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Academic subjects seemed to hold little attraction for Heaviside however and at age 16 he left school. Perhaps he was more disillusioned with school than with learning since he continued to study after leaving school, in particular he learnt Morse code, studied electricity and studied further languages in particular Danish and German. He was aiming at a career as a telegrapher and in this he was advised and helped by his uncle Charles Wheatstone (the piece of electrical apparatus known as the Wheatstone bridge is named after him).
In 1868 Heaviside went to Denmark and became a telegrapher. He progressed quickly in his profession and returned to England in 1871 to take up a post in Newcastle upon Tyne in the office of Great Northern Telegraph Company which dealt with overseas traffic.
Heaviside became increasingly deaf but he worked on his own researches into electricity. While still working as chief operator in Newcastle he began to publish papers on electricity, the first in 1872 and then the second in 1873 was of sufficient interest to Maxwell that he mentioned the results in the second edition of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Maxwell's treatise fascinated Heaviside and he gave up his job as a telegrapher and devoted his time to the study of the work. He later wrote:-
I saw that it was great, greater, and greatest, with prodigious possibilities in its power. I was determined to master the book... It took me several years before I could understand as much as I possible could. Then I set Maxwell aside and followed my own course. And I progressed much more quickly.Although his interest and understanding of this work was deep, Heaviside was not interested in rigour. His poorest subject at school had been the study of Euclid, a topic in which the emphasis was on rigorous proof, an idea strongly disliked by Heaviside who later wrote:-
It is shocking that young people should be addling their brains over mere logical subtleties, trying to understand the proof of one obvious fact in terms of something equally .. obvious.Despite this hatred of rigour, Heaviside was able to greatly simplify Maxwell's 20 equations in 20 variables, replacing them by four equations in two variables. Today we call these 'Maxwell's equations' forgetting that they are in fact 'Heaviside's equations'. FitzGerald wrote:-
Maxwell's treatise is cumbered with the debris of his brilliant lines of assault, of his entrenched camps, of his battles. Oliver Heaviside has cleared these away, has opened up a direct route, has made a broad road, and has explored a considerable trace of country.Heaviside results on electromagnetism, impressive as they were, were overshadowed by the important methods in vector analysis which he developed in his investigations. His operational calculus, developed between 1880 and 1887, caused much controversy however. He introduced his operational calculus to enable him to solve the ordinary differential equations which came out of the theory of electrical circuits. He replaced the differential operator d/dx by a variable p transforming a differential equation into an algebraic equation. The solution of the algebraic equation could be transformed back using conversion tables to give the solution of the original differential equation. Although highly successful in obtaining the answer, the correctness of Heaviside's calculus was not proved until Bromwich's work.
Burnside rejected one of Heaviside's papers on the operational calculus, which he had submitted to the Proceedings of the Royal Society , on the grounds that it:-
... contained errors of substance and had irredeemable inadequacies in proof.Tait championed quaternions against the vector methods of Heaviside and Gibbs and sent frequent letters to Nature attacking Heaviside's methods.
Heaviside went on to achieved further advances in knowledge, again receiving less than his just deserts. In 1887 Preece, a GPO technical expert, wrote a paper on clear telephone circuits. His paper is in error and Heaviside pointed this out in Electromagnetic induction and its propagation published in the Electrician on 3 June 1887. Heaviside, never one to avoid controversy, wrote:-
Sir W Thomson's theory of the submarine cable is a splendid thing. .. Mr Preece is much to be congratulated upon having assisted at the experiments upon which (so he tells us) Sir W Thomson based his theory, he should therefore have an unusually complete knowledge of it. But the theory of the eminent scientist does not resemble that of the eminent scienticulist, save remotely.In this paper Heaviside gave, for the first time, the conditions necessary to transmit a signal without distortion. His idea for an induction coil to increase induction was never likely to be taken up by the GPO while Preece was in charge of research proposals. Heaviside dropped the idea but it was patented in 1904 in the United States. Michael Pupin of Columbia University and George Campbell of ATT both read Heaviside's papers about using induction coils at intervals along the telephone line. Both Campbell and Pupin applied for a patent which was awarded to Pupin in 1904.
Not all went badly for Heaviside however. Thomson, giving his inaugural address in 1889 as President of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, described Heaviside as an authority. Lodge wrote to Nature describing Heaviside was a man:-
... whose profound researches into electro-magnetic waves have penetrated further than anyone yet understands.Heaviside was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1891, perhaps the greatest honour he received. Whittaker rated Heaviside's operational calculus as one of the three most important discoveries of the late 19th Century.
In 1902 Heaviside predicted that there was an conducting layer in the atmosphere which allowed radio waves to follow the Earth's curvature. This layer in the atmosphere, the Heaviside layer, is named after him. Its existence was proved in 1923 when radio pulses were transmitted vertically upward and the returning pulses from the reflecting layer were received.
It would be a mistake to think that the honours that Heaviside received gave him happiness in the last part of his life. On the contrary he seemed to become more and more bitter as the years went by. In 1909 Heaviside moved to Torquay where he showed increasing evidence of a persecution complex. His neighbours related stories of Heaviside as a strange and embittered hermit who replaced his furniture with:-
... granite blocks which stood about in the bare rooms like the furnishings of some Neolithic giant. Through those fantastic rooms he wandered, growing dirtier and dirtier, and more and more unkempt - with one exception. His nails were always exquisitely manicured, and painted a glistening cherry pink.Perhaps Heaviside has become more widely known due to the Andrew Lloyd Webber song Journey to the Heaviside Layer in the musical Cats , based on the poems of T S Eliot:-
Up up up past the Russell hotelHowever it is doubtful if many people understand the greatness and significance of the achievements of this sad misunderstood genius. As stated in Heaviside was:-
Up up up to the Heaviside layer
A mathematical thinker whose work long failed to secure the recognition its brilliance deserved ...
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page | <urn:uuid:4fee8bac-d6ee-45f9-b55d-37a8ab11d4f2> | {
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Shoulder blade fractures are blunt trauma injuries involving a break in the scapula, which is the bone commonly referred to as the shoulder blade. While rare, such an injury can result from an accident such as a high-speed vehicle collision or a fall from a considerable height. Scapular fractures account for less than one percent of all broken bones and about five percent of all shoulder fractures.
Symptoms of a fractured scapula include extreme pain, swelling, and skin abrasions. Approximately 80-95 percent of shoulder blade fractures also lead to other major injuries, including damage to the ribs, lungs, skull, or spinal cord. These associated injuries tend to receive priority treatment, and scapular fractures are sometimes neglected or receive a delayed diagnosis. Untreated, such a fracture can lead to chronic pain or disability.
Most shoulder blade fractures can be treated with a sling, which holds the arm in place long enough for the fracture to heal. Such fractures typically heal within six weeks. More serious scapular fractures will require open surgery procedures. These operations are usually quite effective for relieving any pain or reduced mobility that has resulted from the injury.
Any course of treatment will need to be followed by a rehabilitation program to restore mobility to the shoulder. Physical therapy generally involves a range of motion exercises, followed by strengthening exercises. Full recovery from shoulder blade fractures can take several months after removing a sling, or six months to a year after surgery, but the ultimate prognosis in such cases is usually excellent. | <urn:uuid:6164f1bf-775e-4b52-b03d-166e5e5ebfe2> | {
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Fear factor: Study shows brain's response to scary stimuliFebruary 8th, 2013 in Neuroscience /
(Medical Xpress)—Driving through his hometown, a war veteran with post-traumatic stress disorder may see roadside debris and feel afraid, believing it to be a bomb. He's ignoring his safe, familiar surroundings and only focusing on the debris; yet, when it comes to the visual cortex, a recent study at the University of Florida suggests this is completely normal.
The findings, published last month in the Journal of Neuroscience, show that even people who don't have anxiety disorders respond visually at the sight of something scary while ignoring signs that indicate safety. This contradicts a common belief that only people with anxiety disorders have difficulty processing comforting visual stimuli, or safety cues, said Andreas Keil, a professor of psychology in UF's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.
"We've established that, in terms of visual responding, it's not a disorder to not respond to a safety cue," Keil said. "We all do that. So now we can study at what stage in the processing stream, with given patients, is the problem occurring."
Co-authors Keil and Vladimir Miskovic, both members of the UF Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, examined the effect of competing danger and safety cues within the visual cortex. The study results could help distinguish between normal and abnormal processes within the visual cortex and identify what parts of the brain are targets for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
"You'd think the visual cortex would just faithfully code for visual information," said Shmuel Lissek, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota not involved in the study. "This kind of work is testing the idea that activations in the visual cortex are actually different if the stimulus has an emotional value than if it doesn't."
For the experiment, 21 undergraduates took turns watching flickering shapes appear on a computer screen while EEG sensors recorded their brainwaves. Through repeated observation, the students learned that one shape was always followed by an unpleasantly loud noise, while another was always followed by silence.
The "loud" shape—the threat cue—appeared and disappeared, and then the "silent" shape—the safety cue—took a turn. The participants learned to fear the "loud" shape, as shown by reactions in their visual cortices.
But when the "loud" and "silent" shapes appeared together on the screen in the second phase of the experiment, the participants' brains reacted the same in response to the "loud" shape. They essentially ignored the "silent" shape, even though it signaled relief from the loud noise. This was determined using a method called frequency tagging, in which the two shapes flicker at different rates, allowing the researchers to isolate and track the responses to both in the visual cortex.
"When threat and safety compete with each other, more attention is still paid to the threat," Keil said. "The visual cortex is very conservative; it's not easily swayed."
Finally, the threat cue shape appeared repeatedly without the bang, until the participant finally trusted that the noise was gone, thus un-learning their fear of the "loud" shape through exposure.
The entire experiment was conducted in about half an hour, although the longer participants are exposed to the loud sound, the more time it takes to eradicate the fear response.
"The longer it takes to learn something, the longer it takes to get rid of it, because it affects a lower and lower level of your brain," Keil said.
In the next stage of their work at the Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, Miskovic and Keil will study how the brain reacts if participants can take actions to avoid the fear-inducing noise. They will also train participants to alter their fear response in the same way some people can consciously alter their heart rates, which eventually could help people with anxiety disorders control their fear response.
Their work is consistent with the center's basic research aim, said Peter Lang, center director, which is to illuminate the physiology and behavior that characterizes human emotion.
"In this effort, an important focus is the study of brain mechanisms that mediate emotional reactivity," said Lang, a graduate research professor in the department of clinical and health psychology. "The goal is to use the new knowledge to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these mental illnesses like PTSD and other anxiety and mood disorders."
Provided by University of Florida
"Fear factor: Study shows brain's response to scary stimuli." February 8th, 2013. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-02-factor-brain-response-scary-stimuli.html | <urn:uuid:d55ec431-dd3d-41fa-a56e-85cf29f49fb4> | {
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Attachment Parenting Chemistry of Mom and Baby
Attachment Parenting Releases feel-good Hormones
Attachment parenting chemistry shows that good things happen to the hormones of mothers and babies who are attached. Hormones regulate the body’s systems and help them react to the environment. One of these hormones is cortisol. Produced by the adrenal glands, one of its jobs is to help a person cope with stress and make sudden adjustments in threatening situations. For the body to function optimally, it must have the right balance of cortisol – too little and it shuts down, too much and it becomes distressed. Cortisol is one of the hormones that plays a major part in a person’s emotional responses.
Keeps Baby in Hormonal Balance
In reviewing attachment parenting chemistry studies, we conclude that a secure mother-infant attachment keeps the baby in hormonal balance. Insecurely attached infants may either get used to a low hormonal level, and so they become apathetic, or they may constantly have high stress hormones, and so they become chronically anxious. The securely attached infant seems to be in a state of hormonal well-being, and because the infant is used to that feeling, he strives to maintain it. Scientists are confirming what mothers have always known: Mother’s presence is important for keeping baby’s behavioral chemistry in balance.
Attachment Parenting Makes Mom Feel Happier
Besides attachment parenting helping the baby’s hormones, it also helps the mother’s body chemistry. Maternal behaviors, especially breastfeeding, result in an outpouring of the hormones prolactin and oxytocin. These “mothering hormones” act as biological helpers, giving moms motherly feelings. They may, in fact, be the biological basis of the concept of mother’s intuition. Prolactin levels increase ten-to twenty-fold within thirty minutes after mother begins breastfeeding. Most of it is gone again within an hour. Prolactin is a short-acting substance, so to get the best response a mother must breastfeed frequently – which is what babies want anyway. Hormones are biological helpers that improve the behavior of the baby and the caregiving of the mother. Your choice in parenting style can make them work for you. | <urn:uuid:536b7d71-83ac-4b7b-993f-b513b7c15c20> | {
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The purpose of this course is to instruct the nurse learner on legal aspects of nursing that could impact her licensure. Nurses are legally, ethically and morally responsible for delivering safe and competent care in the scope of their nursing practice. The standard of care for each licensed nurse may vary from state to state but each nurse is responsible for understanding and complying with the Nurse Practice Act to deliver safe and competent care.
Legal Aspects of Nursing
ALL OF THESE SITUATIONS COULD LEAD PLACING A NURSING LICENSE AT RISK
WHO REMEMBERS THE HOSPITAL LIST IN THE LOCAL PAPER WHICH INCLUDED DIAGNOSES? | <urn:uuid:f2f54a3a-cd74-4ed1-b2e7-e10b709366f9> | {
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Editor’s Choice - Towards understanding the population-level effects of wind farms on birds
April 2012 (Issue 49:2)
Pearce-Higgins, J. W., Stephen, L., Douse, A. & Langston, R. H. W. (2012) Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 386-394.
|Photo credit: Derek Belsey|
In an effort to combat climate change by reducing CO2 emissions, governments worldwide have set ambitious targets for renewable energy generation. As a result, the wind energy sector has grown rapidly in recent years, with over 3000 wind turbines now installed in 300 wind farms in the UK alone (RenewableUK 2012).
Despite their vital contribution to green energy generation, there is evidence that wind turbines can have adverse impacts on wildlife. For example, turbines can cause direct mortality in birds or bats due to collisions with turbine rotors or towers. While certainly substantial in some sites (e.g. Smallwood & Karas 2009), estimates of such mortality vary widely (Drewitt & Langston 2006; Rydell et al. 2010). In addition, the presence and/or operation of wind turbines can cause displacement or disturbance effects. For example, densities of breeding or foraging birds can be lower nearer turbines (e.g. Larsen & Madsen 2000; Pearce-Higgins et al. 2009) or flight routes may be affected (e.g. Larsen & Guillemette 2007) leading to effective habitat loss. In spite of efforts to document such effects of wind farms at a variety of sites, their consequences for the population dynamics of affected species remains unclear. A better understanding of population-level impacts of wind turbines is crucial to allow environmental planners and policy makers to make decisions that successfully balance contributions to renewable energy targets with effective nature conservation.
|Photo credit: Derek Belsey|
It is precisely this research need that is addressed by Pearce-Higgins et al. in this issue’s Editor’s Choice. Using long-term monitoring data of a range of upland bird species at 18 wind farm sites in the UK, they compare breeding bird densities and population trends between years before, during and after wind farm construction. Moreover, they contrast these effects at wind farms with paired reference sites acting as controls. Using this method, they are able to show that in line with previous work (Barrios & Rodriguez 2004; Pearce-Higgins et al. 2009) the effects of wind farms on bird densities vary considerably among species. Of the 10 species they analyse data for, the densities of snipe Gallinago gallinago (L.), curlew Numenius arquata (L.) and red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus (Lath.), are lower during construction compared to pre-construction. While the densities of the latter appeared to recover during the first years of wind farm operation, the densities of both snipe and curlew remained depressed. Further support for the specific effect of wind farm construction as opposed to operation comes from two additional findings. First, curlew densities were also significantly lower during construction on wind farm sites, when compared to densities on paired control sites. Second, in spite of adverse effects on densities of some species during wind farm construction, the authors find little evidence for longer-term population declines in the years thereafter.
The results presented in this study are particularly significant for a number of reasons. First of all, the authors explicitly separate the effects of wind farm construction from that of its subsequent operation. Even though the potential for disturbance effects during construction has been recognized previously (Drewitt & Langston 2006) and statutory monitoring often takes place throughout planning, construction and development phases of wind farm developments, very few studies explicitly investigate adverse effect due to construction per se. As Pearce-Higgins et al. suggest, short-term effects on breeding densities during construction, combined with a lack of longer-term effects on population dynamics, suggests at least some species may habituate to the presence of turbines after the disturbance associated with wind farm construction has passed. Very few studies have lasted for long enough to test for such effects (Madsen & Boertmann 2008), further stressing the need for more longer-term monitoring at wind farm sites (Stewart, Pullin, & Coles 2007).
Second, the authors combine monitoring data from 18 sites. Such multi-site comparisons remain very rare, in spite of extensive evidence to show that the effects of wind farms on wildlife can vary substantially among sites (e.g. Stewart, Pullin, & Coles 2007). This may be in part because multi-site studies are logistically challenging. Moreover, much of the monitoring at wind farm sites is done by commercial consultancies that are often bound by confidentiality agreements, making the sharing or even publishing of (at least some) data problematic. Regardless of such issues, the present study demonstrates why it is vital to compare the effects of wind farms across sites if we are to fully understand their effects on wildlife generally.
Finally, in a previous issue’s Editor’s Choice four years ago (Elphick 2008), the need for studies which demonstrate possible population-level impacts of wind turbines on birds was highlighted. More recently, there have been increased calls from the consultancy sector for more studies of the effects of developments on important species (e.g. those of conservation concern), in particular at a population level (Hill & Arnold 2012). The work presented here by Pearce-Higgins et al. does exactly this in the context of wind farm developments, making an excellent case for further study, especially longer-term demographic studies of birds at a range of wind farm sites. Increasingly, such studies will involve collaborations between a range of stakeholders - wind farm developers, ecological consultants, NGO’s and academics. As such, this study is an excellent example of how high quality applied research produces substantial real-world impact (Milner‐Gulland et al. 2012).
Barrios, L. & Rodriguez, A. (2004) Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird mortality at on-shore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 72–81.
Drewitt, A. & Langston, R. (2006) Assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds. Ibis, 148, 29–42.
Elphick, C. (2008) Editor’s choice: New research on wind farms. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 1840–1840.
Hill, D. & Arnold, R. (2012) Building the evidence base for ecological impact assessment and mitigation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 6–9.
Larsen, J. & Guillemette, M. (2007) Effects of wind turbines on flight behaviour of wintering common eiders: implications for habitat use and collision risk. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 516–522.
Larsen, J. & Madsen, J. (2000) Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective. Landscape Ecology, 15, 755–764.
Madsen, J. & Boertmann, D. (2008) Animal behavioral adaptation to changing landscapes: spring-staging geese habituate to wind farms. Landscape Ecology, 23, 1007–1011.
Milner‐Gulland, E.J., Barlow, J., Cadotte, M.W., Hulme, P.E., Kerby, G. & Whittingham, M.J. (2012) Ensuring applied ecology has impact. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 1–5.
Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Stephen, L., Langston, R.H.W., Bainbridge, I.P. & Bullman, R. (2009) The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, 1323–1331.
RenewableUK. (2012). UKWED Statistics. Available at: http://www.bwea.com/statistics/. Accessed 08/03/2012.
Rydell, J., Bach, L., Dubourg-Savage, M., Green, M., Rodrigues, L. & Hedenstrom, A. (2010) Bat mortality at wind turbines in northwestern Europe. Acta Chiropterologica, 12, 261–274.
Smallwood, K. & Karas, B. (2009) Avian and Bat Fatality Rates at Old-Generation and Repowered Wind Turbines in California. Journal of Wildlife Management, 73, 1062–1071.
Stewart, G.B., Pullin, A.S. & Coles, C.F. (2007) Poor Evidence-Base for Assessment of Windfarm Impacts on Birds. Environmental Conservation, 34, 1–11.
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Microsoft's WinDBG will help you to debug and diagnose the problem and then lead you to the root cause so you can fix it.
This blog post is also available in PDF format as a free TechRepublic download.
Steps in a nutshell
- Create and capture the memory dump associated with the BSOD you are trying to troubleshoot.
- Install and configure WinDBG and the Symbols path to the correct Symbols folder.
- Use WinDBG to Debug and analyze the screen dump, and then get to the root cause of the problem.
Create memory dump
Keep in mind that if you are not experiencing a blue screen fatal system error, there will be no memory dump to capture.
1. Press the WinKey + Pause.
2. Click Advanced, and under Start Up and Recovery, select Settings.
3. Uncheck Automatically Restart.
4. Click on the dropdown arrow under Write Debugging Information.
5. Select Small Memory Dump (64 KB) and make sure the output is %SystemRoot%\Minidump.
6. Restart the PC normally, as this will allow the System to error and Blue Screen and then create the Minidump.
The location of the Minidump files can be found here:
To download and install the Windows debugging tools for your version of Windows, visit the Microsoft Debugging Tools Web site.
Follow the prompts, and when you install, take note of your Symbols location, if you accept the default settings. I normally create a folder first and then direct the install to that folder because I use WinDBG for two operating systems, XP and Vista, and want to keep them separate and organized.
This Microsoft Support Knowledge Base article will explain how to read the small memory dump files that Windows creates for debugging purposes.
Setting up and using WinDBG1. Click Start | All Programs | Debugging Tools for Windows, and open WinDBG. Select File | Symbol file path and modify it to suit your situation, then copy and paste it into the box, as shown in Figure A, and click OK. I suggest:
Or if you are using different Symbols:
Symbol Path2. Close the workspace and save the Workspace information, as shown in Figure B. This should lock in the Symbol path.
3. Open WinDBG and select File and select Open Crash Dump and then navigate to the minidump file created earlier, highlight it, and select Open.
! analyze -vas shown in Figure C under Bugcheck Analysis.
! analyze -vTips! If you look to the bottom of the screen, you will see kd>; to the right of that type !analyze -v or .lastevent and press the Enter key. It will then show you the exception record and stack trace of the function where the exception occurred.
You can also use the .exr, .cxr, and .ecxr commands to display the exception and context records.When working with drivers, you can use kd> lm tn, as shown in Figure D, to get extra information.
[Ctrl]+[A] will let you copy the information and paste it into Notepad.
kd>For example, look to the bottom of the page for information similar to what is shown in Figure E.
The problem creating the BSOD was caused by the installed dialer software for a USB modem. It turned out that uninstalling the software didn't resolve the problem.
The answer to the problem was achieved by using the WinDBG tool to Debug and analyze the memory dump file. The fix was to rename the C:\Windows\System\fldevice.sys driver to C:\Windows\System\fldevice.sys.old. Windows was still referencing the file even though the software had been uninstalled. This tool is invaluable and will help you to resolve the problems that you may encounter when you get a BSOD.
Stay on top of the latest XP tips and tricks with TechRepublic's Windows XP newsletter, delivered every Thursday. Automatically sign up today! | <urn:uuid:cac2027b-f0be-4905-bf09-403a57182f12> | {
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Using the Pen Test for Control Layers
It’s an invaluable tool for architects and contractors
I listened to the IAQ Radio podcast a few weeks ago when they interviewed Lew Harriman and Terry Brennan, who were discussing the new moisture control guide published by the EPA last year. Brennan is the lead author of the document, and it's a really great resource full of useful information about indoor air quality, fundamental building science principles, and how to control moisture. If you have anything to do with buildings, you really should download it now and read it.
The pen test
One of the most important tools in the guide is the pen test described in Appendix A. It's something that should be done on every building, by the architect during design and by the contractor before and during construction. It's both simple and powerful and can prevent a lot of problems down the road.
To do the pen test, you simply pick a spot on a section in the plans and trace the control layers for liquid water (rain), heat, and air. (They don’t discuss doing the pen test for the water vapor control layer. It's more complex because it's generally more important for assemblies to be able to dry than it is to stop water vapor and because it's the cumulative effect of all the layers in an assembly that determine how much water vapor will get through.) If you have to pick up your pen at any point, you've discovered a flaw in that particular control layer.
Rain, heat, and air control layers
Below are the three pen test diagrams from the EPA moisture control guide. The first shows the liquid water control layer in blue. You can follow it from the roof membrane all the way down to the polyethylene sheet under the slab in this section. Anywhere you have a transition from one material to another or where the openings are, you need to pay special attention. Notice the different flashings and drip edges in this diagram.
