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What to Read After... Judy Blume 20/01/20
Mary and Frankenstein
Publisher: Andersen Press
Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is credited with having invented the science fiction genre. But many adults and certainly very few children will know the fascinating and frequently sad story of her life, and the multitude of experiences that led to the creation of her iconic work.
The young Mary Shelley, the daughter of pivotal feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, never knew her trailblazing mother. Yet her influence formed a strong impression in the young Mary’s mind, and, along with her father’s involvement in the literary society of their day, Mary grew up an imaginative child and keen reader. As she got older, Mary was fascinated by experiments with electricity to reanimate dead animals, conducted by the scientists of her time.
As a young teen, unhappy at home, she ran away with the poet Percy Shelley to Italy, where she stayed with Shelley, the poet Byron, her sister Claire and Dr Polidori in a house by a lake. Waking from a dream about a monster created from the pieces of other bodies and given life by electricity, Mary started writing what was to be her masterpiece.
This is a great introduction to Mary, a teen girl writing in a man’s world, as well as a beautiful testament to imagination and creativity. | <urn:uuid:2f5256b2-d5d2-40f7-ae40-fd5315906b96> | {
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TUCSON, Ariz. - A robotic spacecraft scheduled to land Sunday on Mars will be operated by NASA. But it's scientists at a University of Arizona lab who will be calling the shots on what the robot does.
If the Phoenix Mars Lander makes a successful touchdown in Mars' northern polar region, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California will turn over scientific control to the Tucson researchers. The Lunar and Planetary Laboratory has been dealing with missions to the red planet since 1964.
It will be the first time a public university has led a Mars mission. Principal scientist Peter H. Smith and his colleagues in Arizona will make decisions about the robot's actions, while the NASA team will send those commands to the robot.
The Phoenix lander will study whether the ice beneath the Martian surface ever melted and look for traces of organic compounds in the permafrost to determine if life could have emerged at the site.
"If we could find it, and if we can convince ourselves it's Martian and not something we carried from Earth, then we literally have the smoking gun for present or past life on Mars," said lab director Michael Drake.
The university, and Smith, are veterans of space and Mars explorations. In fact, this will be Smith's third crack at trying to successfully place a lander on Mars.
The Mars Polar Lander, carrying cameras built by Smith, crashed in December 1999 on its landing approach at the Martian south pole.
He also worked on the microscope and the robotic arm camera built for the Mars Surveyor Lander mission scheduled for 2001, but canceled a year earlier because of the 1999 mishap.
"We have to assume we could have been further ahead in our understanding of Mars if the Polar Lander had been a success," Smith said.
He compared the disappointing experiences to "falling off our horse and now we're getting back on and learning how to ride again."
Drake said the laboratory's scientists have been involved at some level with virtually every successful Mars mission.
Smith has been focusing much of his work on Mars since 1993, when he developed a camera used in NASA's Pathfinder mission. It sent back images beginning July 4, 1997, from the Sojourner Rover.
He was part of the science team for the rovers Spirit and Opportunity that have been researching on Mars since early 2004. He was also project manager for the 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's sophisticated camera that has returned more than 25,000 images and 3,500 radar observations since early 2006.
"Peter is a very positive person," said Barry Goldstein, program manager of Phoenix at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who has known Smith for a decade. "His optimism is rather contagious and his enthusiasm is contagious."
The historic operations during the Phoenix mission will be run out of a converted 50,000-square-foot warehouse near the University of Arizona campus. It also holds two full-scale models of the Phoenix Mars lander, one on a platform surrounded by a rocky landscape depicting the terrain where the real lander is expected to come to rest.
Researchers will have magnums of champagne chilled as they tensely await the landing. "I just hope we get to actually use them to celebrate, not to drown our sorrows," said Drake.
William Boynton, who's worked on three previous Mars missions, said scientists are confident.
"... The odds are certainly well in our favor that this will be a good success," he said. | <urn:uuid:75ae700d-7a8d-4074-b33d-aab578e12fd0> | {
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It doesn’t matter which specific metal they are constructed from, or what shape or size they come in, metal products are always created in one of two different ways and they can be subsequently grouped into one of two different categories. These include cast metal products and wrought products. Many people still believe these two terms can be used interchangeably, particularly when referring to well-known cast iron and wrought iron products. However, this certainly isn’t the case. Here we take a look at the reasons why these types of product are so different and explore the professional wrought product services currently available at Special Metals Fabrication (SPF).
What is the Different Between Cast and Wrought Products?
Essentially, a cast metal product is created by first melting and pouring metal into a specific mould and then allowing it to cool and set in place. As it is constructed in this way, the final product is typically hard and non-malleable. It cannot be stretched or hammered into a different shape and, if you tried to do so, the chances are you would fracture the product in the process.
By contrast, wrought metal products are heated to the point at which they are malleable and subsequently beaten into shape with hammers and other tools – and therefore they often show visible evidence of the tools that were used to make them. It is one of the oldest metalworking techniques known within the industry and the word “wrought” actually comes from a form of “to work”. Wrought metal is, therefore, “worked” metal. Wrought products are initially fashioned into standard shapes – such as ingots, billets, sheets, rods, plates and bars – and are later mechanically worked into a desired or unique shape or form.
What Metals are Wrought Products Made From?
Pretty much everybody has heard of wrought iron at some point in their life; it is probably the most well-known known type of wrought metal, commonly used for decorative and architectural applications such as fencing and railings. However, it is by no means the only one. A wide range of other refractory materials can be used to create wrought products – including molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, copper tungsten, and zirconium, to name just a few.
Each of these metals has an extremely high melting point, typically around the 2000°C – 3000°C mark, and they are all incredibly ductile and pliable. They can be easily drawn out into different shapes and sizes dependent upon your specific needs; however, they will never lose their tough and durable exterior and their unique properties make them suitable for a wide range of applications.
A Comprehensive Wrought Product Service
SPF is a specialist stockist, supplier and manufacturer of refractory metal products and, collectively, we have over 120 years’ experience in the specialist metals industry. As a result, we demonstrate excellent knowledge and expertise when it comes to metal fabrication and wrought products. We currently stock high-quality molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, zirconium, niobium, and titanium and we are able to offer a very reactive and competitive wrought product service. This service includes the above refractory metals, each shaped into the following type of product:
Wrought Metal Sheets
Wrought metal sheets have a similar melting point to their original metal element and therefore tend to maintain their strength and integrity at high temperatures. This makes them a suitable starting point for a wide range of applications across a broad spectrum of different industries.
Wrought Metal Plates
These demonstrate all the qualities and characteristics of the element, but in an easily-utilised form. Wrought metal plates have a variety of applications across dozens of industries, however, they are often a precursor, used in the creation of various high-performance metal alloys.
Wrought Metal Bars
Wrought metal bars come in a wide range of different lengths and thicknesses and, by mirroring the properties of the original metal, they have a vast range of different applications. They are well-suited to machining, rolling, pressing and other forming to create a variety of components and be easily drawn into thin pieces of wire or rolled into sheets.
Wrought Metal Rods
As a highly versatile wrought product, metal rods are often employed as blanks or as the base component for more specialist equipment and complex designs. They can be rolled into a sheet, drawn into wire, transformed into a completely new item, or used to create a variety of metal alloys.
Wrought Metal Wires
Despite being drawn into a thin wire, once again, wrought metal wire maintains the original properties of its metal element. It is therefore perfect for a number of different roles and applications, particularly within the industrial, manufacture and engineering sectors.
These are main five products that we currently offer as part of our wrought product service; however, we also provide wrought tubes, billets, crucibles and cladding in a small selection of the refractor metals mentioned above. Further information on each of these can be found here.
Contact Special Metals Today
If you have any questions about the wrought product services we provide at SPF, or if you would like to find out more about the wrought products we stock, please feel free to get in touch at any time. Our head office demonstrates a wealth of experience and fantastic knowledge, particularly with respect to specialist metals and they wrought products they create. They are always happy to help, and they will strive to provide tailored advice and guidance on the perfect wrought product for you and your requirements. Give us a call today on 01268 820409 or drop us a message using the online contact form. One of our friendly members of staff will respond to your enquiry as soon as possible! | <urn:uuid:0d377c31-91d1-4709-b089-c24b487f19db> | {
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Is the Second Great Depression approaching? Part two: the case against
In the final part of our economists' debate, Chief Economist and Strategist Keith Wade argues that we are not about to enter another Great Depression; the world today is different.
While it is true that there are similarities between the present day and the pre-Depression period
- Surplus countries unwilling to stimulate (Germany today)
- Overproduction and the lack of a global engine
the question is whether it adds up to another Great Depression or a slow period of growth?
Weak growth rather than collapse
A more likely outcome to my mind is that rather than a collapse, we just get weak growth punctuated by bursts of policy easing, which ultimately may only be resolved through inflation or debt write-offs.
I am brought to this conclusion by the differences between today and the 1920s, which combine to produce a more benign economic environment and a greatly reduced risk of crisis.
Money supply eases stress
Firstly, we should bear in mind that the US money supply contracted and the economy went into serious deflation during the Great Depression.
By contrast, though the US is experiencing low inflation at present, its money supply continues to expand (see chart).
In addition, other major central banks are also busily expanding the money supply, with quantitative easing underway in the eurozone and Japan, while China is also easing monetary policy.
This widespread monetary accommodation does much to ease financial stresses of the sort that helped trigger the Great Depression.
In a related vein, the US banking system is stronger today than in the 1920s and 30s, as the recent crisis helped to demonstrate.
Though there were high profile casualties, depositors were protected and we did not see a string of bank failures.
In part this was due to the provision of liquidity by the US and other authorities, but also to the structural reforms imposed upon the banking system in the intervening decades.
Secondly, while it is true that a number of economies still maintain some form of dollar peg, the fact remains that the links today between the US and the rest of the world are far weaker than under the Gold Standard system.
The Gold Standard provided a link between major developed markets and the US, as well as the emerging markets who dominate the “pegged currency” list today.
The clearest demonstration of the difference this makes for monetary policy lies in the diverging stances of the Federal Reserve (Fed) and European Central Bank (ECB), with the latter all but actively cheering the euro’s depreciation against its transatlantic cousin.
Consequently, an economy almost the equal of the US, in terms of GDP, will be easing as the Fed tightens, providing a welcome counterweight to the contractionary effect on global liquidity.
We are not about to enter a second Great Depression, but growth will remain sluggish.
Of course, dollar and euro liquidity are not perfectly mutually interchangeable, but you will not have the eurozone constricting demand in tandem with the US.
It is also likely that other major economies would feel comfortable to allow currency depreciation given their lack of US dollar debt.
The main pain here will be felt by the emerging markets. This is not to be discounted – there could be serious casualties – but it will not be on the scale of a global depression.
A third point is that, while it is true that overall global trade is struggling, the degree of weakness is but a mere echo of that seen in the 1930s.
The chart below depicts trade behaviour around the 1929 Great Depression and the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, and we have simply not seen anything like as significant a contraction in trade this time around.
Trade is certainly weak, perhaps in part as a result of trade restrictive measures, but neither the measures nor the contraction seem comparable to the Great Depression era.
Finally, while we have seen significant falls in some commodity prices, commodities are a smaller share of global GDP today than they were in the 1920s, as Craig acknowledges in his case for.
The price declines have also been of a lesser magnitude – the most pessimistic reading of current data sees a 45% decline across commodities in the last five years, while declines of up to 70% in a similar time period were witnessed in the run up to the Great Depression. Consequently, the effect here is again more muted.
To sum up
I can see a number of parallels and similarities between the 1920s and today, but in each case they are in a more attenuated form today.
This alone would lead me to conclude that the implications for growth are less severe as a result.
I agree that the world lacks a locomotive at present and do not see the US being in a position to repeat the credit driven expansion which characterised the twenty years before the financial crisis.
China is going through a major structural adjustment.
But the world today is different as the factors which turned a downturn into a depression are far more constrained. This time around the policy response has been far more significant.
There was no QE in the 1920s/30s, and this ameliorates many of the problems economic historians identified – whether the Friedman view of mistakenly tight policy, or the Eichengreen view of the Gold Standard generating global tightening.
Finally, banking systems are more stable today. We saw this in the lack of mass failures in the US during the 2008 crisis, for example.
This policy response owes much to the experience of the Great Depression, a period on which Ben Bernanke, at the helm of the Fed as the financial crisis unfolded, is an expert.
Yet as with all medicine there are side effects.
In this case by driving interest rates to zero to support the economy, the authorities prevented some of the creative destruction which would have cleared out unproductive sectors and provided a better base for recovery.
Much of the recovery we have seen has been accompanied by an increase in government debt which will drag on future growth. Meanwhile, productivity struggles as resources are misallocated.
We are not about to enter a second Great Depression, but growth will remain sluggish by past standards. In avoiding the fall we have hampered the recovery.
In case you missed it, part one of the debate: The case for... is available here.
The full article containing both Keith Wade and Craig Botham's sides of the argument is available as a PDF below. | <urn:uuid:f9fc7474-6dc0-453c-b249-e7bba54f57ee> | {
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Fog in the Padanian Valley of Italy
March 16, 2013
The photo above shows a rosy-fringed sea of fog covering the
Padanian Valley in northern Italy. It was taken from Lessinia (19 mi or 30 km
north of Verona), at an elevation of approximately 3,300 ft (1,000 m) just
after sunrise on February 1, 2013. This valley fog was persistent for several
nights and mornings. At the level where the photo was snapped, however, light
pollution from the valley below was effectively filtered out by the dense fog
layer. This would have allowed for nearly ideal astronomical observations, but
moonlight from the gibbous Moon (above right) more than made up for the
extinguished city lights.
Photo details: Camera Model: Canon PowerShot SX210 IS; Lens: 5.0-70.0 mm; Focal Length: 8.134mm; Focus Distance: 9.63m; Aperture: f/4.0; Exposure Time: 0.013 s (1/80); ISO equiv: 80; Software: Adobe Photoshop CS5 Windows. | <urn:uuid:78957ac7-acc2-4903-83a4-ae8b1faff201> | {
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Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate: Winning With Air
As the filly surged forward to hold off the challenger from behind, the jockey noticed she started making a funny noise, like she was choking, then she just "ran out of steam." She dropped from first place to fourth place in two strides.
Horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) characteristically make a "choking" noise as they slow down from the resulting partial airway obstruction, hence the term "choking down" to describe them.
The above description is typical of a horse which has displaced her soft palate during a race. Right when the horse needs a last burst of energy, it appears as if someone turned off a switch. Horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) characteristically make a "choking" noise as they slow down from the resulting partial airway obstruction, hence the term "choking down" to describe them.
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate is a disorder of the upper airway in horses. It is one of the most common upper airway obstructions, and it causes poor performance and abnormal noise while exercising. It's usually a disease of racehorses, for which it is often a performance-limiting problem. Over the years, a number of treatments have been developed for this condition; however, none are universally successful, mostly because we do not as yet fully understand the exact cause(s) of this disorder. But before we can further discuss this abnormality, you first need to understand what is normal for the equine upper airway.
Normal Upper Airway Anatomy
To understand DDSP, you must be familiar with the anatomy of the naso-pharynx and larynx of the horse. The nasopharynx is one part of the pharynx, which is divided into the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The nasopharynx is that section of the horse's head that lies caudal to (behind) the nasal passages and is rostral to (in front of) the larynx (voice box). Remember, the nasal passages sit directly above the oral cavity and hard palate. The nasopharynx is composed mostly of muscle tissue, while the soft palate is a direct extension of the hard palate and forms the floor of the nasopharynx. This is the partition between the mouth and the nasal cavity. The back edge of the soft palate (caudal free edge) is only attached on the sides of the nasopharynx, but extends back to connect with the larynx.
The larynx is essentially a conduit between the pharynx and the trachea (windpipe) of the horse. It is composed of cartilage and muscle tissue. The most easily recognizable structures of the larynx are the epiglottis and the arytenoid cartilages. The epiglottis is a triangular-shaped structure with smooth, scalloped edges and normally lies just above the soft palate. The arytenoid cartilages, often called the "flappers," are paired structures that lie above the epiglottis and form the opening to the trachea. There are many other structures that work together for the upper airway and larynx to function normally, but it is beyond the scope of this article to discuss all of them here.
What's the Function?
Besides joining the nasal passages with the trachea, the soft palate and larynx serve several functions in the horse; two of the most important involve swallowing and breathing. The arytenoid cartilages and epiglottis are very important during swallowing, as they coordinate to protect the trachea from a food or water bolus being inhaled instead of swallowed. During swallowing, the arytenoid cartilages close and the epiglottis flips upward to protect the opening of the trachea.
The soft palate and larynx also have a coordinated function during strenuous exercise. During exercise, the nasopharynx dilates and the arytenoid cartilages open maximally to accommodate as much airflow as possible.
What Went Wrong?
When DDSP occurs, the epiglottis--which normally lies on top of the soft palate--becomes displaced below the soft palate. If this happens when a horse is at racing speed, breathing very fast, then this creates a partial airway obstruction. On expiration (as the horse breathes out), some air goes underneath the now-exposed soft palate and it billows upward (like a sail) just in front of the opening to the trachea and blocks the airway.
Racehorses need maximal oxygen to keep up racing speed, so this decrease in airflow gives them no choice but to put on the brakes. After they slow down, they usually can swallow, allowing the soft palate and epiglottis to go back into their normal anatomical positions and correct the problem themselves. But by that time, the race is over. This scenario is called intermittent DDSP.
Some horses are affected by persistent DDSP--their soft palates are displaced all the time. Swallowing does not correct the problem. Although these horses can breathe normally at rest, they cannot exercise at speed. Many of these horses also have problems swallowing food and/or water correctly (dysphagia).
Since the soft palate and epiglottis also help direct food boluses, when they are not in their normal positions, they cannot protect the opening of the trachea. Therefore, theses horses sometimes inhale food and water while eating, leading to coughing, food and water being expelled through the nostrils, and aspiration pneumonia. This is obviously a much more serious condition, as it can be life-threatening.
What Causes DDSP?
There are several suspected causes for DDSP, but there's no one unifying theory. Intermittent DDSP, which occurs during racing, is thought to be caused by a combination of factors, such as laryngeal inflammation (especially in young horses), excessive backward movement of the larynx, and/or opening of the mouth during racing. Other causes include malformations or problems with the epiglottis.
Persistent DDSP is thought to be caused by severe inflammation around the horse's larynx--more specifically, inflammation that involves the nerves that control movement of the soft palate and larynx, such as fungal or bacterial infections of the guttural pouch.
Intermittent DDSP can be difficult to diagnose because it only occurs when the horse is exercising at strenuous levels. The first step is to have a physical examination performed by a veterinarian to rule out other causes of exercise intolerance. Then, a standing endoscopic examination of the upper airway can be performed to rule out any structural abnormalities of the upper airway. During the examination, many horses will displace their soft palates, then quickly swallow and replace them. This is normal, and it does not prove that DDSP is the reason for poor performance or noise made during exercise.
Persistent DDSP is easily diagnosed with standing endoscopy of the upper airway. In these cases, the epiglottis, which should be readily visible during endoscopy, is hidden underneath the soft palate (see images at left). If the upper airway is normal, then an endoscopic examination can be performed on the horse while he is exercising on a treadmill. Before the advent of high-speed treadmill endoscopy, DDSP was overestimated as a cause of poor performance in racehorses due to a lack of endoscopic findings.
Treatments--Medical vs. Surgical
Initial treatment for intermittent DDSP often involves equipment changes and a conservative approach. Tack such as a figure-8 noseband, tongue-tie, or bits that help keep the tongue in place are often used to prevent a horse from displacing his soft palate during exercise. Also, since DDSP has been associated with inflammatory conditions of the upper airway, treatment with anti-inflammatory agents is often successful in cases of intermittent DDSP.
Treatment for persistent DDSP will depend on the cause. For example, a horse with persistent DDSP from a bacterial infection of the guttural pouch would primarily be treated for the infection and to control inflammation. Once the infection and inflammation are under control, the normal function of the soft palate and larynx will usually return.
For horses in which conservative/medical therapy and/or tack changes have not helped, then there are several surgical options.
Myectomy--A myectomy is a surgical transection (cutting) of a muscle. For DDSP, a myectomy of the sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and possibly the omohyoideus muscles (often referred to as the "strap" muscles of the neck) are transected. Depending on which muscles are going to be cut, the procedure can be done in a standing, sedated horse with local anesthesia, or it can be done under general anesthesia. The theory behind this procedure is that these muscles might add to the problem of excessive backward retraction of the larynx, thus allowing DDSP to occur. Like many of the surgical procedures to correct DDSP, it has a success rate of about 60%.
Staphylectomy--A staphylectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a small amount of the back free edge of the soft palate. This procedure is performed in an attempt to stiffen the soft palate and make soft palate displacements less likely. It is performed under general anesthesia by removing a very small amount of the soft palate. To gain access to the palate, the larynx must be opened (laryngotomy). Once the soft palate tissue is cut, a scar forms, tightening the palate. The skin incision is left to heal by second intention (the skin is not closed with suture material) and the horses can return to work in 10 days to two weeks.
This procedure is very often coupled with a myectomy or tenectomy (cutting of the sternothyroideus tendon), but one complication of the procedure is persistent DDSP if too much of the soft palate is removed. The success rate for this procedure(s) is approximately 60%.
An alternative to the surgical staphylectomy was described by Patricia Hogan, VMD, Dipl. ACVS, of the New Jersey Equine Clinic, at the American Association of Equine Practitioners Convention in December of 2002. This procedure can be performed in the standing horse using a laser to cauterize the free edge of the soft palate. Using the laser technique does not require general anesthesia; however, the procedure is often combined with a sternothyroid tenectomy (removal of a portion of a tendon that is involved with control of the epiglottis and larynx), which does require general anesthesia. The benefit of the laser cautery is the larynx does not have to be opened (laryngotomy), so the aftercare is minimal and horses can return to exercise very quickly. Using Hogan's described technique, there was a 92% improvement in the performance of the 52 horses on which the procedure was performed.
Epiglottic augmentation--This procedure is performed under general anesthesia via a laryngotomy (an incision made into the larynx). The procedure is used for those cases of DDSP where the epiglottis appears underdeveloped or weak during high-intensity exercise. This might predispose horses to intermittent DDSP, so augmenting the epiglottis is used to correct the problem. There are a few products that can be used, but most commonly a Teflon paste is injected underneath the mucosa (lining) on the underside of the epiglottis in small rows. This helps thicken and stiffen the epiglottis and improves performance in horses affected this way in approximately 66% of the cases.
Because of the complexity of DDSP, researchers are trying new methods to treat this disorder. Veterinary researchers at Cornell University are using a new collar device christened the "Cornell DDSP Collar." The research group, headed by Norm Ducharme, DVM, MSc, Dipl. ACVS, of Cornell University, found that by stabilizing the larynx and hyoid bone, they could prevent intermittent DDSP.
This collar can be worn during exercise and has potential as a training tool for horses to teach them how to hold their larynx in a position that will not allow DDSP to occur. Researchers are excited about the collar and hope that it can decrease, if not eliminate, the need for surgery on these horses. In a laboratory setting, the device performed well. Field studies (with many more variables) are now underway.
Decreased performance can have many causes, but when combined with a "choking" noise at peak exercise, it could be DDSP. This is not a career-ending problem, but will require management and/or treatment in order to allow the horse to perform to his top ability. If your horse is making noises at peak exercise or is not performing up to par, have your veterinarian do an upper respiratory exam. Treatment of the problem(s) discovered might make your horse a winner!
Holcombe, S.; Ducharme, N. The Pharynx. Equine Surgery, Second Edition Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 337-348, 1999.
Stick J.; Tulleners, E.; Robertson, J.; et al. The Larynx. Equine Surgery, Second Edition Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 249-366, 1999.
Robertson, J.; Copelan, W. Surgical Treatment of the Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate. The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Equine Practice. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 201-205, 1990.
Hogan, P.; Palmer, S.; Congelosi, M. Transedoscopic Laser Cauterization of the Soft Palate as an Adjunctive Treatment for Dorsal Displacement in the Racehorse. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. Lexington: American Association of Equine Practitioners, 228-230, 2002.
About the Author
Christina S. Cable, DVM, Dipl. ACVS, owns Early Winter Equine in Lansing, New York. The practice focuses on primary care of mares and foals and performance horse problems.
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Computational Design with Timber
Over the last 10 years, the field of computational design has taken the building industry by storm. The meteoric rise of this new paradigm amongst designers can largely be attributed to the emergence of new user-friendly software tools. These tools enable the creation of parametric scripts by designers, without requiring computer programming skills. Use of computational design has now become de rigueur in leading architectural and engineering practices worldwide, particularly in geometrically complex or freeform structures.
These software tools encourage a design approach which defines the geometry of structures parametrically – the guiding geometrical principles of a design are exposed as parameters which can be changed at any point during the design. This enables rapid exploration of variations on a certain design or geometry. Significant advances in software design over the last 10 years now allow real-time analysis to be performed as the geometric parameters are changed. As an example, this means that a designer, while changing the depth of the kingpost truss to the right, can watch in real-time as the structural forces change. This is a step change from traditional analysis methods which involve transferring geometry to a separate analysis software, and then running analyses often taking minutes or hours. The design-performance feedback loop has thus been reduced from hours to seconds. | <urn:uuid:7215c5d4-8e6f-4baa-a427-b7941e3f86ed> | {
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Jiaogulan is a plant that grows wild in China. The leaf is used to make medicine. Jiaogulan is sometimes referred to as “Southern Ginseng” because it grows in south central China and is used in similar ways as ginseng. Jiaogulan is used for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and improving heart function. It is also used for strengthening the immune system, increasing stamina and endurance, increasing resistance to environmental stress (as an “adaptogen”), improving memory, and preventing hair loss. Other uses include treatment of poor appetite, cough, chronic bronchitis, ongoing stomach pain (chronic gastritis), pain and swelling (inflammation), ulcers, constipation, stress, gallstones, obesity, cancer, diabetes, trouble sleeping (insomnia), backache, and pain.
What other names is Jiaogulan known by?
Adaptogen, Adaptogène, Amachazuru, Dungkulcha, Fairy Herb, Ginseng du Sud, Gynostemma, Gynostemma pedatum, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Herbe de l'Immortalité, Immortality Herb, Jiao Chu Lan, Jiao Gu Lan, Miracle Grass, Penta Tea, Plante de l'Immortalité, Southern Ginseng, Thé de l'Immortalité, Vitis pentaphylla, Xian Cao, Xianxao.
What is Jiaogulan?
Jiaogulan is a plant that grows wild in China. The leaf is used to make medicine. Jiaogulan is sometimes referred to as “Southern Ginseng” because it grows in south central China and is used in similar ways as ginseng.
Jiaogulan is used for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and improving heart function. It is also used for strengthening the immune system, increasing stamina and endurance, increasing resistance to environmental stress (as an “adaptogen”), improving memory, and preventing hair loss.
Other uses include treatment of poor appetite, cough, chronic bronchitis, ongoing stomach pain (chronic gastritis), pain and swelling (inflammation), ulcers, constipation, stress, gallstones, obesity, cancer, diabetes, trouble sleeping (insomnia), backache, and pain.
Some people use jiaogulan as an anti-aging agent, antioxidant, and detoxifying agent.
Lower Your Cholesterol, Save Your HeartSee Slideshow
Possibly Effective for...
Reducing cholesterol levels. There is some evidence that taking jiaogulan can decrease total cholesterol and increase the “good” high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/total cholesterol ratio in people with high cholesterol levels.
Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...
Liver disease (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). Early research suggests that taking jiaogulan three times daily by mouth for 4 months does not improve markers of liver function, body mass index, cholesterol levels, kidney function, or blood sugar in people with a type of liver disease called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Regulating blood pressure.
Trouble sleeping (insomnia).
Improving heart function.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of jiaogulan for these uses.
How does Jiaogulan work?
Jiaogulan contains substances that might help reduce cholesterol levels.
Are there safety concerns?
Jiaogulan is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth short-term (up to 4 months). It can cause some side effects such as severe nausea and increased bowel movements.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Jiaogulan is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth during pregnancy. One of the chemicals in jiaogulan has been linked to possible birth defects.
Not enough is known about the safety of jiaogulan during breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
“Auto-immune diseases” such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or other conditions: Jiaogulan might cause the immune system to become more active. This could increase the symptoms of auto-immune diseases. If you have an auto-immune condition, it's best to avoid using jiaogulan until more is known.
Bleeding disorders: Jiaogulan may slow blood clotting. There is a concern that it might make bleeding disorders worse.
Surgery: Jiaogulan might slow blood clotting. There is some concern that it might increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop using jiaogulan at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
Raw bananas are the fibre-rich miracle food which can be great for diabetics. They help in maintaining blood sugar and also help in keeping the heart healthy. Raw bananas or green bananas are widely cultivated in southern India and are in fact used in most Indian cuisines. In Kerala, raw bananas are almost like an unavoidable ingredient. They are used in the form of stir fries and banana chips. Almost all parts of the fruit can be used in different forms and variations. Raw banana is rich in various vitamins and minerals which are essential for a healthy body.
The Moringa leaf is comparatively an unheard name in spite of the fact that it has been found mentioned more than two thousand years before, and the World Health Organization has been observing and utilizing the tree for more than forty years now as a cheap health supplement in the poverty-stricken countries the world over. There is a reason behind this. Moringa leaf boosts your energy in a natural manner, and is a remarkable source of nutrition. This energy promotion does not happen because of sugar, so it is lasts for a long time. Individuals ingesting it say that their ulcers are healed, tumors restricted, there are reduction in the arthritis pains and inflammations, controlled blood pressure, the skin problems are restored, and finally they have stronger defenses against diseases. Resource:http://www.herbal-home-remedies.com/blog/?p=101
Kaempferia parviflora, the Thai black ginger, Thai ginseng or krachai dum, is an herbaceous plant in the family Zingiberaceae, native to Thailand. Kaempferia parviflora has been the subject of increased scientific interest in recent years. In a systematic review in 2016, 683 records and 7 studies were analyzed, with a reference that krachai dum significantly increased hand grip strength and enhanced the response to sexual erotic stimuli. An earlier study found that acute dosing did not have an effect on sprint and endurance exercise in humans, but indicated that chronic effects or actions in other populations cannot be excluded.
Boesenbergia rotunda, commonly known as Chinese keys, fingerroot, lesser galangal or Chinese ginger, is a medicinal and culinary herb from China and Southeast Asia. In English, the root has traditionally been called fingerroot, because the shape of the rhizome resembles that of fingers growing out of a center piece. | <urn:uuid:b753806a-01a1-4167-a5f4-06443f3b2ca9> | {
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Folk knowledge and old secrets, often garbled and no longer understood, can sometimes still be found in such apparently innocent repositories as fairy tales and children’s songs.
In “The Secret Fire”, the song ‘Oranges and Lemons’, its true meaning long forgotten, is said by the novel’s main villain, Isambard, to encode a great London secret — the location of the mighty artery of power that is the city’s main ley line.
Beyond the short version of the song used in the popular children’s party game, there is also a longer, older version, listing more churches, that contains the secret.
It has been hidden in plain sight through the ages, but can be decoded — as long as the right churches are understood, for they are not always the traditional ones.
Following is the full version of the song, with the significance of each line explained by Isambard:
Gay go up and gay go down, to ring the bells of London Town. “This is simply the preamble, and might be held to have no secret meaning, except that ringing the bell of a sacred location is an expression we use to signify tapping into its power.”
Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St Clement’s. “This is commonly held to refer to St Clement’s church in Eastcheap, near wharves where fruit was loaded from the ships in past times. But in our reading, its reference is to the church of St Clement Danes, a central point on London’s artery of power, located among a cluster of holy wells.”
Bullseyes and targets, say the bells of St Margaret’s. “This refers to the church of St Margaret Lothbury, just north of the site of the Bank of England on Cornhill, and just to the north of our line.”
Brickbats and tiles, say the bells of St Giles. The inclusion of the phrase St Giles, in the fourth line, is a reference to St Giles’s Greek, a term for thieves’ cant or slang. It tells us that a special language is being used in this song, one where the ostensible term does not necessarily represent the real meaning. It’s like reading the words and illustrations of an alchemical book. Having noticed the presence of the phrase, we can discard it. It does not refer to any of the St Giles churches in London, it is merely a marker. For the uninstructed, of course, it serves simply to confuse the pattern.”
Ha’pence and farthin’s, say the bells of St Martin’s. “In our reading, this is St Martin-within-Ludgate on Ludgate Hill, again just above our line, setting its northern limit. The font here is engraved with a fascinating palindrome in Greek: Niyon anomhma mh monan oyin. Cleanse my sin and not just my face.”
Pancakes and fritters, say the bells of St Peter’s. “This is St Peter upon Cornhill, which claims to be the earliest Christianized site in Britain, just below our line, framing it to the south.” An alternative site would be St Peter in West Cheap, just to the north of the line.
Two sticks and an apple, say the bells of Whitechapel. “This refers not to a particular church, but to the famed bell foundry of Whitechapel in general, and so to the principle of bells, of harmonic resonance, and so to our unnamed art. It does not appear on our map.”
Maids in white aprons, say the bells of St Katherine’s. “St Katherine Cree in Bishopsgate, just south of our line.”
Pokers and tongs, say the bells of St John’s. “St John the Evangelist, formerly on Friday Street, destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. Just south of our line.”
Kettles and pans, say the bells of St Anne’s. “This marks the continuation of our line to the west, and refers to St Anne’s in Soho. It sits squarely on our line.”
Old father baldpate, say the slow bells of Aldgate. “St Botolph-without-Aldgate, just south of our line in the east.”
You owe me ten shillin’s, say the bells of St Helen’s. “St Helen’s Bishopsgate, directly on our line in the east.”
When will you pay me, say the bells of Old Bailey. “The reference here is to the death knell rung at the church of St Sepulchre, and later at the Old Bailey itself on its own bell, on days of public execution. Apparently an outlying marker, north of our line. For this reason, we consider it in the symbolic sense. The wages of sin is death, is perhaps the best summary, where sin is understood to be the misuse of the power of the line.”
When I grow rich, say the bells of Fleetditch. “This was later altered to Shoreditch, but in the earlier versions the song said Fleetditch, referring to St Bride’s church, on the banks of the River Fleet before it was culverted. St Bride’s is directly on our line.”
Pray when will that be, say the bells of Stepney. “St Dunstan’s, in Stepney, directly on the continuation of our line to the east, and mirroring St Dunstan-in-the-west on Fleet Street, situated just north of our line.”
I do not know, says the great bell of Bow. “St Mary-le-Bow on Cheapside, the church all true Cockneys are said to identify themselves by. Directly on our path.”
The great artery also runs directly along a stretch of Pilgrim Street near St Paul’s, and is marked by an intriguingly-located obelisk at Salisbury Square just west of St Bride’s (moved there in the late 20th century from nearby Ludgate Circus). On its western arm, it passes just below the twin obelisks outside St George’s church and traverses Sotheby’s auction house before bisecting Grosvenor Square and running on to the point formerly called Bayard’s Watering Place, now known as the Italian Gardens, where the buried Westbourne river enters Hyde Park.
In Sir Christopher Wren’s plan to rebuild London after the Great Fire of 1666, the eastern part of this line, from St Helen’s to Temple, was virtually a single, straight boulevard, a grand avenue along the great London line of power …
What did he know? | <urn:uuid:320d6446-4f06-4449-af76-186d21cec797> | {
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Haldeman Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics
The lab has been working on the following:
- Developing novel techniques to diagnose Alzheimer's disease as well as preclinical testing of new compounds for Alzheimer's treatment.
- Creating a new protein assay so that in the future a simple blook test could evaluate people at risk of developing Alzheimer's.
- Testing the potential of an anti-cancer drug to reduce brain inflammation and the number of amyloid plaque deposits in Alzheimer's-like mice.
The lab in conjunction with the Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research is conducting a cutting-edge clinical trial aimed at slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
This research will not only advance the understanding of of Alzheimer’s disease, but also will provide alternative therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s treatments. | <urn:uuid:6a52e210-b65d-48d1-a880-a1beaf4b78a9> | {
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Restaurants Waste Energy Differently Than Other Businesses, Says E Source
A new E Source report reveals that US businesses waste more than $60 billion annually on energy, but each industry has unique ways to save or waste energy.In contrast with typical commercial buildings, where lighting and HVAC account for the majority of energy consumption, almost two-thirds of the energy used in restaurants is allocated to kitchen activities.
Beth Hartman, senior research associate at E Source, and author of the report, said that restaurants are among the worst energy efficiency offenders, and that’s backed up by Pacific Gas and Electric, which says nearly 80 percent of the $10 billion spent annually by the commercial food service sector is lost to inefficient cooking methods.
Though these losses could be partially reduced by simple measures such as turning off equipment when not in use and performing periodic maintenance or repairs, more-substantial savings can be achieved by replacing conventional equipment with high-efficiency equipment. Additional statistics include:
- Well-designed exhaust hoods can cut energy use by 33 percent compared with standard equipment.
- An ice machine that is just 19 percent more efficient than a standard model could save up to $710 annually.
- Replacing an old dishwasher could save $1,225 per year.
- Potential energy savings per restaurant for installing an energy management system are between $2,200 and $3,600 annually.
Taco Bell installed new ’grill-to-order’ cooking machines to reduce energy consumption, which saves as much as $5,900 a year in energy costs per store.
The E-Source report includes energy-use data from a variety of other industries as well, including healthcare, manufacturing, retail, data centers, education, and government. The research found that Google’s data centers use more energy than 200,000 houses and also points out that more electricity is wasted by computers needlessly left on than is consumed by all data centers in the United States.
- 2015 Environmental Leader Product & Project Awards
- Enterprise Internet Of Things: What Is It, and How Will It Improve Energy Management?
- 2015 Insider Knowledge
- There’s Money in the Trash
- Energy Manager Today Awards Top Products and Top Projects of the Year
- Practical Insights into the Implementation of GHS Around the Globe
- Beyond Compliance: Applying a Risk Lens to Your EHS Practice
- A Roadmap for Effective Process Safety Management
- Just the Facts: 8 Popular Misconceptions about LEDs & Controls
- How to Thrive in Today's EHS Landscape | <urn:uuid:1ae22c9d-f4fd-4d3a-bc53-fb378069d0a5> | {
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Helping Nebraskans enhance their lives through research-based education.
What is GIS?
by David Smith, UNL Extension Assistant
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that is used to construct, record, analyze, manipulate, and display geographic information. Geographic information is simply any data that is geographically referenced or that has known earth coordinates(i.e. Latitude/Longitude, UTM, State Plane). Some definitions of GIS also include the personnel and the specific data used as part of the total GIS.
Features: The power of a GIS is the geographic information, the coordinates of the earth's surface, that allow data to be integrated and combined. Features such as points(e.g. wells, street signs), lines(e.g. roads, rivers) and polygons(e.g. houses, crop fields) can be created in a GIS and coordinated with other databases into one large GIS, and then queries and decisions can be made on the entire GIS or specific elements depending on the desired application.
Attributes: Features are fairly useless unless information or attributes are attached to them. This is the next step and another powerful piece of GIS, making information about specific elements available and easily accessible. Each feature in a GIS has attributes that help define it, and are important to a user of a GIS. For instance, polygon features such as houses could have associated attributes of address, ownership, legal description, and size. This process ties all the information about a certain element of the landscape into a concise format that is easily queried, and just as importantly, easily analyzed and manipulated.
Databases: Databases form the backbone of a GIS. They are the information that is brought together by the software and the people working on a specific project. The data in a GIS consist of layers of information that can then be combined to give an entire picture to a geographic topic or project.
Washington D.C. and Surrounding Area
For example, a city planner wants to examine the best route for a new expressway. The planner, using a GIS, assembles the data layers that would allow them to examine all the possible influences of the project and make the best decision about the expressway. Possible databases they would want to incorporate could be land use, water, zoning, land ownership, pipelines, population, wetlands, topography, and probably many more. The planner can then use this information to analyze possible routes, potential conflicts with existing features, costs, and potential level of use. The outcome then would be a well informed decision based on a number of scenarios and all possible pertinent information.
The potential benefits accrued from using GIS are extensive with a few discussed here. Of course, GIS is reliant on computers, which allows for the automation of all the geographic data, and the use of the software required for much of the conversion, construction, and analysis of data. GIS takes the place of much of the paper, hard-copy, products associated with geographic data, such as maps. Once the data is digitized, the maps and other hard-copy data sources are then in digital form and can be accessed and used from the computer. This allows for many different sources of information to be combined and integrated. Where different maps and data were in various formats or coordinate systems, GIS allows all of this information to be easily used in combination. New geographic features can be constructed and incorporated because of the base geographic data already in the computer.
Just as important as the ease and availability of geographic data is what can be done with the data. The vast majority of a GIS is its construction; assembling and developing the data, attributing, and integrating. Once the construction is complete, the databases can be analyzed and queried for specific purposes. The use of GIS is basically up to the imagination and desire of the individual. An idea that is geographic in nature is most likely feasible with the use of GIS.
Examples of Using GIS
GIS is rapidly increasing in its use and importance in many fields and disciplines. As stated, any geographic phenomenon can be potentially used in a GIS. For instance, GIS has been used extensively in wildlife research to examine topics such as home ranges, habitat use, and nesting sites. Power and utility companies have employed GIS to map and examine power networks, analyze use of their product, and determine the best locations for future structures. Municipalities have used GIS in emergency response situations to determine the best routes for navigating to a certain location. These few examples of the use of GIS are just a small portion of the many applications where GIS is being applied. The use of GIS is expanding all the time, and GIS has been a benefit for a vast number of industries, both public and private.
PHOTO Credit: Vicki Jedlicka
Lincoln's biosolids recycling program is a joint collaboration between the City of Lincoln, Public Works and Utilities Department and University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension in Lancaster County with assistance from the University of Nebraska Agronomy Department, Lincoln/Lancaster County Health Department and the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
in Lancaster County
Barb Ogg or David Smith
Web site: lancaster.unl.edu
444 Cherrycreek Road, Suite A, Lincoln, NE 68528 | 402-441-7180
Back for more Solid Waste Management Resources | <urn:uuid:c2ff8b33-c8cb-4c02-9fd1-a5878591b58c> | {
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Blessed John, Fool-for-Christ, Wonderworker of Moscow, was born on the outskirts of Vologda. In his youth he toiled at a saltworks, where he was a water-carrier. The saint combined strict fasting and prayer with his heavy work. Later he moved on to Rostov, where he began his exploit of holy foolishness for the sake of Christ. He wore chains with heavy iron crosses, and on his head was a heavy iron cap, for which they called him “John Big-Cap”. In Moscow he went barefoot and almost naked in even the most severe frost, and he foretold the great misfortunes for Russia, the Time of Troubles and the incursion of the Poles, saying that “in Moscow will be many visible and invisible devils.”
He fearlessly spoke the truth to everyone, regardless of the position they might occupy. Even to the Tsar himself, Boris Godunov, he often said : “A clever mind, you ask God’s doing. God long waits, painfully indeed it breaks”. Before death St John indicated for himself a grave at the Pokrov church on Rva, afterwards called the cathedral of Basil the Great. Having prepared himself for the grave, he removed the chains and showered himself with water three times. Before his death (+ 1589) the blessed one displayed the gift of healing. He was venerated at Moscow as a great wonderworker and seer. On June 12, 1672 his relics were uncovered, resting beneath a crypt in one of the chapels of the cathedral of Basil the Great. The Service and Life were preserved in manuscripts of the seventeenth century. | <urn:uuid:43cab718-94b2-4d3c-b637-77d4c07fa394> | {
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Present Industry Status
The United States continues to depend primarily on oceanborne shipments for its international trade. As the world’s largest trading nation, the United States exports and imports about one-fourth of global merchandise trade in value annually. The largest part of this merchandise trade – over 1.3 billion metric tons of cargo – is moved by water. Another billion tons of cargo is carried in domestic waterborne movements, which serve over 90 percent of the U.S. population. Based on current projections, by the year 2020 U.S. foreign trade in goods may grow to four times today’s value and almost double its current tonnage, and inland waterways traffic will increase by one-third.
