas Scarantino: We talk with schools about risks in four areas: regulatory compliance, data accuracy, data security, and emergency preparedness. Mishandling or improperly storing student health information can expose schools to legal penalties. And in situations where students fall ill on school property or school transportation, mismanagement of student health data can be a barrier to providing adequate student care.
SchoolReach: Let’s talk about regulatory compliance. What regulations do schools need to know about?
Chas Scarantino: The big two are FERPA, which regulates student education records, and HIPAA, the health care information privacy law. Most schools are aware of both, but don’t always know how or if they apply to their school. These federal regulations aim to protect student information from unauthorized viewing or dissemination. In addition to federal regulations, there are state and district regulations on management of student data as well. Failure to comply with these regulations opens schools up to significant penalties under the law.
SchoolReach: As more and more student records migrate from paper files to electronic databases, data privacy and accuracy become important concerns. What issues do school leaders need to address in these areas?
Chas Scarantino: Various laws and regulations require parents to provide certain kinds of health information to schools, but sometimes parents submit incomplete or incorrect data. For example, the parent is required to show proof of three doses of a vaccination, and they only submit proof of two. You need to confirm that submitted information is accurate and complete. Also, federal regulations closely define who can access student data and for what purposes it can be used. School leaders need to know how to properly secure this data, provide access to only the people authorized to see it, and destroy it safely. Data privacy goes a step beyond that as well. Privacy includes logging interaction with the health information – so even those individuals who are authorized to view the information should be tracked ,and an audit log should be created so that the information is protected beyond simple access.
SchoolReach: Earlier, you touched on medical emergencies. What emergency preparedness steps do schools need to take to mitigate their liability risks?
Chas Scarantino: Health information absolutely must be accessible to people who need to provide emergency care to a student. A healthcare provider should not have to start from square one in order to treat a student – they should have the information on hand so they know what medications the child is on, or what allergies they have. Schools should define access policies, in accordance with regulations, and ensure that the proper people have access to information, and that the information can be shared with authorized personnel. And test out the policies, know what works, what needs to be tweaked, and how the overall response can be improved. In addition, you need to be ready to deal with natural disasters that could wipe out a health center entirely, and other events that could cause technology disruptions. If data is properly backed up, these situations do not pose a threat to the integrity of the data, and parents can update information as needed.
SchoolReach: In your experience, how difficult is it for schools to defend against these risks, and what can schools do to protect themselves?
Chas Scarantino: The biggest thing here is taking the step to ask the hard questions. Once schools are investigating where their vulnerabilities lie, they can get processes in place. While creating processes and testing them out can be time consuming, once the hard work is done there, the rest can become relatively simple. A comprehensive system will address all four risks in one, so it’s not a matter of finding four answers to four problems – it’s a matter of finding one solution that can do everything.
Our webinar with Chas goes into more detail on these topics. Click here to view the webinar for free.
To learn more about Magnus Health, click here.
4 Overlooked Aspects of K-12 School Emergency Planning
By: SchoolReach | November 4th, 2013 | No Comments »
Many schools have some sort of planning process to prepare for emergencies, but some important aspects of emergency preparedness can be easily overlooked. Is your school failing to manage any of these aspects of emergency response planning?
1. Post-evacuation planning.
Several organizations, including SchoolReach, have produced information on school lockdown best practices and school crisis response. But surviving a lockdown or emergency scenario is just the first step – what happens after the crisis is over? In situations where students and staff must evacuate a building, school administrators should have a well-defined and tested reunification plan to manage the process of child-parent reunification. View our webinar on reunification plans for more info on this topic.
2. Proactive crisis message development.
To be ready to respond to any emergency, you must be able to quickly communicate about the emergency to parents and the media. A frantic check of Google or Bing in the middle of a crisis situation may not provide you with the scripts and letter templates you need. Avoid being caught off guard by working with your communications director or a freelance consultant to develop these materials. (Please note that if you’re a SchoolReach customer, we have crisis communications templates already available for your use.)
3. Customization of generic emergency plans.
A recent article in Campus Safety Magazine noted that it isn’t appropriate to rely on generic emergency response plan templates from government authorities or private vendors. Article author Michael Dorn says that generic plans must be customized with a school’s unique situational realities in mind to provide maximum value in a crisis situation. Dorn also notes that reliance on generic plans that aren’t customized can expose a school to significant risk in lawsuits over personal injury or death. All emergency response plans should be customized with the help of local first responders to ensure they can protect staff and students in emergencies.
4. Staff training.
Costly court judgments against a school often happen because a student was injured or killed when improperly trained staff members weren’t able to deal with an adverse situation. The 2012 case of a Florida school district, where a special needs student died after substitute bus personnel failed to properly supervise and care for her, is an important example. (See our webinar on school bus safety for more information.) Cutting corners on staff training can set your school up for unwanted situations like these when disaster strikes. Train your substitutes, your hall monitors, your bus attendants, and your custodial staff. In some situations, these personnel might have insights that can enhance your security planning.
For the latest information on school safety, keep up with our Professional Development Series webinars and white papers. Click here to view.
Boost First Day Attendance: Decrease Student Absences, Improve Communication
By: SchoolReach | August 6th, 2013 | No Comments »
By Greg Howard
Several years ago, leaders of a school district in Ohio tried to boost first day attendance by leading an organized parent engagement campaign. The results of their efforts are something every school administrator should think about as the back-to-school season gets underway.
At the time, the Cincinnati Enquirer reported that:
- Yard signs announcing the district’s first day were widely distributed
- Packages of free school supplies were handed out
- Local churches told their congregants about the first day
- Local radio stations made announcements about the first day
Undoubtedly, school leaders knew about the importance of first day attendance. Low attendance numbers negatively impact district finances, and countless studies have shown that early absences in the school year can have a detrimental effect on student achievement.
So, what happened? According to the Enquirer, one fourth of enrolled students were no-shows.
School leaders speculated on the reasons why so many students missed class on the first day. Many thought that a significant year-over-year change in the school start date was a major factor. Not only did schools start almost a week earlier that year compared to the previous year, but the date changed as well – the first day moved from the beginning of the week to the end of the week.
We’re not sure if the district has had greater success in boosting first day attendance in recent years, but if they have, we’re willing to bet that that the district has done more to directly engage with parents.
For example, if you look at the Cincinnati Enquirer’s story on the district, it seems that their efforts were more about advertising than engagement. Yard signs, church bulletin announcements, and free bags of school supplies are great ideas, but none of those things are guaranteed to reach the parents who most need to hear about the first day of school.
Here at SchoolReach, we know that attendance notification works. Countless schools and districts have used our school notification system to launch voice, e-mail, and/or text messages about first day attendance to all their parents.
We’ve written about how St. Louis Public Schools used a local NFL player to record a first day attendance call that was well received by both parents and kids. Click here to read the case study if you haven’t seen it previously.
There are other ways to engage parents and get them thinking about the new school year as well. For example, our bus route notification service notifies parents about bus routes for the upcoming school year. Letting parents know about their children’s bus stops is but one more way a school can help get kids into the classroom.
If you’re looking for a way to help get students back into class this fall, we encourage you think about direct parent engagement. Whether you take advantage of tools from SchoolReach or utilize other means, direct contact with parents is the best way to let parents know about the new school year.
SchoolReach Reviews: Review SchoolReach Capabilities
By: SchoolReach | April 15th, 2013 | No Comments »
By Greg Howard – April 15, 2013
In a recent post, we looked at how to conduct your own school notification system reviews. We wrote that post to show school leaders like you that it’s not difficult to review the capabilities of various school notification systems. The key is knowing what to look for. That’s why we outlined five specific criteria by which you should evaluate a provider.
You may be wondering how SchoolReach stacks up against those five criteria. If so, here are some SchoolReach reviews that examine our abilities in the areas that truly matter.
SchoolReach Reviews on Our Features and Functionalities
SchoolReach is a true school notification system – not an “auto-dialer,” not a “robocall” application, but a school notification system. As we noted in our previous post, there’s an important difference. True school notification systems like SchoolReach have the ability to broadcast voice, e-mail, and SMS text messages, in addition to handling other types of common communications that save staff time and energy. Moreover, SchoolReach’s real-time analytics reports show you which messages have been successfully delivered and which have not. And we do all of this while keeping your student data secure.
Furthermore, because we work closely with schools of all kinds, we understand the unique needs of school leaders and have designed SchoolReach accordingly. SchoolReach reviews from our clients give us high marks for the ability of our technology to meet their needs.
SchoolReach Reviews on Our Core Product Abilities
The core of our service is school notification, and our unique technologies help us do that very well. Our patented processes give us the ability to balance broadcast volume with local phone switch capacity and bypass voice mail greetings on mobile phones. In plain English, what this means is that we can deliver your broadcasts quickly and more effectively than any other provider. Unlike other providers, who struggle with the basics of message broadcasting, we excel at these basic functions.
SchoolReach reviews from customers also celebrate our ability to go beyond voice, text, or e-mail broadcasting. Need a system to send school closing notices and emergency alerts? SchoolReach can help. Do you want to automate your attendance calls? SchoolReach does that. Want to decrease the number of negative lunch balances you’re carrying? Send lunch balance reminders to parents automatically with SchoolReach. Need a simpler way to notify your parents about bus routes at the beginning of the year? Use our bus route alert service and stop wasting time and money on expensive mailings. Need a better way to collect parent, staff, or community feedback? Use our parent polls and surveys application to solicit feedback.
The number of things you can do with SchoolReach is limited only by your imagination. And if you want to integrate SchoolReach with your school information system – whether your SIS is a robust software program on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet – our data integration team can help.
SchoolReach Reviews on Our Experience with School Notification
SchoolReach has been a school notification system provider for more than 10 years. We work with virtually every kind of school, school district, and educational institution that exists – public, private, parochial, charter, religious, non-religious, small, large, urban, suburban, rural, and more! Just ask us for a reference from other schools in your state or region. As a national provider that serves schools in all 50 states, we have many customers who have conducted SchoolReach reviews and chosen us as their school notification provider. We can connect you with school leaders across the country who are satisfied SchoolReach customers.
SchoolReach Reviews on Our Customer Service Capabilities
We make a commitment to customer service unlike any other provider in our industry. You can call SchoolReach customer service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days per year, and hear the pleasant voice of one of our highly trained, St. Louis based client service representatives. We never outsource our customer service function to foreign companies or external call centers. Our reps have seen it all, and they can help you with any problem or concern.
Satisfied customers have provided glowing SchoolReach reviews on our customer service team, and we are happy to share these stories with you.
SchoolReach Reviews on Our Ability to Protect Student Data
Thoughtful SchoolReach reviews closely examine our ability to protect student data. If you take a look at our system, you will find that we use 256-bit encryption and 2048-bit root SSL protection from GeoTrust. We also use Cisco firewall security and a dual login process to block unauthorized users from gaining access to our system.
We’ve also designed our customer service processes to prevent the accidental transmission of student data to unauthorized users. In particular, we have chosen to avoid using live chat support. We feel that having our reps juggle several chat-based inquiries at once increases the risk that the wrong information could be disclosed to the wrong party. Therefore, unlike other providers who see no problem with this risk, we’ve decided to do the right thing and handle one customer service inquiry at a time.
Your Turn: Conduct Your Own SchoolReach Reviews!
SchoolReach reviews can be completed in a short amount of time. We invite you to set up an online demonstration with us and review our capabilities in more detail. Click here to contact us for more information. | <urn:uuid:734658f8-5c6e-49f3-872f-2a66deb2aaf0> | {
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Hazon Educational Library: self-care
by Shani Mink
This program presents students with the opportunity to delve deeply into the hidden messages of verse 50b of the Bava Kama (the stones text). Through text study, discussion and a hands-on activity, students will explore their relationship with the public domain. After investigating the myriad ways in which we might violate the public domain, students will actively nurture the public domain through shared intentions for community prosperity hidden inside a seed ball or planted beneath a tree.
Category: Environmental Justice, Food Systems & Food Justice, Jewish Agricultural Traditions, Ritual-Making
by Ilana Unger
This program is an interactive hands on activity that connects participants to the ?essence? of Jewish earth based connection. Participants will have the opportunity to harvest locally grown herbs on the Pearlstone campus, infuse those herbs collected and create a homemade hand salve and/or lip balm and learn why this is a Jewish practice. Participants will leave with an understanding that everything is connected, and that the process of infusion connects us to the heart of caring for ourselves and the earth.
Category: Health and Wellness, Herbalism & Wild Edibles, Jewish Food traditions, Spiritual Nature Experience
by Nicole Cruz
?The Stones' text, from Talmud Bavli, Masekhet Bava Kama 50b, brings its readers back to ancient times. However, the lessons that can be learned from this text transcend time. In this program, participants will delve deep into ?The Stones' text, making connections relevant to today's world. Through this discussion, participants will discover what defines a community, and how in order to make an impact in a community, we must find a balance between protecting the Earth and meeting our own personal needs.
by Becky Adelberg
This program is an introduction to greening in early childhood classrooms through teaching about the Jewish ritual of havdalah.
Tags: early childhood, farm and garden, greening, Havdallah, indoor garden, institutions, ritual, self-care
by Eli Goldstein
This program is a physically active introduction to The Stones text from the Talmud Bavli, Masekbet Bava Kama, which raises many questions about land, responsibility, and ownership using text and soccer cones. | <urn:uuid:97da95bf-69f0-4aba-ade5-fbf915649851> | {
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A new study suggests that global warming that’s twice as bad may be in store for humans in the future. The new projections are rather grim: the polar ice caps could collapse and the Sahara Desert could become green as a result of aggressive changes in various ecosystems. The Study Global warming may be twice as projected by climate models and sea levels may rise 20 feet even if the world meets the 35.6 degrees Fahrenheit target, an international team of researchers from 17 nations noted in the new research. The team explored evidence from three warm periods that occurred in the last 3.5 million years when Earth was 32.9 degrees F (0.5 degrees Celsius) to 35.6 degrees F (2 degrees C) hotter than pre-industrial 19th-century temperatures. In their observations, the team saw that there are “amplifying mechanisms,” not well-represented in climate models, which make long-term warming worse than what is forecasted in climate models. "This suggests the carbon budget to avoid 2°C of global warming may be far smaller than estimated, leaving very little margin for error to meet the Paris targets,” said Hubertus Fischer, lead author and University of Bern professor. The researchers derived their conclusion from their analysis of three warm periods, namely the Holocene thermal maximum period some 5,000 to 9,000 years earlier, the last interglacial period 129,000 to 116,000 years ago, and the mid-Pliocene period some 3.3 to 3 million years earlier. They combined measurements from the likes of ice cores and fossil records, then studied the impact of the climatic changes. The first two periods, for instance, warmed from predictable changes that happened in the planetary orbit. The periods offered strong proof of how much warmer Earth would become after the climate normalized. Sea-level rise could persist for thousands of years, warned Alan Mix, co-author and Oregon State professor. Present Climate Models Are Focused On Near Team These profound changes can hit the planet even potentially with just 34.7 degrees F or 1.5 degrees C, yet climate projects today generally underestimate them as implications of long-term warming, Mix said. He explained that these models may be relied upon for low-emission scenarios in the decades leading up to 2100, but not really for larger or higher-emission scenarios. Parts of the world continue to grapple with the ongoing symptoms and effects of climate change. U.S. homeowners, for instance, face a particular threat: sea-level flooding could wipe out more than 300,000 homes in the country.
Upload business video & professional presentation only. Acceptable formats are video formats, PPT, swf. ShowToClients does not accept poorly designed videos or presentations. Please do not submit video or presentation related to a. Entertainment b. Film or music c. Personal or family videos d. Any video or presentation which is not professional in nature and not related to business domain. Read more for Criteria | <urn:uuid:0d1be87e-5548-499d-9fdf-40f04715c03a> | {
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Loss & Restoration
Prospero's attempt to recover his dukedom of Milan drives the plot of The Tempest.
*Ariel lost his freedom to Sycorax and now serves Prospero
*Caliban, who considers himself the rightful ruler of the island, was overthrown and enslaved by Prospero
*Prospero strips the people he shipwrecks of their position and power
Through their reactions to these losses, the play's characters reveal their true natures.
The play is full of examples of power taken by force, and in each case these actions lead to political instability and further attempts to gain power through violence.
*Antonio and Alonso overthrow of Prospero leads to Antonio and Sebastian's plot to overthrow Alonso
*Prospero's enslavement of Caliban leads him to seek revenge
It is only when Prospero breaks the cycle of violence by refusing to take revenge, that the political tensions in the play are calmed and reconciled. It suggests that compromise and compassion are more effective political tools than violence or even magic
Magic, Illusion, and Prospero as Playwright
The play begins with Prospero's magic and ends with it too. Prospero uses illusions to manipulate his enemies. At almost every point in the play, his magic gives him total control. Many critics see Prospero's magical powers as a metaphor for a playwright's literary techniques as the writer uses words and writing techniques in the same way as Prospero uses his magic.
Many critics interpret the play's epilogue, in which Prospero asks the audience for applause that will set him free, as Shakespeare's farewell to theatre. Many critics argue that Prospero should be seen as a stand-in for Shakespeare himself
Shakespeare uses the relationship between Prospero and Caliban to show how the misunderstandings between the colonizer and the colonized lead to hatred and conflict, with each side thinking that the other is at fault.It also explores the fears and opportunities that colonization creates.
*Racism and intolerance - Sebastian criticizes Alonso for allowing his daughter to marry an African
*Stephano and Trinculo both consider capturing Caliban to sell
*Gonzalo's musings about the perfect civilization he would establish if he could acquire a territory of his own - new places
Love, Revenge & Greed
Love plays a lesser role in the play but is found within the love between Miranda and Ferdinand. Revenge plays a larger role as throughout the play, Prospero is continually trying to get back at those who usurped him. Caliban attempts to get revenge on Prospero for enslaving him. Greed however is most prevalent throughout the production. Each character exhibits some amount of the attribute, except maybe the lovers. Antonio and Sebastian are so greedy that they are willing to kill their own brothers, Caliban seeks to rule the island, Ariel assists Prospero for the sole reason of gaining her own freedom, and even Prospero shows greed as he creates the plot in order to gain things for himself. | <urn:uuid:15a2ac07-e399-4ec3-be73-3802e8b9a4b8> | {
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Introduction to VB.NET Object-Oriented Featuresby Wei-Meng Lee
It used to be the case that Visual Basic was regarded as a "toy" language. VB was never treated seriously. This is partly due to the fact that VB does not contain certain advanced features, like pointers access and object-oriented programming. Not anymore! With the launch of the Microsoft .NET framework, Microsoft has catapulted the image of VB programmers to the rank of C and C++ programmers. In this article, I will show you the object-oriented (OO) features of VB.NET and how you can now be on par with your fellow C++ and C# programmers.
The first two terms that you must know are class and object. A class is like a template; it defines the innards of an item. A good analogy is "car." When the word "car" is mentioned, you have the impression of a vehicle with wheels, etc., but no specific make of car is mentioned. An object, in turn, is an instance of a class. A "BMW" is a specific make of a car and hence, it can be likened to an object.
In VB.NET, a class in defined by the following syntax:
Public Class Point End Class
To create an object from a class, you can use the
Dim pt As New Point()
Our First Example
In Listing 1, I have defined a
Public Class Point Private ptX, ptY As Integer Private Shared count As Integer Public Sub New() ' empty constructor count += 1 End Sub ' constructor with two parameters Public Sub New(ByVal x As Integer, ByVal y As Integer) ptX = x ptY = y count += 1 End Sub Property x() As Integer ' sets the X coordinate Get Return ptX End Get Set(ByVal Value As Integer) If Value < 500 And Value > -500 Then ptX = Value End If End Set End Property Property y() As Integer ' sets the Y coordinate Get Return ptY End Get Set(ByVal Value As Integer) ptY = Value End Set End Property ' calculates the length between 2 points Public Function length(ByVal pointOne As Point) As Single Return Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(ptX - pointOne.x, 2) + _ Math.Pow(ptY - pointOne.y, 2)) End Function ReadOnly Property counter() As Integer ' returns the counter Get Return count End Get End Property End Class
Within the class, I have two private variables:
ptY. These two variables are only visible within the class.
Private ptX, ptY As Integer
I also have a shared variable:
count. This variable would be shared by all instances of the class. That is, all objects of this class would access the same variable.
Private Shared count As Integer
In my class, I have two constructors:
Public Sub New() ' empty constructor count += 1 End Sub ' constructor with two parameters Public Sub New(ByVal x As Integer, ByVal y As Integer) ptX = x ptY = y count += 1 End Sub
The use of a constructor is to initialize the values in an object when it is instantiated (created). A constructor is a subroutine prefixed with the keyword
New. The first constructor simply increments the count variable. The second constructor sets the value of the two private variables with the value of the input parameter.
There are a couple of ways to instantiate an object:
Dim pt1 As New Point(3, 4) Dim pt2 As Point = New Point(5, 6) Dim pt3 As New Point() Dim pt4 As Point
The first creates a
Point object and calls the second constructor shown earlier. It does so by matching the parameter list. The second instantiation statement is similar to the first. The third instantiation statement calls the first constructor shown above, but does not set any values in the object. The fourth simply creates an object of type
Point, but does not actually point to an object. To point to an actual object, it needs to do this:
pt4 = New Point()
Continuing with the class definition, I have also defined two properties,
y, using the
Property x() As Integer ' sets the X coordinate Get Return ptX End Get Set(ByVal Value As Integer) If Value < 500 And Value > -500 Then ptX = Value End If End Set End Property
The private variables are used to store the values set by the properties, as shown below:
'---setting the properties pt3.x = 7 ' stores the value 7 into private variable ptX pt3.y = 9 ' stores the value 9 into private variable ptY Dim x as Integer = pt3.x ' retrieving the value of ptX
Properties also provide a good opportunity to perform checking to ensure that the user does not assign an invalid value to a property.
I also have a method named
length, which returns the length between two points.
Public Function length(ByVal pointOne As Point) As Single Return Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(ptX - pointOne.x, 2) + _ Math.Pow(ptY - pointOne.y, 2)) End Function
You can use the method through:
Note that this method is public; if it is defined to be a private method like the following, then it cannot be called as above.
Private Function length(ByVal pointOne As Point) As Single
Lastly, I have an additional property called
counter. Notice that this property has the keyword
ReadOnly. This keyword indicates that this property can only be read and cannot be assigned a value such as in the following:
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The Admission Assessment for Beginning Learners (AABL) is a creative interactive approach to learning that schools use to support admission and placement decisions for applicants Pre-K–Grade 1.
AABL assesses a child’s verbal and quantitative reasoning, early literacy, and mathematics skills and compares them to other children taking the test at the same level throughout the United States.
What to Expect Video for PreK Applicants
What to Expect Video for Kindergarten Applicants
What to Expect Video for 1st Grade Applicants
The iPad interface uses vibrant graphics to present engaging activities that provide an enjoyable testing environment for your child. Professionals administer the AABL through the iPad, but first give applicants a tutorial on how to use the iPad to respond to test items.
ERB determines a raw score, based on correct answers. ERB then converts the raw score to a scaled score, ranging from 40 to 160, with a mean of 100. Scaled scores allow for comparisons across children taking different forms of the test. In addition to the scaled score for each test, the publisher provides norms for each age category.
The report will look similar to the ISEE score report, but with age-appropriate information. For each section (Verbal Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning, Early Literacy and Mathematics), reports will include the raw score, scaled score, percentile rank, and stanine.
The fee is $65.00 per student. The assessment is taken once, and families can send the results to multiple schools accepting AABL results. ERB offers fee waivers to schools for distribution to families that qualify.
Registration Site/Additional Information
Visit the official ERB AABL website to learn more and register. | <urn:uuid:c283f847-5641-4807-be53-2e261a47c0b6> | {
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CONTACT: Stanford University News Service (650) 723-2558
STUDENTS ORGANIZE COURSE ON NATIVE AMERICAN COMMON LAW
STANFORD --In traditional Navajo society, cases of theft were handled by a meeting of the families involved. Similarly, when a murder took place within the Lakota tribe, the families got together to determine what retribution should be paid.
"The aim was not to extract punishment," said Stanford University law student Kip Bobroff, "but to restore everyone involved into harmony with the group."
Today, such examples of Native American justice rarely are taught in law schools - the few that do teach Indian law usually focus on the relationship between the federal government and Native Americans.
This semester, though, a group of Stanford University law students has organized an unusual new course focusing on both the traditional and modern role of law within Native American societies.
Taught by University of California-Berkeley Professor Rory Fausett - with planned help from visiting Cherokee, Cheyenne, Hupa, Iroquois and Navajo legal experts - "Native American Common Law and Legal Institutions" will consider how Indian societies historically dealt with such issues as criminality, dispute resolution and agreements.
The course also will show how Indian legal systems have changed or remained the same in the face of Anglo-American influenced institutions, such as tribal courts and legislative councils.
"Traditional Indian common law is drastically different from the Western adversarial system," said second-year law student Colin Cloud Hampson, a Winnebago/Chippewa who helped to organize the course.
"In Western courts the goal is to have a judgment or resolution. Traditional ways usually are not adversarial - they're more aimed at talking things out. A lot of tribal courts today are talking about incorporating more Indian common law into their proceedings."
Because so little of Indian law actually has been written down, organizing the course has proved to be a major challenge for Hampson and his fellow Native American law students.
In the past year, about five of them helped to compile a 1,000-page reading packet on the subject that includes scholarly articles, book excerpts, anthropological and historical studies, modern and traditional literary and religious texts, trial transcripts, and U.S. and native appellate court cases.
The students are hoping that visiting speakers - including a Supreme Court justice of the Navajo Nation, the attorney general of the Seneca Nation, a sub-chief of the Onondaga Nation and a former judge of the Northern Cheyenne nation - will fill in the gaps and add further information about how tribal courts operate today.
"If we can get sufficient grant money, we hope to be able to fly the speakers here," Hampson said. "This will be a rare opportunity for the campus to meet these people."
Because the course is so unusual, the Stanford law students are hoping to reproduce the course syllabus and reading materials in a form that can be used by other schools and Native Americans. The students also are having the course videotaped, and will be preparing research papers relating to their coursework that they hope to have published.
This is an archived release.
This release is not available in any other form.
Images mentioned in this release are not available online.
© Stanford University. All Rights Reserved. Stanford, CA 94305. (650) 723-2300. | <urn:uuid:32310761-13dd-4089-9f05-6e0ebae1aea5> | {
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Today in History, May 28, 1917:
300 miles south of Greenland, a few sailors aboard a US Navy “oiler”, the USS Maumee AO-2, made history with an act which would greatly affect history.
The logistics of keeping fleets supplied at sea was nothing new, but it did have extreme restrictions. The Navy had tackled the problem in order to display its reach with the around the world tour of the Great White Fleet in 1907-1909, but that had been a task of loading enough coal on board to keep the ships moving.
The Maumee, when commissioned in 1914, was the Navy’s first diesel powered surface ship. When the United States joined the fight in WWI, she was sent to a point off Greenland to do something which had never been done before…refuel ships while underway at sea. Her first customers were six Destroyers on their way to England. They performed the task successfully, and continued refueling ship that weren’t “log-legged” enough to make the trip.
I’ve written before about someone who always seemed to be mentioned when reading Army history about others during the 19th Century…General Nelson A. Miles. Often he was the guy “cleaning up” an issue or who “also” played an important part.
Well, here is “that guy” for the US Navy in the 20th Century. He became more famous, of course, but not for everything he should have.
When the Maumee was commissioned, a young Lieutenant was named her Executive Officer because he was an expert in her diesel engine technology. He was still the Exec when she performed her ground breaking refueling tasks. Chester Nimitz played an integral part. Because of his expertise with diesel engines, Nimitz would also play a key part in the development of the Navy’s submarine fleet.
In 1938 the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral William Leahy, ordered the commander of TF 7 to develop procedures for refueling larger ships, such as battleships, cruisers and carriers while underway at sea. That, of course, was now Rear Admiral Nimitz.
When the US joined in WWII after the attack on Pearl Harbor, they called Nimitz from a job in DC to command the Pacific Fleet. Now he was in charge of taking the war to Japan. A job that required a lot of logistics, including vast advancements in refueling huge fleets at sea. The underway processes would be key in famous battles such as the Coral Sea, Midway, the Doolittle Raid and many others. One of the first at-sea casualties in the fleet would be an oiler during the Coral Sea battle.
In 1944 another huge leap was made. Admiral Raymond Spruance was tasked with performing raids on Japan to minimize air attack threats during the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. (His boss was Nimitz.) He had a problem which had to be solved. The Navy had underway refueling down to an art. However his fleet of Aircraft Carriers would “shoot” through their on-board supply of munitions (bombs, torpedoes, bullets) in about three days. After the three days, they would have to make a 12 day trip to Ulithi Atoll and back for resupply. This would keep them on station and in the war only six days out of a month.
As Leahy had, Spruance ordered his staff to develop processes to resupply ammunition, food stocks, etc. while underway. Which they did. It was a dangerous undertaking, moving bombs across decks of moving ships and across winches between ships, but they did it. Now, after spending their ammo, the fleet would sail overnight to meet the supply ships, refuel, re-arm and re-supply while underway from different supply ships while underway, and be back in the fight within two days.
After the war, inventive officers asked to design ships which could replenish ships underway using a “one-stop shop” method…where one supply ship would resupply fuel, ammo and other needed supplies in one pass. The Navy’s new CNO approved heartily…of course…Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.
The Navy has made huge advancements since, and in recent years has improved their resupply capabilities even more. They have the massive Gerald Ford carriers to plan for.
The US military’s ability to reach out and touch someone anywhere in the world, would not be possible without the innovations which allow them to resupply on the move…anywhere.
We almost didn’t have “Chester” to help make all of these advancements for the Navy. In 1907, young Ensign Nimitz ran his Destroyer, the USS Decatur, aground and was found guilty of hazarding his ship during the subsequent court martial. As we have seen during recent events, this normally would mean a swift end to one’s Naval career. Thank God the Navy brass saw fit to give Nimitz another chance. | <urn:uuid:f19be2c5-2b41-4525-87c2-232e40185065> | {
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View your list of saved words. (You can log in using Facebook.)
Definition of LIGURIA
region NW Italy bordering on Ligurian Sea ∗ Genoa pop 1,621,016
— Li·gu·ri·an\-ē-ən\adjective or noun
Region (pop., 2001 prelim.: 1,560,748), northwestern Italy. Covering 2,092 sq mi (5,418 sq km) and located on the Ligurian Sea between France and Tuscany, it has its capital at Genoa. Under Roman rule from the 1st century BC, the region was briefly controlled by the Lombards and Franks during the Middle Ages. The city of Genoa emerged as a leading power as early as the 11th century, and by 1400 the entire region benefited from its maritime and commercial powers. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna gave Liguria to the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It contributed significantly to the union of Italy in 1861. Its economy is based on agriculture, tourism, and industries centred on its major cities, including Genoa. La Spezia is a major naval base. | <urn:uuid:215fbb95-7f4f-4edf-940e-8949d0e52bf6> | {
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Multiplying a Fraction by a Whole Number
Lesson 20 of 22
Objective: SWBAT multiply fractions by whole numbers.
Whole Class Discussion
In today's lesson, the students learn to apply and extend previous understanding of multiplication by multiplying a fraction by a whole number (4.NF.B4b). The students understand that a multiple of a/b as a multiple of 1/b, and use this understanding to multiply a fraction by a whole number.
Before we begin this lesson, I review with the class what they learned on the previous day. I remind the students that fractions are multiples of unit fractions. I ask for a volunteer to tell me the meaning of a unit fraction. Student response: The numerator is 1. In yesterday's example, we used 3/4 as a fraction. We said that 1/4 is the unit fraction for 3/4. We learned to write an addition sentence for our fraction. In this example, the addition sentence was 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4= 3/4. We discussed that multiplication is repeated addition, therefore, if a number repeats, we can write a multiplication sentence. Our multiplication sentence in this example was 1/4 x 3 = 3/4. I remind the students that we write the whole number as a fraction by placing it over a denominator of 1. Our division rule tells us that any number divided by 1 is that same number.
For more practice, we do a problem together. The students are at their seats with a piece of paper. I am writing on the Smart board as we review. I tell them that if we have the fraction 4/10, we can add 1/10 + 1/10 + 1/10 + 1/10= 4/10. Our multiplication is 4 x 1/10 = 4/10. Today, we learn that we can find another multiplication sentence that gives us the same fraction. I give the students the example of making a multiplication sentence using 2/10. I ask, "What do I multiply this by to get 4/10?" Student response: 2. Together, we multiply 2 x 2/10 to get 4/10. I let the students know that 2 x 2/10 and 4 x 1/10 equal the same fraction. I ask the students to explain to me why they are the same. Student responses: 1) The numerators in both fractions are the same, and 2) They have the same denominator. Look at the relationship of those two number sentences, and then explain what you notice. (The students had a difficult time explaining what they noticed about the two number sentences. At this point, I'm hoping that the students will see a connection when they do the activity. I do not want to tell them the answer. I want them to be able to tell me because it will show that they have gained understanding.)
Before letting them work in groups, I remind them that we learned that fractions are multiples of unit fractions. I need them to remember this as they write equivalent equations. On the Smart board, I draw a model of 4 x 1/10. To show the students the connection between 4 x 1/10 and 2 x 2/10, I group the model of the 4/10 into groups of 2. The students can see 2 groups of 2/10 (See Model - Multiplying Fractions.JPG).
I let the students know that they are going to practice the skill with a partner.
For this activity, I let the students work as pairs. I give each pair a Multiplying a Fraction by a Whole Number.docx activity sheet, along with a Multiplication Chart.pdf (MP5). The students must match equations to discover that a multiple of a/b as a multiple of 1/b. After they learn this, they must use their new knowledge to write their own equations.
a. 2/3 x 2 b. 1/3 x 5 c. 4/8 x 2 d. 3/8 x 3
Part 1: Multiply the problems listed above (a, b, c, and d) to find the products. Match the correct equations from a, b, c, or d to the equations for problems 1 and 2 below. Write the letter on the line. Explain how the equations are equivalent.
______ 1. 1/3 x 4 = 4/3
______ 2. 1/8 x 9= 9/8
Part 2: Write another equation that equals the fraction. Draw a model of each equation. Explain why they are the same.
3. 3/4 x 4= 12/4
4. 2/6 x 4 = 8/6
As they work, I monitor and assess their progression of understanding through questioning.
1. What is the unit fraction?
2. What is another multiple of the unit fraction?
3. What number can you use to multiply by the numerator to get the same product?
4. Do both equations equal the same fraction?
As I walk around the classroom, I am questioning the students and looking for common misconceptions among the students. Any misconceptions are addressed at the point, as well as whole class at the end of the activity.
Any student that finishes the assignment early, can go to the computer to practice fractions at the following site until we are ready for the whole group sharing: http://www.softschools.com/math/games/fractions_practice.jsp
As I monitored the pairs, I questioned them to assess their understanding. The pairs could match the equations easily. However, when it came to writing their own equation some found it a little difficult. The goal of this lesson is for the students to understand that they can group the multiples of the fractions in different ways to multiply by a whole number and get the same answer. (Thus, multiples of a/b are multiples of 1/b.)
To close the lesson, we review the answers to the problems. This gives those students who still do not understand another opportunity to learn it. I like to use my document camera to show the students' work during this time. Some students do not understand what is being said, but understand clearly when the work is put up for them to see.
I feel that by closing each of my lessons by having students share their work is very important to the success of the lesson. Students need to see good work samples (Multiplying a whole number and fraction.jpg), as well as work that may have incorrect information. More than one student may have had the same misconception. During the closing of the lesson, all misconceptions that were spotted during the activity will be addressed whole class. In the Video - Multiplying a fraction by a whole number, you can hear a student explain his answer.
I collect all papers from the students. All struggling students identified as I monitored during their independent activity will receive further instruction in small group. | <urn:uuid:509d9638-eaf2-4733-9ae4-16de757d815f> | {
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Endogenous retroviruses are retroviruses derived from ancient infections of germ cells in humans, mammals and other vertebrates; as such their proviruses are passed on to the next generation and now remain in the genome. Retroviruses are viruses that reverse-transcribe their RNA into DNA for integration into the host's genome. Most retroviruses (such as HIV-1) infect somatic cells, but some can also infect germline cells (cells that make eggs and sperm) and once they have done so and have been transmitted to the next generation, they are termed endogenous. Endogenous retroviruses can persist in the genome of their host for long periods. However, they are generally only infectious for a short time after integration as they acquire 'knockout' mutations during host DNA replication. They can also be partially excised from the genome by a process known as recombinational deletion.
Additional recommended knowledge
Endosymbiotic ERV's in mammals
During pregnancy in viviparous mammals (all mammals except Monotremes), ERVs are activated and produced in high quantities during the implantation of the embryo. They are currently known to act as immunodepressors, protecting the embryo from its mother's immune system. Also viral fusion proteins apparently cause the formation of the placental syncytium in order to limit the exchange of migratory cells between the developing embryo and the body of the mother (something an epithelium will not do sufficiently, as certain blood cells are specialized to be able to insert themselves between adjacent epithelial cells). The ERV is a virus similar to HIV (which causes AIDS in humans). The immunodepressive action was the initial normal behavior of the virus, similar to HIV, the fusion proteins were a way to spread the infection to other cells by simply merging them with the infected one (HIV does this too). It is believed that the ancestors of modern vivipary mammals evolved after an infection by this virus, enabling the fetus to survive the immune system of the mother.
The human genome project found several thousand ERVs classified into 24 families.
Human endogenous retrovirusesHuman endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are suspected of involvement in some autoimmune diseases, in particular with multiple sclerosis. Investigations also suggest possible HERV involvement in the HELLP syndrome and pre-eclampsia. There are many thousands of endogenous retroviruses within human DNA (HERVs comprise 8% of the human genome, with 98,000 elements and fragments). All appear to be defective, containing nonsense mutations or major deletions, and cannot produce infectious virus particles. This is because most are just long-lasting traces of the original virus, having first integrated many millions of years ago. However, there is one family of viruses that have been active since the divergence of humans and chimpanzees. This family, termed HERV-K(HML2), makes up less than 1% of HERV elements but is one of the most studied. There are indications it has even been active in the past few hundred thousand years, as some human individuals carry more copies of the virus family than others. But the absence of known infectious members of the HERV-K(HML2) family, and the lack of elements with a full coding potential within the published human genome sequence, suggests that the family is less likely to be active at present.
In 2006, researchers led by Thierry Heidmann at the Institut Gustave Roussy in Villejuif, France were able to recreate a HERV, which they dubbed Phoenix.
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Endogenous_retrovirus". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.| | <urn:uuid:985544a7-280a-479d-88c7-f28a633c99d7> | {
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The Roman soldier rushed at Kurgawa, emitting a
He didn't have a chance.
With inhuman speed, the samurai took a savage swing at his mid-section. The blade ripped hungrily through the armor and soft flesh. A violent explosion of flesh, blood, innards and bones burst forth into the air. The Roman soldier split in two. His upper half sailed back into another Roman, knocking him to the ground. His lower half flew past the samurai, hitting the earth.
Another one charged at Kurgawa. The samurai leapt into the air, whipping his foot at the soldier with horrific force. It smashed into the side of his face with a loud crack. His left eyeball burst out of his socket. The centurion was whipped into a spin. Kurgawa landed. He whipped the sword at the centurion, relieving him of his head. The headless corpse fell to the ground.
Two more came at the samurai.