The second diagram shows the heat control layer, which some people like to call insulation. Just follow the red line to see where the insulation is. In this case it really does need to be continuous becasue the structure of the building includes steel studs. Cavity insulation only would cause major problems.
The final diagram here shows the air control layer in purple. Controlling air leakage is huge, so make sure you design the details until you can draw without lifting that pen.
One final note about the pen test: It starts with design. The builder then goes over the plans and makes sure they understand how to do it right. But then comes the most important part: execution! Once construction begins, all kinds of unanticipated obstacles pop up. Changes get made on the fly, and what was a continuous line on paper now gets chopped up. And that's where the pen test shows its real value.
The most important outcome
When architects and contractors train themselves in using the pen test as a tool with their plans, it really is just that — training. Yes, you want to use it to find and design out problems from the start, but even more important is to be able to look at the building as it's going up and seeing the continuity—or lack thereof—in the control layers.
Your plans may not show a section with a critical flashing detail. Or maybe an electrician cuts a penetration that wasn't on the plans. This is where that training pays off and you can look at the building with "pen test eyes."
Allison Bailes of Decatur, Georgia, is a speaker, writer, energy consultant, RESNET-certified trainer, and the author of the Energy Vanguard Blog. Check out his in-depth course, Mastering Building Science at Heatspring Learning Institute, and follow him on Twitter at @EnergyVanguard.
- US Environmental Protection Agency | <urn:uuid:640d4209-16d4-47e1-aa4e-022000867e82> | {
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Zapata Rail on the edge
By David Wege, Tue, 13/07/2010 - 13:58
Zapata Rail Cyanolimnas cerverai is a very poorly-known waterbird endemic to Cuba, and today a relict species from the Zapata Swamp in western Cuba. The bird’s elusive nature has caused confusion within the ornithological community as to its status – confusion that may have unwittingly provided a smoke screen to a very real threat that may be driving the species to extinction. Zapata Rail was discovered near Santo Tomás in 1927 by Fermin Cervera (a Spanish entomologist and bird collector). James Bond (Caribbean ornithologist extraordinaire) had no difficulty finding the bird at this same locality in 1931. However, the species was not then seen for several decades. In fact, the bird has probably been seen less than 15 times since the 1930s, with all of these records coming from just two or three localities. In the 1970s the voice of the rail was recorded and published (by George Reynard and Orlando Garrido). This seemed to unlock the mystery – birds sounding the same as the recording, or indeed responding to playback of the voice were heard at a number of new localities. Many new records, often of multiple individuals, were documented in the 1970s and during the 1990s as a new wave of research focused on the Caribbean’s largest wetland. However, in 2001, Arturo Kirkconnell (co-author with Garrido of the 2000 Field guide to the birds of Cuba book) discovered that the recording people had been using for 25 years was in fact of the widespread Spotted Rail Pardirallus maculatus. From that point, none of the previous records of “heard but not seen” birds could be counted within our knowledge-base for the species. The vocalisation of Zapata Rail is still a mystery although at the time of its discovery it was described as a loud “kwowk”, like a Limpkin. 2001 was a bad year for Zapata Rail. In November that year, hurricane “Michelle” hit the region and damaged a facility that was breeding African Catfish Clarias gariepinus. As a result of the hurricane this alien invasive fish reached the Zapata Swamp region where it has since been thriving and severely impacting the fragile underwater flora and fauna. Young Moorhen Gallinula chloropus and Purple Gallinules Porphyrio martinica have been found in the stomach contents of catfish from the swamp, so we know that the catfish are depleting local populations of rallidae species. Worryingly, Arturo’s work in Zapata that has involved over 100 trips in the last 20 years, suggests that areas where he was recording large numbers of rails (Spotted Rail Pardirallus maculates, King Rail Rallus elegans and Sora Porzana carolina) during the 1990s now hold few, if any birds. "The populations of Spotted Rail and King Rail in the Zapata Swamp declined dramatically – 50-60%, or possibly even more – after the catfish found their way into Zapata Swamp in 2001” — Arturo Kirkconnell, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Due to its extremely small known range and an apparent catastrophic decline in related species due to the recent arrival of the invasive predatory catfish, Zapata Rail was uplisted by BirdLife to Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Being potentially close to extinction, there is an urgent need for a reliable assessment of the species’ range and population on which to base conservation actions. BirdLife, working in collaboration with Centro Nacional de Areas Protegidas (CNAP, BirdLife in Cuba) and Cuba’s Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, is actively seeking funding to support such an assessment. If you would like to contribute to our efforts to save this Critically Endangered bird, please click on the “Donate” button below. | <urn:uuid:a6497bc4-1ab8-426f-9370-87fb8436d8ef> | {
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A month after the March 1989 Exxon Valdez disaster, a small team of public health experts prepared a report identifying the potential health hazards and making strong recommendations for protective action for the cleanup workers. The team included Eula Bingham, PhD (former OSHA chief), Matt Gillen (now at NIOSH), Mark Catlin (now at SIEU), Don Elisburg, and Jane Seegal. The team had been assembled at the invitation of the Alaska Commissioner of Labor after concerns were expressed
“about whether the cleanup workers’ health and safety have been adequately protected. Among other things, workers have been observed with oil-soaked clothing and with oil on their faces and hands.”
The report describes the physical, chemical and work organization hazards encountered by the 4,000 cleanup workers, from toxins in the oil and dispersing agents, long work hours in remote areas, to slippery surfaces and dangerous animals. Many of the same hazards will be faced by emergency response and cleanup workers in the Gulf Coast tackling the BP Deepwater Horizon disaster.
The team’s 1989 report continued:
“The concern is that the environmental disaster could turn into a pattern of serious human health and safety problems. Skin contact and inhalation of crude oil or its vapors can cause dizziness, nausea and skin rashes in the short term. Long-term risks include kidney and nervous system damage, and some cancers.
“…OSHA’s Hazardous Waste Standard (1910.120) applied to oil spills and petroleum products. The standard requires at least 40 hours of training, special procedures and equipment to protect workers, medical surveillance and long-term recordkeeping.
“We are still missing important pieces of information — such as a detailed description of the toxicology of North Slope Crude oil, and air sampling results to date. It is hoped that Exxon, which is overseeing the cleanup, soon will provide such information.
At this point, we summarize by stressing the need to promptly implement effective, thorough training program for all workers who might have been or may be exposed to the spilled oil and its vapors.
Second, a medical system must be in place—first to provide quick, effective first-aid for any injured or ill worker, and second to monitor possible long-term ill effects. Medical surveillance now should document which personnel have worked at each site and for how long, and any reports of injury or illness that might be work-related.
Third, a broad-based local commission of union, management, and community representatives should operate throughout the cleanup to assure that the workers’ health and safety are protected.
The dispersing agents described in the team’s 1989 report were butoxy ethanol (butyl cellosolve), isopropyl alcohol, and paraffinic solvents. I’ve not been able to find quickly information on any newer dispersing agents that may be used in the Gulf Coast. It seems that several technologies have been identified to react to oil spills, but this BP Deepwater Horizon situation is not just a spill—it’s a #$*% disaster—and responders’ trial and error will be the playbook in the weeks ahead.
I know there are bright minds on the ground assessing the response options. I hope there are as many bright minds back in their offices at OSHA, NIOSH, ATSDR, EPA and state agencies, coming up with a short-term and long-term plans to monitor the health of the clean-up workers and the exposed residents. Watch this video (00:07:00) about the illnesses suffered by the Exxon Valdez cleanup workers, including the “Valdez crud.” Our public health officials should ensure that the cost of this medical surveillance be included in the growing tab to drop on BP chief Tony Hayward’s desktop. | <urn:uuid:1af9576a-a23c-41ad-b21e-d6805eec479d> | {
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Sombrero Galaxy Has Split Personality
While some galaxies are rotund and others are slender disks like our spiral Milky Way, new observations from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope show that the Sombrero galaxy is both. The galaxy, which is a round elliptical galaxy with a thin disk embedded inside, is one of the first known to exhibit characteristics of the two different types. The findings will lead to a better understanding of galaxy evolution, a topic still poorly understood.
"The Sombrero is more complex than previously thought," said Dimitri Gadotti of the European Southern Observatory in Chile and lead author of a new paper on the findings appearing in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. "The only way to understand all we know about this galaxy is to think of it as two galaxies, one inside the other."
The Sombrero galaxy, also known as NGC 4594, is located 28 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. From our viewpoint on Earth, we can see the thin edge of its flat disk and a central bulge of stars, making it resemble a wide-brimmed hat. Astronomers do not know whether the Sombrero's disk is shaped like a ring or a spiral, but agree it belongs to the disk class.
"Spitzer is helping to unravel secrets behind an object that has been imaged thousands of times," said Sean Carey of NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. "It is intriguing Spitzer can read the fossil record of events that occurred billions of years ago within this beautiful and archetypal galaxy."
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College Writing Success 101
- Allison Haupert The Old Schoolhouse Magazine
- 2011 1 Dec
There is no shortage of tips, tricks, and resources to help your homeschool student prepare for college writing. Conferences and curricula abound, and in fact, “preparing for college writing” is such a buzz phrase that in .19 seconds 3,710,000 results about this topic can be produced with a simple Google search. Now, the majority of these results can be questionable at best, but the search results demonstrate the question many home educators are asking: “How do I prepare my student for college writing?”
No single formula can fit every shape and kind of student writer. When it comes to strategies or systems, personal preference often reigns supreme for homeschoolers. In addition to spelling, grammar, mechanics, and other matters of creativity and style, students should dive deep into matters of worldview and argument in order to navigate the daunting waters of college-level writing.
What & Why
In his essay, “The Liberal Arts: What and Why?” Arthur F. Holmes1 suggested the greater purpose of education is not to train for an occupation but to cultivate a lifelong learner. Writing is an integral part of learning, an extension of human interaction, a way to understand ideas and connect with others.
Holmes noted: “To write is to become articulate, to express what I feel and explain why I feel as I do, to expound, to argue, to offer good reasons, to explore relationships, to have a sense of the whole, to see things in total context” (389). Students who are insecure about their writing (or parents who are insecure about teaching writing) may view composition as a means to an end (such as a high GPA or soaring scores on entrance exams or graduate exams) rather than a necessary skill with spiritual purpose.
Expound an Argument
If to write is to expound, as Holmes states, then good writing will provide the reader with enough evidence to effectively support his claim(s). We can apply this truth to academic assignments as easily as we can apply it to evangelistic outreaches. Clear, engaging writing will naturally reflect on the writer, and as believers we are called to reflect the Lord in all we do. In 1 Peter 3:15,2 believers are urged to“sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear.”
Being ready to give an answer implies having the information available to give in the first place. A humble student, one who is willing to read and is ready to improve his writing, will better offer good reasons of hope in any situation he encounters.
Reasons & Relationships
Whether sharing the good news of Jesus with an unbelieving friend or tackling a topic in an English assignment, one should be prepared with good reasons. As Holmes noted in his essay, “To write . . . is to offer good reasons.” The verse cited earlier from 1 Peter reinforces this idea as well. Notice “having all the answers” is not noted but rather a genuine seeking for information peppered with humility.
Furthermore, engaging the culture with gentleness and respect is a calling for every Christian, and once a student can consider each assignment or exercise as an opportunity to know God more and to love others better, all of our communication and connection with one other—whether spoken, written, or otherwise—takes on eternal significance.
Sense of the Whole/Total Context
A worldview with the Creator God at the center will naturally link math with science with history with English, and so on. Writing makes room for this interconnectedness by allowing one to think broadly and deeply. After all, as homeschooling mother and classical educator Leigh Bortins aptly noted in her book on classical education, The Core,3 “Writing is thinking on paper.”
Holmes’ purposes of writing echo the larger purpose in everything the Christian does: to know God and make Him known. Holmes recognizes this truth in the conclusion of his essay mentioned earlier: “The human vocation is far larger than the scope of any job a person may hold because we are human persons created in God’s image, to honor and serve God and men in all we do, not just in the way we earn a living” (384).
In a sense, Christians are forever students, ever learning to become more like the Lord. An education that prepares a person for living, not simply for a vocation, should be the goal of any academic pursuit, including writing.
Allison Haupert holds a master’s degree in rhetoric and composition and teaches writing in the online learning program at Bryan College. She and her husband, Tommy, homeschool their kindergarten daughter and corral their 2-year-old son in Chattanooga, Tennessee. For more information about the Bryan College online learning program, visit www.bryan.edu/online.
1. Holmes, Arthur F. “The Liberal Arts.” In the World. Eds. John H. Timmerman and Donald R. Hettinga. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004. 383–400. Print.
2. “1 Peter 3:15.” Bible Gateway. Web (www.BibleGateway.com). 3 June 2011.
3. Bortins, Leigh. The Core. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.
Other Practical Matters
A homeschooled student can be overwhelmed when she takes her first college course, whether it’s on campus or online. Consider the following practical matters:
Schedules.Schedules and syllabi for college courses can be very different than those that home-educated students are accustomed to, and the sheer amount of written work in the form of longer projects can be overwhelming. One student told me: “A homeschool student would have a set amount for each day. College gives assignments mostly over the week, and you have to have self-discipline to get it all done in time.
Self-discipline coupled with respectful assertion will take your college writer a long way. A student should be able to organize the week’s work, prioritize by deadline and importance, and also confidently and humbly approach the instructor with any questions or concerns. These may seem to be obvious skills, but surprisingly most students struggle with time management and organization.
In The Writing Life Annie Dillard wrote a poignant passage about schedules: “How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives. What we do with this hour, and that one, is what we are doing. A schedule defends from chaos and whim. It is a net for catching days” (32).
Workload. Most college writing is essay driven, meaning the majority of assignments are in the form of written essays. As early as possible, homeschool students should practice writing longer bodies of work, applying the principles of the rhetorical triangle, because it addresses each part of a piece of writing: audience, message, and rhetor (or speaker). A quick Google search can provide multitudes of resources about the rhetorical triangle.
Keyboarding. Organization is enhanced by good keyboarding skills and good word-processing knowledge and skills. Keyboarding software and programs abound, and one would be wise to invest both time and resources in this training, particularly if the student will be taking online coursework in which all work is produced and submitted in a digital environment.
Expectations. In college, students have multiple teachers who will have multiple sets of expectations (not to mention “pet peeves”). This is where an understanding of the rhetorical concept of “audience” would come in handy for the college student. While a teacher may assign a particular “audience” in a writing assignment, underlying every assignment are the teacher’s own goals and expectations for the work.
Research & Documentation Experience. It seems that more and more high school students have little to no experience writing longer research projects. As early as possible, introduce your student writer to Modern Language Association (MLA) format, because frequently it is used in college English courses and other humanities courses. Some of the different elements of formatting that a student should become familiar with include how to compile and format a Works Cited assignment, placement of punctuation in citations, and how to avoid plagiarism. A word about plagiarism: home educators may not realize how easy it is to plagiarize, particularly from online sources. Colleges and universities typically discipline plagiarism not based on intent but based on blatant copying of work. Research and documentation are probably the least enjoyed aspects of college writing, but through those practices we honor God by telling the truth and not stealing from others.
Academic Protocol. From the first day of class, the college student should feel comfortable enough to humbly and respectfully approach his instructor for clarification or with questions. College instructors expect students to take the initiative and think independently.
Copyright, 2011. Used with permission. All rights reserved by author. Originally appeared in The Old Schoolhouse®Magazine, Fall 2011. Visit The Old Schoolhouse® at www.TheHomeschoolMagazine.com to view a full-length sample copy of the magazine especially for homeschoolers. Click the graphic of the moving computer monitor on the left. Email the Publisher at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:b7342c7f-6a72-4cc1-805f-3c3dcf498e74> | {
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Half a million lives saved in 30 years thanks to cancer research
Research has been responsible for saving nearly 520,000 lives since the 1980s according to new Cancer Research UK figures released today (Tuesday).
And the number of cancer deaths prevented is estimated to double to one million by the end of this decade.
The new figures are released as Cancer Research UK launches its “Beat Cancer Sooner” campaign which is urging the public to collectively take one million actions against cancer.
Statisticians compared the actual number of lives lost to cancer with the number that would have been expected if death rates had remained constant from when the rate peaked in the 1980s*.
More men than women die from the disease and this gender difference is reflected in the number of cancer deaths which have been prevented - more than 352,000 among men and more than 166,000 among women.
Research has led to an improved understanding of the biology and causes of cancer. This in turn has led to discovering better ways to prevent, diagnose and treat the disease - all helping to save lives.
Some of the landmark advances in treatment include tamoxifen for breast cancer, cisplatin for testicular cancer – both things Cancer Research UK researchers played key roles in. And many deaths have been prevented thanks to the national cancer screening programmes, and to the drop in smoking rates due to better awareness and changes to tobacco legislation – all informed by Cancer Research UK studies.
As the advances accelerate, researchers are already laying the foundations for the next generation of cancer treatments that will save millions of lives worldwide. These include personalised medicine where patients will have treatment tailored to their cancer, immunotherapy which harnesses the immune system to target cancer, better radiotherapy and improved surgery.
Professor Peter Johnson, Cancer Research UK’s chief clinician, said: “Significant progress has been made in improving the outcome for cancer patients, but we’re not done yet. These encouraging figures highlight the reduction we’ve seen in the number of people dying from cancer since the 1980s. Our world class researchers have led the way in pioneering discoveries that lead to better ways of treating cancer patients whether through improved surgical techniques, state of the art radiotherapy or dynamic new drugs.
“I run trials using the body’s own immune system to fight cancer – this was science fiction in the 1980s. Over the coming decades we will see these improvements snowball as research delivers more tools into the hands of doctors to beat cancer.”
Dr Harpal Kumar, Cancer Research UK’s chief executive, said: “It’s not widely realised that all our research is funded through the generosity of the public. It is thanks to their donations, large and small, that we have been able to make such good progress.
“But there is still much more to be done. It’s no mean feat to help save a million lives from cancer. But we want to bring forward the day when all cancers are cured and to continue that progress we need everyone’s help.”
The charity is calling on everyone to help beat cancer sooner by collectively taking a million actions against cancer over the next six weeks. From signing up to an event or sharing cancer signs and symptoms information to becoming a Citizen Scientist and classifying cells, there are lots of ways to get involved.
To find out more about Cancer Research UK’s campaign encouraging people across the UK to take one million actions to ‘Beat Cancer Sooner’, visit www.cruk.org/1millionactions.
For media enquiries contact the Cancer Research UK press office on 020 3469 8300 or, out of hours, on 07050 264 059.
Notes to Editor
* The number of avoided cancer deaths is estimated by comparing the actual number of deaths observed with the expected number of deaths that would have occurred if the peak mortality rates had remained constant at their peak levels (for men in 1984 and for women in 1989)
The expected number of cancer deaths is calculated by applying the five-year age-specific cancer death rates in the peak year for age-standardised cancer death rates for males and females to the age-specific populations in the each year up to 2010. This is the number of expected deaths in each year if mortality rates had not decreased and remained at peak levels. The observed number of deaths is the actual number of deaths that have occurred. The difference between the number of expected and observed deaths in each age group and year for males and females is then summed to obtain the total number of cancer deaths avoided since the peak in age-standardised mortality rates.
The age-standardised mortality rate for males in the UK was 286.3 in 1984. This has fallen to 201.6 in 2010.
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Women who are overweight or obese at the time of conception are at increased risk for a postterm delivery, but that risk can be reduced if they restrict their pregnancy weight gain to a normal range, according to findings from a large database study.
Birth injury, meconium aspiration, cesarean delivery, and other complications have been linked to delivery beyond term, explained Dr. Donna R. Halloran, a St. Louis University pediatrician who presented the study results at the Southern regional meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research in New Orleans.
Researchers examined birth records linked to hospital discharge data for term singleton infants born at 42 weeks' gestation or beyond in Missouri over a 6-year period, collecting data on 8,542 postterm births to mothers without a history of diabetes, chronic hypertension, or a previous cesarean section.
After adjustment for maternal ethnicity, age, education, parity, tobacco history, Medicaid status, and infant sex, the odds of a postterm delivery were substantially elevated among mothers who were overweight (adjusted odds ratio, 1.12) or obese (adjusted odds ratio, 1.19) if they were overweight or obese at the time they became pregnant.
“The obesity epidemic is clearly having a detrimental impact on the health of this country, and pregnant women are no exception,” she said in an interview following the meeting. “Unfortunately, most women do not get preconceptual care.
“What we were pleased to find was that even if you are overweight or obese when the pregnancy begins, gaining an appropriate amount of weight (versus too much weight) reduces your risk of certain complications, specifically a postterm delivery.”
Indeed, this potential revision of risk occurred regardless of prepregnancy weight, whereas women gaining more than the recommended weight during pregnancy were 1.24 times more likely to be delivered post term.
Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines recommend a pregnancy weight gain of 28–40 pounds if a woman has a BMI of less than 19.8 kg/m2, 25–35 pounds for women with BMIs between 19.8 kg/m2 and 26 kg/m2, and 15–25 pounds for a woman with a prepregnancy BMI of 26 kg/m2 or greater.
Unfortunately, overweight and obese women in the Missouri study were more likely than thinner women to exceed IOM weight guidelines during pregnancy.
More than half of the 91,843 women with prepregnancy BMIs between 25 kg/m2 and 29.9 kg/m2 gained more than the amount recommended by the IOM, and 44% of the 31,147 with BMIs greater than 30 kg/m2 gained more than 25 pounds during pregnancy.
About 20% of these women were delivered post term if they were nulliparous and nearly 15% if they were multiparous, the study showed.
Physicians can help to reverse the trend of increasing postterm deliveries, even among women who are overweight or obese at conception, said Dr. Halloran.
“There are safe ways to stay healthy and limit weight gain during pregnancy.” She pointed to several studies demonstrating the effectiveness of patient education and guidance about healthy eating, exercise, and the risks associated with excessive weight gain.
Ironically, one study conducted at the University of Pittsburgh suggested less may be more with regard to interventions with overweight women, Dr. Halloran said (Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2002;26:1494–502).
In this randomized controlled study, increasingly intensive interventions as women gained weight during pregnancy were effective in limiting the percentage of normal-weight women who exceeded IOM weight guidelines, but in overweight women, 32% more exceeded weight guidelines in the intervention group than in the control group.
A simpler series of interventions was found to be effective with both overweight and normal-weight lower-income women in preventing excessive gestational weight gain, in a study from Cornell University (Am. J. Obstet. Gyn. 2004;19:530–6).
The methods used were intentionally designed to be reasonable to implement in clinical practice, and included monitoring of and education about gestational weight gain by health care professionals during prenatal visits and a series of educational mailings sent to patients with healthy eating and exercise tips, a self-monitoring guide, and a monthly motivational newsletter.
Dr. Donna R. Halloran noted that the risk of postterm delivery can be reduced if overweight/obese women restrict their pregnancy weight gain to a normal range. SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY | <urn:uuid:f3bf22cc-bf6c-4f6e-a220-1159fe31b61a> | {
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We give below a few tips for net usage by students :
- The Internet is the global storehouse for information. It is like having the biggest library in the World at your fingertip Use the net to increase your knowledge, to do class work better
- Visit interesting places sitting at your computer - visit the Taj or the Smithsonian Institution or the Louvre in Paris - all without stirring from your chair.
This is what the net is all about-an explosion of information :
- Use the net to keep in touch with children from other parts of the Country or other Countries-make new pen friends; collect information. Many on-line service providers host chat rooms especially for children, monitored continuously for safety.
- The net is a global community - without any barriers, distances, boundaries.
- Be careful about talking to "strangers" on a computer network.
- Respect privacy on the net. You may have known the password of some other user- your friend/schoolmate. But do not use it to read their mail or send mail from their ID. Remember somebody else can also do this to you.
- Use the net to find information about schools and colleges-events or courses they may be offering. Many of them offer you a virtual guided tour of their facilities. Take advantage of this. This will help you take a decision when planning your future.
- Be careful about what you download from the net. Use a virus scan before the download as many programs may contain virus-this has the potential to destroy your system.
Do not give your password to anybody. Somebody who is malicious can cause great harm to you and your reputation. It is like leaving your house open for a stranger and walking away.