The United States once relied on a huge fleet of relatively small ships to provide the commercial and sealift shipping capacity appropriate for its trade. Since the end of World War II, the U.S.-flag vessel fleet has been in a continual state of decline. As of January 2013, the United States ranked 24th in number of oceangoing vessels and 22nd in a gross tonnage compared to other merchant fleets by country of owner. Today, the U.S. fleet’s share of oceanborne commercial foreign trade, by weight, continues to be less than five percent. Other traditional maritime powers have experienced similar declines.
While the number of vessels in the U.S. fleet has shrunk, at the same time many nations have built an international maritime presence as a means of projecting visibility and earning hard currency. These registries may not require the same level of protection for seafarer health, welfare and safety as on U.S.-flag vessels. Often, foreign-flag vessel owners do not pay any corporate income taxes on revenues earned in U.S. foreign commerce, and the crews frequently do not pay income taxes to any country. By comparison, vessels operating under the U.S. flag are subject to all the taxes and regulatory laws applicable in the United States.
Changes in maritime technology and reductions in crew sizes have contributed to a contraction of the industry’s supply of vessels and manpower.
Even though the size of the U.S.-flag fleet has declined in recent years, the productivity of the fleet has improved substantially. Today’s fleet includes ships and barges, and also containers, chassis, computer-based data systems, rail and truck interchanges, warehouses, piers, cranes, terminals, and highly skilled people ashore and at sea. Technological advances have greatly improved the flow of cargo, resulting in virtually seamless movement of goods from origin to destination anywhere in the world. These advances have also been applied to the movement of military shipments.
The U.S.-flag industry continues to invest in the expansion and modernization of the fleet.. NASSCO, a west coast subsidiary of General Dynamics, has finalized a contract with TOTE, Inc. to design and construct two, 3,100 TEU liquefied natural gas (LNG) powered container vessels, the first of which was delivered in October of 2015. In addition, NASSCO has contracted for the construction of eight LNG-conversion-ready product tankers, five for an affiliate of American Petroleum Tankers and three for Seabulk Tankers, Inc., the first of which was delivered in December of 2015. Aker Philadelphia Shipyard delivered two product tankers to Exxon and has announced an agreement with Crowley Maritime Corporation to construct four product tankers with an option for an additional four tankers scheduled for delivery between 2015 and 2017. Matson Navigation Company has signed a contract with Aker Philadelphia Shipyard for two new containerships with dual fuel engine technology capable of operating on LNG. Crowley Maritime Corporation took delivery of the last of a 17 unit series of articulated tug-barges and placed an order for two LNG powered vessels with VT Halter Marine. Also, a number of ferries and tugboats have recently been delivered with new orders also contracted for delivery in the future.
The maritime issues and challenges facing the nation are significant and complex. The present and future ability of the U.S.-flag fleet to serve as a contributor to economic sovereignty and national security remains a challenge. Changes in world political trends and economies occur constantly. The 104th Congress understood the precarious situation the Nation faced when it overwhelmingly adopted the Maritime Security Act of 1996. This measure established the Maritime Security Program to support a fleet of militarily useful U.S.-flag commercial vessels and American-citizen crews necessary for the military and economic security of the Nation. In 2003, Congress reaffirmed its support for the U.S.-flag fleet by expanding the fleet to its current contingency of 60 vessels. | <urn:uuid:1cbabbaa-6704-4193-b19f-08e3cd7bf9ee> | {
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Central serous choroidopathy is a disease that causes fluid to build up under the retina, the back part of the inner eye that sends sight information to the brain. The fluid leaks from the blood vessel layer under the retina. This area is called the choroid.
The cause of this condition is unknown.
Men are affected more often than women, and the condition is most common at around age 45, but anyone can be affected.
Stress appears to be a risk factor. Early studies found that people with aggressive, "type A" personalities who are under a lot of stress may be more likely to develop central serous retinopathy.
The condition can also occur as a complication of steroid drug use.
Your health care provider can usually diagnose central serous choroidopathy by dilating the eye and performing an eye exam. Fluorescein angiography confirms the diagnosis.
It may be done with a noninvasive test called ocular coherence tomography (OCT).
Most cases clear up without treatment in 1 or 2 months. Patients with more severe leakage and more severe visual loss, or those in whom the disease lasts longer, may be helped by laser treatment or photodynamic therapy to seal the leak and attempt to restore vision.
Patients who are using steroid drugs (for example, to treat autoimmune diseases) should stop using them, if possible. Any change in steroid drug use in these conditions must be under the supervision of a physician.
Most patients recover good vision without treatment, although it's often not as good as it was before the condition occurred.
The disease returns in about half of all patients, and has a similarly good outlook. Rarely, patients develop permanent scars that damage their central vision.
A small number of patients will have complications of laser treatment that impair central vision. That is why most patients will be allowed to recover without treatment.
Call your health care provider if your vision gets worse.
There is no known prevention. Although there is a clear association with stress, there is no evidence that reducing stress has any benefit in preventing or treating central serous choroidopathy.
Central serous retinopathy
Kitzmann AS, Pulido JS, Wirostko WJ. Central serous chorioretinopathy. In: Yanoff M, Duker JS, eds. Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier; 2008:chap 6.29.
Geraets RL, Rosa RH Jr. Pathology of the retina. In: Tasman W, Jaeger EA, eds. Duane's Foundations of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2012 ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012: chap 13.
Wang M, Munch IC, Hasler PW, Prante C, Larsen M. Central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2008;86:126-145.
Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director and Director of Didactic Curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington. Franklin W. Lusby, MD, Ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 1997-2014, A.D.A.M., Inc. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by ADAM Health Solutions. | <urn:uuid:8da415cc-2b22-46f0-9bda-7c35de7823af> | {
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; order Diptera, suborder Cyclorrapha)
Family of small or minute, grey-black or yellowish flies which run actively and have a curious, humped appearance. The antennae seem to comprise one large segment, but this conceals the other segments. The large segment bears a long apical or subdorsal arista. Wings are often vestigial or absent. If they are present, the anterior veins are very heavily developed. Larvae live in decaying or putrefying material. Several abnormal species exist, with the possibility of some hermaphrodite adults. More than 3000 species are known to exist.
Subjects: Zoology and Animal Sciences. | <urn:uuid:9f4bba09-8334-43d2-b7ee-fd68cca49c93> | {
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)
These resolutions argued that the federal government had no authority to exercise power not specifically delegated to it in the Constitution. They were passed by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and were authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.
In an analysis of the principle of federalism, the resolutions made the case that the states had the power to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. The Kentucky Resolution declared in part, “[T]he several states who formed that instrument [the Constitution], being sovereign and independent, have the unquestionable right to judge of its infraction; and that a nullification, by those [states], of all unauthorized acts….is the rightful remedy.”
The Virginia Resolution said that by enacting the Alien and Sedition Acts, Congress was exercising “a power not delegated by the constitution, but on the contrary, expressly and positively forbidden by one of the amendments thereto; a power, which more than any other, ought to produce universal alarm, because it is levelled against that right of freely examining public characters and measures, and of free communication among the people thereon, which has ever been justly deemed, the only effectual guardian of every other right.”
The ideas in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions became a precursor to John C. Calhoun’s arguments about the power of states to nullify federal laws. However, during the 1830s nullification controversy, Madison rejected the legitimacy of nullification, and maintained that it was not part of the Virginia position in 1798. | <urn:uuid:181dce16-9947-482f-bc3a-fcabd3c5f324> | {
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This benchmark could be a project progress check-in, a product, a quiz, or any combination of these things.
In a more traditional unit, each piece (what I am calling a chunk) ends in a quiz. The quiz is usually summative in nature, as it tests the students' knowledge at that point, and students move on to the next chunk regardless of their score.
In strictly Personalized Learning, each chunk ends with a formative assessment. If the student cannot pass this assessment adequately, they are not allowed to move on. Instead they are given additional time and supports before the re-attempt the formative assessment.
What to Do
Look at your list of learning objectives, and think about how you usually teach the unit. Remember that our goal is to make sure that every learning objective is taught, developed, and assessed. Then, give yourself permission to do it completely different. Maybe you won't, but before moving on you need to be OK with the possibility. Depending on your teaching style, and the type of unit, you may go about this step differently.
The typical method is to put the most foundational and easiest content and skills in the first chunk. Subsequent chunks have more complex content and skills that build upon those learned in previous chunks. Different teachers may have different ideas on the best way to sctructure this sequence, however.
For some projects, students will need to learn content and skills in a different order. For projects, in addition to asking what is most foundational, ask yourself what content and skills your students need to complete the first part of your project.
And, here is the strange thing, it turns out that our students can learn content and skills out of what we would consider the "proper" order. You can teach students about projectile motion without first talking about vector components, which is definately a foundational skill.
For projects, continually ask yourself: "What do my students really NEED to know to complete their project?" It's actually a pretty good question to ask yourself regardless of what content you are teaching. | <urn:uuid:043ae2e3-faba-40f9-b71d-8191022b4e8c> | {
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Geography for England, Wales, and Scotland Summery
The geography for Wales, Scotland, and England are very similar to each other. They are all very cloudy and have mountains. Wales has a warmer climate than Scotland and gets a lot of rain during October to January. The south part of England is low-lying land with some hills. The temperature con be 70°F in the summer but 30°F in the winter. Scotland has over 186 islands and has three sections called the highlands, the lowlands, and the Uplands. They are each very similar in many ways.
"Times New Roman"">Waldron, Melanie. Countries around the World:Scotland. 1st. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2012. 5-48. Print.
"Times New Roman"">Barrow, Mandy. "Terrain and Climate." British life and culture. Woodlands Junior School, 2012. Web. 2 Feb 2012. <http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/britain/england_facts.htm>.
"Times New Roman"">Craddon, T.. "Wales physical characteristics." . N.p., 2012. Web. 2 Feb 2012. <http://www.welshcountrydancers.org/WALESPhysFacts.htm>.
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The importance of Capillary Circulation
Everyone knows that exercise is vital to good health.
Exercise positively affects a majority of ailments, like diabetes, heart disease, etc.
But it's not often understood what inner workings of the body are helped by exercise, counteracting disease and thus lead to better health.
And the key to all of this is capillary circulation. The body's plasma circulation system can be viewed like a country's road system.
If circulation is sluggish or there are blockages or deceased circulation, because of narrowing arteries for example, the delivery of vital elements and removal of trash is made more difficult, which results in disease.
This article will explain how the correct exercise (because some types of exercise aren't good for circulation) is the key to healthy capillary circulation.
What is Capillary circulation and what does it do?
Every cell in the body needs nutrients and oxygen to perform the specific functions it is designed for.
Each cell also produces waste products.
The nutrients and oxygen are delivered to the cells by the blood circulation into the capillaries and through the walls of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.
Most of the waste products go back through the walls of the capillaries into the blood circulation.
The main health benefit from a good exercise routine is the vitally important increased capillary circulation through all of the cell tissues in the body.
This increase in capillary circulation will increase the flow of plasma from the blood through the walls of the capillaries into the interstitial spaces that all cells in the various cell tissues are contained in or surrounded by (also called tissue spaces).
This interstitial space is filled with interstitial fluid that is essential the same substance as the plasma that transfers through the walls of the capillaries into the interstitial space.
If there is insufficient transfer of nutrients and oxygen into the interstitial fluid and not enough transfer of waste products out of the interstitial fluid, the cells will not get enough nutrients and oxygen and they will be choking in their own waste products.
When our cells are not able to properly maintain their process of assimilation and elimination, the cells become toxic therefore limiting their function and the production of energy necessary for a vital life. Cells that do not perform their functions are ill and the more such ill cells we have the less healthy we are. Most likely over 90% of all illness is as a result of insufficient capillary circulation. Sounds astounding but it really after you read the rest of this article you should fully understand why and it should no longer be a surprise.
The effect of exercise on capillary circulation
Exercise increases capillary circulation in the body. However, not all exercise is created equal.
The wrong type of exercise increases capillary circulation in the muscles of our limbs while at the same time reducing capillary circulation in all the rest of the cell tissues in the body.
The right exercise increases capillary circulation to all the cell tissue in the body rather than the wrong type of exercise that creates greater capillary blood flow through the muscles in our arms and legs at the expense of lesser capillary circulation to all remaining cell tissues that include of course the vital organs, brain and all the rest of the cell tissues.
Unfortunately, the majority of exercise that people do is the long duration low level exercise that they call cardio exercise or cardiovascular exercise.
It is the wrong kind, the long duration low intensity type of exercise like, jogging, running, stair climbing, elliptical exercisers, cycling, etc.
These types of exercise create greater blood flow though the muscles that are used during that type of exercise because the capillaries in the working muscles stretch to a larger diameter during the exercise and that stretch is maintained for a long duration in long duration exercises.
The longer the duration of the exercise the longer the stretch is maintained and that causes long lasting increase in blood flow through those muscle tissues and therefore a decrease of blood flow through all other cell tissues in the body.
Here's the long explanation, but bear with us: When highly trained muscles at rest have more blood flow, it results in a decrease of blood flow through all the rest of the cell tissues in the body.
This can be best explained with how sprinklers work that water a lawn.
If you have 10 sprinklers watering your lawn and the spray pattern is evenly the same for each of the 10 sprinkler heads, but then one of the sprinkler heads breaks off, you will see a large increase of water flow with maybe a 20 foot high fountain coming out of that broken sprinkler and the other 9 sprinklers get a dramatic decrease in flow with only a trickle of water coming out of each.
That is the same with dramatic increase of blood flow through highly trained muscles with an equivalent decrease of blood flow through all the rest of the cell tissues in the body including the brain and vital organs.
Capillary circulation versus other benefits of exercise
Although there are many other benefits from exercise, increased capillary circulation is the most important, but regrettably, not yet widely appreciated and the least understood and most neglected benefit.
People tend to concentrate on the less important benefits from exercise such as weight loss, muscle strength, flexibility, endurance, athletic performance and cosmetic good looks.
These are all very nice benefits but regrettably some of these are surprisingly counter productive to health.
That may sound strange to you right now, but it does explain the often severe health problems encountered by highly trained athletes and their often shorter life spans.
All of it explained here, so stay tuned.
Both of these athletes exercise a lot. But the sprinter on the right looks a lot healthier than the long distance runner on the left.
First some more about the need of and benefit from capillary circulation
As mentioned above, all the cells in your body, all trillions of them (estimates run from 50 to 100 trillion cells in the human body) have a limited life span at the end of which they will die and will be replaced by new cells.
Every day you replace billions of cells (estimates run from 20 to 300 billion per day).
All these replacement cells need to be built from building materials (nutrients) that are transported via the capillary circulation to all the cell tissues where the new replacement cells are created by the process of cell division.
Transportation of Nutrients to the cells
Reduced capillary circulation results in reduced delivery of nutrients by the plasma through the interstitial space, which thus results in incorrectly built cells.
Just like with automobile manufacturing there will be some "lemons" coming off the assembly lines when some faulty parts were used to build those "lemon" cars.
These are then defective cells or cancer cells that, when not destroyed by our immune system, will themselves multiply and form defective cell tissues or tumors.
Circulation is vital to the immune system
In addition to carrying nutrients, plasma also transports also white blood cells through the capillary walls into the interstitial space. White blood cells are the most important component of our immune system because they destroy malignant cells and defend against viruses, bacteria, fungi and multi cellular parasites. When there is insufficient capillary circulation there will be fewer white blood cells transported into the interstitial space. Then the defective cells are not killed and are allowed to multiply to form cancerous tumors. Many of these defective cells are fairly harmless but some are aggressive malignant cancer type cells that can develop into life threatening cancer tumors.
Basically we all produce a few of these lemon cells every minute in all of our different cell tissues in our body, even if we supply all the correct building materials via proper capillary circulation.
Under healthy capillary circulation conditions the capillary circulation will also transport white blood cells into the cell tissues.
As explained above, white blood cells are the most important ammunition in our immune system arsenal of weapons against illness.
White blood cells patrol all parts of our body and when they encounter bad cells they destroy all the mismanufactured cells and thus eliminate all the defective and possibly cancerous cells that otherwise would multiply and then become a more serious threat to our health.
White blood cells also attack, destroy and clean up all other sorts of threats to our health such as viruses, fungi, parasites and debris in our blood and cell tissues.
Capillary circulation is vital to organ function
If we do not create sufficient capillary circulation we are at greater risk of allowing illness to develop and entire cell tissues and whole organs will not perform their natural functions properly.
For example, the pancreas will not perform its functions properly resulting in diabetes.
The liver will not perform its hundreds of functions properly which leads to many illnesses.
The kidneys will not perform properly leading to kidney dysfunction and possible total failure.
The intestines will not process food properly and cancer cells will not be destroyed by white blood cells and that in turn will lead to cancer tumors in the cell tissues that are lacking in capillary circulation.
In summary, capillary circulation allows plasma to flow through the small openings between the cells that form the walls of capillaries.
The plasma joins the interstitial fluid that surrounds capillaries on the outside of the capillary walls.
The plasma that flows into the interstitial space is now named interstitial fluid.
It is the same fluid as the plasma but it is just named differently because it is now in the interstitial space.
So the plasma carries all the nutrients, enzymes and oxygen and very importantly, it transports the white blood cells into the interstitial space as well, where they can perform their immune system function of killing cancer cells and other threats to the cell tissues.
All the cells in the body need nutrients and oxygen to perform their functions in the body and they draw those nutrients and oxygen out of the interstitial fluid and they dump their metabolic waste products into that same interstitial fluid.
It seems a very disturbing scenario that the cells eat out of the same fluid that they dump all their waste into.
It is like combining the kitchen and the toilet and eating out of the toilet bowl. Not a pleasant thought, but that is the way the body does it.
The body also replaces billions of cells per day (estimates run from 20 to 300 billion tissue cells dying per day in addition to another 10 billion white- and 200 billion red blood cells).
Every cell tissue in the body winds up with millions of dying and dead cell tissue cells per day and that makes for extra waste products floating in the interstitial fluid.
The building of the replacement cells requires new building materials, which need to be brought by the plasma into the interstitial space.
So the capillary circulation supplies all the cells in the body with supplies and it picks up all the waste products that the cells create and transports that waste to the parts of the body that eliminate those waste products from the body.
Without sufficient capillary circulation the cells would be starved of all the nutrients they need to function properly and their waste products would pile up around them.
That creates a very unhealthy environment for all the cells of a cell tissue deprived of proper capillary circulation and that makes for poorly functioning cell tissues that do not properly perform the functions in the body that they are expected to perform.
Not properly functioning cell tissues will mean illness for the cell tissues that are deprived of proper capillary circulation.
All cells in your body will die at the end of their lifespan and are replaced (renewed) by new cell formation at the cell tissue level.
A few cancer cells (lemons) are produced every minute and if they are immediately attacked and destroyed by white blood cells that are delivered to the many cell tissues by the capillary circulation then cancer is prevented from developing.
How is the capillary circulation promoted?
The right type of exercise will pump more blood through capillaries of all the cell tissues in the body.
The wrong type of exercise will increase capillary circulation to skeletal muscles in our limbs at the expense of less capillary circulation through all other cell tissues in the body.
What is the right and the wrong type of exercise?
Long duration low level exercise is the wrong type of exercise because it increases capillary circulation through the skeletal muscles of our arms and legs at the expense of decreasing capillary circulation to all the other cell tissues in the body.
The right type of exercise is called HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training) that brings more capillary circulation to all cell tissues in the body, preventing cancer and malfunctioning of the cell tissues in the body.
Many mysteries solved
Why do numerous very fit athletes get ill and are plagued with serious health problems and why do some other people that do not really exercise a lot have no serious health problems and live to a very respectable age without serious illness issues?
Most people incorrectly believe that fitness equals health and that is a total misconception. Fitness is the ability to perform work with trained muscles and health is the absence of illness. In fact, in many cases too much fitness leads to illness.
Wow, that is big news and begs for explanations.
Overtraining athletes train for their chosen sports.
And often they persuade themselves that more is better, that training more and harder would result in higher performance.
That is only true up to a certain point.
For everything in life there is a "too little" a "too much" and a "just right." And "just right" is generally also referred to as moderation.
The athletes that train too much may suddenly find that their health is deteriorating and that brings down their performance as well. This is then called overtraining, doing too much training.
Undertraining and incorrect exercise
The vast majority of the population does not suffer from overtraining. Most people suffer from undertraining, because they do not enough of the right type of exercise.
Not doing enough of the correct type of exercise means not getting enough capillary circulation to the vital organs, brain and other critical cell tissues in the body.
There are actually incorrect exercises that increase capillary circulation to muscles and thereby decrease capillary circulation to all other cell tissues in the body.
Those exercises increase fitness (ability to perform work) and decrease health (or increase illness).
Preventing and curing illness
It is obvious now that much illness can be prevented and can even be cured by increasing plasma circulation through all cell tissues in the body if the right type of exercise is done.
High intensity resistance exercise is the right type of exercise that does not increase capillary circulation through muscles at rest.
Weight training and dumbbell exercises are very effective if they are done in a regimen of exercise that also raises the heart rate significantly.
Weight training exercise regiments, which are highly beneficial to health, can be done in 20 to 45 minutes per day. You need to know what you are doing and have a good program designed by a physical trainer or a doctor learned in the arts.
Time is an important factor in adherence to an exercise program
The reality is that the shorter the exercise programs are the greater the likelihood that people can discipline themselves to do the exercise.
With a linear increase in length of time required there will be an exponential decrease in adherence to a daily exercise program. Only 8% of home exercise equipment is used on a regular exercise program (much of it is the wrong type of exercise that increases fitness at the expense of health).
The only exercises that that are useful are of course the ones that are being adhered to and done on a regular basis.
And then they are only good for health if they are the right type of exercises.
The most effective types of exercises for health improvement are those that increase capillary circulation through all cell tissues and do that in the shortest number of minutes per day.
Why the shortest amount of minutes? Because those are the exercises that people can discipline themselves to do for the rest of their life.
The trick is to do the kind of exercise that develops a very high degree of oxygen consumption by using as much muscle tissue as possible all simultaneously.
There are several methods and types of exercise equipment that will do a fairly good job at being short in duration and effective for capillary circulation improvement.
All of these methods of exercise will develop an higher oxygen consumption during the exercise by involving more muscles over as large as possible range of motion and at high work output.
The most effective method is the 4 minute per day QuickGym / ROM machine machine.
The QuickGym / ROM machine workout does not increase capillary circulation through muscles at the expense of capillary circulation to vital organs and all other non-muscle tissues in the body.
And it requires the least amount of time.
The QuickGym / ROM machine has a high price tag, but fantastic in its results for plasma circulation in all tissues in the body without an increase of circulation in muscles at rest and therefore no lowering of the resting pulse rate. | <urn:uuid:07a87cb1-6292-4a06-a026-c812870ae824> | {
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High Arctic Avian Athlete Gives Lessons About Animal Welfare
Researchers report that an arctic relative of the grouse has evolved to cope with its extreme environment by moving efficiently at high speeds or when carrying winter weight. This discovery is of relevance to welfare in the poultry industry where birds are bred to be heavier. Ultimately better understanding the physiology of a natural animal model of extreme weight gain could one day lead to improving the welfare and meat yield of domesticated breeds and so contribute to preventing a future food security crisis.
The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) funded team from The University of Manchester has studied the Svalbard rock ptarmigan within the arctic circle in collaboration with colleagues at Norway’s Tromso university; today (02 February) they publish their findings in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Dr Jonathan Codd, who led the research team, said “We can learn a lot from the Svalbard rock ptarmigan because it is so well adapted for life in an extreme environment ““ minus 20 degrees and dark all day in the winter and then light for almost 24 hours a day in the summer. Like most wild birds, they put on fat for the winter to insulate them from the cold and also as an emergency energy store. For Ptarmigans this fat can be up to 32% of their body weight in the winter.
“We are hoping that the knowledge we gain from our studies will eventually help the poultry meat industry to breed birds that can put on weight quickly but have the necessary physiological features so that they don’t suffer as a result.”
In an additional paper published in PLoS ONE during November 2010 Dr Codd’s team showed that ““ somewhat counter intuitively ““ Ptarmigans are actually more energy efficient in their movements when they are heaviest, making them particularly good at conserving resources during the extreme arctic winters when food is scarce and hard to find.
Dr Codd continued “You can see why this might be relevant to farmed birds that put on a lot of weight very quickly. For example, if Ptarmigans have a particular musculoskeletal structure that means being heavy doesn’t cause them discomfort, and even makes them more efficient at storing energy, then we might be able to look for these features to breed into farmed birds.”
Following this finding, the team went on to investigate the different gaits used by the Ptarmigan. In the work published today, they have shown that the most energy efficient gait for the Ptarmigan is aerial running at high speeds where both feet leave the ground.
Dr Robert Nudds, lead author on the paper said “In the lab, the Ptarmigan use three different gaits: walking, aerial running and an in between gait that we call ‘grounded’ running because unlike aerial running, but like walking, one foot is always in contact with the ground.
“Much like humans, the aerial running gait involves a springing off of the foot in contact with the ground, which then launches the body up and onwards into the next aerial stride. The leg may be thought of as a pogo stick, the spring compressing when the foot contacts the ground and the weight of the body lands upon it. The main difference being that the spring in the leg comes from elasticity in the tendons. In grounded running, there is still a spring forward from the grounded leg, but not so much as in aerial running when both feet leave the floor.”
The research so far has been carried out in the lab where Ptarmigans have been trained to run on a treadmill inside a controlled environment within a Perspex box. This allows the researchers to measure the rate at which they are using Oxygen and therefore how energy efficient their movements are. The next stage of the research is to explore the energy efficiency of Ptarmigan movements in the wild.
Dr Nudds continued “We’re actually not sure if the Ptarmigan definitely use grounded running in the wild ““ it could just be that we are asking them to move at a speed they don’t particularly use outside.”
Dr Codd added “The terrain may be very important as well. If it is very rough or if obstacles are covered by snow, they will need to be able to change direction quite quickly and so having both feet off the ground would be a distinct disadvantage. In that case they might be more likely to use walking or grounded running, which while less energy efficient, probably overall would enable them to find more food.”
Professor Janet Allen, Director of Research, BBSRC said “It is really important that we increase food production and that includes meat. Our aim is to do this sustainably and with the same or improved welfare of the animals that are farmed. Studies such as this that tell us about the basic underlying biology of animals that operate in extreme environments are not only fascinating but can also tell us a great deal about how to breed farmed animals that are fit, healthy and productive.”
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:e4bccf10-c948-46a5-8553-0b8f23dee085> | {
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It is time to start wearing our Be a Buddy Not a Bully Shirts!
Starting this week, I am going to assess the kids on common spelling words. Eah student will have a list in their Language Arts binder called "Words 4th Graders Need to Know". They will use these words to add to their spelling lists each week. I will try to copy these lists and send them home asap. I am thinking this might be a great job for a parent volunteer! Let me know if you are interested!
Good news! I think I have figured out a way to add a link to documents. Try it below:
Spelling Words Oct. 15: Water Cycle | <urn:uuid:38187ea4-68dc-47b1-a9bc-23651bed9eca> | {
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TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, Services and Applications (OSI Layers 5, 6 and 7)
The OSI Reference Model is used to describe the architecture of networking protocols and technologies and to show how they relate to one another. In the chapter describing the OSI model, I mentioned that its seven layers could be organized into two layer groupings: the lower layers (1 through 4) and the upper layers (5 through 7). While there are certainly other ways to divide the OSI layers, I feel this split best reflects the different roles that the layers play in a network.
The lower layers are concerned primarily with the mechanics of formatting, encoding and sending data over a network; they involve software elements but are often closely associated with networking hardware devices. In contrast, the upper layers are concerned mainly with user interaction and the implementation of software applications, protocols and services that let us actually make use of the network. These elements generally don't need to worry about details, relying on the lower layers to ensure that data gets to where it needs to go reliably.
In this chapter I describe the details of the many protocols and applications that run on the upper layers in modern networks and internetworks. The organization of this chapter is quite different than the previous one. I felt that there was benefit to explaining the technologies in each of the lower layers separately. This is possible because with a few exceptions, the dividing lines between the lower layers are fairly well-established, and this helped show how the layers differ.
The upper layers are much more difficult to separate from each other, because there are many technologies and applications that implement more than one of layers 5 through 7. Furthermore, even differentiating between these layers becomes less important near the top of the networking stack. In fact, the TCP/IP protocol suite uses an architecture that lumps all the higher layers together anyway.
For these reasons, this chapter is divided functionally and not by layer. It contains four different sections that cover distinct higher-layer protocol and application areas. The first discusses naming system, especially the TCP/IP Domain Name System. The second overviews file and resource sharing protocols, with a focus on the Network File System. The third covers network configuration and management protocols, which includes the host configuration protocols BOOTP and DHCP. The last and largest section covers end-user applications and application protocols, including general file transfer, electronic mail, Usenet, the World Wide Web, interactive protocols (such as Telnet) and administration utilities.
Home - Table Of Contents - Contact Us
The TCP/IP Guide (http://www.TCPIPGuide.com)
Version 3.0 - Version Date: September 20, 2005
© Copyright 2001-2005 Charles M. Kozierok. All Rights Reserved.
Not responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site. | <urn:uuid:58608735-0887-47c2-9e71-59bafb5e6692> | {
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This article is brought to you courtesy of the National Canine Cancer Foundation.
See more articles on canine cancer.
Donate to the Champ Fund and help cure canine cancer.
The occurrence of esophageal cancer in dogs is very rare. It accounts for even less than 0.5% of all canine cancers. So far it has been reported only in older animals. There is no sex or breed predilection. The most commonly reported primary esophageal tumors include sarcomas (fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma), squamous cell carcinoma and leiomyosarcoma. Infestation with the parasite spirocerca lupi (they are bright red worms, generally located within nodules in the esophageal, gastric, or aortic walls) can cause osteosarcoma of the esophagus. If the lesion becomes massive and cancerous, the dog usually develops spondylitis (degenerative condition in one or more joints of the spinal column), enlargement of extremities as in hypertophic osteopathy (It is characterized by new bone formation on the outside of the diaphyses [mid section of the bone]). Cancer that begins in the flat cells lining the esophagus are called esophageal squamous cell carcinomas.
Sometimes benign tumors like leiomyoma and plasmacytoma may also occur. Metastatic lesions are thrice more common than primary ones. They are usually paraesophageal (beside the esophagus) tumors of the thymus (a lymphoid organ located in the superior mediastinum and lower part of the neck and is necessary for the development of immunological function), heart base, thyroid as well as mammary adenocarcinoma and lymphoma.
Leiomyomas are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. Most of them develop from the muscularis propria (deep muscular layer), with a smaller percentage growing from the muscularis mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle). Esophageal leiomyomas are solitary, slow-growing tumors, although multiple tumors can occur. In dogs, leiomyomas are most commonly found in the stomach at the gastroesophageal junction (the junction between the stomach and the esophagus).
Histologically, leiomyomas are different from leiomyosarcomas with respect to a lower number of mitotic figures (cell division) as well as the absence of necrosis (premature death of cells and living tissues). Low-grade leiomyosarcomas may behave similarly to leiomyomas in dogs after marginal excision (removal of the entire lesion and only a small margin of surrounding tissue).
Leiomyosarcoma is an unusual tumor arising from various sites like the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, soft tissues, blood vessels, lungs, liver et al. It contributes 1-2% to all malignancies affecting the gastrointestinal tract and is rarely found in the esophagus.
The symptoms of esophageal cancer generally include debilitation (weakness), weight loss, dysphagia (pain on swallowing) and regurgitation (reverse circulation of blood in the heart due to defective functioning of the valves) of undigested food. Pneumonia, secondary to aspiration (removal of a sample of fluid and cells through a needle) may also be noted. Hypertrophic osteopathy (bone disease secondary to infection in the lungs) may occur frequently in spirocerca-lupi-induced sarcomas. They usually affect the caudal thoracic esophagus and can be associated with thoracic spondylitis and a microcytic hyperchromic anemia (It is a blood disorder characterized by abnormally small red blood cells which contain abnormally high amounts of hemoglobin).There is also a reduced number of red blood cells and neutrophilia (this is a condition in which the dog has an overproduction of neutrophil granulocytes [most abundant white blood cells] in the blood).
Treatment- The vets usually go for plain radiographs. Due to complete or partial upper-gastrointestinal obstruction, radiographs may reveal retention of gas within the esophageal lumen (a cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ), a mass or esophageal dilatation (it is the technique used to stretch or open the blocked portion of the esophagus) close to the cancer.
A positive-contrast esophagogram (radiograph of the esophagus) with or without the fluoroscopy will reveal a stricture or mass lesion in the lumen. Esophagoscopy allows the vet to get a clear picture of the tumor which is usually ulcerated. Biopsies reveal necrosis (premature death of cells) and inflammation. However, biopsies of leiomyomas yield minimal results since they are movable, circumscribed submucosal masses. Sometimes advanced CT or MRI may be helpful to determine the extent of the disease. Open surgical biopsy via thoracotomy (incision made into the chest to gain access to the thoracic organs), or cervical exploration is another way of collecting tissue for diagnosis.
The metastatic nature of the disease makes therapeutic options non-viable. Intrathoracic surgeries are attempted, but with no result. For tumors located in the caudal esophagus or cardia (opening of the esophagus into the stomach), gastric advancement through the diaphragm can be attempted.
There are different procedures to partially replace the resected esophagus like microvascular transfer of colon or small bowel. But theories substantiating their efficacy as potential options for treatment remain inadequate. Chemotherapy has not been attempted properly. Radiation is sometimes used to treat cervical esophageal cancer, but for treating intrathoracic esophageal cancer, it cannot be used because of the intolerance of surrounding normal tissues like the lung and heart. Short-term relief can be achieved through esophagotomy (making an incision into the esophagus for removing any foreign substance that obstructs the passage) or gastrostomy (construction of a permanent opening from the external surface of the abdominal wall into the stomach for inserting a feeding tube). Thoracotomy or celiotomy (incision of the abdomen) may be attempted in case of benign leiomymomas of the esophagus or the cardia.
The prognosis is not so good except for non-malignant lesions or lymphoma because of the poor resection options and the high rate of metastasis.
Withrow and MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology– Stephen J. Withrow, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology), Director, Animal Cancer Center Stuart Chair In Oncology, University Distinguished Professor, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado; Research, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin David M. Vail, DVM, DACVIM (Oncology), Professor of Oncology, Director of Clinical | <urn:uuid:98271d63-1ff9-439c-ad68-a35bf14d52f5> | {
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Like other insects, the ladybug has an exoskeleton made of a protein like the one that forms our hair and fingernails. Its body has three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. Each of the three body parts has a different function.
The head houses the ladybug’s mouthparts, compound eyes, and antennae. The thorax has three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. The first pair of wings is the hardened elytra that protect the flight wings underneath. When the ladybug takes flight, the elytra open, and the thin, veined wings unfold. The abdomen contains organs for digestion, respiration, and reproduction. Adult ladybugs breathe air, but the air enters the body through openings, called spiracles, found on the sides of the abdomen and thorax. | <urn:uuid:6b7076a0-69f2-4b2e-8efa-254fad5ab238> | {
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Submitted to: Irrigation Science
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 10/23/2001
Publication Date: N/A
Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary: Demand is increasing for the nation's water supply. Agriculture, as the major water user in the west, must use irrigation water efficiently. Peaches, because they are green and growing from early spring until late fall, use a lot of water. We can predict the amount of water a crop needs from weather information. Crop coefficients convert this weather information to predicted water needs of the crop. In this study, we measured actual peach water use over several seasons in large (2 m x 4 m x 2 m deep)) weighing lysimeters (like large flower pots on scales) and compared this with the weather data, to determine the crop coefficient for peaches. By using these peach crop coefficients and weather information, farmers can precisely apply water to meet the tree's needs, and thus avoid over-irrigation.
Technical Abstract: A four year experiment was conducted using a large weighing lysimeter to determine the crop coefficient and crop water use of a late season peach cultivar irrigated with a surface drip system. Two trees were planted in a 2m by 4m by 2m deep weighing lysimeter that was surface irrigated with 2 L/hr in-line drip emitters. Irrigation was applied in 12 mm applications after a 12 mm water loss threshold was exceeded as measured by the lysimeter. The crop coefficient (Kc) was calculated using the measured water losses and grass reference evapotranspiration calculated using the CIMIS Penman equation. The Kc was plotted against the day of the year and linear, quadratic, and cubic regressions were fit to the data. A three segment linear and the cubic equation had the best fit to the data. The maximum Kc determined for the linear fit in this experiment was 1.06 compared to a maximum of 0.92 recommended for use in California and 0.98 calculated using the FAO method. Average water use for the 4 years of the experiment was 1034 mm. Midday canopy light interception was well correlated to the crop coefficient. | <urn:uuid:3aa9fadb-1447-48ab-9a64-4e1c5ef00583> | {
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General von Steuben
General von Steuben
Baron von Steuben was born on September 17, 1730 in the fortress town of Magdeburg in Prussia. He was baptized with the name of Frederick William Ludolf Gerhard Augustin. Steuben’s direct descent of the male line is as follows:
As can be seen from a study of his male ancestry, even though both von Steuben’s grandfather and father were of noble descent, his claim of nobility was legally rather dubious. However, it was America’s gain that the Baron or his father did little to end the falsehood started by Augustine Steube. Without this fictitious background, von Steuben would have been unable to gain the training as an officer in the Prussian service which later would become so valuable in the role he would play in American history.
Following in his father’s footsteps, the Baron joined the Prussian Army in 1747, when he was seventeen years old. In May 1756, the Seven Years War began in Europe, and Prussia and Britain were pitted against France, Austria and Russia. At this time, von Steuben was a second lieutenant. He was wounded at the Battle of Prague, where the Prussian army was victorious, despite being outnumbered 2 to 1. In 1758 he served as General Johann von Mayer’s adjutant and principle staff officer in a special detached corps. Von Steuben was promoted to first lieutenant in 1759, and he was again wounded at the Battle of Kunersdorf during the summer of that year. On June 26, 1761, he was transferred to general headquarters, where he served as a staff officer in the position of a deputy quartermaster. Later in 1761, he was taken prisoner when Major General von Knoblock surrendered at Treptow on the Russian front. In 1762 he was released, promoted to captain, and he eventually became an aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great. Then he joined the King’s personal class on the art of war, where young officers were trained in the complicated art of leadership. But shortly, following the peace treaty, he was discharged from the Prussian army on April 29, 1763.
By 1763, however, von Steuben had gained all of his military experience which was to be so valuable in his service to the American cause. He had learned the methods of war in what many considered to be the greatest and most advanced army in the world at the time. He had also received training with a special detached corps and as a general staff officer when the two concepts were virtually unknown to the rest of the world. This prepared von Steuben for his work with the American army, where it became his task to bring uniformity and order to the drills and maneuvers of the Continental Army.
The road to America began in 1763, when von Steuben met Louis de Saint Germain in Hamburg. Saint Germain later became the French Minister of War during the American Revolution. This casual acquaintance was renewed in France while von Steuben was serving as Grand Marshall to the Prince of Hollenzollern-Hechingen. He held this post from 1764-1777. As Grand Marshall, the von Steuben served as the administrative director for the Prince and his court. During this period, he received the Star of the Order of Fidelity on May 26, 1769, from the Duchess of Wurttemburg (niece of Frederick the Great), whom von Steuben had greatly impressed personally. Soon after, in 1771, he received the title of Baron, seemingly from the Prince of Hollenzollern-Hechingen.
From 1775 on, Baron von Steuben began looking for work in some kind of military capacity. He inquired about serving in the British, French, and Austrian armies, but no positions materialized. In 1777, he traveled to France, where he heard talk of glories and riches to be won in a revolution across the Atlantic Ocean. Through St. Germain, von Steuben was introduced to the American ambassadors to France, Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin. These two, however, were unable to promise von Steuben a rank or pay in the American army. The Continental Congress had grown tired of foreign mercenaries coming to America and demanding a high rank and pay, based on promises made to them by the American ambassadors. These men would be promoted in rank over deserving American officers, causing discontent in the army. As a result, Congress ordered the ambassadors to stop this practice. Von Steuben would have to go to America strictly as a volunteer, and present himself to Congress. Steuben left these first meetings in disgust and returned to Prussia.
However, upon his return to Prussia, he was unable to find suitable employment. He therefore returned to France and prepared to set out for America, strictly as a volunteer without promise of pay or rank. Only his passage to America was paid by the French government. On September 26, 1777, Baron von Steuben, his Italian greyhound, Azor (which he took with him everywhere), Louis de Pontiere, his aide de camp, and Pierre Ettionne Duponceau, his military secretary, embarked for America to serve in the revolution. They arrived in Portsmouth on December 1, 1777, where they were almost arrested for being British because the Baron had mistakenly outfitted them in red uniforms. Von Steuben and his party then traveled overland, through Boston to York, Pennsylvania, arriving there on February 5, 1778.
When the Baron met with Congress, he presented them with a letter of introduction from Benjamin Franklin. The letter introduced him as “His Excellency, Lieutenant General von Steuben, Apostle of Frederick the Great.” Actually, von Steuben had only been a captain. Through the translation of Steuben’s position in the Prussian army, he was made a higher ranking officer in the American army’s translation. Steuben’s title while in the Prussian army as a staff officer was Deputy to the Quartermaster General. In French, it was “Lieutenant General Quarters Maitre,” so Franklin wrote “Lieutenant General” in his letter of introduction, which gave the impression that von Steuben held this specific rank in the Prussian army.
Arrangements were made for von Steuben to be paid following the successful completion of the war according to his contributions. Congress told the Baron to report to General Washington at Valley Forge. He arrived at the camp on February 23, 1778. One soldier’s first impression of the Baron was “of the ancient fabled God of War … he seemed to me a perfect personification of Mars. The trappings of his horse, the enormous holsters of his pistols, his large size, and his strikingly martial aspect, all seemed to favor the idea.”
Von Steuben made a favorable enough impression upon Washington to be appointed temporary Inspector General. He went out into the camp to talk with the officers and men, inspect their huts, and scrutinize their equipment. What he found was an army short of everything, except spirit. He was quoted as saying “no European army could have held together in such circumstances.” Thus von Steuben set to work.
His first step was to write the drills for the army. At this time, each state used different drills and maneuvers, patterned upon various European methods. As Inspector General, von Steuben’s task was to create one standard method, thus coordinating the entire Continental Army. As he could not speak or write English, von Steuben originally wrote the drills in French, the military language of Europe at the time. His secretary, Duponceau, then translated the drills from French into English, while John Laurens and Alexander Hamilton (both Washington’s aide-de-camps) rewrote them into military language. They were then given to the brigade inspectors, who made copies of the next lesson in the orderly book for each respective brigade and regiment. Copies were then taken from the orderly book to each company, and from here to each officer. The Baron used the Commander-in-Chief’s Guard and men from each state (about 120 men total) as a model company to demonstrate each new lesson. Von Steuben would then write the new drills at night, staying only several days ahead of the whole army. He tried to fit his drills to the men he was teaching in the quickest possible time, by making them as simple as possible. In this way, uniform maneuvers and discipline was given to the army in a very rapid and orderly fashion.
Up to this time, the American officers had accepted the British practice of letting the sergeants drill the men, as it was thought to be ungentlemanly for officers to do so. Von Steuben set a precedent by working with the troops personally. The American officers felt threatened by this practice, as well as by the seemingly unlimited powers of Steuben’s office. Consequently, on June 15, 1778, Washington issued orders to govern the Inspector General’s office until Congress took further steps. The Baron’s willingness and ability to work with the men, as well as his use of profanity (in several different languages), made him popular among the soldiers.
On May 6, 1778, the Continental Army showed off its newly acquired skills when they celebrated the news of the French Alliance. Many of the soldiers, officers, and civilians noticed the marked improvement and increased professionalism demonstrated by the American troops. The same day, von Steuben was handed his commission from the Continental Congress, as Inspector General, with the rank of Major General. Shortly after the army left Valley Forge, they fought a battle at Monmouth Courthouse, in New Jersey. The battle was essentially a draw, but the Continental Army fought the British to a standstill.