Kurgawa leapt into a tight somersault. His feet smashed hard into the faces of the Roman soldiers. Blood and teeth exploded from their mouths. They flew back. The momentum of the kick sent Kurgawa flying back through the air, over the heads of two more Romans who attempted to attack him from behind. Kurgawa, instead, landed behind them. They whirled around. Kurgawa's blade tore through them with savage glee. A red cloud of blood and flesh engulfed the soldiers as Kurgawa's blade ripped them in half. The remains dropped to the ground. Kurgawa stood there, covered in Roman blood. He turned to his right-
And a giant centurion rushed at him, armed with two axes.
Kurgawa somersaulted over him. The centurion spun around, swinging his axes at Kurgawa. He dodged the blows effortlessly. With lightning speed, he ducked another blow, and rolled past the centurion. As he did so, Kurgawa took a swing at the Roman's leg. Blood exploded from it. The soldier cried out in pain, dropping to one knee. He turned to his right-
And Kurgawa's blade ripped through his upper right arm, severing it. The centurion screamed in agony, dropping his other axe. Kurgawa then thrust his sword deep into the centurion's chest. The Roman's eyes bulged out of his head in agony. Kurgawa smiled hideously at his victim-
And with incredible strength, yanked his sword up. It tore through the Roman's chest and neck, finally exiting out the top of his head. Blood, brain and bone exploded forth. The corpse dropped heavily onto the earth.
Kurgawa looked up. Dozens of slain Roman soldiers, may of them dismembered, lay before him. The few living ones ran away, screaming for their lives. Not one of the samurai was injured. One of them turned to Kurgawa.
"Shall we go after them?!"
"No!" exclaimed Kurgawa gruffly. "We must go to Lord Hashiyama's aid! Move out!!"
The samurai all ran off towards the cliff.
Xena trudged up the rocky path. She looked down below. Her sharp eyes could see that the samurai had finished battling the Romans, and were now on their way to the cave. The samurai began to ascend via a slope alongside the cliff. Fortunately, none of them had seen her. She had to stop them somehow.
Xena studied the rocks above them. Her eyes focused on one large boulder that seemed to be perched on an edge. She studied the many others below it. An idea came to her.
She ran behind another rock, and spied on the samurai as they continued to rapidly ascend the slope. Finally, when Xena felt they came close enough, she quickly stood up and flung her chakram at the large boulder's base, hitting it just at the edge.
The chakram ripped through the earth like butter through a knife. It dislodged the boulder. The boulder came crashing down off the edge, slamming into the others before it. And in seconds, an avalanche roared towards the samurai. Xena caught her chakram as it sailed back to her. She could see nothing but a huge cloud of dust. Xena heard blood-curdling screams as the samurai were ground into the earth. The Warrior Princess sighed.
"So much for them."
She continued onward. Eventually, she reached the top of the cliff-
And eight more samurai stood before her, swords drawn. Xena grimaced in disgust.
"Me and my big mouth." she growled.
The samurai charged at her, screaming their battle cries. Xena somersaulted over their heads. She landed, and threw her chakram at them. It tore through the necks of two samurai, slicing their heads off. The corpses fell to the earth. Two more of them charged at her.
She leapt into the air, swinging her foot hard into their faces. Blood and teeth burst from their mouths. The powerful blow sent them into a spin. Xena landed, swinging her sword viciously at them. There was a violent explosion of blood. Two more headless corpses dropped to the earth. The chakram flew back towards Xena, and she snatched it out of the air, hooking it to her skirt.
The remaining four circled her slowly. Xena's eyes darted left and right, waiting for them to attack her. She didn't have to wait long.
One leapt at her from behind, swinging his sword. Xena quickly blocked it. The swords collided violently. At that moment, two more samurai charged at her, thrusting their swords. Xena leapt into the air sideways, slamming her feet hard to the faces of each samurai. Their jaws shattered with loud cracks. They flew back, falling onto the earth. The force of the blow sent Xena into a tight somersault. She landed behind the first samurai. He turned and charged at her. There was a brief, violent parry. The fourth samurai charged at Xena. She somersaulted over the first samurai, kicking him in the back in the process. He flew towards the other samurai, impaling himself on the other's sword. His comrade stared at him in horror. He drew the blade out. The dead samurai fell to the earth-
And a savage, burning pain exploded from the other's throat. The samurai clutched it. A knife was embedded deep in it. He stared at Xena in shock. Then he fell to the ground, joining his comrade in death.
The remaining two samurai rose to their feet. Blood flowed out of their shattered jaws. They whirled their swords, eyeing Xena cautiously. Xena's sapphire eyes narrowed. They began to circle each other.
One of them charged, taking a vicious swing at Xena's mid-section. She somersaulted over him. As she was upside-down in mid air, she took a savage swing at the samurai's head. The blade tore into his neck and up. His head split in two, blood and brain bursting out of the wound. He dropped to the ground, dead. Xena landed. The last samurai charged at her. Swords clashed heatedly. There was a brief, violent parry. The samurai thrust his foot out at Xena with lightning speed . It slammed into her face. Blood exploded from her mouth and nose. She flew through the air, crashing into the ground. Xena sensed the oncoming sword. She rolled out of the way as it burrowed into the earth. With a harsh cry, Xena rammed her feet into his side with all her might. There was a loud crack as several ribs snapped. He sailed through the air, smashing face first into the ground. Xena attacked him. He rolled away, swinging his sword at Xena's mid-section. She barely dodged it. He lunged at her with lightning speed. Impossibly, Xena dodged him. With a harsh cry, she buried her sword deep into the samurai's side. He let out a gurgled cry of agony. With his remaining strength, he drew a knife-
And the side of his neck erupted in a cloud of blood and blinding pain. His eyes dilated in incredible agony. He saw Xena holding her chakram in her other hand. Blood and flesh dripped from it. Xena withdrew her sword with a sickening wet sound. The samurai's eyes rolled into the back of his head. He fell to the ground, dead.
Xena glared at the eight corpses, breathing heavily. Her injured ribs throbbed painfully. She rubbed them, licking her lips. Xena turned and ran off towards the cave.
She entered it, looking around. Xena continued on, deeper and deeper. Finally, she walked into a large open space. Light shone from a hole high above. She felt a presence. Xena's eyes darted left and right.
"You're too late, Xena."
She spun towards the direction of the sound. Two glowing red eyes appeared. And into the light walked Hashiyama, holding the Chalice of Sekhmet. He turned it in his hand. Drops of the goddess's blood dripped from it. He tossed the Chalice into a deep pit. A cold smile appeared on his face.
"So. You survived the duel with my best samurai, Kurgawa. I'm most impressed."
Xena raised an eyebrow.
"Was that his name?? Guess I'll never know for sure."
Hashiyama raised his own eyebrow.
"What do you mean?"
"They're all dead." said Xena darkly. "And the ones outside this cave as well."
Hashiyama's eyes widened in shock. She stepped into the light, a feral smile crossing her lips.
"So! What have we here?? Another warlord, bent on power. And using the power of the gods to help him succeed. How original."
Hashiyama snorted. His eyes narrowed.
"You should talk, Warrior Princess! Isn't that why you're here??"
"Warlord days are behind me. I don't get thrills terrorizing innocent people any more."
Hashiyama nodded slowly.
"Hmmmmm....so, you plan on stopping me??"
Xena's smile grew wider. Hashiyama laughed harshly, shaking his head. He regarded Xena for a few moments.
"I can't help but admire you."
Xena's smile turned into a sneer.
"The feeling isn't mutual."
A moment of silence. He began to pace back and forth.
"I plan to return to my country of Nippon. I was a powerful warlord there. My men and I went on a sailing expedition when a storm overtook us. Two of our ships sank. The last, badly damaged, was sent adrift. Then we landed in a country called India. We've traveled much since then, hiring ourselves out as mercenaries. I was attempting to raise enough money to amass an army. I was going to return to Nippon, and claim the country as my own."
He turned towards Xena, his face full of savage glee.
"But now... with the power of this goddess flowing through my veins, I shall raze Nippon to the ground. The people there will bow to me. And then, it will be onto the world."
Xena chuckled, shaking her head.
"Oh no-no-no-no. I don't think so."
The glee was replaced by a dark rage.
"What...??" he uttered in an inhuman growl.
Xena looked up at Hashiyama, her ice blue eyes pulsating with feral determination. She gritted her teeth heatedly.
"You're not leaving this cave. This will be your grave, Hashiyama."
Her voice rumbled with deadly finality. Hashiyama's eyes narrowed.
"You think you can defeat me?! I have the power of a god!!"
"I've killed gods before. What can a piss-ant like you possibly do to me?!"
Hashiyama's eyes narrowed into glowing slits.
"I'll ground you into the earth, bitch."
At that, Xena laughed harshly. She glared at Hashiyama, her eyes wide with gleeful spite.
"Well, what are ya waiting for?! Come on!! Or are ya afraid a woman will beat ya?!"
Hashiyama's eyes widened in fury. He fired a red-white ball of energy from his hand. Xena leapt out of the way. The bolt ripped into the wall, blowing out huge chunks of rock and debris. Xena rolled along the ground. Hashiyama spun towards her, firing off another ball of energy. She somersaulted towards Hashiyama as the energy ball ripped into the wall with a violent explosion. As she flew over him, upside down, Xena swung her sword hard at his head. Hashiyama sensed the oncoming sword, and ducked. It whistled past his head. Xena landed behind him. Hashiyama rolled along the ground, and fired another ball at Xena. She jumped out of the way again and flung her chakram at his head. Hashiyama tried pulling out of the way, but wasn't fast enough. It tore across the side of his face. Blood exploded from it. Hashiyama cried out in pain. He rolled along the ground. The chakram ricochetted off the walls of the cave, towards Xena. She leapt forward, catching it. Both turned to face each other. Hashiyama noticed the ground trembling. He suddenly realized the cavern was about to cave in. He had to get out. Hashiyama rushed off towards the entrance. Xena's eyes went wide with rage.
She somersaulted through the air, landing in front of Hashiyama. She whipped her foot across Hashiyama's face. Blood and teeth blasted out from his mouth. He stumbled backwards. Xena took a vicious swing at him. Hashiyama ducked the sword. With lightning speed, he executed three kicks of his own. Two slammed into Xena's mid-section, causing one of her injured ribs to snap again. The third hooked hard into the side of Xena's head. The powerful blow sent Xena flying through the air, smashing face-first into a wall. She fell hard to the ground. Hashiyama's eyes went wide with rage. He drew his arm back, and fired an energy ball at Xena. It hurtled towards her. Suddenly, Xena got on her knees, and drew her chakram. With a savage cry, she slammed it into the oncoming energy ball. It bounced off the weapon, shooting back towards Hashiyama. His eyes widened in shock.
The ball slammed into his chest with punishing force. He flew back through the air, towards the wall-
And a large, sharp piece of rock ripped out of his chest. Hashiyama's eyes dilated in agony. Blood erupted from his mouth. He found himself impaled on the wall of the cavern. His eyes rolled into the back of his head. He slumped forward, dead.
Xena got to her feet. The cavern was collapsing around her. She ran out of it. With a deafening roar, the ceiling caved in. Xena ran swiftly as the passageway collapsed behind her. Finally, she exited the cave. A blast of air and debris shot out of it. Xena rolled along the ground, dodging the debris. She gasped heavily. Her broken rib sent sharp stabs of pain through her left side. She slowly rose to her feet-
And she saw him.
Kurgawa. Bloody and bruised, but alive. A cold smile was etched into his face. He was armed with a sword. Xena grimaced in disgust.
"It just gets better and better." she mumbled to herself.
Xena's eyes narrowed. Her lips twisted into a snarl. She hooked the chakram back onto her skirt. The two warriors began to circle one other. Then they charged at each other, screaming their battle cries.
Xena took a vicious swing at Kurgawa. He leapt into the air, slamming both feet into Xena's face. Her head snapped back, blood bursting from her mouth and nose. She flew through the air, crashing into the ground. Stunned, Xena rolled onto her back-
And a sword plunged down at her. Xena quickly shifted to the right, swinging her sword at Kurgawa's mid-section. Impossibly, he somersaulted out of the way of the oncoming sword, using his own to balance on. He flew through the air, landing on his feet. Kurgawa sensed something rushing towards him. Instinctively, he raised his sword-
And there was the horrific clash of metal. With lightning speed, Kurgawa rammed his foot into Xena's stomach, chest, and face. The last blow sent Xena flying through the air again. She slammed into the earth.
Xena saw an object plunging at her. She dodged the sword and swung hers again, but met with nothing but air. With incredible speed, she rolled away and onto her feet in a crouched position-
And a blade came down at her.
Xena blocked it, her body shaking violently from the force of the colliding weapons. With incredible strength, she pushed Kurgawa's blade off hers. Kurgawa stumbled back. Xena leapt into the air, ramming both her feet into Kurgawa's face. She slammed them repeatedly into it, driving the samurai back. Finally, with one savage double-kick, she pushed off Kurgawa. She flew back through the air. Kurgawa was hurled back, smashing face-first into the ground.
Stunned, the samurai sensed an oncoming presence. Folding himself tightly into a spring, he flipped himself up and away from the oncoming sword. He felt it dig into the earth-
And Kurgawa thrust his body back out with all his might. His feet connected solidly with something. Kurgawa fell belly-first to the ground, glancing over his shoulder. He saw Xena's body flying back through the air, flipping over itself, the warrior's sword flying out of her hand. She smashed face-down into the earth, raising a huge cloud of dust.
Kurgawa was on his feet, armed with sword. He rushed at the Warrior Princess, swinging his sword down at her head.
Impossibly, she rolled out of the way. Kurgawa heard a whooshing sound. He yanked his head back. But he wasn't fast enough.
The chakram tore past his right eye. Blood and flesh exploded from the socket. Kurgawa cried out in agony. He released his sword, stumbling back. An instant later, he sensed something rush at him-
And he twisted out of the way. Kurgawa grabbed Xena's hair. He rammed a knee with all his might into her face. The powerful blow snapped her head back. Blood erupted once again from her nose. She staggered back, dropping the chakram. Kurgawa threw a savage right at Xena-
Only to feel her own fist burrow into his face. Blood and blinding pain erupted from it. His head snapped back. With a savage cry, Xena grabbed his shoulders and rammed her head repeatedly into his face. Kurgawa's nose was shattered. Blood and teeth burst from his mouth. She rammed her knee with all her might into his groin. Steeling her fingers, Xena jabbed her right hand into the side of Kurgawa's neck-
And suddenly, she felt Kurgawa's fingers rip into her own neck. Her eyes dilated in shock and incredible pain. The two warriors stumbled away from each other, both falling onto one knee.
Xena knelt in the sand, trembling. Focusing every last bit of strength she had, she rammed her own fingers into another part of her neck, counter-balancing Kurgawa's pressure-point attack. The vicious pain subsided. She looked up. Kurgawa thrust his own fingers into his neck as well. She noticed his body stop shaking.
The two warriors rose to their feet. Xena's eyes narrowed. She had definitely met her equal. Kurgawa matched her every move, and then some.
Gabrielle surveyed the carnage among the rubble. Asima rushed up to her side.
"All of them, I think."
Ayman turned to his sister.
"At least we don't have to fight samurai."
Gabrielle turned towards them.
"Let's get going."
A foot hooked into the side of Xena's head. She flew through the air, smashing sideways into the earth. Kurgawa rushed at her. She quickly rolled onto her back, raising her foot. Kurgawa's stomach collided with it. She grabbed his wrists and flipped him with all her might over her head. He hit the ground hard. A cloud of dust erupted from it. The two warriors quickly got to their feet.
Kurgawa threw a savage punch. It smashed into Xena's face. It whipped to the side, liquid red streaming out of her mouth, along with a tooth. Seconds later, Xena returned with her own devastating right. Kurgawa's face whipped off to the side. Blood streamed out, falling onto the sand. The two warriors then threw vicious lefts at each other. Both connected solidly with the other's face. Both warriors flew off through the air. They crashed into the earth.
Xena and Kurgawa slowly rose to their feet, glaring at each other. Then, a smile crossed Kurgawa's lips. Xena raised an eyebrow. She returned the smile.
Then they charged at each other again.
Xena executed a vicious, whirling kick. Kurgawa blocked the blow. With lightning speed, Xena thrust her foot repeatedly at the samurai. He blocked every single blow with deadly efficiency. Xena thrust out her foot again. This time, Kurgawa grabbed her foot and calf with both hands. Suddenly, using Xena's own leg as leverage, he flipped himself over Xena's head. Kurgawa landed behind her. Xena, momentarily off-balance, spun to face the samurai. A foot slammed deep into her side, refracturing her ribs as well as a new one. Ferocious pain blasted forth. She let out a loud grunt, flying back through the air. Xena hit the ground face-down.
The pain was almost unbearable. But Xena fought through it with heated determination. She sensed a presence rushing towards her, and flipped out of the way. Xena heard a sword strike the earth. She rose to her feet-
And a blade whisked towards her mid-section. Xena leapt back. But she wasn't fast enough.
It tore through her leather and flesh. Blood spurted out of the wound. Xena cried out in pain. Kurgawa swung at her again. Xena leapt into the air, swinging her right foot full-force into the side of Kurgawa's face. There was a loud crack as his jaw snapped. The violent blow sent him flying through the air. The sword tumbled out of his hand. He crashed into the earth, his head smashing into a rock. Kurgawa rolled into his stomach.
Xena landed. She picked up a dead samurai's sword and rushed at Kurgawa's motionless form. She plunged the sword at his back-
And her lower left side erupted in searing pain. Xena screamed in agony. She stumbled back. She only had a moment to see Kurgawa on his knee with a long, bloody dagger in his hand. Xena tripped on a rock and fell back onto the ground in a seated position. Kurgawa approached her.
Both warriors spun towards the direction of the sound. It was Gabrielle. Ayman and Asima were at her side. Terror washed over the blonde's face. Xena glared at her heatedly.
"Stay out of this Gabrielle!!"
She quickly turned towards Kurgawa. He slowly approached Xena, eyeing her warily. Xena got to one knee. She felt the new wound. It was bleeding heavily. Xena knew she had to act quickly, before her strength was drained.
She rose to her feet. The two warriors circled each other, studying the other's body movements-
And Kurgawa rushed at Xena with a ferocious cry.
She took a violent swing at him. With incredible agility, he dove underneath the blade, rolling along the ground. His left arm struck out like a viper. The dagger tore across Xena's leg. Blood exploded from it. Xena cried out in pain. In half a second, she was spinning around, bringing her sword down at Kurgawa's head. He dodged the blow by inches, and rammed both his feet hard into Xena's left side. Searing, savage pain erupted from it. Xena's blue eyes bulged out in agony. She stumbled back. Kurgawa was on his feet in less than a second. With a well-aimed kick, he knocked the sword out of Xena's hand. Kurgawa lunged at her. She spun out of his way, grabbing his wrist. With all her might, she rammed her left foot deep into Kurgawa's right side. There was a loud crack as several ribs snapped. His brown eye bulged out in agony. With a hideous scream, Xena rammed her right fist with all her might into Kurgawa's face. His head snapped back, a huge fountain of blood erupting from his mouth. Another vicious kick to his left side. More ribs snapped. Xena threw a left-
And she felt a fist smash into her face. Blood and several teeth erupted from her mouth. She stumbled back-
And something burrowed into her stomach. Xena felt herself lifted into the air by the force of the powerful blow. The air was knocked out of her lungs. She landed back on her feet-
And something grabbed her shoulders. Xena's eyes focused on a massive forehead filling her vision-
Another explosion of pain. She felt her nose snap-
And something hit her across the face with horrific force. She felt airborne-
And finally, Xena collided back-first into a wall of rock. She fell face-first to the earth.
With great difficulty, Xena propped herself up on her elbows. Kurgawa staggered towards her. She slowly got to her knees, then her feet. Her sapphire eyes went wild with rage and bloodlust. She rushed at Kurgawa, executing a flying kick-
And Kurgawa flipped onto his hands. He slammed both legs onto Xena's calf like a vise, as she flew through the air-
And he twisted himself into a violent spin, whipping Xena's body around and around overhead. Then he separated both legs, releasing her-
And Xena smashed back-first into the boulder again. She fell to the ground. Kurgawa flipped himself onto his feet. Xena rose to hers-
And Kurgawa slammed his right fist into her stomach. Xena grunted, doubling over in agony. Kurgawa followed up with an uppercut. Xena's head whipped back. A hard kick to her left side. Xena let out a loud, mournful cry-
And the next was a whirling kick. It connected solidly with Xena's chin. She flew through the air, her body flipping over itself. She smashed face-fist into the earth, and lay still.
Kurgawa clutched at his broken ribs. He began to walk towards the fallen warrior. Suddenly, Kurgawa heard a furious cry from his right. He leapt into the air in a somersault. He looked down-
And saw Gabrielle tear past in the form of a flying kick.
Both warriors landed on the feet. Gabrielle spun to face Kurgawa. She rushed at him.
Gabrielle executed a vicious combination of kicks, but Kurgawa, incredibly, blocked them all. Gabrielle then thrust her sais at him with lightning speed. Kurgawa slapped away every attempt. He snapped out a foot. It burrowed into the blonde's stomach. Her emerald eyes bulged out in agonizing pain. She flew through the air, crashing into the earth. Her sais flew out of her hands. Kurgawa rushed at her. Gabrielle quickly grabbed one sai, rising to her feet. She thrust it hard at Kurgawa's mid-section. He grabbed her forearm and snapped it like a twig. Gabrielle screamed in agony. Then, a savage left to her face. Gabrielle's head snapped back, blood shooting from her mouth and nose. Finally, he delivered a brutal kick to the blonde's side. There was a loud crack as ribs snapped. Gabrielle flew through the air, crashing back-first into a boulder. She fell to the ground and lay motionless.
Kurgawa panted hard. Sweat and blood dripped down his face in torrents. Then, to his total shock, he heard a hideous scream from his right. Like a cat, he sprung high into the air-
And he saw Xena's form whisk past, underneath him. He landed. Xena whirled towards him, whipping out a booted foot. Kurgawa leapt back. Xena executed a flying kick. Kurgawa somersaulted over her head. Both warriors landed. They faced each other.
Xena lunged at Kurgawa, throwing a left. He twisted himself, grabbing her forearm and ramming his left fist with all his might into Xena's face. Her head whipped back. Wrapping his right arm around her left forearm, he viciously yanked it up, snapping it. Xena wailed in agony. Kurgawa burrowed his left fist into Xena's stomach, lifting the Warrior Princess into the air. As she landed again, Kurgawa threw a flurry of lefts and rights into Xena's face and torso. Xena staggered back, her eyes rolling into the back of her head. Finally, Kurgawa executed a whirling kick. It hit the side of Xena's head with horrific force.
She was hurled through the air. Xena hit the ground, her head slamming into a rock with a sickening crack. She rolled face-down, alongside a dead samurai.
Kurgawa wasted no time. He snatched up a samurai's sword, and rushed at Xena. Raising the sword, he plunged it at her with lightning speed-
And something tore into his chest.
Through his body-
And out his back.
Kurgawa's eye widened in shock and agony. He stared into the blue eyes of the Warrior Princess. She held the dead samurai's sword. And it was buried in Kurgawa. To the hilt.
Time seemed to pass for an eternity. The two warriors stared at each other. Red-black blood flowed over the hilt onto Xena's hand. Slowly, a smile appeared on Kurgawa's face. A smile of respect and admiration. Xena returned the same smile.
Then Kurgawa's body went limp. He dropped his sword, and fell over onto his side, dead.
Xena fell back onto the ground, gasping heavily. She heard footsteps rushing towards her. In seconds, Asima and Ayman knelt by Xena's side. Asima placed a hand on the side of her face.
"H-Help Gabrielle...H-Help her-"
"I'll do that." said Ayman.
He quickly rose to his feet, running towards the blonde. Xena lay there, gasping.
"Xena, don't move." said Asima. "Just take it easy."
Xena managed a weak smile.
"That guy...was tough..."
"Don't talk. Just rest."
Xena grimaced in agony. She felt the familiar veil of unconsciousness begin to overwhelm her.
"Good...idea. I'm gonna take a nap."
Asima's eyes widened in fear.
Xena's eyes closed. Her head rolled to one side. Asima's face filled with terror.
Ayman gazed out the window. Lightning ripped through the heavens. A torrential rain burst from the sky, burrowing into the brown earth. He shook his head.
"Huh!" he said to himself. "This is gonna be a nasty one-"
He turned around. Gabrielle stood before him, her left arm in a sling. A bandage was wrapped around her waist. Ayman smiled sheepishly.
"Oh!! I'm sorry, Gabrielle. The apple juice."
He turned to his left, picking up two mugs. He handed one to Gabrielle. She took a sip, and let out a warm smile.
"Aaaaaaahhh-that's good. Oh yeah..."
He looked out the window.
"Hard to believe it's been over a week and a half."
Gabrielle's face darkened.
"Yeah...I know. I hope we don't run into any samurai again."
Ayman turned to Gabrielle.
"Let's bring this to Xena."
The pair walked into a adjoining room. Xena sat in bed, eating soup. A bandage was wrapped around her head and mid-section. Her left arm was in a sling. Asima sat at her side. She rose to her feet. Asima looked at Ayman, raising an eyebrow.
"Took you long enough!" she said with a smile.
"Sorry. I was just checking out the storm. It's a bad one."
He looked at Xena.
"How's the soup?"
"Let's leave these two alone for a bit, Ayman." said Asima.
Ayman set the mug of apple juice down beside Xena's bed. He nodded in agreement.
"Yeah. They need the rest. Good night."
"Good night." answered Gabrielle.
Brother and sister left the room. Gabrielle walked over to the bed, sitting down next to Xena. She sighed.
"Can I ask you a dumb question?"
Xena placed the empty soup bowl on the nightstand beside her. She turned to Gabrielle, raising an eyebrow.
"How're you feeling?"
Xena paused a moment in thought.
"Eh! I've been better. But I'm getting there. Slowly but surely."
Gabrielle paused a moment. She shook her head in amazement.
"Xena, I'm surprised you survived at all."
She turned towards Gabrielle, and sighed. Xena raised an eyebrow.
"No one's more surprised than me. Kurgawa was probably the best warrior I've ever encountered. I got lucky that I fell near a sword."
Gabrielle picked up the mug of juice beside the bed, handing it to Xena.
Xena took a sip. Her blue eyes scanned the ceiling. She puckered her lips in thought, raising her eyebrow again.
"I really thought that was it for me."
Gabrielle placed a hand on Xena's forearm.
"So did I."
The Warrior Princess lowered her head.
She turned to Gabrielle.
"You were right before, you know. I do tend to act like I'm invincible sometimes. A few warlords here, a god or two there... you stack up enough wins, and then...you begin to get a bit on the complacent side. Maybe even a little cocky."
Gabrielle raised an eyebrow.
Xena smirked, lowering her head.
She looked up.
"But no one's invincible. Not even me."
Silence for a few moments. Gabrielle tilted her head, looking into Xena's eyes.
"I'd say this is a great time for a vacation."
Xena turned towards her friend, raising her eyebrow.
Xena gave a puckered smirk, gazing off to the side. She nodded slowly.
"Yep. Think you've got something there, bard."
Gabrielle looked out the window at Xena's left, observing the rain burrowing into the earth. Gabrielle sighed.
"I don't want to deal with gods, warlords, and armies for quite a while."
"I hear ya, Gab."
Xena patted her friend's knee.
"You should get some sleep."
"Mmmm. What about you?"
"I'll join ya soon."
Gabrielle placed her mug on the table next to her. She slid under the covers.
Xena smiled softly. She rubbed her friend on the head.
Xena rose to her feet, and walked over to the window. Lightning crashed through the heavens. Hail began to pelt the earth. She took a sip from her mug, and sighed.
How long would her luck last?
Xena shook her head. The things that she and Gabrielle had been through together. Xena couldn't believe it herself. Why had they survived so long, and repeatedly cheated death? Was it good luck or bad? Xena didn't know.
All she knew was that another day lay ahead of her and her friend. More of the same. More unknown adventures and dangers.
Xena gazed out at the storm. She raised an eyebrow.
"Tomorrow's another day." she said quietly. "Another roll of the bones."
She blew out her candle and closed the window. The storm continued its song of fury and power, deep into the night.
If you're interested in more of my stories, log onto TRABAL CREATIONS.
To see my Lucy Lawless photos, videos and artwork, stop at my MySpace page or stop at at my Grease page
Return to the Academy | <urn:uuid:29dce033-4a61-437a-a14a-2667cd3e13b0> | {
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James Fenimore Cooper
Lesson plans for
The Last of the Mohicans
James Fenimore Cooper at Perspectives in American Literature
Bibliography, major themes, contributions to American literature, his apparent attitude toward Native Americans, and an interesting chart comparing and contrasting the Leatherstocking Tales.
James Fenimore Cooper Society Home Page
Dedicated to promoting the study of the life and works of James Fenimore Cooper, encouraging the enjoyment of his novels and appreciation of his ideas, and providing useful information to students, scholars, and readers.
"Storm and Shipwreck"
Background and text of a section from Ned Meyers . Meyers was serving aboard the USS Scourge in Lake Ontario when it unexpectedly encountered a storm. This passage describes the sailors’ terrifying and tragic night. | <urn:uuid:33c7e484-6d9a-4002-9960-a2ec8ee474a3> | {
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Angkor Wat is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation – first Hindu, dedicated to the god Vishnu, then Buddhist. It is the world's largest religious building.
The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors.
The temple is part of the Angkor World Heritage Site, established in 1992. (source)
Thank you Zarah! | <urn:uuid:d95c1193-edd8-458e-9e3c-6770c2bebc43> | {
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Vitamized Fat Melting
How It Melts Fat: Study after study shows that vitamin D helps to ensure body cells listen and respond to insulin, a hormone secreted from your pancreas. One of its jobs is to help glucose get into body cells, which burn glucose for energy. How well insulin pushes glucose into cells is called "insulin sensitivity." The more sensitive your cells are to insulin, the better. The less sensitive they are to insulin, the more likely the calories you eat will end up in your fat cells.
When levels of D are low, levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) rise. Higher than normal levels of PTH trigger a series of reactions that eventually lead to fat cells converting sugar into fat and hoarding fat rather than releasing it to be burned, explains Michael B. Zemel, PhD, director of the Nutrition Institute at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville.
A lack of vitamin D may also interfere with leptin, a hormone that signals your brain to stop eating. Your body doesn't know when it's full, so you continue to eat. | <urn:uuid:010a983a-405a-43dd-898d-d2b7880093a1> | {
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10 May 2012: Report
Melting Sea Ice Could Lead
To Pressure on Arctic Fishery
With melting sea ice opening up previously inaccessible parts of the Arctic Ocean, the fishing industry sees a potential bonanza. But some scientists and government officials have begun calling for a moratorium on fishing in the region until the true state of the Arctic fishery is assessed.
When scientists with the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program began tracking 323 vertebrate species across the entire Arctic several years ago, most assumed that many fish and animals would not fare well in a region where rapid warming is causing such profound changes.
But in a report released recently at the International Polar Year (IPY) conference in Montreal, that scenario isn’t turning out to be as dark as some
A key concern is the so-called 1.1 million-square-mile ‘donut hole’ in the central Arctic Ocean.
had originally thought. While it appears that ice-dependent mammals such as polar bears and beluga whales could be in trouble, scientists are reporting that the great bowhead whale that was nearly hunted to extinction in the early twentieth century is making a remarkable comeback. And commercial fish populations such as Pacific herring and ocean perch appear to be expanding dramatically in some places.
Not surprisingly, the world’s fishing industry is watching the swift disappearance of Arctic sea ice and the potential fishing bonanza with great interest. But so are a growing number of scientists, government officials, and conservationists, who are calling for a fishing moratorium in this area until the health of fish stocks can be assessed.
A key concern is the so-called 1.1 million-square-mile “donut hole” in the central Arctic Ocean that does not fall under any country’s jurisdiction. Until a few years ago, this part of the Arctic Ocean was locked in ice for virtually 12 months a year. But now climate change is melting that barrier and making it seasonably accessible. In 2007, when sea ice cover in the Arctic was at a record low, 40 percent of the “donut hole” was open.
What fish live in that area now and in what numbers, and which species might move in as sea ice continues to melt, are not well understood. But a number of factors — including melting sea ice, warmer and fresher water, and shifting gyres and currents — appear to be improving productivity in many areas, including those that used to be covered in ice for most of the year.
No one believes that the central Arctic Ocean is ripe for fishing just yet. But because there are snow crab on the Chukchi Shelf and fish such as Arctic cod
Concern is growing about the exploitation of this untapped resource in the heart of the Arctic.
along the shallower perimeters of the region, it wouldn’t require a long migration for these fish to move in and out of the “donut hole.” The small Arctic cod is not what commercial fishermen are after. But because they are found across the Arctic region and play a key role in supporting larger fish populations, they will play a pivotal role in the expansion of Arctic fisheries.
Concern about the exploitation of this untapped resource in the heart of the Arctic is growing.
“I was there in 1992 when the last trawler brought in the last catch of cod off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador,” says Trevor Taylor, a one-time fishing vessel captain and former Minister of Fisheries for the Canadian province. “It’s been 20 years since the cod fishery was shut down, and although there are hopeful signs of a recovery, it’s going to be a long time, if ever, before it’s even half recovered. The same thing is going to happen in the Arctic if we open the door to commercial fishing without understanding the presence and abundance, the structure and movements, and the role these fish play in the broader ecosystem of the central Arctic Ocean.”
Taylor is now policy director for Oceans North Canada
, which advocates science-based policies on fishing, shipping, and energy development in the Arctic Ocean that are consistent with indigenous land claims and traditional practices. The group is funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts in the United States, which worked to persuade more than 2,000 scientists from 67 countries to sign a letter at the IPY meeting in April calling for the development of an international fisheries agreement that would protect the waters of the central Arctic Ocean. Other Arctic waters within 200 miles of coastlines are governed by various nations as part of their Exclusive Economic Zone, or EEZ, rights.
As indifferent as governments often are in responding to such petitions, some Arctic states are paying attention to the issue of fishing in the polar regions. The U.S. closed its Arctic waters to fishing in 2009 to allow scientists to assess
Large parts of the Arctic are fertile fishing grounds that have already been overexploited.
the changes that are taking place in the marine ecosystem. While the new regulations close all U.S. waters north of Alaska’s Bering Strait, fishing in the Bering and Chukchi seas continues.
Canada is considering doing the same thing on its side of the Beaufort Sea in advance of energy developments that could have an impact on a fishery that is only beginning to be inventoried.
Marine conservationists see this as a good start because management of the world’s fish stocks has generally been disastrous. The United Nations estimates suggest that 28 percent of global fisheries are overexploited
, 3 percent are depleted, 52 percent are fully exploited, and just 1 percent is recovering.
Large parts of the Arctic, particularly those on the periphery of the Arctic Ocean, are fertile fishing grounds that have already been overexploited. From the 1960s to the 1980s, fishing trawlers scooped up — often illegally — redfish and round-nosed grenadier in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, to the point that stocks there are now almost completely depleted. Both Barents Sea cod and Bering Sea pollock have also suffered from extreme harvesting pressures.
The situation could actually be far worse than has been estimated. A team of University of British Columbia researchers reported last year that fisheries catches in the Arctic totaled 950,000 tons from 1950 to 2006. That’s
Oceanographers are seeing a shift on the sea bottom from an Artic to a sub-Arctic ecosystem. almost 75 times the amount reported by fishermen to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) during this period.
Oceanographer Eddy Carmack has conducted 90 field investigations in rivers, lakes, and seas and published over 170 scientific articles during his long career. Having first traveled to the Arctic in 1969, the year of Woodstock, he is only half joking when he says that “things are a-changing” in the region. While he doesn’t doubt that some fish populations are expanding, he says the issue of harvesting is not as simple as one might imagine.
“You can’t expect to exploit one species in the Arctic when you really don’t have any idea what role that species plays in a larger ecosystem that is undergoing dramatic change that we really don’t understand very well,” he said.
Carmack and other oceanographers have been studying life on the sea bottom and the changes that are occurring as a result of early ice melt. In the Bering Sea, they’re already seeing a shift from an Arctic ecosystem to one that is sub-Arctic. Everything, from amphipods to gray whales, is moving northward.
Henry Huntington, science director for Pew’s Arctic Program, says the time has come for Arctic states to act fast, especially in areas such as the central Arctic that are currently unprotected.
“For the central Arctic Ocean, the rapid retreat of summer sea ice means that the international waters are accessible to fishing vessels for the first time in recorded history,” Huntington said. “Everywhere else in the world, fisheries have rapidly expanded into accessible waters. Rather than see a repeat of the sad history of fisheries in most of the world — when we were left to wonder where the fish went and start some science and management later — we have a chance to get the science and management in place before fishing begins.”
POSTED ON 10 May 2012 IN
Biodiversity Energy Oceans Oceans Pollution & Health Antarctica and the Arctic North America | <urn:uuid:4271877d-11b7-4b12-b6ea-dba0e20ec29b> | {
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Hammer toe is a condition where a toe bends downward like a claw. You can be born with hammer toe or develop it from wearing short, narrow shoes. Symptoms of hammer toe include foot pain, calluses on the sole of the foot, or corns on the top of the toe. Treatment of mild cases and cases in children can include foot manipulation and splinting of the toe. More severe cases may need surgery to straighten the toe joint. | <urn:uuid:b89ffdfb-a054-40a4-901d-dbbb819368a0> | {
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- Residential Market
- Light Commercial Market
- Commercial Market
- Indoor Air Quality
- Components & Accessories
- Residential Controls
- Commercial Controls
- Testing, Monitoring, Tools
- Services, Apps & Software
- Standards & Legislation
- EXTRA EDITION
The liquid seal — subcooled liquid at the condenser bottom — will prevent air from leaving the condenser. Air will cause a reduction in condenser surface area, which will cause a high condensing pressure.
Air can enter the refrigeration system through a leak in the low side of the refrigeration system. Refrigerant leaks will eventually lead to an undercharged system. Severely undercharged systems can run vacuums on the low side of the system. These vacuums will pull in air from the atmosphere because the low-side (suction) pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure.
Air may enter the refrigeration system through leaks in the tube, gasket, or flange; poor charging procedures; poor recovery-recycling procedures; or forgetting to purge hoses when accessing systems.
Symptoms of airThe symptoms that exist in a system with air are:
- High discharge temperatures;
- High condensing (head) pressures;
- High condensing subcooling;
- High condenser split;
- High compression ratios;
- Normal to slightly high evaporator (suction) pressures;
- Normal superheat; and
- High amp draws.
One school of thought says that with an air-cooled condenser that has a separate receiver, the air will pass through the condenser and reside in the receiver. But if this were the case, there would not be any such thing as condenser or receiver subcooling. The condenser and receiver would be at the same saturation temperature and pressure.
Then there are those who argue that all subcooling would have to take place in a liquid line. But if you place a thermistor or your hand at the condenser’s bottom, it will be cooler than the rest of the condenser. This proves that there is subcooling and that there is a liquid seal at the condenser’s bottom because in order to be subcooled, there cannot be vapor and liquid existing at the same time and place.
How to get rid of itThere is no way for a noncondensable like air to get to the receiver if there is a liquid seal at the condenser’s bottom.
The old way to rid air from the top of the condenser was to slowly purge it from the compressor’s discharge service valve, if one existed. This was done with the machine off and soaked to ambient temperatures.
Now, EPA rules require the technician to recover the charge (with air) and purge the air off the top of the recovery tank. This is legal.
In reviewAs a review, subcooling is defined as the difference between the measured liquid temperature and the liquid saturation temperature at a given pressure.
Liquid subcooling starts at the 100% saturated liquid point in the condenser. This means that as soon as the saturated vapor in the condenser changes to saturated liquid, subcooling will start to occur if further heat is removed.