When talking to somebody new on the net, do not give away personal information-like numbers of the credit card used by your parents, your home addresses/ phone numbers and such other personal information.
If you feel uncomfortable or threatened when somebody on the net feeds you an improper or indecent message inform your parents or elders.
Do not break into somebody else's computer and worse still change things; you are probably destroying a lifetime of hard work by somebody. You may be intelligent but use your intelligence for better things. Somebody else can be as ruthless and as intelligent to break into your system and destroy your creations as well.
Do not copy a program that is copyrighted on the net. It is illegal. You are actually stealing somebody else's hard work. There is a lot of illegally available material on the net. Do not use it yourself.
Hacking is an offence under section 66 of the IT Act. Hacking attracts serious penalties which include a jail term of 3 years, a fine of Rs. 2 Lakh or both. | <urn:uuid:854a7517-cdc7-40e1-9cca-c1f61935c04b> | {
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Grades K - 2
Grade level Equivalent: 1.4
Lexile® Measure: 200L
Guided Reading: G
- Rhyming Story
- Friends and Friendship
About This Book
When the Beasties have a race just for fun, a series of accidents may mean the winner is not the fastest one.
Meet the Beasties! This fun, colorful group of furry friends is quite busy in their hometown of Beastieville. Rhyming text, controlled vocabulary, and great picture-text correlation make this concept series perfect for beginning readers.
These beautiful hand-painted books include a word list and word-building activities about characters that young readers will love. Each book reinforces a specific skill such as identifying colors, reading maps, performing math, identifying shapes and sizes, learning about opposites, and much, much more.
• Each title focuses on a K-1 skill
• Rhyming text
• Clear linkage between text and photos
• Age-appropriate vocabulary
• Simple, short sentences
• Encourages independent reading
• Promotes character education
• Includes counting, rhyming, and thinking activities
• Beautiful hand-painted illustrations | <urn:uuid:3f3b132e-58d2-4246-a22e-0887151322a2> | {
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In one extreme, where the interactions
are sufficiently weak compared to the interactions, electrons form a “Fermi
liquid” – the state that accounts for the properties of simple metals. In the other extreme, where the interactions
are dominant, the electrons form various “Mott” insulating or “Wigner
crystalline” phases, often characterized by broken spatial and/or magnetic symmetries. Corresponding charge and/or magnetically
ordered insulating phases are common in nature.
Between these two extremes lie highly correlated electronic fluids, and
correspondingly a host of interesting and perplexing materials, including such
diverse systems as the cuprate and iron-based high temperature superconductors,
the failed metamagnet Sr3Ru2O7, and a variety
of quantum Hall fluids. Some insight
into electron fluids in this rich intermediate coupling regime can be obtained
from viewing them as partially melted electron solids, rather than as strongly
interacting gases. Here, analogies with
the liquid crystalline phases of complex classical fluids provide useful
guidance for a new approach to this key problem in condensed matter physics. | <urn:uuid:3e45ba29-31b8-4000-9c4d-5cc445667fa3> | {
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A printed circuit board (PCB) is a common ingredient in several distinct digital gadgets, this kind of as pcs, radars, beepers, and many others. They are made from a wide range of materials with laminate, composite and fiberglass the most popular. Also, the type of circuit board can change with the intended use. Let us acquire a glimpse at 5 of the distinct forms:
One sided – this is the most typical circuit board and is developed with a one layer or foundation materials. The one layer is coated with a conductive materials like copper. They may perhaps also have a silk display coat or a protecting solder mask on prime of the copper layer. A terrific benefit of this type of PCB is the small output charge and they are often made use of in mass-created products.
Double sided – this is a great deal like the one sided, but has the conductive materials on both equally sides. There are several holes in the board to make it effortless to connect metal sections from the prime to bottom facet. This type of circuit board boosts operational flexibility and is a realistic possibility to establish the additional dense circuit types. This board is also reasonably small-charge. Nevertheless, it nonetheless just isn’t a realistic possibility for the most sophisticated circuits and is not able to operate with know-how that lowers electromagnetic interference. They are ordinarily made use of in amplifiers, electrical power checking programs, and testing gear.
Multi-layer – the multi-layer circuit board is developed with further levels of conductive materials. The significant range of levels which can access 30 or additional usually means it is feasible to build a circuit design with pretty significant flexibility. The individual levels are divided by particular insulating materials and substrate board. A terrific advantage of this type of board is the compact dimension, which assists to help you save room and bodyweight in a reasonably compact products. Also, they are largely made use of when it is important to use a significant-velocity circuit.
Flexible – this is a pretty flexible circuit board. It is not only designed with a flexible layer, but also offered in the one, double, or multi-layer boards. They are a terrific possibility when it is important to help you save room and bodyweight when constructing a individual machine. Also, they are appreciated for significant ductility and small mass. Nevertheless, the flexible character of the board can make them additional complicated to use.
Rigid – the rigid circuit board is developed with a stable, non-flexible materials for its levels. They are ordinarily compact in dimension and able to deal with the sophisticated circuit types. Additionally, the signal paths are effortless to arrange and the ability to manage and fix is rather simple. | <urn:uuid:66fc2a83-587c-4224-9665-fb690df64e9d> | {
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The International Dairy Foods Association backs the government’s drive to highlight the importance of dairy products in school meals, but has expressed concern about banning flavored milk.
Last week, the U.S. Department of Agriculture came out with updated standards for school meals.
The government requires schools to offer eight ounces of fluid milk with each school lunch and breakfast. But it has banned all milk products that are not low-fat or fat-free plain milk and fat-free flavored milks.
“We applaud the strong support of dairy as a vital component of a healthy diet and appreciate the priority attention USDA has given to improving the foods and beverages served in our nation’s schools,” says Connie Tipton, IDFA president and CEO. “However, we are disappointed that USDA has placed limits on milk varieties ahead of constraints on competing beverages widely available today.”
Milk will continue to face tough competition from other “competing beverages” sold at schools until the USDA issue rules governing the process.
“Eliminating low-fat flavored milks, which kids like, and still allowing a wide variety a la carte beverages like juice beverages, sports drinks and soda at schools will reduce milk consumption,” said Tipton.
New research has shown that much of the decline in milk consumption among children and teens is attributed to the wide availability of other beverages at schools, says the IDFA.
“When beverages other than milk, 100-percent juice and water are offered, total milk consumption at school drops 9 percent to 28 percent,” the IDFA says.
Earlier in the year the IDFA sent a letter to Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack highlighting this continuing decline in milk consumption. It warned that schools might use USDA’s final school meal rule as their basis for all school milk purchases.
The letter said:
“Our industry would prefer an attainable restriction on added sugars or a calorie limit rather than the exclusion of low-fat flavored milk as proposed in the school meal rule.”
The concern has also been shared by members of the House Education and Workforce Committee. Congressman Joe Courtney (D-Conn.) and Congressman Glenn Thompson (R-Pa.), also wrote to the secretary asking for consistent standards for milk and all beverages sold in schools.
“Given the nutritional value of milk, including low-fat flavored milk, we are deeply concerned that USDA would take action that could drastically reduce milk consumption in schools in favor of less healthy alternatives,” they said. | <urn:uuid:3e867159-12a7-456b-938a-e11e992ec837> | {
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There is a basket which contains the following soft drink bottles:
2 Pepsi bottles
4 Fanta bottles
9 Coke bottles
11 Thums up bottles
A boy Nick comes and randomly selects 2 bottles from the basket, and goes away. Then Rick comes and takes away 7 soft drink bottles randomly. At last Sam comes who takes 2 bottles randomly and returns 1 of the two.
What is the probability that the bottle returned is of Thums up brand?
cat1: thumbs up bottles, 11 of them; t=11.
cat2: not cat1 -> the rest 15 of them; o=15. (o as in other)
So the basket can be represented with a pair of values (o,t) where t is the number of Thums up bottles, and o is the number of bottles of other brands of soft drinks. The number of bottles in the basket is obviously o+t.
Initially the basket contains 26 bottles, 11 Thums up, and 15 bottles of other brands of soft drinks. So the basket is represented by a pair of numbers (15,11).
Nick comes and takes away 2 bottles. That leaves you with three possible scenarios. In every one of them the basket will contain 26-2=24 bottles, just not of the same composition:
- Nick took 2 Thums up bottles: (15,9)
- Nick took 1 Thums up bottle, and 1 other brand: (14,10)
- Nick took 0 Thums up bottles, and 2 bottles of other brand: (13,11)
For each of those three scenarios you have to consider Rick showing up and taking away 7 bottles. Brands that Rick took with him can also be represented with a pair of numbers (o,t) in: (0,7), (1,6),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),(5,2),(6,1),(7,0). For example a pair (2,5) means Rick walked away with 5 Thums up bottles and 2 other bottles.
Combine that with every scenario Nick could create.
Consider the case Nick took 2 Thums up bottles. The basket is now a pair (15,9). What is left inside the basket after Rick walks away are the pairs of numbers you get after subtracting each pair of numbers that tell you with what Rick could have walked away from the current basket content (15,9). Thus you have
giving you the possible basket content described with one of the pairs
(15,2), (14,3), (13,4),(12,5),(11,6),(10,7),(9,8),(8,9).
Similarly, if after Nick walked away leaving the basket described with a pair (14,10), after Rick picks its drinks out of the basket, the content of the basket could be described with one of the pairs:
(14,3), (13,4), (12,5),(11,6),(10,7),(9,8),(8,9),(7,10).
Considering the third scenario after Nick made its pick, (13,11), and combining that with possible Ricks choices of drinks, the content of the basket could be described with one of the following pairs of numbers:
All in all, after Nick and Rick made their picks the basket would contain 17 bottles in total, but content could be either one of the following:
Certain basket content can turn up in more than one way. To be precise
(15,2) 1 way
(14,3) 2 ways
(13,4) 3 ways
(12,5) 3 ways
(11,6) 3 ways
(10,7) 3 ways
(9,8) 3 ways
(8,9) 3 ways
(7,10) 2 ways
(6,11) 1 way
Case (15,2) can occur in only one way: Nick taking 2 Thums up bottles form basket (15,11) AND Rick taking 7 Thums up bottles out of the basket (15,9). Now calculate the probability:
The case (14,3) can occur in two ways: Nick taking 2 Thums up bottles form basket (15,11) AND Rick taking 'only' 6 Thums up bottles out of the basket (15,9) OR Nick taking 1 Thums up bottle out of (15,11) basket AND Rick taking 7 Thums up bottles out of (14,10) basket.
(13,4) can turn up in three scenarios: Nick taking 2 Thums up out of basket (15,11) AND Rick taking 5 of them out of basket (15,9) OR Nick taking 1 Thums up out of basket (15,11) AND Rick taking 6 of them out of basket (14,10) OR Nick taking 0 Thums up bottles from basket (15,11) AND Rick taking 7 of them out of basket (13,11).
And so on.
Those are the hypothesis and their probabilities just before Sam comes along. Now Sam can take two bottles, describing his pick with one of the pairs of numbers (0,2),(1,1), (2,0). Now if his pick were to be (2,0), meaning he didn't take a Thums up bottle there's no way he could return Thums up bottle back into the basket. So probability is 0. If his pick was (1,1) the probability of him returning the Thums up bottle is 0.5. And of course in case (0,2) he would return Thums up bottle with probability 1.
The thing is that probability of each pick Sam could make depends on the content of the basket.
For example, if Sam shows up and the basket is (15,2) then the probabilities for his picks are
So in this case the probability of Sam returning Thums up bottle would be
Now you'd have to apply the probability of actually having the basket (15,2) meaning you'd have to multiply the result just above with the probability
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Chronic exposure to dim light at night – such as a TV or computer screen -- might lead to depression, suggests a new study in animals.
The researchers at Ohio State University based their study on hamsters, but they say the rodents’ behavior may shed light on the rising rate of depression in humans.
In the study, hamsters that were exposed to dim light at night showed less activity during the day and greater depressive symptoms than hamsters that spent eight hours a day in total darkness. For the animals, drinking less sugar water counted as a depressive symptom.
“The results we found in hamsters are consistent with what we know about depression in humans,” said Tracy Bedrosian, the study’s lead author and a doctoral student of neuroscience at OSU.
However, when the depressed hamsters returned to a normal light-dark cycle for two weeks, their activity level and behavior returned to normal.
“The good news is that people who stay up late in front of the television and computer may be able to undo some of the harmful effects just by going back to a regular light-dark cycle and minimizing their exposure to artificial light at night,” Bedrosian said. “That’s what the results we found in hamsters would suggest.”
The researchers also studied changes in the hamsters’ brains and found the animals that lived in dim light increased expression of a gene that produces the protein tumor necrosis factor. It is part of a family of proteins that cause inflammation to fight infection. However, inflammation can be damaging if it is constant, the researchers said.
The study was published online Tuesday in the journal Molecular Psychiatry. | <urn:uuid:7c8950fb-8317-41c2-8b72-857c4150fdb1> | {
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NASA / JPL-Caltech / STScI / ESA
This image of a pair of colliding galaxies called NGC 6240 shows them in a
rare, short-lived phase of their evolution just before they merge into a
single, larger galaxy. Click on the image for a larger version.
Nothing draws a crowd like a spectacular crash - whether it's a NASCAR auto race or a galactic collision. Over the past month, Internet users voted for a cosmic smash-up as their favorite target for a future close-up from the Hubble Space Telescope, and this week you can feast your eyes on two fantastic images of galaxies in gridlock.
The first "train wreck" comes from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. This is a biggie: Two huge galaxies, each anchored by a central black hole that's millions of times as massive as the sun, are moving toward an imminent pile-up. Exactly how imminent? Millions of years after the scene captured in this image - a time span that's a mere blink of the eye on the cosmic scale.
"One of the most exciting things about the image is that this object is unique," Stephanie Bush of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, says in a news release about the observations. "Merging is a quick process, especially when you get to the train wreck that is happening. There just aren't many galactic mergers at this stage in the nearby universe."
Spitzer's image of NGC 6240, which is 400 million light-years away in the constellation Ophiuchus, highlights the bursts of infrared radiation as the dust and gas from the two galaxies slam together. All that pressure creates new generations of hot stars, blazing away in infrared wavelengths even though the radiation in visible wavelengths is obscured by dust clouds. Because of this phenomenon, these starry swirls are known as luminous infrared galaxies.
In the news release, the Spitzer science team point to the streams of stars being ripped off the galaxies - "tidal tails" that extend into space in all directions. And this is just the warmup act: Bush and her colleagues expect the galactic black holes to hit head-on. That would upgrade NGC 6240's status to that of an ultra-luminous infrared galaxy, thousands of times as bright in infrared as our own Milky Way.
The findings are detailed in The Astrophysical Journal. In addition to Bush, the paper's co-authors include Zhong Wang, Margarita Karovska and Giovanni Fazio, all of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
This week's other galactic crash was witnessed by the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile. Two galaxies are piling into each other 70 million light-years away in the constellation Libra, and just as in the case of NGC 6240, the clashing clouds of gas and dust are sparking waves of stellar fireworks.
|This color composite image from the ESO Very
Large Telescope in Chile shows Arp 261. Click on
the picture for a larger version.
These galaxies, collectively known as Arp 261, aren't as big as the monsters in NGC 6240. They're on the scale of dwarf galaxies, similar to the Magellanic Clouds orbiting the Milky Way. In this week's image advisory, the ESO says the focus of research in this picture actually isn't the wide-screen view of smashing galaxies, but a detailed look at an unusually long-lasting, X-ray-emitting supernova. This image adds little white bars to highlight the location of the supernova.
The picture also includes other objects at a wide range of distances. If you click on a higher-resolution view, you'll be able to make out a sprinkling of background galaxies on the right side of the picture. Those galaxies may be 50 to 100 times farther away than Arp 261, the ESO says.
Toward the top left corner of the picture, you can see two red-green-blue streaks. Those are two small asteroids in our solar system's main asteroid belt. The streaks are multicolored because the ESO's picture was taken through different color filters - and the asteroids were moving through the telescope field even as the exposures were switched from one filter to the next.
Correction for 3:30 p.m. ET March 18: I fixed a bad link to the Saturn transit story ... Sorry about that! After reading all the perceptive comments below, I've also edited the item to straighten something out about the timing of events at NGC 6240. We will likely see an even more spectacular pile-up there millions of years from now, but because the galaxies are so distant, and because the speed of light is finite, that phase of the pile-up will have happened hundreds of millions of years earlier. | <urn:uuid:dbc9e7e7-48c5-46d2-8286-2ae4960ee361> | {
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The Great Famine or the Irish Potato Famine was between 1845 and 1852. About a million people died and a million more emigrated. It was caused by a potato blight. The famine permanently changed Ireland.
Hester Wilson Miller was born on July 14, 1814 in Cloughjordan, Tipperary, Munster, Ireland.
On August 10 1850, the Cataraqui Cemetery in Kingston, Ontario was founded to meet the needs of recent immigrants who were not members of churches. The cemetery was outside the city, non-denominational, and anyone could be buried there. It was designed as a serene garden.
The peak period of Irish immigration to Canada was during the Great Famine between 1845-1849. Most immigrants went to Canada because the fares were lower. Ships that reached Canada lost many passengers and even more died while in quarantine. From the reception station at Grosse-Ile, most survivors were sent to Montréal. The typhus outbreak of 1847 and 1848 killed many of the new immigrants. An economic boom following their arrival allowed many men to work in on the expanding railroad, in construction, in the logging industry, or on farms.
The Province of Upper Canada was established in 1791 to accommodate Loyalist refugees from the United States. It included all of Southern Ontario and part of Northern Ontario. | <urn:uuid:d0a3e6de-ac2c-49a4-b91a-00e6f1ad3041> | {
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Enormous molecules called dendrimers could serve a variety of functions, including improving drug delivery to materials. Scientists report a method to manufacture them on an industrial scale for the first time (Image: American Chemical Society)
Dendrimers can be produced in custom-designed shapes, sizes, structures and weights suitable for specific uses. Those potential applications range from drug delivery and gene transfer to new materials, coatings, sensors, and herbicides. But because they require multiple steps to make, dendrimers are difficult to produce on an industrial scale.
In their new study, Abdellatif Chouai and Eric E. Simanek describe a practical large-scale synthesis of dendrimers that sidestep this barrier. Their method yields a so-called "uncommitted intermediate," a dendrimer scaffolding that can be built upon in countless ways. This intermediate "can be elaborated into a wealth of diagnostic and therapeutic dendrimers — some of which are currently being explored in our laboratory," the researchers add. | <urn:uuid:2cfef7c3-05f6-4264-88f8-722ac022f42b> | {
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The Hirdskraa (Hirðskrá), 'The book of the hird', is a collection of laws regulating many aspects of the royal hird of late 13th century Norway. Compiled somewhere in the first part of the 1270s at the order of King Magnus VI (r. 1263-1280), it was recopied widely in the 14th century. The earliest extant texts, the AM 322 fol. and NkS 1642 4to (in the Royal Library, Copenhagen), date to around 1300. AM 322 fol. is thought to have originated at the court of King Magnus' son Håkon V's chancellery in Oslo. In the mid-14th century, with the Norwegian kingdom falling into a personal union with first Sweden and then Denmark, the text was copied less in Scandinavia but remained popular in Iceland, where copies exist from as late as the 18th century. The text can be set beside a number of comparable sections in the Konungs Skuggsjá.
The king’s hird (Old Norse hirð, from Old English hired) was more than just a bodyguard and a circle of advisers. Some historians discuss the concept of the corporative hird, where the king functions, at least in theory, as the first among equals at the upper levels of the hird. The hird also formed the professional core of the Norwegian army as maintained by the king.
The text of Hirdskraa can be more or less conveniently divided into three parts.
- §§ 1-26. It starts with some background, e.g. on the status of the king, laws of succession, the ranks of men and the manner of appointing men to high office.
- §§ 27-42. The text widely regulates the activities and customs of the royal hird and includes lengthy prescriptions of modes of address, how men should be admitted to the hird and how the different religious and logistical positions within the hird are to be given out. It discusses the conduct of the military hird in war and peace and divides the hird into different levels of status, along with the demands of equipment on the different levels. Three main strata may be distinguished:
- the hirðmen (sg. hirðmaðr) of the royal household proper, who were themselves hierarchically arranged. After the chancellor (kanceler), who had risen to prominence in the 13th century, the top layer was formed by landed men (lendir menn), who acted as the king's councillors. From their ranks were recruited the seneschal (dróttseti), butler (skenkjari), staller or marshall (stallari) and standard-bearer (merkismaðr). On a lower level, there were table-servants (skutil-sveinar, lit. 'dish-men'). Some of the names were changed in the reign of Håkon V to more continental titles. After 1277, the landed men (lendir menn) came to be named 'barons' (barúnar) and the skutil-sveinar 'knights' (riddari).
- candle-men (kerti-sveinar).
- the gestir (lit. 'guests'), men from the lower classes who are partly exempt from the hird and function as light infantry, scouts and a sort of secret police.
- §§ 43-54. The legal status and demands of position on the different levels of the hird are also set down.
The Hirdskraa was probably more of a guide-book than a strictly interpreted law on how the hird was to function. Many of the incorporated concepts, such as the Norwegian jarl being clearly subordinate to the king (as opposed to more of an allied subordinate as the jarls of the islands within the Norwegian realm) do not always reflect historical facts. It must also be regarded as the Norwegian king's attempts to create a more solid administration for their realm in the 13th century. This is especially true of the reign of Håkon V, who, in contrast to his father, seems to have wanted the hird to lose its corporative nature and be put directly under the king.
- Imsen, Steinar (ed. and tr.). Hirðskråen. Hirdloven til Norges konge og hans håndgangne menn. Etter AM322 fol. Oslo: Riksarkivet, 2000. Parallel edition and modern Norwegian (Bokmål) translation. ISBN 82-548-0067-7
- Hirdskraa: i fotolithografisk Gjengivelse efter Tønsbergs Lovbog fra c. 1320. Det norske historiske Kildeskriftfonds skrifter 29. Christiania, 1895.
- Keyser, R. and P.A. Munch (eds.). Norges gamle Love indtil 1387. 5 vols: vol 2. Christiania, 1848. 387-450. Available online from the National Archives of Norway.
- Berge, Lawrence Gerhard (tr.). Hirðskrá 1-37. A Translation with Notes. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1968. Dissertation, kindly made available online by University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Meißner, R (tr.). Das Norwegische Gefolgschaftsrecht (Hirdskrá). Germanenrechte. Texte und Übersetzungen 5. Weimar, 1938. German translation and introduction.
- Nordbø, Børge. Hirðsiðir. Om tilhøvet mellom handskrifta av ei morallære frå 1200-talet. Magisteravhandling i norrøn filologi. Oslo, 2004.
- Imsen, Steinar. "King Magnus and his Liegemen’s Hirdskrå: a portrait of the Norwegian nobility in the 1270s." In Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe. Concepts, Origins, Transformations, ed. Anne J. Duggan. Woodbridge, 2000. 205-22. | <urn:uuid:0e43d1dc-e538-4db3-b068-6792be32fd60> | {
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Your liver has many functions; stores certain vitamins, minerals and sugars for use as fuel, cleanses/filters the toxins out of your blood and controls the production/excretion of cholesterol. Your overall health and vitality, to a great extent, depends upon the health of your liver. The thousands of enzyme systems that control virtually every body activity are created there. If your liver fails to create even one of these enzymes, overall body function is impaired, creating greater metabolic stress on your body. THE LYMPH composed of Lymph fluid consists of; The ’tissue fluid’ in which all of our cells are bathed, and the fluid within the ‘lymph vessels’. These are ‘blood vessel’ like tubes, which connect the lymph glands of the body. The Lymphatic System is also called the Immune System.
Modern lifestyles can overstress your liver. Alcohol, tobacco, environmental pollutants, food additives, agricultural pesticides, popular cosmetic ingredients, common household products, stress, pharmaceutical and OTC (over-the-counter) drugs (including oral contraceptives and caffeine), gallstones, home repair materials, artist materials, garden chemicals and building materials can all kill liver cells.
Symptoms of liver imbalance include headaches, bruising easily, anxiety, depression, confusion, fatigue, jaundice, impaired libido (sex drive) and mental function, food allergies, multiple chemical sensitivities and PMS, as well as conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease. When your liver is damaged it cannot remove toxins, which then build up in your blood and eventually, your brain.