In the winter of 1778-1779, General von Steuben went to Philadelphia to write his book of regulations. Lieutenant Colonel Francois de Fleury, a French volunteer serving in the Continental Army, assisted in writing the original French text. Duponceau and Captain Benjamin Walker translated it into English. It was illustrated by Captain Pierre Charles L’Enfant (the same man who drew the plans for Washington D.C.). The “Regulation for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States” was approved by Congress in March, 1779. It became known as the “Blue Book,” and it was used by the United States Army until 1814.
General von Steuben rejoined the Continental Army on April 27, 1779, and he served throughout the remainder of the war. He was instructor and supply officer for General Nathanael Greene’s southern army, which fought the key battles that led to the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781. Von Steuben commanded of one of the three divisions in the Continental Army at Yorktown. In 1783, he helped demobilize the army, and resigned in 1784.
Throughout the war, von Steuben had continually asked Congress for more money for his expenses. After the war, he continued petitioning for compensation for his services. Congress did pay a portion of the amount von Steuben expected, but not all. New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia granted him land, of which he sold portions, but these payments never quite offset his living expenses. Consequently, he was forced to retire from New York City to his land holdings in order to live out the remainder of his life. Von Steuben never married, and he died on his 16,000 acre farm tract in the Mohawk Valley of New York, on November 28, 1794.
Although he never received the financial rewards he expected, von Steuben will never be forgotten in the annals of American history. His administrative brilliance in organizing, training, and preparing the Continental Army for battle will ensure his legacy in the cause of American independence. | <urn:uuid:b1a50372-0942-4514-97dc-f0b470b2d87c> | {
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Invented Spelling --- Another Alice-in-Wonderland Public-School Theory
By Joel Turtel
As part of the whole-language (or "balanced") reading-instruction philosophy, many public schools now teach what they call “invented” or “creative” spelling. Under this theory of spelling, teachers believe that forcing a child to spell a word correctly thwarts the child's "creativity." So in classrooms across America, many public-school teachers now encourage children to spell words any way they like.
Also, many school officials now believe it is not important to teach correct spelling because, so the theory goes, a child will “eventually” learn to spell correctly. Unfortunately, millions of children who start out as poor spellers, stay that way. How, in our Alice-in-Wonderland public-school classrooms, will a child learn to spell correctly if public schools think that correct spelling is meaningless?
Charles J. Sykes, author of "Dumbing Down Our Kids," provides the following real-life examples of invented spelling in our public schools:
“Joan W. and Beverly J. [last names omitted for privacy] are not experts. They just didn’t understand why their children weren’t learning to write, spell, or read very well. They didn’t understand why their children kept coming home with sloppy papers filled with spelling mistakes and bad grammar and why teachers never corrected them or demanded better work. Mrs. W. couldn’t fathom why her child’s teacher would write a “Wow!” and award a check-plus (for above average work) to a paper that read:
“I’m goin to has majik skates. Im goin to go to disenalen. Im goin to bin my mom and dad and brusr and sisd. We r go to se mickey mouse.”
"On another assignment where the children were told to write about why, where, and how they would run away from home without their parents knowing about it, here’s what one child wrote: “I would run awar because by mom and Dad don’t love me. I would run away with my brother to the musan in mlewsky. We will use are packpacks and put all are close in it. We will take a lot of mony with us so we can go on the bus to the musam. We will stay there for a tlong timne so my mom and dad know they did not love us.”
Not only is this child’s spelling atrocious and the teacher’s “Wow” grade damaging to the child, but the lesson itself is insidious. Should teachers be giving writing assignments to children about how and why they should run away from home?
Spelling affects people’s lives. A person who doesn’t spell words correctly can’t communicate effectively with employees, supervisors, customers, patients, clients, business associates, contractors, or parents. He or she can’t be sure of the exact meaning of misspelled words in a contract, mortgage, medical consent form, or other crucial documents or instructions.
Invented spelling also makes a bad impression on employers and college admissions officers. Yet many public schools no longer think spelling is important enough to spend time on during the school day.
Parents, invented spelling is yet another reason why you should seriously consider taking your children out of public school and looking for better education alternatives elsewhere. The Resources section in "Public Schools, Public Menace" describes many low-cost, quality education alternatives you can take advantage of right now. | <urn:uuid:92e63f79-0e2c-433b-9764-5999d287b749> | {
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These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'shoulder girdle.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
: the bony or cartilaginous arch supporting the forelimbs of a vertebrate that corresponds to the pelvic girdle of the hind limbs but is usually not attached to the spinal column and that consists in lower forms of a single cartilage on each side which in higher forms becomes ossified, divided into the scapula above and the precoracoid and coracoid below, and complicated by the addition or substitution of one or more membrane bones and which in humans is highly modified with the scapula alone of the original elements well developed, the coracoid being represented only by the coracoid process of the scapula, and the precoracoid being replaced by the clavicle that connects the scapula with the sternum and is the only bony connection of the arm bones with the rest of the skeleton
—called alsopectoral girdle
Comments on shoulder girdle
What made you want to look up shoulder girdle? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:d14a5576-dedf-4b2e-92c4-177b17e3b0fa> | {
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LAWRENCE — Diversity has long been a hot term on university campuses. But ask different people what diversity means, and answers will vary. A recent study by a University of Kansas professor finds that diversity is viewed with a broad, all-encompassing definition in higher education but that race and ethnicity still are the key components.
In the wake of student protests and activism regarding students of color and minorities feeling unwelcome, universities have intensified their efforts to address topics of diversity. Yet varying definitions of what diversity is and how to achieve it make progress much more difficult, says Eugene T. Parker III, assistant professor of educational leadership & policy studies. Parker, who recently authored the study and presented it at the Association for Study of Higher Education conference, has also recently presented findings on students’ interactions with faculty and how they influence their perceptions of campus climate.
Diversity can include race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation, geographical representation, religion, political beliefs and more, Parker found. However, the study showed race and gender are always near the top of concerns for those working in the field.
“I’ve asserted we don’t have a standard definition of diversity. I want to find out more about how colleges and universities view it and see if we can come up with a way to define it,” Parker said. “We can’t make progress on being an equal campus if we don’t have a standard definition of diversity and can’t move forward if everyone is on a different page.”
Parker previously conducted research into how chief diversity offices are formed, what they are charged with, how they evolve and how they view their roles. In that study, he interviewed chief diversity officers at two research universities and gathered input from a number of administrators about their conceptions of diversity. Respondents almost uniformly said they view diversity as all-encompassing. Parker found they also tend to muddle terms such as diversity, equity, equality and justice, using them almost interchangeably. Diversity statements within departments at the schools also varied widely, leading to no single expression of what diversity is, how the institutions plan to achieve it or where deficiencies may lie.
However, even with such wide-ranging views of diversity, respondents also said their main focuses still are on race and ethnicity. Ensuring equal or increased representation from different races and ethnic backgrounds is an honorable goal but does not look at the entire issue, he said.
“They’re concerned about representation and getting students here to the campus,” Parker said. “Universities are different now than they were 20 and 40 years ago. Once they’re here, if the climate is not welcoming, that’s a problem and diversity is still an issue.”
Campus climate and student experiences were the focus of another study co-authored with Teniell Trolian of the University at Albany, State University of New York. The study examined data from the Student Experience in Research University Survey to assess the in-classroom experience and students’ perceptions of the climate for diversity. The survey is given annually to students at 23 participating research universities and addressed six items regarding campus climate:
- Extent to which they felt free to express political beliefs on campus
- If they felt free to express religious beliefs on campus
- If they felt members of their race/ethnicity were respected on campus
- If students felt members of their socioeconomic status are respected on campus
- If members of their gender are respected on campus
- If students felt members of their sexual orientation are respected.
The survey also measured whether students had certain types of interactions with faculty, such as if they participated in research with a faculty member, took part in creative work with a faculty member, how frequently they communicated with faculty, how frequently they talked with faculty outside of class about course topics, how satisfied they were with advising and if they were comfortable enough to ask for a letter of recommendation.
The data showed positive relationships between several types of experience and perceptions of campus climate, including frequently communicating via email or in person, experiencing fair and equitable treatment, having faculty who provided prompt and useful feedback and being satisfied with access to faculty members outside of campus. Several factors had negative associations with perceptions, and several of the positive outcomes were modest. That indicates that while certain experiences are certainly helpful in influencing perception of campus climate, no type of experience is a “magic bullet” that will automatically make students feel welcome and that further research into such experiences is needed, Parker said.
Parker is conducting research now addressing other types of interactions with faculty, how students perceive experiences with diverse peers, attitudes toward diversity and if they feel accepted based on their similarities and differences. The overarching goal is to present more information on student experiences and to build a framework for how higher education professionals can view diversity in more defined terms while helping ensure students are respected and feel welcome.
“I’m interested in looking at the heated types of discussion in class. The debates on course topics and what effects they have on how students view their campus climate and experience,” Parker said. “We know diversity experiences go beyond having a social event or having experiences with faculty sometimes. It’s about the quality of the interaction and how we view them. We need to think about the types and qualities of these interactions and for whom are these experiences beneficial.” | <urn:uuid:7c050bd7-f233-4cf8-9d50-b082dffb38d8> | {
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As the tropical wave that would become the deadly storm Harvey formed off the coast of Africa two weeks ago, President Trump was killing a 2015 Obama rule requiring the builders of roads, bridges, and other infrastructure to factor sea level rise and other climate effects into their designs. For good measure, he also eliminated the climate advisory panel that proposed it.
Some projects may get built faster or cheaper thanks to Trump’s decision. But they’re also more likely to end up underwater, washed out, or damaged. Then, of course, they’ll have to be rebuilt at taxpayer expense.
We’ve been here before. Three years prior to Hurricane Katrina, I worked on a newspaper series documenting the weaknesses in the New Orleans levee system, and warning of the city’s growing vulnerability. When the storm hit, I covered the levee’s collapse, then coauthored a book exploring the technical and political failures that contributed to the disaster.
After Katrina, the federal government spent more than $14 billion rebuilding the New Orleans hurricane levees and pumps, and helped set up a fund to rebuild Louisiana’s sinking, eroding coastal marshes. It’s not perfect, but it makes the city somewhat less a sitting duck for total obliteration. Louisiana’s political class, whether they were climate change believers or skeptics, eagerly accepted billions of federal dollars to strengthen the city’s protections against future extreme weather events.
Katrina’s lesson — that we should invest to protect people from a predictable catastrophe — is useful, of course. But another disaster truism also applies: We always end up preparing for the last calamity, not the next one. Katrina turned out to be merely a curtain raiser on a new era of extraordinary storms, including Superstorm Sandy, last year’s Louisiana deluge, and now Harvey. The precise role of climate change within any of these events is extremely hard to single out; the interactions of weather and climate are fantastically complex. But scientists say the overall pattern is reasonably well-established. Climate change has heated up the ocean and the air, pumping more moisture into storm systems and fueling larger rainfall events. Ongoing sea level rise is leading to more flooding from storm surges.
These risks are rising each year, so what was once a “500-year” storm is now much more common than it once was. In this sense, Katrina was the proverbial canary in a coal mine: People thought the vulnerabilities of New Orleans were unique, but the city's predicament has become a harbinger of rising coastal exposure everywhere. And even now, sea level rise is putting all those costly Louisiana fixes in doubt.
The complexities are daunting. How do you protect people and property from such an evolving and ever-worsening threat? When it comes time to rebuild after Harvey, there is no single fix. Communities, states, Congress, and federal agencies will have to decide how — or whether — to resettle certain floodplains, raise roads, and fortify water supplies and petrochemical facilities. They should reconsider the basic rules that have guided urban development for decades.
There are limits to what any president, or government, can do to harden the country against disasters. If a storm is going to dump several feet of rain and/or pack 100-plus mph winds, it is going to do a lot of damage. Moreover, America is a huge and diverse landscape. Most of the decisions involving disaster mitigation and management — development strategies, the design of drainage systems, building codes, evacuation planning — are made at the local or regional level. Thus Houston’s free-for-all approach to zoning appears to have contributed to Harvey’s flooding.
But America is a single country, and climate change a global problem. The US needs national leadership on these issues, in part because disasters are growing in scale and intensity beyond what any municipality can reasonably ponder. Without some federal guidance and strategic support between disasters — not just immediately afterward — cities and localities will be increasingly left to fend for themselves. This will make an already randomly dangerous landscape even more so, and increase the large inequities embedded in it.
The number of billion-dollar weather and climate disasters has been rising steadily: In the early 1980s, there were only two or three each year; now there are typically more than ten. From 2005 through 2014, the federal government spent a total of $277 billion on disaster outlays, according to the Government Accountability Office. These numbers expose the expanding gap between federal assistance and the scale of damage: during the same period, US disaster losses totaled $590 billion, according to the National Centers for Environmental Information. Insurance covers some of that, but the Federal Flood Insurance Program is a mess — incentivizing the costly settlement of dangerous areas — and has resisted attempts at reform.
The best single thing a president can do, of course, is work to slow global warming itself. Instead, by pulling out of the Paris climate accord, the Trump administration has signaled that US efforts to cut carbon emissions will slow. More money should go into climate research, disaster mitigation, and preparation. Instead, the proposed Trump budget slashes funding to FEMA, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the National Weather Service.
There are other benefits of presidential and national leadership that are harder to measure, but actually even more important. Only a president can, with sustained attention, push the nation to confront a challenge. Sometimes this works, often it doesn’t — with disasters, the public’s attention span is notoriously short. But if a president denies the existence of a particular problem (as when Trump told the mayor of a Virginia island worried about sea level rise not to sweat it), it’s a huge lost opportunity.
But more importantly, the federal government has vast resources. It has teams of scientists and other experts devoted to climate and natural hazards — many of whom are now being marginalized or simply ignored. We should be using these resources to buttress disaster control efforts around the country, and to knit them together. It’s hard to imagine what’s coming. But we should start trying. | <urn:uuid:c8fb3a8d-30b2-436e-b200-4453444fb2fd> | {
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MADRID, Spain — Here is the text of an address given Nov. 24 by Archbishop Diarmuid Martin, head of a Holy See delegation at a conference on education relative to religious liberty. The conference ran Nov. 23–25.
RELIGION PLAYS A CENTRAL
ROLE IN THE LIVES OF MILLIONS
The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on Religion or Belief notes that “religion or belief, for anyone who professes either, is one of the fundamental elements in his conception of life” (Preamble). The recent Durban World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance recalled how “religion, spirituality and belief play a central role in the lives of millions of women and men, and in the way they live and treat other persons.”
This “International Consultative Conference on School Education in relation to Freedom of Religion or Belief, Tolerance and Non-Discrimination” comes at an opportune time. In an increasingly interdependent world, we feel the need urgently to rediscover the roots of what humankind has in common. Religious education is a powerful instrument to help believers intensify their efforts towards the realization of the unity of the one human family.
School education is a key factor in fostering understanding and tolerance among religious communities. It must likewise be a key factor, in often increasingly pluralist or secularised societies, in fostering tolerance among all for religious expression and in ensuring religious freedom for all.
EVERY RELIGION CAN BE
A FERTILE GROUND
FOR PROMOTING HUMAN RIGHTS
The question of religious freedom was the object of a special Declaration of the Second Vatican Council. On the specific question of education — in language which is mirrored in both the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and in the Declaration on the Elimination of All Form of Intolerance and Discrimination based on Religion or Belief — the Vatican Council's Declaration stresses that parents “have the right to decide in accordance with their own religious beliefs the form of religious education which is to be given to their children,” and it adds, “parents should not be subjected directly or indirectly to unjust burdens because of this freedom of choice.” Governments have the obligation to ensure that parents can attain full realization of these fundamental rights.
Religious freedom constitutes a fundamental human right and can certainly be considered one of the cornerstones of the edifice of human rights, because it touches such an intimate sphere of human existence and personal identity, the relationship between the person and the Transcendent.
Every religion, just as every culture, is capable of fully fostering all human rights and indeed of providing the fertile ground in which respect for human rights and the respect for the dignity of all can take root. It is possible — as can be seen, for example, in the practice of so many Catholic school systems, which now reach over 200,000 — for each religious tradition to educate its young members fully in the tenets of its own belief and at the same time create within them a spirit of openness to and respect for the religious traditions of others. Educational institutions established by a particular religious tradition can be open to and fully respectful of the rights of children of different religious traditions who attend them. This conference could profitably initiate a process of sharing best practices in this regard.
RELIGIOUS VALUES CONTRIBUTE
TO THE ORGANIZATION
AND INSPIRATION OF SOCIETY
The declaration of the Second Vatican Council notes that religious freedom also includes “the right of religious groups not to be prevented from freely demonstrating the special value of their teachings for the organization of society and the inspiration of human activity in general.” Religious discourse, if presented within the framework of democratic debate, has the right to full citizenship in every society.
To deny respect for such discourse would be to impose a limit on people to express their most deep-felt sentiments. Unfortunately, all too often, religion is superficially presented in contemporary society only in the context of division and intolerance, rather than its capacity to foster respect and unity.
Obviously, religious freedom must be exercised in such a way that it fully respects the views and the religious traditions of others. Curricula for school-based religious education — in both religious and public educational institutions — should include programs that foster a more accurate and a more sensitive knowledge and understanding of a broad range of religious traditions. Education to sensitive respect for the religious values of others belongs to the education of believers and non-believers alike. Much unhealthy and negative stereotyping of religious traditions springs from a lack of knowledge or from the lack of an open and sympathetic understanding of the tenets of another's religious traditions.
Stringent efforts should be made by religious communities and their leaders to prevent religious factors from being used to exacerbate already existing historical, ethnic, social or political divisions.
Fundamental religious values should rather be directed towards rejecting violence as a means of resolving disputes.
Similarly, religious leaders should be attentive to reject false interpretations of religious tenets that offend human dignity or the unity of the human family. Religious-based school systems should ensure especially that girls have full access to education.
A FUTURE OF DIALOGUE, UNDERSTANDING AND RESPECT
Where mutual respect develops among religious groups, it becomes possible for all to work more effectively for the common good, without anyone renouncing his or her deep-felt convictions. It becomes possible to address tensions that may have arisen in the past.
It becomes possible to re-read history together, in order to reach a better understanding of the hurts that individual religious communities may have caused or have suffered.
This is a theme that has been particularly developed by Pope John Paul II, for example, at a special ceremony of repentance that was held during the Jubilee Year of 2000 or during his visit to significant centers of worship of other confessions and religions.
Honestly addressing the tensions of the past generates a strong force for the construction of a different future and for the beginnings of a process of reconciliation and healing.
The formation of future teachers should pay special attention to their ability to sensitively address divisive historical issues. Where necessary, school textbooks and curricula should be revised to remove harmful or unbalanced presentations of other religious traditions and historical events.
The task of fostering inter-religious dialogue belongs in the first place to religious leaders themselves.
Such dialogue should be extended to include the widest possible sector of each religious community, with special attention being given to young persons. All educational establishments can and should be open to such respectful dialogue, which respects the specific values of the religious traditions of each individual and opens out to the values of others.
It is to be hoped that this International Consultative Conference will be an important impetus worldwide to such a process of dialogue, understanding and respect. | <urn:uuid:46eade0a-1454-4796-b76e-e10753cd63b5> | {
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Honey Bees are beneficial insects that sometimes cause problems. They pose a danger to people and property if they nest near or in the places where we live and work.
Honey Bees live in colonies consisting of a single queen bee and thousands of worker bees plus a few hundred males. There can be anywhere from 10,000 to well over 60,000 bees in a colony.
Budget Bee Control is a licensed pest control company that deals only in bees and wasps. Bees provide much needed pollination for agricultural crops and honey for consumers, it is a crime in the state of Texas to kill bees in the wild.
However if bees are nesting inside a wall or tree on your property they are considered a pest and currently the pest control board wants them to be exterminated. | <urn:uuid:8dd1eea2-02d4-4277-9044-c8b91f24088c> | {
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Postcard10: The Cone Nebula
Resembling a nightmarish beast rearing its head from a crimson sea, the Cone Nebula is actually just a pillar of gas and dust. Radiation from hot, young stars (located beyond the top of the image) has slowly eroded the nebula over millions of years. Read more about the image here.
This postcard is not available for sale.Credit: | <urn:uuid:72a57bbd-ae49-43b0-a37c-136f76abfbec> | {
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HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin spent between June 1834 and July 1835 in Chile, or Chili as Darwin called it in his notebooks and diary of the time. His first impressions are very favourable: "The woods are incomparably more beautiful than those of Tierra del Fuego...excepting in Brazil I have never seen such an abundance of elegant forms."
Darwin made two of his great overland expeditions in Chile, first crossing the Andes then making a long trek north from Valparaiso to Copiapo. And on 3 March 1835 Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary records: "We felt, on board, a very smart shock of an earthquake: some compared the motion to that of a cable running out, & others to the ship touching on a Mud bank. — Capt. FitzRoy heard when on Mocha that the Sealers had experienced a succession of shocks during the last fortnight." His account of the earthquake and its aftermath is superb.
Chile made a huge impression on Darwin, so it is good to welcome the Fundacion Ciencia y Evolucion. Their website explains far better than we could Why Darwin and Why in Chile, so pop over and have a look. We look forward to welcoming them aboard. | <urn:uuid:7081af15-b87c-4bf5-b959-52fe3a283214> | {
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Nexium is the brand name for esomeprazole, an over-the-counter and prescription medicine that reduces acidity in the stomach. Nexium is part of a group of medications called proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs).
These medicines block the release of acid from cells lining the stomach. PPIs are very effective stomach acid reducers and are used to treat acid-related conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
But Nexium may reduce the absorption of certain nutrients whose absorption is aided by stomach acid. These nutrients include iron, vitamin B12 and calcium. Nexium may also interfere with magnesium absorption through mechanisms unrelated to its acid reducing effects. Overall, the effects of PPIs on nutrient absorption are probably small in most people.
Iron is primarily absorbed in the first part of the small intestine. Up to one-third of iron in the diet is in the form of heme iron, which is not affected by stomach acidity. The rest of dietary iron is non-heme iron, which is influenced by acidity. Stomach acid converts non-heme iron to a form that is more easily absorbed. By decreasing stomach acidity, Nexium and other PPIs may reduce the absorption of iron.
A few small studies have reported reduced iron levels in people taking PPIs, although the decrease was usually small. A larger study involving 200 adults, published in “Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences” in March 2018, produced similar results. Iron levels fell slightly, from an average of 17.6 micromole/liter before the study to 16.9 micromole/liter after 1 year of PPI use.
Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the last part of the small intestine. It is attached to proteins in food, and acid in the stomach is necessary to activate pepsin, an enzyme that releases vitamin B12 from these proteins.
A very large study of more than 200,000 people published in “JAMA” in December 2013 reported that people taking a PPI for at least 2 years had a 65 percent higher likelihood of low vitamin B12 levels than people who did not take any PPIs. Other, but not all, studies have also found reduced vitamin B12 levels in people taking PPIs, especially when used for a prolonged time.
Calcium is absorbed throughout the small intestine. Stomach acid aids absorption by helping separate calcium from ingested food and helping dissolve some forms of calcium. PPIs may interfere with these processes. But the overall importance of gastric acidity in calcium absorption is unclear. Likewise, the effects of PPIs on calcium absorption are controversial.
Some studies reported that PPIs reduce calcium absorption, but other studies reported that they don't. A study published in the December 2010 issue of “Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,” for example, found that PPI therapy did not affect calcium absorption at all. On the other hand, a study published in the July 2005 issue of "The American Journal of Medicine" reported that PPI treatment for as little as 1 week reduced calcium absorption.
Magnesium is absorbed throughout the small and large intestines and is generally not affected by stomach acid. Nevertheless, absorption of magnesium may be reduced with PPIs by various other mechanisms.
A study published in “Renal Failure” in June 2015 combined the results of several previous studies. It concluded that people taking PPIs were 43 percent more likely to have low magnesium levels than people not taking PPIs.
In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning about the possibility of low magnesium, and indicated that periodic checking of blood magnesium levels should be considered when PPIs are taken for a prolonged time.
Warnings and Precautions
Before taking Nexium, see your doctor to determine the cause of your symptoms. Heartburn or other symptoms that may seem to be caused by GERD may actually be due to other conditions, such as heart disease or cancer.
If your doctor recommends Nexium, she may suggest dietary changes to counteract the possibility of reduced nutrient absorption. Your doctor may also recommend intermittent blood tests, such as iron, vitamin B12, calcium or magnesium levels, especially if you take Nexium for several months or longer.
Reviewed and revised by Mary D. Daley, M.D. | <urn:uuid:8c02b1ee-d9f4-42a7-ac29-bc9fde433971> | {
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AES itself has three variants: AES-128, AES-192 and AES-256. Internally, the algorithms have very similar constructions. The number is the length of the key (in bits), i.e. the length of the prearranged secret (AES is a shared-secret cipher). A higher number means not only a longer key, but also more work done with the key and the input to produce the output.
Each of these three algorithms specifies two functions
decrypt; both functions take as input one n-bit value (n = 128, 192 or 256) called the key and one 128-bit value called the input block, and produce as output one 128-bit value called the output block. The input block to
encrypt is called the plaintext and the output block is called the ciphertext; for
decrypt, the roles are reversed.
encrypt(key, plaintext) = ciphertext
decrypt(key, ciphertext) = plaintext
AES is a block cipher. It only specifies how to encrypt or decrypt a 128-bit block. If your data is shorter or longer than that, you need something more sophisticated: you need to have a
mode of operation, often called chaining mode because it specifies how to process one block after the other. The choice of chaining mode is largely independent of the choice of block processing algorithm.
Some chaining modes only require the key and the input. For example, ECB, the simplest mode of all, only says to cut the input into blocks of the appropriate size, apply the encryption/decryption algorithm, and paste the output blocks together. This mode has many flaws (for example, you can spot repetitions in the input if they are aligned with a block boundary; you can tell whether two encrypted messages are the same because they then have the same ciphertext).
Many chaining modes require an additional piece of input, typically one block in size. It is usually mixed with the first input block in some way, and called an initialization vector (often abbreviated IV). The IV is usually chosen randomly; this is a requirement for some modes, while for others it is enough never to choose the same IV twice for the same key (which a random draw ensures). The IV serves (at least) to make two encryptions of the same plaintext with the same key distinct. A popular mode using a random IV is CBC. Another popular mode is CTR (counter); its IV is more properly called a nonce, because it does not have to be random, only non-repeated.
Breaking up the input into blocks only works when it is a multiple of the block size. Otherwise, the usual process is to split off as many blocks as possible at the beginning and apply a padding scheme to the last, partial block. Although padding tends to imply that some bits are added to make up a full block, padding securely isn't that simple: a partial block B with some padding P appended risks being confused with a full block that happens to be BP. Good padding schemes have to apply some padding to all messages, even the ones that happen to be an exact number of blocks. Some modes of operation impose a particular padding schemes, while others are padding-agnostic. Crypto libraries often require that the input to block cipher functions be only full blocks, leaving the task of padding to the caller.
There are modes that make something else than an encryption/decryption algorithm out of block ciphers. Modes such as CMAC make a message authentication code, i.e. a signature based on a shared secret. Modes such as GCM do both encryption and signature (the output of AES-n-GCM-encrypt(key, IV, tag, plaintext) is both a ciphertext and a MAC). | <urn:uuid:ec846329-a8ea-4946-bc63-0ec2adab91cd> | {
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The superb design, magnificent illustrations, and clearly presented information that distinguish all of David Macaulay's books is nowhere more evident than in this marvelous creation of the imaginary Roman city of Verbonia. Through his impressively detailed drawings and clear descriptive text, Macaulay shows how superbly the Romans built new and exciting, yet functional, cities for the people who were to inhabit them. Recommended for ages 9 and up.
Text and black and white illustrations show how the Romans planned and constructed their cities for the people who lived within them.
David Macaulay is an award-winning author and illustrator whose books have sold millions of copies in the United States alone, and his work has been translated into a dozen languages. Macaulay has garnered numerous awards including the Caldecott Medal and Honor Awards, the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award, the Christopher Award, an American Institute of Architects Medal, and the Washington Post–Children’s Book Guild Nonfiction Award. In 2006, he was the recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship, given “to encourage people of outstanding talent to pursue their own creative, intellectual, and professional inclinations.” Superb design, magnificent illustrations, and clearly presented information distinguish all of his books. David Macaulay lives with his family in Vermont.
"City charts the planning and building of an imaginary Roman city, 'Verbonia.' Macaulay focuses on the achievement of efficient and rational city planning. His brilliantly individualistic drawings capture the essential quality of the Roman character, the ability to organize." School Library Journal, Starred | <urn:uuid:2d3646e6-7646-4b80-a0a8-f7adfd351e1d> | {
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Keep Waterways Clear
When human-made or natural debris is allowed to accumulate, it can create a dam in a channel or fill needed storage areas. Although a properly maintained channel can carry runoff from most small storms, a blocked or dammed channel can cause more frequent overbank flooding, unexpected erosion, and sedimentation. Similarly, a lack of maintenance can result in detention or retention basins being filled with sediment or debris. If these basins are already full of sediment or debris, they cannot store water and flooding can result because the drainage system cannot do its job.
Things that you can do:
- Check your downspout—drain away from the house.
- Protect our natural resources and protect yourself from flooding due to drain blockage by cleaning out ditches and culverts around your home. Keeping ditches clean is a year-round activity, but especially after a storm.
- Remember only rain goes down the drain.
- Report culvert blockage or drainage issue for NCDOT roads.
Remember that no dumping is permitted in waterways.
North Carolina General Statute – No polluting, obstructing waterways.If any person, firm, or corporation shall fell any tree, or put any obstruction, except for the purposes of utilizing water as a motive power, in any branch, creek, stream, or other natural passage for water, whereby the natural flow of water through such passage is lessened or retarded, or whereby the navigation of such stream may be impeded, delayed, or prevented, the person, firm, or corporation so offending shall be guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor. In addition to any fine or imprisonment imposed, the court may, in its discretion, order the person, firm, or corporation so offending to remove the obstruction and restore the affected waterway to an undisturbed condition, or allow authorized employees of the enforcing agency to enter upon the property and accomplish the removal of the obstruction and the restoration of the waterway to an undisturbed condition, in which case the costs of the removal and restoration shall be paid to the enforcing agency by the offending party. Nothing in this section shall prevent the erection of fish dams or hedges across any stream which do not extend across more than two thirds of its width at the point of obstruction. If the fish dams or hedges extend more than two thirds of the width of any stream, the said penalties shall attach. This section may be enforced by marine fisheries inspectors and wildlife protectors. Within the bounds of any county or municipality, this section may also be enforced by any law enforcement officer having territorial jurisdiction, or by the county engineer. This section may also be enforced by specially commissioned forest law-enforcement officers of the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services for offenses occurring in woodlands. For purposes of this section, the term “woodlands” means all forested areas, including swamp and timber lands, cutover lands, and second-growth stands in previously cultivated sites. (1872-3, c. 107, ss. 1, 2; Code, s. 1123; Rev., s. 3559; C.S., s. 7377; 1975, c. 509; 1977, c. 771, s. 4; 1979, c. 493, s. 1; 1987, c. 641, s. 12; 1989, c. 727, s. 218(19); 1991, c. 152, s. 1; 1993, c. 539, s. 581; 1994, Ex. Sess., c. 24, s. 14(c); 1997-443, s. 11A.119(a); 2013-155, s. 3.)
- § 77-13. Obstructing streams a misdemeanor. | <urn:uuid:9a71dcbf-09aa-4f28-9656-d6b3698eca2f> | {
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Geologic Wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests
No. 3 in a Series
The iron industry played a vital role in the industrialization of the United States and in the development of the U.S. economy and society. Much of the early history of the iron industry took place in Virginia. The remains of 11 iron furnaces and nearby mines in the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests in Virginia and West Virginia are silent reminders of a time when iron mines and furnaces operated along a belt that extended through the Appalachian Mountains from New York State to Alabama.
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This page is <URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/silent/>
Maintained by: Publications Services
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Piezo fuel injectors may improve aircraft efficiency
Researchers at Bath University are developing technology for more efficient ‘lean burn’ aircraft engines that will have a lower environmental impact, thereby helping to meet emissions targets for the airline industry.
Part of the technology will use piezoelectric actuators to more precisely control fuel valves and overall engine performance.
The project will be undertaken by the centre for power transmission and motion control (PTMC) at Bath’s department of mechanical engineering, with industry assistance from Aero Engine Controls (AEC) — which itself is a joint venture between Rolls-Royce and Goodrich.
In June 2009 the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the trade group for airlines, set targets for its members to achieve an average improvement in fuel efficiency of 1.5 per cent annually from 2009 to 2020 and a reduction in CO2 emissions of 50 per cent by 2050, relative to 2005 levels. It also called for a cap on aviation CO2 emissions from 2020 (carbon-neutral growth).
Although more radical aircraft design and propulsion is being considered, in the medium term one way of achieving targets is to make current engines more efficient.
’We’re looking at new fuel-valve technology. Combustion within the aero engine doesn’t happen in a homogenous way throughout the whole engine; if you can control individual injectors you can control the combustion in a much more efficient way,’ said Prof Andrew Plummer, director of the PTMC at Bath.
One way to do this might be through piezoelectric drives, which contain special crystals or ceramics that expand upon the application of an electrical field. Compared with electro-hydraulic systems traditionally used in valves these promise to be more efficient and precise.
Delphi, a global supplier of electronics for the automotive sector, has been commercially producing ‘piezo injectors’ for diesel engines for around two years now, with a claimed reduction in emissions, greater torque and improved fuel economy.
However, piezoelectric drives for aircraft engines present a much more difficult undertaking.
’One of the issues is the conditions; these things are likely to be mounted very close to the combustion chambers, so the temperature and vibration environment is very challenging. In addition, being an aerospace application, in terms of the reliability requirements, you’ve got to be able to prove these things will fail only once in so many million hours,’ Plummer said.
With the IATA’s targets in mind, he hopes that commercialisation of the valve technology would be in place by 2020. | <urn:uuid:853949f8-da8b-4f02-ad6b-a0d23d064fff> | {
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Public Drainage Task Force Report
In July 1998, the Choptank River Tributary Team wrote the DNR Secretary raising a potential conflict between non-point nutrient and sediment controls that slow down water movement and the need for adequate land drainage through established public drainage systems. The letter recommended development of best management practices through interagency consultation between DNR, Departments of the Environment and Agriculture, the State Highway Administration, and local jurisdictions.
After endorsement by the Governor's Chesapeake Bay Cabinet, the Cabinet Chair convened the Public Drainage Task Force. The Task Force comprised a broad based group, including representatives of the agricultural, legally-established, Public Drainage Associations as well as local environmental groups to allow a greater exchange of information and ideas, greater buy-in of proposed solutions, and better consideration of issues beyond those associated with Public Drainage Association operations and maintenance. The Task Force was charged with creating a 'win-win' solution for the agricultural community and the environment of our Eastern Shore.
The report was completed in October 2000, endorsed by the Governor's Chesapeake Bay Workgroup, and forwarded to the Chesapeake Bay Cabinet for implementation. This entire effort exemplifies the important role the Tributary Teams are playing in identifying and bringing significant local and regional watershed issues to the attention of Maryland state agencies. Beyond the role the Choptank Tributary Team played in raising the original matter, representatives from all Eastern Shore Tributary Teams were active members of the Task Force. This commitment and participation is itself a "win-win" solution for Maryland.
Water: A Report to the Chesapeake Bay Cabinet
Public Drainage Task Force - October 2000
(3.14 MB PDF File)
For more information, contact:
How Big is the Bay?
The Chesapeake Bay is about 200 miles long. At the Bay Bridge near Annapolis, it is only 4 miles across, but it is 30 miles across at the widest point near the mouth of the Potomac River.
Chesapeake Bay Hotline
Call 1-877-224-7229to report any of the following
- Boating accident or reckless activity
- Fish kill or algal bloom
- Floating debris that poses a hazard to navigation
- Illegal fishing activity
- Public sewer leak or overflow
- Oil or hazardous material spill
- Critical area or wetlands violation
- Suspicious or unusual activity | <urn:uuid:b2060b67-7e67-40df-a4ac-9de05f287a0a> | {
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Bücher: »Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Compact students' abilities to think critically and communicate effectively through writing. Students can access new content that fosters an understanding of literary and critical analyses of the literary and cinematic works to foster critical thinking skill all readings, films, discussions and writing assignments are in German. to the language as possible and also to practice using it in oral communication. common app essay activity Kenton Walker from Albany was looking for write an article online. Josue Crawford thinking/writing fostering critical thinking through writing resume cover letter This page is for postdoctoral positions that begin in 2016. Last years page: Humanities and Social Sciences Postdocs 2014-15. To keep this page consistent and easy essays on junk food Thinking writing and critical thinking, reading the study guide introduces and writing skills and writing, thinking, phd thesis critical thinkers using instructor: the study. of our course description: reflecting deeply: fostering critical thinking.
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Religious Education's Contributions to a Reflective Society
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Volume 3 September 2009 The International Journal of Research and Review 20 © 2009 Time Taylor International ª ISSN 2094-1420 The Importance of Teaching Academic “It goes without saying that critical categories are as more or less fishy as Roland Barthes — auf einer finnischen, aber englischsprachigen Books and Writers page. Performative Mourning: Remembering Derrida Through (Re)reading — by . Ten ways of Thinking about Deconstruction — Willy Maley, Department of essays on achebes no longer at ease Critical Thinking von Sharon M Kaye und eine große Auswahl von ähnlichen neuen Written to address the broad range of disciplines, this book fosters a shared and persuasively And how do you see through sloppy thinking and flim-flam If
how to avoid the seven deadly sins of academic writing - KOPS
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In her determination to think through the darkness of the 20th century, Arendt . The book, however, grew and shifted ground as it was written, and in its final deliberately selective retrieval of the "no longer" fosters responsibility for the "not yet. the role of imagination in his critical philosophy, his equanimity in destroying The Ohio State University © 2016 The Ohio State University – Disability Services 150 Pomerene Hall, 1760 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Phone: 614-292-3307 | Fax roller coaster essay papers Resources > Library. Articles on Critical Thinking. Listed below are articles on this topic from the Campus Writing Program library. Short summaries and Regis College Core Studies Program is designed to help students understand and explore the Jesuit question, How ought we to live? do employers ask cover letter serve an emancipatory function, address democratic ideals, and foster classroom I hope to highlight the trend among contemporary American writers to bend, through reading and writing for critical thinking. Her current research focuses on Character Writing and the Stage in the Early Seventeenth Century. 195 The Comparability of Discourse Features: I think in Englishes Worldwide 337 . process of bringing to life the fictive worlds of their imagination in and through lan- guage. And as Iser had theorized so cogently, the links between critical discourse and. | <urn:uuid:17244510-e9ca-4611-be02-7cfb34904219> | {
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Developmental care tries to replicate the normal developmental environment, i.e. the inside of the womb, but also acknowledges your baby as a person with their own unique personality and behavioural cues. This is individualised developmental care. This care recognises that you, the parents, are the most important people in providing their baby’s care. Your knowledge of developmental care will promote the best parent-infant interactions, help your baby to grow and develop, and assist in the successful transition between hospital and home. The medical team is more than happy to support you gaining confidence in caring for your baby.
This section will explain just how important you are in your baby’s care and how you can get involved in it. Your participation will involve skin-to-skin contact, i.e. ‘comfort holding’ and ‘kangaroo care’, as well as understanding your baby’s behavioural cues. It’ll also give you more understanding of the NNU environment, such as noise, light, sleep, etc. | <urn:uuid:d183efe8-64c3-4314-8bab-cd8e5aeb8b35> | {
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“For decades, school children in Arizona have been taught the five C's: Copper, Cattle, Cotton, Citrus and Climate. That's what I studied when growing up in St. John's and that's what my children learned growing up in Tucson. “The five C's have been the driving force behind Arizona's economy. They have traditionally been what made our towns and communities grow. They provided jobs and opportunities. The five C's gave economic security to past generations and real hope to future generations. "All that, however, is changing. Arizona, like the rest of the country, is undergoing an economic transformation. Whole new industries are being created, while others die or struggle to survive. Business as usual is changing. Arizona is moving from a mining and agriculturally oriented economy, to a high-technology and service based economy. This is changing the patterns of where Arizonans live and work." -- Congressman Morris Udall, "Arizona--Where We Came From, Where We're Going", April 1984 report to constituents.
That was 1984. Change continues in Arizona, across the nation and the globe. But historically, Arizona’s prosperity was rooted in the “C’s.”
Postcards for tourists have documented the Five “C’s” over the years. This photo by Hubert A. Lowman published by Fred Harvey shows a group just off a Fred Harvey tour bus at Hopi Point gazing in awe at the colorful erosions ca. 1956. Preserved by the dry climate, Grand Canyon National Park has long been a popular Arizona attraction.
The First “C” Was Copper and Mining
Beginning in the twentieth century Arizona has always been the leading copper producing state in the nation. Arizona mines produce over half the country’s copper, and the metal generates more value than any other mineral mined in the state. As inflation increased its value, copper made $1.1 billion in 1981, a recession year, then $2.2 billion by 1988. From 1860 to 1938, Arizona mines extracted 8.6 million tons of pure copper.
Arizona used to be nicknamed The Copper State when this photo by Jim Sexton was published around 1960. Since then it’s been The Grand Canyon State. The photo shows part of the Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company operation at Miami, Arizona, including part of the tremendous waste pile.
The Second “C” Was Cattle and Sheep
Native Americans in the southwest did not domesticate animals until Spanish missionaries taught the Pima and Tohono O’odam peoples to raise cattle about 300 years ago. Mexicans became skilled vaqueros and cattle ranchers. After Arizona became part of the US, Texas cowboys moved longhorn herds to the territory. Despite early setbacks from northern Arizona snow and widespread drought, the number of cattle increased from nearly 169,000 in 1883 to more than 491,000 ten years later. Herds peaked at 1.75 million head in 1918, falling to 750,000 by 1940 and then increasing again to 1.02 million in 2009. But Arizona still ranks only 31st in the US for numbers of cattle.
In the 1880s Texas cowboys really did rope Arizona mavericks for branding. Then cowboys competed in rodeos, and finally the rodeos and roping lessons came to the dude ranches in the 1920s when this postcard was made.
Sheep ranching used to be popular in Arizona and even a few cattle ranchers crossed over to shepherd the wooly animals. By 1917, the number in Arizona peaked at 1.42 million head, then fell off during the depression years. After the 1960s, most sheep, and goats too, roamed the vast Navajo reservation. Total number in the state was 125,000 in 1997 and 150,000 in 2009. In 2007, Arizona ranked 11th in the nation for numbers of sheep and lambs.
Americans have long been fed both comedy and drama based on stereotypical portrayals of cowboys herding Herefords. If you want to ride a giant concrete rabbit, stop at Jackrabbit Trading Post on Interstate-40 a few miles west of Joseph City. Most color postcards from 1900 to 1940 were heavily “retouched” and colorized black & white photos, often at variance with reality.
The Third “C” Was Cotton and Agriculture
The third “C” for Cotton really represents all agricultural production, including the next two “C’s,” citrus and climate. Abundant sunshine in Arizona makes trees and flowers blossom in winter and crops flourish throughout the year, as long as you irrigate the thirsty desert soil. Virtually all crops in Arizona are irrigated from storage reservoirs or deep wells. With increased water production over the years, Arizona now ranks second in the country for acres of lettuce, second for lemons, third for duram wheat and third for both acres and value of vegetables grown, including melons and potatoes.
This postcard shows a lettuce harvest in the Salt River Valley in the 1960s. Iceberg and leaf lettuce is grown mostly in the west valley and around Yuma and picked by Mexican migrant workers.