When subcooled, the refrigerant is not generating or losing any vapor pressure, so there is no pressure-temperature relationship and a pressure-temperature chart cannot be used. This is why a thermistor is needed.
Subcooling is needed for the system efficiency and to prevent any liquid flash-gas as the liquid refrigerant travels through any pressure drops before it reaches the TXV.
Liquid can lose heat and subcool further in the receiver, liquid line, and filter-drier before it gets to the metering device.
If, by any chance, liquid refrigerant in the receiver gains enough heat and the receiver losses all of its subcooling, vaporization of the liquid will occur. You now have saturated liquid and vapor in the receiver at a certain saturation temperature. Now you do have both liquid and vapor refrigerant in the receiver.
Refrigerant vapor can also get to the receiver if the condenser loses its liquid seal, maybe from an undercharge of refrigerant, which caused no condenser subcooling. However, if there is any refrigerant vapor in the receiver, the subcooled liquid may not subcool further.
What will happen is the refrigerant vapor will recondense to a liquid in the receiver when any heat is lost and both the remaining liquid and vapor will reach a new saturation temperature.
As you can see, what happens in the receiver depends on many different circumstances. This is why subcooling can be lost if the liquid stays in the receiver too long. | <urn:uuid:ee00c169-b4bd-433e-9dca-682438fdecdb> | {
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createuser creates a new PostgreSQL user (or more precisely, a role). Only superusers and users with CREATEROLE privilege can create new users, so createuser must be invoked by someone who can connect as a superuser or a user with CREATEROLE privilege.
If you wish to create a new superuser, you must connect as a superuser, not merely with CREATEROLE privilege. Being a superuser implies the ability to bypass all access permission checks within the database, so superuserdom should not be granted lightly.
createuser is a wrapper around the SQL command CREATE ROLE. There is no effective difference between creating users via this utility and via other methods for accessing the server.
createuser accepts the following command-line arguments:
Specifies the name of the PostgreSQL user to be created. This name must be different from all existing roles in this PostgreSQL installation.
Set a maximum number of connections for the new user. The default is to set no limit.
The new user will be allowed to create databases.
The new user will not be allowed to create databases. This is the default.
Echo the commands that createuser generates and sends to the server.
Encrypts the user's password stored in the database. If not specified, the default password behavior is used.
Indicates role to which this role will be added immediately as a new member. Multiple roles to which this role will be added as a member can be specified by writing multiple -g switches.
The new role will automatically inherit privileges of roles it is a member of. This is the default.
The new role will not automatically inherit privileges of roles it is a member of.
Prompt for the user name if none is specified on the command line, and also prompt for whichever of the options -d/-D, -r/-R, -s/-S is not specified on the command line. (This was the default behavior up to PostgreSQL 9.1.)
The new user will be allowed to log in (that is, the user name can be used as the initial session user identifier). This is the default.
The new user will not be allowed to log in. (A role without login privilege is still useful as a means of managing database permissions.)
Does not encrypt the user's password stored in the database. If not specified, the default password behavior is used.
If given, createuser will issue a prompt for the password of the new user. This is not necessary if you do not plan on using password authentication.
The new user will be allowed to create new roles (that is, this user will have CREATEROLE privilege).
The new user will not be allowed to create new roles. This is the default.
The new user will be a superuser.
The new user will not be a superuser. This is the default.
Print the createuser version and exit.
The new user will have the REPLICATION privilege, which is described more fully in the documentation for CREATE ROLE.
The new user will not have the REPLICATION privilege, which is described more fully in the documentation for CREATE ROLE.
Show help about createuser command line arguments, and exit.
createuser also accepts the following command-line arguments for connection parameters:
Specifies the host name of the machine on which the server is running. If the value begins with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix domain socket.
Specifies the TCP port or local Unix domain socket file extension on which the server is listening for connections.
User name to connect as (not the user name to create).
Never issue a password prompt. If the server requires password authentication and a password is not available by other means such as a .pgpass file, the connection attempt will fail. This option can be useful in batch jobs and scripts where no user is present to enter a password.
Force createuser to prompt for a password (for connecting to the server, not for the password of the new user).
This option is never essential, since createuser will automatically prompt for a password if the server demands password authentication. However, createuser will waste a connection attempt finding out that the server wants a password. In some cases it is worth typing -W to avoid the extra connection attempt.
Default connection parameters
This utility, like most other PostgreSQL utilities, also uses the environment variables supported by libpq (see Section 31.14).
In case of difficulty, see CREATE ROLE and psql for discussions of potential problems and error messages. The database server must be running at the targeted host. Also, any default connection settings and environment variables used by the libpq front-end library will apply.
To create a user joe on the default database server:
$ createuser joe
To create a user joe on the default database server with prompting for some additional attributes:
$ createuser --interactive joe Shall the new role be a superuser? (y/n) n Shall the new role be allowed to create databases? (y/n) n Shall the new role be allowed to create more new roles? (y/n) n
To create the same user joe using the server on host eden, port 5000, with attributes explicitly specified, taking a look at the underlying command:
$ createuser -h eden -p 5000 -S -D -R -e joe CREATE ROLE joe NOSUPERUSER NOCREATEDB NOCREATEROLE INHERIT LOGIN;
To create the user joe as a superuser, and assign a password immediately:
$ createuser -P -s -e joe Enter password for new role: xyzzy Enter it again: xyzzy CREATE ROLE joe PASSWORD 'md5b5f5ba1a423792b526f799ae4eb3d59e' SUPERUSER CREATEDB CREATEROLE INHERIT LOGIN;
In the above example, the new password isn't actually echoed when typed, but we show what was typed for clarity. As you see, the password is encrypted before it is sent to the client. If the option --unencrypted is used, the password will appear in the echoed command (and possibly also in the server log and elsewhere), so you don't want to use -e in that case, if anyone else can see your screen.
If you see anything in the documentation that is not correct, does not match your experience with the particular feature or requires further clarification, please use this form to report a documentation issue. | <urn:uuid:c8e27f72-df98-40f3-a3fd-39edce13c29e> | {
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For farmers in northern Malawi, agriculture is a way of life and a means of survival. Today, farmers are finding it more and more challenging to grow enough food to feed their families as their climate continues to change and droughts become more common.
An innovative PWS&D and Canadian Foodgrains Bank (CFGB) agriculture project in Mpata region is providing real hope for the future—360 drought-affected farmers from across ten villages are learning how to grow more food, balance their diets and make what they have go farther.
Improving Farming Practices
Drought is a major concern in the region. To help farmers adapt, the project is teaching conservation agriculture techniques. Farmers using this method are encouraged to blanket their fields with mulch and organic fertilizer to help retain the soil’s moisture, prevent erosion, and deter weeds.
Farmers who have already received training will lead field days, which provide experienced farmers with the opportunity to pass on their knowledge in hopes that the entire community can benefit.
To further reduce vulnerability, farmers are contributing bricks, sand, water and labour to construct new seed banks. By storing seeds and food in the community seed banks, farmers will have reserves they can count on in case of a poor harvest
Through awareness campaigns, dramas and group discussions, farmers in each village are learning how to avoid food wastage by properly preserving and storing food, as well as managing pests that can destroy crops.
The Mpata drought mitigation project is working to reduce malnutrition by raising awareness of Malawi’s six food groups: staple (energy) foods, animal protein, legumes, vegetables, fats and oils, and fruits. Cooking demonstrations will encourage farmers to diversify their diets and cook nutritious meals using new foods.
The results are families who have more to eat, and better nutrition and health.
Respond with us!
Your sustaining support is what enables the life-changing work of PWS&D. Continue to respond with us by making a one-time or monthly donation.
Donations can be made online, through your congregation, by mailing a cheque to the PWS&D office or calling 1-800-619-7301 ext. 291. | <urn:uuid:a691e830-ae46-4bea-983b-a81e66a0e7e7> | {
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Lesson 7: Moses and the RelationshipsRelated Media
Moses had successfully led the sons of Israel out of Egypt, but then had to deal with their grumbling and complaining. Their faith was weak in the God who had delivered them. They have been traveling for three months in the wilderness and finally have arrived at the wilderness of Sinai (19:1). This week we will focus on Moses’ relationship with God and the sons of Israel. How did he relate to them in different situations? Notice how his relationship with God becomes more intimate this week. We can learn much about our own relationships with God and others as we study these passages.
Day 1: Respect For God
Today’s reading is lengthy, but it is important to lay the foundation for God’s relationship with His people and the role He had for Moses.
Looking To God’s Word
1. What was the condition of the covenant between God and Israel (v. 5)? If they met that condition, what was God’s promise to them (vv. 5-6)?
2. What was the role of Moses during this time?
3. How did God communicate to Moses and the people that He is holy?
Note: The order of the narrative appears to be different from the order of events, since 20:18 is most likely a continuation of 19:25.
4. How did the people respond to God and why?
Describe God’s presence on Mount Sinai from these verses.
In Exodus 20:19-20, what was God’s purpose in coming to them?
5. Define holiness. (You may want to use a dictionary or other study help.)
6. How does God’s holiness affect your relationship with Him?
7. How should we prepare ourselves for “meeting with God”?
God is a holy God. We are not to take that lightly.
Our “fear” of God should keep us from sin.
We have access to our holy God through our mediator Jesus Christ.
Is your heart right before God? If not, take a moment to confess any unconfessed sin.
Take some time today to reflect on God’s holiness. Worship Him and praise Him for His holiness.
Day 2: A Disobedient People
Beginning in Exodus 20, Moses is on Mount Sinai, where God lays out for Moses and Israel His laws that they are to follow. He begins with the Ten Commandments in chapter 20, and then covers the laws of the “book of the covenant” through chapter 23. Chapter 24 continues the story from 20:21. Chapters 25-31 cover the instructions for the building of the tabernacle. The laws and instructions are an important part of Exodus, but because we are focusing on the life of Moses and not on the book of Exodus as a whole, we will not read this section.
Today we pick up the story at the end of Moses’ time with God on Mount Sinai. It is at this point that God instructs Moses to go back down because the people are out of control. Moses was on Mount Sinai with God for forty days and forty nights (Exodus 24:18).
Looking To God’s Word
8. Why might Moses’ absence cause the people to demand that Aaron make for them a god?
9. How did God respond to what the people had done (vv. 7-10)?
10. How did Moses argue for the defense of the people (vv. 11-14)?
11. What can you learn about Moses’ character from his decision to intercede for the people instead of agreeing with God to destroy them?
12. What makes God angry, based on this passage?
13. What is an idol? What causes idolatry (other than sin)?
14. What are some potential “idols” that people may be tempted to “worship” today?
As you look at another situation when God relented (changed His mind) from destroying a people, how did the Ninevites respond to Jonah’s declaration?
What caused God to relent or change His mind (v. 10)?
What do you learn about God’s character from these two situations in and Jonah?
What additional insights can you learn concerning God changing His mind from these passages?
God desires our undivided, wholehearted devotion. Are you wholly devoted to Him?
Are there any “idols” in your life, anything that you are “worshipping” other than God? Ask God to show you if there are. Yield your heart to Him today.
Do any of your actions make God angry? If so, confess them. Go to God with a repentant heart.
Be encouraged that God is a patient God and slow to anger. Meditate on Jonah 4:2, “You are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger and abundant in lovingkindness, and one who relents concerning calamity.”
Day 3: The Response Of Moses
Moses had just left God on Mount Sinai after pleading with God not to destroy the people for their sin. Yet, when he came back to the camp and witnessed what was going on with his own eyes, it must have been difficult for Moses to see firsthand. He could have given up on the people, gone back to God on Mount Sinai, and told Him to go ahead and destroy them… but he didn’t. Do you ever wonder why Moses didn’t just let God wipe out the people? We get a glimpse into the heart of Moses as we look at the way he dealt with the people and Aaron.
15. How did Aaron’s account to Moses in verses 21-24 differ from the actual account in verses 1-5? What can you learn about Aaron from this?
16. How did Moses respond to the people (vv. 19-20, 25-29)? What can you learn about Moses from this?
17. What exactly was Moses asking of God in verse 32? Why would he ask this?
18. What were the consequences of the people’s sin?
As you look at other versions of this event, list any new observations you gain from these passages.
What was the sin of the Israelites?
19. When you see sin in the lives of those around you, how does it affect you and how do you respond?
20. What motivates you to intercede and pray for someone in sin?
We should be intercessors for others who have sinned, even though our anger may tempt us not to pray for them.
Several years ago, I was in line to check my luggage at the Los Angeles Airport, getting ready to move to Asia for four years. All of a sudden, a young woman tapped on my shoulder and told me a man had just stolen my wallet out of my purse. I was sure she was mistaken, but as I looked down at my purse, it was unzipped and my wallet was gone. Because of the situation with my cash, credit cards, and luggage keys in the wallet, the airlines let me delay my departure. I was angry at first, and then burst into tears. As my friends returned from parking the car, I relayed to them what had just happened. As we drove back to where I had been staying, I suggested we pray together. I needed to calm my anxious heart and talk to God about the situation. As I began praying, God laid on my heart to pray for the person who took my wallet. God knew his situation. Perhaps he was in need of money for some difficult crisis in his life. I even prayed for his salvation, if he did not know Jesus Christ personally. After I finished praying, one of my friends said, “What was that all about? How in the world could you pray for someone who just robbed you? I can’t and won’t do it.”
To be honest, I was surprised at my ability to pray for someone who had wronged me, and I knew it was totally of God, not me. By praying for the one who had taken my wallet, I had a peace that God was in control and that somehow He would use this for good. He did. I was not meant to get on the plane that night. I didn’t have a peace in my heart about my assignment in Asia, but it was too late to change my mind. God intervened. By having my flight delayed for several days, I was able to share my feelings and reservations about this assignment with my leadership. As it turned out, another situation opened up for me in Asia that was a much better fit. Had I not been robbed, I would have gotten on that plane and gone to an assignment that I knew in my heart was not right for me. I could have been angry that night, wanting revenge and justice, but what would that have accomplished? Instead, God gave me the ability to trust Him in this situation and to pray for the person who was in the wrong. God taught me an important lesson that night about praying for others, especially those who are hard to pray for.
Are you a faithful intercessor for others, even for those who are disobedient? If not, what hinders you? Is there someone you need to be praying for specifically today?
Day 4: God’s Presence
God punished the people for their sin (Ex 32:35), but as you read today’s passage, you will see that God was still upset with the people. I am grateful that God is a merciful God and doesn’t give us what we deserve.
Looking To God’s Word
21. What was God’s plan for the Israelites at this point and how was He planning to be involved (vv. 33:1-6)?
22. What was Moses asking of God in verses 12-23?
23. What do Moses’ requests show you about his heart and relationship with God?
In Exodus 33:20, God said, “You cannot see My face, for no man can see Me
and live.” How do you reconcile that with Genesis 32:30, Exodus 24:9-11,
Exodus 33:11, Deuteronomy 34:10, and Isaiah 6:1-5?
24. How does knowing that God is with you affect your daily life?
25. If your relationship with God is not as intimate as it should be, what needs to change? What can you do to improve it?
God wants an intimate relationship with each one of us. Do you desire that intimacy with Him?
God’s presence is enough for us. Do you live as if it is?
Take some time to thank God for His love, for Jesus’ death on the cross for you, for the Holy Spirit who indwells you as a believer.
Spend some time alone with Him today and allow Him to speak to your heart. Don’t do all the talking. Be still. Be quiet and listen.
Day 5: Loss Of Focus
At this point in the book of Exodus, God renews the covenant with Israel. Moses returns to Mount Sinai, and God lays out for Moses the laws and regulations that the sons of Israel are to observe. God gives specific details to Moses concerning the building of the Tabernacle, and the book of Exodus ends with the glory of the Lord in the Tabernacle.
However, the end of Exodus is not the end of the story of Moses. We pick up the story in Numbers 10:11: “Now in the second year, in the second month, on the twentieth of the month, the cloud was lifted from over the tabernacle of the testimony; and the sons of Israel set out on their journeys from the wilderness of Sinai. Then the cloud settled down in the wilderness of Paran. So they moved out for the first time according to the commandment of the Lord through Moses.”
Now they begin their wanderings in the wilderness after Mount Sinai. They journeyed for three days (Numbers 10:33), and then the Ark of the Covenant came to a resting place. How will the people respond now? How will Moses deal with the people in this new place, away from Mount Sinai?
Looking To God’s Word
26. Describe the attitude of the Israelites in verses 1-6.
27. Describe Moses’ perspective of the situation (vv. 10-15, 21-22).
28. What had he lost sight of?
This psalm recites the early history of the nation of Israel in order to warn future generations against a repetition of unfaithfulness. As you look at the section in which Asaph recalls their provocation of God in their wilderness wanderings, list all that is said about the Israelites.
What was their sin and how was it manifested?
29. How can you determine if your desires are God-given or selfish desires?
30. What are some possible causes of “forgetting” who God is and what He can do?
31. In what areas do you struggle with trusting God? Why are those areas hard?
God wants us to focus on Him and not on ourselves. He often places us in overwhelming situations to show us that we are inadequate and He is sufficient to meet our needs.
God’s power is not limited. Our lives and attitudes should reflect that we believe there is nothing too difficult for Him.
Take some time today and ask God to show you if you are questioning His power and greatness in any way.
In your journal, make a list of ways you have seen God work beyond your expectations. Praise Him and thank Him for the ways He works in your life.
This week as we have looked at some of the relationships in Moses’ life, think about the relationships that God has placed in your life. How has God used even the tough relationships? How has your relationship with Him grown more intimate over time?
Moses’ relationship with God had definitely grown deeper since that day in the desert at Mt. Sinai when God appeared to him in a burning bush. Moses was placed in life situations that caused him to rely completely on God. It is in those dependent times on Him that we see our relationship with Him deepen. Thank Him for those times. Thank Him for the relationships He has placed in your life, even the tough ones. | <urn:uuid:6c6cd57d-6be8-4537-93f9-fde08ec3e9a1> | {
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Imagine one morning you and your family are awakened by shouts and screams. Then suddenly, the police break into your house. They start breaking the china, destroying the furniture, and shattering windows while showing great satisfaction in their destruction. Then you and your family are told to get dressed and are taken to the police station for no apparent reason. On the way, you see your synagogue in flames, and your neighbors throwing rocks at it.
On Nov. 9, 1938, mobs burned synagogues, destroyed Jewish homes and businesses, vandalized Jewish hospitals, orphanages and cemeteries, and dragged thousands of Jewish men, women and children into the streets, where they were beaten and humiliated. The Germans later called this night "Kristallnacht" - The Night of Broken Glass - because of the tons of shattered glass that scattered throughout German cities after it had taken place. The Jews began to call that date the beginning of the Holocaust because of the tremendous violence which started on that night and grew even more dreadful as time passed.
On Nov. 7, 1938, the Third Secretary of the German embassy in Paris, Ernst Von Rath, was murdered by Herschel Grynzpan, a 17-year-old German-Jewish refugee. Herschel wanted to avenge his parent's expulsion, together with 15,000 other Polish Jews from Germany to Zbonszym. The Nazis used the murder as an excuse to incite the mobs and riots that began the "final solution," the extermination of Jews.
The German government attempted to disguise the violence of those two days as a spontaneous protest on the part of the "Aryan" population. But, in reality, Kristallnacht was organized by the Nazi chiefs and their thugs with technical skill and precision. The Nazi chiefs commanded the Gestapo and the storm troopers to escalate the violence throughout Germany and Austria.
Kristallnacht marked the beginning of the plan to rob the Jews of their possessions for the benefit of the Reich and then to sweep them forever from the German scene. Furthermore, thereafter, Jews had no place in the German economy, and no independent Jewish life was possible, with the dismissal of cultural and communal bodes and the banning of the Jewish press.
During Kristallnacht, more than 1,100 synagogues were destroyed, as well as 7,500 Jewish businesses and countless Jewish homes. Several hundred Jews were killed and 30,000 were arrested and sent to the concentration camps at Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald and Dachau, where thousands more died.
Today, many historians can trace a pattern of events, occurring before that night, that would suggest that such an atrocity was to happen. In 1933, when the Nazis took power, German anti-Semitism adopted quasi-legal forms. One of the new anti-Jewish forms of action, which had began with the Nuremberg laws of 1935, included the separation of the Jews from the daily structure of German life. The Jews, systematically, were deprived of their civil rights; they were isolated from the general populace through humiliating identification measures. The Nazis boycotted the Jewish shops and took away their jobs. Then they made the Jews declare the value of their possessions. The Civil Service and the police often arrested the Jews and forced them to sell their property for a pittance.
One may ask, how could the entire world stand by and allow such a disaster to occur? The fascist or authoritative regimes in Italy, Rumania, Hungary and Poland were governments that approved of this pogrom and wanted to use it as a case to strengthen their own anti-Semitic policies. The three Great Western powers - Great Britain, France and the United States - said the appropriate things but did nothing to save the Jews. Hitler, in the late 1930s, told the world to take the Jews but there was just no one willing to take them in. Even in our own country, President Roosevelt and his administration kept on expressing their shock over the terrible events which were occurring in Germany and Austria, but when it came time to act and help save the refugees by bringing them to the United States, our government refused and replied by saying that they have no intention to allow more immigrants to enter the U.S.
Looking back at Jewish history, every Jew should be cautious and alert to any hints which might be seen now. Kristallnacht teaches us many things, among them that we must remain vigilant and not permit even the smallest seed of anti-Semitism to take root.
Rabbi Bernhard Rosenberg | <urn:uuid:1cab4e02-2472-4f21-9961-e6434f6ecb79> | {
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Patient Education: Symptoms of Back and Neck Pain
Description of the Symptoms of Back and Neck Pain
The word doctor comes from the Latin root "doctos" – meaning to teach, and this is an important part of what any doctor should do. Unfortunately, many of us only really begin to learn about our body once something has gone wrong with it. Patient education on the symptoms of back and neck pain is an ongoing process that takes on many forms.
Back and Neck Pain Conditions Treated
Patient education applies to all spinal problems concerning the symptoms of back and neck pain.
What Does Patient Education Involve?
- The basics of patient education involve providing patients with information about their condition, diagnostic tests that may be performed, and possible treatment options.
There are many forums for patient education, which include discussions with care providers, reading brochures and other printed materials, viewing videos and visiting websites. For patients experiencing symptoms of back and neck pain, an educational program called "back school" may be used. This is a comprehensive, organized session in which information is provided about anatomy, body mechanics, diagnostic tests, treatments and many other spine-related topics.
- One note of caution: The quality and accuracy of information on websites varies greatly. If you read something that gives you concern, discuss it with your care provider.
One of the key components of effective patient education is for the patient to take an active role in the educational process:
- This involves applying the materials learned by making lifestyle changes.
- Perhaps one of the most important aspects is for patients to ask questions until they feel confident they understand the information provided answers their questions about the symptoms of back and neck pain. | <urn:uuid:899306b0-eb55-4d1b-b1e0-b51c571726ce> | {
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December 8, 1995 at Stockholm Concert Hall, Stockholm, Sweden
In the life of animals, complex forms alternate with simple ones. An individual develops from a simple one-celled egg that bears no resemblance to the complex structure and pattern displayed in the juvenile or adult form. The process of embryonic development, with its highly ordered increase in complexity accompanied by perfect reproducibility, is controlled by a subset of the animal's genes. Animals have a large number of genes. The exact number is not known for any multicellular organism, nor is it known how many and which are required for the development of complexity, pattern, and shape during embryogenesis. To identify these genes and to understand their functions is a major issue in biological research.
Genes can be detected by mutations, changes which affect their function. Compared with other experimental approaches, mutations provide a uniquely powerful tool for studying the role of individual components in development: Primarily only a single component, the gene product is removed or altered, while the remainder of the organism is left intact. The function of a gene can be deduced from the mutant phenotype, the way the animal develops in the absence of the primary gene product. The mutant phenotype provides most useful information about a gene function. Genes with similar phenotypes are likely to have similar functions, and their products are likely to cooperate in a developmental process.
Mutations occur spontaneously at a low rate, but their frequency can be increased using X rays or chemicals which alter the DNA sequence. This property was first used to systematically score for mutations affecting processes of interest in bacteria and fungi (1-3). Mutations affecting developmental processes had been collected in drosophila melanogaster more or less fortuitously, starting with the bithorax mutation by Bridges in 1922 (4). In addition, a small number of embryonic mutants including Notch had been described in detail by D. Poulson and collaborators (summarized in (5)). In the seventies, more systematic approaches were started. In the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, screens were begun by S. Brenner for mutations which alter the stereotyped pattern of postembryonic development (6). E. Lewis in the California Institute of Technology collected a number of mutations causing homeotic transformations in the adult and the larva of Drosophila (7). In 1979, Eric Wieschaus and I, at that time in the EMBL, Heidelberg, had developed the methods for the large scale screening for embryonic lethal mutations in Drosophila. The screening procedure focused on the segmented pattern of the larval epidermis (8). In this and subsequent screens, a number of new genes acting in the embryo and required for the formation of a morphologically normal larva were discovered (9-11). Similar screens in several laboratories have led to the identification of genes that are expressed by the maternal genome, and whose products, laid down in the unfertilized egg, control the expression of the zygotic genes (12-16). The subsequent phenotypic analysis and molecular cloning of many of these genes, and investigation into the interactions of their products, resulted in a rather complete general picture of the mechanisms establishing the anteroposterior and the dorsoventral axis of the early embryo (17-19). These mechanisms now provide a useful paradigm for the development of complexity from a simply shaped egg cell.
Drosophila is a fly and as such has rather special properties. It is no more or less "special" than a worm or a frog, but in many respects very different from those animals. Therefore it was not clear a priori to what extent the results obtained in Drosophila could be generalized, and how much we could learn from them for an understanding of the development of other animals, in particular vertebrate species. Knowledge of vertebrate embryogenesis had been collected predominantly in experiments in frogs (20) and chickens, but only to a very small degree using genetic approaches. Because of the small size and the turgor under which Drosophila embryos develop, transplantation of tissues as done in frog and chicken is hardly possible in Drosophila, and the power of systematic mutant searches for the analysis of complex processes, although highly desirable, cannot readily be applied to most vertebrates. Therefore, the description and understanding of the development of animals from the two phyla -arthropods with Drosophila, and vertebrates with frogs and chicken, mice, and man--were on such different levels that for a long time a comparison seemed almost pointless. However, the development of recombinant DNA technology and with it the cloning of genes on a large scale allowed a comparison of genes from different organisms on the basis of DNA (or protein) sequences. Two most important findings emerged from these studies:
1. The biochemical function of Drosophila gene products, in many cases, could be deduced from a comparison of their amino acid sequences with that of related and well characterized proteins from other organisms, such as mammals, bacteria, or yeast. This revealed that many of the components controlling development are members of well-known classes of proteins, such as transcription factors, protein kinases, secreted signaling molecules or receptors.
2. In many instances, the similarity between Drosophila and vertebrate proteins was found not to be restricted to their biochemical properties, but to extend to a true homology of function in a developmental process. This homology is apparent both in similar expression patterns and in the phenotypes obtained by eliminating the gene function by homologous recombination in mice. These studies led to the surprising conclusion that the basic features of body organization, such as specification along the anteroposterior axis, and polarity of gastrulation, are apparently conserved in organisms of different animal phyla (21, 22). This conservation suggests the existence of a common basic body plan, originating from common ancestors, the first bilaterally symmetrical organisms, in evolution.
The investigation of genes discovered by their homology to Drosophila genes is now one of the most successful approaches to an understanding of the genetic control of vertebrate development. Although the elegant method of homologous recombination in the mouse allows the introduction of mutations into the chromosomal copy of any previously cloned gene (23), there is no way of predicting which genes are indispensable in development and will therefore give an informative phenotype in knockout mice. An important reason for the success of the homology approach is based on the fact that the Drosophila genes in question represent a small fraction of the animal's genes, that were selected, through mutagenesis experiments, for being crucial and indispensable in development. Their vertebrate homologs often also have unique functions as revealed in the mouse (24).
Approaches based on the homology between invertebrate and vertebrate genes focus on conserved properties and therefore select against the features which make these animals different. Vertebrates have acquired specific structures and novel mechanisms during evolution. In order to identify genes affecting such functions, it is necessary to do mutagenesis screens directly in a vertebrate organism. Therefore, several laboratories have established methods to use the zebrafish as a model organism to analyze the genetic control of embryonic development in a vertebrate (25-28).
In this lecture I would like to discuss the Drosophila screens and their most important results, but also their limitations. I will compare them with the results of a large scale screen for mutations affecting development and pattern in the zebrafish recently performed in my laboratory in Tübingen (29).
THE DROSOPHILA MUTANT SCREENS
As a model organism for genetical studies of development, Drosophila has a long tradition and is by far the most well established organism available (30). Also, it proved to be quite well suited for studying embryology. Some properties of Drosophila are listed in Table 1. Its small number of chromosomes made possible the development of many genetical tools such as balancer chromosomes carrying multiple inversions which prevent recombination, visible markers that allow the scoring for the absence or presence of particular progeny, and conditional lethal or sterile mutations making selection systems possible. These tools were invaluable in systematic mutagenesis screens for mutations causing lethality or sterility (Figure 1). In combination with the giant chromosomes that provide a physical measure for the number of genes, it is possible, in Drosophila, to determine rather accurately the total number of genes essential for survival and fertility. About 5000 genes mutate to lethality. The number of genes required for fertility is less well defined, but is probably not more than one thousand. However, the total number of genes, defined as transcription units, is much larger, about 20,000. This means that in Drosophila the majority of the genes do not have indispensable functions. A large fraction, about one third of all lethal mutations, cause a failure of the embryo to hatch (embryonic lethality), however, only about ten percent of the embryonic lethals show an easily detectable and specific morphological phenotype in the unhatched differentiated larvae.
The Drosophila larva displays a clear axial organization with many landmarks of position and polarity, which are provided by the external cuticle shed by the larval epidermis (Figure 2). This larval skin is derived from a large portion of the embryonic fate map, while the remainder of the blastoderm largely gives rise to internal organs which are less visible in the living embryo. However, while for the skin an excellent and simple fixation technique is available, at the time of the mutant screens there were no efficient methods to allow visualization of the internal organs, which are hidden by the opaque yoke. This problem has been overcome now by the development of molecular probes and antibodies, and a number of screens have used these for the detection of mutants, albeit every screen has been for a rather limited range of phenotypes. The properties and advantages of Drosophila for the genetical analysis of embryonic pattern formation are summarized in Table 1.
In the Heidelberg screens (9-11), we collected mutants detectable by a distinct and significant deviation from normal patterning of the cuticle. These mutants, after complementation tests, defined about 130 genes, distributed randomly over the three major chromosomes. Using similar scoring criteria, screens for maternal mutants, defining about 30 genes, were performed in several laboratories (12-16). Without molecular markers, most of the mutant phenotypes could not readily be analyzed and interpreted at the time. We used rather pragmatic criteria both for screening and characterization of the mutant embryos. By similarity in phenotype, several groups of genes were recognized that probably were affecting the same or related developmental processes. Subsequent phenotypic and genetic analysis, followed by the molecular cloning of the genes, frequently supported this notion. The groups of genes identified in the mutant screens are shown in Table 2.
In our screens, we put great emphasis on completeness, i.e., on the saturation of the genome with mutants detectable by our criteria. Several lines of evidence, such as allele frequency and comparison with phenotypes of deletion mutants, supported the notion that the majority of genes which mutate to a phenotype visible in the larva cuticle had been discovered in our screens. As an additional generation of inbreeding is required, the screens for maternal mutants were more demanding and difficult than those for embryonic lethals. Therefore, it is likely that the degree of saturation for the maternal genes is not as high as that for the zygotically expressed genes. While the screens were successful in the identification of many important genes, and screening more lines would not have significantly increased the number of genes discovered, we were aware of a number of severe intrinsic limitations of our approach:
At the time, the viewpoint held amongst most Drosophila geneticists was that genes not mutating to lethality or sterility were almost not worth studying. There was the tacit assumption that the great majority of all genes were essential for survival or fertility. Concern about redundancy and duplicated genes was a later issue, as it depended on the physical isolation of a gene by cloning, whereas in "precloning times" a gene was only detectable by a mutation causing a phenotype. However we took redundancy as a theoretical possibility into account. Among the segmentation genes, a number of cases of gene duplications have been fortuitously discovered during the molecular analysis. As methods of reverse genetics are not generally applicable in Drosophila, the proportion of redundant genes can not readily be determined. It is not at all clear why some genes are duplicated and others not.
Maternal and Zygotic Contribution:
Another limitation we were more concerned about was that genes whose products were required both maternally and zygotically would be difficult to detect in mutant screens. This concern applied in particular to the maternal mutants: in cases of additional functions in the embryo, mutations in genes with important maternal functions might be lethal zygotically and therefore cannot be discovered in maternal screens. A number of such cases have been found. In addition, in cases where the product is provided maternally, the zygotic phenotype may not represent the complete lack of function. To this day, the genes required both maternally and in the zygote are not easily accessible to investigations of function.
AXIS DETERMINATION IN DROSOPHILA
A large fraction of the genes identified in both the zygotic and the maternal screens affect either the anteroposterior or the dorsoventral axis. The pattern of the larva is composed of a series of segments that change their character from anterior to posterior. At both ends, nonsegmented terminal structures are located. The pattern also displays a clear dorsoventral difference, although the ventralmost (mesoderm) and dorsalmost (amnioserosa) structures of the embryonic fate map are not represented in the epidermal pattern.
The Anteroposterior axis:
We defined three classes of zygotic segmentation genes, which we called gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity genes (8). In mutant embryos of the gap genes, large unique regions are deleted. In pair rule mutants, deletions in the pattern affect homologous regions in every other segment (Figure 2), while every segment shows a defect in mutants of the class of segment polarity genes. The phenotypes suggested that the process of segmentation involves at least three levels of spatial organization: Processes beginning during oogenesis define the large unique regions requiring the gap gene function, the gap genes in turn control a repeat pattern with the periodicity of double segments. Finally, the individual segments are established as developmental units in response to the action of the pair rule genes (8).
The subsequent molecular analysis of the properties and function of the segmentation genes was carried out in many laboratories. In these studies, the method to make transgenic flies using P element induced germline transformation, developed by Alan Spradling and Gerald Rubin, opened up a rich repertoire of powerful approaches (31). Many of the segmentation genes are transcription factors that control the expression domains of other segmentation genes, either within the same or of the downstream class. The pattern of expression of many segmentation genes in first approximation corresponds to the deletion pattern displayed in cuticle preparations (18). During early embryogenesis, a series of such molecular prepatterns, composed of the expression domains of transcription factors, which are the products of the segmentation genes, is formed. The gap genes are expressed in large unique regions early in embryogenesis, their expression patterns being controlled by maternally provided transcription factors (18). The earliest metameric pattern, that of the pair rule genes, has 7 stripes that are determined one by one by the action and interaction of a particular combination of gap gene products (32, 33). The pair rule genes finally control the pattern of more than 14 stripes preceding the formation of the morphological pattern, the segments (34) (Figure 3).
The identification and analysis of the maternal genes affecting the segmentation pattern revealed that the anteroposterior axis is controlled by three groups of genes, each independently determining a subset of the pattern, the segmented anterior or posterior, or the unsegmented terminal regions of the embryo (35-37). Although the molecular processes by which the three groups function are largely different, they share some common features: Spatial signals are produced that are localized at the anterior or posterior egg pole. In each group, a series of molecular interactions finally results in the formation of a transcription factor gradient with the highest concentration at the site of the localized signal, spanning a substantial portion of the egg length (Figure 2) (38). These transcription factor gradients determine the expression of the gap genes in a concentration dependent manner, thereby defining the first subregions of the embryo.
The dorsoventral axis:
Two classes of zygotic genes have been identified, mutation of which cause a dorsalized or ventralized phenotype (39). In Drosophila, the mesoderm is formed during gastrulation in the ventral region of the egg, its formation depends on the expression domain of two zygotic transcription factors. The refinement of the dorsoventral pattern on the dorsal side involves a long range signalling process, unlike the series of prepatterns of transcription factors observed along the anteroposterior axis (40). The maternal control of the dorsoventral pattern is achieved by only one group of genes that establish a nuclear localization gradient, with its maximum at the ventral side, of a transcription factor that functions both as a repressor of dorsally expressed genes and an activator of ventrally expressed genes (17),(19). The first zygotic expression pattern divides the embryo into at least three domains from dorsal to ventral.
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PATTERN FORMATION
Despite the limitations of the mutant screens discussed above, the collection of genes within each phenotypic group and thus of components of a developmental pathway appears to be relatively complete. In several instances, the molecular interactions of the components within and between pathways have been elucidated in some detail. These examples show how complex patterns can develop from a small set of independently localized signals. A principal mechanism by which spatial complexity is increased is based on concentration gradients of morphogens, molecules that elicit different responses at different concentrations. An example of this mechanism has been discovered by studying the maternal control of the expression pattern of the gap gene hunchback by the morphogen Bicoid (41-43). Bicoid is the transcription factor determining the anterior pattern, it is distributed in a concentration gradient with its maximum at the anterior pole of the egg and controls the transcription of several target genes in a concentration dependent manner. Morphogen gradients can be formed by diffusion of the protein translated from a localized mRNA source, as in the case of the anterior and posterior maternal gradients (Figure 2) (35-37). In other cases, gradients are apparently produced by diffusion in the extracellular space (44). Their spatial distribution is communicated to the interior of the egg cell via a ligand- receptor based signal transduction mechanism (45). In the case of the dorsoventral axis, this mechanism results in the formation of a gradient of nuclear localization of the initially equally distributed transcription factor Dorsal (46-47). During segmentation, the series of transcription factor patterns with increasing spatial complexity develops by concentration dependent transcriptional activation and repression, involving combinations of transcription factors (18). The determination of the final molecular prepattern depends on short range signalling between adjacent cells (48),(34). This pattern immediately precedes the first morphological changes occurring during segment differentiation.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DROSOPHILA SCREENS
The mechanisms by which axes are established in Drosophila are among the best understood examples of pattern formation to date. Because of some special features of early development in the Drosophila embryo, they may however not always have an immediate parallel in other animal classes. This restriction applies in particular to the processes requiring diffusion in a syncytial embryo, as in the case of the formation of the Bicoid gradient. On the other hand, examples such as the formation of gradients by diffusion in the extracellular space, signal transduction, and the establishment of a nuclear localization gradient, as in the case of Dorsal, may prove to have analogies in pattern forming processes in multicellular tissues. The genetic analysis of pattern formation in Drosophila teaches us about the logic of pattern formation in a complex system, it also led to the discovery of some basic mechanisms which allow an increase in complexity during the development of multicellular organisms. On the other hand, many aspects of animal development, in particular the formation of organs and their functions, have not been studied as thoroughly in Drosophila. The reason for this restriction is the fact that we relied on the epidermal pattern when scoring mutant phenotypes in our screens. Obviously, this limitation was very apparent to us, although we tried to use it to our advantage. It limited, with rigid criteria, the number of genes to be concerned with. However, many mutations could not be recovered by the scoring of the cuticular pattern only. To this day, a systematic screen for mutants with defects in inner organs in Drosophila has not been performed, however, a number of genes with particular functions in inner organs were identified in special screens using specific molecular probes (49), or by other means such as the very powerful enhancer trap screens (50,51). A crude classification of the Drosophila genes discovered in the screens is presented in Table 2. To this day more than 60 % of them have been cloned.