Try the following tips for a healthy liver and lymph:
1. Avoid any foods of which you suspect you may be intolerant:
They will produce toxins in the gut that can cause stress to the detoxification mechanisms. Bacteria, viruses, too much alcohol, coffee and other caffeine-containing drinks, smoking and the medicines that have powerful effects on the liver, stomach and other parts of the body can prove toxic Chew your food well to help release the enzymes that aid digestion.
2. Consume plenty of foods containing:
Consume plenty of foods containing folate, flavonoids, magnesium, iron, sulphate and selenium and B-vitamins 2,3,6 and 12, since toxicity in the body can be caused by deficiency of the nutrients that the liver needs for detoxification as much as by exposure to toxins. Think along the lines of salads, beans, fresh juices, stir-fries cooked in a little good-quality olive oil, nuts, seeds, yoghurt (full-fat is fine). Steaming is a quick and healthy way of cooking vegetables, and the only vegetables to avoid are potatoes. Aim for a diet build on complex carbohydrates(brown rice), lean protein (beans, lentils, eggs, chicken, fish and a little lean red meat) and organic fruits & vegetables.
3. Cut down on stimulants:
such as tea and coffee, and depressants such as smoking & alcohol. Aim at drinking at least 2.5 litres of water a day.
4. Eat foods rich in antioxidants:
Which aid the natural detox mechanisms like broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and Brussels sprouts and Soybean products. Nutrients that enhance our immune system are Vitamin C,Vitamin E, the B-vitamins, Zinc and Magnesium. These nutrients are either potent anti-oxidants capable of stopping the free-radical cascade of tissue damage or are involved in the enzymes that help detoxify damaging chemicals.
Artichoke contains both liver-protective/restorative powers. It acts as a blood purifier and has been proven in clinical studies to lower cholesterol, triglyceride levels and other metabolic waste products
5. Take a daily does of Echinacea , milk thistle or dandelion root:
(as tablets, tincture or teas) – all herbs with a long – established reputation as blood cleansers and skin tonics. The usual recommended dose for milk thistle is 350mg three times a day for a couple of weeks.
6. Don’t use antibiotics or antacids unless absolutely necessary:
Antibiotics can destroy the useful bacteria in the gut that eliminate toxins; antacids decrease the natural acidity that is necessary for complete digestion.
7. Take a dose of activated charcoal twice a week:
This is a medical form of charcoal with the capacity to absorb whatever molecules it encounters, including toxins. Don’t take it with food or medicines though, or it will absorb them.
8. Take some gentle exercise:
too, which increases lymph activity within the body, causing you to sweat and generate more urine, encouraging liver activity and stimulating the gut to get rid of waste products, all of which can help to detoxify your body. Gentle exercise is the key, however, because although you’ll find walking, swimming and cycling beneficial, you can really feel out of sorts when your body starts cleansing itself, and strenuous exercise will just make you feel worse. Wind up the exercise routine by carrying out deep breathing to use the Lungs more fully, this will get more oxygen into the blood, remove waste products from the blood – especially carbon dioxide – more quickly; and help to speed up the circulation of the blood.
Quick exercise massage for the Liver and Gall Bladder: Place the heel of the right hand on the side of the body under the rib cage, and just above the hip bone. The fingers should point straight across the body. Pressing firmly, move the hand slowly across the body to the middle of the abdomen; you should end up with the hand over the navel. Repeat this action 10-20 times.
9. Avoid excess of salt & sugar:
Instead of excess salt use fresh herbs, pepper, chillies and lemon juice to enhance the flavour of food. Too much sugar isn’t healthy for anyone but especially those with an impaired immune system.
Ginseng is an adaptogen that helps to stabilize blood sugar through glucose metabolism, boosts your immune system and improves mental and physical stamina, allowing the body to better manage stress.
10. Laugh, Rest and feel good! :
One more really good way to boost your immune system and it’s free. Laugh, Rest and feel good!A depressed mind can cause a depressed body. Laughter actually increases production of an antibody that is responsible for our first line of defense against bacterial infections. Laughter, lovemaking and exercise are the best medicine of all!
Over time, the health of the liver and lymph may be restored. Taking beneficial herbs regularly and following a detoxification process can help to provide protection to either the sick or healthy liver during the course of daily life. This stabilizes cell membranes and encourages the regeneration of liver cells destroyed during their normal functions.
- When you call “Quit” to smoking
- Every Breath You Take
- Eating Across the Food Rainbow
- Folic: The Great Protector
- Fighting Toxin Buildup within the Body
- Diet and Detox
- Top 10 Ways to Add Movement in Life
- Top 10 Fruity Facts to Save Your Life
- Top 10 Towards Building a Strong Immune System
- The Twelve Vital Principles to Improve Your Liver Function | <urn:uuid:c1710274-d901-4e71-8e42-f08183f49749> | {
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Biographical information is so important to the contribution of knowledge that it can be found in almost all information sources. After all, every subject and discipline exists because of people's contributions, discoveries, research, and actions.
Library catalogs are good places to start when looking for biographical works. Most catalogs work best when you execute a subject search rather than a keyword or author search. For example, to search for books about Dale Chihuly in the Olympic College Library Catalog, you would enter the “Chihuly, Dale” then use the box to the right to specify a “Subject Heading” search.
Click on the tabs above for other good sources of biographical information. | <urn:uuid:727e0273-5f0d-4995-a86d-097cd82616d8> | {
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Model Curriculum » Home
World Languages writers have developed seven units to assist educators in implementing the New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standard for World Languages at the Novice-Mid and Novice-High levels of proficiency. They are available here for your review and feedback. The department will use your responses to inform the work as we continue to develop and revise student learning objectives (SLOs) and design assessments to measure the SLOs.
As you review these documents, please refer to the New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standard for World Languages. This first version of the model curriculum includes the following:
- The Linguistic and Cultural Content statements addressed in each unit;
- The Cumulative Progress Indicators (CPIs) addressed in each unit;
- The knowledge and skills necessary to address the CPIs that will be assessed;
- Unit description;
- The SLOs; and
- "Can-Do" Statements*
* The "can-do" statements from LinguaFolio® were used to inform the development of the "can-do" statements found in the Model Curriculum in World Languages. They explain the SLOs in student-friendly language.
As the Department moves forward with the Model Curriculum Project, additional resources will be provided to assist districts with implementing the Standard. The SLOs are intended to provide clear targets to assist in the daily planning of lessons. Assessments will be designed to measure how well students have met the targets. Teachers are encouraged to use the assessment data to determine what additional learning experiences are necessary for students to meet each targeted CPI in a specific context.
Please note that most CPIs are not meant to be mastered in one six-week unit. Most CPIs appear in several units and are assessed in multiple units in order to determine students' progression towards meeting the CPIs in a variety of contexts. For each World Languages unit you will find an overview that outlines for the user the overall focus of the unit along with the specific emphasis for each strand/mode of communication.
Below you will find the content/context for each unit.
Unit 1 – All About Me
Unit 2 – School Days
Unit 3 – Home, Sweet, Home
Unit 4 – Food, Glorious Food
Unit 5 – Celebrations!
Unit 6 – Migratory Animals
Unit 7 – Going Green
The Novice-High and Novice-Mid units for grades 6-12 units are intended to cover a six-week instructional period. As elementary world languages classes typically have less contact time than secondary classes, each Novice-Mid unit for K-5 has been broken up into two, six week units. It is expected that all four skill areas (listening, reading, speaking and writing) will be addressed and assessed through the modes of communication in the 6-12 units; however, it is most appropriate for K-5 to focus primarily on addressing and assessing listening and speaking.
Thank you for taking the time to provide us with critical feedback. | <urn:uuid:7f00dd49-74da-488e-8991-c72d198c299a> | {
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“Sing to the Lord a new song, for He has done marvelous things” – Psalm 98:1
“Come let us sing for joy to the Lord” – Psalm 95:1
“Speak to one another with psalms, hymns and spiritual songs. Sing and make music in your heart to the Lord” – Ephesians 5:19
The Bible has countless examples of singing and general music making:
Moses sang a song of praise after the Exodus; King David played the harp, and wrote many of the Psalms; Jesus sang a hymn with his disciples at the last supper; Paul and Silas sang a hymn of praise to God in jail; and in Revelation there is singing in heaven as the heavenly choir joins in praise to God.
Modern research has shown that singing in a choir has tremendous benefits for physical and mental well being, leading some to suggest singing as a treatment for medical conditions. Some studies suggest that there are specific benefits related to choral singing which are unique to this pastime:
- Researchers discovered that members of a choir saw their heart rates beat in unison in relation to the speed of their breathing. Heart rates were directly affected by the melody of the music, and the pulses of those tested rose and fell at the same time when they sung in a group.
- While we are often focused on our individual lives rather than broader cooperative goals, people who participate in a choir enjoy a greater feeling of togetherness and being part of a collective endeavor than others involved in different social activities.
- Participants in choral singing, in contrast to solo singing, reported a higher rate of social well being in a comparison study. The rates for choral singers and sports team players were the same, indicating that so long as your doing something in a group, it will prove equally beneficial for feelings of social well being.
In my own experience of playing for other denominations it really is true Lutherans love to sing!
I encourage you to keep up the tradition and participate enthusiastically. You might find that you enjoy it so much you’ll even consider joining with your friends in the Choir — hint, hint!
— Glen F., Organist and Choir Director | <urn:uuid:f3435453-8ac8-4078-851d-d49283630335> | {
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the act or an instance of warming up
designating a garment, as a jacket, worn for exercising
- a. The act or procedure of warming up, especially in preparation for an athletic event.b. A period spent in warming up.c. warm-ups The exercises or activities used for warming up.
- warmups Clothing, such as a sweatsuit, designed to be worn before or after participation in an athletic event.
- Alternative spelling of warm-up.
- The act of exercising or stretching in preparation for strenuous activity
- If you don't do your warm-ups properly you have a greater chance of injury.
- Any act of preparation for a performance
- Drivers are allowed 5 minutes for warm-up before the race starts.
- A period of time allocated for performing warm-ups.
- Keep a sharp eye on the referee during warm-up to check out his mood.
- Attributive use of the noun
- My friend is playing in the warm-up band for the big show tonight.
- Bill crashed during the warm-up lap.
(third-person singular simple present warms up, present participle warming up, simple past and past participle warmed up)
- To make an audience enthusiastic or animated before a show
- Rich knew how to warm up the audience of The Price is Right. His good looks and charming personality made even that special.
- To reach a normal operating temperature (of a car for example)
- To reheat food
- (intransitive) To become warmer
- He came inside to warm up.
- (intransitive) To prepare for executing an already-learned activity by a limited amount of additional practice.
- They warmed up by throwing the ball around a few minutes. | <urn:uuid:6cc2e0ea-36c4-40c8-9040-5c32dd624f02> | {
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In a new report, the United Kingdom-based PG Economics shows over a 16-year period, the adoption of GMO cropping systems has had significant positive impacts to farmers and customers. The report, GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996-2011, cites several key findings.
Remember, the most recent research indicates that non-farmers are less interested in the farm-level benefits of GMOs. They’re most interested in consumer benefits of the cropping system and are fearful of the unknown.
The report finds:
- The net economic benefit at the farm level in 2011 was $19.8 billion.
- For the 16-year period (1996-2011), the global farm income gain was $98.2 billion.
- Of the total farm income benefit, 49% ($48 billion) was due to yield gains resulting from lower pest and weed pressure and improved genetics, with the balance from reductions in the cost of production.
- The insect-resistant technology used in cotton and corn has consistently delivered yield gains from reduced pest damage. The average yield gains over the 1996-2011 period across all users of the technology was +10.1% for insect-resistant corn and +15.8% for insect resistant cotton.
- A majority (51%) of the 2011 farm income gains went to farmers in developing countries, 90% of which are resource poor and small farms.
- Between 1996 and 2011, crop biotechnology was responsible for an additional 110 million tons of soybeans and 195 million tons of corn.
- Without crop biotechnology, maintaining global production at the 2011 levels would have required an additional 13.344 million acres of soybeans, 16.309 million acres of corn, 8.155 million acres of cotton and 494,000 acres of canola.
- Crop biotechnology has contributed to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture by reducing fuel use and additional soil carbon storage from reduced tillage.
- Crop biotechnology has reduced pesticide spraying by 474 million kilograms (-9%). | <urn:uuid:a7405c55-3adf-4b31-ab64-3f482d1c5fc4> | {
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This report examines a method of using Piezoelectric Pressure-Sensitive Ink (Tekscan) Pressure Measurement System to evaluate vehicle tire pressures that are exerted on the surface of pavements. Upgrades to the Tekscan system facilitated refinements from previous research and allows for procedures to be modified in order to account for these improvements. Among the most significant advances is the ability to select various sensitivities within the software program. In addition to the methodology of evaluating calibration practices, sensitivity and sensor selection, it was important to determine how accurately the pressures and wheel loads can be computed from pavement tests. Also examined are the effects of variations of the measured tire inflation pressures on the measured contact areas. The Tekscan system is recognized as being applicable for measuring pressures in a variety of settings and conditions. This pavement research testing program adds to the knowledge base. The findings will ultimately lead to an enhanced understanding of how a pavement structure functions at the surface. This will aid in improving pavement design procedures.
Digital Object Identifier
Rose, Jerry G. and Guenther, Timothy E., "Vehicle Tire-Pavement Interfacial Surface Pressure Measurements and Assessments" (2009). Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report. 97. | <urn:uuid:bd535a2c-3ec2-4cb9-9411-971c3938a3bb> | {
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At the end of last week in Ulyanovsk has started an interesting project Simple science. Its initiator is the teacher of UVAU HA Leonid Podymov.
— The main purpose of my lectures is to educate. I would like to tell Ulyanovsk on the latest and most interesting achievements in modern science into simple language so that it is clear even to the unprepared listener, — says the organizer of the “Simple science”.
Leonid physicist by education, so the project is focused mainly on natural Sciences. In particular, the first lecture was devoted to astronomy — or rather, cosmic distances and scale.
— Many people know that, for example, our Solar system is big. But it is actually an ordinary person is unlikely to adequately represent these scales and distances — simply because it is not something to compare. I tried using a few simple techniques to bring clarity in such comparisons, says the teacher.
So, during the speech he invited the audience to spend with him a few thought experiments.
— Let’s imagine that our planet has shrunk to the size of a standard basketball ball whose radius 12.2 centimeters. If we reduce all other razmery accordance with a given scale, we get the following illustrative figures: the Sun will be a ball with radius 13 meters. Continue reading
The state Museum of the history of cosmonautics named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky (GMIC) was opened in Kaluga on 3 October 1967, Thus he became the world’s first Museum devoted to its exposition about the history of space exploration. For over thirty years in the Museum of systematic work on the collection, preservation, scientific study, historical heritage in the field of history and practice of space research in our country and abroad.
The actual history of the Museum began in 1936 when the first anniversary after the death of the great Russian scientist, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. the founder of theoretical cosmonautics, the Creator of the cosmic philosophy, in his home in Kaluga was opened the memorial Museum in his name. This Museum, which is a real pearl of Russian culture from 1967, became a division of the Museum of the history of cosmonautics. The grave of the great Russian scientist with a monument above it is far from main building GMIC.
The initiative to create the Museum of cosmonautics in Kaluga was owned by the outstanding scientists of our time: Sergei Korolev, A. N. Tupolev, A. A. Blagonravov, I. P. Bardina, L. I. Sedov and others. Continue reading
Inessa Kozlovskaya of “Space flight: living in zero gravity”
“Space flight: living in zero gravity”.
Gravity existing on Earth for millions of years, has contributed to the development of all life on Earth organisms and invade their system of life as a factor contributing to their successful functioning in the gravitational field of the Earth. Opening up opportunities to systematically study the impact of eliminating gravity, spaceflight facilitated the accumulation of information and facts that contributed to the development of the theory on the role and place of gravitational mechanisms in the various body systems and the development of a new physiological science — gravitational physiology.The most gravity-dependent system of the body is the propulsion system, in which gravity has played such an important role that today we have the right to determine its evolution as the evolution of the struggle of living organisms with gravity wrestling success ended in mammals the development of a strong skeleton, strong muscular system, management systems movements, and information systems able to ensure the perfection of movement in complex conditions of the gravitational field and its izmeneny. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:f0bc38e3-65ce-4819-b179-1739f592be81> | {
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MIAMI COUNTY HISTORY
(Download Driving Tour Brochure in Left Menu)
This page last modified on Thursday, December 09, 2010
The great forests and rich soil drew the first Europeans to northeast Indiana, in what is today Miami County. Here resided the most powerful Indian tribe east of the Mississippi, the Miami, who negotiated away this plot of land in an 1826 treaty. By 1829, Joseph Holman had established a site known as Miamisport, while William Hood bought up 210 acres and called his section Peru. Five years later, the Indiana Legislature approved Peru’s city incorporation status.
The first settlers pitched their homes around Gabriel Godfroy’s trading post, eventually putting down foundations for their own saw mills, carriage factories, wool mills, and taverns. The Catholic, First Presbyterian, and Methodist churches erected buildings by 1837, and the townspeople needed a courthouse and jail as early as 1843.
CIRCUS - Benjamin Wallace, a livery stable owner from Peru, joined with his partner, James Anderson, and bought a circus. They presented their first show in 1884. The show eventually traveled under the name of The Great Wallace Show. In 1890, Wallace bought out his partner, and in 1891 established the Wallace winter quarters on land purchased from Chief Godfroy. In 1907 the Carl Hagenbeck Circus became the property of Wallace and thus came into being the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus. After buying out the other partners, John Talbot was Wallace’s only partner. In 1913 (the year of Peru’s largest flood), Wallace suffered greatly financially and otherwise. He sold the show while it was on the road maintaining ownership of all the land and buildings. Members of the syndicate purchasing the circus were C.E. Cory, John O. Talbot and Edward W. Ballard. The American Circus Corporation was formed in 1921 with Jerry Mugivan, Bert Bowers and Ed Ballard as directors. During the 1920s Peru became known on the maps as the “Circus City”. John Ringling purchased the entire A.C.C. holdings, including the Peru quarters and farms in September 1929. In November 1941, 126 circus wagons were burned, effectively ending the old circus era in Miami County. Many famous performers gave their talents to the circuses and called Peru home. Mickey King and husband, Antoinette and Art Concello, Emmett Kelly, Otto Griebling, Terrell Jacobs, Clyde Beatty, Tom Mix, Ken Manard, The Hodginis, and many others were all a part of Peru’s golden age of the circus. The old winter quarters are now the home of the International Circus Hall of Fame. Circus performances are conducted there throughout the summer months. In July Peru hosts the Circus City Festival, a week of circus performances by the young people of the community. Both of these events keep alive the rich circus heritage of the area.
MIAMI INDIANS -Exhibits on the first floor of the Miami County Museum tell the prehistory of Miami County’s indigenous groups through projectile points and other lithic tools. Also, you will see historical Miami objects that belonged to Frances Slocum, Deaf Man, and Chief La Fontaine. These are part of the museum’s impressive Miami collection. The headquarters of the Miami Indians of Indiana are located in Peru. The Miami have maintained their cultural identity despite the influx of Euro-American settlers in the 1700s and 1800s and the removal of a large portion of the tribe to land in present day Oklahoma. The present day Miami of Indiana maintain a separate identity from the removed group and are working for federal recognition at this time.
COLE PORTER -Composer-songwriter, Cole Porter, (1891-1964) was born in Peru. During his lifetime he wrote over 1500 songs for Broadway productions, movies and television. He wrote his first song at the age of ten and had his first musical produced in 1919. Some of his songs include: “Night and Day”, “Begin the Beguine”, “Anything Goes”, “Be A Clown”, “You’re the Top”, “Let’s Fall in Love”, and “Delovely”. Porter’s life was captured on film in the 2004 film De-Lovely starring Kevin Kline and Ashley Judd. Porter is buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Peru. The Miami County Museum has a Cole Porter exhibit, including his 1955 Fleetwood Cadillac. The Historical Society sponsors the Cole Porter Festival the second Saturday in June, which includes live music and driving tours. Memorabilia is available to purchase at the Museum Gift Shop. The home where Cole was born is currently being restored into a bed and breakfast located at Third Street and Huntington in Peru.
FRANCES SLOCUM -Frances Slocum’s parents were early Quaker settlers along the Susquehanna River, near Wilkes-Barre, in Pennsylvania. In November of 1778, Frances Slocum, a five-year-old girl with auburn hair was stolen by Delaware Indians. Search party after search party failed to find any trace of Frances or her captors, and it seemed the forest had swallowed the little girl without leaving a trace. Frances had been taken first by canoe to Tioga, an Iroquois village on the Susquehanna, and then overland to the Niagara River and a Delaware village. It was here that Frances was given over to the Miami Indian couple who had recently lost their own daughter. They adopted Frances as their own, naming her Maconaquah, which means little bear woman. Frances traveled westward with them to their home at Kekionga, now Fort Wayne. Lovingly raised by her adopted parents Strong Bear and Meshinga, Frances grew up in the Miami villages. Late in her life Frances related what little she knew of her birth parents to a trader named George Ewing. Through George Ewing’s efforts, Frances’s brother and sister were finally able to locate her and arrange a reunion. Frances chose to remain with her people, the Miami Indians, where she had become a legend of peace and courage. Over her lifetime she had become known as the “White Rose of the Miami’s”, respected by pioneers and Indians alike. Frances Slocum died on March 9, 1847 at her home on the Mississinewa River and was buried beside her husband and children, on the land she loved and cherished.
The Pan Handle Railroad was the first of the iron horses to criss-cross the area shortly after the Civil War. As early as June 13, 1881, Peru had its first telephone in operation, also keeping this city in touch with the world. Seven of the world’s major circuses before the turn of the century chose Peru for their winter headquarters. Peru was the first city in Indiana to hold a street fair.
PERU AMATEUR CIRCUS -In 1956 the Circus Historical Society chose Peru for their convention. A circus parade and downtown Festivities, which included some circus acts on the Court House lawn was held in 1958 and 1959 and paved the way for our annual Circus City Festival as we know it today. The Circus City Festival incorporated in 1959, with Ollie Miller, Bob Weaver, and Bob Mathes signing the original charter. In 1960 the festival group decided to stage their own amateur circus. They sought out former circus performers, Tom and Betty Hodgini, Harry Parkhurst, Karl “Snowy” Hartisch, Lina and Marvin Johnson, Maria McCloskey and Carl Solt, to work with a group of untrained, but willing youths, ages 14-20 to perform. The performances were held in a tent, which was rented from the Indiana State Fair for $985 and was erected at Thrush Field, between Second and Canal Streets, east of Benton in Peru. Over 2,500 people attended the circus and 50,000 visited Peru. The first three ring circus was held in 1962. The Peru Lumber Company building was purchased in late 1967 and the 1968 performances were held “open air”, as there was no roof on the building. Architects and local artist, Bob Weaver, one of the originators of the Festival, designed a roof that gives the building the look of a huge tent and the building was roofed for the 1969 circus. Each year improvements have been made in the building to bring it to its present state, through generous contributions from organizations and individuals. Many facility improvements have been made, such as air conditioning being installed in the arena. In addition, back lot rooms have been constructed for the performers, new bleachers installed, and the concession stand remodeled. Mrs. Ferol Meeker and her husband, Dr. George Meeker began collecting circus artifacts in 1965; the first step towards the permanent circus museum. These items were displayed in various downtown buildings until they were moved to their present location in the museum located in the circus building in 1972. Hundreds of volunteers serve as the greatest band, wardrobe, back lot helpers, ushers, ticket takers and sellers, riggers, Parents Club, program book members, concession stand members, parade workers, and festival helpers. The Board has 18 voluntary members who devote much time and energy preparing for a bigger and better festival. Of course the Peru Amateur Circus would not be possible without the hundreds of Miami County youth, ages 7-18, who sign up for the acts the want to try out for at “Round Up” each April. After many hours of practice and the desire to be in the circus in July, they put on a two-and-one-half hour spectacular show.