“Cotton does well here,” reported an 1897 Phoenix Chamber of Commerce promotional booklet, “but owing to its low price and the fact that there are so many other crops that pay better, no attempt is made to grow it.” In just a few years that changed. The country moved to wearing more cotton clothing and driving on cotton cord tires. When boll weevils attacked the crop in the southeast, Arizona farmers turned to resistant Egyptian varieties, especially long-staple cotton. Prices went brutally up and down from 1916 to 1935, but mechanical pickers and crop dusters continued to boost production. By 1939, cotton provided $12.5 million to the state, more than 23% of the total cash income of Arizona ranch and farm production. It had become the largest industry in the Salt River Valley and the biggest cash crop in the state.
Children were along side parents in the fields when this view was photographed about 1939 in southern Arizona. In the 1930s, growers advertised widely for migrant hand pickers who sweated both in the fields and their tents or rude shacks. (Hope you don’t mind—I colorized this card to fit the mood. The original is a black & white “Real Photo Post Card.”)
And the best years were yet to come. Cotton planting peaked at 690,000 acres in 1953 but yield per acre continued to grow. Production peaked at 1.6 million bales in 1981, with the most per acre of any field in the US. By 2008, Arizona cotton farmers grew 2.24 million tons of fiber on 260,000 acres with a yield again leading the nation at 8.6 tons per acre. The state produced half the long-staple cotton in the US in 1969. In 2007, Arizona ranked ninth in the nation for value of cotton and cottonseed. In the 1960s, cotton was the number one crop in Arizona, but alfalfa grown for feed was second. By 2008, acres in alfalfa exceeded acres of cotton, returning to the ranking in Arizona of a hundred years ago.
The Fourth “C” Was Citrus
For the citrus industry in Arizona by the 1930s grapefruit was king, then oranges and finally lemons. In 1938, Arizona shipped the equivalent of 4,536 rail car loads of grapefruit, 672 carloads of oranges and 11 carloads of lemons to other states. Production of grapefruit peaked at 8.2 million crates during the 1946-47 season. In 1991-92, 5.6 million cartons of grapefruit were shipped, but by 2008 only 200,000. In 1940 only 600,000 boxes of oranges were sold, compared to a 1968-69 peak of 10.5 million. By 2008 the number was back down to 760,000 boxes. More than twice as much money is made growing oranges now as grapefruit ($2.7 million vs. $1.2 million in 2007). But 25-times the income from oranges is realized by sales of lemons ($49.1 million in lemon sales in 2007). Arizona ranks second in the country for production of lemons and fourth for oranges and grapefruit. Lemon production peaked in 1974-75 at 14.4 billion cartons, dropping to 3 billion in 2008.
The Arizona Grapefruit Program Committee in 1951 was not above using sex appeal to sell its produce. The back of this Genuine Curteich Colortone card noted shipments began early in November and lasted well into July from two or three pickings.
Ranked by market value, beef cattle production was the top agricultural product in Arizona in 2007. The same year, Yuma County exceeded all other counties in the state for cash receipts from farm commodities, both crops and livestock combined. Pinal County was second with Maricopa county third. Both of those counties made more money than Yuma from livestock, but Yuma County earned more than twice the amount earned in Maricopa County from crops. Agriculture is still big business in Arizona, though less golden than in years past.
This postcard published by J. Homer Smith of Yuma and mailed from that city in 1915 shows orange trees interspersed with ornamental palms. I’m not sure how common this was at the time. The citrus groves I’ve seen around Yuma are monocultures.
The Fifth “C” Was Climate, For Health and Recreation
You would think the blistering desert heat in summer would make climate a liability for the Arizona economy, but such is not the case. Before the discovery of antibiotics and vaccines many tuberculosis patients were cured by living in tents, open huts and sanitariums with wide screened porches in the dry air around Phoenix and Tucson. Believing that much sickness was the result of polluted air in congested cities, many pioneers found the cold, dry, crystal clear air in northern Arizona “bracing” and “invigorating.” Natural wonders like the Grand Canyon, saguaro forests and ancient ruins were available to tourists not just because the railroads and highways brought them here, but also because the warm arid climate preserved these landscapes. Whether for health or recreation, climate attracted people to Arizona, supporting a significant portion of the economy. After the beginning of the Twentieth Century visitors started coming to explore, experience dude ranch life or soak up the winter sun at a resort. After World War Two trailers and RVs began bringing significant numbers of winter visitors, “snow birds” as they say. And with the development of air conditioning, permanent residents began to flock to Arizona for the southern suburban lifestyle.
The Climatic Hotel in Yuma was famous for promising free meals if ever 24-hours were to pass without a glimpse of the sun. They didn’t give away many meals. This card is postmarked 1912; another from 1908 shows it was the “Pilot Knob Hotel” then. I’m not sure about the “moving stairway.” (To fit the climate, I’ve added some more yellow tint to this yellowed black & white original.)
The Jokake Inn (pronounced “joe-CAULK-kee,” meaning “mud house” in the Hopi language) has been a popular winter resort since it opened in 1928. This 1946 postcard shows the pool and the main building of adobe bricks which survives as part of the massive Phoenician resort on East Camelback Road in Scottsdale.
The Five “C’s” Have Been Eclipsed by a Big “M”
Another “C” has been Computers and the high-tech electronics industry. Maybe Communications is another “C,” recognizing Arizona’s role as a transportation and communications corridor spanning the continent. Military “camps” might be considered another “C,” recognizing the role that military spending has played in the Arizona economy over the years, beginning with the first four forts in 1860, booming during the two world wars and finally spurring the manufacturing of weapons beginning in the 1950s. Following World War Two, Arizona retained three Air Force bases, a Naval Air Station, two Army bases and an ordnance depot, adding 18 underground nuclear missile silos in the 1960s.
This is an artist’s depiction of an intercontinental ballistic missile in its underground blast-proof facility at a once secret location in Arizona. The technology was replaced by submarines and cruise missiles. Now visitors can tour a silo near Green Valley preserved by the Pima Air Museum in Tucson. (I colorized this card red to fit the mood. The original is black & white.)
Ironically, the “growing” of trees and “harvesting” them with a permit from the US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service is considered “manufacturing,” some say the earliest manufacturing sector in the state. With the largest continuous ponderosa pine forest in North America, the lumbering industry was an Arizona cash cow. Even after years of significant decline, the 19.4 million acres of forest in the state produced nearly 19 million cubic feet of wood harvest in 1998.
Many first-time visitors to Arizona are surprised by the amount of snowfall in winter. About a third of the state is high in elevation, especially the Colorado Plateau in the northeast corner. Pine and fir forest covers about 25% of land area, supporting in years past a thriving timber industry. This is the Arizona Lumber and Timber sawmill in Flagstaff about 1937, when there were 21 similar establishments in the state, employing 1,527 people and paying $1.3 million in wages out of a value of $3.8 million in products.
During that post-war boom that transformed Arizona, manufacturing grew to surpass the Five “C’s.” A concentration of aerospace and electronics factories, mostly in the two largest urban areas, blossomed in the 1950s and 60s. By 1980, the value of manufactured products from Arizona factories amounted to more than twice the total value of mining, agriculture and forest products ($2.05 billion vs. $896 million). Moreover, the income from transportation, communications and utilities ($897 million), retail and wholesale trade ($1.2 billion), the service industries ($2.2 billion), and government revenue ($2.7 billion) each alone exceeded any of the Five “C’s” by 1980.
Sources of statistics and rankings of the Five “C’s”: Arizona Agricultural Statistics(annual) Arizona Historical and Biographical Record(1896) Arizona, its people and resources(1972) Arizona’s Forest Resources, 1999(USDA, Forest Service) Arizona Yearbook(1991-92) A Survey of Phoenix. . .(1941) The Arizona Atlas(1981) | <urn:uuid:e95d184f-d395-47dc-9e15-e36417fd00e2> | {
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Pumping a donor kidney with the LifePort Kidney Transporter preserves and protects the organ in a number of ways before it is transplanted. One of the most important features is the use of gentle, pulsatile pressure waves to ensure that cold preservation solution is circulated through the entire vasculature of the kidney in a way that counteracts the potentially damaging effects of ex vivo cold preservation.
In a kidney under normal physiological conditions at 37°C, the strong, sinusoidal pulse wave generated by the heart is dampened by the elasticity of the arteries, which leads to a weaker pulse wave passing through the microvasculature of the kidney.1 Because this dampening effect is greatly reduced in a hypothermic kidney, LifePort generates a gentle sinusoidal pulse wave to keep the pressure in the microvasculature the same as that found under normal physiological conditions. In addition, LifePort uses a microprocessor-controlled infusion pump to dynamically adjust the pressure wave to respond to decreases in renal resistance.
This unique design of the LifePort allows it to achieve the benefits of machine perfusion with lower pressures, thereby limiting the risk to the microvasculature of the kidney.
1. Baumann M, et al. Pulsatile stress correlates with (micro-) albuminuria in renal transplant recipients. Transpl Int 2009;23:292–298. | <urn:uuid:4498308e-c721-4193-a246-7be7e8804a8a> | {
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Trial By Fire – The Ottoman Empire in the 19th Century
In 1836 the Ottoman Empire was a shell of its former self. Plagued by domestic issues and facing an increasingly hostile Russia and Egypt, it was a nation that faced destruction from with as well as without. At the time the fate of the Ottoman Empire was still uncertain. The Reforms by Mahmud II early in his reign proved unsuccessful, but the later part he was able to pass much more beneficial reforms and was a key figure in the turnaround of the Empire.
With Mahmud II on the throne and his son, Abd-ul-Mejid to succeed him, the future of the Ottoman Empire looks bright as the reforms that were instated start to take shape and new reforms are in the near future. What that means for the cash strapped, technologically inferior nation of the near east is a chance to return to greatness.
Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1840)
The furthest extent of the Ottoman Empire
The lands of the Ottoman Empire in 1836
The Balkans and the western half of the Empire
The eastern half of the Empire | <urn:uuid:a4cb50e6-7bbc-4f18-a3cf-bcbe5205944f> | {
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2002, the U.S. Geological Survey published a map of groundwater declines in
the Albuquerque basin of central New Mexico. For those who live in the rapidly
urbanizing Middle Rio Grande corridor, the maps message is not good: Several
severe cones of depression are evident in the prime Santa Fe Group
aquifer, from which more than half a million people get their drinking water.
The deepest wound lies beneath eastern Albuquerque; two others mark the citys
developing western side and the rival metropolis Rio Rancho on the high ground
to the north.
Stark contrast marks the edge of the Rio Grande floodplain south of Los Lunas, N.M., where irrigated farmland meets arid high ground that is awaiting development, with an uncertain future. Photo by Peter Hebard.
Those bulls eyes in the water table have relevance for river basins throughout the arid Southwest, where surface flow and groundwater often maintain a tenuous but vital connection. Understanding that link is crucial to resolving future water conflicts in the region.
A hydrologic fundamental
The Rio Grande splits New Mexico roughly in half. Midway on its journey from the southern Rockies to the Gulf of Mexico, the river flows through a series of basins known as the Rio Grande Rift, a 30-million-year-old stretch mark in the planets crust. Thanks to the work of water, this great rift has slowly filled with layers of gravel, sand and clay. In some places, the deposited sediment is 15,000 feet thick.
In the upper several hundred feet of sediment, river and groundwater are virtually one; like any stream, the Rio Grande runs not only in its channel, but also into every cavity below and adjacent to its bed. The water accommodates an infinite number of natural users, including permeable soils, the dry desert air, and all manner of flora and fauna. As New Mexico consulting hydrologist and teacher John W. Shomaker explains: One might entertain the idea that a river only exists as a residual. It is the water allowed to stay on the ground after recharge and evapo-transpiration have taken their share. The river is essentially what is left over.
Scientists once believed that the Albuquerque basin housed a subterranean Lake Superior. In the late 1990s, however, geologists learned that complex faulting, volcanic intrusions and layers of clay isolate portions of the aquifer and limit their interaction with the surface. These amputated deposits of archaic water are finite and irreplaceable, meaning the basin contains much less high-quality groundwater than was originally supposed. Moreover, booming municipalities such as Albuquerque and Rio Rancho currently derive all of their drinking water from the ground, and are pumping it out faster than rain and runoff can replenish it. For the river, tasked with serving all thirsts, and for everything that relies on the residual Rio Grande, a calamity is in the making.
Water on paper
Across the West, two rules have prevailed for more than a century: Whoever claimed the water first has priority in times of shortage, and water must be put to beneficial use or the right to it is forfeited. In the Rio Grande valley the oldest continuously irrigated region in North America the earliest rights belong to Native American pueblos and tribes that lived along the river and its tributaries before the arrival of Europeans around 1600. Second in seniority are rights derived from New Mexicos Spanish colonial time. About a thousand community ditches built by Hispanic settlers are still in use, and many others have been superseded by modern conveyance systems based, in part, on old water rights.
The federal government recognized these rights by treaty in 1848. New Mexicos territorial government did likewise in 1907, when senior status was granted to all existing water uses. After 1907, appropriations of surface water required a permit from the state, and priority was established according to the application date. Most of the rights belonging to municipalities fall into this junior category.
The state has legally acknowledged the connection between surface flow and groundwater. Where potential exists for groundwater pumping to deplete a stream system, the state may prohibit or limit groundwater withdrawals; it did exactly that in the Albuquerque basin in 1956. Surface rights must be purchased and retired in exchange for what is pumped from the new well. The rule applies only to large wells; domestic wells are considered de minimus depletions of groundwater and are exempt from the offset requirement, despite the fact that several thousand additional permits are issued by the state every year. The cumulative impact of domestic wells on the system may be anything but ancillary: No one knows how many are in use in the basin, or how much water they extract, because metering is not compulsory.
Additionally, the Rio Grande is subject to an interstate compact that apportions annual flow between the states of Colorado, New Mexico and Texas, as well as an international treaty that allocates 60,000 acre-feet (more than 19 billion gallons) of water to Mexico every year. After nearly a century, these arrangements seem inherently flawed. The rights of Native Americans were recognized but not delineated, and no water was set aside for river ecosystems. Yet today, federal laws, such as the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act, require minimum flows for the dilution of treated wastewater and for species habitat, leaving management agencies and water rights holders to try and meet the mandates.
Thanks to yet another interstate agreement, however, the Rio Grande has had the benefit of a cushion for the past 30 years. New Mexico is entitled to a little over 11 percent of the flow of the upper Colorado River because a tributary, the San Juan River, loops through the northwestern corner of the state. Beginning in 1972, up to 96,000 acre-feet (about 31 billion gallons) of San Juan water has been re-routed into the Rio Grande basin via tunnels blasted through the Continental Divide by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Specific amounts of the imported supply are contracted to the city of Albuquerque, to the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District for irrigators in the middle valley, and to numerous other entities. Through the marvel of engineering, one drainage basin is now dependent upon water requisitioned from another.
In the late 1990s, hydrologists generated a budget of inflows and outflows to aid water planners in the Middle Rio Grande. The reckoning calculated that in spite of combined native and imported flows, the region is racking up a deficit of between 55,000 and 70,000 acre-feet a year.
Three things have allowed the region to carry such a debt without running afoul of the Rio Grande Compact. First, there have been annual transfusions of water from the San Juan. Second, municipalities have been pumping ancient groundwater from the basin aquifer and returning half of it to the river as treated discharge. Third, the past 20 years have not been average in terms of precipitation; they are among the wettest on record in the desert Southwest.
Metropolitan growth has piggybacked on these three windfalls, but now events are conspiring to call in the regions overdue loans. New Mexico appears to be entering a phase of long-term drought. Climatological research, archaeological evidence and tree ring data from the past several millennia all testify to cycles of severe aridity in the southwestern United States, lasting anywhere from a couple of decades to hundreds of years. Were such conditions to occur today, they would equally affect water supplies in the Rio Grande drainage basin and in the neighboring San Juan River basin.
Yet development is accelerating in the river corridor, and municipalities are scrambling to find water to meet projected future demand. Albuquerque plans for direct use of its San Juan allocation for municipal consumption. In order to reduce reliance on the aquifer, the city hopes to divert as much as 103,000 acre-feet of water a year from a 17-mile stretch of the Rio Grande. Although the city would return half that amount to the river downstream, the diversion would greatly diminish flows in the reach where the worst drawdowns occur in the water table. The city employed a flow model, developed by contractors, to assess project impacts indicates that even if groundwater pumping were to cease completely, the aquifer would not be able to recover within 60 years. Meanwhile, without some curb on growth, the city will again exhaust the water rights it owns and resume full-time groundwater mining, perhaps in as little as two decades.
Calculating the losses
Conventional thinking advocates funding urban expansion with water derived
from agriculture. Through advanced methods of water conservation and application,
and through the attrition of farmland, water is freed up and reallocated
to the highest and best use, which is assumed to be residential
and commercial development. But, a different future may be unfolding.
Where dams and leveed channels have regulated and contained rivers and streams, irrigation preserves the vital link between surface flow and aquifer. Irrigation in the Albuquerque basin offers a good example of such artificial connection. According to a 1997 Bureau of Reclamation study, 50 percent of groundwater recharge occurs through flood irrigation and seepage from canals and drains that parallel the river. But concentrated aquifer pumping, urban sprawl across upland recharge zones, and the simultaneous retirement of irrigated bottomlands are drying out the basin sponge; once dry, it may be impossible to resaturate.
In the Middle Rio Grande, the attrition of irrigated land is at work with an added twist. Acre by acre, as water rights are transferred from farms on the valley floor, suburban homes are built on the retired land. Most draw water from private wells, sucking from the ground (and thus from the river) the same amount of water sold off as surface rights to supply development elsewhere. Equally damaging, the state has been granting pumping permits to developers on the condition that offset rights will be obtained from an unspecified source at some unspecified time in the future. Together these two policies have resulted in a gross over-appropriation of the Rio Grande. Former State Engineer Thomas C. Turney has estimated that paper claims outstrip wet water in the basin by a factor of four to one.
In a stream system where more uses are being approved than can actually be served, those who hold unquantified senior rights have plenty to fear. New Mexico law insists that the state apportion water according to priority in times of shortage, but determining entitlements is a slow, expensive and contentious process, and most of the states Native American and early agricultural rights have not been adjudicated.
In the meantime, powerful development and municipal interests continue to lobby for political decisions based solely on economics, and state officials hint that in the future, there may be no such thing as senior rights. Everyone, they say, will simply have to share. That approach threatens both treaty promises and compact obligations. It also fails to acknowledge the combined effects of long-term drought, ever-increasing numbers of water users, and a river taken hostage by its aquifer. Given such impending circumstances, the future may well consist of a panorama of abandoned subdivisions above a dusty floodplain.
Arranged in a semicircle around Rio Rancho and Albuquerque are four Indian pueblos: Zia (see sidebar), Santa Ana, Sandia and Isleta. Sandia and Isleta bracket the area of greatest aquifer decline. And while Albuquerques pavement and concrete obscure the geology of piedmont slope and floodplain, the adjacent pueblos constitute a partial preserve of natural drainage and recharge. They offer the only places in the urban corridor where ribbons of undeveloped land stretch from mountain front to river. The immense value of those intact watersheds has yet to be recognized.
With tribal rights unquantified, and junior users proliferating all around them, Sandia, Isleta and Santa Ana are each developing commercial and recreational complexes, including resorts, casinos, golf courses and soccer fields. The volume of water required to maintain such facilities in the high desert raises ethical issues, but the pueblos are simply putting quantities of water to use as a hedge against otherwise certain loss.
Fortunately, tribes are also starting to explore more system-friendly options. All three of the urban corridor pueblos are involved in river restoration efforts and endangered species recovery programs that depend primarily on improving hydrologic function. Projects to enhance overbank flooding, revive river channel dynamics, reestablish wetlands, remove non-native vegetation and assure watershed health, through better forest and range management, could someday become more economically rewarding than development that encroaches on a tapped environment and historic water rights. If so, hydrologic guardianship of the Middle Rio Grande may not be far behind.
The Pueblo of Zia, which has occupied its present site on the Jemez River
since around A.D. 1200, is devoted to preserving its heritage. Its menfolk
still hunt to fill family freezers with deer, elk and turkey. Feast day
dances are respectfully performed. Most residents practice at least one
traditional craft, and a tribal project to perpetuate the native language
has been underway for some years.
Bauer, Paul W., Richard P. Lozinsky, Carol J. Condie, and L. Greer Price. 2003. Albuquerque: A Guide to Its Geology and Culture. Scenic Trip Series, No. 18. New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Socorro, N.M.
Bexfield, Laura M. and Scott K. Anderholm. (2002) Estimated Water-Level Declines in the Santa Fe Group Aquifer System in the Albuquerque Area, Central New Mexico, Predevelopment to 2002. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 02-4233.
Briggs, Mark K. 1996. Riparian Ecosystem Recovery in Arid Lands: Strategies and References. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Ariz.
Johnson, Peggy S., Editor. 2003. Water, Watersheds, and Land Use in New
Mexico: Impacts of Population Growth on Natural Resources. New Mexico Decision-Makers
Field Guide No. 1.
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro, N.M.
Postel, Sandra and Brian Richter. 2003. Rivers for Life; Managing Water
for People and Nature. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Back to top | <urn:uuid:7bb58931-50e5-4e09-b3f1-116781b73702> | {
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Surnames, Yorkshiremen and Y-Chromosomes
Kat - Hi Turi, the last time I saw you was on TV! You were talking about this research looking at how genes are spread through populations and where we've come from, so can you tell us a little more about the study where you've found African genes in Yorkshire?Turi - That's right. Actually, what I've been doing has been part of a larger PhD project which was funded by the Wellcome Trust, it's been looking at the link between Y-chromosomes and surnames. The interesting thing that we're looking at here is that the Y chromosome is just passed down from father to son, and surnames are also passed down from father to son so you might think that there may be a link between a type of Y chromosome and a particular name. There are a lot of things which can break this link, the obvious one is illegitimacy, where you have one man's Y chromosome type but another man's surname, adoption will do the same sort of thing. The other thing is numbers of founders for a particular surname, so if you were to look into the surname 'Smith' there's going to be a number of different founders for that particular surname because it comes from 'Blacksmith'. You would expect a number of different Y chromosome types associated with that surname. If you look at rare surnames you find that quite often there's just a single Y chromosome type or just a handful associated with that surname. One of the surnames I looked at was Attenborough (as the two alternative spellings - Attenborough and Attenborrow), 87% of them, regardless of spelling variant, are descended from one individual. There are a handful of other Y chromosome types associated with the name, but we don't know if they are illegitimacies, adoptions or other founders who happen to have had fewer descendants.Kat - So tell us about the research in Yorkshire; you found a family, or people with a Yorkshire surname, and I understand they're a white population but they have African ancestry. How did you find that out?Turi - Originally, when I was just starting the PhD we put advertisements in local newspapers and about 421 men responded. I was typing their Y-chromosomes expecting to come across all the typical European ones you would expect to find and I came across this really unusual type. I showed it to my supervisor, Mark, and we thought that maybe we'd made a mistake, so we tested it more, and found out that it belongs to a really rare African Y chromosome type that's only found in West and North Africa and there's only 26 other cases of it in the world, all of which trace back to this confined space. So then we decided to look at the surname; are there other people with this surname who've got this Y chromosome type so I recruited another 18 men and 7 of them had this rare Y chromosome type. We knew they all had to be related, we just didn't know how, so we commissioned a genealogist to look at their family trees and they managed to trace two family trees back to 1788 and 1789 but they couldn't join them up. They all originated in Yorkshire and looking at the genealogical evidence and the genetic evidence they probably join up in the early 18th century. Kat - So how does this fit in with the history of black people in Britain? Where do you think this originally came in to the gene pool?Turi - Well there are a couple of really obvious routes, one is the Romans, as they had a garrison of Moors who were guarding Hadrian's wall in AD 200, so that's a possibility. More likely is the slave trade, as you had the first Africans arriving in this country in 1555. Again, West Africa is where a lot of the slave trade came from and with the sheer numbers of West Africans coming into the country as domestic servants you would expect that to be the most likely route.Kat - So where do you go from here? Do you have another project on the go already?Turi - Well I'm writing up a PhD at the moment! One of the other things that came out of the research was that because there's so much sharing of Y chromosome types within surnames, particularly rare ones, you can actually use a Y chromosome type to predict a surname. I did this as a small pilot study using 150 different surnames; I took 2 guys at random from around the country who had one of these surnames and I looked to see how often they shared a Y chromosome type and I found that, if you take two 'Smiths' at random they don't tend to share a type, but if you take two 'Revis' for example, then the chances of them sharing a Y chromosome type is actually quite high. So out of this small pilot project I found that I could predict, across the board, correctly using just the Y chromosome type 19% of the time I could predict the correct surname. If you just use the rare half of the surnames, the lower 75, it goes up to 34% accuracy. There's implications in this for using it as an investigative tool for the police, whereby they could put in a Y chromosome type collected from a crime scene and get it to bring out surnames, which could help with prioritising a list of suspects. It would never replace standard research, it's just an investigative tool as a way of prioritising suspect lists, but it could be quite powerful in terms of cutting investigation times.Kat - I think our Dr Dave, being an Ansell, has got quite a rare name...Turi - In fact, I've got my surnames dictionary here and so I can look it up! Ansell... English, chiefly East Anglia, from a Germanic personal name, composed of the elements Ans 'God' and Helm 'Protection' or 'Helmet', so 'Godhelmet'...Kat - I think we'll have to start calling Dave 'Godhelmet' from now on...Turi - I think you should! It was bought to France by a famous medieval churchman, apparently.Kat - Well we won't be able to do that with Dr Chris, because he's Chris Smith, so a common surname. But what else can Y-chromosomes tell us about populations, because obviously it doesn't work for women...Turi - No, it doesn't. It just tells you about the male half of the population, but it's quite a nice, compact piece of DNA which doesn't much from father to son so it gives you a nice clear record of our male ancestry. Like looking at markers such as M17 found in higher frequencies in Norway than elsewhere, its a nice way of saying; 'you've got a particular type of M17, so you have a higher chance of having ancestry from there.' | <urn:uuid:951ce2c7-d34f-4806-9c11-863337a3acf8> | {
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The name is said to derive from 'holy' and is associated with Christmas and the Yuletide season. The green leaves are said to represent eternal life, the red berries represent the crucifixion and the sharp prickles are thought to be a deterrent against evil spirits. Is is thought to be best to pick the holly before Christmas Eve to avoid attracting the attention of evil spirits. A hedge made of holly situated around a house is supposed to keep evil influences at bay whilst providing protection against storms, fire and even poison. So obviously it is believed by hedgers that cutting a holly bush is unlucky. Known traditionally for being used as decoration at Christmas holly is also believed to be heavily connected with the Roman Saturnalia festival. Leaving a piece of Christmas holly in a cowshed is reputed to promote healthy livestock. Smooth leaved varieties are associated with good luck for women whilst the males should turn to the prickly varieties for happiness. If the plant is laden with berries there might be a cold, hard winter ahead. | <urn:uuid:f1a2433e-ce11-4492-82e8-aa92bd6f275c> | {
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The drought that hit the West from 2000-2004 is not only the worst in 800 years, but it could be the new “normal”. That’s according to new research in the journal Nature Geoscience.
You’d have to go back to the middle ages to find a period as dry as 2000-2004 in the American West.
Snowpack decreased. Crop productivity in much of the west went down by 5-percent.
And that’s not the worst of it, the researchers say.
Grasses plants and trees suck up about 30-percent of our carbon dioxide emissions in North America. In the Northwest, that percentage is even higher.
"The forests do a pretty good job but in the drought year, that was reduced to about half because they were suffering from the drought so much," says Beverly Law, a professor of global change biology at Oregon State University.
She says drought compounds our carbon dioxide emissions problem:
More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere means more drought. And more drought means the trees and plants are less able to suck up our carbon dioxide emissions.
Law says that as we continue to depend on fossil fuels, things aren’t looking any better.
“This is what it could be like into the future and we can only handle so many large events that cause harm to people’s livelihoods, vegetation, animals – the things we rely on," Law adds.
Climate models predict that 80 out of the next 95 years will be just as dry as the 2000-2004 drought period. | <urn:uuid:82a68f81-d07e-4a01-84ea-42013a4e2c5d> | {
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Gluten allergies have been on the rise lately, or maybe people are finally getting around to getting tested for gluten due to digestive issues they have had for years. Thanks to doctors, the media, television shows like Dr. Oz and The Doctors, people are becoming more aware of gluten allergies and gluten sensitivities.
So what the heck is gluten? Gluten is a protein that is found in certain grains. Wheat, Barley, rye and triticale, which is a cross between wheat and rye.
Why are gluten allergies on the rise? Many feel it is due to our damaged gut flora, from over use of antibiotics or overuse of foods that our system simply cannot digest. Others feel it is the introduction of GMOs 15 years ago and environmental toxins. Just a decade ago gluten intolerance levels were just 1 in 2500. Today they are 1 in 133. According to research posted on the Westin A. Price Foundation's website: http://www.westonaprice.org/ modern wheat varieties are much different than they used to be. Modern wheat is simply not the same plant if used to be. This makes so much sense. This is why our ancestors could eat bread on a daily basis without a hint of stomach issues.
What symptoms do people experience if they have a gluten allergy or sensitivity? Upon ingesting gluten people who have a sensitivity or a true gluten allergy like Celiac Disease (an autoimmune disease) will experience inflammation of the small intestine. This inflammation will present itself in the form of digestive issues, pain, cramping and diarrhea. Other symptoms include; anemia, fatigue, headaches and joint pain. It can also cause migraines, asthma, eczema, psoriasis, arthritis, ear infections, sinusitis, anxiety, depression, hyperactivity, obesity and post nasal drip. You may experience these symptoms and wonder if it was stress, a bug or something you ate. One thing to remember is that is takes up to 3 days for a food allergy or sensitivity to present itself. This is why when new moms are introducing solids to a baby the pediatrician will tell the new mommy to wait 3 days in between new foods so the mother can observe if there is a reaction.
How can I be tested for Gluten allergies or sensitivities?
A simple blood test ordered by your physician will give you the answer. We here at Destination Fitness can also order a Food Sensitivity Screening test called IGA, Immunoglobulin Blood Food Allergy Test. The immune system produces antibodies to any substance that it views as foreign, such as bacteria or a virus. Normally, this is a good thing, however with food allergies, the immune system becomes overactive and antibodies are produced for things we don't want them produced for, like foods or pollen.
After your blood is tested, you will receive a packet showing just which foods you are sensitive to and how sensitive you are to them. By eliminating these foods, you give your body a chance to heal and more important keep your symptoms away.
What foods contain Gluten? The better answer is what foods don't contain gluten. Gluten seems to be in everything from breads, to sauces to soups and cookies. Pizza, processed meats, seasonings, snacks, salad dressings, medications and even supplements. It's so important to read your labels if you truly have a gluten allergy. The good news is that now many major food companies are creating gluten free products.
Where do I find Gluten Free Foods? Most grocery stores, health food stores and specialty stores now carry Gluten free foods. This is a welcome sign for people who suffer. Years ago it was virtually impossible to find gluten free packaged foods. Udi's http://shop.udisglutenfree.com has by far the best tasting products. They have wonderful breads, muffins, pizza, and cookies. Amy's makes a very nice mac and cheese, http://www.amys.com/products/product-categories/gluten-free. Tinkyada http://www.tinkyada.com/ makes wonderful pasta noodles! For that home baked chocolate chip cookie, try Pamela's Baking Mix http://pamelasproducts.com/products/baking-mixes/. Pamela's mix also creates wonderful cookies, muffins, pancakes and bisquits!
What are Gluten Free grains? Gluten free grains include rice (which is typically used for noodles or pasta), cassava, corn, millet, buckwheat (used for pancakes), sorghum, amaranth and quinoa.
Our Registered Dietitian Melissa can supply you with some wonderful recipes and creative ideas in regards to gluten free cooking! If you have any questions or concerns we are here to help!
In good health, | <urn:uuid:511c5279-6dfa-4c21-8224-dfe5cbe9fecc> | {
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The explorer, Allan Cunningham, discovered the Macintyre River during an expedition in 1827. He named the river after Captain Peter MacIntyre of the Hunter River. The MacIntyre family had provided Cunningham with horses and drays for the expedition, and Captain MacIntyre had also guided Cunningham across the Liverpool Range.
Years before Goondiwindi existed, three grazing properties joined at a spot near where the town now stands. They were Callandoon, Umbercollie and Old Goondiwindi, all settled between 1838 and 1846.
The name Goondiwindi comes from the Aboriginal word "Goonawinna" which means "the resting place of birds". This name was first given by the Aboriginals to a spot near the present site of the Goondiwindi Hospital. Before the Macintyre River was weired, the river was little more than a chain of waterholes connected only in good seasons. These waterholes were favourite resting places of hundreds of wild birds, hence the name.
For many years after the town was formed, there was no bridge over the river. All traffic coming from New South Wales (unless it crossed near Boggabilla) was pulled over in a punt, with a rope being stretched across the river. The first bridge was built between 1875 and 1878 and was replaced by the present structure in 1914.
Explorer Allan Cunningham has been accredited with discovering the Inglewood area. He passed through east of the present township in May 1827. Station holdings selected as early as 1848 were the start of the wool, cattle and wheat base of the region.
The first settlement near an important watering point for bullocks teams moving west was known as Browns Inn. Plans were drawn up for the present site and the name changed to Inglewood. "Ingle" is believed to be an Aboriginal word for Cypress Pine.
Texas was named arising out of a dispute over a land claim in the 1850's, which, at the time bore similarities to a dispute taking place when the Republic of Texas in the USA was fighting over land with Mexico. The land was called Texas Station and subsequently the old town of Texas originated on the river flats in 1875, near where the present town is today. The town was relocated after disastrous floods in 1890 and 1921.
A colourful history of the Texas area is well recorded at the Texas Historical Museum (located in Flemming Street) and in very informative publications written by our local Authors and Historians. | <urn:uuid:054d0728-89f8-471d-b4b2-c2566974ae12> | {
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In a time when a deep knowledge of history is lacking (compared to previous generations), a family tree is a tangible tool that demonstrates to your kids their place in the grand scheme of things. You don't have to be a genealogy expert to get started. Promise!
At one point in time, people cherished their family trees and gave them a place of honor in the home. Today, it's rare to see one displayed, but not because they aren't important.
"Considering all of the demands and stresses on today's families, it's no wonder that something like a family history isn't a priority," says Maureen Wlodarczyk, a genealogist with over 35 years of experience. "But, adding family history discussions and activities to the family can foster respect and pride in the family, encourage an interest in reading and history and provide a great show-and-tell topic."
Family trees were once reserved only for those with distinguished backgrounds, amazing stories about their heritage or, frankly, royalty.
Today, every family can embrace genealogy as a legitimate tool to trace the past and honor their history.
"Not unlike baking Christmas cookies and other family activities that are based on -- or create -- family traditions, involving children in the creation of a family tree is a way to preserve family connections, share a sense of the value of history and encourage storytelling," says Wlodarczyk.
With the passing of time, our connection to family roots tends to fade. That is, unless we actively work to preserve it. "A family tree, and genealogy in general, brings context, continuity and connection to who we are and where we came from," says Wlodarczyk. "In the simplest form, the family tree shows us that with each prior generation, the size of our family grows wider on the tree, which allows parents to reinforce that we aren't so different from others in our world."
Tackling a family tree project can be intimidating, but there are so many great tools available to help you. Look into local resources such as libraries and Family History Centers. In addition to "keep it simple," Wlodarczyk provides the following practical tips to help you on the journey:
And you'll see personalized content just for you whenever you click the My Feed .
SheKnows is making some changes! | <urn:uuid:42d45665-9351-446a-93c4-d78d2c0a0bf2> | {
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This authoritative and comprehensive book makes the reader familiar with the processes of bringing orphan drugs to the global market. There are between 5,000 and 7,000 rare diseases and the number of patients suffering from them is estimated to be more than 50 million in the US and Europe. Before the orphan drug legislation enacted in the US in 1983, there was a limited interest from industry to develop treatment for very small patient groups. One of the difficulties is, of course, that similar levels of investment are needed from a pharmaceutical company to bring a drug to the market for both small and large patient groups. The journey from application of an orphan drug designation to a reimbursed market- approved drug is long and many obstacles occur during the journey.
After reading the book, readers will: Understand who the players/stakeholders are in the rare orphan disease field and their specific needs and concerns: patients and patient organizations, researchers and treating physicians within the field, industry, regulatory and reimbursement bodies* Understand the strong partnership between the different players and the various initiatives to improve and increase access to treatment for patients; minimizing the gap between numbers of known diseases, orphan designations, approved drugs and paid drugs. The book also provides short practical case stories from patients and researchers, as well as representatives from industry and authorities on the challenges they came across in developing orphan drugs or getting access to orphan drugs.
List of figures and tables Acknowledgements About the authors Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Orphan drugs and orphan drug legislation Abstract: 1.1 The history of orphan drug legislation 1.2 Legislation and the definition of orphan disease in different countries 1.3 Current state of the art: number of designations and approvals 1.4 Players on the market 1.5 Contribution made by orphan drug legislation 1.6 Procedure: orphan drug designation and marketing authorisation approval 1.7 External links and sources of further information Chapter 3: Characteristics of rare diseases Abstract: 2.1 Definition of rare diseases, prevalence, incidence and coverage by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 2.2 Characteristics of rare diseases, genetics and underlying causes 2.3 Common problems encountered with rare diseases 2.4 Patient care, management and counselling 2.5 Examples of rare diseases 2.6 Public awareness and disease support groups 2.7 Resources and external links Chapter 4: Patient network and advocacy groups Abstract: 3.1 Patient empowerment through international institutions: WHO and EU 3.2 The role of patient organisations and advocacy groups: the needs, strategies, objectives and achievements 3.3 Patients and research: patients' engagement and empowerment within rare diseases 3.4 Umbrella organisations: EURORDIS and NORD 3.5 National European organisations 3.6 Other organisations working in the Americas 3.7 Organisations working in Africa, Asia and Australasia 3.8 Other patient alliances 3.9 Organisations dedicated to a specific disease 3.10 Virtual health communities Chapter 5: Organisations and networks dedicated to rare diseases and orphan drugs Abstract: 4.1 Organisations and networks: their roles and activities 4.2 European organisations and networks 4.3 American organisations and networks 4.4 International organisations and networks Chapter 6: Policies and research funding Abstract: 5.1 Policies on rare diseases 5.2 Research funding in the European Union (EU) 5.3 Research funding in the USA 5.4 Collaborative activities and joint funding 5.5 External links and sources of further information Chapter 7: Designing robust clinical trials for orphan drugs Abstract: 6.1 Review of hurdles and implications for study design 6.2 Finding relevant study endpoints 6.3 Sample size and demonstration of superiority for market approval and HTA evaluation 6.4 The need for long-term collaborative effort in collecting real-world safety and effectiveness data 6.5 Notes Chapter 8: Market access procedures for orphan drugs Abstract: 7.1 What is meant by market - or patient - access? 7.2 Market approval versus market access 7.3 Differences in access procedures for orphan drugs by country 7.4 Availability and access to orphan drugs 7.5 Difficulties in estimating the value of treatment 7.6 Differences in patient access schemes and patient registries 7.7 Patient involvement in HTA 7.8 Compassionate use (expanded access) Index | <urn:uuid:17c167db-abd0-44e1-99c0-7bdb66924bf2> | {
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ET TU, BRUCELLOSIS
Julius Caesar was warned to take great care on the Ides of
March. On that day, Rome's illustrious emperor was stabbed
in the back by his best friend, Brutus. From that time
forward, the world's calendars became totally messed up. The
seventh month of the year, Sept-ember was replaced and named
after Caesar, and the seventh month then became the ninth
month, and the eighth month (0ct-ober) became the tenth, but
all that's history, so let's just talk about milk.
Today is the 15th day (the Ides) of June. Yesterday began a
major ongoing milk recall in California. Tests show that
every variety of milk sold under the names Berkeley Farms,
Dairy Dawn, Ralphs, Mountain Dairy, Sysco (Wholesome Farms),
Smart & Final, Albertsons, Good Day, and Best Yet may be
tainted with unsafe levels of powerful antibiotics.
Berkeley Farms is owned by Dean Foods, the largest dairy
processor in America, larger than even Kraft.
I spoke with Ray McCoy in the quality assurance department
at the parent company, Dean Foods (214-303-3400). McCoy
informed me that Berkeley Farms had performed screening
tests on milk samples and although he had no quantitative
numbers to offer, he did say that they detected indications
("betalactums") of antimicrobial contamination. McCoy
promised to get back to me with details. I left him my home
telephone number. He did not get back to me.
Why must cows be medicated? Is the antidote more dangerous
than the poison?
BEWARE, THE IDES OF JUNE
Mad Cow Disease stabbed Britain right in the gut, and cases
have been diagnosed throughout Europe, Asia, and even North
America (Canada). Nearly 100 young people have died in
England from this brain-wasting ailment that is passed from
cows to humans.
Hoof and Mouth Disease delivered a second thrust. Millions
of animals had to be slaughtered because of a plague that
spread like a wind-blown fire, a disease that rarely infects
humans. Two hundred thousand animals actually caught Hoof
and Mouth Disease in Britain.
The third wound was anthrax, delivered with a serrated blade
that terrified the United States. America's anthrax epidemic
became a non-story, as USDA magnificently placed their veil
upon truth so that Americans could eat their meat with peace
of mind. This terror was quarantined, and over one million
pounds of suspect beef was quietly recalled, just a few
weeks before the nightmare of 9/11.
The fourth knife wound required emergency USDA surgery, and
government bureaucrats again came to the rescue, keeping an
enormous story relatively quiet, so that most Americans are
not even aware of the quarantined cows with tuberculosis on
a California dairy farm.
Sixteen workers from that farm have tested positive for
tuberculosis. All drank milk directly from those cows, but
California health officials deny that they caught TB from
those animals. The owner of the farm is still being allowed
to ship milk from his diseased bovines, and that milk is
being sold for human consumption.
Now, comes a fifth stab wound.
Et tu, Brucellosis.
Brucellosis in cattle can be passed on to man in the form of
Mediterranean Disease or Undulant fever. This disease is
difficult to detect, and easily misdiagnosed. The symptoms
include chronic fatigue (syndrome), headaches, and arthritic
pain. Once infected with Brucellosis from cows, the disease
can hide in the human body, emerging many years after the
Brucellosis has been detected in a dairy herd in Idaho. Six
cows have tested positive.
The United States Department of Agriculture actually has a
Brucellosis program, and a set of standards. Under
government regulations, states are allowed to identify
infected herds, and retain their "Brucellosis Class Free
designations." Who is being protected?
Before taking your next bite of cheese, carefully read this
information from page 222 of Mad Cows and Milk Gate by
Virgil Hulse, M.D.:
"The following groups of pathogens can be involved in
manufacturing cheese made from raw milk: TB (mycobacterium
paratuber-culosis, Undulant fever (Brucella species),
Disease producing Strep (Pathogenic streptococci), staph
food poisoning (Coagulase positive sttaphylocci), staph
arrhea that may lead to death (Entero-pathogenic
Eschererichia coli), Salmonella, Rickettsia, Virus species,
Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium
botulinum (can be fatal and cause death)."
Et tu, Brucellosis. Beware the Ides of June. Is it any
wonder that Berkeley has issued a recall for antibiotics in
milk? If comedy can be found in tragedy, it exists in this
line from Berkeley's emergency press release:
"Antibiotics are sometimes used to treat dairy cows as part
of their health maintenance program."
You can call Berkeley Farms at 888-647-3326. | <urn:uuid:273ac51d-670c-4914-a56a-eb16ac98050a> | {
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Health Insurance Coverage for Children up in 2004; Number of Uninsured Adults Stable
For Release: Wednesday, June 29, 2005
Contact: NCHS Press Office (301) 458-4800
Health Insurance Coverage: Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 2004 (6/2005) [PDF - 787 KB]
Health insurance coverage for children showed continued improvement in 2004, and the percentage of working-age adults without insurance coverage, which had been climbing in recent years, did not increase last year, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The data, based on CDC’s National Health Interview Survey, provides estimates of insurance coverage for the United States in 2004. For the first time, the latest survey also includes statistics on insurance coverage for the nation’s 10 largest states.