Many Drosophila genes have been shown to have homologs in vertebrates. This homology is not restricted to amino acid sequence and to their biochemical function, but extends to the biological role played in development. This remarkable conservation came as a great surprise. It had been neither predicted nor expected. One of the first indications came with the discovery of the Hox clusters in vertebrates, and the conservation of the colinearity of their expression domains with the chromosomal location (52),(22). This was followed soon by the isolation of homologs in vertebrates of other homeobox containing genes, and it now seems that a large fraction of the Drosophila genes that we found in our screens have vertebrate homologs. It is difficult to give an estimate of this fraction, because not in all cases have homologs been looked for, however, it may be significant that among the maternal genes very few are known to have vertebrate homologs so far (Table 2). This may reflect the very great differences observed in very early development between vertebrates and invertebrates. A large fraction of the vertebrate homologs of Drosophila genes have been shown to play an important role in pattern formation in the mouse. Important patterning pathways appear to be conserved, such as the signalling pathway involving TGF-ß like growth factors, and homologs of hedgehog and wingless (21),(53,54). Most of the components of such pathways have been detected by phenotypes visible in the segmented pattern of the Drosophila larva. In the vertebrate body organization they are not always required in this context. For example, genes involved in segmentation in Drosophila also participate in patterning of the brain and the limbs in Drosophila as well as in the vertebrate. Although the collection of the Drosophila pattern genes provides a rich source for the study of some aspects of vertebrate development, this sample is strongly biased, probably providing but a small fraction of the genes controlling patterning in a vertebrate embryo. In order to obtain a more complete collection of those genes, a direct screen for mutations in a vertebrate organism is required.
THE ZEBRAFISH SCREEN
The zebrafish, Danio rerio, was selected as a model with potential for genetical research by the late George Streisinger (28). In the past 20 years a number of useful methods have been developed for the breeding and genetic analysis, as well as for the investigation of embryonic development of the zebrafish (25-27). It is interesting to compare flies and fishes regarding their properties for genetic and embryological research. Obviously, the long generation time and space requirement for rearing of zebrafish make large scale genetic screens difficult. In addition because of technical and logistical problems in the running of large numbers of aquaria, working with fish is more costly and labor intensive than with flies. On the other hand; compared to mice, the more traditional vertebrate organism used in genetical research, zebrafish offers the advantages of extrauterine development, and high fecundity. In fish, in vitro fertilization, haploid development of embryos until the larval stage, diploidisation, and the freezing of sperm samples is possible (Table 1). These techniques are invaluable in the maintenance and analysis of a large number of mutants, and are not available for flies. The greatest advantage of the zebrafish, however, lies in the nature of its embryonic development. Zebrafish eggs are fertilized synchronously, they develop rapidly outside the maternal organism, and, most importantly, they are initially completely transparent. This allows the observation of the development of many tissues and organs directly in the living embryo and at subsequent stages without the necessity of fixing, clearing, and staining (55) (Figure 4).
The early embryogenesis of zebrafish is very different from that of flies. A period of rapid synchronous cleavages results in a three-dimensional mass of cells, unlike the two-dimensional blastoderm formed in the Drosophila embryo. Gastrulation in the fish involves several morphogenetic movements, such as involution of mesendodermal regions and dorsal convergence (55). Although appearing very different, these movements might be related to the invagination of mesodermal and endodermal anlagen, and ventral condensation and extension of the germ band in the Drosophila embryo. They result in a multilayered embryo, the pharyngula or phylotypic stage, displaying the typical vertebrate body organization (Figure 4).
While in the Drosophila embryo fate mapping studies allow the construction of two-dimensional maps of the early gastrula with distinct and clearly separated anlagen, in the fish the fate of cells within particular gastrula regions is much less precisely predictable. The fish gastrula is multilayered. Large regions from which different organs or tissues later develop are overlapping and superimposed. This difference may reflect quite distinct developmental mechanisms determining fate of cells in the fish and fly embryo. A comparison of a fly and fish fate map reveals further dramatic differences between the relative size occupied by the anlagen for various organs: for example in the fish the brain anlage occupies a very large fraction of the gastrula, while the epidermis is rather inconspicuous, compared to its dominance in the fly map. To a certain extent, the sizes of the anlagen reflect the importance and visibility of the structures that can be scored in a mutant screen.
The crossing scheme used to make mutants with phenotypes visible in the embryo or early fish larva is displayed in Figure 1. For the fish, ENU treatment of spermatogonia has been used with a similar efficiency of mutagenesis as that obtained by EMS treatment of sperm in the fly (about 1 mutation per gene per 1,000 genomes) (26). In contrast to the fly screens, in the fish no markers can be used to help distinguishing carrier from non-carrier fish in the F2. Therefore, in order to detect a mutation induced by the treatment of parental males, a number of crosses have to be set up, of which only 25 % on average yield progeny that are homozygous for a mutation. As fish hatch enzymatically, most homozygous mutant embryos also hatch, and therefore, with few exceptions, cannot be selected as nonhatchers, a useful way to identify mutant embryos in the Drosophila screens. Mutant fish embryos can be recognized by their phenotypes only. The lack of markers and preselection is compensated somewhat by the fact that the entire genome is scored at once, and not chromosome by chromosome. In the case of the fly, three separate screens, using a total of more than 20,000 inbred families, were performed to obtain about 600 mutants in 130 genes (9-11). In the fish 3,100 families were screened, with an average of 4.2 crosses, corresponding to the screening of 3,800 genomes (Figure 1) (29). As the breeding of such a large number of fish families is necessary to achieve a reasonable degree of saturation for any given phenotypic trait, this screen was done as a collaborative effort of 12 scientists. We screened as many different phenotypic traits as could be efficiently scored. We isolated a total of 1,200 mutants, of which to date about 900 have been characterized both phenotypically and genetically. They define 350 genes, of which 150 have more than one allele (29).
The different features of development of the fish embryo were scored at different times in development, as the structures and organs become visible with age (Figure 4).
On the second day of development, the somites, notochord and brain were scored, while after hatching heart, blood, musculature, fins, eye, ear and other features can be studied. Fish of the larval stage, the latest time scored, almost one week old, have developed a complete set of internal organs, liver, gut, pancreas, kidney, can see and respond to stimuli, and are pigmented with three types of pigment cells. They still display a pigment pattern characteristic for the larval stage, and the fin structure does not yet completely correspond to that of the adult fish (Figure 4).
There are structural features of the fish which are recognized with safety and ease, while others are less conspicuous and therefore abnormalities may not always have been detected. The large degree of complexity, which is far more than that displayed in the cuticular pattern of the fly larva, allows a much broader spectrum of organs and tissues to be investigated, but it also poses considerable demands on the skill and expertise of the experimenter. The recognition of a particular phenotype is greatly enhanced if an interpretation of the phenotype is available, or if it has been seen before. Many mutants have rather general defects, they have not been kept for analysis (29). Mutants with complex or subtle phenotypes resembling rather general defects are not always recognized as interesting, or interpreted correctly. This means that the degree of saturation varies among different phenotypic classes (Table 3). On average it is certainly less than that achieved in the fly screens.
According to their predominant phenotypic traits, the genes can be classified in a large number of groups with similar phenotypes. Classification of each mutant depends on the interpretation placed on its phenotype, and this in turn on the degree of phenotypic analysis that can be performed. In the fish, a number of molecular probes are available that serve as markers for particular regions at specific developmental times. The expression patterns of such markers were very useful in characterizing many of the mutant phenotypes. The classes of fish genes identified by the mutants are shown in Table 3. A small number of classes have a parallel among the classes of fly genes, while the majority of phenotypes are novel. The collection of the fish gene classes is so different from that of the fly genes that a comparison is possible only in selected cases. Regarding the most prominent fly gene classes, gastrulation and segmentation, however, a small number of fish genes might reveal similarities to fly processes.
THE ZEBRAFISH GENE CLASSES
Gastrulation is affected in two gene groups, the phenotypes of which display a partial dorsalisation or ventralisation (56,57). In dino mutant embryos, dorsal anterior structures are reduced, while ventral posterior structures are increased in size. This results in embryos with small heads and large tails. The effect is most pronounced in the structures derived from the ventral- most position in the fate map: the blood and ventral tail fin, that is increased in size in dino. Using molecular markers that are expressed before gastrulation in a polar manner, it is apparent that the fate map is distorted already at an early point in fish embryogenesis (Figure 5A). As suggested by a characteristic duplication of the ventral tail fin, mutants in the mercedes gene have a role in the same process (56) (Figure 5K). A phenotype complementary to that of dino and mercedes is displayed in mutants in a number of genes with a dorsalized phenotype. Swirl embryos, for example, have much enlarged paraxial mesoderm, the forming somites encircle the entire embryo (Figure 5F), and ventrally derived structures such as blood and the ventral tail fin are reduced or lacking entirely (57). These groups of genes are reminiscent of genes with dorsalizing and ventralizing phenotypes also observed in Drosophila. For genes of both groups, homologs in the frog and fish have been cloned and shown to be expressed at opposite regions of the blastula (58-61). These and other observations led to the revival of an old theory postulating that the orientation of the dorsoventral axis in invertebrates is inverted compared to that of vertebrates (62-64). The fish genes are likely to provide components in these conserved pathways.
An interest in the mechanism of segmentation in vertebrates was an important incentive for the mutant screens in fish. In contrast to flies, which have a clearly segmented ectoderm, the mesoderm is the primary vertebrate tissue that is organized in a metameric pattern. We did not find many genes in the fish that have similarities to fly segmentation genes. The closest are mutants in which the somites, the earliest visible repetitive structures formed in the fish embryo after 10h of development, are fused. Five genes have a phenotype with fused somites (Figure 5B,M,N), (65). The somite pattern in the fish embryo is much less complex than the segment pattern of the Drosophila larva. However, the vertebrae that develop in postlarval stages in mutant fish display characteristic mirror duplications (Figure 5N), albeit less striking and regular than the phenotypes of the segment polarity genes in the fly, with which they may be compared. No genes with obvious resemblance to gap or pair rule genes have been detected in the fish screens. Using molecular approaches, no clear homologs to the gap genes could be detected so far, and the homologs of the pair rule genes do not seem to be expressed in a pair rule fashion (59). The failure to find mutations resembling the gap and pair rule mutations in the fish may mean that the formation of metameric patterns differs between Drosophila and most other animals. On the other hand, it may be the result of redundancy.
Other mutations affect the dorsoventral subdivision of the somites by the horizontal myoseptum. Some of these also lack the notochord, while in others the notochord is apparently normal. The notochord is a vertebrate-specific structure. The gene no tail, a fish homolog of the mouse brachyury or T gene, is expressed in the notochord (Figure 5C) (66,67) (a homolog in Drosophila is expressed in the hindgut (68)); and mutations in no tail as well as in three other genes required for notochord formation have been identified (Figure 5C) (69,70). The structure of the somites in fish is thought to be dependent on signals derived from the notochord. The genes affecting somite subdivision by the horizontal myoseptum might represent members of these signalling processes (Figure 5G). Their products may be involved in producing or receiving the signals, respectively (65). For these genes, homologous processes in Drosophila are not obvious.
A large number of the fish genes affect structures and functions of the central nervous system and sensory organs (Table 3). This class is poorly represented in the fly screen. In our screen several aspects of CNS development have been scored. For the neurogenic genes of Drosophila, such as Notch and Delta, homologs have been detected in the vertebrate by molecular means (71) and in our screen at least one gene with neurogenic features, white tail has been found. Mutant embryos display a considerable multiplication of primary neurons at the expense of secondary neurons and certain types of glial cells (Figure 5E) (72). Another class of genes affect structures along the midline in all three germlayers. In the mutants, the eyes are often fused. Mutant embryos display a lack of structures derived from axial mesoderm and ventral regions of the spinal cord or brain. In some mutants the pathfinding of nerves across the midline is impaired. The most prominent and longest known representative of this class of genes is cyclops (73). The eyes of mutant embryos are fused anteriorly, and the floorplate, the ventral region of the spinal cord, is lacking. There are several new members of this class of genes including diwanka (Figure 5H) and chameleon (74). It will be interesting to see whether the mutations which delete the midline structures, the ventral portion of the neuroectoderm and head in Drosophila, such as spitz and others (75), are homologous to the fish midline genes.
The brain morphology is affected in a number of mutants of which only some will be mentioned here. The forebrain, including the olfactory placodes and eyes are deleted in the mutant masterblind (Figure 5D). The analysis with molecular markers revealed that the region which normally would develop forebrain, instead develops into more posterior structures, similar to a homeotic transformation (76). The midbrain-hindbrain boundary is absent in mutants of two genes, no isthmus and acerebellar. The no isthmus gene, (Figure 5L) which is also required for the formation of the kidney, is homologous to one of the pax genes, a family of genes first identified in the mouse by their homology to the Drosophila segmentation gene paired (77).
A large number of zebrafish mutant classes do not have parallels in our Drosophila mutant collection. They will only be summarized briefly here. Of particular interest regarding their potential for medical research are mutants affecting inner organs. A number of genes affecting blood formation and circulation as well as the heart, structures easily scorable in the first two days of embryogenesis of the fish, have been identified. Mutants affected in organs developing later, such as liver, pancreas and kidney, are less well represented. Differentiation defects or degeneration of the musculature are displayed in embryos mutant for a number of genes. In addition, sensory organs such as eye and ear (Figure 5I), are affected in other mutants. A large number of genes are required for the formation of structures derived from the neural crest. The largest class are genes required for pigmentation, that is pigment cell formation and pigment pattern, and a number of genes affect portions of the jaw (Figure 5O) or branchial arches, structures specific to vertebrates (Table 3). We also isolated mutants with specific defects in motility of the larva. Mutant larvae fail to respond to touch, show reduced or no motility, spastic or circling behaviour, as well as defects in the reciprocal inhibition across the midline of muscular contractions. In a small number of mutants, defects in the outgrowth of motoneurons were observed (78). In Drosophila, our screens did not permit the recovery of motility mutants, although immotile larval phenotypes could be recognized in principle by an abnormal distortion of the larval cuticle in the unhatched embryo. Fortuitously, a small group of 4 genes of Drosophila was detected in which larvae were hyperactive, sometimes turning around in the egg case (Table 2) (9-11). These phenotypes in addition showed defective head skeleton differentiation, to this day they are not analyzed in detail.
Genetical research on axis determination in the Drosophila embryo has provided perhaps the most complete understanding of pattern formation to date. The elegance and efficiency with which mutations can be isolated and genes can be manipulated in this organism will permit further important discoveries concerning a number of basic processes of cell and developmental biology. However, mechanisms in the fly are, in several instances, likely to be unique to this specialized organism. While the approach of using fly genes to find homologs in vertebrates is a very powerful one, it emphasizes the similarities between these clearly different organisms. To understand vertebrate development, genes specific to vertebrates must be investigated in addition to those common between flies and fishes. To find and elucidate these differences, the mutants discovered in the zebrafish will provide an important entry point from which fundamental biological and medical problems might be investigated with genetical tools.
Acknowledgements: I would like to thank my collaborators , past and present, for their contributions: for their skill, understanding, thoughtfulness, brilliance, patience, enthusiasm, and support. I also wish to thank Siegfried Roth, Stefan Schulte-Merker, Stefan Meyer, Darren Gilmour, Nancy Hopkins, Peter Overath, Michael Granato and Judith Kimble for suggestions and help with the manuscript. | <urn:uuid:f09b4ef8-0f04-429c-b437-1c8ebdef1286> | {
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Massacre at Kincheloe Station
Written by David Hall and published in the Kentucky Standard, July 3, 1985
The tribal origins of those Indians who surrounded Kincheloe Station August 31, 1782, are a mystery. Likewise, what part, if any, they had played in the Blue Licks battle is unknown. It is possible the strong war party was a late diversionary force acting in concert with the larger, main force which had already won a stunning victory and retreated north of the Ohio 10 days earlier.
But another strong possibility is that this attack was to avenge recent losses suffered because of Col. John Floyd’s militia, crossing the Ohio River and surprising Indian encampments on grounds they considered theirs by treaty. The painted braves may have been Wyandot- Mingo- Miami- Delaware or a mixture of these tribal groups. They probably were not Shawnee. Little difference did it make to the settlers since, in the words of Col. John Floyd, describing conditions near the Falls in 1781, Not a week passes and (sometimes) scarcely a day without some … distressed inhabitants feeling the fatal effects of the infernal rage and fury of those Execrable Hell Hounds. For obvious reasons, no distinction was made by pioneers since they felt the only good Indian was a dead one. Some even preferred a quick death to the terrible possibility of capture by the Indians. (But many captives survived and endured, finally returning to family and friends years later.)
The date was September 1, 1782, as dawn approached the sleeping inhabitants of Kincheloe’s Station. Cornelius Davis had been standing watch and was in the act of retiring for some sleep. He had probably been relieved by one of the slaves, described as a large Negro man.
Almost undressed, only his shirt remained on when he heard the savage yells as the Indians sprang from hiding and scaled the station palisade. Grabbing his rifle, he stepped out of the cabin door and fired at an Indian atop the stockade. Instantly, several savages fired in return. They were so close his shirt was set afire by powder flash from the muzzles. Wounded, bleeding and his shirt dancing with a light flame, he stepped back into the cabin to warn his family and say goodbye. His young son, Isaac Davis, less than 10 years old, never forgot that apparition. Col. Davis went out to meet a certain fate. He rejoined the black man who had held off the attack for an instant. But surely in less than it takes to tell it, the screaming savages were everywhere. Davis fell within a few paces and was tomahawked. The fate of the brave and true black man who had fought with him is not known but almost certainly he fell with Davis in the opening seconds of the attack.
The Indians now had the station. Not knowing in advance how strong the defense might be, they must have been stunned at the ease with which their surprise attack had succeeded. Only two defenders had offered initial resistance. Now the savages made short work of the others who awoke in the midst of a living nightmare. Their worst fears had become a hideous reality.
The remaining family units were barricaded inside the crude log cabins, which proved poor refuge against so many Indians. One savage shot through a crack between logs and killed Mrs. Thompson Randolph as she lay in her bed. Her husband fought the braves after they broke into the cabin, grabbed up one of his infant children in his arms and somehow managed to break free, carrying the child in one arm and fighting with the other. He may have gone out through the roof, since it was composed of split boards held down only with weight poles. This would explain how he managed to avoid the numerous warriors now commanding the compound. Many of the cabins were actually part of the stockade wall. If his was one such, jumping off the cabin put him outside the stockade. It is a likely surmise to explain his miraculous escape in the murderous scene unfolding. His other small child suffered the fate of his wife. (Collins History relates Randolph fought two Indians after dropping off the roof, and then broke free to safety.)
William Harrison realized the chances for his wife and a relative to escape were slim. Their cabin had a hole for storage beneath the puncheon floor. He hid the ladies in this space, replaced the wide board covering and made his way out through the roof. One account indicates the Harrison cabin was located in the center of the compound, making escape that much more difficult. The same source relates how the two ladies rolled out a keg of spirits they found in the excavation. This distracted the Indians and their hiding place was overlooked. Harrison somehow got out of the station safely and the ladies survived the cabin being burned above their heads. When the cabin began collapsing they decided any longer wait would prove as fatal as the painted warriors. They crept out, almost nude, to discover all in burning ruins, now abandoned by the war party who had killed, plundered and destroyed the pioneer outpost in a matter of minutes.
The Indians had rounded up their prisoners, while looting was being completed.
It took some time for the pioneers to organize pursuit. Such a large party of Indians had to be respected. Blue Licks had taught the price of under estimating the cunning foe. On Sept. 3, 1782, John Floyd wrote to General George Rogers Clark My spies have this moment returned and brought intelligence of the savages who took Kincheloe Station … yesterday about 2 o’clock p.m. (they) crossed on the ridge beyond Brashear’s Creek (near present day Taylorsville) … Mr. Pomery, one of the spies, thinks their whole number does not exceed 150 … if you think we can defeat them let no time be lost … I am also convinced the enemies have delayed some to give us an opportunity to attack them and it is truly mortifying to think they should miss of it … I have not heard a word from Col. Cox which really surprises me … I still think that he (Cox) will send a message today … I now wait for your advice. Please hurry the express message back … your servant John Floyd.
Poor communications and faulty intelligence hampered the backwoods officers. Col. Cox was probably trying to be certain the strong force had, in fact, retreated before leaving his station and the others nearby almost defenseless, as Kincheloe had been. When pursuit was finally organized, it was too late. The Indians were gone and years would pass before some of the captives were returned to Kentucky. At least 13 settlers died as a result of the attack, perhaps more. The Burnt Station was never rebuilt. A year after the massacre a visitor noted only a few huts marking the site.
(Author’s note … Since the original articles on Kincheloe Station were written ten years past an amazing narrative has been discovered in the University of Chicago-Durrett Collection. Late in his life, William Polk, son of Capt. Charles Polk, related the trials and dangers of Indian captivity, telling verbatim what happened after the capture of the fort to his mother, sisters and other captives. He was 7 years old, Sept. 1, 1782. The following account is a direct quote of his personal memory. DHH)
About thirty in number were taken prisoners and the fort burned. It was known for many years afterwards as the Burnt Station. On the evening of the day of the calamity, Col. Floyd was advised of the melancholy occurrence: a council was immediately assembled to consult what course would be proper to pursue, and the general opinion was in favor of an immediate pursuit; to this Capt. Polk strongly objected; urging that a pursuit would tend to the massacre of all the prisoners, as the Indians would keep scouts in their rear, on their retreat, so that a surprise could not be calculated upon and that as it was, it might be possible for him, some time, to recover his family. Known as he was for his determined bravery, perseverance and patience and from his amiable and conciliatory course, being universally beloved, a pursuit was not attempted.
The Indians after taking whatever of the property of the inhabitants they could travel with set the houses on fire and consumed the remained and about daylight retired to their camps. Soon after sunrise they commenced their retreat with their prisoners, in all about thirty, including Mrs. Polk and her four children, the eldest a boy of about seven years of age, the others, daughters, the youngest two years old, and herself in that situation that but faint hopes could be entertained that she could bear the fatigue of a forced march through the wilderness, which the reader will understand when informed that her second son was born at Detroit, on the 27th of the ensuing October, 1782. On the first day of their captivity, circumstances occurred, which, though of minor importance, it is believed, from what was afterwards learned from the Indians, influenced their treatment of Mrs. Polk and her children, and probably was the means of preserving her life, which will be detailed in a manner that may appear tedious and unnecessary; the apology is that it is given as an illustration of the Indian character, to show that even among the untutored savages there are traits of benevolence and humanity that are worthy to be preserved.
At the first assault on the fort, Mrs. Polk having her two youngest children in the same bed with her, immediately arose and taking a child under each arm attempted to wake up her two eldest children; but before she succeeded the Indians broke into the house, seized her two children, hurried her out, and shortly after to their camp, within about half a mile from the fort.
After daylight, in looking over the encampment, she discovered all the prisoners taken except her own two children, from which she inferred that they had not been discovered in the darkness within the house, and been left to be consumed, as she saw them set the house on fire before they left the fort, which added much to her affliction, that she had not been able to wake them up out of their sleep.
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George Samuel Deviney digital story
The story of George Samuel Deviney, a young farmer from "Gladsdale" Helidon who enlisted with the 9th/52nd Battalion A.I.F. during WWI. He left for war with youthful enthusiasm and a sense of patriotic duty. George was killed at Dernancourt, France in 1918. His letters and diaries, and correspondence relating to his death and posthumous award are held in the John Oxley Library. The George Samuel Deviney Papers 1909-1918 include letters, diaries, postcards, a school exercise book, newspaper clippings, photographs, telegrams, accounts and one Next of Kin Memorial Plaque.
Margaret Thorsborne AO digital story
Recording made in Cardwell, North Queensland with Margaret Thorsborne whose parents served right through the First World War. Margaret's mother, Constance Keys, served with the Australian Army Nursing Service, and cared for the wounded from Gallipoli and in England, France and Flanders. She was awarded the Royal Red Cross Second Class, the Royal Red Cross First Class, was twice mentioned in dispatches, and was awarded the Medaille d'honneur des Epidemies (en vermeil). Margaret's father Lionel Pennefather served though the war with the 7th Battalion. He took part in the landing at Anzac Cove on 25th April 1915, then to Cape Helles in the attempts to take Krithia, back to Anzac, then to action in France. Constance Keys and Lionel Pennefather did not meet until 1920 when they were back in Australia. They married in 1921.
Queensland’s Indigenous servicemen of the First World War digital story
This digital story explores the contribution and experiences of Indigenous Queenslanders during the First World War. Despite the oppressive policies and practices of the Protection Era, between 1,250 and 1,500 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women volunteered for the AIF, and approximately 300 were from Queensland. Indigenous Queenslanders tried to enlist for a variety of reasons, and Indigenous Languages Coordinator Desmond Crump discusses the effect of the Defence Act (1909), which excluded from service 'those who were not of 'substantially European origin or descent'. In 1917 the Act was amended to so that 'half castes' could enlist. While this increased Indigenous recruitment, it did not guarantee Indigenous soldiers any of the rights afforded their non-Indigenous comrades after the war, and they returned to a life of restriction and discrimination.
Maurice George Delpratt digital story
The story of Maurice George Delpratt, a station overseer from Tambourine and former housemaster at The Southport School, who served at Gallipoli with the 5th Light Horse, and was captured by the Turks on 28 June 1915. As a prisoner of war at Hadji-Kiri, near Belemedik in the Taurus Mountains, Turkey, he worked on the construction of the Baghdad Railway. During his three years imprisonment, Delpratt corresponded with family and friends at home in Queensland. Most letters and postcards were written to his eldest sister Elinor (Nell), Mrs F.L. White of "Brooklands", Woodhill, Queensland. Correspondence and comfort parcels were facilitated by the Australian Red Cross POW Department in London. Delpratt was released after the armistice in November 1918 and returned to Queensland in July 1919. He married Mary Esther Davies of Toowoomba in 1928 and they had three daughters. He later worked at the Warwick Post Office and died in Warwick in 1957.
Queensland doctors and nurses in the First World War digital story
An examination of the experiences of Queensland doctors and nurses who served in the First World War. Professor John Pearn AO, RFD and Dr. Robert Likeman CSM, both distinguished civilian and military doctors, discuss the challenging situations faced by medical service people in the First World War, from overwhelming numbers of casualties, to extreme conditions and traumatic injuries. They explore the medical advancements which resulted from war, and the lasting emotional and psychological effects of the war on the doctors and nurses who served.
Roy Douglas Proctor digital story
The story of Roy Douglas Proctor, a Sergeant in 15th Battalion, A.I.F during WWI. The Roy Douglas Proctor Papers 1915-1917 are held in the John Oxley Library and contain letters and postcards sent from Roy while on active service, to his sister Ruby in Kelvin Grove, Brisbane. The letters are written from Egypt, France and Belgium, the postcards depict scenes in Egypt, the hospital ship Asturias, Marseille and London. Roy was killed in action, aged 26, on 1 February 1917, and buried in the Guards Cemetery, Les Boeufs, Somme, France.
Major General Sir Thomas William Glasgow KCB CB CMG DSO digital story
The story of Major General Sir Thomas William Glasgow, Queensland's highest ranking First World War soldier, and an effective and highly regarded divisional commander. Born in Tiaro in 1876, Glasgow enlisted with the Wide Bay Regiment, Queensland Mounted Infantry and served with distinction in the Boer War, where he won the DSO while still a Lieutenant. He organised the 13th Light Horse Regiment at Gympie in 1903, and at the outbreak of the First World War enlisted in the 2nd Light Horse Regiment. Glasgow earned distinction at Gallipoli, leading the Australian assault on Dead Man's Ridge, and on the Western Front he was appointed commander of 13th Infantry Brigade as part of 4th Australian Division. On 25 April 1918, 13th Brigade, together with Harold 'Pompey' Elliott's 15th Brigade, staged an important counterattack to recapture the town of Villers-Bretonneux. This action played a significant role in turning back the German Spring 1918 advance. In June 1918 Glasgow was given command of 1st Australian Division. In 1919 Glasgow was appointed KCB, was awarded the French Légion d'honneur and the Croix de Guerre, and the Belgian Croix de Guerre. After the war he commanded 4th Division, became honorary colonel of the 5th Light Horse and the 1st Battalion, and led the Anzac Day parade in Brisbane for 20 years. From 1919-1931 Glasgow served in the Australian Senate as a Nationalist. From April 1927 until October 1929 he was Minister for Defence. In 1939 Glasgow was appointed first Australian high commissioner to Canada, and returned to Australia in 1945 to resume pastoral and business interests in Queensland. He died in Brisbane in 1955 and was given a state funeral.
2nd Light Horse Regiment digital story
This digital story explores the achievements of Queensland’s 2nd Light Horse Regiment during the First World War. Raised at Enoggera in Queensland, the 2nd Light Horse Regiment embarked for Egypt on the Star of England in September 1914, and after further training in the Egyptian desert, was deployed to Gallipoli, without horses. The diaries of Anglican chaplain The Reverend George Green and the letters of Major George Herbert Bourne provide insight into the experiences of the 2nd Light Horsemen as they endured months of trench warfare before returning to Egypt in September 1915. Historian Mark Cryle and Army Museum South Queensland Manager Captain Adele Catts discuss the qualities and skills of the Light Horsemen, and the important bond between horse and man. In Egypt, the 2nd Light Horse joined the Anzac Mounted Division to defend the Suez Canal. As part of the 1st Light Horse Brigade, the Regiment played a significant role in the battle of Romani on 4 August 1916, and participated in the Allied advance across the Sinai in late 1916, fighting at Maghdaba and Rafa on the Palestine frontier. Other notable engagements included the abortive second battle of Gaza on 19 April 1917, and the battle of Beersheba.
Queensland chaplains during the First World War digital story
An examination of the role and experiences of Queensland chaplains during the First World War, with particular reference to three Anglican chaplains – The Reverend William Maitland Woods, The Reverend George Green and Canon David John Garland, whose papers are held in the John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Chaplains were responsible for the spiritual welfare of the soldiers, and alongside the more gruesome task of burying the dead, they provided important pastoral care and emotional support to their comrades.
Distant Lines, Queensland Voices of the First World War Digital Story
From April - November 2015, State Library of Queensland mounted a large and successful exhibition - Distant Lines: Queensland Voices of the First World War. This exhibition was a major deliverable of the QANZAC100 legacy project, funded by the Queensland State Government. Distant Lines showcased the State Library’s First World War collections, and explored the experiences of Queenslanders during those difficult years. As a visual record of the exhibition, this digital story takes viewers through the exhibition spaces, and curators Kevin Wilson and Robyn Hamilton explain the curatorial intent behind its design and content.
Premier's Anzac Prize Digital Story
This digital story presents an interview with Emily Ireland, one of the 2015 winners of the Premier's Anzac Prize. Through Emily's experience and the WWI family story which underpinned her application, the digital story explores the application process, awarding of the prize, and the subsequent journey to Gallipoli and the Western Front. Emily shares her impressions of and learnings from the experience.
March of the Dungarees Re-enactment
During the First World War, patriotic “snowball” marches were a spectacular and often successful way to encourage young men to enlist. The Dungarees March in south-east Queensland left Warwick on 16 November 1915, and made its way through Allora, Clifton, Greenmount, Cambooya, Toowoomba, Helidon, Gatton, Laidley, Rosewood, Ipswich and Oxley, a 270 kilometre journey that ended in Brisbane, with around 130 young men arriving to a tumultuous civic reception. At the end of 2015, the Dungarees March was re-enacted. Marchers left Warwick on 12 December, and arrived at Anzac Square, Brisbane on 19 December. A range of community events surrounded the departure of marching cadets, on 29 November and 11 December.
Currumbin RSL Dawn Service
25 April 2016 marked the 100 year anniversary of Anzac Day as a commemoration of World War 1 in Queensland. Currumbin Returned and Services League (RSL) on the Gold Coast is the creator, funder and manager of one of Australia’s largest and most unique Anzac Day commemoration events. The Dawn Service is held every year on the beach at Elephant Rock. This digital story explores how the service has expanded over time, and engaged and involved the local community to become a popular and diverse event.
Anzac Day Commemoration Committee of Queensland
A digital story highlighting the work of the Anzac Day Commemoration Committee (ADCC) of Queensland, which was formed on 10 January 1916 at a public meeting organised by the State Recruiting Committee. A local land agent, Thomas Augustine Ryan, recommended the formation of a committee to explore ways of honouring the fallen soldiers of the Gallipoli campaign, and once formed the ADCC devised a ceremonial day to be held on 25 April, the anniversary of the Gallipoli landing. For a century, the ADCC has overseen the conduct of Anzac Day services and activities all over Queensland, and remains central to the organisation of the event today. This digital story includes images of Anzac Day commemoration in Queensland over the last 100 years, and an interview with former honorary secretary and president of the Committee, Colonel Arthur Burke OAM (Retired).
QANZAC100 Regional White Gloves Experiences digital story 2016
The QANZAC100: Memories for a new generation legacy project held a series of White Gloves Experiences in regional towns all over Queensland. These experiences gave audiences an opportunity to view and handle heritage material pertaining to the First World War. This digital story explores purpose and value of QANZAC100 White Gloves Experiences to regional communities, the logistics involved in presenting a range of items from the State Library's collection and how the Experiences can help to bring Queensland stories to light.
El Arish soldier settlement digital story 2016
This digital story explores the township of El Arish in Far North Queensland and its origins as the Maria Creek soldier settlement. Reminders of its First World War beginnings are still evident today.
In September 1914, local photographers Talma Studios and then Fegan Studios set up tents at the Enoggera training camp, Brisbane, to photograph soldiers for publication in The Queenslander newspaper. Kit was provided so that every portrait featured a soldier in uniform. These portraits were then published in the Pictorial Supplement of The Queenslander newspaper, a weekly summary and literary edition of the Brisbane Courier (now the Courier Mail). By the end of 1918 around 29,000 photographs were published. As part of the QANZAC100: Memories of a new generation legacy project, State Library of Queensland undertook to digitise this unique collection of images, which represents around half of the 57,705 Queenslanders who enlisted in WWI. This digital story explores the rationale and process underpinning the soldier portraits digitisation project, including the invaluable contribution of volunteers, and the impact of sharing and making accessible this valuable resource.
Queensland’s First World War Death Registers digital story, 2017
Queensland’s Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages (RBDM) holds death registrations for men and women who enlisted in Queensland and died during World War 1 - almost 10,000 registrations. This digital story highlights the unique WWI death registers held at Queensland’s Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages (RBDM), the story behind their compilation 1921-1924 under the direction of the then Registrar-General George Porter, who took it upon himself to register the deaths of those who had, in his words, ‘given their lives for Queensland’. Copies of completed death certificates were made available to relatives for two shillings.
Canon Garland’s Memorial digital story, 2017
This story explores the contribution and significance to Queensland of Anglican priest and army chaplain Canon David John Garland during the First World War. The story also focuses on the work undertaken by the Canon Garland Memorial Society to plan, design and fund a permanent memorial in Garland's memory, as part of Queensland’s centenary commemorations. During World War 1, Anglican chaplain Canon David John Garland was a senior army chaplain at Enoggera training camp, and as Honorary Secretary of the Queensland Recruiting Committee, travelled the state, encouraging men to enlist. He then served as chaplain in Middle East from 1917 to 1919, raising funds for memorials, and for soldiers’ hostels both home and abroad to provide places of safe respite. Garland was heavily involved with the Bible in State Schools League in Queensland, and is widely considered to be the ’architect of Anzac Day’. As Honorary Secretary of the Anzac Day Commemoration Committee, he was an important originator of Anzac Day as a day of solemn and enduring commemoration. From 1920 as Rector of Ithaca Parish, he broadcast Sunday services on public radio until he passed away in 1939.
Soldier doctors: the Marks Family of Brisbane digital story, 2017
In 2010, State Library of Queensland was donated the extensive archive of the Marks family of Brisbane (Accession 27331). This digital story explores the contribution of three Marks brothers - Edward (Ted) Oswald Marks, Alexander (Alec) Hammett Marks, and their step-brother Joseph Espie Dods. All were medical doctors, and all three served during World War I. The story also examines the Marks family as part of Brisbane's medical community, and how the Marks Family collection represents the history and activities of the family over several generations. The Marks family figured prominently in the social, scientific and medical spheres of Brisbane society from 1879 until the death of Dr Elizabeth Nesta (Patricia) Marks in 2002. Charles Ferdinand Marks (1852-1941) emigrated to Queensland in 1879 where he had a distinguished career as a medical practitioner and politician. Ted Marks married Ernestine (Nesta) Roberta Barbara Drury in London in 1914. After the war he had a distinguished career as an ophthalmologist in Brisbane. His daughter, Elizabeth Nesta (Patricia) Marks (1918-2002) was an eminent entomologist, carrying out world recognised research into mosquitoes and malaria.
Discovering Annie Wheeler digital story, 2017
This digital story examines the important and unique part Mrs. Annie Wheeler played in connecting Central Queensland soldiers and their families during the First World War. Annie Margaret Wheeler (1867-1950), soldiers' welfare worker, was born at Saunders Station, Dingo, Queensland. Educated in Rockhampton, she trained as a nurse at Sydney Hospital. In 1896 she married Henry Gaudiano Wheeler of Cooroorah Station, near Blackwater, and after his death in 1903, moved back to Rockhampton. In 1913 she took her only daughter Portia to England to complete Portia’s education. When war broke out in 1914, Mrs Wheeler felt compelled to contribute to the war effort. Moving to London she took up residence near the AIF Headquarters and the Anzac Buffet. She endeavoured to contact all soldiers from Central Queensland, whether wounded, imprisoned, or in the trenches. She kept a detailed card index of contacts, corresponded with men on the battlefield, forwarded mail, provided for their needs and supervised the care and comfort of those in hospital. For soldiers on leave she supplemented allowances and advanced funds when needed. To them, she became known as the 'Mother of the Queenslanders'. Families in Queensland sent letters and parcels through her, and by 1918 over 2,300 men were on her books. Every fortnight Mrs Wheeler sent home detailed letters which were published in the Capricornian and the Rockhampton Morning Bulletin. A support fund was set up in Rockhampton, and the Commonwealth government provided free passage for her return in 1919 to a hero's welcome. Over 5,000 people met her train. She was appointed O.B.E. in 1920.
E.T. Shorley: First World War lyricist and poet digital story, 2017
In 2015, Rockhampton music teacher and playwright Janet Stevenson received a Regional Arts Development Fund grant to assist with research and development of a play about the life of central Queenslander composer E.T. (Ezra Thomas) Shorley. Mr. Shorley emigrated from the United Kingdom aged 19, and lived around Rockhampton, Mount Morgan and Ulam. Although his background was in farming, Shorley composed poems, lyrics and some music, and published more than twenty songs towards the end of the First World War and into the 1920s. State Library holds a number of these pieces, some of which have a wartime theme. Stevenson’s play, The Optimist, was staged in Rockhampton, Mount Morgan and Emu Park in the lead-up to Anzac Day 2016, and is a unique interpretation of Shorley’s life, and a creative commemoration of the First World War in Queensland.
Central Queensland Nurses of the First World War digital story, 2017
This digital story examines the training, dedicated service and legacy of central Queensland nurses who enlisted in the Australian Army Nursing Service during the First World War, and highlights the work of the Rockhampton Country Hospital Museum in uncovering their stories. In 2014, the Rockhampton Country Hospital Museum in Central Queensland undertook research aimed to identify and honour the First World War contributions of local nurses who trained at local hospitals, had a Pre War or Post War link to the local area, and enlisted to serve their country. Limiting the geographical area to central Queensland allowed the research to focus on Rockhampton Hospital nurse training records archived at the Rockhampton Country Hospital Museum, as well as stories written home and printed in local newspapers. An outcome of the research was a greater insight into the achievements of these dedicated nurses, and an increased awareness of their legacy of caring. 18 of the nurses researched trained at Rockhampton Hospital, 6 trained at Mount Morgan Hospital, 5 trained at Rockhampton Children’s Hospital, 2 trained at Rockhampton Women’s Hospital, and 2 trained at Gladstone Hospital.