WABASH AND ERIE CANALS -Miami County’s early connection commercially with the rest of the world was the Wabash and Erie Canal, but even as it was being built, the railroad was “a-comin”. The canal was in existence between 1832-1857 when the remaining parts of it were closed. The canal brought families, supplies, and entertainment to the area. There are still visible remains of the canal at various places in Miami County.
RAILROAD HISTORY -The first railroad in Miami County was the Lake Erie and Western. It was projected by W.J. Holman of Peru, as a connecting line between Indianapolis and Peru. Through the efforts of Mr. Holman, the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad Company was incorporated on January 19, 1846. The road was completed in the spring of 1854. Shops and a roundhouse were built in Peru in the fall of 1853. A line called The Pan Handle was an extension of the Pennsylvania Lines west of Pittsburgh, PA. This line was completed in 1867. The Eel River Road from Logansport to Butler, Indiana was completed in 1871-72. This line connected Mexico, Denver, Chili, and Pettysville in Miami County. The Peru and Detroit was completed in 1889 as part of the Wabash Railroad. The Chicago, Indiana and Easter Line was completed in 1893. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, in 1900 was known as the Cincinnati, Richmond, and Muncie, and was completed in 1905. In 1969, connection was made with Michigan City, by means of a road called the Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville which ran from Peru to Laporte. The completed line then took the name of the Indianapolis, Peru, and Chicago Railroad. The Wabash Railroad began in 1852 and was completed in 1856. Today, the old Wabash lines continue to cross Miami County under the name of Norfolk Southern Corporation.
SEVEN PILLARS -The “Seven Pillars” as they are known, is a creation of nature formed many centuries ago in the sandstone along the Mississinewa River, several miles southeast of Peru. On the north side of the river, the Frances Slocum Trail, passes above them. During hundreds of years, the waters of the river at various stages, carved out the formations and inner chambers as they now exist. The pillars appear to rise anywhere from 30 to 50 feet, depending on low water. The chambers or “rooms” contained inside, at one time were used by the Miami Indians for council meetings and other events. It has also been suggested the trading post was at one time located here due to easy access from the river. | <urn:uuid:bfca76d5-19b2-4c15-a576-e82426aa7557> | {
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- About 150,000 bird specimens, as flat skins, specimens in alcohol, mounted specimens and skeletons.
- Around 250 species and sub-species of birds are represented by types; these types are the reference basis for a scientific name (taxon).
More information about the collections
|Prionops alberti, a remarkable species endemic to the Albertine Rift. |
(2 skins in the RMCA collection)
- http://data.gbif.org/datasets/resource/93/ (albertine rift)
- See also the dataset ‘Afrotropical birds’ created in the framework of the STERNA project, financed by the European Union. This ornithological dataset is based on name-bearing types (such as unique bird species) which the RMCA holds. Those specimen data are directly available via portals of the Biological Collection Access Service for Europe BioCASE, such as:
- in the publication:
Type specimens of birds in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren. (En)
Authors: LOUETTE, M., MEIRTE, D., LOUAGE, A. & REIGEL, A.
published : 2002
series : ZOOLOGISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN
Volume : 26
ISBN : 90-75894-47-3
(how to order) | <urn:uuid:dc4e7582-1fd8-475b-b8df-25ed4b301648> | {
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Mitigation is the restoration, creation, enhancement, or preservation of a wetland, stream, or habitat conservation area to offset adverse impacts to similar nearby habitats from permitted projects, typically in the same watershed. The goal is to replace the exact function and value of the lost habitats in another location.
The federal Clean Water Act, as well as some state and local governments, require mitigation for permitted disturbance or destruction of wetland or stream habitats. The Endangered Species Act requires mitigation for permitted loss of endangered wildlife habitat.
Red Creek Consolidated Mitigation Bank
The Red Creek Consolidated Mitigation Bank is a stream and wetland mitigation bank located in north central Jackson County. The bank is co-sponsored by The Nature Conservancy and the Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT).
The 1,200-acre mitigation site is part of a larger 3,031-acre tract owned and managed by the Conservancy in the Pascagoula River watershed, a high priority conservation region. The bank adjoins the Pascagoula River Wildlife Management Area.
The Red Creek bank has been formally approved by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and is providing stream and wetland mitigation credits for use by MDOT for transportation projects in the region.
The Mississippi Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks Foundation, holds a conservation easement on the bank site. A conservation easement is a voluntary, legally binding agreement that limits certain types of uses or prevents development from taking place on a piece of property now and in the future, while protecting the property’s ecological or open-space values.
Stream restoration is a process that returns damaged or channelized streams to the shape and character needed for healthy aquatic ecosystems. This can be done by constructing a new stream channel, or by reconfiguring an existing channel to improve habitat.
The Red Creek mitigation bank includes complete channel restoration and channel improvement, as well as preservation of healthy streams. View the slideshow to see before and after photos of stream restoration at Lower and Upper Holly Creeks.
Forest and Habitat Restoration
At the Red Creek mitigation bank, forest restoration includes thinning loblolly pine plantations along the streams and in the uplands in preparation for longleaf pine forest restoration. Planting longleaf pine seedlings and native hardwood trees is also an essential part of forest restoration.
Mechanical brush cutting is used to clear unwanted brush in wet pine flats.
Controlled burns are used to restore the natural process of fire back onto the landscape to provide many benefits – improve wildlife habitat, release nutrients, expose soil for seed germination, stimulate growth of longleaf pine seedlings as well as grasses and wildflowers and control needle blight.
Select use of herbicides is used to control unwanted exotic invasive species such as cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), a non-native plant that spreads rapidly and displaces native vegetation and wildlife.
Monitoring is conducted to ensure that restoration actions are having the intended results. This includes monitoring of the shape and stability of stream channels, the wet and dry cycles of wetlands, and the plant and animal species that live there. At Red Creek, there are many designated vegetation, aquatic insect and stream shape monitoring stations as well as, groundwater and stream monitoring wells.
Red Creek Restoration, Renovation and Re-invigoration
The Red Creek project is restoring aquatic and forest habitat for wildlife and helping to improve one of the country’s special and unique rivers, providing a safe and healthy water source for people.
Want to see the restoration process? Here's the process from beginning to end. | <urn:uuid:526992bc-cbe3-4239-9018-ccc83b55f820> | {
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Picture of Hyperhidrosis: Starch-Iodine Test
Hyperhidrosis, or excessive sweating, is a common disorder that produces a lot of unhappiness. An estimated 2%-3% of Americans suffer from excessive sweating of the underarms (axillary hyperhidrosis) or of the palms and soles of the feet (palmoplantar hyperhidrosis). Underarm problems tend to start around puberty, while palm and sole sweating may begin earlier, often during childhood. Untreated, these problems may continue throughout life.
Pictured is an example of the starch-iodine test in the left axilla. Mote the prominent dark blue-black discoloration at sites of hyperhidrosis.
Text Source: Color Atlas of Cosmetic Dermatology Marc R. Avram, Sandy Tsao, Zeina Tannous, Mathew M. Avram Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:7f98e1f6-dff7-4d90-b519-91d4dbc689c7> | {
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No Child Left Behind - On January 8, 2002, President Bush signed into law the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The Act is the most sweeping reform of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) since ESEA was enacted in 1965. It is based on four basic principles: stronger accountability for results, increased flexibility and local control, expanded options for parents, and an emphasis on teaching methods that have been proven to work.
NCES Classroom - This site contains math and science games, activities, fun facts and educational information for kids and adults.
National Center for Educational Statistics - NCES is the primary Federal entity for collecting and analyzing data that are related to education in the United States and other nations.
National Assessment Governing Board - Congress created NAGB in 1988 to set policy for the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).
State Profiles - State Profiles present key data about
each state's student and school population and its NAEP testing
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The manufactures of the city are, indeed, most varied, the older industries of watch-making and ribbon weaving being now secondary to an extensive cycle and motor car industry. Coventry productions now include engineering, etc., woollen goods, hosiery, coach trimmings, textile sundries, iron and brass founding, printing, electrical engineering, and various subsidiary trades; while among the later additions are the manufacture of steam valves, silk textile fabrics, artificial, ordnance, and aircraft.
The watch trade has been established here for at least two hundred years. In 1727 a watch-maker was Mayor of Coventry. The trade gradually grew in importance, until about fifty years ago it was considered to be one of the two “staple” trades of the city, and gave employment to about 2,000 persons. About 1858, however, a depression set in, and keen competition with American and Switzerland having had to be met, the organised factory system and machine methods have largely displaced the former domestic workshops and individual handicraft.
The enormous growth of the cycle trade has been the great feature in the history of the city during the past fifty years. The world practically owes the bicycle to Coventry. In the early seventies a small band of intelligent mechanics, by their inventive genius, laid the foundation of what has now become a great and almost world-wide industry. Coventry has the highest reputation for its cycles and motor cars, and no efforts are wanting to retain its pre-eminence.
The earliest intimation of the approximate population of Coventry is given by Dugdale, who states when the great Benedictine Monastery, for which the city was formerly famous, was at the zenith of its prosperity, the inhabitants numbered 15,000 – a populations which at the time was considered extraordinary. Indeed, by the roll-tax of 1377, in the notices which it contains of the population of all the principal towns, Coventry appears third on the list in point of magnitude, next to London; York and Bristol being the only two taking precedence of it.
After the fall of the monastery the glory of the city appears to have departed, and the inhabitants dwindled down at one time to 3,000. However, the foundations of a healthy and vigorous community were deeply laid, and the city regained – though gradually – tis position, not indeed as third or fourth in the kingdom, but as a large centre of population. Upon the taking of the first national census in 1801, three centuries after its decline, the city contained 16,049 inhabitants. The successive stages by which lost ground was recovered may be traced thus: In 1586, where there was an enumeration of the inhabitants on account of the scarcity of provisions, the total number returned was 6,502. Under the provisions, the total number returned was 6,502. Under the apprehension of a siege during the Civil War in 1643 between the Parliament and the King, the people were numbered, with the result that they were found to be 9,500. According to “Bradford Survey” taken about 1748-49, the population was 12,817, so that it had not even then by over 2,000 reached the highest point at which it previously stood. The second national census showed a population of 17,242 – an increase of about 1,200 – and at the census of 1821 the number had increased to 21,242.
The population as enumerated at subsequent periods had been as follows:
The only decrease was between 1861 and 1871, when a falling off of nearly 3,000 was due to depression in the ribbon and watch trades.
In 1911 the enumerated population was 106,377—an increase of 36,399, or more than 52 per cent. To the population of the County Borough (Urban District) has to be added that of the parishes of St. Michael and Holy Trinity without (the Rural District of Coventry) within the Coventry Poor Law Union and the Parliamentary Borough, of 582—the grand total for “Greater Coventry” being 106,959.’ It is estimated that by the present year (1916) the total population had further increased by upwards of 10 per cent. The population may now be taken as bordering on 130,000.
The area of the city in acres is 4,147; the assessable rateable value as at 31st March, 1916, is £483,324. The number of voters on the burgess roll for 1914-15 is over 23,000, and on the Parliamentary Register over 20,000. | <urn:uuid:527b850a-ec4b-494b-9b1a-f11b32756b00> | {
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Tuesday, April 30, 2013
Psychology has dramatically changed the world in virtually every aspect imaginable. From the way that we view criminal behavior to the role that dreams play in our waking life, psychology has revolutionized human behaviors and interactions. This kind of progress would certainly not be possible without the practitioners whose research have been driving this science forward. From scientific to metaphysical speculation, the approaches of psychologists have been dramatically diverse throughout the history of psychology.
The Father of Modern Practice
Sigmund Freud is often known by the above title. His pioneering investigation into the roles that sexuality and our relationships with our parents play in our daily decision-making process has made invaluable contributions to psychological insight. Despite the fact that he receives some abuse for his extreme emphasis on the role of sexuality, our understanding of important psychological factors such as repressions and sublimation would not be what they are today without his influence. Other members of the Freud family became influential as well. His daughter became well-known in the area of child psychology and his son was a successful portraitist.
Genius on the Fringes of his Field
Carl Jung has been extremely influential in this field regardless of the fact that his writings are left out of many of today's classrooms. He had a long relationship with Freud until they had a fallout concerning theories of roots causes for a large number of illnesses. Rather than focus on the role that sexuality could play in mental illness, Jung developed writing on an understanding of the collective unconscious and its role in inhibiting the ability of the individual to “actualize” themselves in contemporary society. Many of the techniques that formed the foundation of Alcoholics Anonymous were also based on the ideas of Jung.
Ivan Pavlov laid the foundations for for what we now know to be behavioral therapy and cognitive/behaviorist analysis. By conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell through associating food with this audio stimulus, Pavlov demonstrated the strength in the relationship between stimulus, our actions, and the memory of our responses to certain stimulus in the past. Though technically not a psychologist, Pavlov's research has changed the face of modern psychology.
The Mind of a Child
Any childhood education major will be familiar with the name Jean Piaget. His investigations into childhood development have governed many of the techniques used to educate children in the classroom. From developmental skills to cognitive abilities, he helped to establish the stages of development that allow us to understand the limitations of learning for specific age groups from a technical standpoint. Erik Ericson also made considerable contributions to this area of study. However, Piaget's efforts more clearly linked these stages of development with the concept of identity that children cultivate as they develop. Piaget was also the first practicing psychologist to state that children think in ways that are vastly different from adults.
Shifting the Paradigm
Carl Rogers picked up where the Greeks and early Renaissance left off in a certain sense, shifting the focus of psychoanalysis from the Freudian model to that of a more Humanist perspective. He believed that the people being treated, rather than the prominent theory of the day, should be the focus of treatment. In other words, the patients were responsible for guiding the direction of sessions and ultimately responsible for their own healing. The client-centered counseling was revolutionary at the time. It was somewhat controversial due to the fact that it slightly undermined the stature of the practitioner. Giving power over to the patient flew in the face of the notion that the psychologist alone possessed expertise and that their methods were absolutely unquestionable.
School counselor Jen Dover enjoys sharing some of the roots of psychology as well as some of the more modern theories with her readers. Jen is also a contributing writer at School Psychologist Files, a terrific resource for those interested in becoming a school psychologist. | <urn:uuid:2845111b-75da-4b24-b2d9-67fff54a9303> | {
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What Is Rtv Sealant?by John BrennanUpdated March 16, 2018
Silicones are polymers of silicon that also include carbon, hydrogen and sometimes other elements. Room-temperature vulcanization (RTV) sealants are made of silicon polymers that become cross-linked in a reaction that takes place at room temperature.
Natural rubbers are sticky and deform easily in warm conditions. Vulcanization makes rubbers more stable, or "cures" them, by introducing sulfur cross-links between adjacent polymer chains. Vulcanization ordinarily takes place at high pressures and temperatures.
Unlike the vulcanization of rubber, the vulcanization process in an RTV sealant takes place at room temperature. The presence of water triggers a condensation reaction that forms cross-links between adjacent polydimethylsiloxane chains; these chains formed of silicon and oxygen atoms with two methyl groups attached to each silicon.
RTV sealant is stored in airtight squeeze tubes. When the RTV sealant is squeezed out of the tube onto a surface, the material comes in contact with moisture in the air, triggering the reaction that will cause it to cure and harden. RTV sealant is useful for a variety of applications, including sealing gaskets in cars and boats, and engine repair.
- "Organic Chemistry, Structure and Function"; Peter Vollhardt and Neil Schore; 2007
- "Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials"; John McKenzie and Grant Cowie; 1991
- Girl repair car on road image by Vasyl Dudenko from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:b0775463-3016-4fb4-ba5f-40bf3667e387> | {
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A list of everything that has changed in our world due to technology would be never ending. But what about creativity? Has technology affected our creative process? Of course. Technology has amplified the average person’s ability to be creative in so many ways it’s hard to count them. Here are three ways the traditional approach to creativity has been amplified by the technology revolution.
- Multiple mediums. Technology has given people more outlets to express themselves. Traditional
platforms have morphed into digital ones that provide more opportunities to be different and stand out. From social platforms like Twitter and Instagram to digital mediums like online ads, multimedia press releases, and content-sharing platforms, technology has opened up many outlets to let loose your creativity.
- Instant connection. We live in an interconnected world where businesspeople can easily communicate with coworkers, vendors, and clients in other time zones and even across seas. For instance, technology has made it possible for a business in the US to seamlessly and effectively manage a client in Australia. Fifteen years ago, that would have been almost impossible. Easy access to businesses all over the world makes it easy to collaborate and get those creative juices flowing no matter where you are.
- An updated toolkit. Creative technology keeps pace with electronics and data updates. Each year there are new programs with better features that provide efficiency and practicality while allowing for creative design. These updated toolkits expedite the turnaround process for many well-designed, visually exciting pieces. With most clients on tight deadlines, it’s imperative that creatives be able to redesign or edit a design piece quickly.
As we move into an ever more digitized world, technology will only continue to amplify creativity. While creativity can’t be taught, it can be enhanced by using the best technology out there to help find the right solutions for your clients. | <urn:uuid:7267e91e-dfd4-4974-80e4-903ef5dd9beb> | {
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Singulair (Montelukast) – Medical Facts You Should Know About This Drug
What is Montelukast?
Montelukast is used to treat asthma. It is also used to relieve symptoms of some of the common seasonal allergies. This drug is recommended by doctors for long-term treatment of asthma and other respiratory tract allergies. The use of this drug is very effective in preventing asthmatic attacks.
Montelukast was approved by the FDA in 1998. This drug works through blocking the allergens from affective the respiratory system. This is also one of the safest steroids available today. It can be administered to children aged 6 months and above. For this particular reason, this drug is exceptionally popular, especially when it comes to treating asthma and respiratory system allergies in children in particular.
How to use the Drug?
This medication is available in tablets, granules and chewable tablets forms, which can be taken orally. The usual prescribed dose of Montelukast is 10 mg once a day for adults and 4 mg - 5 mg for children or as prescribed by the doctor. It is recommended that asthma patients should take the medication in the evening, so they have a peaceful sleep.
Any Special Precautions/Contraindications
This drug provides excellent results in the treatment shortness of breath and asthma attacks, yet some precautions need to be taken to avoid side effects.
• You must always inform your doctor, if you are allergic to this drug.
• If you have a medical history of liver disease consult your doctor before taking Montelukast.
• Doctor must be informed if you ares suffering from Phenylketonuria (PKU).
• Pregnant and breastfeeding women must consult a doctor before taking this drug.
5 Top Benefits of Montelukast
Montelukast has shown exceptional results in relieving the condition of asthma. Besides, it is extremely effective in preventing symptoms such as shortness of breath. Other benefits are:
• This drug is exceptionally effective is providing quick relief, which is very important in asthmatic patients.
• This is an FDA approved drug and hence, it is safe to use.
• This drug is very popular because it safe for children and it is very effective in controlling all the asthmatic symptoms.
• Montelukast has minimal side effects – and most cases none – for which asthmatic patients who are allergic to other steroids can use this drug with no problems.
• This is a low-cost drug which is easily available online and offline and hence, can use by anyone who needs it.
We only ship medications which are approved by FDA, Also please consult your doctor to make a full decision on what medication to take. | <urn:uuid:9187a360-40ec-42fe-b2d1-62a61db0d3b0> | {
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- Publication no: ABC2017-045-17
- Published: 20 April 2017
Safety in design provisions to prevent high loss of life and bridge collapse resulting from train derailments for both rail underbridges and overpasses have been subject to much debate in the recent past. Whilst these events are rare they can happen for a variety of reasons and can result in major disasters which are not acceptable, especially in today’s risk-averse environment and in the light of current knowledge.
The BD90 Standards Australia Committee which reviewed AS5100 Bridge Design Standard considered world’s best practice and the possible precautions that can be taken to avoid major disasters. The new provisions are considered to be the world’s most advanced and challenging safety in design guidelines with the overriding focus on satisfying the intent of the provisions even for the more complex bridge designs.
This paper discusses the new provisions and how to implement them to ensure that rail travel is safer, in line with the “Safe System” paradigm, Australian model Work Health and Safety Act (WHS Act) and Rail Safety National Law. | <urn:uuid:8aa8fb93-4455-45ec-b8b8-6063b24c8335> | {
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Driving is a bad idea for people who have to wear a cast, splint or brace while recovering from an injury or surgery to their right foot.
The researchers measured emergency braking time in volunteers using a brake adapted for use by the left foot, or wearing a short leg cast, a controlled ankle-motion boot, or normal footwear. It was found that, compared with a driver wearing normal footwear, those wearing a device or with adapted brakes in a car traveling at 60 miles per hour would travel: an additional 9.2 feet during emergency breaking if the driver is wearing a right lower-extremity controlled-ankle-motion boot; an additional 6.1 feet if the driver is wearing a right lower-extremity short leg cast; an additional 6 feet if the driver is using a left-foot braking adapter. It took much longer to brake when a driver is wearing an ankle immobilisation device than when wearing normal footwear.
In addition, compared with a driver wearing normal footwear, those wearing a device or with adapted brakes in a car traveling at 35 miles per hour would travel an extra 5.4 feet, 3.6 feet and 3.5 feet, respectively, which might mean the difference between avoiding or having a collision, the researchers noted.
The researchers did not find a device that was as safe as normal footwear. They only tested emergency braking situations, but it's reasonable to assume that if a person cannot stop quickly in an emergency, it may not be safe for that person to be driving.
Based on the above findings, the researchers cannot recommend that any patient return to driving using a brake adapter or wearing an immobilisation device on the right foot. Orthopaedic surgeons need to educate their patients about these safety concerns when discussing the best time to begin driving again. | <urn:uuid:bfddce7b-0313-4793-81d6-9abb9e65f551> | {
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Posted: Feb 24, 2014 5:51 PM by Pat Shingleton
One of the most difficult wine grapes to produce is the pinot noir. The Santa Rita Hills in Santa Barbara County, California, leads the world in the production of this grape. Weatherwise Magazine reports that a series of mountains in southern California that strike east-to-west are known as the Transverse Ranges. The Mediterranean climate and diverse soils also are the ingredients for these exceptional grapes. With the La Purisima Hills to the north, the Santa Rosa Hills to the south, and traversed by the Santa Ynez River another wine-growing component is identified. Cool Pacific fog constantly invades the area and follows the Santa Ynez River. Morning fog blankets these grapes followed by mid-morning sunlight and Pacific breezes. | <urn:uuid:5a2d1b59-a93d-4379-a850-33f1047d7c11> | {
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Presentation on theme: "Leaning Objectives 1.You will be able to identify, define and demonstrate correct usage of adverbs. 2.You will identify adverbs and the words that they."— Presentation transcript:
Leaning Objectives 1.You will be able to identify, define and demonstrate correct usage of adverbs. 2.You will identify adverbs and the words that they modify. 3.You will identify intensifiers or adverbs that modify adjectives and other adverbs. 4.You will rewrite the given passage with appropriate adverbs to add meaning, mood, and colour.
Adverbs We Can Do Without Developed by Ivan Seneviratne
What are they? Adverbs are words that modify an action verb, an adjective and another adverb. Examples
Modifying a Verb When modifying a verb, an adverb may describe or tell how, when and where? Examples: –I slept soundly. (tells how) –I slept later. (tells when) –I slept there. (tells where)
In the passage below, the adverbs modify verbs. The adverbs are in orange colour and the verbs they modify are in yellow colour. The watchman raised his torch and aimed for the intruder's head. He aimed carefully. As he aimed, he yelled loudly. The torch crashed heavily on the intruder's skull and the intruder fell immediately to the floor. The body hit the ground heavily. The watchman laughed wickedly.
Modifying an Adjective or Another Adverb An adverb that emphasizes an adjective or adverb is called an …. INTENSIFIER. almost extremely just nearly practically quite not rather really so somewhat such too very Intensifiers
Intensifier may tell how and to what extent. Examples: 1.She is very pretty. 2.They are extremely smart. 3.The puppy barked too loudly. 4.The boy ran rather quickly. Adj. Adv.
In the next passage, the adverbs modify adjectives. The adverbs are orange colour and the adjectives they modify are in green colour. The watchman bent over the body. He examined the hands. They were unexpectedly large hands. They were very rough. They looked like the hands of a builder or a gardener. The feet were equally large. He looked at the footwear. A pair of extremely old sandals of a type no longer made. Underneath the sandals were grey socks. The socks were incredibly dirty. He looked at the face. The face was very unusual but also absolutely familiar to him.