The report, which tracks insurance coverage since 1997, finds that the improvement in coverage for children reflects an increase in public coverage—including the State Children’s Health Insurance Program--for poor and near-poor children.
Highlights of the report include:
- In 2004, over 90 percent of America’s children had health insurance at the time of the interview – a steady rise from the first report in 1997. In 2004, 9.4 percent of children – 7 million children under 18 years of age – were without health insurance. In contrast, in 1997, about 14 percent – 10 million children – lacked coverage.
- Among poor and near-poor children, lack of coverage dropped by about a third from 1997. For near-poor children, public coverage almost doubled from 24 percent to 43 percent between 1997 and 2004. Nearly 70 percent of poor children under 18 years of age rely on public coverage.
- Overall, 14.6 percent of the population – 42.1 million Americans of all ages – was without current health insurance coverage in 2004, about the same level as in 1997. One in five working-age adults (age 18 to 64) were without insurance in 2004. This number had been steadily rising in recent years but appears to have leveled off in 2004.
- One in five working-age adults (age 18-64) were without insurance in 2004. This number had been steadily rising in recent years but appears to have leveled off in 2004.
- The survey produced health insurance coverage estimates for the 10 largest states. For the population under age 65, Michigan, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania had considerably lower rates of uninsured than the national average of 16 percent. In California and Florida, just over 20 percent were without health coverage, and in Texas, about 27 percent lacked coverage.
These findings appear in “Health Insurance Coverage: Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 2004,” gathered from the annual household survey with a sample of the nation’s civilian non-institutionalized population. In 2004, the survey, conducted by CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics, added questions to improve the accuracy of the estimates on insurance coverage.
In addition to insurance coverage, the survey collects data on a wide range of health indicators, including measures of health care utilization, health habits and health status. The findings are on the CDC/NCHS Web site. | <urn:uuid:5831769c-0358-4870-9bb5-99653c7aaf36> | {
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Heart Transplant for Children
What is a heart transplant for a child?
A heart transplant is surgery to replace a diseased heart with a healthy one from an organ donor. Organ donors are adults or children who have become critically ill, often because of injury. They will not live because of their illness or injury. If the donor is an adult, he or she may have agreed to be an organ donor before becoming ill. Parents or spouses can also agree to donate a relative's organs. Donors can come from any part of the U.S.
Why might my child need a heart transplant?
Heart transplants are recommended for children who have serious heart problems. These children are not able to live without having their heart replaced. Illnesses that affect the heart in this way include complex heart disease present at birth (congenital). They also include heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) that may be caused by many problems.
What are the risks of a heart transplant for a child?
There are risks with any surgery, especially major surgery like this. Risks include:
How do I get my child ready for a heart transplant?
Many tests are done before the heart transplant. These include blood tests that will make it more likely that the donor heart will not be rejected. Other tests are done to make sure your child and your family are emotionally ready for the transplant. Your child will need your support during this process.
If your child is a good candidate for a heart transplant, he or she will be put on the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) list. Sometimes children wait only a few days or weeks before getting a donor organ. It may also take months or years before a suitable donor organ is available. During this time, your child's healthcare provider and the transplant team will closely follow your child. You can also get help from support groups during this difficult waiting time.
Each transplant team has its own guidelines about how you will be told when a donor organ is available. In most cases, you will be called when an organ is available. You will be told to come to the hospital right away so your child can get ready the transplant. This call can come at any time, so you should always be ready to go to the hospital.
What happens during a heart transplant for a child?
Once at the hospital, your child will have tests to confirm the match of the organ. Once the test results are available and your child is ready, he or she will go to the operating room. The transplant surgery may take 4 or more hours. The time it takes depends on many things. During the surgery, a member of the transplant team will tell you about the progress of the transplant. The general steps of heart transplant surgery are:
Just before the surgery starts, your child will get sleep medicine (general anesthesia).
The surgeon uses the open-heart method. This means he or she makes a large cut (incision) into your child's chest. The breastbone is spread to reach the heart.
Your child is connected to a heart-lung bypass machine. The machine acts as your child's heart and lungs. It pumps blood through your child's body during surgery.
The surgeon will remove your child's heart. He or she will then put the new heart in your child's chest and stitch it into place.
What happens after a heart transplant for a child?
After the surgery, your child will go to the intensive care unit (ICU) to be watched closely. The length of time your child will spend in the ICU will vary. Your transplant team will help you learn how to care for your child during this time. This will include information about medicines, activity, follow-up, diet, and any other specific instructions from your child's transplant team.
Rejection is a normal reaction of the body to a foreign object. The body's immune system makes antibodies to try to destroy the new organ. Anti-rejection medicines are used to help prevent this from happening.
These are the most common symptoms of rejection:
Your child's transplant team will tell you who to call right away if any of these symptoms happen.
Your child will need to take anti-rejection medicines for the rest of his or her life.
Because anti-rejection medicines weaken the immune system, children who get transplants will be at higher risk for infections. Your child will have blood tests to measure the level of anti-rejection medicine. For example, blood tests will be done to check white blood cell counts.
The risk for infection is higher during in the first few months after surgery. This is because higher doses of anti-rejection medicines are given during this time. Your child will most likely take medicines to prevent other infections. Your child is at increased risk for infections such as oral yeast infections (thrush), herpes, and respiratory viruses.
Your child will be closely followed after leaving the hospital. Follow-up visits may include:
Your child will need lifelong follow-up with transplant specialists. Make sure you keep all appointments. It is especially important that you report any signs of rejection right away.
Before you agree to the test or the procedure for your child make sure you know:
The name of the test or procedure
The reason your child is having the test or procedure
What results to expect and what they mean
The risks and benefits of the test or procedure
When and where your child is to have the test or procedure
Who will do the procedure and what that person’s qualifications are
What would happen if your child did not have the test or procedure
Any alternative tests or procedures to think about
When and how will you get the results
Who to call after the test or procedure if you have questions or your child has problems
How much will you have to pay for the test or procedure
Online Medical Reviewer:
Online Medical Reviewer:
Pat F Bass MD MPH
Online Medical Reviewer:
Scott Aydin MD
Date Last Reviewed:
© 2000-2019 The StayWell Company, LLC. 800 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional's instructions. | <urn:uuid:e5e22f30-0289-4030-aea6-967f7a1e9bcc> | {
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Despite a recent decline in earthquakes, Ubinas Volcano erupted another ash plume on April 28, 2014. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) collected this false-color view of the area on the same day. Red in the image indicates vegetation. Read more
NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using data from the NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team. Caption by Robert Simmon. | <urn:uuid:12aa1800-773d-4712-abae-d0e2c196856c> | {
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These days advertising is everywhere. Even our dominant TV genre is nowadays advertising. Media that was once largely commercial free now is filled with commercial messages. Have you ever wondered how many ads we see per day? One of the sanest studies I came across said we see about 250 images per day and probably don’t notice half of them even though we’ve been exposed to them. The fact that you are in reasonable proximity with these messages to be able to see them doesn’t mean you see them all. Our brains can’t truly process that many messages. We can’t notice, absorb, or even judge so many visual attacks a day. So there must be something special about the ads that do affect us. We can’t deny the power of these daily ads. In fact I can’t really imagine the modern society without the advertisement. I guess we all can see why and that is the reason why making an effective advertisement is so essential. In order to do that neuroscience offers 3 very helpful neurotechniques that are being used in a popular technology called “Neuromarketing”: fMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging), EEG (Electroencephalography) and eye tracking technique. The concept of neuromarketing was developed by psychologists at Harvard University in 1990. While the term “Neuromarketing” was coined in 2002 by Ale Smidts, the bases derive from the Greek Philosopher Plato (two horses’ theory). The technology is based on a model whereby the major thinking part of human activity (more than 90%), including emotion, takes place in the subconscious area that is below the levels of controlled awareness. For this reason, the perception technologists of the market are very tempted to learn the techniques of effective manipulation of the subconscious brain activity. The main reason is to inspire the desired reaction in person’s perception as deeply as possible. Neuromarketing is originally supposed to be not about manipulating the subject’s brain but just reading its response. These techniques provide researchers with useful information about the consumers’ opinion. Researchers found these techniques more efficient ways to predict the effectiveness of commercials than scientific methods with quantitative pretesting, using variety of questionnaires. One of the big ideas behind these tools is that what people say they think and feel doesn’t always match what they really do, so focus groups and surveys can’t always give an accurate insight.
Eye tracking appears to be the most affordable and reliable choice. It helps correlate the emotional, attention or memory activity with the visual focus on the advertisement. It measures how quickly someone is looking at an object after that object is presented. This is to investigate how it draws the attention and to measure how long and how often people look at an object. This shows whether they like the image or not. The more they look the better they can remember it.
EEG records electrical impulses produced by the brain’s activity to see whether a subject is engaged or not, or has positive or negative emotional engagement. EEG is a very effective tool because it provides immediate readings and it’s more portable and easy to use.
FMRI measures the blood-flow to areas of the brain that are responsible for decision making and gives even more insight into how the subject is reacting to content. It also measures whether an ad can be memorized or not.
The base of neuromarketing is “meme”. Meme is a unit of information stored in the brain. These units are effective at influencing a person who is making choices and decisions within 2.6 seconds. If meme is chosen properly we remember the good, joke or song and would share it. “Memes stay in memory and they are affected by marketers”. Examples of memes are: Aromas of fresh bread, sweets, grandmother’s pie; Characters in fairy tales, melodies that cannot be out of head. Thus neuromarketers examine people and manipulate them.
Advertisement affects parts of our brains that handle emotions causing us to respond physically and mentally before we even begin to think about a decision. Even when we don’t think we’re being affected, we are, and the fMRI can measure that. So the emotional appeal and the experience are very important. I give you the example of a research about Coke versus Pepsi:
In a study from the group of Read Montague published in 2004, 67 people had their brains scanned while being given the “Pepsi Challenge”, a blind taste test of Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Half the subjects chose Pepsi, since Pepsi tended to produce a stronger response than Coke in their brain’s ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a region thought to process feelings of reward. But when the subjects were told they were drinking Coke three-quarters said that Coke tasted better. Their brain activity had also changed. The lateral prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain that governs high-level cognitive powers, and the hippocampus, an area related to memory, were now being used, indicating that the consumers were thinking about Coke and relating it to memories and other impressions. The results demonstrated that Pepsi should have half the market share, but in reality consumers are buying Coke for reasons related less to their taste preferences and more to their experience with the Coke brand.
Off course there are many people against these so-called non-traditional approaches toward gathering consumer opinion. But there are many more that use neuromarketing to improve the effectiveness of their advertisements in this very competitive market. But for us as a consumer a very important question will arise: How far marketers are willing to go to get the most effective ads. Let us be more aware next time we go shopping, or at least let’s try to be more mindful about how we choose.
You can click here to watch a video about eye tracking technique: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01g5vlb | <urn:uuid:6d2527a7-0630-43f8-840e-3fb1b75c3b0a> | {
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Religion of Sunday, 5 May 2013
Pope Francis has called for an end to slave labour and human trafficking as well as greater efforts to create dignified work for more people.
The problem of unemployment is "very often caused by a purely economic view of society, which seeks self-centered profit, outside the bounds of social justice," he said, marking the May 1 feast of St. Joseph the Worker during his weekly general audience.
"I wish to extend an invitation to everyone to greater solidarity and to encourage those in public office to spare no effort to give new impetus to employment," he said. "This means caring for the dignity of the person."
The pope touched on the same theme during the homily at his early morning Mass, before a congregation of unwed teenage mothers and their children in the chapel of the Domus Sanctae Marthae, where he lives.
In his homily, the pope said unemployment "is a burden on our conscience" because when society is organized in such a way that it cannot offer people an opportunity to work, "there is something wrong with that society: It is not right!"
"It goes against God himself, who wanted our dignity to begin with (work)."
"Power, money, culture do not give us dignity," he said. "Work, honest work, gives us dignity."
However, he said, "today many social, political and economic systems have chosen to exploit the human person" in the workplace, by "not paying a just (wage), not offering work, focusing solely on the balance sheets, the company's balance sheets, only looking at how much I can profit. This goes against God!"
"People are less important than the things that give profit to those who have political, social, economic power. What point have we come to?" he asked.
The pope recalled a recent "tragedy" in Bangladesh, where more than 400 garment workers were killed when the building they were working in collapsed. The workers reportedly earned just $38 a month.
"This is what you call slave labor," the pope said.
Today, "we can no longer say what St. Paul said, 'Who will not work, should not eat,' but we have to say, 'He who does not work has lost his dignity' because he cannot find any opportunities for work."
A society that cannot offer a person the possibility of work is a society that "has stripped this person of dignity," he said.
Later in the day, Pope Francis returned to the theme of work and dignity during his weekly general audience.
More than 70,000 people turned out in St. Peter's Square, many of them Italian families and children enjoying the May 1 Worker's Day public holiday in Italy and many other countries.
After a long tour around the square in the popemobile, the pope dedicated his catechesis to May 1 as both the celebration of St. Joseph the Worker and the beginning of the month devoted to Mary.
He said the two saints represent two key facets of life: work and prayer.
Work is part of God's loving plan for humanity, who is called to participate in his act of creation, the pope said.
When, in the Book of Genesis, the Lord told Adam and Eve to "fill the earth and subdue it," the pope said that "didn't mean to exploit it, but cultivate it, safeguard it, take care of his work."
"Work is part of God's loving plan; we are called to cultivate and safeguard all of creation's resources and this is how we participate in the act of creation," he said.
Work gives people dignity by allowing them to participate in God's creation, support themselves and their families and contribute to the growth of their nation, he said.
While he called for more solidarity toward the unemployed and greater efforts by government officials to reinvigorate employment opportunities, the pope also called on people, especially the young, not to give up hope.
"There is always light on the horizon," he said.
The pope made a special appeal against slave labor and human trafficking.
"How many people worldwide are victims of this type of slavery, in which the person is at the service of his or her work," he said. "Work should offer a service to people so they may have dignity."
The pope also urged his listeners to remember the importance of prayer as the silent contemplation of Jesus and conversation with God. | <urn:uuid:abf12be8-a94a-44d3-92ac-be69ccbb4bb7> | {
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Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund has announced the 2010 recipients of nearly $1.5 million in grants to protect vulnerable wildlife and ecosystems around the world. The funding enables nonprofit organizations to provide support for more than 45 species across the globe–from protecting the critically endangered Sumatran rhino in Indonesia, to tracking northern jaguars in the foothills of Mexico, to studying the threats of the endangered green sea turtle.
“As part of Disney’s longstanding commitment to the environment, the work supported through the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund is more important today than ever in helping preserve our planet’s most precious resources,” said Dr. Beth Stevens, senior vice president, Environmental Affairs, The Walt Disney Company. “We are proud to support these organizations that are truly making a difference around the world to aid in the protection of wildlife and the natural environments they depend on to flourish.”
Over the past decade, the DWCF—through support from The Walt Disney Company and Disney Guests—has provided more than $15 million in grants for the study of wildlife, protection of habitats, land management plans, community conservation and education. Along with a focus on support for species and habitat conservation science, the DWCF encourages programs that engage local residents and benefit both human and animal communities.
Below is a highlight of some of this year’s recipients:
- Wildlife Trust: Black Lion Tamarin Conservation through Research and Community Involvement – Wildlife Trust teaches communities about sustainable development alternatives, including tree nurseries and handicrafts, to protect the black lion tamarins living in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest.
- Northern Jaguar Project: Northern Jaguar Feline Photo Project - In an effort to reduce jaguar mortality and build conservation alliances with rural landowners, Northern Jaguar Project works directly with local ranch owners in Mexico to monitor and protect the species.
- Save the Elephants: Elephants and Bees – Save the Elephants minimizes human-wildlife conflict by studying and researching innovative strategies to reduce crop-raiding. By using beehives as a deterrent, community crops are left un-touched and families have a new source of income through honey production.
- University of Hawaii: Conserving the Green Sea Turtle in Hawaii - This program advances the understanding of the impact of pollution on endangered green sea turtles. Through further research, conservationists are able to work more effectively with local communities and governments to protect the turtles.
- International Rhino Foundation: Sumatran Rhino Conservation - The Sumatran rhino is considered the most endangered rhino species with numbers declining more than 70 percent in the past two decades. International Rhino Foundation is protecting the species through research and outreach programs in local communities.
To date the DWCF has accomplished the following milestones:
- More than $1 million to primate conservation efforts
- More than $900,000 to protect cats worldwide
- More than $850,000 to elephant conservation
- More than $850,000 to study and save sea turtles
- More than $625,000 to rhino conservation efforts
Since 1998, the DWCF has also awarded more than $575,000 in Rapid Response funds to assist with more than 120 environmental and animal emergencies. In the past year, the DWCF has provided more than $125,000 to support efforts worldwide including veterinary care and vaccinations for animals in the wake of the 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Haiti and rehabilitation efforts for the thousands of sea turtles affected by the winter cold snap in Florida. In 2009 additional support was provided through Disney’s Friends for Change: Project Green in which 100 percent of iTunes proceeds of the inspiring program anthem “Send it On” were directed to environmental charities through the DWCF. | <urn:uuid:46a21c2e-f615-4009-a3e8-f9b35665f228> | {
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Allied war crimes include both alleged and legally proven violations of the laws of war by the allies during world war ii against civilian populations or military. The myth that the nazi-era german armed forces, the wehrmacht, was not involved in war crimes persisted for decades after the war now two german researchers have. The atrocities committed by the japanese military during world war two are so brutal that it is almost impossible to comprehend them in some ways, it may be better.
Jintaro ishida knows his country's guilty secrets like few other japanese, he knows in detail about the atrocities of world war ii, and he knows of the. Start by marking “germany’s war: the origins, aftermath & atrocities of world war ii” as want to read. A study resource and continuous project for ap united states & virginia history. This workshop examines the events leading up to world war ii in east asia, the atrocities committed during the japanese imperial army’s occupation of the city of.
Atrocities of world war ii hitler’s nazi germany he directed that jews should be deported the son of a deported jew took revenge shot a german diplomat. Free essay: the only recognized atrocity of world war ii was the holocaust, but the real truth hides much deeper within there were thousands of atrocities. Japan did not and does not today admit the full extent of its responsibility for launching world war ii the list of japanese atrocities and war crimes is. Atrocities by german soldiers during ww2: first person accounts view of world war ii astonishingly detailed accounts of the atrocities they both. Japanese atrocities during world war ii were a horrifyingly widespread phenomenon while they lacked the systematic and technological character by which the crimes of.
Survivor: a personal memoir of one soldier's experience in the battle for the philippines, the bataan death march, japanese slave labor camps and escape from th. The biscari massacre was a war crime committed by members of the united states army during world war ii what were the atrocities in world war 1. Ralph blumenthal article on japanese atrocities during world war ii notes that while nazi scientists conducted hideous experiments on concentration camp. The only recognized atrocity of world war ii was the holocaust, but the real truth hides much deeper within there were thousands of atrocities that occurred leading.
It was a feature of russia's 'liberation' and occupation of eastern germany at the end of world war ii that is their atrocities against the women were. At the end of wwii when the allied powers raid the nazi concentration camps, mengele will escape the clutches of death temporarily years will go by when a costly. They were always portrayed as victims of fascism, but mussolini’s soldiers committed atrocities which for 60 years have gone unpunished now the conspiracy of. From operation teardrop to the biscari massacre, these us war crimes committed during world war ii don't often make the history books.
War crimes: japans' world war ii atrocities demands a prominent place in military history mr thurman and his daughter, christine sherman, bring to life the. Home history british and american war crimes during world war ii history british and american war crimes during world war ii by british and russian atrocities. Explore roland keyner's board wwii atrocities on pinterest | see more ideas about world war two, wwii and germany. Posts about world war ii atrocities written by ww2truth. | <urn:uuid:9c7a36ef-6c2b-4bbc-b560-6ccba8b9f084> | {
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Borexino has a new preprint where they try to measure neutrinos from proton-proton fusion in the sun. For a star the size of the sun, this is the main fusion reaction creating neutrinos and also releasing the energy that heats the sun. For a heavier star with a hotter core, the CNO cycle becomes the dominant fusion source. Proton-proton fusion generates most of the solar neutrino flux but is difficult to measure because the neutrinos don’t have much energy (less than an MeV). This energy range means that not only are other neutrino-generating processes important, but radioactive contamination in the detector, which has an active volume made of liquid scintillator, are important as well. Because there are significant backgrounds, the analysis needs to find the signal within a complicated spectrum of irreducible but well understood backgrounds.
The final result is consistent with theoretical predictions, so nothing surprising seems to be in the data. Borexino says that a measurement of pp neutrinos can help constrain the possibility of alternative models of solar power production. | <urn:uuid:54d91ad1-28ed-425d-a7a5-35a7755188b3> | {
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Types of String
Want to know what types of string there are, what they’re made from, and how they can affect your game? Here’s where to find out.
Types of String
Basically, there are two types of strings – those made from natural gut, and those made from any other material. Those made from anything other than natural gut are generically termed synthetic strings.
Natural Gut strings are made from beef or sheep intestines. The intestines are spun out to microscopic thicknesses, and then a number of individual strands are wound together to form a single string. A single tennis string will contain between 1,200 and 2,000 strands depending on its overall thickness. Natural gut strings made from beef intestines generally give greater durability, whilst those made from sheep intestines give a touch more resilience and control, (and cost more).
Natural gut strings have always been the yardstick by which other strings are measured. As recently as 12-15 years ago it was unusual to find a professional who played with anything other than natural gut, such was its generally accepted superiority over synthetics. A lot of this has changed now .
Gut has a resiliency, (ability to flex and the spring back), which no synthetic has yet been able to equal. It also offers better touch and control, and has the best shock absorbing properties of any string. Why aren’t we all using natural gut, then? Firstly, there’s the cost. A restring with gut will cost at least £35-£45, and can be as much as £50 for a top quality string. Gut is also very susceptible to damp and wet weather, absorbing moisture and losing tension easily, and losing its performance. If you use gut you either have to have another racket with synthetic strings for wet conditions, or accept the fact that you’re going to have to restring far more often if you play in the wet. Finally, gut is very difficult to string with, and most stringers will not make a very good job of it. If gut is mishandled or mistreated it will not perform anything like as well as it should do. So, think carefully about using gut. It will give you great performance if strung by a competent stringer, but has limitations if badly strung, or used in damp or wet conditions.
Synthetic strings are made from a variety of materials. At one end are monofilament, (one solid piece), strings, and at the other end are multifilament, (many individual pieces joined together), strings, which mimic the construction of natural gut. In between are all manner of strings, some made with exotic materials like aluminium and titanium, some monofilaments with one or more spiral wraps to add power or feel, and some with rough surfaces which, the manufacturers claim, help add spin to your shots.
Anyone who thinks that all synthetic strings are the same needs to think again. There’s never been a greater variety of quality synthetics around, and many of them are now being used by players on the professional tours.
Grand Slam winners such as Rafael Nadal, Juan Martin del Potro, Francesca Schiavone, and Ana Ivanovic all use synthetic strings, whilst others, including Roger Federer, use a combination of natural gut and synthetic string in their rackets.
These players wouldn’t be using synthetics unless they offered world class performance, so let’s look at synthetics in more detail.
First of all, there are a number of different types of construction, ranging from monofilament – one solid piece of string – to multifilament – loads of very fine strands, (1,540 in Tecnifibre’s TGV string), wound together to produce one string. In between these two extremes are all sorts of variations: solid core with one or more wraps, multiple cores with wraps, strings with raised or rough coatings – the list is endless.
How do these different constructions play and what are the advantages of each one?
Multifilaments are the nearest thing in construction to natural gut, so it’s no surprise that they play the closest to gut in terms of performance. They are great for absorbing shock, so anyone with tennis elbow or other arm problems should give them serious consideration, and offer great touch and control. Power-wise they are very adequate, although some of the newer monofilaments do give more. Marcos Baghdatis and Gisella Dulko use Tecnifibre X-One Biphase, as did Serbia’s Novak Djokovic when he won the Australian Open in 2008, and former French Davis Cup player Fabrice Santoro, renowned for his exquisite touch and control, whilst Jürgen Melzer, the 2010 Wimbledon Men’s Doubles champion, uses Isospeed Professional. Both of these strings are multifilament construction. If you’re after the best possible touch and control, or if comfort is of prime consideration, multifilament strings could well be for you.
Monofilaments are the exact opposite to multifilaments, in more ways than one. They are composed of a single strand, which may be of one type of material, or a composite of two or more. They are tougher than multifilaments, but do not provide as much touch. In fact, monofilaments are all about one thing – power, and the names the manufacturers give them reflect his – Babolat RPM Blast, and Luxilon Big Banger Alu Power being two examples.
Monofilament synthetics are now the most popular type of string on the pro tours, with players such as Rafa Nadal and Francesca Schiavone using RPM Blast, and Robin Soderling and Tomas Berdych using Big Banger Alu Power. Alu Power, as the name suggests, is a string with an element of aluminium in it, and Luxilon claim it gives the string more power – hence the name. There are also monofilaments on the market which contain titanium, tungsten, or copper, all of which claim to add more pace to your shots.
Monofilaments are also more durable than multifilaments, (given the same string thickness), but tend to feel somewhat dead in thicker gauges, so that whilst the string might last a long time it doesn’t perform well. These thicker gauge monos are best avoided. An aspect regarding monofilaments that’s not always appreciated is that they lose tension much quicker than natural gut or multifilaments. In effect, the performance of the string gives up well before the string itself breaks, so you’ll need to restring regularly to benefit from monofilaments.
Lastly, monofilaments are very poor at absorbing shock, and tend to send any vibrations straight up the arm. Those with arm problems should look elsewhere.
In summary, if power is your main requirement, you’re not overly bothered about touch, and you don’t have tennis elbow or other arm problems, a monofilament may be your answer.
Wrapped Strings. Rounding out string construction are strings referred to as ‘wrapped’ strings, whereby a centre core of either monofilament or multifilament construction is surrounded by one or more wraps of the same, or a different, material. The idea of this type of string is that it gives a blend of performance; eg: the durability of a monofilament with some of the control of a multifilament, or the control of a multifilament with some of the durability of a monofilament. Generally speaking, the thinner the central core and/or the more wraps, the more the string is control orientated. Whilst they offer neither the overall control of a multifilament nor the durability of a monofilament, they do provide a good compromise between the two.
Wrapped strings tend to cost a bit less than either monofilaments or multifilaments, but can still provide excellent performance. A few years ago Serbia’s Novak Djokovic was using Tecnifibre Synthetic Gut, whilst Dominik Hrbaty and Patti Schnyder, both former Top Twenty players, use strings from Kirschbaum’s Super Smash range. All are wrapped strings, as is Prince Tournament Nylon, which was used by Spain’s Paolo Suarez, a multiple Grand Slam doubles winner. By the way, ‘Synthetic Gut’ as in Tecnifibre Synthetic Gut and Prince Synthetic Gut, has no natural gut content, they are merely trade names. | <urn:uuid:11b0f693-5e71-43a7-a17b-47e1ae173c22> | {
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By Matthew Nicholls
The 50 most crucial achievements of a undying civilization, each explained in part a minute.
Ancient Greek civilization laid the rules for therefore many elements of modern western lifestyles, from structure to philosophy. yet are you able to recite the Classical orders with self assurance (are you convinced what an order actually is?), and may you be capable of outline the major contributions of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle? 30-Second historic Greece bargains an engrossing travel of the Hellenic international, appealingly served up in simply absorbed nuggets.
- An the world over bestselling sequence offers crucial strategies in an insignificant 30 seconds, three hundred phrases, and one image;
- Presents a special perception into probably the most inventive and influential civilizations, the place army could and architectural brilliance flourished;
- From temples and oracles to infantrymen and slavery, from appealing pottery to tragic drama, this can be the main to knowing the 50 an important principles and thoughts that constructed and outlined one of many world’s maximum civilizations.
Read or Download 30-Second Ancient Greece: The 50 most important achievements of a timeless civilization, each explained in half a minute (30 Second) PDF
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Additional info for 30-Second Ancient Greece: The 50 most important achievements of a timeless civilization, each explained in half a minute (30 Second)
30-Second Ancient Greece: The 50 most important achievements of a timeless civilization, each explained in half a minute (30 Second) by Matthew Nicholls | <urn:uuid:3d165789-0ac6-4469-bfd7-a4a8a5abd9a6> | {
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What's the Latest Development?
While a damaged patient's brain may be able to understand all or part of his or her environment, the body may be unable to make observable responses. As a result, errors in diagnosing vegetative brain states are unfortunately common. But a new study out of Belgium, published this week in Science, may provide doctors with a new tool in determining the status of a patient with brain damage. The study found that patients with minimally conscious brains had a more robust response to a change in sound pitch—a burst of brain activity lasting about 170 milliseconds—than patients in vegetative states, whose responses lasted less than 100 milliseconds.
What's the Big Idea?
The thought of simultaneously being able to understand your environment yet unable to respond to it is terrifying, especially if a doctor is trying to determine that your brain is still functioning. The difficulty in diagnosing vegetative brain states results from the severe impairment caused by brain damage, but new studies are finding resiliency in the brain's ability to communicate, at least among its constituent parts. Examining the connections between different brain parts in patients with brain damage may give scientists insight into how both healthy and debilitated brains process information. | <urn:uuid:783520fb-c047-4125-b786-7d08f88887e8> | {
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Thinking of buying a TV but you lost to the choices available to you. And especially ask you this question: what is the difference between LCD and LED TV?
We will try to answer, starting with understanding what the acronyms LED and LCD:
Definition LCD : from English “Liquid Crystal Display”, the acronym stands for “Liquid Crystal Display”. Historically, technology has enabled the creation of flat panel displays with low power consumption. It is used in many electronic devices.
Definition LED : from English “Light Emitting Diode”, the acronym stands for “light emitting diode”.
The difference between LCD and LED is Light Emitting Diodes (LED) emit colored light and use less energy and space than traditional bulbs. LEDs are used for backlighting LCD, LED TV is new and it is a logical consequence of the LCD TV.
Because of the novelty of the technology, LED TVs are a bit more expensive than LCD TVs, but prices are steadily declining. | <urn:uuid:675fe79c-4f4e-4612-aca4-ccb0d62a818d> | {
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We all have mental health. We should be able to talk about it in the same way we talk about physical health.
Ups and downs are a normal part of all of our lives. It shows strength to talk about how you’re feeling when things are becoming tough.
Most boys and young men in Herts already think it’s OK to talk about their mental health, but sometimes they aren’t sure how to go about it.
Talking to people you trust and seeking help early means you are less likely to become unwell – if you keep putting it off it will probably get harder.
There is support available and we know it can really help you. Life is so busy and we spend a lot of time thinking about the things that worry us. It’s also important to think about the things that make us feel happier.
When struggling, the most popular things that boys and young men in Hertfordshire do to cope and feel better include physical activity and sport, spending time with friends, listening to music, and video gaming. There are lots of other things you could try too.
Most importantly: Just Talk.
Join the conversation on socials using #JustTalk - why not print out the poster here and make your own #JustTalk video? Create a story board for a #JustTalk film and win £100! Details are here.
The Five ways to wellbeing are simple things that we can all do to improve our emotional health and wellbeing:
- Be active
- Take notice
- Keep learning
Connect: Spend time with family and friends. Enjoy doing things together and talking to each other.
Be active: It keeps you physically healthy, and makes you feel good
Keep learning: Try something new. Try a new hobby, or learn about something just because it interests you.
Take notice: Take a break to see how you feel. Relax and look around you or listen to music, take a few deep breaths.
Give: Do something for a friend or relation/adult, as well as making them feel good, it can make you feel good too!
There are some more feel good tips from young people and experts here.
If you're worried about a friend or your brother or sister, you may have noticed some changes in them.
They might be:
- Being more anxious, irritable or angry than usual
- Unable to concentrate or take decisions
- Isolating themselves – not seeing their friends, dropping out of school or activities that they previously enjoyed
- Appearing suspicious of friends and family
- Being overly focused on certain things or being a perfectionist
- Not eating or looking after themselves
- Having disrupted sleep – which can mean not being able to sleep, or sleeping too much.
If you are concerned that someone is developing a mental health problem, there are things you can do to help them, including:
- Encouraging them to talk about how they are feeling
- Listening to them in a non-judgmental, non-critical way
- Taking things at their pace
- Reassuring them that you are taking what they say seriously
- Offering to go with them to get further advice or information.
There's lots more advice on supporting a friend or sibling here on Rethink's website.
It can be hard to know what to say when friends come to you with problems or when you think they may be struggling.
Epic Friends is great for tips on how to look out for your friends or visit www.samaritans.org.uk or call 116 123. | <urn:uuid:8062b596-2635-43bf-9a4f-86ab82df32ef> | {
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Cytology is a useful clinical tool for the investigation of disease processes and was originally developed mainly as a quick, cheap guide to the next step in the investigation or treatment of a lesion. In the past 20 years the techniques and their interpretation have developed into an entire discipline. This section is only a brief guide to enable practitioners to prepare samples and undertake basic interpretation. Most of this section refers to small animals, but the basic principles apply to all species.
Cytology should be considered a guide. Characteristics of the cells may not be sufficient in many instances to yield a definitive diagnosis or indicate the probable behavior of the lesion. These may require examination of the overall architecture of the tissue, for which cytology is not appropriate. If complex, expensive, or life-threatening therapy is being considered, then the diagnosis should if possible be confirmed by histology.
Full cytologic interpretation requires a good quality sample. A substantial minority of samples collected by practitioners are unsuitable for full interpretation. The technique appears to be simple, but consistently obtaining good-quality samples requires practice. If samples are sent to a laboratory for interpretation, sending more than one is recommended. In addition, staining and examining one of the preparations in house allows monitoring the quality of the samples taken and making a provisional diagnosis. This requires a good staining technique and a good quality microscope with a range of objectives, including oil immersion.
The stains and techniques employed for cytology preparations in a practice setting are the same as those used for hematology preparations. The traditional stains for cytology preparations are modified Wright's stain (Wright's-Giemsa) and May-Grunwald Giemsa. Over the past few years, good-quality rapid Romanowsky stains have been developed for cytology and hematology and are often used by professional veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Many different brands of rapid stain have been developed, so trying a number of products in order to see which stain is best suited to a practice is recommended. Poor preparations are not always the fault of the collection technique; the stain may be the problem. Many slides can be adjusted by returning a finished stained slide to the stain for deeper color reaction, or if overstained, can have some color removed by placing the slide in alcohol. Formalin-fixed cytology preparations must be stained with either H&E or Papanicolaou stain. If samples are sent to a laboratory for interpretation, indicate whether formalin has been added.
Fine Needle Aspiration
The aim of fine needle aspiration is to obtain a high cell harvest with minimal artifactual damage or blood contamination. The basic sampling kit consists of 21- and 25-gauge needles and 3-, 5-, and 10-mL syringes. Precise technique and choice of equipment depends on physical characteristics of the lesion and whether blood contamination is a problem.
The basic technique uses a 25-gauge needle and a 10-mL syringe. The needle is inserted into the lesion and repeatedly redirected to sample a number of areas while applying a small amount of suction on the syringe. Suction is released before withdrawing the needle. If suction is continued on withdrawal, the cell sample is violently sucked into the barrel of the syringe, causing cell rupture. Sample size is often very small and may only be present within the lumen of the needle and not in the syringe. When the sample has been obtained, the syringe is removed, filled with air, reattached, and used to gently express the sample onto a clean, dry, glass slide. Expressing the sample forcefully will rupture cells. Another slide is placed on top of the sample and pulled lengthways to spread the sample to a monolayer. Additional pressure should not be applied as this also may cause rupture of the cells. Thicker areas are not a concern; the edges will often be thin enough to examine individual, nonoverlapping cells. The sample should be air dried as quickly as possible to reduce the effects of shrinkage. This can be aided with the use of a hair dryer, but heating the sample must be avoided.
This technique can be adapted to different situations. If blood contamination is a problem, the size of the syringe and amount of suction can be reduced or the syringe removed altogether. In the latter case, the needle is inserted without the syringe and repeatedly redirected to sample the lesion. After withdrawal of the needle, the syringe is reattached and used to gently express the sample. This technique is also particularly useful for sampling fragile cells, such as lymphoid cells from lymph nodes. It has been shown that a far better cell harvest is obtained from splenic lesions with this technique than by applying suction. Blood contamination also can be a problem with bone marrow aspiration, due to excessive suction on the syringe. If blood contamination is unavoidable, the blood can be centrifuged. However if the sample is directly smeared, a feathered edge should be obtained as this is where the heavier cells from the tissue tend to congregate. Blood contamination can often be decreased with the use of a very fine needle (25 gauge); this increases the chance of collecting enough cells for interpretation.
Certain tissues tend to give a very low cell harvest. These are usually composed of mesenchymal cells (connective tissue) that tightly adhere to each other and therefore do not exfoliate easily. For these lesions, a larger bore needle and increased suction may be necessary. However, a needle with a bore >21 gauge will tend to provide a tissue core that is more suitable for histologic interpretation than cytology.
These are often used for ulcerated surface lesions. They are of limited value, because they usually only sample the surface inflammatory exudate and rarely include cells from deeper tissues. A better use of this technique is at the time of biopsy to give an immediate assessment of the lesion before fixation and processing of the tissue sample. The cut surface of the excised sample is blotted a number of times to remove surface blood and serum, and the dried surface is applied to a clean, dry slide with gentle pressure. A number of areas can be prepared on a single slide. The preparations should be quickly air-dried and then stained.
Body Fluid Evaluation
Once a body fluid (eg, urine, pleural or peritoneal fluid) is obtained, a cytospin preparation is by far the best method of cell concentration. Few practices have access to a cytospin, however, so centrifugation of the preparation and sampling of the centrifuged sediment is the usual method of cell concentration. Once the slide has been prepared, it should be rapidly air dried before staining.
If the fluid is to be sent to a laboratory, adding a few drops of formalin (the concentration is not critical) helps preserve cells and prevent bacterial overgrowth during transit. Severe bacterial overgrowth obscures the cells, and their metabolic products tend to destroy cells in cytology preparations. This is particularly useful for bronchoalveolar lavage samples and urine, which often contain infectious agents and are prone to bacterial contamination at sampling. The laboratory must be advised of the presence of formalin, which rules out the use of Romanowsky stains. Adding EDTA to help preserve cytology samples is often recommended, but the effect is minimal.
Cells in CSF samples degenerate very quickly and are usually present in very low numbers. Cytospin preparations are almost essential for CSF examination; this can usually only be achieved in a laboratory. The addition of a few drops of 10% formalin preserves the cells in CSF very well during transit.
Interpretation of Cytology Samples
The diagram provides an algorithm for cytology interpretation and covers the common questions asked by a clinician. From a clinical viewpoint, it is often not necessary to complete all stages of this algorithm. For example, a simple differentiation of inflammation from neoplasia may be sufficient to allow a decision on the next stage of case management. Full cytology interpretation may require the services of a professional laboratory, and a definitive diagnosis requires histopathology.
Recognition of basic inflammatory cells—neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells—is essential for interpretation of cytology samples. Some tumors contain a large number of inflammatory cells, but these are very uncommon, even when there is tumor necrosis. The presence of only inflammatory cells in a sample usually indicates a primary inflammatory lesion. Ulceration produces inflammation on the surface of neoplastic lesions, but even in this case the inflammatory cells normally do not extend deeply into the underlying neoplasm. A small percentage of mast cell tumors, however, are composed almost entirely of inflammation, hemorrhage, and edema with only a small number of mast cells. These can be difficult to identify even by histology.
These are the first cells to arrive in an area of inflammation, and they continue to be attracted to the site as long as the inflammatory stimulus lasts. Large numbers of neutrophils indicate acute inflammation and often are accompanied by smaller numbers of macrophages. This pattern is most often caused by infection or foreign body reaction, including furunculotic reactions directed against hair and keratin embedded in the soft tissue. The cells' cytoplasm may contain causative organisms or foreign material.
Macrophages arrive at a site of inflammation within 2–3 hr and are not necessarily an indicator of chronicity, although they often increase with time. They phagocytize bacteria and also larger structures, such as fungi, cellular debris, and foreign material. These cells are often associated with tissue destruction.
Macrophages come from circulating monocytes and have variable morphology. In the tissue, the cytoplasm greatly enlarges over time and usually becomes vacuolated. The nuclei become rounded. They can be multinucleated, especially with foreign body reactions and in longstanding lesions. Under certain circumstances, they may become epithelioid. These cells have oval or round nuclei and small, often indistinct, nucleoli. Their cytoplasm is expanded but uniformly stained and not vacuolated. They can look epithelial, and great care must be taken when interpreting cells such as this. However, they do not normally form clusters, which is a key factor in the differentiation from epithelial cells.
Macrophages are almost always seen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; they come from the alveoli and body cavity fluids (part of the modification process), joints (a normal component but increased in disease), and cyst contents (a nonspecific reaction).
Eosinophils have segmented nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules. They vary slightly between species and are generally slightly larger than neutrophils. In cytology preparations, it can occasionally be difficult to distinguish poorly stained eosinophils from neutrophils. They are often seen in association with mast cells. Eosinophils are associated with allergies and also are prominent in parasitic diseases, superficial cutaneous viral infection in cats, and fungal infections. They are the predominant cell type in specific eosinophilic conditions such as eosinophilic granuloma in cats (rarely in dogs) and eosinophilic collagenolytic granuloma in horses. Some cases of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors have a very high proportion of eosinophils and very few mast cells.
Of the most commonly encountered veterinary species, rabbits and guinea pigs have inflammatory cells that are equivalent to neutrophils in other species, but have eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules. These are called heterophils. They can be difficult to distinguish from eosinophils. The cellular equivalent to neutrophils in birds and reptiles are also heterophils with eosinophilic granules.
Lymphocytes are usually small with very little cytoplasm and smudged chromatin with no nucleoli. The almost-round nuclei are similar in size to those of red cells. Medium and large lymphocytes, which have a slightly more open chromatin pattern and more cytoplasm, can also be seen in inflammatory processes. Along with plasma cells, lymphocytes are part of the chronic inflammatory response and tend to arrive in tissue a few days after the acute inflammation has begun. They are, however, not specific for a particular stimulus and are mostly small lymphocytes. If mostly medium to large cells are present, lymphoma is a possibility. However, even large lymphoblastic cells can be seen in low numbers in inflammatory processes. Normal and reactive lymphocytes in body fluids often appear larger than the same cells from soft tissue.
These cells are large and often have larger numbers of nuclei with 1–3 small nucleoli and vacuolated cytoplasm. They develop from macrophages (see Macrophages) and tend to appear late in the course of inflammation. The cytoplasm should be examined for the presence of fungal organisms and for foreign material. These cells are usually seen in small numbers mixed with other inflammatory cells as part of a granulomatous reaction. Multinucleated cells are much less specific in birds and reptiles, in which they are common in many focal inflammatory lesions, irrespective of cause, and can appear quite early in the inflammatory process.
Fibroblasts are not inflammatory cells, but they are frequently seen in association with inflammation. They will proliferate as part of the repair reaction associated with any tissue damage and appear in an inflammatory lesion after about 2 days. Classically, fibroblasts and fibrocytes are elongated cells with pointed tails of cytoplasm. They have round or oval nuclei, indistinct nucleoli, and moderate amounts of uniform, pale blue-staining cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic boundaries are indistinct, giving a “wispy” appearance. When fibroblasts are aspirated from tissue, the cells often become round and lose their spindle shape, but a small number, especially cells in groups, retain their elongated shape. Reactive fibroblasts cannot be definitively distinguished cytologically from low-grade spindle cell tumors. If they are found in association with inflammatory cells, spindle cells are most often reactive, but neoplasia cannot be ruled out. Because fibroblasts and fibrocytes are the principal connective tissue cell, they are tightly adherent to each other, and cell harvest tends to be low.