James Nicholas Murray: soldier surveyor digital story, 2017
This digital story explores the significance and potential of Private James Nicholas Murray’s surveyor’s notebook of Russell’s Top, Gallipoli. Private James Nicholas Murray was a surveyor by profession, and enlisted in the First World War on 10 February 1915 as part of D Company, 25th Battalion. He proceeded to Gallipoli in September 1915, then returned to Egypt when the Peninsula was evacuated. While on the Peninsula he surveyed the Allied trench and tunnel system. Once back in Egypt, he suffered hearing loss from otitis media infection, and on 3 March 1916 was invalided to Australia for discharge. The 29924 James Nicholas Murray Papers contain documents pertaining to Murray's employment as a surveyor in Queensland, along with papers relating to his WWI service in Egypt and Gallipoli, in particular a 1915 diary, and a field service notebook containing survey measurements of trenches and tunnels at Gallipoli. Murray’s notes have been plotted onto a contemporary survey map by James Murray's grandson Mark Murray, also a surveyor, and the notebook has formed the basis of a University of Queensland 3D modelling project.
Memories for a new generation, 2017
A digital story which explores the QANZAC100: Memories for a new generation project, a five-year legacy initiative funded by the Queensland Government to commemorate the centenary of the First World War. Filmed in August 2017, the digital story details a variety of project outcomes, and forms a progress-so-far report. | <urn:uuid:02ded9e7-5861-42d3-ad20-e591bba343b5> | {
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© 2017 – Routledge
230 pages | 3 B/W Illus.
This multi-disciplinary collection interrogates the role of human rights in addressing past injustices. The volume draws on legal scholars, political scientists, anthropologists and political philosophers grappling with the weight of the memory of historical injustices arising from conflicts in Europe, the Middle East and Australasia. It examines the role of human rights as legal doctrine, rhetoric and policy as developed by states, international organizations, regional groups and non-governmental bodies. The authors question whether faith in human rights is justified as balm to heal past injustice or whether such faith nourishes both victimhood and self-justification. These issues are explored through three discrete sections: moments of memory and injustice, addressing injustice; and questions of faith. In each of these sections, authors address the manner in which memory of past conflicts and injustice haunt our contemporary understanding of human rights. The volume questions whether the expectation that human rights law can deal with past injustice has undermined the development of an emancipatory politics of human rights for our current world.
Ruminating on the relationship between law, memory, and human rights, this impressive collection dazzles in content and scope. Its empirically rich and theoretically provocative contributions range from international law to literary studies, crossing an expanse of geographies and histories, all to remind readers that while wrongs cannot be righted, and memory cannot be trusted, the pursuit of justice in the present cannot be abandoned. A valuable collection for scholars - legal and otherwise - working in the areas of transitional justice, de-colonization, reconciliation, and public memory.
Stacy Douglas, Assistant Professor of Law and Legal Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
Kalliopi Chainoglou, Barry Collins, Michael Phillips and John Strawson
Part I. Moments of Memory and Injustice
Chapter 1. Ghosts of War Crimes Past: An account from the frontline in Bangladesh, Wayne Morrison.
Chapter 2. Modern Islamic Memory and the ISIS ‘Caliphate,’ John Strawson.
Chapter 3. Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland: The case of Irish nationalism, Cillian McGrattan.
Chapter 4. Selecting the Memory, Controlling the Myth: The propaganda of legal foundations in early modern drama, Eric Heinze.
Chapter 5. Sin Carries the Penance: the Spanish Civil War's conflicts of guilt and justice, Ignacio Fernandez de Mata
Part II. Addressing Injustice
Chapter 6. Beginning Anew: Exceptional Institutions and the Politics of Ritual, Paul Muldoon
Chapter 7. Promoting Reconciliation and Protecting Human Rights: an underdeveloped relationship, Nasia Hadjigeorgiou.
Chapter 8. Human Rights as Acts of Faith: Universal Jurisdiction and the Law of Historical Memory in Spain, Barry Collins.
Chapter 9. The Right to Historical Truth and Historical Memory versus Historical revisionism and denialism: A human rights analysis, Kalliopi Chainoglou
Part III. Questions of Faith
Chapter 10. Misplaced Faith? Implementing Spain's 2007 Reparations Law, Georgina Blakeley.
Chapter 11. Faith, Justice and Catholic Public Memory: The Politics of Reconciliation in Australia and New Zealand, Dominic O’Sullivan.
Chapter 12. A Pastoral Care for Reconciliation? Spanish Catholic Bishops and historical memory during the Zapatero Era (2004–2011), Mireno Berrettini
Chapter 13. The Australian Christian Churches and the Aboriginal Reconciliation Process: public religion and its limitations, Michael Phillips.
Conclusion: Varosha: a memorial to conflict, Mertkan Hamit and John Strawson. | <urn:uuid:ee072cf8-cf9b-4cc1-919a-e21aafc605d6> | {
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|Analysis of variance|
|Bayesian model selection|
Statistics can be described as "the practice or science of collecting and analysing numerical data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample." It involves all stages of data collection and processing from the initial collection, to the analysis and ultimately to the conclusions and interpretations of the data. It is used in all research oriented disciplines from physics, chemistry and biology to economics, anthropology and psychology as well as many thousands of other fields. It is also used in businesses and governments.
Statistics analyzes data in two primary ways, the first is called descriptive statistics which describes and summarizes the data. Often this will include things like: the mean, standard error, or standard deviation each of these is an example of a statistic. Also statistics can attempt to infer relationships between the data collected and various hypothesis or populations, this is called inferential statistics. Both descriptive and inferential statistics comprise applied statistics. There is also a discipline called mathematical statistics, which is concerned with the theoretical basis of the subject.
Statistics takes its name from the fact that it was traditionally taught to monarchs to enable them to manage affairs of state.
Frequentist approaches are often referred to as classical approaches because it is the oldest and most used method of statistical analysis. The heart of this approach is to try and understand data as a relative frequency or ratio of a particular occurrence out of a total possible number of occurrences. For example, a frequentist would describe the number of times a coin turns up heads as a ratio of total number of heads out of total number of flips.
Frequentist approaches to descriptive statistics mostly involve averaging. For example, the mean of a sample is calculated as the total value of all observations divided by total number of trials, and the standard error is calculated by taking the total error size for all samples and dividing by total number of trials.
These methods stem from the view of data as ratios probabilities.
Frequentist approaches to inferential statistics primarily involve trying to compare descriptive statistics of two data sets to determine if they are significantly different. One of the most common approaches is to test a given data set against a null hypothesis or the data set that would be created if the values were the result of random chance alone. For example, if a given head came up 9 times as heads and 1 time as tails you would compare the number of heads, 9, to the number of heads that would be expected if chance alone was operating, or 5.
Testing against the null hypothesis is sometimes referred to as an omnibus test since it is testing the idea that a given data set is the result of anything other than chance. Often it is much more desirable to test specific data sets against each other.
Common frequentist methods
Bayesian statistics is a method of applying Bayes theorem to data analysis. One of the biggest difference between Bayesian approaches and frequentist approaches is that Bayesians attempt to determine the probability that a given hypothesis is true given the data, while frequentist attempt to define the probability of getting the data given that a particular hypothesis is true.
Bayesian approaches are becoming more and more popular in science because what most people are interested in is the probability of the proposed hypothesis, not the probability of the data. It also does not need to make prior assumptions about the data such as normality and homogeneity of variance. However, Bayesian methods have come under fire from many frequentist proponents. This has led to very heated debate in statistical circles, though this has largely died now, about the respective validity of both methods. The primary complaint leveled at Bayesian statistics is that it must use a prior probability of a hypothesis in its analysis. This prior is intended to build contextual information into the analysis, but it may be seen by its critics as subjective or arbitrary. Commonly used prior distributions include the uniform distribution and beta distribution.
Bayesian methods all use Bayes' equation, this applies for both descriptive and inferential statistics. To find such things as the mean and standard deviation first a prior probability for all means and standard deviations must be assigned. In practice this usually means assigning uniform probabilities to values equally spaced between what we think is the minimum and maximum values for the statistic we are interested in (the number of values depends on the grid density, which is proportional to accuracy and inversely proportional to computation time). Then a likelihood of each value is then calculated based on the data and then Bayes equation is used to assign a posterior probability for each value. These posterior probabilities can be plotted as a probability density function (PDF) to see the various probabilites for the value given the data, or often simply the value with the highest posterior probability is simply chosen.
Inferential statistics in Bayesian methods looks much the same as descriptive statistics since both use the Bayes equation and the same basic approach. To compare to means you would calculate the PDF for each data set then subtract them from each other to figure out the probability that they differ.
In order to compare hypothesis Bayesian model selection is often used. This is when each hypothesis you want to test is assigned a prior probability, and then the likelihood of the data given each hypothesis being test is calculated. You can then us Bayes equation to determine the relative probabilities that each hypothesis is correct. This method is almost always testing relative probabilites since to calculate an absolute probability would require knowing every possible hypothesis. Usually this is not possible, but sometimes the subset is finite enough it can be tested.
Because of the large number of calculations needed for model selection Bayesian approaches have only became practical and popular with the advent of computers. But even with the most modern computers available many Bayesian models remain computational intractable. Recent developments in applying Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to these problems have led to promising results.
Non-parametric and Bootstrapping methods
One of the greatest problems in frequentist approaches to statistics is that it often relies on making prior assumptions about how the data looks and was collected. Most commonly the data must be a normal distribution and have homogeneity of variance. Different statistical methods are more or less robust to violations of these assumptions, and some techniques have attempted to avoid them all together. The end result though is usually a significant loss of power and increased likelihood of error.
Non-parametric statistics are any one of many methods that attempt to define descriptive characteristics or make inferential claims with out the need of tightly confined parameters. The main goals is to try and eliminate the need for assumptions without sacrificing power and accuracy.
Bootstrapping statistics is a particularly popular non-parametric approach. Bootstrapping is computationally costly and has only recently become feasible for most data sets. It involves sampling with replacement from the given data set perhaps as many as 100,000 times in order to determine mean, error, best fits and comparisons of data sets.
Misuse of statistics
Statistical data can often be manipulated to make it seem like it proves a certain hypothesis, whereas in actuality it does not. Because of the advanced mathematics involved in computing some statistics, people can sometimes be deceived by this. This type of deceit has been used by politicians and their supporters to give a false impression of voter preferences, for example. It can also be used by scientists with their own agendas to try to "prove" various otherwise unsupported theories. Since it is also possible to misuse statistics by accident, statisticians must always be very careful; for example, polls can be skewed if the wording of questions or other polling techniques unintentionally result in bias.
- Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2005) 'Oxford Dictionary of English (2nd edition revised)' Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. | <urn:uuid:8e6170c1-a9e5-4b2a-997c-d531473d68e1> | {
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Acrylamides represent a serious concern for processors of baked foods and snacks. These harmful chemicals can form when foods containing sugar and protein cook at high temperatures as part of the browning reaction. In November, the Food and Drug Administration issued a guidance document about acrylamide abatement. While such documents do not set “must follow” regulations, they lay out recommended practices. Fried foods are particularly susceptible to acrylamide formation.
A new Unitized Vacuum Fryer from Heat and Control gets around this problem. It operates at 10% or less of normal atmospheric pressure, which means that moisture boils out at lower temperatures than in traditional fryers. The fryer keeps oil at temperatures below 248°F (120°C), the point at which acrylamide forms. “This also allows you to fry high-sugar potatoes, yams, apples and other products while controlling browning,” explained Don Giles, director of sales, processing systems, Heat and Control.
The Unitized Vacuum Fryer needs no external enclosure. “This saves floor space and eliminates the hazardous, labor-intensive process required by other designs of moving the fryer in and out of a vacuum chamber for cleaning and maintenance,” Mr. Giles said. | <urn:uuid:c5bcdfdf-1ad7-4467-a895-f1340f703d11> | {
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A city on the island of Sicily, in Italy.
In the ancient world, Syracuse was the most powerful of the Greek city-states of Sicily, at various times dominating the island. The city was a monarchy throughout most of pre-Roman times, ruled by tyrants in the traditional fashion] of Greek city-states.
As a major power in the Western Mediterranean, Syracuse was a ripe plum for any would-be conqueror, and was repeatedly besieged by both Roman and Carthaginian forces.
Syracuse ceased to be an independent city-state as a direct result of the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage. Since then, its political history has been subsumed into the political histories of the larger entities of which it has been part.
Condensed overview of Syracusan political history:
793 BCE-491 BCE : Oligarchy
491 BCE-478 BCE : Gelon I
478 BCE-466 BCE : Hieron I
466 BCE-465 BCE : Thrasybulos
465 BCE-405 BCE : Democracy
405 BCE-367 BCE : Dionysios I the Elder (see also: Himilco)
367 BCE-356 BCE : Dionysios II the Younger
356 BCE-347 BCE : Dion (several rivals)
354 BCE-352 BCE : Kalippos
352 BCE-350 BCE : Hipparinos
352 BCE-350 BCE : Aretaeos
350 BCE-346 BCE : Nysaeos
347 BCE-344 BCE : Dionysios II the Younger (again)
345 BCE-337 BCE : Timoleon
347 BCE-317 BCE : Oligarchic republic
317 BCE-289 BCE : Agathokles
289 BCE-270 BCE : Civil war between several contenders, including a brief period when Syracuse was subject to Epirus.
275 BCE-215 BCE : Hieron II
240 BCE-216 BCE : Hieron II (co-tyrant)
215 BCE-214 BCE : Hieronymos
214 BCE-212 BCE : Adranodoros
213 BCE-212 BCE : Hippokrates (co-tyrant)
213 BCE-212 BCE : Epikydes (co-tyrant)
211 BCE-27 BCE : Subject to the Roman Republic
27 BCE-396 : Subject to the Roman Empire
396-476 : Subject to the Western Roman Empire
476-493 : Subject to the confederation of the Heruli
493-535 : Subject to the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths
535-878 : Subject to the Byzantine Empire
878-910 : Subject to the Tunisian Aghlabids
910-968 : Subject to the Fatimids
968-1062 : Subject to the Kalbis
1062-1130 : Part of the County of Sicily
1130-1816 : Part of the Kingdom of Sicily
1816-1860 : Part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1860 - today : Part of modern Italy | <urn:uuid:31b2bb5f-b009-4e64-9473-85b5793033a7> | {
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WebMD Medical News
Brunilda Nazario, MD
Jan. 25, 2012 -- Working 11-hour days may seem the norm in this economy, but regularly logging long hours can more than double a worker’s risk of depression.
People who routinely put in more than 11-hour days more than double their chances of major depression, compared to employees who typically work about eight hours a day, a new study suggests.
Long workdays take a physical toll on the body, but there's been mixed evidence of their effects on the brain. And little is known about the link between long work hours and depression.
This research looked at more than 2,000 British civil servants who had no mental health problems when the study began in 1991, and whose average age was 47. About six years later, 66 cases of major depression were found in the workers after they received mental health screenings.
Men and women who worked more than 11-hour days had a more than twofold increased risk of depression, compared to public employees who spent less than eight hours at the office.
The civil servants who were more likely to become depressed were typically younger females in lower job grades who used alcohol moderately and also had a chronic disease.
The research appears in the online journal PLoS ONE.
A variety of genetic, physical, and emotional factors can make a person vulnerable to depression. At the workplace, the prolonged stress felt by people with long hours is one of the contributing factors to depression.
"Long working hours are likely to be related to less time to relax and less sleep," says study researcher Marianna Virtanen, PhD. She is a team leader of the Work and Mental Health team at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in Helsinki.
"It is also possible that excessive working hours result in problems with close relationships, which in turn, may trigger depression," Virtanen says.
The current economic climate has millions of people working extremely long hours -- or holding two or three jobs just to make ends meet. Many of us are working too much. So how can you tell if all those hours are affecting your mood?
Some warning signs for depression include trouble sleeping, feeling stressed, being irritable and dissatisfied, or lacking pleasure in those things that usually make you happy. You may also make more mistakes on the job, or have trouble getting organized or concentrating.
Workaholics are not immune to depression, but Virtanen suspects it might take them longer to develop depression because they probably find their jobs more rewarding than people who may be forced to put in longer hours.
Although this research was done in the 1990s, these days technology tethers us even closer to our jobs. "Work is no longer so much tied to time and place," Virtanen says. "This may make some people feel highly attached to their work tasks outside of their usual working hours."
Although the study only looked at public employees in white-collar jobs, it's unclear if similar results would be found in blue-collar or private-sector workers.
Of course, working long hours is not the only reason people become depressed, but the study raises awareness that it can play a role, says Randy Auerbach, PhD, who researches depression at McLean Hospital in Belmont, Mass.
Auerbach said the number of cases of depression found were reasonable for this population, and that the researchers did a good job accounting for other factors that may contribute to depression, such as economic status, alcohol use, social support, and gender.
The reality is that employees are often driven to work more to hold on to the job and income they have. If it doesn't seem feasible to cut back on your hours, Auerbach says, then ask yourself, "What can I do to put my mental and physical well-being first?"
Longer work hours could result in less time with your loved ones and less time to invest in your self-care. Sleep often slides, as do plans to exercise and eat healthy foods. Time with family and friends may take a back seat.
Yet these are many of the healthy ways that buffer against stress and let people blow off steam.
"It's important to have periods with less pressure at work and shorter hours," Virtanen says. Her other tips for work-life balance include making a distinction between work and leisure, not skipping your vacation time, and taking care of your health, especially sleep and exercise.
SOURCES:Virtanen, M. PLoS One, published online Jan. 25, 2012.Marianna Virtanen, PhD, team leader, Work and Mental Health team, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.Randy Auerbach, PhD, instructor, department of psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information. | <urn:uuid:4080e215-1ca4-4e22-ad88-0502301d9fa6> | {
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Definition of Jason
: a legendary Greek hero distinguished for his successful quest of the Golden Fleece
Origin of jason
Latin Iason, from Greek Iasōn
First Known Use: 14th century
Learn More about jason
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about "Jason"
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up Jason? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:5deed618-ebc8-493d-8803-8847679f310c> | {
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~ U/V ~
V, Has two powers, expressed in modern English by two characters, V consonant and U vowel, which ought to be considered as two letters; but as they were long confounded while the two uses were annexed to one form, the old custom still continues to be followed.
U, the vowel, has two sounds; one clear, expressed at other times by eu, as obtuse; the other close, and approaching to the Italian u, or English oo, as obtund.
V, the consonant, has a sound nearly approaching to those of b and f. With b it is by the Spaniards and Gascons always confounded, and in the Runick alphabet is expressed by the same character with f, distinguished only by a diacritical point. Its sound in English is uniform. It is never mute. | <urn:uuid:7da92539-6cc6-40ee-8b78-383707b1bb91> | {
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Because light can carry greater amounts of data more efficiently than electrical signals traveling through copper wires, today's technology is increasingly based on optics, and focusing light into tinier spaces can squeeze more data through optical fibers and increase bandwidth, researchers at the California Institute of Technology reported.
Not that it's easy, they said; at sizes smaller than the wavelength of light, a few hundred nanometers in the case of visible light, what's called the diffraction limit makes it physically impossible to focus the light any further.
But the Caltech researchers said they've developed a new kind of waveguide -- a tunnel-like device that channels light -- that has overcome this natural limit.
The device turns light into oscillations of electrons that carry the same information and properties, acting in effect as a proxy for the light, but in a much narrower beam.
"Our new device is based on fundamental research, but we hope it's a good building block for many potentially revolutionary engineering applications," said Myung-Ki Kim, a postdoctoral scholar and co-author of the study paper published in the journal Nature Photonics. | <urn:uuid:d49b7ace-64b6-4282-97f0-ac643ac927a4> | {
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John Singleton Mosby was born in Edgemont, Virginia, on 6th December, 1833. Brought up near Charlottesville he entered the University of Virginia in 1849. At university he was charged with shooting another student and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment. While in prison he studied law and after his release he became a lawyer in Bristol.
On the outbreak of the American Civil War Mosby joined the Confederate Army. At first he served as a private in the 1st Virginia Cavalry and fought at Bull Run. Promoted to the rank of lieutenant in February, 1862, Mosby began scouting for James Jeb Stuart and was responsible for the ride around George McClellan in June.
In January, 1863 Mosby and a team of nine men began attacking isolated Union Army posts in Virginia and Maryland. As captured goods were divided up between the men Union officials regarded Mosby's men as criminals rather than soldiers.
July, 1863, Mosby was given permission to organize his Partisan Rangers. Mosby became an expert in guerrilla warfare tactics and his small unit of a hundred soldiers were very active during the Union Army during the Wilderness campaign. Mosby and his men undermined the enemy's transport system by destroying rail lines and bridges.
In 1865 General Philip Sheridan sent out a hundred men to hunt down Mosby. Within a few months 98 of these men had been killed or wounded. Mosby's military successes earned him promotions to captain, major and finally colonel in December, 1864.
On news of the Confederate surrender, Mosby disbanded his Partisan Rangers and resumed his work as a lawyer. He upset many of his former supporters by joining the Republican Party and backed Ulysses S. Grant for president in 1868.
Mosby served as U.S. consul at Hong Kong (1878-1885) and assistant attorney in the Justice Department (1904-10). He wrote two books about his war experiences: Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby (1887) and Stuart's Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign (1908).
John Singleton Mosby died on 30th May, 1916.
In my youth I was very delicate and often heard that I would never live to be a grown man. But the prophets were wrong, for I have outlived nearly all the contemporaries of my youth. I was devoted to hunting, and a servant always had coffee ready for me at daylight on a Saturday morning, so that I was out shooting when nearly all were sleeping. My father was a slaveholder, and I still cherish a strong affection for the slaves who nursed me and played with me in my childhood. That was the prevailing sentiment in the South - not one peculiar to myself - but one prevailing in all the South toward an institution which we now thank Abraham Lincoln for abolishing.
We were incorporated into the First Virginia Cavalry, which Stuart had just organized, now on outpost to watch Patterson. I had never seen Stuart before, and the distance between us was so great that I never expected to rise to even an acquaintance with him. Stuart was a graduate of West Point and as a lieutenant in Colonel Sumner's regiment, the First Cavalry, had won distinction and had been wounded in an Indian fight. At the beginning of the war he was just twenty-eight years old. His appearance - which included a reddish beard and a ruddy complexion - indicated a strong physique and great energy.
In his work on the outposts Stuart soon showed that he possessed the qualities of a great leader of cavalry. He never had an equal in such service. He discarded the old maxims and soon discovered that in the conditions of modern war the chief functions of cavalry are to learn the designs and to watch and report the movements of the enemy.
There was a great battle yesterday. The Yankees are overwhelmingly routed. Thousands of them killed. I was in the fight. We at one time stood for two hours under a perfect storm of shot and shell - it was a miracle that none of our company was killed. We took all of their cannon from them; among the batteries captured was Sherman's - battle lasted about 7 hours - about 90,000 Yankees, 45,000 of our men. The cavalry pursued them till dark - followed 6 or 7 miles. General Scott commanded them. I just snatch this moment to write - am out doors in a rain - will write you all particulars when I get a chance. We start just as soon as we can get our breakfast to follow them to Alexandria. We made a forced march to get here to the battle - travelled about 65 miles without stopping. My love to all of you. In haste.
In June, 1862, McClellan was astraddle of the Chickahominy; his right rested on the Pamunkey, but there was a gap of several miles between his left and the James. The two armies were so close to each other that the cavalry was of little use, and it was therefore kept in the rear.
One morning I was at breakfast with Stuart, and he said that he wanted to find out if McClellan was fortifying on the Totopotomy, a creek that empties into the Pamunkey. I was glad to go for him and started off with three men. But we found a flag of truce on the road and turned off to scout in another direction - I did not want to go back without doing something. We did not get the information for which we were sent, but we did get intelligence of even more value.
We penetrated McClellan's lines and discovered that for several miles his right flank had only cavalry pickets to guard his line of communication with his depot at the White House on the Pamunkey. Here, it seemed to me, was an opportunity to strike a blow. McClellan had not anticipated any such move and had made no provision against it.
On discovering the conditions, I hastened back to Stuart and found him sitting in the front yard. It was a hot day - I was tired and lay down on the grass to tell him what I had learned. A martinet would have ordered me to stand in his presence. He listened to my story and, when I had finished, told me to go to the adjutant's office and write it down.
I returned yesterday with General Stuart from the grandest scout of the war. I not only helped to execute it, but was the first one who conceived and demonstrated that it was practicable. I took four men, several days ago, and went down among the Yankees and found out how it could be done. The Yankees gave us a chase, but we escaped. I reported to General Stuart, suggested his going down, he approved, asked me to give him a written statement of the facts, and went immediately to see General Lee, who also approved it.
We were out nearly four days, rode continuously four days and nights, found among the Yankee camps and sutlers' stores every luxury of which you ever conceived. I had no way of bringing off anything. General Stuart gave me the horses and equipments I captured. What little I brought off is worth at least $350. Stuart does not want me to go with Floyd, -told me before this affair that I should have a commission, on returning yesterday he told me that I would have no difficulty in doing so now.
I met Wyndham Robertson on the street to-day. He congratulated me on the success of the exploit, and said I was the hero, and that he intended to write an account of it for the papers - made me promise to dine with him to-day. I send you some captured things, the carpet was in an officer's tent. There is no prospect of a battle here, heavy reinforcements have been going to Jackson. I got two splendid army pistols. Stuart's name is in every one's mouth now. I was in both cavalry charges, they were magnificent. . . . I have been staying with General Stuart at his headquarters. . . . The whole heavens were illuminated by the flames of the burning wagons, etc. of the Yankees. A good many ludicrous scenes I will narrate when I get home. Richmond in fine spirits, everybody says it is the greatest feat of the war. I never enjoyed myself so much in my life.
With nine men I stampeded two or three thousand Yankees. I see the Richmond papers give Colonel Rosser the credit of it. He had nothing to do with it, and was not in twenty-five miles of there. General Lee sent me a message expressing his gratification at my success. I believe I have already written of my trip around McClellan at Catlett's Station, when I saw him leave his army at the time he was superseded by Burnside. The courier by whom I sent the dispatch to General Stuart announcing it passed five Yankee cavalry in the road. Not dreaming there was a rebel army in their rear, they passed on by him, merely saying "Good morning." We did not go in disguise, as spies, but in Confederate uniform and with our arms. Had a slip from a Northern paper, which I lost, giving an account of a squad of rebel cavalry having been seen that day in their rear. Aaron thinks himself quite a hero, though he does not want to come again in such disagreeable proximity to a bombshell.
I want you to send me some books to read. Send Plutarch, Macaulay's "History" and "Essays," "Encyclopedia of Anecdotes," Scott's Works, Shakespeare, Byron, Scott's Poems, Hazlitt's "Life of Napoleon," - if you can get me a copy of "My Novel," send it, also "Memoirs of an Irish Gentleman", "Corinne," and "Sketch Book."
Captain John S. Mosby has for a long time attracted the attention of his generals by his boldness, skill, and success, so signally displayed in his numerous forays upon the invaders of his native soil. None know his daring enterprise and dashing heroism better than those foul invaders, those strangers themselves to such noble traits.
His last brilliant exploit - the capture of Brigadier-General Stoughton, U. S. A., two captains, and thirty other prisoners, together with their arms, equipments, and fifty-eight horses - justifies this recognition in General Orders. This feat, unparalleled in the war, was performed in the midst of the enemy's troops, at Fairfax Court House, without loss or injury. The gallant band of Captain Mosby shares his glory, as they did the danger of this enterprise, and are worthy of such a leader.
Last Saturday morning I captured a train of twelve cars on the Virginia and Alexandria Railroad loaded with supplies for the troops above. The cars were fired and entirely consumed. Having destroyed the train, I proceeded some distance back, when I recognized the enemy in a strong force immediately in my front. One shell which exploded in their ranks sufficed to put them to flight. After going about a mile further, the enemy were reported pursuing. Their advance was again checked by a shot from the howitzer. In this way we skirmished for several miles, until seeing the approach of their overwhelming numbers and the impossibility of getting off the gun, I resolved to make them pay for it as dearly as possible. Taking a good position on a hill commanding the road we awaited their onset. They came up quite gallantly, not in dispersed order, but in columns of fours, crowded in a narrow lane. At eighty yards we opened on them with grape and following this up with a charge of cavalry, we drove them half a mile back in confusion. Twice again did they rally and as often were sent reeling back. At last our ammunition became exhausted, and we were forced to abandon the gun. We did not then abandon it without a struggle, and a fierce hand to hand combat ensued in which, though overpowered by numbers, many of the enemy were made to bite the dust. In this affair I had only 48 men - the forces of the enemy were five regiments of cavalry. My loss, one killed - Captain Hoskins, a British officer who fell when gallantly fighting, - four wounded. It is with pleasure I recommend to your attention the heroic conduct of Lieutenant Chapman and Privates Mountjoy and Beattie, who stood by their gun until surrounded by the enemy.
Major Mosby, with his usual daring, penetrated the enemy's lines and caught a staff-officer of General Hooker - bearer of despatches to General Pleasanton, commanding United States cavalry near Aldie. These despatches disclosed the fact that Hooker was looking to Aldie with solicitude, and that Pleasanton, with infantry and cavalry, occupied the place; and that a reconnaissance in force of cavalry was meditated toward Warrenton and Culpeper. I immediately despatched to General Hampton, who was coming by way of Warrenton from the direction of Beverly Ford, this intelligence, and directed him to meet this advance at Warrenton. The captured despatches also gave the entire number of divisions, from which we could estimate the approximate strength of the enemy's army. I therefore concluded in no event to attack with cavalry alone the enemy at Aldie.
On the morning of August 24, with about 30 men, I reached a point (Annandale) immediately on the enemy's line of communication. Leaving the whole command, except three men who accompanied me, in the woods, concealed, I proceeded on a reconnaissance along the railroad to ascertain if there were any bridges unguarded. I discovered there were three. I returned to the command just as a drove of horses with a cavalry escort of about 50 men were passing. These I determined to attack and to wait until night to burn the bridges. I ordered Lieutenant Turner to take half of the men and charge them in front, while with the remainder I attacked their rear.
In the meantime the enemy had been joined by another party, making their number about 63. When I overtook them they had dismounted at Gooding's Tavern to water their horses. My men went at them with a yell that terrified the Yankees and scattered them in all directions. A few taking shelter under cover of the houses, opened fire upon us. They were soon silenced, however. At the very moment when I had succeeded in routing them, I was compelled to retire from the fight, having been shot through the side and thigh. My men, not understanding it, followed me, which gave time to the Yankees to escape to the woods. But for this accident, the whole party would have been captured. As soon as I perceived this, I ordered the men to go back, which a portion of them did, just as Lieutenant Turner, who had met and routed another force above, came gallantly charging up.
Over 100 horses fell into our possession, though a good many were lost in bringing them out at night; also 12 prisoners, arms, etc. I learn that 6 of the enemy were killed. In this affair my loss was 2 killed and 3 wounded. I afterwards directed Lieutenant Turner to burn the bridges. He succeeded in burning one.
During my absence from the command, Lieutenant Turner attacked an outpost of the enemy near Waterloo, killing 2 and capturing 4 men and 27 horses.
About September 15 he captured 3 wagons, 20 horses, 7 prisoners and a large amount of sutlers' goods near Warrenton Junction.
On the 20th and 21st instant, I conducted an expedition along the enemy's line of communication, in which important information obtained was forwarded to the army headquarters, and I succeeded in capturing 9 prisoners and 21 fine horses and mules.
On the 27th and 28th instant, I made a reconnaissance in the vicinity of Alexandria, capturing Colonel Dulaney, aide to the bogus Governor Pierpont, several horses, and burning the railroad bridge across Cameron's Run, which was immediately under cover of the guns of two forts.
The military value of the species of warfare I have waged is not measured by the number of prisoners and material of war captured from the enemy, but by the heavy detail it has already compelled him to make, and which I hope to make him increase, in order to guard his communications and to that extent diminishing his aggressive strength.
Perhaps two hundred yards ahead of us, we observed a troop of ten or twelve of them, who advanced towards us. They looked rather ragged, and I took them for teamsters or similar folk. But one of the orderlies cried out: "There are the rebels!" And true enough, they were a band of Mosby's guerrillas. Now they came up at a gallop, and in a minute they were among us. While we whipped out our revolvers, I shouted to my bugler: "Sound the advance, double-quick!" which he did; and there was an instant "double-quick" signal in response from the infantry patrol close behind us. We had a lively, but, as to my party, harmless conversation with revolvers for a few seconds, whereupon the guerrillas, no doubt frightened by the shouts of the patrol coming at a run, hastily turned tail and galloped down the road, leaving in our hands one prisoner and two horses.
During this campaign of 1864, my battalion of six companies was the only force operating in the rear of Sheridan's army in the Shenandoah Valley. Our rendezvous was along the eastern base of the Blue Ridge, in what is known as the Piedmont region of Virginia. Fire and sword could not drive the people of that neighborhood from their allegiance to what they thought was right, and in the gloom of disaster and defeat they never wavered in their support of the Confederate cause. The main object of my campaign was to vex and embarrass Sheridan and, if possible, to prevent his advance into the interior of the State. But my exclusive attention was not given to Sheridan, for alarm was kept up continuously by threatening Washington and occasionally crossing the Potomac. We lived on the country where we operated and drew nothing from Richmond except the gray jackets my men wore. We were mounted, armed, and equipped entirely off the enemy, but, as we captured a great deal more than we could use, the surplus was sent to supply Lee's army. The mules we sent him furnished a large part of his transportation, and the captured sabres and carbines were turned over to his cavalry - we had no use for them.
I believe I was the first cavalry commander who discarded the sabre as useless and consigned it to museums for the preservation of antiquities. My men were as little impressed by a body of cavalry charging them with sabres as though they had been armed with cornstalks. In the Napoleonic wars cavalry might sometimes ride down infantry armed with muzzle-loaders and flintlocks, because the infantry would be broken by the momentum of the charge before more than one effective fire could be delivered. At Eylau the French cavalry rode over the Russians in a snowstorm because the powder of the infantry was wet and they were defenseless. Fixed ammunition had not been invented. I think that my command reached the highest point of efficiency as cavalry because they were well armed with two six-shooters and their charges combined the effect of fire and shock. We were called bushwhackers, as a term of reproach, simply because our attacks were generally surprises, and we had to make up by celerity for lack of numbers. Now I never resented the epithet of "bushwhacker" - although there was no soldier to whom it applied less - because bushwhacking is a legitimate form of war, and it is just as fair and equally heroic to fire at an enemy from behind a bush as a breastwork or from the casemate of a fort.
Some time in the month of September, during my absence from my command, six of my men who had been captured by your forces, were hung and shot in the streets of Front Royal, by order and in the immediate presence of Brigadier-General Custer. Since then another (captured by a Colonel Powell on a plundering expedition into Rappahannock) shared a similar fate. A label affixed to the coat of one of the murdered men declared "that this would be the fate of Mosby and all his men."
Since the murder of my men, not less than seven hundred prisoners, including many officers of high rank, captured from your army by this command have been forwarded to Richmond; but the execution of my purpose of retaliation was deferred, in order, as far as possible, to confine its operation to the men of Custer and Powell. Accordingly, on the 6th instant, seven of your men were, by my order, executed on the Valley Pike - your highway of travel.
Hereafter, any prisoners falling into my hands will be treated with the kindness due to their condition, unless some new act of barbarity shall compel me, reluctantly, to adopt a line of policy repugnant to humanity.
I will soon commence work on Mosby. Heretofore I have made no attempt to break him up, as I would have employed ten men to his one, and for the reason that I have made a scapegoat of him for the destruction of private rights. Now there is going to be an intense hatred of him in that portion of the valley which is nearly a desert. I will soon commence on Loudoun County, and let them know there is a God in Israel. Mosby has annoyed me considerably; but the people are beginning to see that he does not injure me a great deal, but causes a loss to them of all that they have spent their lives in accumulating. Those people who live in the vicinity of Harper's Ferry are the most villainous in this valley, and have not yet been hurt much. If the railroad is interfered with, I will make some of them poor. Those who live at home in peace and plenty want this war to go on; but when they have to bear the burden by loss of property and comforts, they will cry for peace.
Saturday, March 6: To-day will be a day never to be forgotten. We heard the Yankees occupied Charlottesville last evening and are advancing up here. All is consternation and confusion. We are trying to get our things out of the way. Rumor after rumor arrives, and we know not how to proceed. We expect to be driven from our homes. Oh! may we be spared, and our house, and the vile Yankees driven back.
Saturday, April 3: There is a craven spirit abroad with our people. If overpowered we will have to submit to the powers that be, but I would feel that the Yankees themselves would despise us, if we recanted our Southern principles. They would have no confidence in us and look with contempt on us, as they should do. I think a deserter on either side the most degraded human being that breathes. Yes, we hate them, and the Yankees do too, and they will hiss them.
Sunday, April 9th: I went out and heard the deep toned cannon, carrying hundreds and perhaps thousands to that long sleep that knows no waking. Oh, how my heart went up for our great, our noble Lee, that God would give him strength in weakness to bring us out of battle a victorious people. If God does see fit to crush us and bow us down, because of our sins and the sins of this nation, I feel it will be in justice and mercy, and will even believe he death all things well; but there are hearts too noble to be conquered. Our Lee will stand out a man in all the nations of the earth, nobler and greater in adversity than any other man with a crown on his head. I hear of fearful desertions. Poor craven spirits - I hope the Yankee bullets will yet pierce their hateful hides.
MY first meeting with General Robert E. Lee was in August, 1862, when I brought the news of Burnside's reinforcement of Pope, a story I have told in the preceding pages. The next time we met was at his headquarters in Orange, about two months after Gettysburg. He did not seem in the least depressed, and was as buoyant and aggressive as ever. He took a deep interest in my operations, for there was nothing of the Fabius in his character. Lee was the most aggressive man I met in the war, and was always ready for an enterprise. I believe that his interest in me was largely due to the fact that his father, "Light Horse Harry", was a partisan officer in the Revolutionary War.
After General Stuart was killed, in May, 1864, I reported directly to General Lee. During the siege of Petersburg I visited him three times - twice when I was wounded. Once, when I got out of the ambulance, he was standing near, talking to General Longstreet. When he saw me hobbling up to him on crutches, he came to meet me, introduced me to General Longstreet, and said, "Colonel, the only fault I have ever had to find with you is that you are always getting wounded." Such a speech from General Lee more than repaid me for my wound.
The last time I saw him during the war was about two months before the surrender. I had been wounded again. He was not only kind, but affectionate, and asked me to take dinner with him, though he said he hadn't much to eat. There was a leg of mutton on the table; he remarked that some of his staff officers must have stolen it.
After dinner, when we were alone, he talked very freely. He said that in the spring of 1862, Joe Johnston ought not to have fallen back from the Rapidan to Richmond, and that he had written urging him to turn against Washington. He also said that when Joe Johnston evacuated his lines at Yorktown, in May of that year, he should have given battle with his whole force on the isthmus at Williamsburg, instead of making a rear-guard fight.