Types of Adverbs They tell us how the actions were done. She moved slowly and spoke quietly. They tell us where the action took place. Let’s hang the picture here. They tell us when the action took place. It's starting to get dark now. Adverbs of MannerAdverbs of PlaceAdverbs of Time
Types of Adverbs They tell us how often the situation occurred. She takes the boat to the mainland every day. They tell us to what extent something has occurred. It was extremely funny. Introduces a sentence that asks a question. where, when, why and how. Adverbs of FrequencyAdverbs of DegreeInterrogative Adverbs
Types of Adverbs Some adverbs are used as conjunctions. moreover, anyway, however, hence, then, besides and nevertheless They Introduce reasons or explanations for things happening or being done. because, because of, as, since, for, due to and owing to. Adverbs as ConnectivesAdverbs of Reasons
Work in Pairs! Rewrite the passage using adverbs. Pat and Sandy walked to their new neighbor's house. Their mother had made some cookies as a kind of welcome present to the neighborhood. The neighbor's house stood on the corner of the street and was surrounded by a fence. The children looked at the house as they passed through the gate. "Look!" said Pat and pointed at a cat in the window. Soon they were down the front path and stood in front of the door. "Well, ring it!" said Sandy and Pat did so. They waited for someone to answer. Soon they heard footsteps and the door opened.
Recognizing Adverbs Most adverbs are formed from an adjective by adding the suffix- ly or - ally to the end. However, some words that end in – ly are adjectives. adjective + ly Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective. high, low, hard, better, fast The adverb corresponding to the adjective "good" is “well.”
Spice Your Sentences We walked slowly over the icy sidewalks to the cafeteria. Revised: Slowly we walked over the icy sidewalks to the cafeteria. (for emphasis, add a comma after the adverb) Slowly, we walked over the icy sidewalks.
In the next passage, there are adverbs that modify other adverbs. The adverbs that modify other adverbs are in orange colour and the adverbs they modify are in italics. The watchman smiled extremely widely and then laughed very loudly. So this was the intruder. What a surprise. He had seen this particular person on several occasions in the university, walking around so confidently as if at home. In fact, he knew this face surprisingly well. This was the person he had seen coming out of Professor Walker's office at the end of term. He had wondered about that. After all, Professor Walker had been attending a conference overseas. However, he had come back pretty quickly when he had heard that the language department was to be amalgamated with the drama department. The watchman looked down at the body again. He hadn't realized that faces changed that rapidly after death.
Your Turn!!! Read the following passage and add appropriate adverbs to make it interesting. The watchman recovered from the madness that had overcome him. He was sweating. This was a difficult situation. There was a body at his feet. He had killed. It was an easy thing to do. What about Professor Walker? He ran towards Professor Walker's office. He saw Professor Walker lying across his desk with a knife plunged into his chest. There were no witnesses. Nobody knew about the things that had happened. | <urn:uuid:8cfe5ecc-4b97-493b-bc43-d43af54ae091> | {
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The relationship between Christianity and science is hotly debated, and both believers and skeptics have appealed to Albert Einstein to buttress their positions. Believers point to Einstein’s many references to God while skeptics note his rejection of revealed religion. Alister McGrath, Andreas Idreos Professor of Science and Religion at Oxford University, has written a new book on the famous physicist, A Theory of Everything (That Matters): A Brief Guide to Einstein, Relativity, and His Surprising Thoughts on God (Tyndale).
McGrath also recently published Narrative Apologetics: Sharing the Relevance, Joy, and Wonder of the Christian Faith (Baker), in which he argues that stories are an important but often overlooked resource for commending Christianity. In both books, he contends that the Christian faith has a better story to tell than secular alternatives and offers great explanatory power.
Christopher Reese spoke with McGrath about the interconnected topics of faith, science, and apologetics.
You stress in A Theory of Everything (That Matters) that Einstein sought to integrate his scientific knowledge with religion, philosophy, and other disciplines. What can we learn from Einstein’s approach to seeing the bigger picture of reality?
Einstein is emphatic that science is only able to give a partial account of our complex and strange universe. It may help us to understand how our universe functions, but it does not engage deeper questions of meaning and value. For Einstein, it was essential to have a rounded view of this matter, enabling reflective human beings to appreciate new insights into the structure and functioning of the universe, working out what is good and trying to enact this in their lives, and finding meaning in their lives and the universe. Einstein is a very helpful role model for Christians as they try to integrate these different aspects of their lives.
Some prominent intellectuals still hold to the idea that Christianity and science are natural enemies, even though historians of science largely reject that characterization. Why does this view still persist?
Historians of science have decisively rejected the so-called “conflict” narrative of the relation of science and religion. It’s now widely recognized that the relationship between science and religion over the centuries is complicated and that no single model is able to do justice to this. At certain points there are degrees of tension; at others, there are genuine areas in which synergy and mutual enrichment are possible. The disturbing question is why New Atheists like Richard Dawkins and Christopher Hitchens persist with this outdated and discredited narrative, given that they emphasize the importance of evidence-based beliefs. Some scholars suggest that New Atheism has become dependent on the warfare narrative and so is locked into that framework.
How would you describe your approach to relating Christianity and science?
My own approach is to emphasize the importance of dialogue between science and faith, recognizing that this dialogue will involve both disagreement at points and possible enrichment. Some might suggest that this approach is discredited by the fact that science and religion are incompatible. I will point out in response that they are only incompatible if science is allowed to determine everything that we believe, thus undermining political, social, and ethical beliefs. Science and religion are different, but they can talk to each other!
Einstein, for example, was a very active socialist and saw no tension between his political views and his love of the natural sciences. Others would, of course, draw different political conclusions. But I’m not aware of any serious thinker who argues that scientists should disengage from ethical and political reflection, despite the fact that these three areas of human thought, science, ethics, and politics, use quite different methods in reaching their conclusions. The argument that religion is incompatible with science is simply a rhetorical strategy designed by aggressive secularists to silence religious voices and eliminate them from popular discussions.
Briefly summarize for us what Einstein believed about God and Christianity.
Einstein is noted for his impersonal conception of God as a mind behind the universe. He is critical of the idea of a personal God, because he believes it’s a human construction. Some atheist writers have read his criticisms of a personal God and drawn the false conclusion that he believes in no God. Einstein’s very abstract and impersonal conception of God stands at some distance from the personal and relational God so characteristic of the Christian faith. However, Christians can see Einstein’s ideas as a starting point for a deeper discussion of the nature of God. One of the core questions I explore in this book is how Christians can engage in dialogue with Einstein while developing an apologetic route leading from Einstein’s conception of God to a more Christian approach.
What are some common myths about Einstein’s beliefs?
Perhaps the most common myth I uncovered is that Einstein was an atheist who was constantly embarrassed by being described as a theist. This interpretation of Einstein is found in some writings of Richard Dawkins, most notably in his book The God Delusion. I have not been able to find anything in Einstein’s writing that supports this conclusion. If anything, Einstein’s concern was that he was being misrepresented as an atheist by those who had some kind of grudge against God.
Today, science is popularly seen as the final arbiter of truth for all questions. In your opinion, what are the limits of science?
Science is outstanding in helping us to understand how our universe functions. A number of atheist writers have suggested that, since science is so successful in its own field, it ought to be allowed to extend its authority to just about every area of human thought. I think this is a seriously flawed argument. As the philosopher Mary Midgley points out, we develop different tools to investigate different aspects of reality.
Much the same point is made by the quantum theorist Werner Heisenberg, who remarks that we only know nature as it is disclosed by our different research methods. A tool that works well for one purpose will not necessarily work for anything else. The suggestion that science has privileged access to the truth may be true in a wide range of empirical areas, but it’s not true in relation to ethics or the deep questions of meaning that many now regard as being so important to authentic human existence. That’s why Karl Popper introduced the idea of “ultimate questions,” which have deep existential significance for human beings but lie beyond the scope of the scientific method to answer.
Let’s talk now about your other new book, Narrative Apologetics. What is narrative apologetics, and how does it differ from traditional apologetics?
In an increasingly secular culture, apologetics is of increasing importance for the ministry of the church. It takes many forms, including arguments for the rationality of faith in general and the existence of God in particular. Narrative apologetics is not to be seen as an alternative to these older approaches. It has its own distinct strengths, which can complement or supplement those other approaches.
The core element of narrative apologetics is the recognition of the importance of stories or narratives in helping people to grasp theological ideas, connecting with the core themes of the Christian faith, and allowing individual believers to “tell their stories” as an apologetic strategy. Although we find this approach in many Christian writers, it is particularly important for CS Lewis, JRR Tolkien, and Dorothy L Sayers. Lewis, in particular, argues that God authorizes the use of stories as a way of communicating the vitality of the Christian faith and exploring some of its key themes.
What are the unique advantages of narrative apologetics?
Narrative apologetics, like narrative theology, tried to remain faithful to the biblical emphasis on telling stories as a way of explaining what the Christian faith is all about. For CS Lewis, Christianity is able to out-narrate the dominant narratives of our culture. In other words, Christianity tells a better story than its secular alternatives—a story that is more truthful and trustworthy, which is capable of capturing the imagination and serving as a gateway for Christian truth.
We can find many examples of these stories in Scripture. Think, for example, of some of the parables of the kingdom. Yet narrative apologetics also invites us to think of what other stories we might tell. One point I make in this book is that we can use our own stories for apologetic purposes.
In my case, I can tell a true story about how a trenchant atheist was challenged by the rich Christian vision of reality and so left atheism behind and embraced Christianity. That story is interesting, but it’s also important in that it demonstrates that Christianity was not simply true but real. In other words it had the capacity to change my life. Anyone listening to that story will realize that it is implying that others might be transformed by the Christian gospel in the same way.
You note that people in the 21st century are more concerned with whether Christianity works than whether it’s true. In shifting to a narrative approach to apologetics, are we in danger of embracing pragmatism?
I think there’s a real danger that Christians will adopt a very pragmatic approach to apologetics, focusing on whether a particular technique works, rather than carefully examining its theological presuppositions. That’s one of the reasons why I spend so much time in Narrative Apologetics laying the biblical and theological foundations for this approach to apologetics. Pragmatically, it does work really well! But the more important point is that it can be rigorously justified at a theological level.
Although I spend quite some time in this book exploring the theological foundations of narrative apologetics, there’s more work that needs to be done, and I look forward to further explorations and examinations of this approach. It needs more calibrating and road testing.
On a practical level, what are some ways that Christians can use narrative apologetics to share and defend the gospel?
The simplest way of using narrative apologetics is to tell stories in response to questions asked by our friends and family. For example, if someone asks me how believing in God could change someone’s life, I will say “let me tell you my story.” Stories tend to be more interesting than arguments. Yet very often, telling stories makes people want to explore things further, raising objections for further discussion, because they’ve realized there was something serious on offer here. And at this point, more traditional approaches to apologetics can come into play, often to great advantage.
I find it very helpful to work through all the parables of Christ and ask how I would use each of these apologetically. I often use the story of the pearl of great price from Matthew 13 to illustrate the point that people are very often searching for something that really matters and really satisfies, and then I explain how, in my own case, the gospel changed me and met my deepest needs.
Or suppose someone asked me what the love of God is like. I could try giving a definition—for example, telling this person that the love of God is so great and so wonderful that I can’t really describe it. But a more effective apologetic response is to turn to the gospel passion narratives and tell the story of Christ laying down his life so that those who he loves might live. That aspect of the gospel story, it seems to me, communicates the truth of the love of God in a memorable manner.
Christopher Reese is a freelance writer and the managing editor of The Worldview Bulletin. He co-founded the Christian Apologetics Alliance and is general editor of The Dictionary of Christianity and Science (Zondervan, 2017) and Three Views on Christianity and Science (forthcoming from Zondervan, 2021).
Read our review of A Theory of Everything (That Matters) here.
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- Learn more | <urn:uuid:3435b72e-d39a-4a10-b372-0864ea5cf584> | {
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‘Brain and environment are one, interdependent, reciprocal dynamic process. Change the environment and you change the brain.’
The human brain created Technology that changed the environment that is now changing the brain. In the mid 1800s Emerson, cautious of the industrial revolution, noted; the weaver becomes the web, writes Michael Mendizza, author and founder of Touch the Future, in his blog.
Mendizza, a documentary film maker, has studied media for 30 years. He writes that relating to a screen can be likened to sensory deprivation for children. He says the excessive use of media in early childhood is weakening the core foundation on which learning depends.
Mendizza writes: Screen based technologies are all ‘virtual’. To have an appropriate relationship with a virtual reality one must first have a well-developed physical, emotional, cognitive foundation in what used to be the only reality – natural experience and relationship based and perception. Introduce virtual reality too early, when the natural reality is still forming and you displace, push aside, critical experiences in the development and stabilization of that natural reality. | <urn:uuid:0735d94b-d9f5-4d59-b4a5-e2024d288cf2> | {
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Simple free learning tools for students and teachers | QuizletWe make simple learning tools that let you study anything, for free.
Quizlet.com was created on the 2004-07-15, domain is hosted in ip: 22.214.171.124, assigned to range IP: unknown, and owner of this ips: CLOUDFLARENET . Our algorithm estimates Quizlet.com worth to be about $2,075,114 and estimates that it gets about 519,751 visits per day. Quizlet.com is located in United States. Quizlet.com using cloudflare-nginx server and powered by unknown.
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is not the registrant of domain names listed in this database. | <urn:uuid:58a14d05-f49a-4339-a713-5a5a7524f818> | {
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Boost for Asian big cats
Amur Leopard, located in the Russian Far East. As of mid-2008, only 35 remain in existence.
A new tiger protected area (PA) was created by India in February in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The forests of the athyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary extend the existing Bandipur Tiger reserve in the neighbouring state of Karnakata, creating a protected area complex that is home to one of the world’s largest tiger populations, and significant numbers of elephant and leopard.
A recent census of Far East leopard in Russia showed at least 50 individuals – a significant increase in five years since the last census – and that the leopard is extending its range to the China border. WWF seeks a transboundary leopard reserve along the China-Russia border linking existing PAs and covering 600,000ha to sustain much larger populations. | <urn:uuid:6f51d266-cad0-46ae-b9b5-d39005f82132> | {
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Animal Species:European Wasp
The European Wasp was first found in Australia in 1959 in Tasmania. By 1978 they were also known in Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia, and are now firmly established in the Sydney area.
Standard Common Name
European Wasps are a stout wasp with a bright yellow and black banded abdomen, and a pair of black spots on each yellow band. They have two pairs of clear wings with the first pair larger. They have black antennae and fly with their legs held close to the body.
1.2 cm - 1.6 cm
The European Wasp is a native of Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor. In Australia, the first European Wasps were found in Tasmania in 1959. By 1978 they had also been found in Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia. They are now firmly established in metropolitan Sydney, and are also found in Bowral/Moss Vale, the Blue Mountains, Narrandera, Deniliquin, Albury, Wagga, Coleambally, Griffith, Dareton, Junee, Forbes, Coonabarabran, Orange, Bathurst and West Wyalong. European Wasps are also present in New Zealand.
European Wasps are found in large communal nests, normally only visible as a small entrance hole. They are normally built either underground or in cavities in walls, ceilings, logs or trees. The nests are made from chewed wood fibre.
Feeding and Diet
Workers of the European Wasp leave the nest in search of food, and are attracted to meats, sweet food and drink.
Other behaviours and adaptations
European Wasps' nests, which are made out of chewed wood fibre, can be found in ceilings, wall cavities, logs, tree trunks and soil.
European Wasp colonies are started in spring by a single fertilised queen, which lays an egg in a number of cells in the nest. These hatch into grub-like larvae and are tended by the queen for a number of weeks. They become the first batch of workers that take over nest construction and rearing of the larvae while the queen concentrates on laying eggs. The nest grows throughout the summer until a batch of males and new queens are hatched in the autumn. These mate and fly off to start new nests. In Europe the nest then disintegrates, but in Australia's warm climate the nest can continue to grow over a number of seasons. This results in giant and potentially dangerous nests of over 100,000 wasps.
Mating and reproduction
Towards the end of summer, several larger cells are constructed, in which a new generation of queens develop. Males also develop, and mate with the queens outside the nest before they die.
In late autumn the original queen dies, and the new queens disperse to find suitable over-wintering sites before forming a new nest in spring. In Europe the old nest then disintegrates and the dispersed queens hibernate in sheltered spots beneath loose tree bark or in roofs. A hibernating queen holds on to the substrate with her jaws, and tucks her legs, wings and antennae beneath her, remaining immobile for up to six months. However it is significant that in the warmer climate of Australia, one of the new queens may stay in the nest and begin laying eggs, without the usual over-wintering period being observed. Over several seasons, this can result in giant nests containing more than 100,000 wasps.
Danger to humans and first aid
European Wasps are more aggressive than bees and will attack when their nests are disturbed. Unlike bees, wasps can sting more than once, and do not die after stinging. The sting causes a burning pain and swelling. If stings are multiple, a more severe systemic reaction may occur.
In some individuals, wasp, bee and ant stings can cause an allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), but this is relatively uncommon. Effective treatment is available, which involves known bee/ant/wasp sting allergy sufferers carrying a special kit when outdoors. Immunotherapy or desensitisation is also available, and can reduce the severity of the allergy. Seven deaths over a twenty-year period attributed to wasp stings have been recorded in Australia, mainly amongst known allergy sufferers who were not carrying their preventative medicine with them.
A cold pack may be used to relieve the pain of the sting. If there is evidence of a more severe reaction or the sting victim is known to be allergic to wasp and bee venom, medical attention should be sought immediately.
- AGFACTS Information Leaflet AE31. 1994. European and Papernest Wasps. NSW Department of Agriculture.
- CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.
- Hadlington, P. & Johnston, J. 1998. An Introduction to Australian Insects. UNSW Press: Sydney.
- Zbrowski, P. & Storey, R.1995. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia. Reed Books: Sydney.
Got a question/comment about this animal species?
Specialists in Australian natural history and culture enquiries. | <urn:uuid:f4c57224-af8b-4f4f-b39c-f1bdd4bc2b47> | {
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Use tire in a sentence
- We never tire of watching it, thinking that it could not be spared from the landscape.
- Both play and lecture must be vivid, varied, picturesque, stimulating, or the audience would tire before the allotted time was over.
- I also told him the principle upon which I had conducted it; which was, to tire the enemy.
This page helps answer: how do I use the word tire in a sentence? How do you use tire in a sentence? Can you give me a sentence for the word tire? It may also be related to teaching class, special education, become a teacher, classroom writing, continuing education, teach, curriculum, teaching resource, and children education.
Example sentences with the word tire, a sentence example for tire, and tire in sample sentence. | <urn:uuid:5ae32fe1-59d0-41d5-9410-5f16a663f322> | {
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Purdue Libraries digitize Indiana Farmer
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. - Purdue Libraries has completed the digitization of Indiana Farmer for the years 1851-1917, which chronicles the state of Hoosier agriculture in the pre- and post-Civil War years.
The Library Services and Technology Act grant from the Indiana State Library and the Institute of Museum and Library Services provided funding for the digitization.
The digitized Indiana Farmer increases access to first-hand accounts of rural life in Indiana during the Civil War era. Students, researchers and enthusiasts now have relatively easy access to articles, editorials and advertisements about the routine life of farmers and their families during a time when the country was experiencing a threat to its existence.
Research conducted during this time answered such questions as: Do rabbits bite? Daniel Fiskel of Logansport concluded that they do after his nose was bitten while holding the research subject.
Three lesson plans are available to help elementary teachers integrate the digitized content into the state history curriculum. Each digitalized issue is full-text searchable so that users can more easily locate the newspaper content. The collection will become part of the Indiana Memory project.
The website also provides users descriptive information about the publication and project background.
The digitized collection can be found at http://e-archives.lib.purdue.edu/collections/indianafarmer/
Contact: Vicki Killion, associate professor of library science, 765-494-1417, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:67014f96-b0be-4c6c-978f-38c6ea7298de> | {
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LiveScience: “Do We Live in a Giant Cosmic Bubble?” As secular cosmology tries to cope with the visible evidence, the explanatory model gets more and more “improbable” and “outlandish.”
Those are the adjectives used by LiveScience writer Clara Moskowitz in her report on a cosmology-changing study that will be published soon in Physical Review Letters. Why? Because the study’s hypothesis has the potential to overturn centuries of cosmological “common sense.”
The study’s hypothesis has the potential to overturn centuries of cosmological “common sense.”
First, a little background. At the heart of modern, non-biblical astrophysics and cosmology is the Copernican principle: the assumed idea that the earth is not in any special, privileged position in the universe; rather, our location is driven by chance. Thus, our observations are no more special than what we would see from any place in the universe, and we can conclude that what we see is an accurate sample of the universe as a whole.
As you might expect, this principle is firmly rooted in the idea that earth wasn’t created, which is why it “surely couldn’t” have a “favored” position of any kind. Yet there is significant evidence in favor of the alternative: the anthropic principle, which maintains that we are actually in an incredibly favored position in the universe.
While it may seem like a trivial difference at first, the Copernican principle profoundly influences modern unbiblical astrophysics—which are overwhelmingly big-bang-based (although there are also non-creationist detractors who support the alternative steady state model). And so, on questions from the existence of extraterrestrial life to the “age” of distant starlight and the universe, one’s principle preference makes a world of difference.
So here’s the latest twist: what if the earth is in an “abnormal bubble of space-time that is particularly void of matter” (Moskowitz’s words)—that is, not at all in a humdrum, typical neighborhood of the universe? That would, at the very least, challenge the validity of the Copernican principle, and could distort such observations and measurements as the speed of the universe’s expansion.
Dark energy is the most popular explanation for why the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.
For instance, dark energy is the most popular explanation for why the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. But if we are actually in a low-matter “bubble,” the rest of the universe may appear to be farther away than it really is, perhaps eliminating the need for dark energy as an explanatory force.
Moskowitz explains using supernovas as an example. Type Ia supernovas always have the same brightness, according to astronomical models. Because of this, supernova brightness can be used as an indicator of distance. But while a dimmer supernova is (therefore) usually interpreted as being farther away, it may actually indicate that the difference in matter is causing the light to “diverge more than we would expect once it got inside our void.”
The study published in Physical Review Letters devises a way to test the two ideas, dark matter vs. the low-matter bubble, by examining numerous supernovas from the same region of space. They hope data from NASA’s planned Joint Dark Energy Mission, which is slated to observe more than 2,000 supernovas, will help answer that question.
According to Oxford University’s Tim Clifton, one of the study’s authors, “This idea that we live in a void would really be a statement that we live in a special place. The regular cosmological model is based on the idea that where we live is a typical place in the universe. This would be a contradiction to the Copernican principle.”
It will no doubt be a newsworthy discovery either way—though, as we cautioned earlier, models on whether or not the earth is “privileged” (and, the implication goes, “designed”) are always rooted in faith, and secular scientists will presumably dismiss any implications of design even if the Copernican principle is shown to be overstepping its bounds. Be sure to tune in to News to Note in 2014–2015, when the Joint Dark Energy Mission is scheduled to launch, for more!
Remember, if you see a news story that might merit some attention, let us know about it! (Note: if the story originates from the Associated Press, Fox News, MSNBC, the New York Times, or another major national media outlet, we will most likely have already heard about it.) And thanks to all of our readers who have submitted great news tips to us. | <urn:uuid:757449ec-d99c-4ac6-bbd5-b8f78798e933> | {
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The Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) was established under Administrative Conference Act of 1968. According to 5 USCS § 591, purpose of the act is to provide suitable arrangements to federal agencies for cooperatively studying mutual problems, exchanging information, and developing recommendations for action by proper authorities. Accordingly the act aims to ensure protection of private rights, and to effectively implement regulatory actions, and other federal responsibilities in public interest.
ACUS consists of heads of administrative agencies, private lawyers, university professors, various federal officials, and other experts in administrative law and government. Members of ACUS conduct studies of problems that exist in federal administrative agencies’ procedures and formulate solutions.
ACUS’s functions are to make recommendations for fair and efficient administration of federal agencies. It is both an independent agency and a federal advisory committee. However, ACUS cannot enact or enforce its recommendations as law. But, ACUS carries great weight in formulating procedures and policies of federal administrative agencies.