Inflammatory lesions are characterized by cells from different populations. The presence of cells that are predominantly of the same population indicates normal tissue, hyperplasia, or neoplasia. Ideally, the first stage in the evaluation of a cytologic sample for neoplasia is to determine the tissue type from which the cells have come. If this is not possible, it is necessary to simply determine the likely behavior of the cells. This can often be done without specifically identifying the cell type. The following check list includes features that can be examined in order to determine tissue type and likely behavior of the lesion: 1) cell numbers, 2) cell distribution within the smear, 3) cell shape, 4) nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, 5) pleomorphism (both nuclear and cytoplasmic), 6) nucleoli, number, shape and size, and 7) cytoplasmic content such as melanin, metachromatic granules, fat, etc. Classification of the cell type and likely behavior may require a tissue biopsy. With few exceptions, histology will be necessary for a definitive diagnosis.
There are 3 basic tissue types: epithelial, mesenchymal (supporting or connective tissue), and round cells.
These are round, cuboidal, or polygonal and tend to adhere tightly to each other and exfoliate in clusters or sheets. They have a sharp cytoplasmic outline and exfoliate in moderate numbers. Cells with more than one nucleus are uncommon.
These are tightly adherent cells and usually exfoliate in low numbers as single cells or very small aggregates. They are classically spindle shaped but usually round up and become plump when removed from the body, particularly when they are lying singly within the smear. The spindle shape is often more apparent in small aggregates. They tend to appear “wispy” due to indistinct cytoplasmic boundaries. Binucleate cells are not uncommon.
These cells have little or no adherence in the body. They typically exfoliate in large numbers and lie individually in the smear without clumping. Cells of this category include mast cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasma cells, and cells of transmissible venereal tumors.
To distinguish benign from malignant tumors, the amount of variation in certain characteristics within the cell population must be assessed. As a general rule, the more malignant the cell, the less differentiated it becomes and the more variation there is within the cell population. Benign tumors have cells that are often uniform in size with a uniform nucleus:cytoplasm ratio; they strongly resemble or are identical to the cell of origin. The more malignant the cells become, the more variation is seen in these criteria. Nuclear criteria are the major indicators of malignancy.
Criteria for malignancy include the following: variation in cell size and shape, increased cell exfoliation, increased nuclear size, increased nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, variation in nuclear size and an increase in multinucleated cells, increased mitosis with abnormal mitotic figures, a coarse and often clumped chromatin pattern, altered shape of the nucleus due to close approximation of a nucleus from an adjacent cell (nuclear molding), and large and often multiple nucleoli of irregular and abnormal shape. There are a number of exceptions to these indicators, and in such situations histology is essential for full interpretation.
Thyroid carcinomas usually have fairly uniform, well differentiated cells. A diagnosis of carcinoma can be made simply on the size of the mass in dogs (but not in cats) and capsular and soft tissue invasion. Major features of malignancy, such as capsular, soft tissue invasion and vessel invasion, can only be identified histologically. Other tissues in which it may be impossible to differentiate benign from malignant cells include apocrine gland carcinomas, basal cell tumors, melanomas, and proliferative lesions of the liver.
Unlike most malignant tumors, lymphoma is commonly characterized by a uniform population of cells that are larger than normal lymphoid cells. Variation in morphology, therefore, is not necessary for a diagnosis of malignancy with this tissue type.
Some normal structures, such as hepatoid glands, have more than 1 cell type (reserve and terminal cells) and can therefore show variation in morphology; a minority of benign tumors of hepatoid gland can have a similar mixture.
Many mammary tumors can show marked variation in cell morphology but histologically would be classed as benign. Indicators of mammary tumor behavior are architectural features, such as local tissue invasion and invasion of vessels. These cannot be assessed using cytology. These exceptions often make cytologic interpretation unreliable, particularly for these types of tissues.
Most spindle cell tumors do not metastasize but are locally aggressive and often difficult to remove. The criteria for malignancy are often less important with respect to the behavior of these tumors than for the epithelial tumors.
Common Cytology Results
Some specific features of cytology preparations can provide a more accurate interpretation of the sample. Listed below are some common results and their interpretation.
Mature Fat Cells
These are seen in benign lipomas and mature body fat. It is not possible to differentiate these cytologically. Fat cells are mesenchymal cells, and because they tend not to exfoliate well, they are usually present in low numbers. If a sample has come from the center of a nodular mass, fat cells are diagnostic for lipoma.
It is usually not possible to differentiate reactive spindle cells from those of spindle cell neoplasia. Indicators of neoplasia include absence of a reactive stimulus, such as inflammation or hemorrhage, and a higher cell population with more numerous and larger clumps of cells. Greater variation in cell morphology indicates more aggressive behavior.
This includes nucleated and terminally differentiated non-nucleated squamous epithelial cells. Keratin can be a contaminant from the surface of the skin of the animal or the skin of all handlers of the sample and is a common artifact. It can also be sampled from cutaneous keratin-filled cysts, which are always benign and very common, particularly in dog skin. Large, densely packed clumps of keratin in restricted areas in the center of the slide suggest that keratin is not an artifact but has been sampled from the lesion.
Blood is a common artifact of fine-needle aspiration but can also come from blood-filled spaces in tissue. These can be nonneoplastic, such as hematomas or severe bruising, or neoplastic lesions such as hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas. The presence of spindle cells does not adequately differentiate neoplastic from nonneoplastic causes of hemorrhage (see Tumor Evaluation). Blood that has come directly from the vascular system normally contains significant numbers of platelets. Using a 25-gauge needle can help decrease blood contamination. Blood is almost always seen in aspiration from parenchymatous organs, such as the liver, spleen, kidneys, and bone marrow.
Lack of cells is a common problem of fine-needle aspiration. If the technique is practiced properly, absence of cells can indicate mesenchymal cell proliferation (including lipomas), as these are tightly adherent cells that do not exfoliate well.
Cells with Cytoplasmic Granules
The most important of these is the mast cell, given that mast cell tumors are common in dogs. These are medium-sized cells with round nuclei. With Romanowsky stains the granules are dark blue or purple, small (about the size of bacteria), and usually found in large numbers in the cytoplasm. Less-differentiated mast cells have fewer granules, but cytology is a poor method of grading these tumors. The cells are fragile, and often there are large numbers of granules in the background that have been released from damaged cells. In dogs, eosinophils are often present and very occasionally can be the dominant cell type; however, they are less common in other species. Mast cell tumors in horses have similar cytology to those in dogs, but in mast cell tumors in cats cells are often smaller, more uniform, and have less distinct granulation.
Thyroid cells can also have dark granules, usually blue or black. These tyrosine granules are small, low in number, and can be difficult to see. Larger black granules are associated with melanomas. Cytology cannot differentiate benign from malignant melanomas; however, melanomas on haired skin in dogs are usually benign and those on nonhaired areas, such as the lips, feet, and mouth, are usually malignant. Basal cell tumors also often contain cells with melanin, especially in cats. These tumors are usually benign and cytologically can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from melanomas. Melanin can also be seen in macrophages, sometimes in large amounts, but it is usually in much larger clumps within the cytoplasm rather than fine granules that are seen in melanocytes. Very fine magenta granules can sometimes be seen in osteoblastic cells from osteosarcoma. Golden, granular material accumulates in the cytoplasm of macrophages when there has been hemorrhage into soft tissue. Liver cells can sometimes contain bile, which stains very dark, and occasionally long thin strands of dark material can be seen where canaliculi have become filled with bile.
Cells with Cytoplasmic Vacuoles
A large, single vacuole is seen in fat cells. In normal or benign cells the nuclei are small and often indistinct, the cells are often folded like a collapsed ball. Smaller cells with larger, more prominent nuclei and some cytoplasm in addition to clear, often small vacuoles are more suggestive of malignancy.
Cells with multiple, small vacuoles with a foamy appearance include macrophages, sebaceous glandular cells, and salivary cells. It can be very difficult to differentiate these; the site and other clinical features can be a deciding factor in the interpretation.
Differentiation of Round Cell Tumors
These cells include mast cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, histiocytic cells, and transmissible venereal tumor cells. Mast cells have distinctive granules within the cytoplasm and are usually easily distinguished, except in the cases that have few or no granules in the cytoplasm. Lymphoid cells classically have a very high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio; few other cells have this feature. Neoplastic, lymphoid cells are medium size to large, with a nucleus at least 1.5 times the size of an RBC. Nucleoli are often multiple, sometimes quite prominent. However, the rare cases of small cell lymphoma have cells indistinguishable from normal lymphocytes.
Cells of a histiocytoma are not especially histiocytic cytologically. They are round cells with a moderate amount of pale-staining cytoplasm. They are fairly uniform and have nuclei that are eccentric within the cell. Nucleoli are indistinct. Histiocytic cells are slightly more problematic to interpret. These are part of the cell line that includes the antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and Langerhans cells, but can range from inflammatory and reactive cells to highly malignant round cell tumors. They tend to be larger than the other round cells with more cytoplasm, sometimes are vacuolated, and can have oval or indented nuclei. Infiltrates of histiocytic cells are often problematic, even with a full-tissue biopsy examination, and always require histologic examination to assess behavior.
Neoplastic plasma cells include cells of myeloma. These are usually well differentiated and have most of the characteristics of normal plasma cells. When neoplastic, they are found in large numbers with few other cell types present. Benign nodular proliferations of plasma cells, plasmacytomas, show more marked pleomorphism and often differ markedly from normal plasma cells. Many have a slightly histiocytic appearance, and these can be difficult to distinguish cytologically. These cells have a round nucleus and a coarse chromatin pattern, which sometimes becomes clumped around the nuclear membrane. The nucleus is often eccentric with an intensely basophilic cytoplasm and paranuclear pale Golgi zone.
Cells of transmissible venereal tumors tend to have a moderate amount of cytoplasm (more than found in lymphoblasts), often with small vacuoles. Nuclear chromatin is coarse, with 1–2 fairly prominent nucleoli. Mitotic figures are often numerous. Unlike most cytology preparations of neoplastic lesions, they tend to have moderate variation in the nucleus:cytoplasm ratio.
Cytology of Specific Sites
Normal, hyperplastic, and early neoplastic lymph nodes have a mixed population of cells. Cells are predominantly small lymphocytes with variable numbers of medium and large lymphoid cells and some plasma cells. A uniform population of cells indicates neoplasia. Lymph node aspirates often have a population of cells that are much paler staining and larger, with some cells completely losing their cytoplasm. These cells are in varying stages of degeneration and should be ignored. Size in comparison with RBC is useful. Normal mature lymphocytes or small neoplastic lymphocytes (rare) have nuclei the same size as RBC. Blast cells, however, have nuclei at least 1 ½ times the diameter of RBC. However, lymphomatous lymph nodes may still contain a significant number of normal lymphoid cells. The proportion of smaller mature lymphocytes must then be compared with the larger immature cells in order to differentiate hyperplasia from neoplasia. The proportion considered significant varies, but as a general rule most cytologists consider a diagnosis of lymphoma when immature cells are >50% of the cell population. Some cytologists require a higher percentage of immature cells, particularly if there is only 1 lymph node enlarged. If there is doubt, a biopsy should be performed. Histopathologic confirmation of diagnosis is essential if therapy for lymphoma is considered.
Submandibular lymph nodes are often difficult to assess. They drain the buccal and nasal areas and are subject to strong antigenic stimuli. They frequently undergo hyperplasia, often histologically atypical, especially in cats. Cats also develop unusual neoplastic conditions affecting this node, such as the T cell-rich B cell lymphoma and Hodgkin's-like lymphoma. For these reasons, great care must be taken in the interpretation of lesions involving the submandibular lymph nodes, as false negative and false positive results for neoplasia are not uncommon.
Aspirates from suspected enlarged submandibular lymph nodes often yield only large foamy cells. These cells are of salivary gland origin. This result can be due either to sampling error or to hypertrophy of the salivary gland in cases of sialoadenosis. The cause of sialoadenosis is not understood, but a significant minority of submandibular aspirates contain these cells.
Body Cavity Fluids
Meaningful analysis of fluids from body cavities requires total protein (measured with a handheld refractometer), total cell count, and a differential of cell types present (see Characteristics of Transudates and Exudate). Pure transudates are rare because they rapidly become modified by leakage of fluid from lymphatics or blood vessels and attraction of mixed inflammatory cells. Transudates attract activated macrophages with varying numbers of nondegenerate neutrophils. The lymphocytes that may also be present are classified as small, but most look slightly larger than circulating lymphocytes and are part of the reactive process of the fluid in the body cavity. In addition, when fluid accumulates in the body cavity, the lining mesothelial cells proliferate and are shed into the fluid. These cells are large, often multinucleated, vary in appearance, and often are seen in groups with large nucleoli. They sometimes form grape-like clusters with a narrow, pale space between the cells. These features are usually considered to be associated with malignancy, but in this case, the cells are simply reactive and not neoplastic. Care must be taken to differentiate these mesothelial cells from neoplastic cells within the body fluid. A small number of these cells typically have a corona around the cytoplasmic envelope (giving a fuzzy outline); this is a distinguishing feature of mesothelial cells.
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Characteristics of Transudates and Exudate
Total Protein (g/dL)
Cell Count (cells/mL)
Mesothelial cells can be present in very large numbers, especially in pericardial fluid. Malignant mesotheliomas are rare in domestic species, but it is not possible to differentiate neoplastic from reactive mesothelial cells on cytologic examination. The degree of polyploidy is not a distinguishing feature.
Mixed inflammatory cells increase in number as a transudate becomes modified and are present in large numbers in an exudate. Mesothelial cells would be expected in this type of sample, and it can therefore be useful to look for a second population when checking for neoplasia. Smoothly demarcated aggregates of atypical cells with no narrow spaces between the cells may indicate a second population of carcinoma cells.
Tracheal or Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)
Respiratory epithelial cells are seen in BAL from normal and diseased animals. The epithelial cells may retain their original structure with a ciliated surface and basal nuclei, but they often appear round with indistinct cilia.
Macrophages are usually the dominant cell type in BAL from normal animals. These come from deep in the alveoli and are part of normal defense mechanisms. They greatly increase with fluid accumulation in the lung (eg, cardiovascular insufficiency) and in inflammatory conditions, where they are accompanied by other inflammatory cells. Debris, foreign material, hemosiderin, RBC, and microorganisms can sometimes be seen in the cytoplasm of these cells. There are increased numbers of macrophages in many subacute and chronic lung disorders.
In normal dogs and cats, Neutrophils contribute <5% of cells in BAL preparations. Neutrophils are nonspecific inflammatory cells in the respiratory system and do not necessarily indicate infection. They can be the most numerous cells in an inflammatory reaction, even in cases of allergy. However, when neutrophils are present, the cytoplasm should always be examined carefully for the presence of any infectious agent. Bacteria can also sometimes be seen in the extracellular parts of the smear, but extracellular bacteria are often contaminants from the pharynx.
Great care must be taken to differentiate eosinophils from neutrophils in BAL preparations because the granules are often faint and difficult to identify. Eosinophils can comprise up to 5% of cells in BAL from normal dogs but may reach 10% in normal cats. Eosinophils that comprise >10% of cells indicate an allergic respiratory disease, although lungworms and heartworms can also cause this reaction. With lungworm infestation, larvae are sometimes present as large coiled structures.
Nucleated and nonnucleated squamous cells are commonly seen in BAL preparations and are often associated with bacteria on the cell surface. This indicates contamination from the pharynx. Bacteria are normal inhabitants of the pharynx, in particular Simonsiella, which are very large, ladder-like organisms. Their presence confirms contamination from the pharynx. If bacteria are present along with squamous epithelial cells, it may not be possible to conclude whether the bacteria are from the respiratory tree or the pharynx. Bacteria in the cytoplasm of neutrophils confirms a significant infection.
Full examination of synovial fluid should include protein content, mucin clot formation, and other factors. It is usually not feasible to perform these tests in a practice setting. Cytology is often all that is necessary for an interpretation, however, particularly when the clinical signs are also considered. Normal synovial fluid contains small numbers of joint mononuclear cells. Cell counts in normal animals vary widely (eg, 0–4,400/μL in dogs). Counts >500/μL in dogs generally indicate a significant rise in cell number. Normal synovial fluid usually contains ~2 cells/high power field (400× magnification).
Macrophages increase with any damage to a joint, especially in cases of degenerative joint disease. Cytoplasmic vacuolation of these cells, and especially the presence of phagocytosis of debris or RBC, indicate macrophage activation, a feature not seen in normal joint mononuclear cells. In degenerative joint disease, synovial fluid often contains only macrophages.
Hemorrhage is common in synovial preparations but is frequently an artifact. It may also indicate hemarthrosis. Although not always the case, in true hemarthrosis RBC may be seen in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Blood contamination will also include WBC, such as neutrophils, which can make it impossible to fully interpret the inflammatory cells within the joint.
Neutrophils are seen in both septic arthritis and autoimmune joint disease. These 2 conditions can usually be differentiated by the clinical history. In septic arthritis, bacteria are sometimes found within the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells. Absence of bacteria, either within cytology preparations or by culture, does not rule out bacteria as a cause of arthritis. As indicated above, neutrophils can come from the blood with blood contamination.
The cytology of nasal flush preparations is similar to that seen with BAL preparations. A small number of respiratory epithelial cells are usually flushed out along with exudate. A predominance of eosinophils may indicate inhaled allergens, parasites, or fungi and may occasionally indicate bacteria or neoplasia. The presence of eosinophils in the nasal cavity therefore is less indicative of a specific process than in some other sites, eg, the trachea or bronchi.
Neutrophils are the most common exudative cell but, as with BAL, often indicate secondary infection. In the case of intranasal neoplasia, cells with neoplastic characteristics (see Neoplasia) may be present, but absence of these cells does not rule out neoplasia. Only a minority of neoplastic processes erode the overlying respiratory epithelium and allow exfoliation of neoplastic cells.
Similarly, absence of fungal hyphae within the preparation does not rule out fungal infection. Unless fungal plaques are sampled directly for both cytology and culture, false negative results are high. Viral inclusions are rarely seen.
This can be used to identify the various stages of the canine estrous cycle, but results must be interpreted in conjunction with the animal's behavior. A sample of exfoliated cells is obtained from the vaginal vault cranial to the urethral orifice with a cotton-tipped swab or glass rod. Cells are gently rolled onto a glass slide, air dried, and stained. Features to be identified include neutrophils, bacteria, RBC, and types of epithelial cells present. Epithelial cells (in increasing order of differentiation) are parabasal, small and large intermediate cells, and superficial cells. Parabasal cells are small, with central round nuclei, indistinct nucleoli, a relatively narrow band of cytoplasm, and a nucleus:cytoplasm ratio of ∼1:1. Small intermediate cells have a similar nucleus but a much larger amount of cytoplasm. Large intermediate cells have a similar nucleus with very large amounts of cytoplasm and an angular, irregular outline. Superficial cells also have large amounts of cytoplasm, but their nuclei are pyknotic (small and contracted) or absent.
The stages of the estrous cycle change gradually. If a preparation does not conform exactly to a specific part of the cycle, judgment must be made regarding what stages are present. In proestrus, all types of epithelial cells are present along with neutrophils, RBC, and mucus. As proestrus progresses, the epithelial cells increasingly approach terminal differentiation (superficial cells) and neutrophils slowly decrease. Bacteria are often present in large numbers. In estrus, >90% of epithelial cells are superficial cells, with no background mucus. There are large numbers of bacteria, but no neutrophils. In diestrus, parabasal and intermediate cells are >80% of the total epithelial cells. Variable numbers of neutrophils and bacteria are present but usually fewer than in proestrus. It can be difficult to differentiate some stages of proestrus from diestrus. In anestrus, parabasal and intermediate cells predominate. Neutrophils and bacteria are rare. RBC are not helpful in differentiating the stages of estrus.
Interpretation of CSF cytology is difficult because it can be hard to obtain enough well-preserved cells for examination before the sample deteriorates. Cell counts in normal CSF are low (0–5 cells/μL in dogs and 0–8 cells/μL in cats). There is a large variation in cell counts between individuals; counts can also vary between cysternal and lumbar taps in the same individual. Because the albumin level of CSF is ~20% of that found in serum, the cells that are present rapidly degenerate. Cell counts should ideally be carried out and morphology examined within 1 hr of collection.
Due to the low cell numbers, the use of an automated cell counter is usually not appropriate. A hemocytometer can be used for cell counts and a cytocentrifuge for cytology preparations. A simplified sedimentation technique (description of which is beyond the scope of this text) for concentrating cells onto a slide is suitable for practice use. The presence of >1–2 nucleated cells in a plain smear of CSF should be considered potentially significant.
In CSF, an increase in nucleated cells is called pleocytosis. There is tremendous variation and overlap in both the degree of pleocytosis and the types of cells present in both infectious and noninfectious conditions in the CNS. Interpretation should be integrated with the other clinical details of the case. If neutrophils and/or macro-phages are present, the cytoplasm of the cells should be searched for bacteria and fungi. The absence of organisms or pleocytosis does not rule out infection, and noninfectious conditions in the CNS can also produce a neutrophilic pleocytosis.
Apart from lymphoma, it is rare to find neoplastic cells in CSF. If noninflammatory cells are present in the CSF, they should be interpreted using the basic principles detailed above.
Urine can be examined as a wet preparation or as a dried cytology smear. Because of the absence of staining in a wet preparation, these are better limited to examination for crystals and RBC. Although nucleated cells may be seen, in most cases they cannot be identified and are better examined using a dried cytology smear.
There are at least 10 common forms of urinary crystals. Identification is not discussed here, but may be readily accomplished by use of good reference illustrations. (Also see Urolithiasis in Small Animals.)
Because cells in urine rapidly degenerate, particularly if bacteria are present, centrifuged preparations of urine samples should be examined rapidly after sampling. If this is not possible, boric acid is often added to urine to prevent degeneration and bacterial overgrowth. A better preservation method is the addition of a few drops of formalin; however, Romanowsky stains cannot then be used.
Normal urine usually has very few nucleated cells. Single urothelial cells are occasionally present. Squamous epithelial cells are also seen in urine and come from the terminal urethra, vagina, vulva, and preputial epithelium. Squamous metaplasia of bladder epithelium following chronic inflammation is rare.
Neoplastic cells in urine samples are almost always epithelial. They are rounded polygonal cells, often clumped, with marked variation in morphology. Uniform cells are more likely to be normal. Mildly pleomorphic cells can be associated with hyperplasia (eg, some cases of polypoid cystitis).
RBC are commonly seen with neoplastic and inflammatory diseases of the bladder but are also often seen without an indication of other pathology. This can be a sampling artifact but is also a common finding in cases of interstitial cystitis. In cats, this term is often used synonymously with feline urologic syndrome, but interstitial cystitis also is seen in dogs and humans, suggesting other unknown pathogenic factors that can cause this condition. Persistent hematuria without cytologic evidence of neoplasia or inflammation may indicate interstitial cystitis.
Also see Urinalysis.
Although cytology is a popular method of investigating liver disease, there is disagreement on its usefulness. Blood contamination is found in most samples and may overshadow inflammatory infiltrates. Diagnosis of many hepatic diseases relies on architectural features and the distribution of the changes within the liver rather than on the morphology of individual cells. Finally, in some hepatic disorders hepatocytes proliferate without significant changes in their individual morphology (see below). These factors limit the amount of information that can be obtained from cytology of liver tissue.
Sampling methods are similar to those used for other organs. Sampling is usually performed under guidance of ultrasound, but blind sampling can be performed at the 10th intercostal space at the level of the connection of rib to rib cartilage. Bleeding during this procedure is not a significant risk.
In the normal liver, hepatocytes are plump, polygonal rounded cells with a diameter of 25–30 microns. Nuclei are central and round with a single large, prominent nucleolus. A few cells are binucleated. There is a large amount of blue-staining cytoplasm that usually appears granular.
Changes in the metabolism of liver cells can be seen within the cytoplasm. The presence of numerous small, discrete vacuoles or one large vacuole indicates accumulation of fat. This has several potential causes and is prominent in feline hepatic lipidosis syndrome. Enlarged hepatocytes with a clear-staining cytoplasm but no discrete vacuoles are characteristic of excess glycogen storage. This is most often caused by increased levels of circulating steroids.
Bile stasis and pigment accumulation (eg, iron) can also be assessed by examination of the cytoplasm. Hepatocytes normally accumulate lipofuscin pigment, noted as small, fairly uniform, dark-staining granules, whereas bile and often hemosiderin tend to appear as slightly larger dark-staining bodies within the cytoplasm. Bile accumulation within the canaliculae (canalicular plugs) can also occasionally be seen. These appear as black ribbons on the surface of hepatocytes.
Cytologic interpretation of inflammation is difficult because of the inevitable blood contamination of samples. Inflammation should only be considered significant if it is present within clusters of hepatocytes. Although the individual inflammatory cells can be recognized, it is not possible to indicate which part of the liver is principally affected. Neutrophils can be seen in diffuse hepatitis and also in more focal cholangitis. Small, mature inflammatory lymphocytes are usually seen in periportal inflammatory conditions, such as lymphocytic pericholangitis in the cat and chronic active hepatitis in the dog. Phagocytic cells should be investigated for the presence of organisms within the cytoplasm, but this is uncommon in liver disease.
Primary proliferative nodular hepatocellular lesions include regenerative hyperplasia, nodular hyperplasia, adenoma (hepatoma), and hepatocellular carcinoma. Biliary proliferations can appear as cysts, adenomas, or carcinomas. Bile duct cells tend to be smaller than hepatocytes with less cytoplasm. They are cuboidal or low columnar cells that occasionally produce tubular structures within cytology samples. The cytoplasm is also more uniformly pale staining and not significantly granular. Nucleoli are smaller and less distinct. Significant cell harvest from cystic bile ducts is uncommon because the majority of these lesions are simply cystic space rather than cellular. If a significant number of biliary epithelial cells are obtained, neoplasia is a possibility.
Hepatocellular proliferation is a difficult area of interpretation, because hepatocytes in benign proliferative lesions are very similar to those in well-differentiated carcinomas and often cannot be differentiated. Only in cases with poorly differentiated pleomorphic cells can an adequate interpretation be made. False-negative results for proliferative lesions within the liver are common. Cytology is thus of limited value for nodular hepatocellular lesions.
Cytology can be a useful technique for diagnosis of round cell tumors. Even with severe inflammatory lesions, lymphocytes are present in low numbers and are generally small, mature lymphocytes. A large population of medium and large lymphoid cells indicates lymphoma.
The other common round cell tumor that can affect the liver (particularly in cats but also occasionally in dogs) is mast cell tumor. Because the granules within mast cells are metachromatic, diagnosis is usually easy. Aspirates of normal liver may contain a few mast cells, but in neoplasia they are usually present in large numbers. If other cells are obtained from cytology preparations, they should be interpreted using the principles listed above.
Normal renal aspirates have almost a pure population of renal tubular cells. These are medium-sized cells of ~17–20 microns with central nuclei, small indistinct nucleoli, and a moderate amount of pale-staining cytoplasm. In cats, lipid droplets within the cytoplasm are a common, normal feature. The cells can be present either singly or in clusters and can occasionally be seen as tubular structures. They sometimes contain small dark granules within the cytoplasm.
Renal lymphoma is the most common neoplastic disease of the kidney in cats and dogs. Because the cells are usually widely distributed within the tissue, false negative results with cytologic examination are uncommon. Diagnosis can be made using the criteria described above. Primary renal tumors are uncommon.
Cystic lesions include renal cysts, most commonly seen in cats but also occasionally in dogs, and hydronephrosis. In both disorders, cell harvest is usually low, with a large amount of fluid. The cellular component of the sample is rarely helpful in identifying further the nature of the cystic structure.
The majority of inflammatory lesions in the kidney are chronic and produce fibrous connective tissue. Cell harvest from these lesions is usually exceedingly low, and cytology is not normally a useful technique. Pyogenic inflammation can sometimes be diagnosed. Cytology may be of value in diagnosing feline infectious peritonitis, although diagnosis using serologic techniques is more common. Because of the usually severe and widespread nature of the inflammation, cell harvest is usually high. The wide mixture of inflammatory cells present, along with an appropriate history, are typical of the disorder.
Cytology is useful for differentiating inflammatory from neoplastic nodular lesions within mammary tissue. Mammary tumors are not commonly inflamed.
Neoplastic lesions must be interpreted using the criteria listed above (see Neoplasia). The criteria that are generally used to determine the behavior and prognosis of a mammary tumor are assessed histologically rather than cytologically. However, cellular morphology is not necessarily a good guide to tumor behavior. The two principle prognostic features of mammary tumors are local tissue invasion and invasion of blood vessels in both cats and dogs. In the cat, the size of the malignant tumor is also a useful prognostic indicator.
Last full review/revision March 2012 by Trevor J. Whitbread, BSc, BVSc, MRCVS, DECVP | <urn:uuid:dcd3b314-9f9c-4b19-a45a-348d8d0d25f6> | {
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Miami and Coral Gables, Florida
These are teeth that look and feel just like your own. When a tooth is lost, it is best to replace it with a dental implant as promptly as possible. After tooth loss, the load on each remaining tooth is increased because there are fewer of them. To restore proper chewing ability, the support lost from the missing tooth needs to be increased.
To compare chewing efficiency, let’s assume a patient with all of his or her natural teeth can chew at 100 percent efficiency. With every tooth that is lost, the amount of chewing efficiency decrease depends on whether or not the teeth are replaced and how. Ultimately, if all teeth are lost, the patient will have perhaps a 15 to 18 percent chewing efficiency (even with good-fitting dentures on adequate bony ridges).
Dental implants are designed to provide a foundation for replacement teeth that look, feel, and function like natural teeth. The person who has lost teeth regains the ability to eat virtually anything and can smile with confidence, knowing that teeth appear natural and that facial contours are preserved.
The implants themselves are small biocompatible titanium posts that are placed into the area where teeth are missing. The bone bonds with the titanium, creating a strong foundation for artificial teeth. In addition, dental implants can help preserve facial structure, preventing the bone deterioration and facial collapse which occurs when teeth are missing. When teeth are lost, the jawbone degenerates. Nature takes away what you do not use. Where implants have been properly placed and maintained, the bone tends to be preserved since it is still being used.
Dental implants are changing the way people live. With them, people are rediscovering the comfort and confidence to eat, speak, laugh, and enjoy life.
Dental implants are the most effective way to replace one or more missing teeth. Since they serve as a replacement tooth and root, dental implants offer you a stable restoration which looks and functions just like your natural tooth. With the proper maintenance, your dental implant should last for the rest of your life.
What are Dental Implants?
A dental implant is a permanent replacement for your tooth and tooth root. It is comprised of three parts. The implant itself is a titanium tooth-root shaped rod that replaces your missing tooth root. It is made of biocompatible materials and fuses with your jawbone so it will be stable and permanent. A post, called an abutment, is attached to the implant. The artificial tooth is then connected to the abutment. Your prosthetic tooth is a beautiful porcelain crown, custom crafted to look just like your original tooth.
The Importance of Replacing Missing Teeth
A missing tooth can cause serious dental problems, resulting in:
- Teeth shifting out of place
- Tooth decay
- Gum disease
- Tooth loss
- Painful chewing
- Loss of chewing efficiency
- Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD)
- Gum shrinkage
- Jaw bone loss
- A sunken look to the mouth (premature aging)
Benefits of Dental Implants
Dental implants are preferred over other forms of tooth replacement for several reasons:
- Dental implants are permanent
- They are convenient – you never take them out and you care for them just like the rest of your teeth
- Dental implants are stable and comfortable
- Since they are anchored into the jawbone itself, they do not put stress on your other teeth
- Because the implant replaces your missing tooth root, it can prevent bone loss and premature aging
Dental Implant Process
Miami cosmetic dentists Dr. Raul Garcia and Dr. Conchi Sanchez-Garcia will design and place your artificial tooth. The implant itself will be placed by experienced Miami implant dentist Dr. William Lamas.
After the dental implant is placed, it will take approximately 6-12 weeks for the healing process. During this process, it is possible to fit the patient with a provisional restoration if necessary. This process is called osseointegration. Once osseointegration is complete, a post is attached to the implant. Dr. Garcia and Dr. Sanchez-Garcia will make impressions of your teeth and create a model of your bite. This model will be sent to the lab where they will design your prosthetic tooth. Once completed, our Miami implant dentists will attach the crown to the abutment.
Mini Dental Implants may be the answer to your denture problems. Visit your dentist in the morning, have Mini Dental Implants placed in about an hour, and leave the dental office with stable, secure dentures attached to your Mini Dental Implants. Imagine eating, speaking, and smiling with confidence. Your denture feels secure and is being held firmly in place thanks to Mini Dental Implants. All this is completed in about an hour with no cutting of the gums and no stitches to have removed. This unique procedure can be completed in one visit with virtually no discomfort.
Teeth in a Day – All on 4
Dr. Garcia, along with our colleague Dr. William Lamas, can help patients with extensive dental problems obtain new teeth in just one day. Advances in dental implant technology provide a less invasive procedure that does not involve bone grafts. As a result, Dr. Garcia can replace failing or missing teeth with customized prosthetic teeth instantly.
Bone grafts require several months to heal before you can have your dental implant placed. During this process, you will either have to wear poorly fitting temporary dentures or go toothless until it is possible to complete the procedure. By choosing Teeth in a Day, you can avoid these hassles and leave the office with a beautiful new smile right away. At your initial appointment, ask Dr. Garcia if Teeth in a Day is a good option for you.
Candidates for Dental Implants
Generally, most people with missing teeth are candidates for dental implants. However, it is important that you have:
- Enough jawbone material to support the implant (sometimes a bone graft can be performed if you lack sufficient bone structure)
- Healthy gums
- Good oral health
Factors which increase your risk of complications include :
- Certain health conditions which affect your body’s wound healing abilities, such as diabetes
- The use of certain medications including bisphosphonates and steroids
At your initial appointment, Dr. Garcia and Dr. Sanchez-Garcia will determine whether you are a suitable candidate for dental implants. If not, they may recommend a dental bridge instead. | <urn:uuid:aac55944-6172-441f-8ac0-bc23737cd75f> | {
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Find your path to clean eating in 10 steps. We care about shampooing our hair and showering everyday but how about keeping our guts and inside clean too? Here is your recipe:
Step 1: Done with the processed food
Processed food has been linked to increase risk of cancer and insulin resistance fuelling rate of diabetes. You can identify processed food to be any food that is in a can, package or jar and has preservatives added to it to increase the shelf life. Some examples to bid farewell: canned tuna, tomato paste, jam, most frozen food, salamis, sausages, ready-made soups, coffee, candy and cookies.
Step 2: Try natural and if possible organic
Pesticides have been linked to increase risk of cancer. Natural means unprocessed without additives/preservatives. Organic on the other hand means without having been treated with pesticides and insecticides. If you want to identify if something is natural or not, read the labels and stay away from preservatives and additives.
Tip: If you think buying organic is expensive for your budget then here is our tip! Put some vinegar in a big bowl of water and wash the vegetables and fruits before consuming to remove pesticides.
Step 3: Watch the red meat
Red meat, although a good source of protein, iron and zinc, is also rich in saturated fat which fuels risk of cardiovascular events including heart attack or stroke.
Tip: Try to keep your consumption at twice a week and the portions to the size of palm.
Step 4: Go for whole grains
When you process the grains – for example go from brown rice to white rice – you actually remove sources of fiber and vitamins good for you. What you are left with raises your blood sugar much more rapidly and then fall more rapidly meaning you will get hungry sooner.
Tip: Go for brown whole grains: whole wheat, bulghur, corn, rye, brown rice, quinoa
Step 5: Long live the rainbow colors
Try to get 5 portions of fruits and vegetables every day. Every different color fruit and vegetable has different nutrients so get a full range of colors: yellow, orange, red, purple and all shades of green!
Step 6: Balance in your diet, balance in your life!
While many diets focus on getting a ton of protein (as protein is harder to digest, it keeps you fuller longer), working your kidneys on full force to digest all that protein will take its toll at some point. Hence it is good to incorporate good fats, complex carbohydrates and protein all into your diet.
Tip: Think of your plate (a plate with diameter of 9 inches or 23 cm’s). Half of it should be vegetables and fruits, ¼ should be protein, ¼ should be whole grains. On top of this try to get 1-2 glasses of probiotic sources such as kefir and yoghurt to get your calcium for your bone health.
Step 7: Eat more frequently!
Research has shown that if you skip your snack time, you tend to eat much more. Eating healthy snacks in between meals has been proved to regulate blood sugar and prevent spikes, prevent overeating during meals, keep your energy high and prevent sugar cravings.
Tip: Try raw almonds, homemade hummus and carrots, 2 scoops of natural ice-cream, feta cheese on a toast of whole grain bread
Step 8: Hold the salt
Too much sodium from salt increases your blood pressure.
Tip: It does not matter if salt is from Himalayas or not, try to keep it at bay. You can reduce pickles, salamis, sausages, chips, soy sauce, ready-made soup and other ready-made food.
Tip: When the label reads 600 mg of sodium in a 100 g product, just say pass.
Step 9: Sugar
We would hate it if you hate us because we say no sugar, but really, white sugar, brown sugar, cane sugar, high fructose corn syrup, maple syrup are all sugar. Sugar simply creates spikes in your blood sugar levels, creating insulin resistance, wears away your pancreas and messes up your hormone levels causing diabetes.
Lactose in milk products and fructose in fruits prevent the spikes in insulin levels since they are taken into the body within other food resources.
Tip: If there is one thing that regulates blood sugar, that is cinnamon! Try putting a cinnamon stick in your tea to curb your sugar cravings.
Step 10: Stay hydrated
After throwing a few hardballs at you with sugar and salt, here is an easy one: Drink up water!
Tip: Drink water before feeling dehydrated to maintain mind and body functioning at its best.
Tip: For every cup of coffee you drink you should drink 1 more glass of water. | <urn:uuid:3fd9baf3-15d3-4f2b-a26b-5d382b58bcf6> | {
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BUDGETINGA KEY TO PLANNING, CONTROLLING AND DECISION MAKING
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Over the years the budgeting system has been a traditional way of managing and controlling companies and manufacturing industry. For any organization to operate meaningfully there has to be clear direction of where it is leading to or what it is aiming to achieve the standard of objectives and a means of monitoring derivatives from standard requires. These considerations can only be met through budgeting, planning as well as controlling.
Budgeting and accounting in public sector management were previously seen as a means of planning and reporting. However, through the management reforms, these processes are now regarded more as a controlling device (Olson et al., 1998). Especially, the emphasis on accounting systems has contributed to the construction of more rational organizations; in which individuals can be defined as being in control and having responsibility (Miller, 1992; Roberts and Scapens, 1985). The trend now is for public services to be controlled to a large extent by means of accounting systems and/or evaluation procedures that compare objectives to results (Power, 1997).
A budget has been defined as a quantitative plan usually in monetary terms for the fourth coming accounting year of the ensuring period. Budgeting planning/short term planning is the process of preparing detailed, short term (usually 1 year) plans for the function, activities and departments of the organization thus converting the long term co-operate plan into yearly action. Budgeting services as a very important tool for planning and control increase in productivity, in that budgeting aids planning for the future, if services as a control function through management by exception which is the assessment of performance for the purpose of controlling. It helps in co-coordinating of the work management in order to coordinate the activities of the organization.
Wants are numerous while resources are limited but there is every tendency to waste or under-utilise the limited resources by the human factor involved in the production of goods and services. With various companies competing with one another, only few that are able to produce at least possible cost will survive the growing competition in the market. Therefore, it is paramount for every serious business undertaken to produce at that possible minimum cost so as to remain in business and also achieve the corporate objectives of profitability and stability. In view of this, there is every need to do a realistic planning of the activities of the firm taking into consideration the limiting factors and the long term objectives of the firm. In order to achieve this, budgeting – a tool of planning and control becomes indispensable. Budgeting is ubiquitous and has long been considered as a necessary tool in managing a company.
Kendall (2005) posited that budget and budgeting are concepts traceable to the Bible days, precisely the days of Joseph in Egypt. It was reported that nothing was given out of the treasure without a written order. History has it that Joseph budgeted and stored grains which lasted the Egyptians throughout the seven years of famine. Budgets were first introduced in the 1920s as a tool to manage costs and cash flows in large industrial organizations. John (1996), states that it was during the 1960s that companies began to use budgets to dictate what people needed to do. In the 1970s performance improvement was based on meeting financial targets rather than effectiveness companies then faced problems in the 1980s and 1990s when they were not willing to spend money on innovations in order to stay with the rigid budgets, they were no longer concerned about how customers were being treated, only meeting sales targets became essential.
A budget has been defined by Chartered Institute of Management Accountants [CIMA] (2004), as a financial or qualitative statement prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time for the purpose of attaining a given objective. It may include income, expenditure and the employment of capital. CIMA also defined budgetary control as “the establishment of budgets relating the responsibilities of executives to the requirements of a policy and the continuous comparisons of actual with budgeted results, either to secure by individual action the objectives of that policy or to provide a basis for its revision.
Budgets are known to have an important role to transmit the expectation of top management to lower levels. According to Bremser (2008) budgets are used to communicate management’s expectations to managers and employees. According to Lucey (2003), it is a quantitative expression of plan of action prepared in advance of the period to which it relates, expressed in money terms approved prior to the period.
Lucey (2003) further urges that performance of small and medium sized organization is influenced by many factors which includes planning and coordination, clarification of authority and responsibility, effective communication both internal and external, control of resources available, both human and non-human and motivation of both the lower and middle management. If the actual numbers delivered through the financial year turn to be close to the budget, this actually demonstrates that the organization’s management understand its business and has been successfully driving it in the direction they had planned. On the other hand, if the actual results diverge wide from the budget, this sends out an „out of control‟ signal. For this reason, budget based control means manager’s evaluation according to budgetary goals.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Budgets are necessary to prudently manage scarce financial resources and at the same time serve as means of expenditure authorization, control and evaluation base. Profit making organizations consider budgets and budgetary controls important elements in their policy making. It has however been observed that many manufacturing company do not care about budget or budgetary control. The success of organizations depend largely on good budget preparation and effective budgetary controls.
In spite of the benefits derived from properly made budgets, certain problems arise during budgeting.
There are different budgeting systems, each with its own associated problems. Some systems are more effective than others.
Managers and employees who operate systems also vary in efficiency. Therefore different results and benefits will occur from each system. Moreover, there may be problems.
According to Batty (1976) the following problems are associated with budgeting.
1. Absolute accuracy is impossible to attainand inaccurate figures imposes limitations. If we remember that a budget is a plan, then, we can imagine the impact of inaccuracies.
2. Responsibilities for budget heads or items may overlap, example when costs are incurred jointly by more than one department or units.As far as possible a system should permit putting the appropriate responsibilities squarely on the shoulders of the person responsible.
3. Inflexible structure may cause problems care should become so rigid that it loses its usefulness; increased efficiency should be the aim, but this will not be forthcoming if the system will not permit plans to be changed.
4. There is a danger of excessive administrative costs installing and operating a budgetary control system. Everything possible should be done to keep cost within reasonable limits.
The study will therefore be focused on budgeting as a key to planning, controlling and decision making.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
In view of the above glaring problems the researcher’s main purpose of this research is to look carefully at the system of budgeting. This will enable the researcher to discover and bring to light any loop hole and lapses that may contribute on their little ways to aggregate private sector problem. Therefore, the objectives of the study are as follows:
i) To evaluate budgeting as a key to planning, controlling and decision making in Champions Breweries Uyo.
ii) To examine the system of budgeting, planning and control in order to assess adequacy in productivity.
iii) To examine the extent at which budgeting serves in planning and increasing productivity in champions breweries Uyo.
iv) To examine facts about the organization and it mode of operation with regards to productivity.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is essential on its benefit and contribution to individual and organization first and foremost. This study will serve as important objectives reference to top executive of organization who wants to achieve efficiency in production. It will also be significant to students who want to carry out further research on the area of study secondly, the finding of this study will be useful to both the organization and any other similar organization as well as general public in the field as it depicts the nature of problem associated with budgeting in this part of the country. Finally, this study will also cover the public as an essential requirement for the award of bachelor’s degree.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to guide the study;
1. Is there budget and budgetary control system inChampions Breweries Company?
2. Is there any significant relationship between budgeting and managerial planning and control?
3. Does budgeting planning and control influence the productivity of Champions Breweries Uyo?
4. Are there consequences of poor budgeting on managerial planning and control?
5. What is the role of budgeting in management's decision making
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
In order to achieve the stated objectives for this study, the following research hypotheses are stated so that they can be tested with analytical tools and inferences could be drawn on them.