Whom do you consider the ablest General on the Federal side?" "McClellan, by all odds. I think he is the only man on the Federal side who could have organized the army as it was. Grant had, of course, more successes in the field in the latter part of the war, but Grant only came in to reap the benefits of McClellan's previous efforts. At the same time, I do not wish to disparage General Grant, for he has many abilities, but if Grant had commanded during the first years of the war, we would have gained our independence. Grant's policy of attacking would have been a blessing to us, for we lost more by inaction than we would have lost in battle. After the first Manassas the army took a sort of 'dry rot', and we lost more men by camp diseases than we would have by fighting."
Since the close of the war, I have come to know Colonel Mosby personally and somewhat intimately. He is a different man entirely from what I supposed. He is able and thoroughly honest and truthful.
I first met General Grant in May, 1872, after Mr. Greeley had been nominated for the presidency by a convention whose members called themselves Liberal Republicans - although, as a matter of fact, many of them had been the most radical element of the party, but had seceded on account of personal grievances.
In common with most Southern soldiers, I had a very kindly feeling towards General Grant, not only on account of his magnanimous conduct at Appomattox, but also for his treatment of me at the close of hostilities. I had never called on him, however. If I had done so, and if he had received me even politely, we should both have been subjected to severe criticism, so bitter was the feeling between the sections at the time.
No doubt, in those days, most Northerners believed the imaginative stories of the war correspondents and supposed that my battalion fought under the black flag. General Grant was as much misunderstood in the South as I was in the North. But time has healed wounds which were once thought to be irremediable; and there is to-day no memory of our war so bitter, probably, as the Scottish recollection of Culloden. Like most Southern men, I had disapproved the reconstruction measures and was sore and very restive under military government; but since my prejudices have faded, I can now see that many things which we regarded as being prompted by hostile and vindictive motives were actually necessary, in order to prevent anarchy and to secure the freedom of the newly emancipated slave.
I had given little attention to politics and had devoted my time to my profession, although I was under no political disability. As we had all been opposed to the Republican party before the war, it was a point of honor to keep on voting that way.
When Horace Greeley was nominated, I saw - or thought I saw - that it was idle to divide longer upon issues which we acknowledged to have been legally, if not properly, settled; and that if the Southern people wanted reconciliation, as they said they did, the logical thing to do was to vote for Grant. I have not changed my opinion, nor yet have I any criticism to make of those who differed with me. We were all working for the same end. Some said they couldn't sacrifice their principles for Grant's friendship; I didn't sacrifice mine. | <urn:uuid:468e4281-cd7b-4b68-8206-8b820a9d91e0> | {
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Common Traditions and Symbols
Now that you know a bit of the origins of this frightful fest, it’s time to bone up on some of the traditions practiced with this fall holiday.
- Pumpkin Carving: Irish immigrants originally used hollowed-out turnips as lanterns, says Miller, but upon coming to America, they adopted the use of pumpkins because they were more readily accessible. So pumpkins, transformed into jack-o-lanterns (carved with scary faces to ward off troublesome spirits), soon became harbingers of fall and the harvest.
- Bobbing for Apples: Although not a recommended activity for small children, bobbing for apples is a fun game where kids take turns dunking their heads in a bucket of water to try and grab an apple with their mouths. This tradition has been linked to Samhain celebrations and could possibly have ties to Pomona, the Roman goddess of Orchards, says Matt Cherry, Executive Director of the Institute for Humanist Studies.
- Dressing Up: For ages people have dressed up to reenact their past, ward off spirits, and for pure fun. The Celts in particular may have dressed up to disguise themselves from the spirits roaming the earth on Samhain. (Check out these http://www.babyzone.com/showers-and-parties/holidays/50-cutest-costumes-for-halloween_228520″>classic Halloween costumes, as worn by BabyZone readers!)
- Trick-or-Treat: What once began as a way to keep the evil spirits at bay by placing food and drink outside of one’s home, turned into a silly way to get free treats! Rather than real spirits tormenting the people, mischievous folk would dress up like the spirits and threaten harm unless given food.
Teaching Little Ones
The real story behind Halloween may be too frightening for youngsters, especially the part about the dead walking the earth! But it is possible to let your children in on this culturally important information without scaring the daylights out of them.
One good way to explain this interesting history, according to Miller, is to tell your kids that Halloween was brought to America by people from foreign countries. While relocating their homes to the United States, the immigrants brought many traditions from their homelands, one of which was celebrating the changing seasons by dressing up, eating, and decorating with harvest-time items such as pumpkins and scarecrows.
YOU MIGHT BE INTERESTED IN | <urn:uuid:70e7c4c2-024b-413d-8b0f-bed7f53e11ec> | {
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Water Balance Model for Lake Level Simulation
In 1994, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources received funding from the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCMR) to develop a computer water balance model that would simulate lake level changes over time. This model would assist in furthering the understanding of lake hydrology in Minnesota to the benefit of local citizens, lake associations, local government units, and other agencies. Project funding also included model application and specific study at White Bear Lake, a major metropolitan area lake that has a history of extreme water level fluctuations.
WATBUD is a physically based parameter model capable of optimizing and estimating selected water balance parameters by comparing simulated to known lake level data. It has been useful in identifying causes of level fluctuation, whether natural or artificial, and in quantifying water balance components for use in water quality models. Key features include:
- Daily level changes are simulated from daily inputs of precipitation, and temperature; optional inputs of runoff, pan evaporation, or groundwater exchange; and optional internal submodel estimates of runoff, evaporation or groundwater exchange.
- It is designed to enhance ease and speed of use by making use of readily available climate and hydrology data written directly from DNR Waters' data systems.
- Internal routines allow for automated optimization of coefficient estimates by comparison with known historic lake levels.
- User assistance is provided through internally accessible help files.
- It includes graphical and tabular output options.
- The model was developed in Windows 3.1 using Visual Basic and currently available in 32 bit version for Windows 95, 98, or NT.
Lake-Ground Water Interaction Study at White Bear Lake, Minnesota (4.4 Mb) - June 1998 study of the wide long term lake level fluctuations found at White Bear Lake in context of other Minnesota lakes using WATBUD modeling.
For more information contact:
Surface Water Hydrologist
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Division of Waters
tel. (651) 259-5711
fax. (651) 296-0445 | <urn:uuid:382c6fec-120e-4f02-a47f-74b6a4ee0fbd> | {
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The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo) is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of concrete and stone, it was the largest amphitheatre of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering. It is the largest amphitheatre in the World.
The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in 70 AD, and was completed in 80 AD under his successor and heir Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81-96). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name (Flavius).
The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators, and was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.
Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.
In 2007 the complex was included among the New7Wonders of the World, following a competition organized by New Open World Corporation (NOWC). The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.
Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 6 acres (24,000 m2). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.
The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres (3,531,467 cubic feet) of travertine stone which were set without mortar; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps. However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.
According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.
The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (equites). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (plebeians) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.
The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena, though entrance for citizens of the European Union (EU) is partially subsidised, and entrance is free for EU citizens under eighteen or over sixty-five years of age. There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.
The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum on Good Fridays. In 2011 Diego Della Valle, head of the shoe firm Tod's, entered into an agreement with local officials to sponsor a €25 million restoration of the Colosseum. Work was planned to begin at the end of 2011, taking up to two and a half years. Due to the controversial nature of using a public-private partnership to fund the restoration, work was delayed and began in 2013. As of 2014 the restoration is estimated to be complete by 2016. | <urn:uuid:b61e8bc0-55a6-4185-a98f-d088ea29991c> | {
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We’ve all heard of recycling, but what about upcycling? Recycling
usually means reusing something again, like plastic bags. Instead of throwing
them away, we use them again for the same purpose. Upcycling is a bit different
because, instead of the same reuse, you use whatever the material that is being
discarded and turn it into something better. It’s like upgrading waste.
Upcycling over Recycling
Waste and the pollution it causes has become a significant problem all
over the world, but people, both collectively in institutions and governments
and as individuals are tackling the problem. Before, most rubbish was sent the tip
directly or deposited in a landfill site, but not anymore. Local councils have
been mostly responsible for rubbish removal, but also private companies have
got into the business. Although local authorities do their best to collect
unwanted waste items, such as paper, plastic, glass, and cans, providing marked
bins, their main focus is on recycling. New rubbish removal companies like
Clearabee, take a different view. They are definitely into upcycling in a big
way. Well over 90% of the rubbish they remove doesn’t even get to the tip, it
is used in upcycling.
With more environmental awareness, more recycling has taken place. In
poor countries, recycling is a necessity, but not in the developed world. We
tend just to throw out a product or material that we have used and buy more
when we need it. Have you ever thought about how much of the millions of tonnes
of waste that are produced per year, is yours? Ever thought about turning your
hand to recycling or upcycling?
Handicrafts and Reinvention
One simple example of this is hanging flower or plant pots. Most of us
buy large plastic bottles of liquids, which are destined for one-time use.
Unless you want to fill them again with other fluids, they are thrown in the
rubbish, but with a little time and effort, you can make plant or herb
containers out of them. The way to do it can easily be found in handicraft
shows on T.V., in books from the library or classes. Many local community
centres and even libraries run these classes. YouTube is also an excellent
source for these types of handicrafts, where you can learn creative ways to
turn something unwanted into something, not only useful but beautiful too.
An Easier Solution
Not into handicrafts or good with your hands, but are still
environmentally conscious? In that case, you want to get rid of your garden,
construction or household waste as soon as possible. The refuse collectors come
around on a weekly schedule, but you don’t always want an unsightly pile of
rubbish in your garden or driveway until they arrive. The best solution is to
call a company that specialises in rubbish removal. They not only take it away
but will see its reuse in an environmentally safe manner. These companies take
the work seriously, so there’s no fly-tipping.
A Success Story
Clearabee is one such company. It was founded in 2012 and has multiplied
in business share and reputation ever since. Their slogan ‘A man and a van’ has
proved to be a winner in the area of rubbish removal. In fact, the company
start only with one man and one van. A story of a grassroots business that grew
because of excellent and honest service.
The environmental health of the planet has entered the consciousness of
the public, but it is time for individuals to do their own little bit to help. Upcycling can be fun, as well as making you feel you are doing your “bit”. | <urn:uuid:06242e92-1c5b-4d8f-860a-4e4a3a2c459d> | {
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Get children excited to explore the mysteries of the world with Kaplan's collection of earth and space activities. Products include games, models, and experiments to give that hands-on demonstrations explaining how the universe works.
3 years & up. Look under the magnifying glass to see the different details of the shells or use for counting, sorting, and up-close viewing. These genuine, assorted sea shells come in different sizes. Available in a set of 12 or a set of 48.
6 years & up. There's nothing like an erupting volcano to get kids fired up about earth science! This large plastic model makes volcano demonstrations easy AND mess-free. One half of the detailed cross-section shows the inside, the other has corresponding labels A, B, C and D for assessing knowledge. Includes easy-to-make lava recipe and 13" clear plastic tray for quick clean up. Measures 11" H x 13" W and includes fact-filled Teacher's Guide.
3 years & up. Bring science into the classroom. This set of 12 Agate slices will delight the little explorer in any child. Transparent quality of each slice allows children to see the layers caused by formations. Color and texture variations can open discussions about likes and differences. The possibilities are endless! Each slice measures approximately 1 1/2" wide.
3 years & up. The Blue-Bot is a programmable floor robot that is ideal for teaching control, directional language, and programming to children. It has a sturdy, small design with clear and bright buttons and a memory of up to 40 steps. Sounds and flashing eyes confirm your instructions. When Blue-Bot comes across another Blue-Bot or Bee-Bot® it will stop and say hello with a fun little sound. Provides an exciting way to introduce sequencing and can be used for individual or collaborative… More »
3 years & up. The Bee-Bot® is a programmable floor robot that is ideal for teaching control, directional language, and programming to children. It has a sturdy and small design with clear and bright buttons and a memory of up to 40 steps. Sounds and flashing eyes confirm your instructions. Exciting way to introduce sequencing and can be used for individual or collaborative play. Rechargeable using the included USB cord attached to any computer. One-year warranty.
Grades 1 & up. This large wall-mount thermometer clearly gives temperature in both Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. Recessed tube prevents accidents. Temperature ranges: -40 to 50 degrees Celsius and -40 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. Use indoors or out. Measures 15"H x 3"W.
4 years & up. Miracle Snow lasts for weeks, expands up to 100 times its size, is totally reusable, and looks like real snow! Simply stir the powder into water and watch it turn into fluffy, sparkling, shiny snow! Learn about color mixing, mass, evaporation, and much more. Classroom kit contains enough materials for 12 children and the 1 lb. bucket makes more than 5 gallons of snow. Each available separately.
3 years & up. Children will be excited by the Science center that contains this assortment of 18 nature items. Includes 2 fossils, 2 agate slices, 2 shells, and an interesting collection of rocks and minerals.
3 years & up. Our geology sets let children explore different kinds of rocks and minerals firsthand. Receive all four sets: Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks, Minerals, and Igneous Rocks. Each of our collections include 10 easy-to-handle specimens, an identification card with images, and a storage box with compartments for easy display and storage.
Grades K & up. A simple twist of the wrist produces a realistic, tiny tornado from the white foam clouds. Hold it to the light and watch the iridescent currents swirl. Tornado facts printed on the back. Measures 2"W x 4.5"H.
8 years & up. Add this set to your science center and watch children discover natural and polished gemstones, native rocks, sea shells, marine life, and fossils. Each set comes in a durable, clear plastic box, identified with name and information for each item.
Grades K - 1. With preprinted game boards, you'll only need to cut and laminate the game pieces! Includes 16 games that cover earth, space, physical, and life sciences--topics that support NSE standards.
Grades K - 6. This inflatable classroom set helps children understand the size and distance relationships of the solar system, while learning about rotation, revolution and orbit through class activities or demonstrations. Includes 23" Sun and proportionate planets and moon with sizes ranging from 5" to 14". Also includes a foot pump, hooks for hanging, and teacher's activity guide. Deflates for easy storage.
Grades K - 5. Students will enjoy learning about how fossils, rocks, and minerals are found in the earth as well as learning why volcanoes erupt and how mountains form. All 6 of these titles are Level 2 Readers.
8 years & up. This two-tiered GreenThumb Classroom Greenhouse protects potted plants while providing plenty of room for growth. Greenhouse features two sturdy wire shelves that keep plants off the ground and a clear vinyl cover that fits snug over the metal frame. Clear cover is made with a zippered closure to easily access all plants inside. Designed for year-round gardening indoors and outdoors. Assembly required. Greenhouse measures 38"H x 36"W x 19"D when assembled.
3 years & up. These large size geodes break open easily. They will amaze and delight your little scientist. Hollow in the center due to crystal formations, each one contains clues about the mystery of the formation of our earth. each piece measures approximately 1 - 1 1/2" diameter. Set of 10.
PreK - Grade 1. Recycle, reuse, and create with this innovative activity book! Use bags to make masks, kites, buildings, art projects, and more. Meet state standards while helping children learn about the environment. 100 pages.
3 years & up. Promote conversation and learning around space, the planets and space travel while developing cognitive skills. The large 24-piece floor puzzle is made with extra-thick durable cardboard with wipe-clean surfaces. Measures 24" x 36". Made in the USA.
4 years & up. These books demonstrate the importance of protecting nature. Books present brief, entertaining stories and feature amusing color illustrations on every page. A note at the back of each book is for parents and teachers, suggesting ways to use these books most effectively. | <urn:uuid:b4c23bba-1d3d-4140-8ca6-f98be7824381> | {
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Tagetes is a genus of annual or perennial, mostly herbaceous plants in the sunflower family The florets of Tagetes erecta are rich in the orange-yellow carotenoid lutein and are used as a food colour (INS-number Eb) in the European. Marigold (Tagetes erecta). JP: Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Balinese call this as Bunga Gemitir. Flora FlowersOrange FlowersFlowers NatureVirtual. Tagetes erecta X Marigold Bunga tahi ayam Tridax procumbens X TridaX daisy Tridax spp. X Vernonia polyanthes Less. Vernonia sp. bitterleaf ewuro, ndole.
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Marigold (Tagetes erecta) | FLOWERS | Pinterest | Marigold, Flowers and Flowers perennials
Dissertation, University of Texas. Leigh Hadden; Ruth H. Choose your Monthly Pack Choose your plan Our Monthly Packs allow you to download hi-res photos and vector files whenever you want within a month, with just one simple price for all files. Tgetes the United States, however, the powders and extracts are only approved as colorants in poultry feed. List Tagetes corymbosa Sweet Tagetes ernstii H. Levy; Edmundo Tagtes Diana M. The fruits and seeds are: Tagetes foeniculacea Tagetes foetidissima DC.
Tagetes elongata Tagetes epapposa Tagetes erecta L.
Marigold (Tagetes erecta)
It has been proposed the identification of Tagetes erecta of some flowers represented in Aztec art, such as those seen in the monolith of Coyolxauhqui erevta, as part of the headdress of the goddess, proposed as a symbol of their sovereignty or death; also form part of the collar wears a god plant in a vase found in the Templo but also could be Tagetes patula.
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Gemitir flower garden in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Collection, characterization and use of Tagetes erecta L. The common name in English, “marigold”, is derived from “Mary’s gold”, a name first applied to a similar plant native to Europe, Calendula officinalis. Most horticultural selections grow best in soil with good drainage, even though some cultivars are gunga to have good tolerance to drought. Tagetes patula Hybrid Marigold.
They are often part of butterfly gardening plantings. Food Flavours for every taste. The essential oil of the flower contains antioxidants.
Vast quantities of marigolds are used in garlands and decoration for weddings, festivals, and religious events. Flower beds in park Kolomenskoye Moscow. Retrieved 1 December It is also used as a culinary herb in many warm climates, as a substitute for tarragon, and offered in the nursery as “Texas tarragon” or “Mexican mint marigold”. Are you new to Adobe Stock? Asteraceae genera Butterfly food plants Mexican culture Tagetes. Shores, ponds, springs, quiet waters in streams, ditches, wetlands, wet meadows, waterside swamps and meadows which are prone to flooding, damp hollows in broad-leaved forests, snow-bed sites, sometimes underwater.
Standard license With the Tagetee License, images can be used for any illustrative purpose in any type of media. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Tagetes erecta L. | Kampung Kalai, Sik, Kedah. Tagetes erect… | Flickr
Marigold varieties prepared as offerings to a god during the Hindu festival of Maha Shivaratri. The Extended License gives you all the rights granted by the Standard License, but also the ability to print our creative files more thantimes and allows you to use them on your own products.
The name Tagetes is from the name of the Etruscan Tagesborn from tagete plowing of the earth.
Same Series See 3 photos from the same series. Buy Credits Buy a monthly pack. Gray Tagetes patula L.
Family Moments with loved ones. It is always sold in the markets for daily worships and rituals.
Mexican marigold Tagetes erecta. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tageyes erecta. The root is cylindrical, pivoting, with a fibrous and shallow branching system. Marigold Tagetes erecta Balinese call this as Bunga Gemitir. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings. Fotolia About us Ten Collection Blog. The Aztecs gathered the wild plant as well as cultivating it for medicinal, ceremonial and decorative purposes. | <urn:uuid:8e121c9e-ce1c-4aa9-bb8e-a85c347b8fce> | {
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Amaranthus viridis L.
Amaranthus gracilis Desf.
tropical regions of the world
This is a vigourous annual herb up to 1m high and is found in Summer.
Stems are generally rounded, may have some ridges, and glabrous (without hairs).
Leaves are mid to light green and deeply veined and up to 15cm long. Leaves have a long leaf stalk and have a broad base tapering to a pointed tip.
Mostly the inflorescence (group of flowers/fruit) is a dense spike, often with many branches. Flowers are small and green (sometimes with a reddish tinge). Flowers are generally radiating around the stem.
Fruit capsules are wrinkled, indehiscent (not opening to release seed when ripe), small and brown. The fruit contains smooth and glossy seeds.
Other plants easily confused with this plant
Other Amaranthus species may be confused with this plant.
Amaranthus viridis can be distinguished by its wrinkled fruit and its flower bracts being less than 1mm long and acute (pointed).
Sources & References
"Weeds - an illustrated botanical guide to weeds of Australia" by B. A. Auld and R. W. Medd
"Gardener's Companion to Weeds" by Suzanne Ermert and Leigh Clapp
"Plantnet FloraOnline" (2005) http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/
Prepared by Justin KY Chu, July 2005
Checked by IEWF, Oct 2005
Checked by Barbara Wiecek, Botanic Gardens Trust, Sydney, June 2006 | <urn:uuid:3b53688e-a72a-455b-87ac-950dcd3097d6> | {
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A little noticed surveillance technology, designed to track the movements of every passing driver, is fast proliferating on America’s streets. Automatic license plate readers, mounted on police cars or on objects like road signs and bridges, use small, high-speed cameras to photograph thousands of plates per minute.
The information captured by the readers – including the license plate number, and the date, time, and location of every scan – is being collected and sometimes pooled into regional sharing systems. As a result, enormous databases of innocent motorists’ location information are growing rapidly. This information is often retained for years or even indefinitely, with few or no restrictions to protect privacy rights.
In July 2012, ACLU affiliates in 38 states and Washington sent public records act requests to almost 600 local and state police departments, as well as other state and federal agencies, to obtain information on how these agencies use license plate readers. In response, we received 26,000 pages of documents detailing the use of the technology around the country. Click on the map icon on the right to learn how police in your state use license plate readers to track people's movements. | <urn:uuid:008399c7-17d3-4cf0-8c7a-2410b6c208c6> | {
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Click on the image for larger version
The northern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Mimas is seen in these polar stereographic maps, mosaicked from the best-available Cassini and Voyager images.
Each map is centered on one of the poles, and surface coverage extends to the equator. Grid lines show latitude and longitude in 30-degree increments. The scale in the full-size versions of these maps is 216 meters (710 feet) per pixel. The resolution of the map is 16 pixels per degree. The mean radius of Mimas used for projection of these maps is 198.2 kilometers (123.2 miles).
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL manages the mission for the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team is based at the Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo.
For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/. The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org. | <urn:uuid:7be6a6b5-3910-4a77-bd86-86993cd60147> | {
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Royalty: Kings & Queens, Prince's & Princess's page 5
THE RATTANAKOSIN PERIOD
When the current Thai dynastic line was established in Bangkok, it assumed the Sanskrit name of Chakri, a magical disk-like instrument of war that was used by Harsha, the king of the gods. Not to depart from established custom, the great House of Chakri acquiesced to precedence and sought to resuscitate Khmer Majesté. Interestingly enough, this largely accounts for the present day survival of a vast Sanskritic nomenclature pertaining to all things regal in Siam.
The Chakri Dynasty:
The full family tree of the Chakri Dynasty is complex. In this simplified form, as presented below, restricted to just Kings and Queens and adjacent families, it is more easily understood. Each King and Queen is known by several different names and titles, some posthumously conferred. Many of the Princes and Princesses have had more than one title, and alterations can be made, not only to their rank but also to the terms describing their relationship to the reigning monarch, which change from reign to reign. These ranks and titles are finely graded, revealing nuances which explain the exact rank and relationship to the King of the individual Prince or Princess.
King Rama I Buddha Yot Fa Chulalok 1782 -1809
Born in Ayutthaya on March 20th 1737, the son of Phra Aksorn Sundara Smiantra, he was formerly known as Thaong Duang. Following the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 he entered the service of Phraya Taksin as a military commander and fought by his side in almost every campaign until the latter became King Taksin, establishing the capital at Thonburi.
He was created Luang Yorkabat, then Phra Rajvarin, Chao Phraya Chakri and eventually Somdetch Chao Phraya Maha Kashatriya Suk by King Taksin, and following the deposition of King Taksin in 1782 was chosen as King, becoming the founder and the first ruler of the House of Chakri. In the year of his accession he moved the capital from Dhonburi to the opposite bank of the Chao Phraya River, thus founding the City of Bangkok. It was during his reign that the Grande Palace was constructed and he installed the Emerald Buddha in the Chapel Royal following its completion. He died in Bangkok on September 7th, 1809 and, many historians have stated, that modern Siam dates from his reign.
King Rama I fought another war with the Burmese who were again trying to wrest control of Siam. During this war in 1785 at the Battle at Thalang, Phuket forever earned its place in the annals of modern Thai history. Burmese invaders had attacked by land and sea and captured several cities on the west coast of Thailand. While preparing to defend his capital then located in the village of Thalang the governor died leaving the forces defending Phuket leaderless, out-manned and out-gunned . Realizing they were out numbered, Chan, the governors widow and her sister Mook "also known as the Tao Sisters" disguised the islands women as men. The great number of soldiers defending the island confused the Burmese, and cleverly devised attacks on their flanks and rear weakened their resolve. Believing the island had been reinforced from Bangkok and running short of food and provisions the Burmese decamped and sailed away. A grateful king conferred royal titles on the two brave and resourceful sisters.
King Rama II
Phraphutthaloetla Nabhalai 1809 -1824
Born at Rajaburi on February 26th, 1768 he accompanied his father on military campaigns as a young man.
He was 16 when his father ascended the throne and was immediately created Prince of the rank of Somdetch Chao Fa and given the name of Isarasundorn. Appointed Maha Uparaja (or Deputy King) by his father in 1806 he was the only Maha Uparaja to eventually succeed to the throne during the period of the Chakri Dynasty. He became king on the death of his father, King Rama I.
His reign was a period of consolidating the achievements of the previous reign and he began the custom of appointing senior princes to supervise over the different departments of state. He is best remembered though for his interest in the arts, which flourished during his reign. He died on July 21st, 1824. In 1809 the Island of Phuket was again attacked by the Burmese (the famous Tao sisters had both passed away by then), who wrecked such destruction on the island that many of the surviving residents fled to the mainland and settled around the present day location of Phang Na.
Reports filed by European traders who witnessed the Burmese attacks on Phuket read more like a black-comedy than a serious military campaign. One account has the Burmese savagely attacking Phuket in an orgy of killing and destruction then carrying off many survivors to be sold as slaves. When the Burmese tried to sail away, the wind blew their ships back upon the rocky coastline, smashing them, and the enraged residents of the island took their revenge on the hapless Burmese soldiers. One of the Burmese leaders was captured and sent to Bangkok where he was beheaded.
The King, Rama II was so enraged with the disruption of tin production, and the death and destruction wrecked upon the island he ordered the governor of Phuket be arrested and brought to Bangkok in chains and imprisoned as a warning to others. The following year, during another attack by the Burmese, the Thai navy was sailing to the rescue, but a carelessly handled keg of gunpowder on one of the ships set off a sympathetic explosion that blew most of the Thai fleet out of the water. Meanwhile, the new governor had built stockades to defend the island and was holding off the attacking Burmese.
The Burmese commander making little headway against these defenses devised a clever strategy and loaded all his forces back onto their ships and sailed away out of sight of the governor and his troops. The governor, believing the attack was over, celebrated his victory and let his people return to their homes. Several days later the Burmese returned unnoticed and captured the capital and sacked the island without organized resistance. The Burmese proved adept at attacking Phuket but never managed to hold the island long enough to gain either an economic or a strategic benefit.
The long period of bloody warfare with the Burmese had depleted the population of Phuket and virtually halted the production of tin. Production of tin fell from over 500 tons in 1784 to less than 20 tons in 1820. The Industrial Revolution in Europe and America had already sent the demand for tin skyrocketing, when a patent taken by a British inventor to use tinplated steel to manufacture containers to preserve food (tin cans) led to a shortage that forced the price of tin to record levels. The scramble to meet the worldwide demand for tin put tremendous pressure on the King Rama II to bring tin production back on line in Phuket and the surrounding provinces, or risk losing them.
Queen Sri Suralaya
1770 - 1837
King Rama III (Phranang Klao) 1824 - 1851
Born in Bangkok on March 31st, 1788 the future King Rama III was the son of King Rama II by a junior wife, Chao Chom Riem. At the time of the death of King Rama II
his supposed heir, Prince Monkut, had entered a monastery as a monk and Prince Chesda Bondindra, as he was then styled, was chosen as King by the Accession Council. He proved an able ruler and during his reign trade prospered and territorial advances were made as the vassal states of the north and east came more firmly under the rule of Bangkok. King Rama III had no queen and thus had no children of Chao Fa rank, and so, on his death, on April 2nd,1851, the succession passed to his half-brother, who became King Monkut (Rama IV).
Shortly after Rama III (1824-51) ascended the throne the British and Thai governments concluded a commercial treaty that officially re-opened Thailand to world commerce. One of the rights obtained in this agreement was unrestricted British access to the tin trade on Phuket Island. British influence in Thailand was increased; an indirect result of this agreement being that throughout the remainder of the 19th century the Burmese were too busy fending off the British to ever pose a threat to Thailand again. With British warships making life very short and very difficult for pirates operating in the Straits of Malacca, and with the threat of foreign invasion under control Phuket was ready to prosper.
New Thalang was established on the north part of the island as the new capital city of Phuket Island but its prominence was to be short-lived. When tin ore was discovered in large quantities in the south part of the island, a third town -- Phuket Town -- rose and within a few decades dominated the islands economic and political life. Phuket, faced with a severe manpower shortage to work the tin mines, was forced to import workers. Thousands of Chinese miners came to labor in the tin mines; some came from nearby Malaysia and some from China itself. Diligent and hard-working, a lucky few would go on and become wealthy mine-owners themselves and build the splendid mansions that still grace the island. By the middle of the century an estimated 30,000 Chinese were employed by mines scattered in various locations all over the island.
Malays also came and established a strong Muslim presence on the island. Many of the Muslim Malays came and settled in the Surin area where their descendants continue to work the farms and fish to the present day. Rama III, concerned that the opium smoking then common among the miners from China would spread to the Thai population, banned the drug. Then, as today, the ban was largely ignored. In 1840 the King had a large quantity of opium seized from traders in Phuket and shipped to Bangkok. Beginning a tradition the exists periodically to this day, over 900 chests full of opium were publicly burned to show that drugs would not be tolerated. In what was undoubtedly a wise decision, it was also the last reported incident of this ritual taking place on the palace grounds. It was reported that a toxic but oddly pleasant aroma surrounded the palace grounds for most of the day.
Although he had no son who became King, it is a fact that among his descendants of 22 sons and 29 daughters, were five future Kings for his grand daughter, Queen Debsirindra, was the mother of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), thus every descendant of King Chulalongkorn has a lineal descent from King Rama III.
Queen Sri Suryendra
1767 - 1836 | <urn:uuid:753fb942-6c8c-4bb6-a58b-da3d004a893c> | {
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A mistake gave India a new species of butterfly
The mistake of shipping weed to India along with a consignment of wheat from the USA during the 1950s inadvertently gifted India a beautiful species of butterfly.
Kolkata: The mistake of shipping weed to India along with a consignment of wheat from the USA during the 1950s inadvertently gifted India a beautiful species of butterfly.
The simple but elegantly attractive Bath White butterfly, which derives its name from the English town of Bath where it was first recorded in Britain, is now found in the trans-Himalayan range.
Uttarakhand-based lepidopterist Peter Smetacek, who is considered an authority on Indian butterflies and moths, has presented the case of migration of this species in his book `Butterflies on the Roof of the World`.
"Once, I was standing on the lawn talking with a visitor when a female butterfly laid its eggs on a weed a few metres away. This was too good an opportunity to miss, so I gathered the plant and eventually bred the caterpillars that emerged," Smetacek writes in the book published by Aleph.
As he tried to unravel the mystery behind the relationship of the butterfly larva and the plant on which it fed, he found that the plant was Virginia Peppergrass or Lepidium virginicum. The butterfly, therefore, came to be known as Bath White.
"This weed had been brought to India by mistake as part of wheat shipped from the United States during the 1950s and had spread rapidly through the country," says the naturalist, who has already described a dozen species of butterflies and moths new to science.
The book is a result of spending a lifetime chasing butterflies in meadows and forests.
The butterfly was first recorded in Nainital district`s Bhimtal town on April 21, 1961 and thereafter became a resident.
"The only record I could find was that Virginia Peppergrass had reached Netarhat Plateau in Chhota Nagpur, Bihar. This would mean that the butterfly could theoretically extend its distribution eastwards through Nepal," writes Smetacek who also runs the Butterfly Research Centre in Bhimtal.
On checking information available on butterflies in Nepal, he discovered that the species was reported throughout that country in a book published in 2006, although it was not mentioned in a list published in 1951.
"As soon as the food plant spread through the Himalayas during the second half of the twentieth century, the butterfly followed and today is found along the southern face of the range from Kashmir eastwards at least as far as the eastern border of Nepal," says the book.
The butterfly’s distribution is restricted to the trans-Himalayan zone of West Himalayas not by either temperature or humidity, but by the availability, or, rather, non-availability of a suitable larval food plant, it concludes. | <urn:uuid:50a29805-fda6-4258-a8ff-9bdf22e6251d> | {
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Microstructures due to intracrystalline deformation
- Typical of a deformed sandstone at « low T » : around 450°C … the grains are not recrystallized
- Typical of a deformed quartzite at High T » : more than 500°C … pervasive recrystallization
II. Diffusional processes
1. Diffusion along surfaces : pressure solution
Pressure solution is the second most important mechanism of deformation in rocks: it looks like simple but its analysis is complex (Figure). It is the main mechanism responsible for the formation of schistosity in rocks from the upper crust (where water is abundant).
If a fluid is in contact with the grains of a rock, even under lithostatic (macroscopic) pressure, the (local) differential stress acting on the grains with be responsible for some dissolution of the grains (if their solubility in non zero). If the solution is mobile (needs a fluid pressure gradient, hence some permeability) it will be transported in another place. Eventually the soluble fraction will precipitate at places where the solid fraction is no more dissolved (due to a pressure drop, generally, but other factors may be active). This pressure solution mechanism is also called : dissolution-precipitation or dissolution-recrys-tallization.
Displacement of atoms from one place to another is a deformation. Such a mechanism is composed of several sub-mechanisms (dissolution, transport and precipitation), themselves dependent on several factors (pressure, temperature, composition of the solid fraction, composition of the fluid, solubility degree, itself related to the fluid flux, distance of transportation, in relation with grain size etc…). Therefore, it cannot be analysed with the same simplicity as for intracrystalline plasticity. The flow law has to integrate all these parameters:
e’ = k f (water/rock ratio, solubility, concentration, stress, grain size ) x (distance of transportation - from grain-size distance to karstic conduits-) …
Discuss some of these parameters : grain-size, concentration of the solution, stress magnitude, temperature …
In rocks, such a mechanism is a rather low-T mechanism, a very slow mechanism, and needs the presence of a fluid (water in general). In metallurgy this mechanism is called Cobble-creep.
Geological examples of structures due to pressure solution : schistosity, styloliths, fibers along shadow zones, tension gashes …
Figure. Dissolution of an organism in a limestone. Maximum dissolution zones are underlined by insoluble (opaque) minerals ; mineral precipitation zones are lighter in colour (calcite principally). Total reduction in height : about 25%.
Figure. Striated surface of a fault-plane attesting to a mechanism of pressure solution that took place during the asismic displacement along the plane. What is the sense of movement along the fault-plane ?
2. Diffusion in volume: Nabarro-Herring creep
This deformation mechanism is effective close to the melting temperature of materials. It is a low-stress- very HT mechanism.
II. (T, s, e’) deformation maps : for olivine
Figure. Deformation map (T, s) of olivine. Inside : strain-rate curves labelled in s-1. Tf : melting temperature. m : shear modulus.
for quartz (pressure solution domain : T < 650°C)
and calcite (note the differences in temperature with respect to quartz and olivine : pressure solution domain : T< 450°C) | <urn:uuid:8c07f476-9ffe-46b7-b0e1-4f584ffcd325> | {
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Long ago, in a dreamier era, space stations were imagined as portals to the heavens. In the 1968 movie “2001: A Space Odyssey,” the huge structure twirled in orbit, aesthetically sublime, a relaxing way station for astronauts heading to the moon. It featured a Hilton and a Howard Johnson’s.
The international space station of the 21st century isn’t quite as beautiful as that movie version, and it’s not a gateway to anywhere else. It’s a laboratory focused on scientific experiments. Usually there are six people aboard. When they leave, they go back home, down to Earth. Three came home Wednesday, landing in Kazakhstan.
This is Part 2 of an occasional series on the future of NASA, the international space station, entrepreneurial space ventures, Mars exploration, planetary science and astronomy.
Part 1 -- NASA’s mission improbable.
Part 3 -- Which way to space?
Part 4 -- To go boldly (and on budget)
The space station circles the planet at an altitude of about 250 miles. Faint traces of atmosphere exert a drag on it, so the station must be boosted regularly to stay in orbit. In the grand scheme of things, the space station simply isn’t very far away. The station has a phone number with a Houston area code.
Advocates for human space exploration insist that NASA must think bigger, developing missions beyond Low Earth Orbit, into deeper space — perhaps back to the moon, or to an asteroid, and certainly to Mars eventually.
But NASA has been struggling for years to square ambitions with budgets. The space station is widely praised as an engineering marvel, but it didn’t come cheap. The United States has poured close to $100 billion into the program and is contributing about $3 billion a year to the station’s operation. Space policy experts warn that, without a significant boost in budget, NASA will not be able to keep running the station and simultaneously carry out new, costly deep-space missions.
The United States and its partners need to make a tough call: Keep the station flying? Or bring it down?
Boeing, the prime contractor, is trying to prove that the station’s components can hold up through at least 2028. Three years ago, Congress extended funding for the station through 2020, and NASA’s international partners — Russia, Japan, Canada and the European Space Agency — have made a similar commitment. But behind the scenes, NASA officials are working to persuade the White House to make a decision, pronto, to keep the orbital laboratory flying after 2020.
The alternative is to crash the massive structure into the South Pacific.
The decision needs to be made in 2014, said William Gerstenmaier, the top NASA official for human spaceflight.
Companies such as SpaceX and Sierra Nevada, which are competing for a NASA contract to carry astronauts to the station, need to know that their market isn’t going to vanish in 2020, he said. Scientists, pharmaceutical companies and other organizations that do zero-gravity experiments also need to know soon whether “there’s a horizon for the station beyond 2020,” he said.
As the decision makers in the U.S. government discuss the fate of the orbital laboratory, they face tough questions about the future of NASA in a broader sense. The dean of space policy analysts, John Logsdon, former director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University, said of NASA: “It was not given a strategic purpose after Apollo. Why does it exist? What do you want to do?”
A mock-up of the Zvezda, a Russian service module that is part of the international space station, at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. The center is home to a full-size mock-up of the station that is used for astronaut training. (Ricky Carioti/The Washington Post)
Although it’s true that the international space station (ISS) never strays far from Earth, cosmically speaking, it has the virtue of showing what life in space is really like. The PowerPoint version of space travel is always easier than the real thing. There are things that reveal themselves only in zero gravity.
“Stiction,” for example — the way delicate materials stick together without gravity to tug them apart. There’s no way to replicate that on Earth.
Dust has no urge to settle down, and so it clogs air filters faster than engineers had once anticipated. Bacteria grow in odd corners and crannies. Mysterious disks of zinc oxide have stopped up a water line, defying explanation.
In theory, equipment has its own storage space. But that’s not how the place looks in real life. There are laptop computers everywhere and tools Velcroed to the walls. It’s cluttered. New crews famously have to go on treasure hunts to find things that have vanished.
Mundane problems such as clogged filters and mold formation provide lessons for an eventual human mission to Mars. On a Mars voyage there would be no way to turn back halfway, so engineers have to understand in advance what could go disastrously wrong.
The Apollo model of spaceflight puts the emphasis on destination; the space station model puts the emphasis on simply living in space, in that alien environment.
“For folks like me, who consider Apollo a poor model for the future of human exploration, the ISS is the essential demonstration site and steppingstone for a sustained future in space with humans,” senior NASA scientist Harley Thronson said.