Powers and duties of ACUS are enumerated under 5 USCS § 594. Primarily, ACUS studies the efficiency, adequacy, and fairness of administrative procedures used by federal agencies to carry out their programs. After conducting the studies, ACUS provides appropriate recommendations to the U.S. President, Congress, or the Judicial Conference of the U.S. ACUS also arranges for exchange of information required to improve administrative process between federal agencies. Usually, ACUS collects information and statistics from federal agencies. ACUS publishes reports from this information for evaluating and improving administrative methods. ACUS enters into arrangements with other administrative agencies to jointly perform the functions provided under 5 U.S.C.A. § 594.
When foreign administrators request advice for improving their administrative procedure, ACUS provides assistance. This function of ACUS is subject to concurrence of the Secretary of State or the Administrator of the Agency for International Development. However, such assistance will be limited to analysis of issues relating to administrative procedure, provision of training of foreign officials in administrative procedure, and design improvement of administrative procedure. These actions indicate expertise of ACUS members. Moreover, such assistance includes all direct and indirect administrative costs. It will be a fully reimbursable function of ACUS.
ACUS has provided its greatest influence in introducing and supporting use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques in federal agency practice. | <urn:uuid:109d1c63-7d76-4935-baba-fedc730df4a1> | {
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In 2009, newly installed photovoltaic (PV) cells world-wide produced a peak amount of electricity estimated at 7.4 GW, out of which 5.8 GW was located in Europe. Similarly to previous years, this shows the EU's dominance, where more than three quarters of the world's new solar systems were installed. By the end of 2009, Europe's cumulative installed PV electricity generation capacity (existing and newly installed) was 16 GW, which is about 70% of the world's total (22GW). These are just some of the findings of the ninth annual Photovoltaics Status Report published today by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC).
The study, carried out by the JRC's Institute for Energy (IE), summarises and evaluates the results of a survey of more than 300 companies worldwide. It looks at the photovoltaic market and industry worldwide with special attention to the EU, India, Japan, China, Taiwan and the United States, providing a final outlook on the topic. It also provides an overview of current activities in research, manufacturing and market implementation in this sector. However, data from 2009 may have a higher uncertainty than usual, mostly due to the difficult market situation and a decreased willingness of companies to report confidential data.
Growth in European PV generating capacity
It is estimated that one GW of PV electricity generation capacity provides enough electricity for about 250,000 European households during one year. In the EU in 2009, 27.5 GW of new power capacity was constructed. About 21% (5.8 GW, up from 5.1 GW in 2008) of this was PV based.
Most of the EU's growth that year occurred in Germany (3.8 GW, reaching a cumulative value of 9.8 GW), where in the 4th quarter, some 2.3 GW were connected to the grid. In fact, Germany ranks first in the world for cumulative installed capacity (9.8 GW), followed by Spain (3.5 GW) (fig.1), thanks to the renewable energy legislation in these countries.
Second in the PV growth ranking was Italy with 0.73 GW (cumulative 1.2 GW), followed by Japan: 0.48 GW (2.6 GW), the US: 0.46 GW (1.65 GW), the Czech Republic: 0.41 GW (0.46 GW) and Belgium: 0.3 GW (0.36 GW).
However, the PV market is still incipient. In the EU, only 0.4% of total supplied electricity came from PV in 2009. In the world, this percentage is a mere 0.1%.
Production of PV cells
When it comes to the production of PV cells, the report estimates that this has increased worldwide to 11.5 GW in 2009 (56% up from 2008). In the EU, it remained at 2 GW (1.9 GW in 2008).
Leaders in this field were China with 4.4 GW in 2009 as compared to 2.4 GW in 2008, Taiwan (1.6 GW and 0.8 GW respectively) and Malaysia, whose production grew from 0.16 GW to 0.72 GW.
A significant number of players announced a reduction or cancellation of their plans to expand PV production worldwide in 2008 and 2009. Nevertheless, the shortfall appears to have been compensated, even exceeded, by new entrants into the field notably large semiconductor or energy-related companies.
Dramatic price reduction in solar modules
A special feature shown in 2009 is the fact that changes in the market - which has moved from a supply- to a demand-driven logic - and the resulting over capacity for solar modules have caused a dramatic price reduction of almost 50% over 2 years, with an average selling price of less than 1.5 per Watt.
Other key findings of the report
|Contact: Elena Gonzalez Verdesoto|
European Commission Joint Research Centre | <urn:uuid:eeb34ffd-9922-4698-ac43-14db12d09d42> | {
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Caring for your older cat (adapted from icatcare.org)
Cats are living much longer now than was the case 20 years ago, thanks to better nutrition, veterinary and home care. However as they age several things can go wrong at the same time. Many diseases are easily treatable so don't simply put any changes in your cat down to 'old age' and ignore them!
Problems such as a hyperactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), high blood pressure, kidney disease, diabetes and cancer are more likely to occur in older cats. Cats can also suffer from the equivalent of senile dementia, although signs can be confused with other diseases so it is important to establish a proper diagnosis. Older cats with failing kidneys may not drink sufficiently and can become dehydrated and constipated. They may spend less time grooming, leading to coat and skin problems or develop brittle overgrown claws, they may eat less because their sense of smell is not so acute or they have teeth or gum problems. Arthritis is also common in the senior group.
If your older cat is developing problems bring them in for a check-up and blood pressure check (Normal consult fee). If your cat has developed warning signs such as a change in water intake, appetite or behavior, we will usually recommend a screening blood and urine test at this stage ($80-$200 depending on test type).
The reason for testing is that we can often influence the progress of diseases. An example of this is that cats with appropriately diagnosed and treated kidney disease can live for 2.4 times longer than untreated cats (Years longer).
In recent years, feline ages and life-stages have been redefined, cats are considered to be elderly once they reach 11 years with senior cats defined as those aged between 11-14 years and geriatric cats 15 years and upwards. When caring for older cats it sometimes helps to appreciate their age in human terms.
The formula for calculating the equivalent age is fairly simple:
the first two years of a cat’s life equate to 24 human years and every year thereafter is equivalent to 4 human years. For example, a 16 year old cat would be equivalent to an 80 year old human.
The effects of ageing
With increasing age there are many changes to a cat’s physiology, behaviour and vulnerability to particular illnesses. Physiological changes include reduced ability to smell and taste food, reduced ability to digest fat and protein, reduced hearing, immune function, skin elasticity and stress tolerance.
As cats age their behaviour alters too, often as a direct result of the physiological changes taking place. The elderly cat adapts gradually to these changes and it may not be apparent unless you are specifically looking for signs of ageing. Older cats hunt less, spend less time outside, are generally less active and sleep for longer periods. They can have a reduced or fussy appetite, be less keen to play or groom and be more vocal. They also tend to become more insecure and therefore potentially more dependent on you.
Other behavioural changes can be seen as a direct result of disease, for example, increased thirst or appetite or aggression associated with pain.
Home care for the elderly
This is the time, more than any other, when your cat needs some essential care. As cats get older they will find it more difficult to maintain their own cleanliness and checking your cat regularly will enable you to detect problems that need to be tackled straight away.
For example, check your cat’s nails weekly. Elderly cats are less able to retract their claws and they may get caught in furniture and carpets. They can also overgrow and stick into their pads. Regular trimming will be necessary and with the right advice and training from your veterinarian it may be straightforward for you to perform this routine task and therefore avoid the need for a potentially stressful journey to the surgery.
Your old cat is less able to groom efficiently so you may need to wipe away any discharge around its eyes, nose or anus using separate pieces of cotton wool for each area moistened in warm water. You may also need to brush your cat using a soft brush and fine comb but care should be taken to ensure you are gentle, as older cats tend to be thin with very little padding over their bones so vigorous combing can be painful. At this time you can also check for lumps, bumps, sores or anything else that merits attention from the vet. Grooming shorthaired cats only needs to be completed thoroughly if there is any matting. This can often occur on the lower spine and hindquarters as your cat may be less flexible and therefore unable to reach these areas to self-groom.
If your cat is longhaired and is having difficulties keeping itself clean it may be helpful to trim the coat around its anus, underside of the tail and back legs to avoid soiling or matting. If you find any matts then they should be teased out rather than cut with scissors as this can so easily damage the skin. If you have any concerns, consult your veterinarian as severe matts can be very uncomfortable for your cat.
For more information, see how to groom your cat
Hairballs are a common problem in older cats as they often have sluggish digestions and hair ingested during grooming may cause complications such as chronic vomiting or constipation. Special supplements or foods can be purchased to assist with hairballs should this become a problem for your cat.
Even if your elderly cat has access outdoors it is wise to provide an indoor litter facility as there will inevitably come a time when your cat just doesn’t feel inclined to toilet in cold, damp conditions outside. If you provide a litter tray you then have the opportunity to check your cat’s elimination habits for blood in the urine or stools, change in consistency of stools or other indicators of disease.
Old teeth and mouths can cause problems so check your cat regularly for signs of any growths, reddening of the gums or evidence of dental disease. Halitosis (bad breath), drooling, a ‘chattering’ jaw, loss of appetite and pawing at the mouth may all be signs of dental disease, if in doubt, consult your veterinarian.
Regular health checks
Your veterinarian will advise the frequency of health checks that would best suit your cat, taking into consideration its age and general health. Although it’s good to know your cat will be regularly examined it shouldn’t prevent you from being a little more vigilant at home to spot the first signs that all is not well. There are a number of general warning signs that merit attention from your veterinarian, namely:
Loss of appetite Weight loss Drinking more often or drinking a larger amount per day Stiffness, lameness or difficulty in jumping up Lethargy Lumps or bumps anywhere on the body Balance problems Toilet accidents or difficulty passing urine or faeces Disorientation or distress Uncharacteristic behaviour, such as hiding, aggression, excessive vocalisation
Your cat may have less of an appetite as it gets older as its sense of smell and taste diminishes or there may be occasions when your cat needs a little encouragement. There are various ways that you can stimulate appetite, for example:
Offer food little and often – for example four to six meals per day as a starting point - and choose a quiet area so that your cat isn’t distracted by noise and activity. Experiment with both familiar and unfamiliar food to tempt appetite Consider the type of bowl used to offer food: your cat may prefer a wide, shallow bowl or one with a rim, for example. Offer food at room temperature, gently warming food to just below body temperature can increase palatability Experiment with the consistency of the food offered. Some elderly cats, especially those with dental problems, prefer soft food to lumps or dry biscuits. You could try adding a small amount of water to the food and mashing with a fork Raise the food bowl onto a box, for example, as this may offer more comfortable eating to a cat with osteoarthritis affecting the neck. Avoid leaving uneaten wet food out for more than an hour and don’t be tempted to leave a range of different foods out as this can be overwhelming. Sitting with your cat whilst talking and stroking can increase appetite, you may even want to try hand feeding
Elderly cats are more vulnerable to becoming dehydrated, especially if suffering from medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, so always make sure that a variety of water bowls are available in the home in accessible areas away from the normal places where food is eaten. You may need to experiment with the type of container, for example, ceramic bowl, glass or drinking fountain and even the type of water, such as tap water, boiled water, filtered, spring etc. It may even be helpful to add a small amount of water to your elderly cat’s wet food. Water bowls, like food bowls, may be more comfortably used by the older cat if you raise it off the ground.
Elderly cat friendly home
All the recommendations for a cat friendly home will work as well for the elderly with a little modification. There is rarely the need to make drastic changes to the home to accommodate your cat as it gets older but small adaptations to the existing cat resources can make a significant difference to the quality of life. If your cat is finding stairs difficult to negotiate, for example, then it may be spending prolonged periods on one level, either up or down stairs. Ensuring that all your cat’s needs are met on that one level will avoid any risk of being unable to access important resources.
In order to make activity and movement in general easier for your older cat it is important that it feels comfortable walking. Laminate, tiled or wooden flooring can be slippery and old cats can become unstable on slippery surfaces making them less inclined to be active. Equally, carpet can catch on your cat’s claws that overgrow easily without regular stropping and remain protracted as the muscles weaken. Cut pile carpets are more comfortable for your cat than loop pile so if your flooring is the latter you can compromise by providing cut pile runners throughout the home to enable your cat to walk in comfort. This is also the ideal surface on which to play, particularly if your cat likes to lie down in the process.
If your cat has a favourite toy there is no reason to discard it as he gets older. The larger toys can be useful to encourage your elderly cat to lie on its side, grab the toy with the front paws and kick with the back legs. This gives great exercise for stiff hind limbs and is a type of play enjoyed by many. The ideal ‘kick toy’ is rectangular or cylindrical, between 6 and 8 inches long (15-20cm) and made of a durable fabric such as drill cotton or towelling.
The cardboard box is a real favourite for the cat but the principle may need adapting for the elderly. Older cats may like the idea of investigating but lack the flexibility to jump in and move around. Placing a large box on its side with the opening facing your cat will enable it to walk in and investigate. Carrier bags and paper bags can also provide opportunities for exploration, particularly if they crinkle, but handles should be removed to avoid any accidents as cats can easily get them caught round their necks.
Elderly cats are less likely to use the tall activity and scratching posts as the stropping action on vertical surfaces can put strain on arthritic joints. Offering similar horizontal surfaces can satisfy those that still enjoy scratching and the action provides important exercise for the muscles of the forelimbs.
Cats love to view outdoors and most enjoy sitting on high windowsills but jumping up can prove difficult if not impossible for some elderly cats, so provision should be made for easy access up to and down from these favourite look-outs. A series of shallow steps offer the best solution, ramps can be used but comfortably only if they are angled to represent a slight incline rather than a steep slope.
Your older cat may enjoy the challenge of puzzle feeders but it’s important to monitor food consumption to ensure that the extra effort doesn’t dissuade your cat from eating. If this is the case, stick to bowls that are placed in your cat’s favoured spot.
Litter trays should normally be located well away from other resources, such as food and water but for the very elderly or those cats suffering from cognitive dysfunction it is appropriate for all its resources to be located in easy reach to avoid confusion.
The trays should probably not be the covered variety as these can be difficult to negotiate. Open trays with low sides are ideal and they should be firmly fixed to prevent them from being tipped up if your cat is clumsy when using a tray. Polythene litter liners should be avoided as they can catch in your cat’s claws and any indoor trays should be cleaned regularly. If your cat is suffering from a condition that causes increased thirst and urination you may need to fill the tray to a depth exceeding the recommendation of 3cm – probably as much as 5cm in some cases. Trial and error is required as your cat may prefer a more shallow litter that is cleaned more frequently.
Many favoured locations for sleep are on raised surfaces, such as your bed or a window sill, so it may become difficult with time for your elderly cat to access these special places. The positioning of ramps, steps and platforms will enable it to reach the area in gentle stages rather than giving up due to stiffness or weakness in the joints.
If your cat uses your bed, chair or sofa you may wish to provide a thermal blanket that is warm and washable. If your cat likes to sleep on window sills or other narrow platforms it is advisable to place a soft padded object underneath to prevent injury as many older cats have impaired balance and could easily fall. Ideally elderly cats should be encouraged to use secure or wider surfaces for sleep.
Your cat needs to be able to have uninterrupted rest so any areas chosen should be kept accessible and new ones created if lack of mobility prevents your cat from using those previously favoured.
Some elderly cats will reduce the frequency of excursions outside as a result of difficulty negotiating the cat flap. It may be helpful to build a step, inside and outside, to make it easier to use but eventually it is almost inevitable that the cat flap will be replaced by escorted trips into the garden via the back door. When this occurs, if no other cats in the household are using the flap, it would be advisable to block up or remove the flap to prevent invasion from other cats outside which would be distressing for your cat.
There are a number of reasons why your cat may stop going outside as it gets older. A significant influence is undoubtedly going to be the presence of other cats in the territory and a sense that your cat is no longer able to actively defend its patch. If you are able to secure your garden (for more information see fencing in your garden) you can exclude other cats and contain your own cat within the safety of your own property.
Holidays and celebrations
If your cat has always gone into a cattery when you are on holiday then there is no particular reason to change the routine. However older cats don’t cope particularly well with changes to their routine so there may come a time when your cat may prefer to stay at home with someone visiting, or staying over, to provide the necessary care. Ideally the cat-sitter should be someone with whom your cat is familiar.
Older cats can find parties and general festivities at home a little overwhelming so you may find your cat benefits from a secure and quiet place to retreat to, where it has everything it needs, while the activity is happening in another part of the house.Reduced vision and increased sensitivity to bright light may mean your cat is easily startled and takes longer to cope with any changes in the house, such as moving of furniture. Loss of hearing may also contribute to your cat being more easily startled. Often deaf cats will cry during the night or when left alone. Reduced sense of taste and smell may lead to a loss of appetite and change in food preferences. Heart and/or lung changes may contribute to reduced activity. Gut function may decline necessitating a highly digestible and calorific diet. Mild constipation is also common, in part due to mild dehydration and/or reluctance to use the litter tray or go outdoors. Diminished bone and cartilage quality leads to painful stiff joints and reduced mobility. Muscle wastage can result in weakness and contribute to reduced mobility. Overgrown and brittle claws require regular trimming. Altered behaviour and apparent senility, as a result of ageing changes in the brain, often leave the cat disorientated and reluctant to interact with family members and other pets. Thinning of the skin and reduced coat quality mean the older cat may need help with grooming. Decline in immune function, as a result of chronic disease, leads to increased susceptibility to infection.
Adapting the home environment
Provide soft comfortable beds in various favourite places. Keep these areas warm; heatpads or heated beds can be much appreciated! Beds/favourite resting areas should be easily accessible; place beds lower down or provide steps or ramps if necessary. Ensure there is access to quiet hiding places where your cat will be undisturbed by children, other pets, etc. Provide indoor litter trays – at least one on each floor of the house – in quiet but accessible areas within easy reach of your cat’s favourite rest areas. Big trays with shallow sides will be easier for your cat to get into. Use soft light litter that is not uncomfortable to stand on, and not difficult to dig in. Regularly groom your cat, especially if it is longer haired. Trim the claws as necessary and provide scratching surfaces. Ensure your cat is well hydrated. This is most easily done by feeding a wet food and adding water to the food. Provide multiple water bowls that are easily accessible. Your vet can give you further tips for increasing water intake. Offer smaller more frequent meals. For fussier eaters, be prepared to offer a variety of foods and try warming the food. Handle your cat carefully and gently as it may be arthritic and sore. | <urn:uuid:7dfd33df-73e7-402b-aaf5-a635eae5a7e3> | {
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Travel Destinations / Italy
Italian culture is heavily ‘family orientated’, immersed in arts, architecture, music and food. As the home of the Roman Empire, there’s a lot to uncover about the rich history of this remarkable country. Italians are often seen spending time at family gatherings as the value of family is placed in the highest regard.
More than 90% of people who reside in Italy are Italian, although, a range of diverse ethnicities inhabit in the country as well. Italy is easily accessible from other parts of the world via air, land and sea – European Union citizens can enter the country with their identity cards while all other foreigners require a passport.
Italian is the country’s official language, although accents and dialects vary from one region to another. A large number of local dialects are spoken in Italy. There are two regions in particular where a second official language is spoken - In Aosta Valley, French is spoken, while German is spoken in Trentino Alto Adige. Overall, there are a range of dialects spoken in the country, including
Mlilanese, Piedmontese, Venetian Sardinian, Neapolitan, Sicilian Friulian, Ligurian, and Calabrian.
It’s no surprise that Roman Catholicism is Italy’s most popular practiced religion as Vatican City is situated in the epicentre of Rome. About 90% percent of the entire population are Roman Catholic, while the remainder of the population are Jewish, Muslim, Protestant, and Christians of other denominations.
Italian cuisine may be the sole reason thousands of travellers flock to the country each year. Italy is renowned for its artistic cuisine. Cheese, pasta and wines are major ingredients of Italian meals, and are available in a variety of shapes, lengths and textures. While pastas and pizzas are known to the rest of the world as staple Italian cuisine, tastes and preferences vary, similarly to dialects. In the South of Italy for example, tomatoes, peppers and ricotta cheese are major ingredients in saucy stews.
HISTORIC SITES AND LANDMARKS
Travellers who are inspired by architecture usually flock to Italy as this is the home of the Colosseum, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and the famous Sistine Chapel of the Vatican. Explore jewels of history at museums in Florence, Venice and Rome, or visit an authentic Opera house as opera is an art form native to Italy. Other must-see venues include:
• Vatican Museums
• Basilica di San Marco
• Palazzo Ducale
• Ruins of Pompeii
• Galleria Degli Uffizi
• Mt Etna
• Cinque Terre
If you came to shop, you’ve come to the right place. The world’s most famous fashion brands hail from Italy, namely Versace, Prada, Gucci and Armani. Shopping centres and department stores are generally open from 9h00 to 22h00, from Monday to Sunday, while boutiques may close at 19h00.
The currency is the Euro. One euro can be divided into 100 euro-cents. And overall, there are eight different coins (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 euro-cents) and seven notes (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros).
Credit card payments can easily be made via credit card in Italy as the system has been implemented for years. You will usually not the valid credit card icons on the front door of a department store. Credit cards payments require identification, so be sure to carry your I.D along with you.
NB: Travellers cheques in USD and Euros can be cashed in Italian banks.
There are various ways to travel to Italy, namely air, land, and sea. Once in Italy, a reliable transport system is the high-speed rail network which affords you easy access to various Italian cities within a matter of hours. Trains usually have Wi-Fi data access, online ticket purchase gateways, and catering services which are convenient for those city-to-city train rides.
Ensure that you are up-to-date on routine vaccines before every trip. These vaccines include measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, varicella (chickenpox) vaccine, polio vaccine, and your yearly flu shot.
Mid-April to the end of October are the best months to visit. During this time the temperature averages between 70 – 80? F at night. Towards July, August and September, when the weather is hot and humid, you can expect a flood of tourists roaming through the country. It gets colder in the evening, throughout the year so be sure to bring a jacket or jersey along with you for the evenings. The climate In the North and South are considerably different. While the Northern region experiences extremely cold winters and hot summers, central Italy temperatures are milder. In the south of Italy, spring and autumn is similar to summer temperatures and winters aren’t half as harsh as those experienced in the north. | <urn:uuid:f5858336-c922-4beb-af0d-7df93933ad28> | {
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NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Mike Carlowicz.
Dust and sand storms are not unusual in North Africa and western Asia; in fact, they are a regular part of the region’s rhythm and observed often by satellites. But familiarity does not make them any less extraordinary.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image at 11:25 a.m. local time (0825 Universal Time) on July 7, 2014. A thick plume of dust was blowing out from the dry interior of Sudan and across hundreds of kilometers of the Red Sea, with smaller plumes also visible over Saudi Arabia and Eritrea. Prevailing northwest winds over the water blew the plumes to the southeast.
Though they are not necessarily as concentrated or intense as in other parts of the Middle East, airborne dust events occur with greater frequency in Sudan than just about anywhere else in the region. Dry lake beds and ephemeral rivers provide ample dry sand and clay that are picked up by winds blowing from interior Africa out to sea. In July 2013, MODIS instruments detected dust blowing out of Sudan nearly every day, and a similar pattern appeared to be recurring in early July 2014.
- NASA Earth Observatory (2013, August 1) A Persistent Plume Over the Red Sea.
- NASA Earth Observatory (2010, November 2) Aerosols: Tiny Particles, Big Impact.
- Rezazadeh, M., Irannejad, P., and Shao, Y. (2013) Climatology of the Middle East dust events. Aeolian Research, (10) 103-109.
Note: Often times, due to the size, browsers have a difficult time opening and displaying images. If you experiece an error when clicking on an image link, please try directly downloading the image (using a right click, save as method) to view it locally.
This image originally appeared on the Earth Observatory. Click here to view the full, original record. | <urn:uuid:970eeb1a-3c5a-432a-b7ba-980ab5c6a406> | {
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From YouTube, produced by Paulino Brener
Learn some basic words in Sign Language in this short video. You can learn how to say house, apartment, car, bus, chair, table. Video is set to music. Images of the objects are shown and then a teacher demonstrates the sign for the object. This video could easily be used for any age that is learning sign language. Run time 0:47. | <urn:uuid:0b37ccf0-8c17-4266-80cc-464a37b0ac0d> | {
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GIS application for assessing, mapping, and quantifying the social value of ecosystem services. Helps decision makers consider tradeoffs among them with the human attitudes and preferences that express underlying social values.