H0: There is no budget /budgetary control system in champions brewery
H1:There is budget /budgetary control system in champion’s brewery
H0: Budget and budgetary control have no significant impact on the profitability of Champions Breweries in Uyo.
H2: Budget and budgetary control have a significant impact on the profitability of Champions Breweries in Uyo.
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study is on budgeting, a key to planning, controlling and decision makingwith Champions Breweries Uyo, AkwaIbom State serving as the case study.
However the research has some constraints which are;
The study limitation was inability of management to divulge certain information which they consider sensitive and fear of publication which might be detrimental to their operation.
Time: the time at the disposal of the researcher which is allocated for the study was a major limitation as the researcher has to combine other academic work with the study.
Finance: The finance at the disposal of the researcher in the course of the study does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Budgeting: Budgeting is the process of creating a plan to spend your money. This spending plan is called a budget. Creating this spending plan allows you to determine in advance whether you will have enough money to do the things you need to do or would like to do. Budgeting is simply balancing your expenses with your income.
Planning: Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It involves the creation and maintenance of a plan, such as psychological aspects that require conceptual skills. There are even a couple of tests to measure someone’s capability of planning well. As such, planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior.
BUDGET CENTRE: this is a center or section of the organization identified and known as a budget or cost center. The center should be the responsibility area of the manager so that the manager is aware of the actual performance expected from the center and aware of the acted performance as at when it occurs.
CASH BUDGET: a cash budget is prepared to show the expected receipts, payment and periodic cash balances during the budget period or control period.
FIXED BUDGET: this is a budget, which shows several levels of activity. It is similar to a series of flexible budget.The flexible budget recognize the different behavioral pattern of cost in relation to various out-put level.
MASTER BUDGET: a comprehensive overall financial and operating plan for the organization, comprising a sales forecasts, estimated cost of goods sold, operating expenses, capital expenditure and projected financial statements.
PRODUCTION BUDGET: this requires production to meet sales budget requirements and changes in stock. It includes an estimate of the number of units to be produced during a budget period.
SALE BUDGET: this shows the individual products sales units, sales value and total value. It includes the estimated goods to be sold and revenue to the derived from sales.
BUDGETARY PLANNING: is the process of preparing detailing short term (usually one year) plans for the functions activities and departments of the organization, this covers the long term corporate plan into action. In general, plans are developed using physical values, for example, the number of units to be produced, the number of hours to be worked, the amount of materials to be consumed and so on.
CONTROLLING: is the managerial function concerned with the plan; which in turn was formulated on the basis of an analysis of fundamental organizational goals.
BUDGET AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL: the budget has grown to be for more than financial tool. It is a tool around which an experienced manager organizes all planning activities. It is the best tool for making sure that key resources and especially the resource of performing people are assigned to priorities and to results. It is equally a tool at integration for managers in the organizations.And it is a tool that enables the manager to know when to review and revise the plans; either because results are different from what is expected.
DECISION: from management view, a decision involves making a choice among alternative course of action. Without decision no business can operate since all business actions are the consequences of some management decisions. Even in action it is the result of a decision. In many ways decision-making is the purpose, the specialization and the end product of the manager. In fact, it is the very reason for his existence as a manager.
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (background of the study), statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the subject matter. Chapter three is a research methodology covers deals on the research design and methods adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.
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Also visit the Farrell Lab main page for more information about biodiversity and entomology research at Harvard
Databasing & Imaging
The addition of specimen data and high quality digital images into a well structured, web-enabled database turns a traditional museum collection into a scientific tool readily accessible to the global community. MANTIS (Manager of
Taxonomic Information and Specimens, click on link for free download) is a standalone FileMaker Pro database application developed by Dr. Piotr Naskrecki (of Conservation International), which in addition to specimen and taxonomic data, has the capacity to store images and sounds. MANTIS also has managers of citations, specimen loans, addresses, can export files to the mapping software IMAP, and has a web-friendly interface.
Following insect collection and preparation (see Collection and Preparation), each specimen is assigned a unique barcode label and is ready to be databased. A scanner, similar to those used in supermarkets, reads the labels and automatically creates a record in the database linked to the bar code where individual information can be added. The database takes as much information as is available, and grows with time. Many of the specimens collected on our trip have so far only been identified to the family level. Because each specimen can be traced from its unique bar code number, more information can be added at any time. The web interface will permit unidentified specimens to be identified by experts around the world
through the images in the database online (see "search the databases").
High quality digital images
of representatives of each species are taken by students and staff in the lab on this fieldtrip. The onsite set-up was designed by our MCZ staff who are responsible for the database of type specimens in the MCZ Department of Entomology. The set-up consisted of two Nikon DX1 cameras for larger specimens, and one Coolpix/Leica microscope setup for smaller ones. For very small specimens where the depth of field was narrow the "3D" imaging program Auto-Montage (Syncroscopy) was run from a Toshiba laptop.
Auto-Montage is software that generates one, fully in focus image from a series of photos taken through the range of focus (see comparison of photos opposite).This chrysomelid beetle (genus Chalcosicya) is a species endemic to the Dominican Republic. It is very small, about 3mm long, and is very rounded in shape, the kind of specimen which is impossible to see in full focus under a microscope at high magnification, and therefore impossible to photograph effectively. Auto-Montage software permits the external characters of this chrysomelid beetle to be viewed from a photograph, more than can be seen at one moment under the microscope.
This exercise provided the participants with direct experience of the newest techniques of collecting and preparing specimens for data and image capture for distribution of the information via the internet, tne future of biodiversity and conservation studies.
The Portable Imaging Set-Up
set up is the most portable and economical solution for imaging
small specimens that we have found.
The important elements are labeled here. Pictured is a Leica MZ12.5 microscope, but almost any dissecting microscope will do. We have a Coolpix 990, but CP950 and CP995 are also suitable. The accessories needed are an adapter (from LM-scope, MVIA or Mark Simmons) to allow the camera to sit in the place of the eyepiece of the scope plus a remote control to avoid movement while taking pictures. A power supply cable rather than batteries is also recommended. A full screen live image is preferable for accurate focusing and previewing, but not essential since the LCD display on the camera is adequate. For a full screen live image a TV can be connected via the video out port on the camera, or an analog to digital converter can be used to connect the camera directly to the computer monitor. The important elements for Auto-Montage are a sliding optics carrier to position the camera directly above the specimen rather than to one side to avoid the parallax problem, and fine focus so that small increments between the different levels of focus can be achieved. | <urn:uuid:2d07d9a2-8cd1-44b4-9785-faf8dca7c953> | {
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In December 2017 we embarked on a media archaeology field trip, inspired by the idea to see whether we could find any remains of an historic event of European television history, which took place some 65 years ago. The so-called ‘Paris week’ of 1952 was the first major transnational television event in European history. With this media archaeological field trip, we aimed at investigating or retracing both the physical remains and the local memories of this event. Equipped with a laptop and a rich collection of digitized sources (texts, photos, films) collected from archives in France and Britain, we visited Lille, Cassel, Calais and Dover on the 21st and 22 of December 2017…
2 Birth of Transnational Television
The ‘Paris Week’ was was celebrated as both a political symbol of Franco-British post-war collaboration - the badge of a new ‘entente cordiale’. Already in 1950, television signals crossed for the first time the Channel, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the laying of the first telegraph cable between France and Britain in 1850. Both the Calais experiment and the Paris Week were a powerful technical demonstration of the possibility of doing transnational television at a time when most of the European countries not even had inaugurated national services.
3 Challenge of TV Infrastructures
Because of the different television standards in Europe, doing transnational television transmissions was a technical challenge for television engineers and technical staff. In addition, a relay chain linking Paris to London using the natural terrain (height), transmitters on buildings such as the casino in Cassel and temporary transmitters was necessary in order to transport the television signals from Paris to London and up to Scotland. The successful transmission and standards conversion were important tests for the transmission of the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953 and the birth of Eurovision in 1954.
4 Paris Week
Despite some financial and technical hurdles, the Heads of BBC and RTF, William Haley and Waldimir Porché, decided in July 1951 to stage the so-called ‘Paris Week’ in July 1952. During several meetings of the Liaison Committee in London and Paris, all technical, organisational and programme related issues were discussed in detail. Jean d’Arcy even arranged a meeting between Richard Dimbleby and Etienne Lalou (see figure 4), the two elected presenters of the Paris Week, in order to harmonise their prepared commentaries. Starting with an opening broadcast from the British Embassy in Paris on the evening of the 8th of July, a total of 17 programmes were realized within a week - a tremendous effort and enourmous technical challenge for both the French and the British staff involved.
5 European Techno Diplomacy
The post-war European television landscape was characterised by a nationalistic techno-political battle over black and white television line standards. This post-war line standard debate must be interpreted as a techno-nationalist conflict of technical, symbolic and economic dimensions. Because of its network structure, the definition of a line standard had direct impact on the technical parameters and characteristics of all production, transmission and reception technologies of television as a large technological system: a case of techno-diplomacy in an emerging regulatory regime for transnational television in Europe.
6 Lessons Learnt
The experimental media archaeology journey (physically visiting the sites) brought a new layer of knowledge that could not be realised in any other way. Observing the topography (landscape) to see the chosen sights, Cassel, the towers of both Lille and Calais and Dover as ‘high-points’ to take the pictures from Paris to London made us aware of the fragility and - to a certain degree - ephemerality of television infrastructures. Most of the physical constructions (transmitters) have disappeared, and even buildings that hosted important equipment (such as the Casino in Cassel, where the line conversion was realised) disappeared or show no more sign of the former activities (such as the clock tower in Lille which hosted the first regional television studio in France). There seems to be little awareness for the material heritage of a technology that was once praised as most revolutionary invention in human history… Finally, one of the most exciting results of this experiment were the encounters with people on-site; their memories, also their astonishment to see two middle-aged men wandering around with a Laptop in order to identify places that were recorded on film some 65 years ago, made us aware of the important role that television has as a technology of memory. As such, the confrontation of the locals with the archival traces of the ‘Paris Week’ produced an interesting moment of communicative memory production, bringing two distinct or parallel traditions of the same event into contact with each other. As the locals had never seen the BBC documentary nor any other filmic sources covering the event, our media archaeological experiment has - in a certain way - broken down the transnational and European dimension of the event to the local level; and, the other way around, enriched the transnational story by local memories and knowledge. In this way, the idea of EMA - that it so sensitize the historian for the materiality and performativity of old media technolgies and to reflect on the sensorial and social dimension of doing media history in a hands-on and re-enactment approach - has without doubt proven its intellectual and performative usefulness in this EMA-journey.
Andreas Fickers is professor of contemporary and digital history at the University of Luxembourg. He is Director of the Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History, the University’s third Interdisciplinary Research Centre. He is involved in major European research networks (‘Tensions of Europe Network,’ ‘European Television History Network’, the ‘Network for Experimental Media Archaeology’. Latest publications include Communicating Europe: Technologies, Information, Events (co-authored with Pascal Griset, Palgrave-McMillan 2018) and Materializing Memories: Dispositifs, Generations, Amateurs (edited with Susan Aasman and Jo Wachelder, Bloomsbury 2018).
Alexandre Germain is multimedia technician at the MediaCentre in the University of Luxembourg. He has come from a long career at the Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l’Europe (CVCE) where he was working in digitizing audiovisual materials, and was in charge of all video productions, including all the oral history project. He specialized in audiovisual archiving on Media Assets Management systems and streaming video. He’s also involved in user’s experience and ‘ergonomic relationship’ between multimedia publishers and their respective audience.
Andy O’Dwyer is head of the Digital History-Lab of the Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (University of Luxembourg) and has come from a long career at the BBC, working in archive preservation and digitization of audio-visual material. He later moved into BBC Research & Development as a Technologist. There he focused on projects involving scanning, usability and enabling online access for both researchers and the public to the BBC’s collections. He is also a contributing author of the book ‘A European Television History’ (Bignell and Fickers eds., Wiley-Blackwell, 2008) and coeditor of the book ‘User Studies in Digital Library Development’ (Facet Publishing, 2012). | <urn:uuid:f82ab064-17a6-41a1-888c-9d1dd7d456f0> | {
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James Cahill, an art historian and curator who played an influential role in expanding the study and teaching of Chinese painting in the West before and after the opening up of U.S.-China relations in the early 1970s, died Feb. 14 at his home in Berkeley, Calif. He was 87.
The cause was complications of prostate cancer, said his daughter, Sarah Cahill.
A longtime professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Cahill was a dominant scholar in his field for 50 years. In the late 1950s, he was one of a small number of Western scholars permitted access to the imperial paintings that had been evacuated to Taiwan before the Chinese mainland fell under Communist rule. He was allowed to photograph many of the works for “Chinese Painting,” his classic 1960 text that for decades was required reading in Chinese art history classes.
He helped organize a seminal exhibit of Chinese imperial art from Taiwan’s National Palace Museum that opened in 1961 at the National Gallery in Washington, D.C. Called “Chinese Art Treasures,” the show traveled to other U.S. cities, including San Francisco, drawing large crowds to view works unseen in the West since the 1930s.
He also directed a project to produce high-quality color photographs of thousands of paintings from the National Palace Museum. The photographs became an invaluable resource for other scholars and museums.
“He was a pioneer specialist in the field and had tremendous impact,” said Rick Vinograd, the Christensen Fund Professor in Asian Art at Stanford University who studied under Cahill at Berkeley. “Early in his career, he was really a central figure in bringing knowledge of important monuments of Chinese painting to the general public and the academic world.”
In 1973, Cahill was among the first group of American art historians to visit China after President Richard Nixon’s historic meeting with Mao Zedong in Beijing the previous year. They were granted extraordinary access to view and photograph rare paintings at the Palace Museum in Beijing. | <urn:uuid:22b3c2f9-e6d1-4070-b25e-732a01a9abc6> | {
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Memorial for the Nazi Victims from Oberursel
The purpose of the memorial for the Nazi victims from Oberursel is to give the victims a face, to name them and bring them out of anonymity. The impulse came from Ernst Röder, son of an Oberursel resident murdered in Auschwitz. He wanted a place to commemorate his mother in his hometown.
Röder’s idea was picked up by the working group “Nie wieder 1933” (Never Again: 1933), a politically independent alliance of all interested organizations in Oberursel, A public design contest was held for the victims’ memorial, which should become a place of commemoration and warning. Finally, the working group chose a location next to the Hospital Church in the historic center of Oberursel.
A jury chose the design by Juliane Nikolai (a student at Oberursel Gymnasium) among 50 proposals presented to them. The jury consisted of representatives from the neighborhood of the memorial, youth, culture, the local historical society, Oberursel’s town hall, the working group “Nie wieder 1933”, and the society for “Christian-Jewish Cooperation in the Upper Taunus Region”. The sculptress Christine Jasmin Niederndörfer turned the sketch into a model.
Two groups of figures are separated by a transparent glass pane set in a block of stone (Bavarian Jurassic limestone). The two groups face each other and represent the society on the one hand and the persecuted individuals on the other.
The glass pane will be inscribed with the names of Oberursel’s victims with dates and locations (if available) for both: birth and death.
The visitor is encouraged to circle around the memorial and view both perspectives (the victims’ and the segregators’).
A Citizens’ Project
The project was made possible exclusively by private initiative. Mayor Hans-Georg Brum said at the ceremony for introducing the second figure: “The idea is a citizen initiative and funded by citizens.”
There is still a long way to go until the memorial with its ten figures and the inscription of all names on the glass pane is completed.
The working group “Never Again: 1933” relies on private sponsors and is involved in various events to collect donations for the memorial.
It has been decided to develop the memorial step by step. The town hall supports the initiative by establishing a bank account for donations. A society named “Initiative Opferdenkmal e.V.” (Initiative Victims’ Memorial) was founded.
The first phase of construction was commissioned mid 2007.
A ceremony took place in Hospital Church on December 10, 2007 to inaugurate the first part of the memorial, the middle piece and the first figure.
En mars 2009, pose du 2ème personnage grâce à un don substantiel.
Initiative for a Victims’ Memorial
The society “Initiative for a Victims’ Memorial” emerged from the working group “Never Again: 1933” and, according to its statutes has the goal “… to build a memorial for the Oberursel citizens who were murdered through persecution by the national-socialist
dictatorship.” The society also took on the task of researching and documenting the political context and the victims’ fates.
The society pursues an exclusively charitable cultural purpose as stipulated in the paragraph ‘tax-privileged purposes’ of the German fiscal code and is recognized as such. We ask for your support. Donations can be made via the following bank account:
Initiative Opferdenkmal e. V.
Raiffeisenbank Oberursel eG,
IBAN: DE 93500617410000069230
Further information about the memorial, the working group “Never Again: 1933” and the society “Initiative Victims’ Monument” can be found in the internet:
Contacts: Initiative Opferdenkmal, Postfach 1140, 61401 Oberursel | <urn:uuid:70349b19-788e-45a8-8357-34f871cde798> | {
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From The Drama of King Shotaway ( 1823) to Jelly's Last Jam ( 1993), the majority of African American plays, by protesting oppression, in various ways have addressed the race problem. Professor Joseph McLaren has placed Langston Hughes's plays squarely within that tradition. In an interview in 1961, Hughes called for a renewal of protest theatre, a vital format that he loved.
I don't see why we couldn't have agit-prop plays if one wanted them or needed them. In my opinion, there's a need for them right now. There is a shift at the moment from material that was not very socially conscious for a decade [the fifties]. You can detect it in poetry or the theatre in New York now--toward more socially conscious material again. I think writers are starting to realize that there are so many social problems that need to be stated forcefully and strongly, but social material has not been fashionable since the McCarthy era because it has been dangerous to use it. ( Reuben Silver, personal interview, 1961)
As Professor McLaren demonstrates, Langston Hughes, in his early writing years, built his plays around themes of social issues. He used song, dance, poetry, and satire to object to southern white racism ( Mulatto, 1935), religious prejudice ( Mule Bone, 1930, with Zora Neale Hurston ), injustice in the legal system ( Scottsboro Limited, 1931), unemployment ( Angelo Herndon Jones, 1936), job discrimination ( Don't You Want to Be Free?, 1938), Hitler's racial policies ( Em-Fuehrer Jones, 1938), union busting ( The Organizer, 1938), and theatre and film stereotypes ( Scarlet Sister Barry, 1938, and Limitations of Life, 1938); even in | <urn:uuid:0724468b-a03b-4d71-a31d-ec8bccf67a47> | {
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By The Rev. J. F. Miller, M.A. F.S.A. (Scot)
The early history of Shettleston may be gathered round the interesting local name, “The Sheddens,” a word that is by no means unique, nor confined to Shettleston. “to shed,” in the sense of “to part,” is a common and well known Scottish word still in use. A mother will tell her boy “to shed his hair” before going to school in the morning, on reaching which he no doubt will learn the meaning of a “water shed” – the ridge or elevation which separates one river basin from another. According to Skeat, the word is derived from the Anglo-Saxon “sceaden,” to shed, from which comes the Middle English “scheden.” The word is accordingly used to describe a parting of the ways where two or more roads diverge. The Sheddens therefore was not a cluster of primitive cottars’ houses, but a place where several ways merged into what was, and is, one of the oldest roads in the West of Scotland.
The Shettleston Sheddens is said to lie at the junction of the Old Edinburgh Road with Main Street, and is so placed in the Ordnance Survey Map of the district. At one time however, the Sheddens may have been much nearer Glasgow, for, as we shall see, the district of Shettleston approached closer to the city than is generally supposed. Dr. George R. Mather, in his paper on Provanhall in the Regality Club publications, describes the point as situated at the junction of Duke Street and Carntyne Road, the site of the Old Carntyne Toll House. We suggest another site, a spot in the neighbourhood of Glasgow, where a road from Rutherglen, crossing an ancient ford of the Clyde, would strike the highway from the south and run into the city, such a spot would be between Parkhead Cross and Camlachie.
The Passage of St. Kentigern
As the chief roads from the south and east ran through the Sheddens, interesting personages in the early centuries of our era must have passed the spot. Perhaps the foremost among these was St. Kentigern, who is popularly known as St. Mungo, and who in the middle of sixth century found a way from the east to the place where his memory is still enshrined. Joceline, in his life of St. Kentigern, gives certain facts concerning the journey. He tells how the saint lodged at Kernach, a place somewhere in the east of Scotland, in the house of an old man named Fergus, who was at the point of death, and who did die during the night. Next morning Kentigern laid his body upon a new wain, to which he yoked two bulls not yet broken, and having prayed in the name of the Lord, enjoined the beasts to carry their burden to the place which the Lord, had provided for it. The bulls came by a straight road to Cathures, which was afterwards called Glasgow, and pulled up beside the Molindinar at a virgin burial ground., long before consecrated by St. Ninian. Here St. Mungo buried the body of Fergus, the first citizen of a great city of the dead; here he fixed his own dwelling place, and here to this day, in the Cathedral that marks the spot, is the “Ile of Car Fergus.” By whatever route the solemn procession reached the west, it would probably pass the Sheddens, and we are left to imagine the group of peasants who stood at the spot watching the passage of the strange cortege.
Kentigern died in 603, and thereafter a pall as dark as night fell on the land. The centuries which followed were chaotic, the country successfully becoming a prey to Picts, Danes, Scots and Saxons. During these changes and revolutions all traces of Glasgow and Strathclyde disappeared from history for the long space of five centuries. Necessarily a similar obscurity falls in Shettleston, and we can only feebly guess at the life of the people during these unknown years.
The Inquest of David
It is not until the twelfth century that we catch another fleeting glimpse of the district. One of the heroic Scottish figures of that age was David, the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and Queen Margaret. He succeeded to the throne as David I., and was described by his descendant, James I., as “ain sair sanct for the Crown.” In 1116 when he ws still only Prince and Earl of Cumbria, he appointed an inquiry to be made to ascertain the early possessions of the church at Glasgow. This document is called “The Inquest of David,” and is the most ancient of charters relating to the city and diocese of Glasgow. In it we have a list of lands and properties which, by the help and counsel of the old and wise men of all Cumbria, are certified as the early possessions of the church of Kentigern. The name of Shettleston indeed does not appear in the list. It is not easy to identify many of the lands named because of their ancient nomenclature, but it is very probable that Shettleston is included in some of the place-names mentioned. The lands in the north of the parish, Cardowan and Barlanark, are mentioned; Camlachie and Carntyne on the west and north Carmyle on the east, are all specially indicated as ancient possessions of the church, and it is likely that Shettleston was included in one of the names mentioned. The only fact, however, that can be deduced fron David’s inquest with any degree of probability is that Shettleston was then not defined as a district and had no special name.
Some time in the next half century Shettleston came into existence for the first time, and the place which for centuries had only been known for its road, or the parting of the ways, appears in the light of day “with a local habitation and a name.”
First Known Mention of Shettleston
As we might expect from its church connection, it is in ecclesiastical documents that the name of Shettleston is first actually mentioned. In 1170, Pope Alexander III, addressed a bull of confirmation to Ingleram, Bishop of Glasgow, in which he took under his own protection and that of St. Peter, various churches in and around Glasgow. Among these is a place described as “villa filie Sadin,” the residence or settlement of Sadin’s daughter, which at once suggests Sadin’s town or Shettleston. From the phraseology of the bull, it would appear as if, at that early date, a church existed at the place. If so it was probably one of the “mensal” churches – that is a church whose revenues were used to supply the bishop’s table – but no particulars regarding it seem to have survived. Two years later, on 25th march 1172, another bull was addressed to the Dean and Canons of Glasgow, which shows an interesting change in the form of the name. Here it appears as “villa Mineschaden,” i.e., Mineschaden town. In 1174, Joceline, Abbot of Melrose, was elected to the see of Glasgow, and between that year and 1186 he received four papal bulls in which Shettleston is described as “Iniensceden,” “villa filie Sedin,” “villa Filie Scadin,” and “Schedinestun.” In three cases we have thus the Latin word “filia,” a daughter, in the description. In two cases we have the word with prefixes. “Mine” and “Inien.” We may reasonably assume that the two forms off the prefix are due to a copyist’s blunder or to a scribe writing a word the meaning of which he did not know, and that both forms refer to the same word.
The prefix “inien” is probably an early vernacular word meaning “daughter.” The old Irish word for “daughter” is “ingen,” and the modern Irish and Gaelic word is “inghean.” The phonetic spelling of the old form would be ”inien,” which is exactly the prefix used, and is not difficult to see how the form “mine” might be written by a scribe who did not know the meaning of the word. The word occurs in a very primitive form inscribed on a stone in Pembrokeshire, Wales, which has a bilingual inscription. In Roman characters it reads:- AVITORIA FILIE CVNIGNI, and in Ogam, INIGGENA CUNIGNI AVITTORIGES. “Ingena” corresponds to “filia.” The “g” was originally intervocalic and is practically consonantal “i,” (English “y” in yard). Thus within the space of sixteen years we find six distinct and separate references to Shettleston, and in each case the name is written in a different way. Five of these differences describe it as the village or settlement of a woman who is named Sadin’s daughter. The last describes it as Schedinstun, a form of the name which after more than seven hundred years sounds not unlike the modern name of Shettleston. It should be noted that mere variety in spelling a place name has no significance.Our ancestors enjoyed great privileges in the science of spelling. In the printed rental book of the diocese of Glasgow, where the entries were made by three archbishops, “Shettleston” is spelled in thirty two different ways. Even an archbishop felt under no obligation to spell in the same way today as he did yesterday. If he required t write the name twice in one paragraph he felt no necessity to be consistent in his orthography. Altogether no fewer than forty eight different ways in which the name is spelled have been noted.
The Identity of Sadin
It would be interesting to know something about the history of the man after whom Shettleston is named. Who was Sadin, and how did he come to be settles on the banks of the Camlachie burn? Why is it that when the name first appears the daughter is associated with the father, and the spot is called the settlement of Sadin’s daughter? We may most reasonably assume that when the name first occurs Sadin was dead, that he had left no sons to take over his name and lands, and that his daughter inherited the settlement. It has been said that Sadin was a brother of St. Patrick, the Patron Saint of Ireland. Cosmo Innes hands on this tradition when he records that “Shettleston is said to have been so called from a daughter of St. Patrick’s brother, but more probably from a Saxon colonist.” It is difficult to see how a settlement described for the first time in the twelfth century could have its origin from the family of St. Patrick, who flourished in the sixth, the interval of time between the two dates being as long as that between the Battle of Bannockburn and today. We also know that during the centuries there had been different race movements with changes and revolutions in the Clyde Valley. On the whole it would appear to be reasonable to associate Sadin with one of the Saxon families driven north to Scotland after the Norman Conquest. Across the Clyde from Shettleston was the Royal residence at Rutherglen where the Scottish Kings from the time of Malcolm Canmore had a castle, and where exiled Saxons would always receive a welcome from Queen Margaret, herself an exile from the south.
But there are difficulties too in accepting this theory. As already noted, the name Sadin is associated with an old Irish word for “daughter.” It is therefore probable that he was one of the Dalriada Scots who conquered the Romanized Britons of Strathclyde, and uniting with the Picts, formed the Scottish race. Nearly all the name places in the Clyde valley are of British or Celtic origin and it may perhaps be claimed for Shettleston that it owes its name to some leader of the Scots who had formed a settlement on the banks of the Camlachie burn in the twelfth century.
The Cross of Shettleston
A fuller light of history falls on Shettleston when in the year 1226 its cross is mentioned for the first time. On 20th October of that year, King Alexander II, granted a charter to the Bishop of Glasgow and his successors, by which the provost and officers of Rutherglen were prohibited from taking toll or custom in the town of Glasgow, but authorised to continue the collection of their legal dues “at the cross of Schedenestun, as they were wont to be taken as of old” – the only reference to the cross that has come down to us; but for it all knowledge of its existence would have perished.
The way in which the Cross is referred to seems to indicate that it had had a history extending back for many years. It was not erected when the charter was granted, but had previously been a dividing point between the two burghs. Rutherglen was a royal burgh, and had extensive trading area, including the town of Glasgow, within which it had exclusive privileges of trade, and the right to levy tolls and customs on all goods brought into the market for sale. It is probable that Rutherglen had a station for collecting these taxes within the town of Glasgow itself, before the burgh was founded in 1175, and fifty years later that practice had either been continued or resumed. The prohibition did not apparently interfere with the right of Rutherglen to take toll or custom for goods and articles’ passing into Glasgow, as may have been long the practice, but the collection of those dues within Glasgow itself or nearer the city than the Cross of Shettleston was now forbidden. It is therefore apparent that a trading jealousy had arisen between the two towns, and it was necessary to define their respective spheres of operations, and the Cross was made the place where the trading rights of Rutherglen ended.
What was the position of this Cross? Was it a cross merely marking a trading boundary or did it indicate a trading centre of the community? Was it a casual cross erected at some cross roads or known place of public resort? From the relative positions of Rutherglen and Glasgow, it is probable that the site must have been contiguous to both, and on the main route between the two places. What spot corresponds most accurately with these requirements?
David Ure suggests it was “in the vicinity of Glasgow and has long since changed its name.” Sir James Marwick says:- “That the position of the lands of Shettleston on which the ancient cross stood was probably what was known as the two merkland of Towcorse, now called Tollcross,” and he indicates that the village of Tollcross owes its name to the fact. Could the Cross of the charter stand on the Tollcross Road, and are the Cross from which Tollcross derives its name and the Cross of Shettleston be the same?
Following Sir James Marwick, Rev. Charles McEwing affirms that the two crosses are the same, and says:- “This Cross of Schedinestun has been variously located. The probability is that the situation was at the west end of the village of Tollcross. At this point the road from Rutherglen via Bogleshole Ford – a very ancient crossing – and Shettleston to Falkirk and Stirling intersects the old Roman road, which in the village forms Main Street” It is however, unlikely that a ford across the Clyde at Bogleshole would be the natural line of a road between Rutherglen and Glasgow – it is much too far east – and this site as the spot where the Cross stood may confidently be set aside.
To locate the site of the Cross certain conditions must be fulfilled. (1) It would likely stand at some prominent place on the well known trade route between Rutherglen and Glasgow. (2) It is very probable that it would stand somewhere on the lands of Tollcross. (3) We would also expect it would mark a boundary of the Burgh of Glasgow on the east.
The Cross cannot have stood at any place which is regarded as the centre of Shettleston life today, because no such centre satisfies the necessary conditions. The popular position assigned to the Sheddens does not meet the requirements, nor does the west end of the village of Tollcross. A Roman road did indeed pass through the modern Tollcross. but it did not lead to Rutherglen, and no service road to Rutherglen was likely to braek off so far to the east. The Sheddens as placed by Dr. Mather answers some of the conditions – it is more than half a mile nearer Glasgow, but the site is not on the lands of Tollcross. In truth we must go west from both Shettleston and the present Tollcross towards Camlachie to a place which answers all the conditions which have been laid down. That spot was probably between Parkhead Cross and Camlachie on the highway which led to the Drygate and Rottenrow of Glasgow but the exact place can hardly be identified.
Traders at The Cross
If the Cross was more than a mere trading boundary post between two burghs, it is probable that in the twelfth century merchants and traders from Rutherglen, Renfrew and Paisley on the south of the Clyde came to it, and there met with dealers from the forests and pasture lands of the Monklands; representatives from the clans north of the Roman wall, bartered and exchanges with men from Dumbarton, the capital of Cumbria, with the king’s tenants from Partick, and with the bishop’s men from Glasgow and Shettleston. It may also be that a thousand years earlier a Roman milestone had stood on the spot. From this milestone the Roman soldier might be able to learn how far his legion had marched from Rome, and how many miles he had to travel before he reached his station on the wall. We can imagine Crusaders from the west of Scotland halting for a moment as they passed, and many a pilgrim with staff in hand and wallet on shoulder, as he set out on the great pilgrimage to the Holy Land, read there that it was 4,600 miles to Jerusalem.
Some learned members from this Society hold that the first market cross or trading centre of Glasgow was at the Wyndheid in the neighbourhood of the Cathedral. May I hazard the theory that the earliest trading centre of Glasgow was at the Cross of Shettleston, and that with the building of the first Glasgow bridge, and the gradual development of the burgh, the centre was changed to the spot we still call the Cross of Glasgow. I ventured to suggest this theory to Dr. Renwick, to whom I am greatly indebted in preparing this paper, but Dr. Renwick, jealously guarding the rights and privileges of the city, perhaps afraid lest a charge should be brought against the city of appropriating what did not belong to it said, “Oh no, sir, we always had a cross of our own! “ But the Cross of Shettleston was also Glasgow’s own, for it stood near the centre of the ancient barony and regality of Glasgow.
The Divisions of Shettleston
Before the Reformation we find Shettleston divided into certain districts, such as Easter Shettleston, Westertown of Shettleston, and Midquarter. It also appears that at an early date the district was divided up into four wards. Sandyhills is described as lying in the first ward of Shettleston; Budhill in the second; Tollcross, West-Thorne and probably also the lands marching with the Clyde in the fourth part of Shettleston. I have been unable to discover exactly what district was described as the third part or ward.
At the reformation the lands of Tollcross were owned or occupied by only three families. The same extent of ground in other parts of Shettleston were owned or occupied by twenty families. Before the Reformation the lands were feud to three persons. At another time we find the whole estate in the possession of one family. Tollcross was in fact the aristocratic and exclusive part of Shettleston. Three distinctive names are given to the lands of Tollcross: (1) Tollcross, evidently the name given to the largest holding; (2) Little Tollcross describes that part of the land now included in Tollcross Park; (3) Little Hill of Tollcross is the name given to the land that lay in the neighbourhood of Camlachie. In 1751 Mr. James Corbet feued part of this land , and in the conveyance the part he owned is described as being “ a half merk land and part of the four pound land of Tollcross.” It is this land that is now known as Janefield.
A large portion of the lands described as Wester Shettleston and Midquarter are owned by the Grays of Carntyne and a portion of the estate lies at Camlachie. In one of the titles the following description of a piece of land is recorded:- “All and whole those parts of the four pound land of Tollcross lying adjacent to Camlachie and extending to thirteen acres or thereby.” The property is further described as bounded on the north by the Camlachie Burn, and by other parts of the four pound land of Tollcross. In the early part of the last century several fortunes were made and lost by working the coal in the lands of Camlachie and Tollcross. One of these coalfields is described as – “The lands of Camlachie part of the four pound land of Tollcross extending to about fifty acres or thereby, which coal, metals and minerals were reserved by the proprietors of the said lands of Tollcross in the dispositions granted by them when they conveyed away the surface of the said lands.” The lands of Camlachie being thus described as part of the four pound land of Tollcross, we may reasonably assume that the latter extended fro the site of the park and included what is now known as Camlachie. From the earliest time Camlachie formed the eastern boundary of the burgh of Glasgow. When afterwards the burgh was formed into a parish, Camlachie became the boundary between the city and barony parishes. Camlachie at William Street is described in “The Extracts from the Records of the Burgh Glasgow” as “the east boundary of the royalty.” In a report of the perambulation of the marches of the royalty made on 20th May 1805, it is noted:- “march stone No. 46 to the South of Camlachie has fallen down and should be set up again.” A bend of the Camlachie burn continued to be the east boundary of the city of Glasgow till comparatively recent time. The Reform Act of 1832 extended the parliamentary boundary of Glasgow to the Old Edinburgh Road at Shettleston, and in 1846 the city boundary was extended to the same place , and so remained until 1912 when the latest extension of the city took place.
A small property of five acres named Whitecrosshill, bounded on the east the nineteen acres of Easter Camlachie lying on the north side of the highway, and the lands of Tollcross marched in the same direction with the sixteen acres opposite. Camlachie burn skirts both divisions on the west.
As the archaeologist frequently brings against modern officials the charge of “removing ancient landmarks,” it is only right to give these officials due credit when they restore them. Shettleston comes to its own in the parliamentary division of the city recently carried out. The new Shettleston ward comes as far west as Camlachie, which was probably the boundary between Shettleston and Glasgow in the twelfth century. | <urn:uuid:6adaea19-3c41-4a42-9a0c-d1cdc18a081d> | {
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Hackers are constantly throwing in new and clever phishing attacks that threaten email users’ security. KnowBe4, one of the top security attentiveness and simulated phishing platform contributors recently issued the top 10 phishing email subject lines from this year’s second quarter. Please note, the attacks used most often contain email subject lines that relate to a user’s passwords and security warnings.
An estimated 1 out of 3 people will open a phishing email each day. This tricky way of gathering people’s personal and financial information is getting bigger, despite all the warnings from technology experts.
Phishing is a technique that hackers practice to steal personal information, like credit card info or login authorizations. The hacker replicates an existing login page from an online service such as Dropbox, Apple, Gmail or your financial institution. This made-up website holds a code that delivers all the personal data you submit directly to the hacker. To lure you to the bogus website, hackers send a believable email to you. Quite often, the email sent to you will ask you to log in to your bank account because your bank has exposed a transaction that you did not authorize.
Hackers can make these emails look and sound real and their exploits have been very successful. They often use fear. The email will make it sound like you need to take action NOW! So without really checking, the victim clicks the bad link and continues to the bogus landing page where they give the cyber thief their log-in and password information.
It is reported that consumers, businesses, and organizations will lose an estimated $9 billion in 2018 globally. With so much personal information tied to finances now shared online, hackers use phishing in order to illegally steal your money.
The Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) latest quarterly release reported:
Because they store a lot of files in the cloud, Phishing is also a risk for all kinds of companies: Digital design companies, financial institutions, security companies, etc. According to hackmageddon.com, there were 868 reported company security breaches or cyber-attacks in 2017.
There are generally three things hackers do to gain access to your information:
It has become increasingly difficult to guard yourself against phishing. As hard as Apple, Google, and other tech companies have worked to filter them out, hackers are always devising new ways to phish. However, here are some tips on spotting phishing emails:
Ironically, the trend for most of these phishing emails are warnings about security alerts.
Here are the top 10 from Q2: | <urn:uuid:b529f97d-c9cb-462d-b536-77ecfbfc8e7a> | {
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U.S. Representative Keith Ellison, D Minn., speaks at an election night event in St. Paul, Minn. / Hannah Foslien, AP
Last week, the American people voted for fairness. And with the "fiscal cliff" staring us all straight in the face, fairness must guide our decision-making as a nation. Fairness demands that the nation prioritize good jobs, particularly after a decade of the most generous tax cuts for the well-to-do. Investing in jobs is not only the right thing to do, but it will place America on a path to sustainable economic growth. The best way to be fair to working people, grow the economy, and reduce our deficit is to create jobs.
The Congressional Progressive Caucus has a Deal for All -- one that puts Americans back to work. We can address our crumbling roads and bridges and promote education or we can choose to pass more tax breaks for the wealthiest Americans at the expense of our seniors. We cannot afford the latter. Progressives can only accept a deal from Republicans in Congress that invests in jobs, calls on the wealthy to do more, calls on the military to do more, and protects the most vulnerable.
Our country has a jobs crisis. The biggest risk of Congressional inaction is not that the deficit will increase, but that immediate budget cuts will hurt an already fragile economy, costing more American jobs. After the largest economic crisis since the Great Depression, our unemployment rate has finally fallen below 8%. But we still have a long way to go. Middle income jobs, in particular, have been slow to return and more than 12 million Americans are still unemployed. America's public workers - teachers, police officers, and firefighters - have had a particularly difficult time finding work. Local governments laid off 7,000 workers between August and September, and further cuts would mean more job losses. As Nobel Prize-winning Economist Peter Diamond said, "We have an unemployment crisis, in my view. The impacts, both on long-term unemployed and young people, are going to affect them for years and yearsâ?¦We have a debt problem. We don't have a debt crisis."
Austerity would plunge the economy back into a recession. Cutting the U.S. Postal Service or local fire departments costs public workers their jobs and reduces private sector demand, causing even more layoffs. In Europe, rapid cuts in government spending have plunged the entire continent back into recession. Great Britain, a poster child for austerity, has seen real G.D.P. since the recession plummet to levels lower than after the Great Depression. Workers in Spain and Greece have had to pick through garbage because of forced government cuts. Rep. Paul Ryan's (R-Ohio) prediction that we risk becoming Greece could be accurate if we enact his own proposals to cut services Americans need during economic recovery.
But we don't have to choose between addressing the jobs crisis and reducing the deficit. In fact, putting people back to work will go a long way toward reducing the deficit.
The Deal for All with four basic principles to protect the middle-class and working families.
First, any deal must protect benefits for the millions of American seniors, children, and disabled Americans who depend on Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. One in every four families depends on our social security system, including 36 million retired Americans. Making workers wait until they're older to receive these benefits could cost seniors nearly $5,000 a year. And nearly every American senior depends on Medicare to cover health costs. Turning Medicare into a voucher system, as Republicans have proposed, would not only make seniors pay thousands more for Medicare, but leave many seniors without any coverage at all.
Second, an agreement must reform our tax code in a way that asks the most privileged among us to contribute their fair share, and closes corporate loopholes for companies that ship American jobs overseas. If working and middle class people are going to take a hit in tough times, it shouldn't be to pay for tax breaks for millionaires and oil companies.
Third, we must make smart cuts to defense spending, to focus our armed forces on combating 21st century risks. Defense spending has more than doubled in the past 10 years alone. We can afford smart, strategic cuts to outdated defense spending without compromising our national security. Also, we shouldn't fall for the argument from defense contractors and others that defense cuts will hurt the economy. Investing in areas like health care for our seniors and education for our youth creates many more jobs than equivalent investment in defense.
Lastly, any deal must invest in job creation in the near-term. Federal investments were already cut by $1.5 trillion in the first round of deficit reduction â?? 60 percent from vital programs such as education, environmental protection, and law enforcement. Working families have already pitched in to reduce the deficit â??- now it's time for the richest 2% of Americans to pay their fair share.
The solutions are clear. Americans want a Deal for All, not a raw deal. This means good jobs now. The Congressional Progressive Caucus is prepared to stand up for these values.
Rep. Keith Ellison, a Minnesota Democrat, co-chairs the Congressional Progressive Caucus.
In addition to its own editorials, USA TODAY publishes diverse opinions from outside writers, including ourBoard of Contributors.
Copyright 2013 USATODAY.com
Read the original story: Column: Fiscal cliff means the rich need to step up | <urn:uuid:2c4488dc-6df6-4d74-8805-0cc0c9a2a37f> | {
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Mastitis is a bacterial infection of your breast usually resulting from a plugged duct or cracked nipple.
You may have mastitis if you are experiencing flu-like symptoms along with a fever and a hard spot or lump on your breast that has some swelling , redness or pain with it. Measures you can take to help treat mastitis are taking warm showers, getting more than your usual bed rest. The infection is generally not harmful to babies and you will aggravate the infection by weaning your baby.
If symptoms persist for more than two days, a visit to the doctor for antibiotics or other treatment is in order. Also check with your doctor if a lump remains after the other signs and symptoms of mastitis have passed away.
Lactational mastitis is a breast infection in a breastfeeding woman. The symptoms are localized pain, swelling and redness, usually in only one breast. Often, women will get flu like symptoms and a high fever and chills. The difference between engorgement and mastitis is that engorgement usually involves both side and the whole breast, while mastitis is usually only one side and in a smaller area.
Women who get mastitis often are often having other breastfeeding problems. Nipple cracking and damage from unsuccessful latching, poor milk drainage and prolonged engorgement can all lead to mastitis. Mastitis, if untreated, can lead to a painful breast abscess, and in very rare cases, sepsis.