Space is perhaps the most dangerous place that people have ever lived continuously. A stray pebble or piece of space junk could puncture the shell of the structure and lead to rapid depressurization. Day in, day out, ammonia is a concern. It is critical to the station’s cooling system, but it is also highly toxic.
“Ammonia will kill you in one breath,” said Chris Hadfield, perhaps the most famous astronaut of the 21st century.
Hadfield knows that most people aren’t paying attention to the men and women passing by overhead. That’s another striking feature of life in space: It’s relatively anonymous. You can go around the world 16 times a day, but few of the 7 billion people down below will ever know your name.
Astronaut Chris Hadfield made a music video for his version of David Bowie’s “Space Oddity” aboard the ISS. If you’re on a mobile device, view the video here. (YouTube)
Many astronauts do their best to connect to the earthlings. Astronauts tweet and update Facebook pages. A few months back, Hadfield made a humdinger of a music video — covering David Bowie’s song “Space Oddity” — that has more than 17 million views on YouTube.
Hadfield also made videos about everyday life in space. Bodily fluids go in strange directions. Your vision blurs, your nose feels stuffy, and you lose your sense of taste.
Water is so dominated by surface tension that it can migrate around your scalp and over your face, as if seeking a hole to invade.
In zero gravity, a flame burns spherically — a ball of fire.
Experiments on the ISS have touched on fluid dynamics, crystal formation and changes in bacterial virulence. Next year, 20 to 60 rodents will come aboard as research subjects. And the astronauts themselves are under the microscope, revealing the effects of weightlessness and space radiation. NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency plan to send astronauts to the ISS for an entire year, starting in the spring of 2015.
Astronauts talk about the transcendent experience of seeing the world without political borders, with the thin blue line of the protective atmosphere. Hadfield would often know where the station was over the surface, simply by checking out the color of the light shining up through the cupola, the nest of windows facing the planet. Usually the light would have a blue cast, from the ocean below. If orange, that would usually mean the station was passing over the Sahara. If red, that would be the signal of the Outback.
A support diver takes position underwater at the Johnson Space Center during a spacewalk training exercise. Click here for a photo gallery. (Ricky Carioti/The Washington Post)
A typical work shift lasts 12 hours. Astronauts get one day off a week, a respite from the grind of chores and scientific experiments. Satellite TV reception in space is poor, oddly enough. Smoking and drinking are not allowed. Bodies deteriorate without gravity, and so the astronauts exercise constantly, at least two hours a day.
Astronaut Nicole Stott said she has never slept better in her life than she did in space. No pillow necessary. There are no pressure points on the body. A chronic pain in her arm simply disappeared forever. The only problem with space sleep is that the body naturally forms a zombielike pose, with arms dangling forward.
“It’s kind of scary,” she said.
Saturdays are cleaning days. Every surface is essentially a floor, gathering dirt, flakes of skin, stray drops of sweat and bits of food. (Jam has a diabolical tendency to launch itself off toast.)
“What come in really, really handy are baby wipes,” astronaut Doug Wheelock said.
He also likes the Russian towels. They have a lot of texture, ideal for rubbing down a body. Without a shower, dead skin stays put and grows itchy.
“A towel with some texture on it is like heaven, because you can get all the dead skin off you,” Wheelock said. “It feels so good, psychologically.”
Astronaut Mike Fincke spent his downtime reading science fiction, including the Arthur C. Clarke novel “2001.”
Picture it: A man in a space station reading a novel about people on a space station. That closed a cultural loop.
“We take these dreams and make them real,” Fincke said.
The space station’s flight control room at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. (Ricky Carioti/The Washington Post)
The international space station is another step in what space policy analyst Dwayne Day has called the Von Braun Paradigm, after Wernher von Braun, the German rocket scientist who, after World War II, came to America and became a leader of the U.S. rocket program.
In an influential series of stories in Collier’s magazine from 1952 to 1954, von Braun and other space visionaries foretold an era in which human beings would conquer space. Von Braun imagined a steppingstone approach that included orbital flights, a space shuttle, a space station, a voyage to the moon and, finally, a human landing on Mars.
Photos: NASA turns 55
Neil Armstrong took this photo of astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot, walking on the surface of the moon during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. (NASA/AFP/Getty Images)
But the order of attack played out differently. The U.S. raced to the moon to beat the Soviets, who had their own lunar aspirations. NASA then wanted to build a space shuttle and a space station, but President Richard M. Nixon told the agency it couldn’t do both. NASA went with the shuttle.
After aides mentioned to President Ronald Reagan that the Soviets had a space station, named Salyut, he decided that the United States needed one, too. In his 1984 State of the Union Address, he vowed to build a space station within a decade. “We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space for peaceful, economic and scientific gain,” Reagan said.
Early estimates put the construction cost at $8.8 billion, but the government spent roughly that much simply designing the laboratory on paper while Congress debated whether to build it, said Howard McCurdy, an American University professor of public affairs and author of “The Space Station Decision.”
The collapse of the Soviet Union created the final incentive to go forward. U.S. officials worried that Russian rocket scientists would go to work for rogue nations, spreading missile technology. In 1993, the United States and its allies brought the Russians into the fold for what would now be called the international space station. The international agreements ensured that the funds would keep flowing to the project despite changes in administrations and turnover in Congress.
Russia launched the first module in the fall of 1998. After more than 100 rocket and space shuttle launches to ferry components to orbit, and an astonishing 160 spacewalks, the orbital laboratory — as broad as a football field, including end zones — was finally finished in 2011. The ISS is modular, with one main truss lined with protruding elements and framed by symmetrical solar arrays, the whole thing rather insectoid, like something that would make a buzzing sound if a tiny version flew by your ear.
During a deployment of solar arrays in 2007, one of the arrays suffered a tear. Astronauts on the station and engineers in Houston scrambled to come up with a solution, pressed for time before the array disintegrated. In an emergency spacewalk, astronaut Scott Parazynski crawled to the remote end of a boom — farther from the air lock than any astronaut had ventured — and repaired the tear with makeshift “cuff links.”
“It was definitely a Superman moment,” said Mike Raftery, a top station official with Boeing.
A sociological truth has emerged from the international effort: American engineers are more likely to try to finesse a structure, to make it as lightweight and as efficient as possible, while Russians build things stout.
Mike Suffredini, the NASA program manager for the space station, said the station proves that in-orbit construction is possible, and he noted that no component has had to come back to Earth for retooling.
Said McCurdy: “It’s one of the greatest engineering achievements in the history of the world. It ranks with the pyramids.”
Logsdon, the policy analyst, said the station is a marvel, but he said it hasn’t yet proved it was worth the investment. The science has been going full speed only for a couple of years, so it’s too soon to make that judgment, he said.
“It’s an awfully expensive engineering demonstration,” Logsdon said. “If that’s all it is, that’s a hell of a price to pay.”
Gerstenmaier, the NASA official in charge of human spaceflight, said of the station’s cost: “We’re in the process of proving now whether it’s worth it or not. It’s going to take a little while to see if these researchers will embrace this facility.”
The helmet and gloves of an astronaut’s Extra Vehicular Activity suit lie on the pool deck inside the Johnson Space Center’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory, where astronauts train before heading to the ISS. (Ricky Carioti/The Washington Post)
The ISS almost cost one human life. Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano nearly drowned in space this summer. The astronaut, who represents the European Space Agency, was spacewalking outside the station on July 16 when he felt water on the back of his head. It didn’t seem to be coming from his water bottle. It didn’t feel like sweat. And it was increasing — and migrating, around his head, into his ears, around his nose, doing all the strange things that water does in zero gravity.
Spacewalks are exquisitely choreographed and are not supposed to include surprises. The script for Parmitano’s spacewalk ran to 72 pages. Astronauts go through a 500-step process simply putting on their spacesuits, which function like miniature spaceships, with elaborate life-support gear and an emergency jet pack. An astronaut on the ground will continuously talk to spacewalkers to ensure that they are feeling well, thinking clearly. But now here was Parmitano telling Houston that his helmet was filling with water.
Parmitano’s account on his blog is harrowing:
Video: Drowning in space
NASA aborted a July 16 spacewalk outside the international space station when Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano discovered a buildup of water in his helmet. (NASA)
“The water has also almost completely covered the front of my visor, sticking to it and obscuring my vision. . . . [T]he Sun sets, and my ability to see — already compromised by the water — completely vanishes, making my eyes useless; but worse than that, the water covers my nose — a really awful sensation that I make worse by my vain attempts to move the water by shaking my head. By now, the upper part of the helmet is full of water and I can’t even be sure that the next time I breathe I will fill my lungs with air and not liquid.”
He lost his sense of direction. Where was the air lock? He couldn’t even see the handles the astronauts use for maneuvering. He tried to contact fellow spacewalker Chris Cassidy — all spacewalks are tandem operations, for precisely this sort of situation — but he couldn’t hear him.
Then he recalled that his safety cable could be recoiled, and the gentle tug of that mechanism signaled the direction back to the air lock. He gradually felt his way there but still had to go through the laborious process of re-pressurization and reentering the station. NASA video captured the arduous efforts of Parmitano’s crew mates as they removed his helmet and toweled up the rogue water.
NASA is still investigating where the water came from. Early evidence is that the spacesuit’s cooling system malfunctioned.The incident illustrated the obvious fact that there is nothing routine about life in space — that even after nearly five decades of spacewalks, and even with elaborate safeguards, a failure mode could lurk within the American spacesuits.
As Parmitano put it on his blog: “Space is a harsh, inhospitable frontier. . . . The skills of our engineers and the technology surrounding us make things appear simple when they are not, and perhaps we forget this sometimes. Better not to forget.”
Hadfield, who had left the ISS two months earlier, had a succinct description of what happened to Parmitano: “We just about killed him.”
Team members gather around a Soyuz spacecraft shortly after it landed in Kazakhstan on Nov. 19. Three astronauts returned from four months aboard the international space station. (Bill Ingalls/NASA via Getty Images)
Hadfield came back to Earth in May, retired from the astronaut corps — he had been a Canadian government employee for more than three decades — and retreated to his summer cabin on an island in the St. Clair River, which flows out of Lake Huron between Michigan and Ontario.
He can stand on his dock and watch the space station pass overhead. When you’re an astronaut, you keep track of it and know when it’s going to be visible. The best views are shortly after sunset.
“The station suddenly glows yellow, red, then winks out dark,” he said. “It’s really dramatic on board, and it’s really beautiful to see it from here. It just echoes within me.”
Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield gestures shortly after landing in Kazakhstan on May 14. (Mikhail Metzel/AP)
Is there an aesthetic, even spiritual justification for spaceflight? So often, NASA officials describe the space station in practical terms, as a way of developing new technologies and expanding the economic sphere of the human race. But for someone like Hadfield, space travel offers humanity something that goes beyond any commercial or scientific utility.
“Station” — Hadfield often refers to it that way, as if it’s a proper name — “is so much more than some remote laboratory where some small number of people and robots are doing something that no one knows about. Station is so much more than that. It is our first great human outpost in space. It is our way of seeing our world that’s unprecedented in the history of the human species. It’s an amazing platform for human self-discovery.”
Conceivably, NASA could lease the station to some private, commercial operation, but it is hard to imagine who might want to take up the cost of operating it. And all spacecraft get tired and creaky with age. Space is a harsh environment. Metal fatigue is inescapable, due to the expansion of the structure as the station moves in and out of sunlight.
So even if the station’s life is extended beyond 2020, it is coming down, eventually. NASA could try to salvage a piece here and there, but there are no plans to deconstruct it, so the controlled de-orbit will be a spectacular, fiery event. Too big to burn up completely, the station will crash somewhere in the open water of the South Pacific.
It will be perhaps the most expensive man-made object that human beings have ever intentionally destroyed. This vision of the future will sink to the bottom of the sea, ending another chapter in the history of what people used to call the Space Age.
Kathryn Tolbert, Laurie McGinley, JJ Evans and Jade-Snow Joachim | <urn:uuid:77849efc-4b6f-4740-9d10-a68594dd4243> | {
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proxy servers, Flash, and fragments
. This technique was employed in the currently defunct ScribbleHere
chat service in conjunction with the Msgpad
From a naive perspective, it is not possible for a web page from domain D, to access a URL from another domain E due to security considerations. Several workarounds have been developed, namely the remote script technique. All existing workarounds suffer from significant limitations, such as the unhampered ability to read and write between two different domains.
Say domain D wants to connect to domain E. In a nutshell, the trick is to use DNS to point a sub-domain of D, D_s, to E's server. In doing so, D_s takes on the characteristics of E, while also being accessible to D.
To minimize security problems, a browser on domain D, is not allowed to talk to a browser on domain E. However, it is possible for domains to communicate with sub-domains using the document.domain technique
in Firefox, IE, Safari, and Konqueror.
Opera has implemented the cross-document messaging draft standard
that allows communication between different domains, not just sub-domains. For simplicity sake, Opera and the draft standard will be ignored from here on.
Using the document domain technique it is possible to communicate from domain D, to a sub-domain, D_s, by embedding a D_s iframe in D. The problem is then to communicate between D_s and E. This can be solved by modifying the DNS of D_s to point to E's server. The result of this DNS modification is that D_s essentially becomes E, but remains accessible by D. Lastly, the server hosting E must be configured to accept requests for D_s.
Here is a diagram illustrating the relationship of D, D_s, and E from the hostname perspective after the DNS modification has been made:
This is a diagram illustrating D, D_s, and E from an IP perspective:
It should be noted that for this technique to work, the owner of D, and E are required to co-operate.
MetaSocial + IMIV: A Fictional Example
The year is 2007 and social networks are all the rage. Given the vast array of social networks now available, TeamValley, a cutting edge web2.0 technology company from "the valley", decide the time is right to implement their latest innovation code named MetaSocial - "the social network for people who participate in social networks
After many sleepless nights and an initial funding of $15 million, the team at MetaSocial decide to put away World of Warcraft and get down to business. MetaSocial determine that in order to rule the social networking scene, they need to allow other social networks to integrate with their meta social network via some sort of read/write API.
MetaSocial allows subscribers of their service to specify a host that MetaSocial will integrate with. This hostname is mapped to their web server, and the appropriate reverse proxy routings are established within the MetaSocial network.
George from GA runs a mediocre social network called DoctorsOnTv (DOT) - a social network for actors that have played doctor roles on TV. While George manages to tap a suprising number of subscribers, it is sadly not enough to turn profit. "I knew I should have gone with DetectivesOnTv", he regrets. George hears about MetaSocial, and out of despair decides integration is worth a last ditch effort in the hope of boosting numbers.
On the MetaSocial signup page, George specifies a sub-domain that MetaSocial can expect George's social network to connect through - metasocial.doctorsontv.net (the .com was domain parked).
One day after logging on to DOT, Izzy, an intern and member of DOT, reads a new message in her inbox:
"Izzy, Clooney has friended you at the social network TvSeriesTurnedMovieStars. Click _here_ to confirm."
Izzy clicks "_here_". Rather than the page reload she expected, an image is automatically updated.. and then faded! - "probably that new fangled AJAX technology", she reasons. The curious type, she opens FireBug
to discover the line:
POST http://metasocial.doctorsontv.net/users/confirm_friend/izzy?network=TvSeriesTurnedMovieStars?id=a3f2s (3008ms)
She notices that the current page she is viewing, http://www.doctorsontv.net/users/inbox/izzy , is on a different domain to the one the POST request was made too. Digging in to the HTML via FireBug she notices an iframe with a src of http://metasocial.doctorsontv.net/api which she concludes is a gateway through to some sort of social network hub called MetaSocial.
One limitation of this system is that DNS modifications can take up to days to propagate, and so should probably be made with some certainty. This technique is also limited in that a certain level of authority and technical understanding is required. For example, D must have the know how and authority to modify their DNS records, and E must have authority and competence to map D_s to E.
Many hosting companies provide enhanced security to avoid illegal access to a domain; dot5hosting
is a good example in this context. The comptia security certification exam N10-003
is of relative importance as it provides knowledge of communication security and general security concepts. The process to buy domain
is more complex nowadays. With many new companies emerging and offering various advanced services, selection of a right one is a big issue. However, one should focus on the basic requirements first like dedicated server
, email hosting, security etc and then look for advance services like free software
applications, forums creation, free templates of web site design
which can be edited by computer software
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Rafters get a soaking as they speed over the Mother-in-Law rapid on the Shotover River in the 1980s. The raft was owned by the Original White Water Rafting Company, one of the first commercial white-water operators in Queenstown. It began in 1975 and in those days safety requirements included carrying anchors, bells and a bucket of sand to put out fires. More useful were knives for cutting rope and throw bags for rescuing people in the water.
Using this item
Dale Gardiner, Photographer
Photograph by Dale Gardiner
This item has been provided for private study purposes (such as school projects, family and local history research) and any published reproduction (print or electronic) may infringe copyright law. It is the responsibility of the user of any material to obtain clearance from the copyright holder. | <urn:uuid:13181762-9637-4f02-a322-b31aa2b2ccc4> | {
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One hot day this spring John Buckley scrambled up a dusty slope of a patch of deforested land in the middle of California’s Stanislaus National Forest in the Sierra Nevada, five miles west of Yosemite National Park, and surveyed the bleak landscape: 20 acres of blackened tree stumps and the shriveled remains of undergrowth. On neighboring ridges, similar brown expanses dotted the green forest canopy. “This,” he said, spreading his arms wide, “is resource management.”
The denuded clearing is on a tract of private forestland owned by timber giant Sierra Pacific Industries that is close to being approved as a sort of carbon bank under California’s new cap-and-trade scheme. It will soon grow into a plantation of mostly Douglas fir, ponderosa pine and cedar.
Based on calculations of how much carbon the new and old trees in this forest area will remove from the atmosphere, the timber giant will soon be able to sell carbon credits, which regulators call “offsets,” to the largest California polluters so they can compensate for their greenhouse gas emissions. Looking to make a profit from their environmental practices, companies in forestry and other industries are rushing to meet the demand.
Buckley, an environmental activist from Tuolumne County, is dismayed that projects like these — that involve clearing out old, diverse forests and replanting the area with a handful of quick-growing timber varieties — are being considered as a means to enable California industries to emit more pollutants into the air.
Many environmentalists say that because it is notoriously difficult to prove that such projects actually reduce the state’s overall carbon footprint, California should proceed slowly in approving a vast expansion of the cap-and-trade market.
The plan is to start the Compliance Offset Program this summer. Sellers include some of the largest forestland owners in the U.S., dairy farms and companies that neutralize greenhouse effect-producing refrigerants. The program might also expand to other activities, such as methane capture from mining and rice farming.
Proponents say that by providing incentives to voluntarily reduce emissions and use new technology, the offset program could help California meet its legal requirement, set in 2006, to reduce its carbon footprint from all sources by about 16 percent by 2020, and even more in later years.
But critics call offsets a loophole that could undermine an effective cap-and-trade system. They say pledges of reductions that are not required by law often cannot be considered real, since companies might have made them anyway without the extra money from selling offsets. Left unchecked, the critics warn, poorly measured offsets could lead to an overall increase in California’s emissions.
Depending on the future price of offsets, the addition of these credits from around the country and possibly abroad could swamp the existing regulated emissions market. Independent environmental economists now estimate that offsets could grow to more than 200 million tons of carbon dioxide or the equivalent in other greenhouse gases — representing at least 50 percent of the program.
And under certain supply-and-demand conditions, state trading rules could allow offsets to cover 100 percent of the reductions required under cap-and-trade. In those circumstances, no power plant, cement factory or refinery would have to cut its emissions to comply with the carbon cap.
Offsets “create the illusion that we are doing something to mitigate climate change,” said Kathleen McAfee, a professor of international relations at San Francisco State University, who studies global markets for environmental services. Instead, she said, the government should impose strict regulations on fossil fuel extraction and invest in renewable energy technology.
Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board, the main state agency writing regulations to fight global warming, argued that carbon reductions can take many forms and should not be limited to one accounting method. He said several other regulatory programs in the state also aimed at lowering greenhouse gas emissions cover many of the same sectors regulated by cap-and-trade.
“Frankly, as long as the emissions are reduced we are achieving our goals,” Clegern said. “Whether that’s done with offsets, whether that’s done with allowances, whether that’s done with reductions, there obviously would have to be some reduction in there to achieve this.”
BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
The cap-and-trade program, which went into effect in January, covers about 80 percent of the state’s greenhouse gas emissions, those emitted by the biggest electricity, industrial and fuel facilities.
It sets an annual limit on total emissions that California’s largest polluters can release. The total supply of pollution allowances falls each year, helping the state reach emissions targets established by the landmark Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006.
The offsets program allows regulated industries to use offsets to cover up to 8 percent of their carbon emissions. But analysts say that based on the rules, that figure could exceed the reductions required statewide for the entire cap-and-trade program. That means offsets — until now offered mostly as voluntary credits to companies hoping to burnish their green image — could soon become a major part of California’s lucrative mandatory program.
Experts estimate that the higher price for California’s state-issued carbon allowances, currently more than $14 per metric ton, make the use of cheaper offsets, projected to bring costs down to about $10, especially attractive. If California industries do require at least 200 million offsets over the next eight years it would make them worth more than $2 billion on the market.
The high financial stakes make accurate measurement of offsets a key concern. Cap-and-trade sets carbon allowance targets based on gases detected from smokestacks at the state’s 350 largest polluting companies at about 600 facilities. By contrast, offsets are calculated as comparisons with predicted future “business-as-usual” levels of pollution.
This modeling requires teams of scientists and economists to anticipate choices that companies would have made had the offset payments not been available. And as any economist will admit, predicting the future is hard.
Even when emissions cuts are proved to prevent the business-as-usual growth scenario, the exact amount of carbon dioxide stored or released comes with great scientific uncertainty. Supporters of offsets concede that it is hard to verify whether the offsets are valid.
The use of offsets is also associated with unintended consequences such as increases in other pollutants locally, loss of biodiversity in timber plantations and reduced incentives to invest in local mitigation technologies.
That is why some scientists and environmental advocates say cap-and-trade should not incorporate offsets.
“The integrity of the offsets is the integrity of the cap-and-trade program, because of how strongly the program is relying on them,” said Brian Nowicki, California climate policy director at the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group headquartered in Tucson, Ariz.
Offsets preapproved for California’s cap-and-trade program are thus far restricted to U.S.-based projects in four sectors — industrial forestry, urban forestry, dairy digesters and destruction of ozone-depleting substances.
The Air Resources Board has developed elaborate protocols for each. The first round of credits, totaling 6 million metric tons of carbon from 45 offset projects, are expected to go on sale after a final staff review, according to a Reuters Point Carbon analysis.
The board is considering adding offsets from other domestic sectors, such as methane capture from rice plantations and mines. It will expand the program internationally, linking up with Quebec’s offset program in 2014. It is also considering including offsets from a controversial program called Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation, or REDD, that offers carbon credits for preserving forests and plantations in Mexico, Colombia and other developing countries.
One obvious benefit of offsets for polluters is lower-cost mitigation. Since global warming can be addressed by reducing greenhouse gases anywhere, offsets proponents say innovative projects out of state or in other countries can achieve reductions more cheaply.
“You want to make the program as cost-effective as possible to reduce the economic burden of the program for California consumers,” said Gary Gero, president of Climate Action Reserve, a Los Angeles-based organization that helped California design the four offset protocols and one of two groups screening companies seeking California credits. He said offsets offer businesses now outside cap-and-trade an incentive to curb emissions through innovation.
Critics say this reasoning ignores myriad uncertainties that beset offsets, including measurement, verification and environmental justice concerns.
The conundrum facing climate offsets policy is the debate over “additionality” — whether emissions reductions would have been made anyway. Carbon-saving technologies include installing methane-capture devices at large dairy farms or keeping trees standing for 100 years instead of 50.
But there is no counterfactual world against which to measure which reductions are real. In many instances they must accept offset developers at their word.
Economist David Roland-Holst at the University of California, Berkeley, said background changes in consumer demand for products and services with a lower carbon footprint make additionality difficult to determine.
“Rising energy prices and a rapidly increasing public desire for environmental quality will drive emerging markets toward pollution mitigation,” he wrote in a recent paper on sustainable economics.
But Roland-Holst notes that relying on offsets also produces “unwelcome secondary effects.” If industries meet the majority of their cap-and-trade requirements through out-of-state offsets, local air pollution in California’s industrial areas would worsen.
In June 2012, two environmental groups, Citizens Climate Lobby and Our Children’s Earth Foundation, sued the state. They said offsets “credit emission reductions that would occur or have already occurred without the incentive of offset credit payments,” resulting in “false accounting of progress.” They sought a court order prohibiting offsets trading.
But a San Francisco Superior Court judge rejected the petition in January, saying the judiciary could not rewrite the statute. Our Children’s Earth Foundation filed an appeal on May 24. A hearing date has not been set.
State officials say that they have developed stringent standards for additionality, and that offsets are subject to continuous monitoring. If the state finds flawed credits, they will be invalidated.
“There are third-party verifiers who have been certified by us and there are more of them being trained,” said Air Resources Board spokesman Clegern, adding that independent experts will do on-site inspections.
“If ARB finds malfeasance by any party that developed or verified the offset,” he said, the state “can take enforcement action on that party.”
LARGER THAN THEY SEEM
Steven Cliff, manager of the cap-and-trade program at the Air Resources Board, said it was “premature” to make assumptions about the scope of the offsets program.
Offsets, he said, “can account for a pretty high portion of overall reductions. But under the most likely scenario, offsets would cover no more than 41 percent of the reductions.” Cliff based his assessment on a 2011 white paper by Adam Diamant, an energy and environment analyst at the nonpartisan, nonprofit Electric Power Research Institute.
More recent assessments by Diamant and at least one other independent researcher, Barbara Haya, a fellow at the Stanford Environmental Law Clinic, show that offsets could represent a big chunk of the allowed emissions from industry — anywhere from 53 percent to 224 percent of required carbon reductions, measured cumulatively through the year 2020.
Diamant said the range of projections is so wide because the calculations depend on several variables. The first is the overall cap. The state plans to block off a small portion of credits each year to ensure a steady price for allowances. This reduces California’s emissions limit. But if demand for allowances is high, the state will release reserves starting at $40 per metric ton.
Other complementary state policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gases might further reduce emissions. These include energy efficiency, mandates on electric companies to produce renewable energy, and the low-carbon fuel standard for vehicles. That would ease the reductions requirements under cap-and-trade. If reserve allowances were untouched and complementary policies achieved their targets, total allowed offsets could add up to more than twice the reductions needed to make cap-and-trade work.
Achieving reductions from complementary programs achieves the same overall environmental goals, Diamant said. “So it’s not like nothing is happening.”
But critics say that if industries can buy offsets to meet all their reductions requirements in the program’s first eight years, technological innovation could stagnate. They say it also deprives California of the environmental, economic and public health benefits that Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger promised when the global warming law was passed in 2006.
“The more offsets you allow to be used,” said Nowicki of the Center for Biological Diversity, “the more you put the program at risk.”
FOREST OR TREE FARM?
The risk is most evident in the case of forest offsets, which market analysts predict is the sector where the bulk of California offsets will be generated.
“Forestry offers the greatest opportunity, but it is also by far the most complicated and challenging offset protocol,” said Belinda Morris, California director of the American Carbon Registry, another agency certifying offsets for the state.
Environmentalists say the state’s forest protocol, which rewards carbon sequestration through reforestation, forest management and avoided conversion of forests to other uses, contains several fundamental flaws.
The rules do not account for “critical carbon pools” on the forest floor. It also inadequately accounts for soil carbon released during logging, said Nowicki of the Center for Biological Diversity. The protocol only accounts for soil disturbance through “deep ripping, furrowing or plowing” on more than 25 percent of a project area, which can cover several thousand acres.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s guidelines for voluntary greenhouse gas reporting estimates that one acre of typical California mixed-conifer forest contains 60 percent more carbon collectively stored in soil (19.2 tons), litter and duff (12.6 tons), down deadwood (2.6 tons), understory (0.9 tons) and standing deadwood (2.5 tons) than in live trees (25.4 tons).
Nowicki said even conservative estimates like these show that if logging takes place on smaller parcels, soil disturbance could dramatically change the overall carbon storage capacity of the area: “The worst case would be that the project gets carbon credits in a year that they should actually show a carbon deficit if they had fully accounted for the soil carbon emissions.”
California’s forest protocol is also the first in the world to credit durable wood products, including building materials and furniture, that lock carbon out of the atmosphere for a long time.
The Air Resources Board says objections to state rules are premature because none of the proposed offsets have yet been approved for the market.
That the forest protocol allows timber companies to sell offsets by replanting trees in areas they clear-cut is among the most controversial of the state rules. This is called “even-aged management” — a stand of trees all planted at the same time, for future harvesting.
Landowners may clear-cut up to 40 acres at once, as long as they show that tree growth elsewhere in the project area stores more carbon than is lost.
But environmental groups contend that making even-aged management more profitable undermines less damaging alternative carbon storage options. Clear-cutting degrades forest ecosystems, water quality and wildlife diversity, scientists say.
Initial drafts of the forest protocol disallowed clear-cutting. But around 2007, the timber industry began to seek more favorable rules.
Some of the most aggressive lobbying came from Sierra Pacific Industries, California’s wealthiest timber company and largest private landowner. It made sure to regularly attend offset rule-making workshops hosted by Climate Action Reserve. The company, which owns nearly 1.9 million acres of timberland in California and Washington, has long sparred with environmentalists who oppose its clear-cutting practices.
A recent report by the Center for Investigative Reporting found that between 2007 and 2008 Sierra Pacific Industries hired a Sacramento lobbying firm, California Strategies, for $37,500, to present its case. In September 2007, the company sent a letter to the Air Resources Board requesting rule changes to permit even-aged management and storage of carbon in wood products.
The board accepted most of the recommendations. But the decision to include clear-cutting led to a schism among environmentalists.
Nearly 50 groups, including the Sierra Club, Friends of the Earth, Rainforest Action Network and Buckley’s Central Sierra Environmental Resource Center, urged the Air Resources Board to exclude offsets for clear-cutting. But other big green groups, such as the Nature Conservancy, the Environmental Defense Fund and the Pacific Land Trust supported the idea.
“It’s a sticky situation, but it’s probably the best way to get landowners to follow better forest management practices,” said Paul Mason, vice president of policy and incentives at the Pacific Land Trust.
Mark Pawlicki, director of corporate affairs and sustainability at Sierra Pacific Industries, said the company’s influence in framing the forestry protocol was completely aboveboard: “It was an open and public process, and there were many diverse groups involved. We just participated in the process like anyone else in the public would.”
Rajinder Sahota, the Air Resources Board’s offsets policy manager, dismissed criticisms that carbon accounting was imprecise and that the standards for additionality were lacking.
“With an approved forest project you can have situations where you are able to harvest within a geographical boundary and also sequester carbon at the same time,” Sahota said.
WILDLIFE VS. CARBON
Sierra Pacific Industries is now preparing four offset project areas on its land totaling 80,000 acres for approval by the Air Resources Board. This includes the clear-cut area near Yosemite that Buckley surveyed. The company owns about 130,000 acres of forestland in the area. Viewed from an airplane, its land resembles a patchwork quilt of green forests and brown clear-cut land that stretches for miles.
Pawlicki said improved land management practices in the project areas would remove an additional 5.6 million tons of carbon from the air over 40 years. That would yield the Redding-based company $56 million at current offset prices.
For Buckley, who finds clear signals of climate change in the Sierra Nevada’s rapidly receding snow line, this is worrisome news.
“It is not the loss of a 20-acre block of forest that hurts any particular species, because most wildlife can move to another area when bulldozers and chainsaws destroy a block of forests,” he said.
Aggressive logging and replanting, he explained, leads to “a loss of the biggest trees — most of the oaks, dogwoods, maples and alders, and most of the plant diversity. It wipes out blocks of habitat, one after another, that are important shelter and food sources for wildlife species that depend upon mature shady forest conditions.”
Heavy logging has been associated with the disappearance of the American marten and Pacific fisher from that corner of the Sierra Nevada, and has affected populations of the spotted owl, the northern goshawk, the pileated woodpecker and the northern flying squirrel.
“To somehow claim that this will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and have no impact on the environment,” Buckley said, “is ridiculous.” | <urn:uuid:88ba21c4-115d-4f79-afa4-70f1bb180389> | {
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- In most cases filly is a female horse under the age of four years.
- In some nations, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the world of horse racing sets the cutoff age for fillies as younger than five years.
The equivalent term for a male is a colt. When horses of either sex are less than one year of age, they are referred to as foals. Horses between one and two years of age may also be called yearlings.
|Look up filly in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Hammond, Gerald (2000). The Language of Horse Racing. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN 1-57958-276-1. OCLC 44923115.
- Privman, Jay (October 24, 2008). "Zenyatta completes perfect season". Daily Racing Form (Breeders' Cup). Retrieved September 7, 2011. "It was the perfect end to a perfect day by a perfect filly. Zenyatta, the best older female horse in the country, completed a perfect season. . . by winning the $2 million Ladies' Classic on Friday at Santa Anita's Oak Tree meeting, the first of two days of the 25th Breeders' Cup championships." (Zenyatta was foaled in 2004, making her a 4-year-old at the time.)
- James R Gillespie (2000). Modern Livestock and Poultry Production. Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 978-0-7668-1607-7. | <urn:uuid:874afdc5-1d3e-49c2-9a43-2a390f8ad922> | {
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Well, is it global warming or is it climate change? It depends on whom you talk to. What one can say for certain is that both are related to the so-called greenhouse gases.
The greenhouse effect appears to be a completely man-made phenomenon in the world today – one that some engineers and scientists feel is leading the plant to the brink of disaster. The term “greenhouse effect” describes two separate but dependent occurrences: (a) the increase of trace greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, tropospheric ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons) in the earth’s atmosphere, and (b) the absorption and re-emission of long-wave radiation by these gases. In theory, the greenhouse gases act like the glass in a botanical greenhouse, trapping heat and warming the planet.
The increased concentration of greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution is a well-documented fact; however, the predicted effects of this increase are still in debate among scientists in the environmental field. Current debate centers around questions such as: (a) Have greenhouse gases affected global weather as yet? (b) How much will temperature rise once the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reach concentrations double their current levels? (c) How long does it take for changes in greenhouse gases to affect global climate?
Although scientists are in agreement that concentrations of trace greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are increasing, the effects of this increase are in wide debate. Some scientists feel that there is strong evidence to show that global warming has already begun, and others feel that the planet is actually entering another ice age. At present, both national and international policies are beginning to notice the important implications of the greenhouse effect, and plans are being made to deal with the problem. However, the drive to solve the greenhouse effect may well falter as a consequence of the time lag between emission and effect. The theory behind the greenhouse effect, combined with the trends of modern society, certainly points toward a possible climatic phenomenon that could, if allowed to proceed unchecked, create a global warming; however, when the physical evidence for climatic change is closely investigated, the situation does not appear to be changing as quickly or catastrophically as is predicted.
Society needs to come to grips with the reality that environmentalists and their supporters are probably the greatest threat to society. They are a frightening group that is fanatical. This group will do anything – lie, manipulate, deceive, etc. – to achieve its misguided goals, including saving Mother Earth from itself.
Environmentalists justify their conduct by arguing that over 90% of the technical community supports their position on global warming. But nearly all of the 90% they refer to have vested interests in their being this catastrophic problem facing society. If there is no problem, most of these so-called experts will be out of a job. At a minimum, there will be no tenure, no promotions, no articles, no consulting, no books, no government grants and contracts, etc. And, the environmental organizations who also support this scam will have greater difficulty in generating funding, donations, and government support. Gone are the days when scientists and engineers were beyond reproach. The reality is that today’s scientist/engineer is as corrupt as the lawyers society has come to detest.
Yes, there are terrorists. Yes, these are rulers/dictators who would murder their own people. And, yes, they are religious fanatics. But these so-called environmental power-drivers, as well as arrogant environmentalists, have joined together and anointed themselves as the saviors because of their greater intellect. Yes, these individuals need to be reckoned with…and soon. In the meantime, they have become the greatest threat to the American dream and the American way of life.
Let’s face it. Any mandated imposition of CO2 emission reductions will dramatically impact our economy. It will result in the loss of at least 100,000 jobs (depending on the severity of the cuts) with little to no opportunities for those jobless to secure satisfactory replacement employment opportunities. All of this will compromise the ability to defend ourselves from the enemy, particularly the Jihadists. This is an example, pure and simple, of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) idiots involved with energy decision policies of not having thought through the problem and including all the ramifications associated with their policies. Touting solar and wind technologies as the answer is idiotic (again the word idiot) since these industries almost certainly will not be cost-effective until mid-century (at the earliest). The idiots have just chosen not to consider costs, reliability, dangers and safety in their analyses. A reasonable question that an intelligent practicing engineer should ask is: “How in the world did this occur?” There is a simple answer: the EPA.
Several months ago, I wrote an article for my NEWSLETTER (www.theodorenewsletter.com) on this topic – that was based on my new book “Energy Resources: Availability, Management and Environmental Impacts.” In it, I stressed the need for the responsible people in government (not those in the EPA) to develop a national energy policy that explores not only all viable traditional energy sources but also old potential renewable energy sources in a manner that reduces/eliminates economic hardships associated with the transition. Any chance of this occurring? As John Wayne would put it: NOT HARDLY. Unfortunately, the EPA feels it has a duty to protect every aspect of the environment under all circumstances and irrespective of other effects, and that priority has been placed above energy independence. Add to all of this, Obama’s Paris “agreement” success story with China operating nearly an infinite number of coal-fired boilers and India planning to build twenty-three new coal-powered plants; this is indeed another Administration whopper.
Visit the author at http://www.theodorenewsletter.com.
NEXT POSTINGS: (tentative):
FEBRUARY 1: On How to Write and Publish a Book
MARCH 1: On Random Thoughts XXIII
APRIL 1: On Financial Inequity
MAY 1: On the 2016 East Williston School District Budget Vote | <urn:uuid:17d4079f-046b-47b1-b7fc-e83e6ba93ee9> | {
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Raman spectroscopy can provide elegant views of even the most mixed of materials at the sub-microscopic scale, even picking out chemical bonds. And, because it is sensitive to the lightweight elements found in covalent bonds it can provide detailed information that is inaccessible to sophisticated X-ray techniques. However, Raman is yet to be widely adopted because it suffers from potentially debilitating resolution issues and takes too long for all but the most patient of laboratories.
Now. French researchers have found a way to create a map of the incident laser beam used in Raman spectroscopy which brings it up to speed and could make it a more accessible technique.
More in the latest issue of SpectroscopyNOW.com | <urn:uuid:9e68ae2e-383f-4f13-b5f7-e4235fd4eff1> | {
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Most men and women who succumb to heart disease die suddenly without any known history of heart problems. As I note in my 3-min. NutritionFacts.org video How Do Nuts Prevent Sudden Cardiac Death?, up to 55% of men and 68% of women have no clinically recognized heart disease before sudden death. They obviously had rampant heart disease, it just wasn't recognized until they were lying in the morgue. So if there was ever a case to be made for primary prevention--starting to eat healthier right now, tonight--before symptoms arise, sudden cardiac death is it. Especially since our first symptom is often our last. OK, so how do we do it?
Our story begins 43 years ago with a fascinating paper in the New England Journal of Medicine entitled "Sudden Death and Ischemic Heart Disease: Correlation With Hardness of the Local Water Supply." There appeared to be "an increased susceptibility to lethal arrhythmias [fatal heart rhythms] among residents of soft-water areas." So maybe one of the minerals found in hard water is protective, but which one? Well, researchers decided to cut some hearts open and find out.