If you think you have mastitis, go see your healthcare provider. The likely treatment will be a course of oral antibiotics, usually for 10-14 days depending on the severity of the infection. Ibuprofen, along with cold compresses and ice packs can give a lot of relief. Working out any problems with breastfeeding is also very helpful, consider going to see your midwife or a lactation consultant. You need to continue breastfeeding, even (and especially) on the affected side. The infection is not harming your milk, and it will not harm your baby, and emptying the breast consistently is important to healing.
There have been some studies recently on the effectiveness of probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics as a treatment for mastitis, specifically the use of lactobacillus. The evidence is mounting, but the jury is still out. | <urn:uuid:c46573d6-bac1-45f5-bcce-b31896b4379f> | {
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500 Activities for the Primary Classroom
By Carol Read
"This rich compendium of activities will surely become required
reading for those teaching in the
EL Gazette, Book of the Month September 2007
Every primary teacher and teacher trainer will want a copy of this book!
The definitive handbook for all primary teachers and teacher trainers,written by Carol Read, a well-known primary specialist and teacher trainer and primary author.
500 Activities for the Primary Classroom is the answer to the perennial question of "what on earth am I going to do with my class tomorrow?" Aimed at teachers of children between the ages of 3-12, this is a lively, varied compendium of ideas and classroom activities.
- A wide-ranging resource of activities which are easy to set up
- Up-to-date approach covers current approaches in teaching children including content-based learning
- Ideal for all primary-focussed teachers
- Designed to be flexible to supplement a wide range of syllabus-types (story-based, grammatical, etc.)
500 Activities for the Primary Classroom is available to buy in our online bookshop. For ISBN, price and availability visit Macmillan English.
Read more about Carol on Macmillan English | <urn:uuid:59005df5-72ec-4925-a227-9d6600358ff5> | {
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The ‘traditional’ food pyramid, which was developed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) some 20-odd years ago, presented the food groups as a hierarchy. It recommended that foods such as bread, pasta and rice make up the bulk of your diet. Unfortunately, these guidelines didn’t give any definite pointers about healthy eating.
In the 21st century, the USDA tried to refine their healthy food recommendations by introducing MyPyramid as well as MyPlate. Although these symbols were an improvement on the traditional food pyramid, they don’t accurately describe the requirements for healthy eating.
What these approaches to eating also didn’t take into account were the various nutritional requirements that athletes and fitness buffs may have; given what they want to achieve in terms of their athletic performance as well as their bodies.
In this article, we’ll decode the food pyramid and the food plate approaches to eating. We’ll also look at how you can use these approaches to help you further your fitness goals.
Eating balanced meals
The traditional food pyramid organised the food groups into a hierarchy
It indicated that the basis of your diet should consist of grains – such as bread and rice. While fats, oils and sweets should make up the smallest portion of what you eat. However, this pyramid had many shortcomings, e.g. it didn’t show you which types of bread you should choose; wholewheat bread, which has more nutrients – vs white bread, which is very low on nutrients.
From a fitness point of view, when planning your diet you need to look at the goals that you want to achieve. For example, if you’re an endurance athlete having a lot of grains in your diet will provide you with the energy you need to sustain you while you’re performing your chosen sport. This means that using the food pyramid to base your diet on will help you immensely. However, if you’re a bodybuilder and – as such – are focused on building muscle; the food pyramid won’t be of much help to you as to help you to achieve your goal. You need to have more protein in your diet in order to achieve your fitness goal.
In 2005, the USDA reworked the traditional food pyramid into MyPyramid
However, this approach was also criticised for not providing very much detail as was the case with the previous pyramid. MyPyramid did highlight that the basis for a healthy eating plan is exercise.
Here again, the amount (and type) of exercise that you do depends on what fitness goals you want to achieve or the part of your body you want to develop and improve. If you want to develop your core, you may choose Pilates over other personal training. It’s recommended that to stay healthy, you do a moderate amount of exercise per week. However, if you’re training for a long-distance mountain bike challenge or a triathlon, you’ll want to step up the intensity of your workout plan as you’ll need to build up your fitness.
(If you’re interested in taking your exercise plan to the next level, why not check out some of the fitness courses at Trifocus Fitness Academy? We offer everything from personal training courses to Pilates and Yoga as well as anything inbetween that is fitness related!)
In 2006, the USDA revised MyPyramid and created MyPlate
In this model, the plate is divided into four, with vegetables (green) and fruit (red) taking up half the plate. (The vegetables quarter is slightly bigger than the fruit quarter.) The other half of the plate is taken up by grains (brown) and protein (purple), with the grain quarter being slightly larger than the protein quarter. MyPlate also emphasises the importance of dairy, by showing it on its own at the edge of the plate.
As with MyPyramid, MyPlate has a number of flaws. Experts highlight that MyPlate doesn’t show you which proteins are better for you, i.e. beans, fish and chicken are a better choice than red meat. In addition, it also doesn’t address issues such as junk food and sugary drinks; something that is an issue the world over and is one of the leading contributors to obesity.
Do you want to learn more about healthy and balanced eating, how to read food pyramids and what your nutritional needs with regards to exercise are? Trifocus Fitness Academy’s Specialised Nutrition Certification will teach you all you need to know about nutrition and so much more! | <urn:uuid:7072f817-37d5-47b9-943e-3517d0aceffa> | {
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6. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
by M. Bourne
Solving Exponential Equations using Logarithms
Don't miss the world population application below.
Go to World population.
The logarithm laws that we met earlier are particularly useful for solving equations that involve exponents.
Solve the equation 3x = 12.7.
We can estimate the answer before we start to be somewhere between `2` and `3`, because 32 = 9 and 33 = 27. But how do we find the answer?
First we take the logarithm of both sides of the given equation:
`log\ 3^x= log\ 12.7`
Now, using the 3rd log rule
logb (xn) = n logb x,
`x\ log\ 3 = log\ 12.7`
Now divide both sides by `log\ 3`:
`x= (log\ 12.7)/(log\ 3)``= 2.3135`
Is it correct? Checking in the original question, we have: `3^2.3135 = 12.7`. Checks okay. Also, our answer is between `2` and `3` as we estimated before.
Two populations of bacteria are growing at different rates. Their populations at time t are given by `5^(t+2` and e2t respectively. At what time are the populations the same?
This problem requires us to solve the equation:
5t+2 = e2t
We need to use loge because of the base e on the right hand side.
ln (5t+2) = ln (e2t)
(t + 2) ln 5 = 2t ln e
Now, ln e = 1, and we need to collect t terms together:
t ln 5 + 2 ln 5 = 2t
t (ln 5 − 2) = −2 ln 5
`t=(-2\ ln\ 5)/(ln\ 5-2)=8.241649476`
is the required time.
Graphs of `y=e^(2t)` (magenta) and `y=5^(t+2)` (green) showing the intersection point.
We can see on the graph that the 2 curves intersect at `t = 8.2`, as we found above.
(1) Solve `5^x= 0.3`
Taking log of both sides:
log 5x = log 0.3
`log\ 5^x=log\ 0.3`
`x\ log\ 5=log\ 0.3`
`x=(log\ 0.3)/(log\ 5)`
(2) Solve `3\ log(2x − 1) = 1`.
Divide both sides by 3:
`log(2x - 1) = 1/3`
Always check your answers with your calculator!
(3) Solve for x:
`log_2 x + log_2 7 = log_2 21`
We first combine the 2 logs on the left into one logarithm.
`log_2\ 7x=log_2\ 21`
To get the second line, we actually raise `2` to the power of the left side, and `2` to the power of the right side. We don't really "cancel out" the logs, but that is the effect (only if they have the same base).
Please support IntMath!
(4) Solve for x:
`3\ ln\ 2+ln(x-1)=ln\ 24`
Recall that `3\ ln\ 2` means `3\ log_e\ 2`.
`3 ln\ 2+ln(x-1)=ln\ 24`
`ln\ 8+ln(x-1)=ln\ 24`
`ln\ 8(x-1)=ln\ 24`
We take "e to both sides":
(5) [Reader's question.]
I have the following formula:
`S(n) = 5500\ log\ n + 15000` (Using base 10)
If I know S(n) = 40 million, How do I solve it?
40 000 000 = 5500 log n + 15000
log n = 7270.
This gives us simply n = 107270 (using the log laws) which is pretty big!
(6) In the expression
`ln (x+2)^2 =\ 2,`
why is one of the answers not there when changed to
`2ln (x+2)=2,` thus `ln (x+2)=1,`
giving only one answer?
One of the best ways to understand this problem is to see what's going on using some graphs.
Recall we can only find the logarithm of positive numbers.
Here's the graph of `y = ln (x+2)^2 - 2`, based on the first expression:
Graph of `y = ln (x+2)^2 - 2`.
We can see there are 2 roots (the 2 places where the graph cuts the `x`-axis.
There are two arms for the graph because we have squared the `(x+2)` term, meaning it will have value `> 0,` so we can take the `ln` of it with no problems (except at `x=-2,` of course, since it is undefined there).
Now let's look at the graph of `y = ln (x+2) - 1`, based on the final expression:
Graph of `y = ln (x+2) - 1`.
Now we only have one arm in the graph, and one place where the graph cuts the `x`-axis, thus giving us one solution for the equation `ln (x+2)=1,` which we find is (after taking `e` to both sides):
`x+2 = e`
`x = e - 2 = 0.718281828...`
So while the Log Law says we can write `ln (x+2)^2` as `2ln (x+2),` they are not really the same function.
Application - World population growth
The population of the earth is growing at approximately `1.3%` per year. The population at the beginning of 2000 was just over `6` billion. After how many more years will the population double to `12` billion?
We need an expression for the population at time t.
After one year, the population will be `1.3%` higher than in 2000. (1.3% = 0.013)
Population after 1 year: `6\ "billion" × 1.013`.
Population after 2 years: `6\ "billion" × (1.013)^2`.
Population after 3 years: `6\ "billion" × (1.013)^3`.
So our population, P, after t years, is given by:
`P(t) = 6\ "billion" × (1.013)^t`
[In general, for any population growth,
`P(t) = P_0(1 + r)^t`
where P0 is the population at time `t = 0`, r is the rate of growth per time period and t is the time.]
We are asked to find when the population doubles, so we need to solve:
`12\ 000\ 000\ 000 =` ` 6\ 000\ 000\ 000 × (1.013)^t`
This gives `2 = (1.013)^t`
Taking logarithms of both sides, we have:
`log\ 2 = log (1.013)^t`
Using the third log law, we have:
`log\ 2 = t\ log\ 1.013`
`t=(log\ 2)/(log\ 1.013)=53.66`
So it will take only about `54` years to double the world's population, if it continues to grow at the current rate.
When the world population is 12 billion, the net number of people in the world will be increasing at the rate of about 5 per second, if the growth rate is still 1.3%. Currently, there are about 2.6 new people per second. However, the rate of growth is expected to drop considerably to about 0.5% within 50 years.
In 2001, the population of India passed one billion, making it the second country after China to reach that scary milestone.
Current world population is approximately:
Interactive applet - World Population
Go to the interactive World Population, which has comparisons between present, past and future population growth.
Predicting world population
The following graph shows one of the estimates for world population growth during the 21st century. We see that the population will be 11 billion by about 2100! Think of our water quality, air pollution, global warming, social cohesion and lack of food. Surely this is one of the most important graphs in all of mathematics.
But I digress.
We are, of course, talking American English, here. The British billion has 12 zeroes (Well, even they have recently adopted the 9 zeroes billion...).
Graph of world population (billions), 1900 to 2100.
The world population is expected to exceed 11 billion by 2100. [Source]
This suggests a growth rate of about 0.6%, much lower than that experienced during the 20th century.
The equation for the above graph is
6.1 billion was the population in 2000;
the growth rate is represented by `1+6/100 = 1.006`; and
`t` is the time from the year 2000.
See a "live" world population estimation on the next page. | <urn:uuid:83903fb5-a06b-4bec-9204-2988a88b9ebf> | {
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Media Contact: [email protected], 413-794-7633
SPRINGFIELD – As temperatures begin to rise, so do concerns about young children falling from windows.
According to Safe Kids USA, approximately 18 children under the age of 10 die as a result of falling from a window each year. An estimated 4,700 children ages 14 and under are treated in emergency rooms for injuries sustained from falling out of windows.
Many parents don’t realize the risks associated with opening the windows and letting in some fresh air, but the dangers are real. Physicians here in western Massachusetts are no stranger to injuries from window-falls. Dr. Kevin Moriarty, chief of Pediatric Surgery at Baystate Children’s Hospital, says “we treat a number of children who fall from windows, especially during May through September, the peak months of the year.”
Falls are the third-leading cause of injury death in Massachusetts and the leading cause of injury-related hospital stays and emergency-room visits. In western Massachusetts, children have been injured seriously enough to be admitted to the hospital. Tragically, in 2009, a 2 ½-year-old Springfield boy died as a result of his injuries after falling from a third-story window.
A recent study showed that window falls increase considerably during the spring and summer months, but they can be prevented. April 8th through the 13th is National Window Falls Prevention Week. On Tuesday, April 9th, Safe Kids of Western Mass., headquartered at Baystate Children’s Hospital, teamed up with Baystate Medical Center’s trauma service, Rep. John Scibak of South Hadley and The Safety Institute for a news conference to stress the importance of window guards. “If one child in our community gets hurt in a window-fall that is one too many, It is our responsibility to take action” says Scibak (D-South Hadley).
Window guards, in combination with parental supervision, are proven to save lives. In New York City and Boston, education and window guard distribution programs resulted in a 96 percent reduction in the incidence of window falls over 10 years. While window guards are the law in New York City, they are not required by Massachusetts General Laws, but are recommended in homes with children ages 6 and under. “There is no substitute for window guards. Screens are designed to keep insects out, they are not strong enough to keep a child from falling,” says Magda Rodriguez, co-coordinator for Safe Kids of Western Mass.
So who is at risk? Research shows children living in multi-unit dwelling buildings have the highest number of window-fall incidents. Window-fall victims are more likely to be male children, under 5 years of age and playing unsupervised at the time of the fall. Also, low-income children are also more likely to be injured from falls due to unsafe environments, including aging or deteriorating housing. It’s recommended that all windows above the first floor are equipped with window guards, preferably those with an emergency release device in case of a fire.
Here are some additional tips from Safe Kids of Western Mass. on how to keep your child safe from window falls:
- Keep windows locked and closed when they are not being used.
- Keep furniture away from windows so kids cannot climb to the ledge.
- Install window stops so that windows open no more than four inches.
- Supervise children at all times, especially around open windows.
- Tie the curtain or blind cords out of reach. Children have been strangled while playing with dangling cords.
- If you have double-hung windows — the kind that can open down from the top as well as up from the bottom — it is generally safer to open the top pane, but growing kids may have enough strength, dexterity and curiosity to open the bottom pane.
- In the case of a widow fall, never try to move a child who appears to be seriously injured— call 911 and let trained medical personnel move the child with proper precautions.
Research also shows that prevention measures should include softening the landing surface below windows to help reduce the severity of injury in case a fall does occur.
Safe Kids of Western Mass. works to prevent accidental childhood injury, the leading killer of children 14 and under. It is a member of Safe Kids Worldwide, a global network of organizations dedicated to preventing accidental injury. For more information about window safety, falls and childproofing, call Safe Kids of Western Mass. at (413) 794-6510.
As the area’s only Level 1 Trauma Center, Baystate Medical Center cares for the most seriously ill and injured patients from all over western New England, and continuously works to raise awareness of public-health challenges to improve the health of our community. | <urn:uuid:40bf058d-a129-47e1-b196-4793411e06fc> | {
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No. 21. Pugahm Myo [Pagan]. East facade of Damayangyee Pagoda. [Dhamma-yan-gyi Temple]
Photographer: Tripe, Linnaeus
Medium: Photographic print
Photograph by Linnaeus Tripe of the Dhamma-yan-gyi temple in the Pagan (Bagan)
region of Burma (Myanmar), from a portfolio of 120 prints. With this portfolio of architectural and topographical views, Tripe, an officer from the Madras Infantry, created an early photographic record of Burma. The 1855 British Mission to Burma was instructed to persuade the Burmese king Mindon Min to accept the annexation of Pegu (Lower Burma) following the Anglo-Burmese War of 1852. It was also the intention of the British to collect information about the country. They travelled in Burma from August to early November 1855, stopping at various places to allow Linnaeus Tripe, the official photographer, and the mission's artist, Colesworthy Grant, to perform their duties. Capital of the first kingdom of Burma from the 11th to the 14th century, Pagan is one of the most important archaeological sites in South East Asia, with the remains of over 2000 stupas, temples and monasteries scattered over a 30 km radius. Tripe found that the Dhamma-yan-gyi, '…is one of the best examples of design, and in some parts of it, of workmanship at Pugahm...' He continued, 'In the vestibule on the east face, the vaulting of brickwork has been laid bare, and shows less careful work in that important part, than in the walls below. This, with its having been more neglected than the other temples, may account for its dilapidated condition. The central aisles have been blocked up, but not so carefully as to escape notice. This shuts up all the centre of the building; for what purpose is unknown. A strong wall 12 feet high, surrounds it. It dates from about the year 1154 A.D.' Noted for its fine brickwork, the powerful shape of this massive temple is one of the most enigmatic in Pagan, both its history and its architecture have afforded scholars much debate. Built in the late 12th century, possibly by Narapatisithu , the interior has been blocked up by brickwork for some unknown reason. | <urn:uuid:d0d82ac6-d32d-44a6-8431-2c0a5703db47> | {
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Nanotubes on patrol!
Alas, this is a MSM article. From the BBC, which *used* to be better at researching their stories. They were doing so well until the end ...
Nanotubes are made from graphite which is - along with diamond - one of two common forms carbon takes in nature. In graphite, carbon atoms are bonded in hexagon structures to form flat layers that are stacked on top of one another like sheets of paper.
To make nanotubes, scientists take individual graphite layers and fold them over so they join at either edge to form cylinders.
I don't know where they got that bilge but it wasn't from an actual scientist who knew anything about carbon nanotubes. They are NOT graphite, they are a completely new form of carbon. Smalley, Curl and Kroto got the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering fullerenes (the base class for nanotubes), not for atomic-scale origami. Kroto is even British so there's no excuse for such sloppiness. The last sentence is the worst. That may be how the lab assistant demonstrated the appearance of a nanotube to the reporter, rolling up some hex paper, but that is in no way, shape or form how nanotubes form in reality and I would like to see the reporter produce a valid statement, with attribution, that claims otherwise. | <urn:uuid:8026f401-8d38-41a4-9269-5723b7214ab8> | {
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You will find many books on the subject of HTML. If you are new to web design, you may find the process of choosing a book rather daunting. I have collected ten of the top HTML books and discussed why they are useful to beginning web designers.
slide 1 of 11
Head First HTML with CSS & XHTML
Most technical books are dry and boring. That is not the case with Head First HTML with CSS & XHTML. This book was written in a light and humorous style as it teaches you the ins and outs of basic HTML functions, along with some XHTML and CSS.
Both adults and young students can take advantage of this book not only because it is fun, but because there are exercises and quizzes at the end of every chapter that will help you retain what you have learned.
slide 2 of 11
Web Design in a Nutshell
Web Design in a Nutshell will present a variety of information concerning web design. To learn HTML and XHTML, focus on Chapters 8 through 15, as they will give you detailed descriptions of the elements and how they should be used to create professional quality websites.
slide 3 of 11
Creating a Website: The Missing Manual
Creating a Website: The Missing Manual describes HTML so that the beginner can not only understand it, but apply it in creating their own websites. This book also covers where to get hosting, how to get traffic to your website, how to integrate audio and more. If you have never built a website before, you might want to start with this book because it gives you a good foundation.
slide 4 of 11
Build Your Site the Right Way Using HTML & CSS
Build Your Site the Right Way Using HTML & CSS teaches beginners how to format each tag type (hyperlinks, headings, paragraphs and more) plus how to build a proper home page. This book will also teach you how to create tables, build forms, get your website online, how to use Blogger and how to use free tools to monitor your site’s performance.
slide 5 of 11
Learning Web Design
Learning Web Design will teach you how the Web and web pages work. You will also learn how to create a simple (X)HTML page, complete with links and images; how to optimize your pages so that the search engines will find them; how to get your pages on the Web via hosting, domain names and FTP; and more.
This book contains exercises which reinforce your learning.
slide 6 of 11
Web Design All-In-One for Dummies
Book Four will teach you how to test and validate your site. Book Five will help you get your site online and keep it current.
slide 7 of 11
Web Design: A Beginner’s Guide Second Edition
You will also learn how to bring more traffic to your website via search engine optimization (SEO), email design and online advertising.
slide 8 of 11
CSS and HTML Web Design
CSS and HTML Web Design will teach you more than the rudimentary basics of HTML and CSS. It will teach you how to build a website from the ground up, including typography, images, navigation, tables, layouts, forms and feedback. You will also learn about browser quirks, hacks and bugs.
This book covers the standards of the most popular browsers, including Internet Explorer 7 and Firefox 2.
slide 9 of 11
Sams Teach Yourself HTML and CSS in 24 Hours
Sams Teach Yourself HTML and CSS in 24 Hours contains 24 lessons of one hour or less that will teach you how to use HTML and CSS to design, create and maintain professional websites. Each lesson builds upon the previous lesson so that you can learn HTML and CSS from the ground up.
slide 10 of 11
HTML, XHTML & CSS Sixth Edition
HTML, XHTML & CSS Sixth Edition will teach you how to learn HTML fast, thanks to the visual, step-by-step instructions. You will not only become an expert in HTML markup, but you will also learn how to test and debug your site and publish it to the web.
A companion website is available if you need examples, updates or to talk to someone, offering a great starting place for anyone who feels ready to start coding!
slide 11 of 11
Images courtesy of Amazon, but remain the ownership of respective author's and artists. | <urn:uuid:16fe70ad-e776-46a8-843d-d614ee9843b2> | {
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Facts About X-RAY FISH
Fact 1: The X-ray fish is scientifically called Pristella maxillaris.
Fact 2: The X-ray fish are considered as non-aggressive and gregarious. They reach the size of two to three inches.
Fact 3: X-ray fish are found in calm, coastal waters as well as in dense, vegetated swamps.
Fact 4: X-ray fish are carnivorous and usually feed on live foods that are fresh or flakes present in water. X-ray fish eat insects, small crustaceans, and worms.
Fact 5: Their reproduction is carried out very easily, and nearly 300 to 400 eggs are released per every spawn.
Fact 6: X-ray fish are mostly distributed at Venezuela, Orinoco, coastal river drainage of Guiana, British Guyana, Brazil, and the Amazon regions of South America.
Fact 7: X-ray fish are popular in aquariums as they possess delicate colors.
Fact 8: The maximum length of the X-ray fish is 4.5 centimeters. X-ray fish live in fresh waters and live in a pelagic environment. X-ray fish dwell in fresh waters having a pH range of 6 to 8.
Fact 9: There are certain diagnostic marks on the X-ray fish. There is a small, round spot which is the size of the pupil present on its fin.
Fact 10: The black spot on the dorsal fin has a white line above and a yellow line below it. Symmetrical color patterns are observed at the anal and pelvic fins. A hyaline type of adipose fin is seen.
Fact 11: X-ray fish are known to be feeding on planktonic and benthic invertebrates.
Fact 12: Aquarium owners usually choose dark backgrounds in their tanks allowing the X-ray fish to appear as clear fish.
Fact 13: The classification of the X-ray fish is that it belongs to Kingdom of Animalia, Phylum of Chordata, Class of Actinopterygii, Order of Characiformes, and Family of Characidae.
Fact 14: X-ray fish seem to be active and energetic when they are moving in schools. | <urn:uuid:1fed5673-9d18-4ca4-b7a7-680e0e2e37df> | {
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The Ince Minareli Madrasa takes its name from what was once its extremely tall minaret, currently reduced to only the lower portion. Much of the minaret collapsed in the early twentieth century. The lowermost portion of the minaret is square and built of stone, which gives way to cylindrical brick, which must have formed the bulk of its height. The brick was once covered in green tile.
The minaret sits slightly removed from the monumental portal to the madrasa. This entrance is testament to the skill of Seljuk stoneworkers: an inscription complete with floral and natural motifs is intertwined up the entire height of the façade. Further stonework in relief shows knots and other geometric decoration.
Ertug, Ahmet. The Seljuks: a journey through Anatolian architecture, 219. Istanbul: Ahmet Ertug, 1991.
Rice, Tamara Talbot. The Seljuks in Asia Minor, 280. New York: Praeger, 1961.
Stierlin, Henri, and Anne Stierlin. Turkey, from the Selçuks to the Ottomans, 240. Köln, Germany: Taschen, 1998. | <urn:uuid:6b1603b4-df20-4aba-b49c-49544565948d> | {
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The Problem of Racism on the
Guatemala, C.A. May 21, 1996
Animated by the spirit of Spring, spirit of hope for peace in my native Guatemala, I send my best wishes for the success of the Sixth Lascasianas Symposium called by the Institute of Juridical Investigations of the National Autonoma University of Mexico. The central theme of this Sixth Symposium, "The Problem of Racism on the Threshold of the 21st Century," approaches an aspect of human coexistence that in my opinion, has historically manifested itself as a symptom of what humanity has left behind. If a phantom has at some time traveled this earth, it is racism.
I understand this as a phenomenon that is supported by the belief of superiority in the face of difference, in the belief that ones own culture possesses values superior to those of other cultures. It has not been stated often enough that racism has historically been a banner to justify the enterprises of expansion, conquest, colonization and domination and has walked hand in hand with intolerance, injustice and violence.
Without a doubt, we live in times in which overbearing, intolerant racist attitudes have been aggravated, but what can we propose to contribute to overcoming this evil? I believe that the organizations of the United Nations system, governments, national and international organizations and institutions, means of communication, schools, universities, etc., committed to world peace, should generate programs on a grand scale to redefine education, and the influence that they project toward society.
Programs whose essence is mutual respect, harmonious human coexistence and respect between people, towns and Nations.
We can sow the plant with an enormous wealth, a wealth that invites cultural diversity. We can dream of the construction of multicultural and plurilingual societies: if we are capable of recognizing and respecting differences. This theme revisits a theme of special importance for Indigenous Communities, who up until the present, with the same patience with which the women of our communities weave truly multicolored mosaics, have been weaving the bases of a new order of relationships with governments, institutions and non-indigenous societies.
Fortunately, there have been very important advances. Ample sectors of society have become conscience that far from converting itself into a barrier, differences constitute a fountain of cultural richness. New standards of relating between communities and cultures, between Indians and non-Indians, are being established. If they deepen, we will be constructing strong foundations for peace. This is an objective to which we should all commit ourselves. Because of that, I am convinced that we should make the necessary efforts so that the United Nations approve the Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Communities as soon as possible and that it is also ratified by the member States.
Likewise, we should take advantage of the International Decade of Indigenous People as a time for reflection and an impetus for actions at a national and international level, that seek permanent recognition and respect for the rights of Indigenous Communities. We should seek the approval of instruments and legislation of an international and national character, but we should also struggle to eradicate racist practices by modifying cultural patrons that give sustenance to discrimination and segregation.
This is to say, that while it is important to adopt adequate legislation and instruments, it is also important that the forms of thinking and acting, the vision of cultures different from our own, change.
On the threshold of the 21st Century, communities and cultures should adopt new forms of living together based on cooperation, the acceptance that cultural diversity is not an obstacle for development, but on the contrary, constitutes the foundation on which a more just, humane world with full liberty and democracy, social justice, in which the harmonious relationship between man and nature is the fundamental pillar of human existence, can be constructed. Friends, I repeat my desires of success in these work sessions and discussions that await you. Without doubt, your contributions will be invaluable for the construction of this new space in which to build relationships and learn to live together in cultural diversity.
Source: This speech came from a web page which no longer exists. | <urn:uuid:410e3e67-0ff5-452d-877b-246db3afd3b7> | {
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Arsenius III (Carnojevic) of Pec
His Eminence Arsenije III Crnojević (also Arsenius; Serbian: Аесеније III Црнојевић) was the Patriarch of Peć (1672-1691). He was one of the most significant figures of Serbian national and Church history. He was also the first autonomous metropolitan of the Serbian people in Austria-Hungary (1690-1706).
He was born in Cetinje (in modern-day Montenegro) in about 1633. He was a member of a minor branch of the famous Crnojevići noble family. In the past his surname has been written and pronounced Čarnojević, from Russian use.
Arsenije came to Peć as a boy and later was tonsured and ordained a deacon and then a priest. In his early years he was elected archimandrite of Peć Monastery in 1665. When Patriarch Maksim suffered a stroke, Arsenije was elected as Metropolitan of Hvosno and as the coadjutor of the patriarch. He was consecrated bishop by the metropolitans of a patriarchal synod on the Feast of the Ascension, 1669. In the same year, he visited Dečani Monastery in the patriarch's name. When it was clear that patriarch's condition would not improve, Arsenije was elected patriarch in 1672, probably between Easter and Ascension.
The next year, the new patriarch visited the Serbs in the coast lands who were under the control of Venice. He met the Roman Catholic archbishop of Bar, Andrija Zmajević, who was Serb, and also member of Crnojevici family, in order to contact European powers for the protection of Christians under Turkish rule. He also visited his flock in Bosnia in 1674 and in Braničevo and Srem in 1676. The following year he went to Žiča Monastery, then to Braničevo; he also visited Smederevo in 1680. All these visits were in order to give spiritual support to the Serbian people. In 1682 Arsenije decided to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Before leaving, he visited Metropolitan Teofan of Skoplje and Bishop Ananija of Karatovo.
After arriving home, he found his people in the middle of the Great Turkish War. The Turks arrested him, and he had to pay 10000 talirs (6000 pounds of sterling) for his freedom. He was soon forced to leave Peć because the Turks tried to kill him. He returned after the Austrians captured Peć. Under great pressure from the Austrians, he was forced to call all Serbs to join the Austrian army. About 20,000 Serbs joined the Austrian army, but the Serbs and Austrians were defeated near Skoplje in the winter of 1689. The patriarch, along with 90,000 people, started retreating.
Arsenije called an assembly of both Church and lay leaders in Belgrade in July 1690. In this assembly Serbian noblemen, officers, popular leaders, metropolitans, bishops, archimandrites, igumens, and protopresbyters all participated. They decided to continue in the war as Austrian allies, but they demanded freedom of religion and freedom from serfdom. The Serbs sent an envoy led by Bishop Isaija of Jenopolje, who was fluent in German. Emperor Leopold I proclaimed an edict on August 21 in which he gave the Serbian people and their Church special privileges. After this, Serbs populated southern Hungary, today Vojvodina in Serbia, and the military frontier in Croatia as Austrian soldiers.
Serbs also participated in the decisive battle of Senta, in which the Turks were defeated. After this, a peace treaty was signed, and the Austrians recaptured Hungary and Transylvania.
From the beginning, Patr. Arsenije had many problems under Austrian rule. Hungarian nobility, Catholic clergy, and German officers were all hostile toward the Serbs, but the wise patriarch saved his people from Catholic proselytism. He managed to negotiate with bishops who had signed the Union. After this, those bishops re-embraced Orthodoxy. Yet he failed in trying to re-establish an Orthodox bishopric in Transylvania (the Metropolitan of Transylvania signed the Union in 1699). He established relations with Russian court. He also started to negotiate with the Turks in order to return to Peć. His greatest enemy was Cardinal Leopold Kolonić, state chancellor of Hungary. Arsenije established five new dioceses in Hungary and Croatia, and with these and three previously established ones, he established the Metropolitanate of Karlovci as an autonomous unit of the Peć Patriarchate.
Patriarch Arsenije died in Vienna on October 27 and was burried in Krušedol Monastery in grave of Saint Maxim of Srem and Belgrade. He advised his bishops to re-establish relations with the Patriarch of Peć. Soon the Metropolitanate of Karlovci was formed as autonomous unit of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Arsenius III (Carnojevic) of Pec
|Metropolitan of Hvosno
|Patriarch of Serbia
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But there is yet another reason – one perhaps even more fundamental – why CDS are inherently destabilizing to our economy.
Remember, one of the reasons that AIG, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, and Bank of America have been labeled “too big to fail” is that they are highly interconnected. In other words, mainstream economists believe that their interconnectivity means that a failure of any one of them could bring down the whole system.
For example, Paul Volcker told Congress last week that the approach proposed by the Treasury is to designate in advance financial institutions “whose size, leverage, and interconnection could pose a threat to financial stability if it failed.”
Systems expert Valdis Krebs points out (as does Frontline) that the higher the interconnectivity of financial institutions, the more vulnerable the financial system.
Stephen G. Cecchetti – Economic Adviser and Head of the Monetary and Economic Department for the Bank for International Settlements – agrees that interconnectivity is one of the factors which leads to financial instability.
And as the New York Times pointed out earlier this month, derivatives increase the interconnectivity of banks:
Derivatives drove the boom before 2008 by encouraging banks to make loans without adequate reserves. They also worsened the panic last fall because they inherently tie institutions together. Investors worried that the collapse of one bank would lead to big losses at others.
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Freediver Course- August 2018
In this course you will be taught the fundamental building blocks of Freediving. You will learn freediving skills and techniques and experience first hand how these will benefit you within an aquatic environment.
You will learn about the physics and physiology of freediving and how your body adapts to being at depth. The PFI Freediver course will allow you to reach depths of up to 20m/66' deep during our open water sessions.
In confined water sessions the PFI Freediver course will also have you explore and practice Static Apnea with the goal of increasing your breath-hold capabilities and learning to better manage your body for freediving.
Focus of instructional material in the PFI Freediver course will be on:
- Proper safety practices and procedures as well as rescue and risk management
- Proper Surface prep and Recovery Breathing Techniques for Freediving and Snorkelling
- Open-water and Confined-water skills development. Take what you learn in the classroom to the pool, and from the pool to the ocean. Learn and improve proper freediving techniques and skills, including, but not limited to: safety procedures, breathing techniques, entry techniques, constant weight and free immersion techniques, equalization techniques, emergency procedures ...
- Learn about proper freediving equipment: why it works and how to maintain it.
Photo Credit: @jeremykoreski | <urn:uuid:9bca7c01-55fb-4994-abe0-7325b8602c29> | {
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Love doesn't have to be all about romance. It can also be about SCIENCE.
And who doesn't love some science? Let's take a look at some of the hard facts of the history and science of the heart.
Yep, they figured that ish out in 2000 B.C., as in 4,000 years before today. Also known as a ridiculously long time ago. Meanwhile (or rather, about 1,600 years later), Aristotle was busy hypothesizing that the heart was the center of intelligence. Even through the Renaissance, many great thinkers believed that the heart governed a person's emotions — "a notion so powerful that it still persists today in a different form."
Pretty cool, huh? Let's take a look at both sides of this coin.
The "happy side" of feeling love is that when you see a loved one, your brain stimulates the release of neurotransmitters that make you feel real good. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from your adrenal glands, which cause your heart to beat faster. | <urn:uuid:f6247657-9d5c-4a98-a6e2-8953a9ae2cc5> | {
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As we highlighted this week in Gene-ius, a dramatic, life-improving breakthrough is on the horizon in gene therapy. Researchers from Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) revealed a new method that can successfully prevent dementia, diabetes, deafness and other inherited diseases caused by mutations in mitochondria—the DNA that acts as an energy engine in every cell. In a peculiar twist, the procedure would result in a child having DNA from two mothers.
“When certain mutations in mitochondrial DNA are present, a child can be born with severe conditions, including diabetes, deafness, eye disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, heart disease, dementia and several other neurological diseases,” explained lead researcher Shoukhrat Mitalipov. “Because mitochondrial-based genetic diseases are passed from one generation to the next, the risk of disease is often quite clear. The goal of this research is to develop a therapy to prevent transmission of these disease-causing gene mutations.” The scientists are hoping to begin clinical trials with human subjects in the near future.
Newborns get their mitochondria entirely from the mother (designated as mtDNA) as the sperm head carries no mitochondria. It’s estimated that one out of every 5,000 to 10,000 babies is born each year with some type of disorder related to faulty mtDNA, which works out to 1,000 to 4,000 newborns in the United States alone.
Traditional gene therapy consists of trying to fix faulty segments of mtDNA. Mitalipov’s team made the radical decision to replace all of the mtDNA in an egg with mtDNA from a healthy donor. The best way to do that, they reported, is to use the donor’s entire egg, with one exception: The egg cell’s chromosomes are removed and replaced with chromosomes from an egg from the donor. In that way, the new baby would retain all of the birth mother’s genetic characteristics (inherited from the chromosomes), minus the birth mother’s faulty mtDNA—and the disease carrying mutations.
By every reasonable measure, this is science at its best and most conservative. The OHSU researchers worked under the college’s Oregon National Primate Research Center (the original work was on primates) as well as its Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Although the procedure is not yet approved in the US— any clinical trials related to gene therapy would have to be first approved by the Food and Drug Administration—the United Kingdom is considering its use in treatment of human patients who have a higher likelihood of suffering from mitochondria-based disease.
Investigators based at Newcastle University had utilized a similar method in an experiment by transferring the mother’s DNA after the egg was fertilized rather than before and the method has a lower chance of producing defective embryos. Lead Newcastle researcher Douglass Turnbull called the findings “very important and encouraging,” although he noted that “safety is an issue.”
The reaction by genetic research skeptics was disappointing if predictable. Dartmouth bioethicist Ronald Green played the Gattaca card, raising the specter of creating genetically superior humans. “It could easily move into the realm of gene enhancement,” Green told NPR. “Higher IQ. Improved physical appearance. Athletic ability. That’s a worry to some people—to many people.”
The Center for Genetics and Society, which often takes a precautionary and reactionary view of human genetics, condemned the breakthrough. “That kind of genetic engineering has been ruled off-limits,” CGS Associate Executive Director Marcy Darnovsky, told Rob Stein on NPR. “And it’s a very bright line that has been observed by scientists around the world.” Darnovsky has no science training but holds a doctorate in History of Consciousness from the University of California-Santa Cruz.
Darnovsky is wrong. It has not been “ruled-limits” by scientists in the US or elsewhere. This research is entirely mainstream and cutting edge and is being aggressively and cautiously pursued by scientists and genetic health professionals around the world.
Such research may worry bioethic extremists but their concerns, as articulated over the past week, are far fetched. Their recommendations—do not cross this bold “red line” in the words of Darnovsky—would be a death sentence to thousands of newborns each year. Scientists are targeting genetic disorders—diseases that would leave children permanently disabled and could cause physical and psychological harm to the birth mothers and their families as well.
“In severe cases, the child will die in the first days of life, or they might live, you know, a few years and then die,” said reproductive biologist Mary Herbert, who was part of the Newcastle research team. “It’s like a game of Russian roulette.”
Darnovsky, Green and the like represent a small but influential faction in the bioethics community. They regularly present the most exaggerated and implausible scenarios, suggesting catastrophic consequences unless society embraces their recommended policy solution—shut down all germline research. Scientists do not work in a social and regulatory vacuum. They necessarily will be responsive to reasonable oversight, which is not what hyperbolic critics have in mind.
Considering the echo chamber effect of the Internet, even minority voices can drive science policy if they can stir up fears—something CGS has become expert at. In this case, let’s hope that the public and regulators differentiate between exaggerated hypothetical concerns and real-life health challenges. Literally thousands of lives could be saved by these procedures. The Newcastle researchers are awaiting a decision by the British government on whether they can proceed to the next step in their research. Mitalipov has already asked the FDA if he can try to make a healthy baby by genetically altering human eggs. | <urn:uuid:c07cfacf-a19b-4f4a-8cef-dd1d3d124eca> | {
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"int_score": 4,
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"url": "http://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2012/10/26/genetic-ethics-cops-shout-designer-babies-to-abort-life-saving-therapy/"
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4-H Animal Care and Well-Being bookmarks and posters available for purchase
New resources answering common care and well-being questions about 4-H project animals at local fairs are now available for purchase through MSU Extension Bookstore.
In spring 2015, the 4-H Animal Care and Well-Being resources were introduced as an additional tool to help 4-H youth share their animal science knowledge. The bookmarks and posters, created by Michigan State University Extension with support from the MSU Department of Animal Science and United Dairy Industry of Michigan, were intended to be used at public animal events. The purpose of these resources is that at animal events, such a fairs and expositions, the posters and bookmarks would aid in educating the public on why animals are taken care of in a particular ways. The bookmarks and posters are not an exhaustive list of questions and answers, but they do provide talking points for youth to have an open dialogue with anyone seeking information about animal science and animal agriculture while attending events.
These resources are now available for purchase from the MSU Extension Bookstore at shop.msu.edu. The MSU Extension Bookstore offers numerous resources for adults and youth, including DVDs and printed materials on a wide variety of topics. Each of the six topic areas may be purchased individually or as a bundle of the six topic areas at a reduced price. Each bookmark has 10 commonly asked questions and answers specific to the animal or topic area. There are 50 bookmarks per pack. The six topic areas include:
As a compliment to the bookmarks, 18x24 inch full color posters were also produced. These posters have five of the questions from the bookmarks on a larger scale to be displayed on information boards, barn entrances or exits, or other appropriate areas. Like the bookmarks, the posters may be purchased individual or as a group of six. The individual posters can be found through the links below: | <urn:uuid:74295621-6a92-425a-9d3c-457cf838d521> | {
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Shocking Space Debris Images
The German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ, German only) today published an article on space junk. The shocking image is an eye opener. Humankind continues to repeat the mistake of strewing waste into common spaces (no pun intended) without a thought to the consequences, leaving costs we don't want to pay today for the future generations. The FAS article spurred our curiosity, leading us to find even more spectacular video and potential solutions to the problem (overleaf).
The ESA Space Debris Accumulation video depicts the tragic build up of space debris from 1957 through 2000. According to ESA's resident space debris expert, Walter Flury, the 10,000 pieces of space litter catalogued at the end of 2003 break into the following categories:
- 41% -- miscellaneous fragments
- 22% -- old spacecraft
- 13% -- mission related objects
- 7% -- operational spacecraft
- 7% -- rocket bodies
Real Damage from Space Debris
So what, you say? There is a lot of space in Space...the images probably make it appear worse than it really is. Statistically, destructive collisions with operational satellites are predicted on average once every ten years. Nonetheless, as the image at left shows, the risk of damage is real. This hole over 1 cm in diameter penetrates the Hubble high gain antenna dish (the unit continued working in spite of the damage). The windows on the Space Shuttle have been replaced 80 times due to impacts with objects of less than 1 mm. And costly systems to track and issue daily emails warning of potential impacts must be maintained. The future impacts must also be considered. Space debris would be a severe hindrance to space-based solar projects. Last, but not least, there is the risk of space junk raining down on us: space junk hitting an Oklahoma woman is one of Space.com's top ten most memorable pieces of space junk .
Graveyards in Space
So what can be done? Guidelines do exist, published by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC). The guidelines limit creation of debris in normal operations, and promote "disposal" either by deorbiting junk back towards earth, where it usually burns up in the atmosphere, or by putting space junk into "graveyard" orbits above the commercially important low-Earth and geostationary orbit zones. But more needs to be done. Some experts advocate for regulations. Live Science takes it a step farther, speculating on giant NERF balls, space lasers and cosmic collection vehicles among other imaginative ways to tackle the growing problem. | <urn:uuid:01d30245-b948-4774-83db-27bcb02cc518> | {
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Henry (and his heart) are perfectly happy playing indoors. But Henry's mom encourages him to go for a walk outside. Soon, Henry's heart starts beating faster. Is Henry riding a rollercoaster? Is he doing jumping jacks? What could be making Henry's heart beat faster?
In this engaging, informative story, children learn about the many ways the heart functions within the body, and how what we see, hear, and feel can directly affect our heart rate (like falling in love with a puppy ). Henry's Heart leads him to the best gift ever woof woof " | <urn:uuid:997c8e3b-775d-466b-9509-51a747f9ca1f> | {
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"url": "https://www.dymocks.com.au/book/henrys-heart-by-charise-mericle-harper-9780805089899/"
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