On autopsy the hearts of sudden cardiac death victims had significantly lower magnesium concentrations compared to people that just got hit by a bus or something. They thought there might be a connection, but it wasn't put to the test until recently. Why the decades-long delay in testing a potentially cheap simple way to help prevent our number one killer? That's exactly the problem: cheap. Where's magnesium found? Whole grains, greens, beans, nuts, and seeds. Who's going to fund the study? The pumpkin seed lobby? Big spinach? If magnesium was found to be protective, who's going to profit? Who's going to benefit? Other than, of course, the hundreds of thousands of Americans that keel over dead every year without even being able to say goodbye to their families.
Watch my video Mineral of the Year--Magnesium to see what the new studies discovered.
For more on preventing sudden cardiac death, see:
- Our Number One Killer Can Be Stopped
- China Study on Sudden Cardiac Death
- Boosting Heart Nerve Control.
-Michael Greger, M.D.
Image credit: debaird™/Flickr | <urn:uuid:1a8d030c-7a7e-49c7-b8cd-bba00f721ad3> | {
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What is Autism?
Autism is a lifelong developmental disability, which affects the way a person communicates and relates to others and the world around them.
Both adults and children have problems relating to others.
Some people with autism are able to live relatively independent lives but others may have accompanying learning disabilities and need a lifetime of specialist support.
Autism affects each person in a different way. They will all have the same characteristics to a greater or lesser degree depending on how their Autism affects them as an individual.
Autism can be socially crippling, leaving the sufferer unable to form friendships because of their lack of understanding of other people’s emotions or feelings and their failure to recognise facial expressions or gestures.
They may have little knowledge of social rules and interactions. For example they will dominate conversations and have little interest in what the other person has to say, or will read someone’s newspaper over the other person’s shoulder and be totally unaware that this is inappropriate behavior.
Some people with autism can behave strangely or inappropriately such as flapping or rocking.
The reasons for this:
- Unable to express their feelings
- Feeling anxious or stressed
- Feeling happy or excited
People with Autism can have little imagination especially with social situations for example needing to know of changes to their routine in advance or finding it difficult to cope with new situations that they are not familiar with.
They can take things very literally and may not understand metaphors, jokes or sarcasm. For example the phase ‘that’s cool’ associated with things being good can be interpreted in its literal form as something being cold.
The majority of people with Autism find it hard to cope with lots of verbal instructions at once, as their thought process is slower than other people’s and it takes them longer to digest and process information.
Some may have problems with their fine motor skills such as being unable to use a pair of scissors or their gross motor skills can be affected for example, walking into things or at times they may appear clumsy or unsteady on their feet.
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Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- "door, doorway" is the source of English door.
In Latin, *dʰwer- became forīs and forās "out of doors", whence Old French forest. We also get forum and foreign from the Latin forms.
In Greek it became θύρα "door", and θυρεός "shield", then thyroid, because the thyroid is shaped like a shield.
In Indo-European Languages and Culture, Fortson says we have reconstructed a word for "door jamb" but doesn't say what it is. It must be this one, also here, which I'll write as *h₂énh₁t(e)h₂. It's found in anta from Latin antae "pilasters". | <urn:uuid:0b0afd85-a8fc-4d97-aa08-f71839ae333f> | {
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Do you think Charlotte Mason ever read Plutarch’s other writings? She had her students study Plutarch’s Lives slowly and carefully over the course of years – perhaps she also respected his opinions on education? He did have some.
The introductory comments to the entries by Plutarch in The Great Tradition summarize Plutarch’s opinion: “he presents poetry as preparatory to the study of philosophy.”
Sounds like Charlotte Mason, doesn’t it? But he was a product of the classical era, part of the classical tradition.
Of course, so was Miss Mason.
Above all these things, get wisdom. Whatever you get, get insight.
Plutarch starts off his treatise on education with a passionate rebuke for fathers who do not take pains to secure not just any education for their sons, but education under good teachers.
Why in such deadly earnest about making money, while troubling so little about the sons to whom you are to leave it?
Many fathers go to such lengths in the way of fondness for their money and want of fondness for their children, that, to avoid paying a larger fee, they choose utterly worthless persons to educate their sons, their object being an inexpensive ignorance.
I think this might be my new favorite quote on the current state of education, as well.
His conclusion for fathers is just as passionate:
It would be fairer to regard me as repeating an oracle than as giving advice – in the matters the one and essential thing, the first, middle, and last, is a sound upbringing and right education. It is this, I say, which leads to virtue and happiness.
He warns of the results of trusting education to the hapless or foolish or ignorant, and then tells us why a real education matters:
Culture is the only thing in us that is immortal and divine.
Now, this we might quibble with, of course, but if we consider his (unchristian, classical) perspective, we can see what he means and agree with his sentiment at least. Culture is religion externalized, says George Grant. What we create, how we think, what and how we worship is what defines as image-bearers of God – we are culture-makers. It matters. It reflects our true loves and beliefs.
When again war comes like a torrent, tearing and sweeping everything away, it is of our mental culture alone that it cannot rob us.
Education – enculturation – makes our minds a worthwhile place to spend our leisure. This is a consistent refrain of classical thinkers.
As farmers put stakes beside their plants, so the right kind of teacher provides firm support for the young in the shape of lessons and admonitions, carefully chosen so as to produce an upright growth of character.
Apparently Elizabeth Krueger was not the first to use the metaphor of tomato-staking for parenting (it’s my favorite parenting book).
Having thus established the primacy and priority of education, Plutarch will next go on to develop exactly what a sound education – an education worth having, a mental culture – is and how to attain it.
Tune in next time, as they say.
My Book Bag
- The Great Tradition by Richard M. Gamble
- The Things of Earth: Treasuring God by Enjoying His Gifts by Joe Rigney – reading with a friend and in preparation for a future Scholé Sisters episode
- The History of the Medieval World by Susan Wise Bauer (on audio)
On Sunday I began and finished N.D. Wilson’s latest, Outlaws of Time, wherein he tries his hand at time travel. I enjoyed it, although it wasn’t as compelling as his Ashtown series. One of Nate’s themes is certainly that some causes are worth death, that spending your life – even to the point of death – for the sake of other’s, is noble and beautiful. His powerful characters, his Gandalfs, are all ones ready to sacrifice everything. That was a very strong theme in this book – there is a lot of death. Lots and lots of death, but none of it graphic. Those who want power for power’s sake kill and enjoy it. Those who have power and love die themselves and gladly, if it means others may live.
If you don’t think kid lit should have death, you won’t like it. But it’s a good story and worth the reading. | <urn:uuid:05c3cf85-ba79-4099-be8e-0ed3c5741015> | {
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So far, we've shown how the Hardy-Weinberg equation describes the frequencies of genotypes in terms of the frequencies of the alleles that make up those genotypes. We've seen how useful this can be in determining the frequencies of genotypes about which we'd otherwise have no clue.
The second major implication of the Hardy-Weinberg equation is that the frequencies of the various alleles, and thus the frequencies of the various genotypes, tend to remain constant across the generations, unless the population is not at genetic equilibrium.
For just a minute, don't worry about what we mean by "genetic equilibrium"; concentrate instead on the rest of the sentence. Many people assume that if a trait is recessive, it will tend to die out; that dominant genes will tend to gradually conquer the recessive ones until the latter are pushed to extinction. Not so! Or consider a rare gene: all things being equal, will it tend to disappear from the gene pool over time? Not at all!
I still think that the gene pool of a species is best visualised as an actual pool containing balls representing the various alleles. In making an organism, two alleles for each gene are randomly scooped up from the pool. (To make the next generation, all the balls would be placed back in the pool, and then selected again at random.) Now it's obvious when you picture the scene this way that the most common alleles will tend to be picked most commonly. But it is also obvious that the rare alleles, although rare, will not tend to die off. Once an allele is part of the species' gene pool, it'll stay there unless something upsets this trend. Nothing automatically tends to banish balls from the pool.
Similarly, since the allele frequencies tend to stay the same, the genotype frequencies tend to stay the same. A recessive trait is not simply 'bred out' by some quirky law of nature. The phrase (so often repeated by students) "If O is a recessive blood type, how can it be the commonest one?" simply makes no sense. Nothing automatically pushes the o allele towards oblivion - and so the OO genotype could be anywhere from the commonest to stone last as regards frequency.
I think I've made my point. I don't mean to imply that allele frequencies don't change as the generations go by (changing allele frequencies is almost the definition of evolution). What I do mean to say is that allele frequencies will tend to stay fixed, unless acted on by some other factor. This tenet is sometimes referred to as the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
If the allele frequencies are tending to stay fixed, the population is said to be in genetic equilibrium (or Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium). However, there are several important factors that can disrupt this equilibrium. Put another way, a population needs to have five characteristics if it is be capable of being in genetic equilibrium. Briefly, there are as follows.
- The population needs to be large. How large? Large enough to avoid chance disrupting gene frequencies. For instance, if some freak accident kills 4 animals, this won't do much to alter the gene pool if the species contains a million animals. However, if it only contains 6 animals, allele frequencies could be dramatically altered (e.g. What if a rare allele was housed solely in the body of one of the dead animals?).
- There needs to be random mating. If albinos, say, tended to mate only with other albinos, this would obviously increase chances of creating albino children (recessive homozygotes) quite dramatically, and simultaneously reduce the number of carriers of the albino gene.
- There can't be any mutations. Clearly, mutations are a constant source of increased variability within the gene pool. Put another way, mutating one allele into a new one must alter the allele frequencies. (However, without a positive selection, the effect of the new mutation will be tiny, especially in a large population. Consider taking one ball out the pool of a million balls, and altering it. Clearly, not much change will occur.)
- There can be no migration. In a similar way to mutations, allele frequencies will obviously be altered by having one population of birds fly in and start mating with another population at genetic equilibrium.
- There can't be any natural selection. Natural selection will tend to automatically favour some alleles over their counterparts, resulting in more copies of the former, at the expense of the latter, as the generations go by. Natural selection is usually by far the most potent force capable of disrupting a genetic equilibrium.
All five factors must usually be met for the population to be in genetic equilibrium. As a corollary, if a population is not in genetic equilibrium (i.e. the genotype frequencies are changing), one of the five criteria must have been violated.
That's about it, folks. If you need more help with the five criteria, try this website, which illustrates the concepts very nicely. Otherwise, leave a message or email a query, and I'll get back to you! | <urn:uuid:f484a973-914e-4854-aae8-b90be7176c83> | {
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[Editor’s Note: the following post is written by Karla Milani, marketing specialist for The Nature Conservancy in South America. This is the first in a series chronicling her journey along Colombia’s Magdalena, River. Read more here.]
It’s the second day of our journey through the Magdalena River basin.
We wake up before sunrise to travel to the Llanito Lake, about 45 minutes from the city of Barrancabermeja, Colombia.
It’s still night and in the distance we can see flares of fire from the country’s largest oil refinery.
The sun begins to creep up and “Millo,” our fisherman-host, arrives. After brief introductions, he quickly grabs his fishing nets and machete and we jump in the canoe to start a day of fishing.
As the canoe motors across the lake, a golden sunrise creeps up over the horizon. We join the other fishermen – eight canoes in all – and sail in single file before opening up in to a circle. Nets are thrown out at the same time, forming a corral to catch the fish.
Millo has arrived late, so he can only throw his net in the middle of the circle, after all the others, forming what’s call the “crown.” When the nets are pulled out, it’s obvious that this will be a slow day.
The circle breaks up and the canoes move on to the next fishing spot. As the canoes row across the lake, the fishermen chat between the boats, cracking jokes.
Next attempt brings a little more luck; Millo catches a tilefish and then another.
This collective fishing, once typical in the Magdalena River basin, has been lost. Now, only a few river towns continue the tradition.
Fish stocks have fallen in the Magdalena River basin from 80,000 tons a year to 8,000 tons. Fishermen blame contamination, overfishing and cattle ranching for harming one of the country’s largest sources of protein.
“It’s not like it was before,” says Millo. “There are good days of fishing and other days when nothing gets caught. What can we do? Return home with empty hands?”
For Millo, the Magdalena River and its lake is everything. He finds it hard to imagine a life without fishing, as like many in this region he’s received little formal education. To save these livelihoods, a policy of sustainable fishing must be introduced before it’s too late.
[Image: An artisanal fishermen casts his net on the Llanito swamp. Image credit: Paul Smith] | <urn:uuid:c639ae9a-5fb9-40d3-b039-97897667871c> | {
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As with many of mankind's monumental discoveries, X-ray technology was invented completely by accident. In 1895, a German physicist named Wilhelm Roentgen made the discovery while experimenting with electron beams in a gas discharge tube. Roentgen noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab started to glow when the electron beam was turned on. This response in itself wasn't so surprising -- fluorescent material normally glows in reaction to electromagnetic radiation -- but Roentgen's tube was surrounded by heavy black cardboard. Roentgen assumed this would have blocked most of the radiation.
Roentgen placed various objects between the tube and the screen, and the screen still glowed. Finally, he put his hand in front of the tube, and saw the silhouette of his bones projected onto the fluorescent screen. Immediately after discovering X-rays themselves, he had discovered their most beneficial application.
Roentgen's remarkable discovery precipitated one of the most important medical advancements in human history. X-ray technology lets doctors see straight through human tissue to examine broken bones, cavities and swallowed objects with extraordinary ease. Modified X-ray procedures can be used to examine softer tissue, such as the lungs, blood vessels or the intestines.
In this article, we'll find out exactly how X-rays machines pull off this incredible trick. As it turns out, the basic process is really very simple. | <urn:uuid:39362d67-49a7-47d5-b339-5817ee87d029> | {
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APA' s Publication Manual provides complete style guidelines , 6th Edition, should be consulted first in all matters concerning APA Style ® but these FAQs will help clarify frequent areas of confusion. How to Cite US Government Documents in MLA, APA Citation Style: MLA 7th ed.
Step- by- step guide how to format an essay in APA MLA, Harvard, Chicago Turabian. It’ s true: Most high schools teach MLA Style.
" The Purdue OWL. All guides are up- to- date with the latest MLA Handbook 7th Edition. This website provides guidelines to using MLA Format and APA Format for your academic papers.
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. Mla and apa style guidelines. The American Psychological Association ( APA) is a scientific and professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States. For over half a century journal publishers, it has been widely adopted for classroom instruction , academic , used worldwide by scholars commercial presses.
APA book citations: Book with more than one author ( APA) : Work from a collection ( APA) : Formatting Guidelines ( APA) :. Citation Machine™ helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use.Properly formatting your academic writing requires knowing about APA MLA CMS style rules. How does a bibliography differ. You labored over it you get to college, you learned to tolerate if not love it— , bam, now, as soon as you begin to take psychology .
These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association ( APA) citation and format style. Cite sources in APA MLA, Chicago, Turabian Harvard for free. What Is MLA Style? How to Cite US Government Documents in MLA APA Citation Style: Public Laws Administrative Codes. All guides are up- to- date with the latest manuals.
For Educators – Citation Guides. Mla and apa style guidelines. Describes ways to get help with writing in APA Style including links to tutorials, the APA Style Blog other learning resources.
Browse to find citation examples and templates. APA ( American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences.
Just as football referees dress a certain way Japanese chefs cook a certain way writers in certain disciplines follow a certain set of. Automatic works cited bibliography formatting for MLA, APA Chicago/ Turabian citation styles. Of Chicago ( 7th ed. Now supports 7th edition of MLA. Of APA 16th ed. We cite according to the 8th edition of MLA 6th edition of APA 17th edition of Chicago ( 8th edition Turabian). Provides information on citing sources using both APA MLA, as well as resources help on writing. Background MLA style periodically updated , maintained, MLA format, are terms commonly used to describe the guidelines for writing which are developed issued by the Modern Language Association of America ( MLA).
How to Cite US Government Documents in MLA APA Citation Style: Public Laws Administrative Codes. All guides are up- to- date with the latest manuals.
EasyBib APA MLA Chicago Format Citation Machine Generator page, post EasyBib APA MLA Chicago Format Citation Machine Generator. MLA ( Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers cite sources within the liberal arts humanities. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
MLA Paper Formatting & Style Guidelines Your teacher may want you to format your paper using MLA guidelines. CitationFox at the University at Albany Libraries. This website provides guidelines to using MLA Format for your academic papers. 1) If you’ ve been asked to submit a paper in MLA style your instructor is asking you to format the page present the content in a specific way.
Used by students and professionals. | <urn:uuid:587f1c19-8da5-4118-849e-a76be1de24bc> | {
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If you're considering monoclonal antibody therapy as part of your cancer treatment, learn about these drugs and carefully weigh the benefits against the potential side effects.By Mayo Clinic Staff
Monoclonal antibody drugs are a relatively new innovation in cancer treatment. While several monoclonal antibody drugs are available for treating certain cancers, the best way to use these new drugs isn't always clear.
If you and your doctor are considering using a monoclonal antibody as part of your cancer treatment, find out what to expect from this therapy. Together you and your doctor can decide whether a monoclonal antibody treatment may be right for you.
A monoclonal antibody is a laboratory-produced molecule that's carefully engineered to attach to specific defects in your cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies mimic the antibodies your body naturally produces as part of your immune system's response to germs, vaccines and other invaders.
When a monoclonal antibody attaches to a cancer cell, it can:
Make the cancer cell more visible to the immune system. The immune system attacks foreign invaders in your body, but it doesn't always recognize cancer cells as enemies. A monoclonal antibody can be directed to attach to certain parts of a cancer cell. In this way, the antibody marks the cancer cell and makes it easier for the immune system to find.
The monoclonal antibody drug rituximab (Rituxan) attaches to a specific protein (CD20) found only on B cells, one type of white blood cell. Certain types of lymphomas arise from these same B cells. When rituximab attaches to this protein on the B cells, it makes the cells more visible to the immune system, which can then attack.
Rituximab lowers the number of B cells, including your healthy B cells, but your body produces new healthy B cells to replace these. The cancerous B cells are less likely to recur.
Block growth signals. Chemicals called growth factors attach to receptors on the surface of normal cells and cancer cells, signaling the cells to grow. Certain cancer cells make extra copies of the growth factor receptor.
Extra growth factor receptors allow cancer cells to grow faster than the normal cells. Monoclonal antibodies can block these receptors and prevent the growth signal from getting through.
Cetuximab (Erbitux), a monoclonal antibody approved to treat colon cancer and head and neck cancers, attaches to receptors on cancer cells that accept a certain growth signal (epidermal growth factor). Blocking this signal from reaching its target on the cancer cells may slow or stop the cancer from growing.
Stop new blood vessels from forming. Cancer cells rely on blood vessels to bring them the oxygen and nutrients they need to grow. To attract blood vessels, cancer cells send out growth signals.
Monoclonal antibodies that block these growth signals may help prevent a tumor from developing a blood supply so that it remains small. Or in the case of a tumor with an already-established network of blood vessels, blocking the growth signals could cause the blood vessels to die and the tumor to shrink.
The monoclonal antibody bevacizumab (Avastin) targets a growth signal called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that cancer cells send out to attract new blood vessels. Bevacizumab intercepts a tumor's VEGF signals and stops them from connecting with their targets.
Deliver radiation to cancer cells. By combining a radioactive particle with a monoclonal antibody, doctors can deliver radiation directly to the cancer cells. This way, most of the surrounding healthy cells aren't damaged.
Radiation-linked monoclonal antibodies deliver a low level of radiation over a longer period of time, which researchers believe is as effective as the more conventional high-dose external beam radiation.
Ibritumomab (Zevalin), approved for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, combines a monoclonal antibody with radioactive particles. The ibritumomab monoclonal antibody attaches to receptors on cancerous blood cells and delivers the radiation.
Deliver chemotherapy to cancer cells. By combining chemotherapy drugs with a monoclonal antibody, doctors can deliver chemotherapy directly to the cancer cells.
Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla) is one such drug approved to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine contains an antibody that attaches to the HER2 receptors on the breast cancer cells. The cancer cells then ingest the antibody, which releases a few molecules of chemotherapy.
The chemotherapy only damages the cancer cells, leaving the surrounding healthy cells undamaged.
A number of monoclonal antibody drugs are available to treat various types of cancer. Clinical trials are studying monoclonal antibody drugs in treating nearly every type of cancer.
Monoclonal antibodies are administered through a vein (intravenously). How often you undergo monoclonal antibody treatment depends on your cancer and what drug you're receiving.
Some monoclonal antibody drugs may be used in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Others are administered alone.
Monoclonal antibody drugs were initially used to treat advanced cancers that hadn't responded to chemotherapy or cancers that had returned despite treatment. However, because these treatments have proved to be effective, certain monoclonal antibody treatments are being used earlier in the course of the disease.
For instance, rituximab can be used as an initial treatment in some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and trastuzumab (Herceptin) is used in the treatment of some forms of early breast cancer.
Many of the monoclonal antibody therapies are still considered experimental. For this reason, these treatments are usually reserved for advanced cancers that aren't responding to standard, proven treatments.
In general, monoclonal antibody treatment carries fewer side effects than do traditional chemotherapy treatments.
However, monoclonal antibody treatment for cancer may cause side effects, some of which, though rare, can be very serious. Talk to your doctor about what side effects are associated with the particular drug you're receiving.
Common side effects
In general, the more common side effects caused by monoclonal antibody drugs include:
- Allergic reactions, such as hives or itching
- Flu-like signs and symptoms, including chills, fatigue, fever, and muscle aches and pains
- Skin rashes
Serious side effects
Serious, but rare, side effects of monoclonal antibody therapy may include:
- Infusion reactions. Severe allergy-like reactions can occur and, in very few cases, lead to death. You may receive medicine to block an allergic reaction before you begin monoclonal antibody treatment. Infusion reactions usually occur while treatment is being administered or soon after, so your health care team will watch you closely for a reaction.
- Dangerously low blood cell counts. Low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets may lead to serious complications.
- Heart problems. Certain monoclonal antibodies may cause heart problems, including heart failure and a small risk of heart attack.
- Skin problems. Sores and rashes on your skin can lead to serious infections in some cases. Serious sores can also occur on the tissue that lines your cheeks and gums (mucosa).
- Bleeding. Some of the monoclonal antibody drugs are designed to stop cancer from forming new blood vessels. There have been reports that these medications can cause bleeding.
Discuss your cancer treatment options with your doctor. Together you can weigh the benefits and risks of each treatment and decide whether a monoclonal antibody treatment is right for you.
Questions to ask your doctor include:
- Has the monoclonal antibody drug shown a clear benefit? Some monoclonal antibody drugs are approved for advanced cancer, though they haven't been shown to extend lives. Instead, some drugs are more likely to slow a cancer's growth or stop tumor growth temporarily.
- What are the likely side effects of monoclonal antibody treatment? With your doctor, you can determine whether the potential side effects of treatment are worth the likely benefit.
- How much will monoclonal antibody treatment cost? Monoclonal antibody drugs can cost thousands of dollars for each treatment. Insurance doesn't always cover these costs.
- Is monoclonal antibody treatment available in a clinical trial? Clinical trials, which are studies of new treatments and new ways to use existing treatments, may be available to you. In a clinical trial, the cost of the monoclonal antibody drug may be paid for as a part of the study. Also, you may be able to try new monoclonal antibody drugs. Talk to your doctor about what clinical trials may be open to you.
Feb. 07, 2014
- Abeloff MD, et al. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2008. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Monoclonal antibodies. American Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/Immunotherapy/immunotherapy-monoclonal-antibodies. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Found 2022 studies for: monoclonal antibody AND cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=monoclonal+antibody+AND+cancer. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Campath (prescribing information). Cambridge, Mass.: Genzyme Corporation; 2009. http://www.campath.com. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Bexxar (prescribing information). Research Triangle Park, N.C.: GlaxoSmithKline; 2013. http://www.bexxar.com. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Avastin (prescribing information). South San Francisco, Calif.: Genentech, Inc.; 2013. http://www.avastin.com/patient. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Herceptin (prescribing information). South San Francisco, Calif.: Genentech, Inc.; 2010. http://www.herceptin.com. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Erbitux (prescribing information). Branchburg, N.J.: ImClone Systems Inc.; 2013. http://www.erbitux.com/main.aspx. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Arzerra (prescribing information). Research Triangle Park, N.C.: GlaxoSmithKline; 2011. http://www.arzerra.com. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Vectibix (prescribing information). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Amgen Inc.; 2013. http://www.vectibix.com. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Zevalin (prescribing information). Irvine, Calif.: Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2011. http://www.zevalin.com. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Rituxan (prescribing information). South San Francisco, Calif.: Genentech, Inc.; 2013. http://www.rituxan.com/index.html. Accessed July 18, 2013.
- Kadcyla (prescribing information). South San Francisco, Calif.: Genentech, Inc.; 2013. http://www.kadcyla.com. Accessed Aug. 13, 2013. | <urn:uuid:854d3f7b-659d-43fc-80f5-b573b70b421b> | {
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Serving Multicultural Populations
The ALA Office for Literacy and Outreach Services website provides information and resources on improving service to traditionally underserved populations. This page includes resources for serving linguistically, ethnically, or nationally diverse populations. Services to Special Populations includes resources for other populations.
The ALA Office of Diversity has developed a list of recommended reading for individuals interested in exploring diversity issues in the delivery of library and information services. This listing is intended to supplement that resource.
The ALA Office for Literacy and Outreach Services has assembled extensive resources on services to people of color.
Multicultural Review, a quarterly journal for teachers at all grade levels, college professors, librarians, administrators, and anyone else who is interested in learning about new developments and trends in the field of cultural diversity.
Myra Michele Brown. "What Works - Kids on Campus." School Library Journal, April 1, 2002
From the Council on Interracial Books for Children is a quick checklist 10 Quick Ways to Analyze Children's Books for Racism and Sexism (PDF)
May, Stephen. Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language. New York: Routledge, 2008.
York, Sherry. Booktalking Authentic Multicultural Literature: Fiction, History and Memoirs for Teens. Columbus, Ohio: Linworth Pub, 2008.
Bilingual Collections and Services
Dale, Doris Cruger. Bilingual Children's Books in English and Spanish: An Annotated Bibliography, 1942 Through 2001 = Los Libros Bilingües Para Los Niños En Inglés Y En Español : Una Bibliografia Con Anotaciones, 1942 a 2001. Jefferson, NC; London: McFarland, 2003.
Paper Tigers blog Reports and musings on multicultural books for children and young adults from a group of writers.
Amy Fisher and Deborah Lee. Native Residential Schools in Canada. This bibliography accompanies the exhibition "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools" produced by the National Archives of Canada, the Aboriginal Healing Foundation and the Aboriginal Healing Charitable Association in collaboration with the National Library of Canada, numerous church and other archives presented at the National Archives of Canada in Ottawa from June 18, 2002 to February 3, 2003.
Alire, Camila A., and Jacqueline Ayala. Serving Latino Communities: A How-to-Do-It Manual for Librarians. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2007.
Avila, Salvador. Crash Course in Serving Spanish-Speakers. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2008.
Immroth, Barbara Froling, and Kathleen de la Peña McCook. Library Services to Youth of Hispanic Heritage. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000.
Moller, Sharon Chickering. Library Service to Spanish Speaking Patrons: A Practical Guide. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2001. | <urn:uuid:8e545a1d-373c-4460-a47d-d332c4f75a2c> | {
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|a sight used for aiming a gun|
any of numerous optical devices that aid in aiming a firearm. Its forms include the simple iron sights on pistols and the more complex front and rear sights on target and high-powered sporting rifles. Front sights are usually fixed and rear sights movable so they can be adjusted both for elevation and for windage. When a bullet is fired, air resistance to its spin will warp its course slightly to the right or left, and gravity will pull it downward, producing a trajectory that will take the bullet below and slightly to one side of the point at which the gun barrel is "looking." Adjusting the sights so that the bullet will strike its target is called "laying" the firearm.
Learn more about gunsight with a free trial on Britannica.com. | <urn:uuid:f86f9cb6-eaa9-471c-9f18-435861458bac> | {
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Stephen, Deacon and Martyr
Stephen Dies for His Faith in Jesus
Acts 7: 55 - 60
Stephen was the first person to die for his belief in Jesus.
He also had been the first person chosen to care for the widows of the Greek-speaking Jews because of his good reputation in the community.
He became powerful among the early Christians because he was a great teacher and preacher, and because he did miracles when he was filled with the Holy Spirit.
Some self-righteous Jews brought him to the Jewish court, the Sanhedrin, on charges of blasphemy. The elders became angry because he told them they weren't living the good lives God wanted them to, and they decided to stone him to death.
After his death, Peter and the other apostles restricted their preaching only to those Jews who spoke Aramaic. They believed that preaching to Greek-speaking Jews, those Jews whose families had left Jerusalem and had given their children educations in Greek, naming them with Greek names, would bring a split among the early Christians.
Ironically, Peter's own brother Andrew, the second disciple called by Jesus, had a Greek name and spoke Greek to the Greek visitors who came to hear Jesus.
Saul, who became Paul, approved of the stoning and held the coats of the people who killed Stephen. After his conversion, he had a hard time forgiving himself for doing that.
1. What did Stephen see when he looked up into heaven?
[Stephen saw heaven open and Jesus standing at the right hand of God.]
2. What did the other people do when Stephen said those words?
[The other people covered their ears and starting yelling.]
3. What did his enemies do to Stephen?
[They dragged him out of the city and stoned him to death.]
4. Who held the coats of Stephen's enemies?
[Saul, who later became Paul, held their coats.]
5. What was Stephen's last prayer as he was dying?
[Stephen's last prayer was, "Lord, do not hold their sin against them."]
People | Lessons | Calendar | HomePage | Christmas 2 Lesson | Stephen, Deacon and Martyr, Art | <urn:uuid:96c3ff75-9e78-4d3c-b72a-32ef0e818905> | {
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Re-Examining Head Injuries
POSTED: Thursday, March 7, 2013 - 11:12am
UPDATED: Monday, March 11, 2013 - 6:52pm
Study finds repeat head injuries can trigger dangerous auto-immune response.
It's easy to imagine how blinding blows to the head can lead to severe brain injury, but new research suggests that even minor hits may, over time, lead to long-term problems.
Doctors say repeated head trauma, like the everyday minor hits sustained during a football or soccer season may someday lead to thinking and memory problems.
New research from Dr. Jeff Bazarian and his colleagues at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York suggests a blow to the head appears to weaken the brain's natural protector and gatekeeper, called the blood-brain barrier.
For the study, he took blood samples from 67 college football players before and after games.
Even though none had suffered a concussion, those who took more hits to the head had higher levels of a protein that leaked from their brain into their blood stream.
"The body has never seen these proteins before, so it forms antibodies against it, just like if it were a virus," Dr. Bazarian says.
When that happens the body treats the protein as the enemy.
"The next thing that we think happens, is when that blood brain barrier opens up again with the next hit -- we think those antibodies now go back to the brain and attack," Dr. Bazarian explains.
If that theory proves true in future research it could lead to new ways to treat traumatic brain injuries, like drugs to block that "attack" response.
Previous studies have found football and soccer players can suffer 70 to 100 of these minor hits to the head during just one game. | <urn:uuid:ec8675da-0fe2-4d0f-851b-c8328c312c5d> | {
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Cicadomorpha (leafhoppers and relatives)
The group is part of the Auchenorrhyncha, together with the Fulgoromorpha. The Auchenorrhyncha can be distinguished from the Sternorrhyncha by the rostrum clearly originating from the head and the antenna being short with a terminal arista.
The group Cicadomorpha have their antennae inserted between the eyes. It includes families like the leafhoppers, froghoppers, treehoppers and true cicadas.
For more details see the respective page in Wikipedia.
The following families are currently included in the system: | <urn:uuid:3ce5b7ff-71b7-484d-8632-a4e62a0ab163> | {
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Our library organizes forty eight virtues along an positive executive function model. You can use the words to acknowledge growth and affirm change in your child, a co-worker or a student. Harmonious Development is the idea that effort produces change in individuals. Outcomes do matter, yet they are not the complete picture. Certificates of Harmonious Development recognize the internal outcome of effort. They signify that you recognize something of great value in the recipient. To students who struggle, or coworkers who strive or students who study hard, words matter. As people seek to master tasks at hand, there is something of great value - greater than accomplishing a goal. What matters is that others understand the nature of their effort, the unseen aspects of self actualization and efficacy. The purpose of Certificates of Harmonious Development are to acknowledge the recipients for this inner accomplishment. | <urn:uuid:9366b0d0-950f-47fc-a22a-cfbaedc1a8d0> | {
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Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Few words are more well known. I love the speeches of Lincoln. While this speech may not be his greatest, I think that in many ways encapsulates what made Lincoln great.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
This speech takes place November 19, 1863 (exactly 113 years to the day be for my birth). In January of 1863, Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation. Both of these events were part of an active attempt by Lincoln to make the war about slavery. In doing so, he would claim the moral high ground and keep the British out of the war.
We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
Many of the greatest speeches in history have been funeral orations. One that particularly stands out to me is the Funeral Oration of the Athenian General Pericles. Like Pericles, Lincoln not only pays tribute to the dead, but he also crafts a message about the cause for which they died and for which others still die.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
There is a certain humility in this statement which I find throughout the speeches and letters of Lincoln. Of course, do remember what was said there, at least what was said by Lincoln. In this case, the cause for which so many died was in many ways articulated by this address.
It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
This nation was born committed to liberty and equality. Thousands have died on battlefields like Gettysburg. What then are we the living, and future generations, to do? Lincoln has a simple but powerful response.
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
It is for us to make sure that there is a “new birth of freedom.” That freedom is embodied in the idea of “government of the people,by the people, for the people.” This democratic sentiment is not found in founding documents. Lincoln is making an aspirational claim. We have not been a “government of the people,by the people, for the people” up until this point.
Of course, we are not there yet today. However, the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments gave us a legal framework for achieving Lincoln’s ideal.
Lincoln uses the idea of the resurrection to craft his argument. He speaks of birth and death. The birth of the nation. The deaths of soldiers and the near death of a nation-state. The resurrection in this case is a new nation, one more committed to liberty and equality than before. When Christ was resurrected, he not only lived again but he lived in a more perfect form. A form which would not perish.
Lincoln did not envision going back to the form of government which we had before the Civil War, but a better more perfect one. | <urn:uuid:16550a89-c6d9-485a-b0cb-cbde9cea0097> | {
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Here's a topic that throws a lot of job seekers for a loop: when to capitalize letters in a cover letter.
Knowing what words always start with a capital letter and what circumstances require a normally lowercase word to be capitalized can help you make a good first impression. So keep the following points in mind as you plow through your letter-writing process.
When to Capitalize Letters
- Capitalize the first word of a sentence, question, exclamation, or expression used as a sentence.
- Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence, even when it appears within a sentence. Example: I couldn't believe it when Mr. Jones said, "Go for it!"
- Capitalize the first word of each line in a list of items. Example:
- Capitalize the first word of the salutation and complimentary close. Examples: Dear Mrs. Smith, Sincerely yours,
- Capitalize proper nouns such as names of people, organizations, days of the week, months, and languages. Examples: Sally White, Produce Growers Inc., Monday, March, English
- Capitalize adjectives that are derived from proper nouns. Example: South American bananas.
- Capitalize a title when it is used as part of someone's name. Example: Please ask President Brown your question.
- Capitalize the first and last word in a title, as well as all words within the title that are four or more letters long or have special significance. Examples: The Annual Tin and Aluminum Report
- Capitalize a term such as "marketing," "production," or "sales" in a sentence when it refers to the name of an official department. Example: I coordinated with the Marketing Department.
When NOT to Capitalize Words
- Do not capitalize the word "the" when it appears before the name of an organization, unless "the" is officially part of the organization's name. Examples: I wrote to the Agency on Aging. I wrote to The American Red Cross Association.
- Do not capitalize a professional title when it is used as a common noun. Example: Please ask the president your question.
Optional Times to Cap Letters
- Capitalizing a job title in the text of your cover letter is optional. You may capitalize the title if you want to give it emphasis. If you capitalize one job title in your letter, you should capitalize all job titles in that document.
There are exceptions to these guidelines, of course. You'll notice in my collection of sample cover letters that some proper names of products and companies intentionally start with lowercase letters. iPhone, for example. | <urn:uuid:002ef704-4aa9-4d11-86e3-43d841727efc> | {
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“Food for Health” is a series of 12 classes intended to make nutrition more fun by involving parents and their children in all facets of food – from planting seeds and nurturing a garden to cooking and eating.
The free classes are being sponsored by the Ministry Door County Medical Center (MDCMC) Women’s and Children’s Health Center and the Community’s Garden. The medical center is partnering with the UW-Extension Door County office, area organic gardeners and local chefs in the program that begins Tuesday, April 12.
Parents and their children, ages 8 to 15, will participate in the entire series. Classes will take place from 3:30 to 5 pm on April 12 and 26; May 10 and 24; June 14 and 28; July 12 and 26; August 9 and 23; and September 6 and 20. Classes will be held at various locations including the MDCMC conference center, the Community Garden (on 16th Avenue across the street from the medical center) and at Northeast Wisconsin Technical College.
Each session encourages parents and their children to get involved with these healthy food steps and others:
- starting a plant from seed;
- transplanting the plant as it grows;
- planting in the garden;
- caring for the garden;
- harvesting the food; and
- cooking and eating the food (the last three classes).
Participants will grow and eventually prepare peas, beans, tomatoes, peppers, carrots and more.
“The idea is to make nutrition more fun for kids,” says Jennifer Fischer, MDCMC’s director of women’s and children’s health services. “Kids will come away with an understanding of what fresh food is, where you can get it and how to prepare it. It’s going to be an extremely unique and cool class. I’m excited about it,” says Fischer.
Dr. Amy Fogarty, a pediatrician affiliated with North Shore Medical Clinic and medical advisor to Food for Health, said the program is important today as kids are often far removed from food production and have difficulty understanding what goes into growing the food they see in the grocery store.
“French fries are the number one consumed vegetable – if you can call them that – for kids. Most children don’t even recognize many of the fruits and vegetables in their raw form,” Fogarty says.
“The Food for Health program allows kids to participate actively in planting, growing, harvesting and preparing their own food. Studies have shown the more involved kids are in preparing the food, the more likely they are to eat it,” Fogarty continues. Studies also point out that ages 8 to 15 is a good time to get kids to develop healthy eating habits that can last into their young adult years.
Jennifer Spude is a nutrition coordinator at UW-Extension, which help to establish the Community Garden (along with MDCMC, the City of Sturgeon Bay and other participating organizations). Spude and Gina Newton, nutrition educator at MDCMC, will be teaching some of the classes.
“When families learn together, try new foods together and include those foods in a life together, habits start to form. Good habits of eating and exercise will help to limit overweight in our families and our communities,” she says.
“MDCMC has purchased program related materials and equipment – including a light system for nurturing the plants,” says Fischer, who adds that grant funds may be available in the future.
Food for Health, along with Art for Health, is part of the Women and Children’s Health Center’s commitment to extending health offerings to children, young adolescents, teenagers and women in Door County, Fischer says.
“There is a national movement toward teaching our kids to eat healthier. We are all fighting an uphill battle, as the environment kids grow up in is filled with television commercials showing foods filled with sugar and corn oil,” Fischer says.
“We need to close the loop, instead of just telling kids they should eat healthier, the Food for Health program will show them how,” she adds.
Fogarty says the program is consistent with her approach to patient care. She has been in practice since 2009 after graduating from the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee.
“It’s such a wonderful program and so in tune with what I am trying to do as a pediatrician,” Fogarty says. “It’s not just about diagnosing ear infections, but also about preventative care and teaching healthy choices that will last into adulthood.” | <urn:uuid:b9d50970-a55b-4343-833c-15722c7b2e11> | {
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