Ordering and descriptive information for National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) imagery acquired by the USGS from Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, International Space Station, Space Shuttle, and Shuttle Large Format Camera missions.
Home page for National Wetlands Research Center's (NWRC) Spatial Analysis Branch (SAB), which uses state-of-the-art technology to assist the work of natural resource managers with spatial data and computerized analysis techniques.
Links to Spectroscopy Lab projects to identify and map materials through spectroscopic remote sensing (imaging spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, imaging spectrometry, ultraspectral imaging, etc) on the Earth and in space.
Interactive Mapping Service (IMS) is an Internet based Geographic Information System designed to provide users with online mapping capability of habitats, land use and land cover, and seagrass for areas of Tampa Bay.
Colored map compiled by merging geologic and topographic maps of the United States through computer processing and enhancement with links to panoramic movie using QuickTime, descriptions of features, and a game entitled Puzzle of Regions.
Explains 16 distinct types of scientific information that are needed to understand climate change, including the specific parameters measured, why they are needed, who measures them, and the type and amount of information that are not yet available. | <urn:uuid:c8288df3-3ecf-496d-9fbd-537c445e9d62> | {
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Definition of Antonym
An antonym is a semantic term for words that have opposite meanings or definitions. To simply put it, an antonym is an opposite of another word. The term “antonym” has been derived from a Greek word antonumia, which means counter name.
It is, in fact, a sense relation or binary relationship between words that have opposite or contradictory meanings. For instance, in the sentence, “You forget what you want to remember and you remember what you want to forget” (The Road, by Cormac McCarthy), the underlined words “forget” and “remember” are opposites to one another. In other words, they are antonyms of one another.
Difference Between Antonym and Synonym
Antonyms are pairs of words that have opposite meanings, such as: night-day, bright-dull, and wet-dry. Synonyms, on the other hand, are a group of words having similar meanings. Most words have synonyms. Verbs, nouns, prepositions, adjectives, and adverbs have synonyms, provided they belong to the same parts of speech.
Types of Antonym
There are three types of antonym, which are:
- Graded Antonyms – Graded antonyms use words having variations between two opposites. For instance, the words “big” and “little” are opposite; however, they can use a variety of other words with opposite meanings such as:
- Big, bulky, full-size, huge / petite, slight, and little
- Smart, clever, canny, bright / stupid, dim, obtuse, foolish, unwise
- Happy, pleased, joyful, ecstatic / sad, gloomy, dejected, miserable
- Healthy, vigorous, fit, strong / sick, unwell, ill, ailing
- Relational or Converse Antonyms – Relational antonyms use word pairs having a close relationship in which each word cannot exist without the other, or one word has only a single relational opposite. For example:
- Complimentary Antonyms – Complimentary antonyms use word pairs that are absolute opposites. They can independently exist without each other, such as a daughter is not the complimentary opposite of a son in the family. Similarly girls can exist without their complimentary opposites, boys. Some of these are given below:
Examples of Antonyms in Literature
Example #1: The Plain Man and His Wife (by Arnold Bennett)
“If you ask me whom I mean by the plain man, my reply is that I mean almost every man. I mean you. I certainly mean me. I mean… the successful and the unsuccessful, the idle and the diligent, the luxurious and the austere.”
This is a good example of graded antonyms, as “successful” is opposite to “unsuccessful,” while “idle” is opposite to “diligent,” and “luxurious” is exactly opposite to “austere.”
Example #2: The World As I See It (by Albert Einstein)
“Every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving.”
The above example has used the graded antonyms “inner” and “outer,” “give” and “received,” and complimentary antonyms “living” and “dead.”
Example #3: Hamlet (by William Shakespeare)
“This above all: to thine own self be true,
And it must follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to any man.”
In this excerpt, Shakespeare has used graded antonyms “night” and “day,” and absolute or complimentary antonyms “living” and “dead.”
Example #4: A Tale of Two Cities (by Charles Dickens)
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair…”
Dickens has beautifully used antonyms in this passage. “Best” is opposite to “worst,” “wisdom” is opposite to “foolishness,” and likewise “belief” and “incredulity,” “light” and “darkness,” “hope” and “despair” are all graded antonyms.
Function of Antonym
The function of antonyms, in both speech and writing, is important because they highlight or emphasize the main idea of a text or speech. In literature, antonyms are used in different literary devices such as in synecdoche and paradox. These devices make some features of a character, or some quality in a person prominent. Antonyms also are helpful tools in narration, argumentation, description, and explanation. Antonyms also play an important role in language acquisition. | <urn:uuid:4837b5fd-9cb2-462d-a81c-de040d4337ed> | {
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The 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study is based on telephone interviews with more than 35,000 Americans from all 50 states. This is the second time the Pew Research Center has conducted a Religious Landscape Study. The first was conducted in 2007, also with a telephone survey of more than 35,000 Americans. The results from the new Landscape Study will be published in a series of reports.
Report and Interactive Tool
This interactive tool complements the first and second releases; the first report focuses on the changing religious composition of the U.S. and the demographic characteristics of U.S. religious groups, while the second report looks at religious beliefs and practices as well as social and political views for the U.S. adult population overall and for specific religious traditions. For example, users can:
- View the size of the different religious groups in the country, including smaller groups that account for just 1-2% of the population. See the religious composition of the U.S. >
- Explore religious beliefs and practices on a variety of measures, such as belief in God and rates of religious service attendance, for all Americans and for members of particular religious groups and denominations. See an example >
- See the percentage of each state’s population that is affiliated with various religious groups, as well as similar data for the country’s largest metropolitan areas. See an example >
- Find out what Americans and members of specific religious groups say about a range of social and political issues, from identification with political parties and ideologies to views about homosexuality, abortion and evolution. See an example >
- Track changes between 2007 and 2014 among religious groups, geographic areas and demographic groups. See an example >
- Choose a religious group in the U.S. and compare its demographic characteristics to those of other religious traditions. See an example >
- For most of this data, track changes between 2007 and 2014. For instance, see how Americans’ prayer habits have changed over this seven-year period. See an example >
Both the 2007 and 2014 studies have margins of error of less than one percentage point for the full sample, making it possible to identify even relatively small changes in religious groups’ share of the U.S. population. But it is important to keep in mind that larger margins of error apply when looking at the characteristics of smaller groups. The accompanying table shows approximate margins of error for groups of different sizes.
In this interactive tool, national religious composition percentages are rounded to the nearest tenth (e.g., 22.8%). For these figures, anything under 0.25% displays as <0.3%. All other percentages (such as state-level data or data on specific demographic groups) are rounded to the nearest integer (e.g., 23%). In these cases, anything less than 0.5% displays as <1%.
For full question wording, see the topline questionnaire.
The Religious Landscape Study was made possible by The Pew Charitable Trusts, which received generous support for the project from Lilly Endowment Inc.
We welcome your feedback and suggestions. Please e-mail us. | <urn:uuid:b6589350-b040-41fc-add1-9a2c0ab2722c> | {
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But that 140-character-limit promise contains few specifics. Now lawmakers are trying to fill in the details.
They say we could slash drug costs by allowing the government to use "march-in" rights. These rights would allow the federal government to strip drug patents from private companies at a whim whenever it thinks prices are too high.
It could then relicense the patents to generic manufacturers, who have undertaken no risk or investment in research and innovation.
Using march-in rights as a price control mechanism is a misuse of these rights. It would discourage research and development of new life-saving drugs. President Trump would be wise to ignore legislators' suggestion.
Congress had initially created march-in rights to allow federal agencies to revoke exclusive licensing rights from drug manufacturers in the event of extraordinary public safety concerns, or when a company is unwilling to develop the drug for patient use.
A dangerous infectious disease outbreak, for example, would qualify as grounds for march-in rights. If a drug manufacturer were unable or unwilling to mass produce enough vaccines to keep the public safe, the government would be authorized to "march in" and relicense the vaccine patent to other manufacturers.
March-in rights are part of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980.
At that time, private life science companies had the capabilities to develop drugs, but lacked interest in turning university breakthroughs into marketable drugs because the government retained the patents on any discoveries.
That meant the company didn't have a guarantee it could sell the product it developed and rely on the sale to sustain business and fuel future research and development.
As a result, 95 percent of the accumulated 28,000 patents stemming from federal funding were never licensed to private companies and commercialized for public use.
The Bayh-Dole Act fixed this problem. The law allowed universities and non-profits to own the patents on their discoveries and license those patents to private sectors such as pharmaceutical and biotech companies for product commercialization in exchange for royalties.
The authors of the Bayh-Dole Act explicitly argued against using march-in rights as price controls. They clarified that the law "did not intend that government set prices on resulting products. The law makes no reference to a reasonable price that should be dictated by the government. This omission was intentional."
Here's why. When drug manufacturers license a university discovery, they spend years and hundreds of millions, or even billions, of dollars developing it into a marketable drug.
If the government can take away their licenses on a whim, drug manufacturers would reconsider or altogether drop investments in innovative drugs. We'd regress to a pre-Bayh-Dole era in which 95 percent of public research funding, even if it's for the cure to cancer, never actually benefits patients.
It's noble that our leaders want to lower drug prices. But to ensure companies continue to develop medicines that save lives and drive down costs through competition, the government must reward innovation and risk.
Without innovations how will we tackle debilitating diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and mortality due to cancer?
Sandip Shah is the founder and president and Helen Shao is an analyst for Market Access Solutions. | <urn:uuid:f13d5a7a-8fa9-4e83-9853-b878dd054f03> | {
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December’s Family Make Night families will learn how to make an LED snowflake ornament! We currently have more than 20 families scheduled to come to the Tech Center today. Parents or Guardians with their children will be coming to the Tech Center from 6:30pm to 8:00pm eager to create their own christmas ornament. We created this short video on how to make your own Circuit Snowflake just in case you were not able to make it today. Below are the materials and steps to create your own.
Step 1: Materials
1 2032 battery
1 magnetic clasp
5-6 inches of conductive wire or thread
7-8 inches of insulated wire with half inch stripped on both ends
hot glue gun
This can be completed entirely by hand but needle-nose pliers may be helpful.
Test your LED by placing the longer stem (anode) on the positive side of the battery and the shorter stem (cathode) on the other side. You will want to check your LED every step of the way.
Step 2: Making the Circuit
Spread the stems of the LED by pushing your finger between them. Wrap (do not twist) the shorter, thinner wire around one stem as close to the LED as possible. Wrap (do not twist) the end of the unstripped white insulated wire around the other stem of the LED. Test your connection with the battery. If it doesn’t work, flip the battery over.
Step 3: Beading
Fold the white wire so the beads can be strung on both wires at once. Be careful not touch the stripped part of the white wire to the other wire or LED stem. Bead the 5 head pins and fold the tips over so the beads do not fall off. Use your own creativity!
Step 4: Attaching the Magnetic Clasp
Wrap the exposed end of the stripped wire around one half of the clasp. Bend the wire to the length you would like it to hang. Wrap the other wire around the other part of the clasp. This wire may be shortened to fit. Place the battery between the two clasps to check your LED.
Hot glue the other head pins to the back of the LED. Do this with the LED lit. If the light goes out, hot glue is interfering with your connection.
If you want to store you snowflake without the light being lit, you can flip the battery over or put a piece of paper between the battery and clasp. Have fun! | <urn:uuid:343eb4d5-0f16-4733-bb1e-1188f09e497f> | {
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Chapter 15 : Suspicion
On Queen Mary’s death, Margaret performed her last duty as the Queen’s friend and lady-in-waiting, acting as Chief Mourner at the funeral in Westminster Abbey. She also played a part in the coronation of the new Queen, Elizabeth, although she did not have the coveted office of train-bearer. But once these duties were done, Elizabeth made it quite clear that Margaret was not welcome at her court. Elizabeth disliked all her royal female relatives and certainly did not wish to give any hint that Margaret or her son could be considered as possible successors.
The Lennoxes moved further north from Temple Newsam, spending time at their properties in Settrington, and Jervaulx, in areas of the country that the Reformation had barely touched. The Act of Uniformity of 1559 required all subjects of England to attend the Anglican service in their parish church, however, it exempted gentlemen with private chapels. It was thus possible for the Lennoxes and many others of the nobility to continue to hear the Catholic Mass. There seems little doubt that Margaret did so, and also brought her sons up in the old faith.
The Elizabethan world was awash with spies and informers – Elizabeth and Cecil had paid informers in the Lennox household, and Margaret had spies in the Queen’s court. Everyone was spying on everyone else, till it becomes impossible to know where anyone’s loyalties actually lay. In the Lennox household was one Thomas Bishop. He had been secretary to Lennox before his marriage, but had fallen out with Margaret to the extent that he was dismissed. He held a permanent grudge against her for this, and, although Lennox had taken pity on Bishop when he was destitute and reinstated him, he repaid his employer by spying on the family and reporting, with the blackest possible spin, everything they said and did to Elizabeth’s government. Much of the information on the Lennoxes comes from this source, so should perhaps be taken with a pinch of salt.
There was continuing turmoil in Scotland. Marie of Guise was being challenged by the Lords of the Covenant who wished to institute Protestantism as the state religion. To counter them, she made overtures to Lennox, promising restoration of his estates and also that Margaret would be confirmed in the Earldom of Angus. The Lords of the Covenant requested the English government to refuse Lennox licence to leave the country.
Margaret, with two sons, was looking to the future – in the eyes of many Catholics, including herself, Elizabeth was illegitimate. Nothing in Margaret’s behaviour suggests that she sought directly to overthrow Elizabeth, but she clearly wanted her son to be recognised as heir. However, England was not the only possibility for Darnley. There was also the prospect of re-establishing him in Scotland, as Earl of Lennox and Angus, and, should the Queen of Scots not bear an heir (she was married to the young King of France, François II) then he had a claim to that throne too, through his father. Twelve year old Darnley was sent to France, at the urging of Lennox’ brother, Aubigny, to congratulate François and Mary on their accession and request the return of the Lennox estates. Queen Mary was gracious, but refused the request.
Lennox, whilst ostensibly conforming to Elizabeth’s policy of supporting the Lords of the Covenant, showing the government letters he had received from his brother, Aubigny, was also communicating secretly via the French Ambassador with Marie of Guise, furnishing him with a family tree, showing that the Lennox claim to be Mary, Queen of Scots’ heir was superior to that of the English backed Chatelherault’s.
This soon got the Lennoxes into trouble – the Council summoned them to London, and Margaret was questioned. Elizabeth’s Council also began to look into the matter of Margaret’s legitimacy – claiming that the divorce that Queen Margaret Tudor had obtained, back in 1527, on the basis of Angus’ pre-contract to Lady Janet of Trequair, rendered Margaret illegitimate. On the surface however, Elizabeth continued to support Lennox’ claim to his lands.
Despite this, Darnley was being openly talked of as a possible to successor to Elizabeth, who was beset on all sides to confirm the succession. She would not name Lady Katherine Grey, the preferred Protestant choice, and she certainly would not name Mary, Queen of Scots or Darnley, both of whom were Catholic, and likely to be controlled (in the English view) by France.
Before long, the Scottish throne looked as though it might come a little closer. François II died in December 1560, leaving Queen Mary childless – perhaps young Darnley, now 14 to the Queen’s 18, might make a suitable second husband, uniting their claims to the English throne, and strengthening the throne of Scotland? | <urn:uuid:0615ba70-1866-47b5-a89d-41a2ed2ebab6> | {
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Carbon Dioxide - CO2
Carbon dioxide is a colorless and non-flammable gas at normal temperature and pressure. Although much less abundant than nitrogen and oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide is an important constituent of our planet's atmosphere. A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) is made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas that helps to trap heat in our atmosphere through the greenhouse effect. Without it, our planet would be inhospitably cold. However, a gradual increase in CO2 concentrations in Earth's atmosphere is helping to drive global warming, threatening to disrupt our planet's climate as average global temperatures gradually rise.
Carbon dioxide is the fourth most abundant component of dry air. It has a concentration of 380 ppmv (parts per million by volume) in Earth's atmosphere. Scientists estimate that before human industrial activity, CO2 concentration was around 270 ppmv. Carbon dioxide levels in our atmosphere have thus risen about 40% since the onset of human industrialization, and are expected to play a troubling role in raising global temperature. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have varied substantially in the pre-human history of our planet, and have had profound impacts on global temperatures in the past.
Carbon dioxide plays a key role in Earth's carbon cycle, the set of processes that cycle carbon in many forms throughout our environment. Volcanic outgassing and wildfires are two significant natural sources of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere. Respiration, the process by which organisms liberate energy from food, emits carbon dioxide. When you exhale, it is carbon dioxide (amongst other gases) that you breathe out. Combustion, whether in the guise of wildfires, as a result of slash-and-burn agricultural practices, or in internal combustion engines, produces carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis, the biochemical process by which plants and some microbes create food, uses up carbon dioxide. Photosynthetic organisms combine CO2 and water (H2O) to produce carbohydrates (such as sugars) and emit oxygen as a byproduct. Places such as forests and areas of the ocean that support photosynthetic microbes therefore act as massive carbon "sinks", removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. Earth's early atmosphere had much higher CO2 levels and almost no oxygen; the rise of photosynthetic organisms led to an increase in oxygen which enabled the development of oxygen-breathing creatures such as us!
Burning generates CO2, although incomplete combustion due to limited oxygen supply or an excess of carbon can also produce carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon monoxide, a dangerous pollutant, eventually oxidizes to carbon dioxide.
Small canisters containing pressurized CO2 are used to inflate bicycle tires and life jackets and to power paintball guns. The "fizz" in soda pop is supplied by carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also released by yeast during fermentation, giving beer its head and making champagne bubbly. Because it is not flammable, CO2 is used in some fire extinguishers. Carbon dioxide forms a weak acid, called carbonic acid (H2CO3), when dissolved in water.
Carbon dioxide is the most abundant gas in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus. Solid, frozen carbon dioxide is called "dry ice". The polar ice caps of Mars are a mixture of normal water ice and dry ice. Liquid CO2 only forms at pressures higher than about 5 times the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level, so in many situations dry ice does not melt into a liquid form. Instead, it goes directly from a solid state to a gaseous state in a process called sublimation. | <urn:uuid:02b80816-ea1b-4c80-83eb-f58a193748b1> | {
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By most standards, the planet Mercury is a bit of an afterthought. It never strays very far from the Sun in our sky, so it's hard to see. Only two spacecraft have visited the planet. And most ancient cultures awarded it second-class status at best.
It's easy to see why if you look for Mercury the next few days. It's farthest from the Sun for its current morning appearance, and it looks like a bright star. Even so, it's still quite low in the east at first light, so it's tough to spot through the clutter along the horizon and the waxing twilight.
For the ancient Maya of Mexico and Central America, the most important astronomical object was the planet Venus. They plotted its motions with great care. They built temples and observatories to align with its rising and setting. They even timed wars and royal successions to coincide with its comings and goings.
But they also kept an eye on Mercury. Its motions were recorded in the Dresden Codex, a collection of papers that contains much of our knowledge of Mayan astronomy. It shows that they recorded Mercury's position in the morning sky in the year 733 BC -- not far, in fact, from where it appears right now.
From their observations, Mayan astronomers calculated that Mercury rises and sets at the same spot on the horizon every six years and a few days. So even though Mercury wasn't one of their most important celestial objects, they paid close attention to it just the same.
Script by Damond Benningfield, Copyright 2010
For more skywatching tips, astronomy news, and much more, read StarDate magazine. | <urn:uuid:59c14733-2928-4d5c-a5c8-f7e28068e209> | {
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Chiropractic care works because you are a self-healing, self-regulating organism controlled by your nervous system. Millions of instructions flow from your brain down your spinal cord and out to every organ and tissue in your body.
Signals sent back to your brain confirm that your body is working correctly. Improper motion or position of the movable bones in your spine (vertebrae) can interfere with this vital exchange by irritating the nerves and compromising the function of certain organs and tissues. This is called a “subluxation.”
Specific spinal adjustments can help restore the mind/body communications. Health often returns when we improve the nervous system’s control of the body.
Examples of Disc Problems | <urn:uuid:1e229fff-ad4a-4189-a5a2-ba9ef6bf82b7> | {
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To those who are interested in modern Chinese history, the name Wang Jingwei may be familiar, and may provoke a strong reaction. A complex figure whose life and political career was played out through many chapters, Wang defies easy analysis, despite the many attempts to dismiss him as a traitor, reduce him to a caricature or write him out of history altogether.
Who was Wang Jingwei? What role did he play in the shaping of modern China?
At the age of 21 while studying in Japan, Wang Jingwei met Sun Yat-sen and joined the anti-Qing revolutionary Tongmenghui as one of the creators of the society’s charter. His superior writing and oratorial skills allowed him to spread word of the Revolution far and wide. Then, in a dramatic bid to topple the Qing administration, Wang organized a team to assassinate the Prince Regent Zaifeng. Even though the attempt failed and Wang was arrested, he was not sentenced to death. He was released after only a year’s imprisonment. Prince Suzhong Shanqi (1866 – 1922) was reportedly moved by Wang and his 〈被逮口占〉 “Impromptu verses upon my arrest,” which included the two lines: “Feeling excited before the decapitating knife in front of me, I know my young head will not be wasted.” This soon became one of the most recited poems in China at that time.
After his release, Wang became a national hero; and after Minguo (the Republic) was founded in 1912, he became Sun Yat-sen’s right-hand man, writing all the political programs and declarations. Years later, when Sun was dying from cancer, it was Wang who drafted his will. In 1925 after Sun’s death, Wang was elected the Chair of the Nationalist Government with great expectations, at the center of Guomindang party politics.
Fifteen years later, when Wang Jingwei established the Reorganized National Government (RNG) in Nanjing on March 30, 1940 as the President of the Executive Yuan and Chairman of the National Government, he stood opposed to Chiang Kai-shek’s National Government in Chongqing. In the Nanjing Government’s policy program, Wang stated that among the goals for establishing the Reorganized National Government was:
“To adopt a policy of good neighborliness and through peace-making diplomacy secures the independence and integrity of China’s Sovereignty and Administration to enable her to share the responsibility for the establishment of permanent peace and a new order in East Asia.” (Don Bate, Wang Ching Wei Puppet or Patriot, Chicago: R.F. Seymour, 1941, page 157)
In other words, the plan was to negotiate peace with Japan at a time when Japan had already invaded and occupied large sections of China.
Discussing peace in the middle of war was a bold move, which Wang Jingwei himself understood: “During wartime, no one wants to hear the word ‘peace’,” he said, predicting the ill will, disdain and even danger to his personal life that advancing the cause of peace would bring.
Wang’s resolute belief in the Peace Movement and the Reorganized Nanjing Government (RNG) became the evil abyss to Chiang Kai-shek’s “orthodox regime.” As a result, since the end of World War II, the name Wang Jingwei has yet to escape the fetters of the label hanjian (“traitor to the Han people”; also translated as “traitor to China.”)
Why would a young man who threw himself into the Revolution without consideration for his life choose the scorned Peace Movement a quarter century later? Why would a folk martyr willingly become a “sinner of the nation”? Answering these questions requires the modern reader to put aside simplistic labels and inflexible prejudices to better understand the “true” Wang Jingwei that historians have only begun to unravel.
Although demonized or completely omitted in the standard history books, there is still much talk about Wang Jingwei, and his position and evaluation in history remains a subject of debate. Writings and biographies are plentiful In academia and the public domain: especially on the Internet, which is filled with related new discoveries and theories nearly everyday.
Ten years before his death, Wang Jingwei wrote in “Autobiographical Sketch” (Oriental Magazine, January 1934):
“My speeches and writings are the truest form of my life story. There is no need for any other autobiography.”
Beginning at the age of 14, when Wang wrote his first poem 〈重九遊西石巖〉 “Visiting West Stone Cliff on the Double Ninth Festival” after visiting this fabled site in 1897, Wang Jingwei expressed his most profound thoughts and innermost self through poetry. From the passionate sentiments of a revolutionary, to the tender emotions expressed between husband and wife, to more intellectual concerns for the nation—all is revealed in his poetry collection《雙照樓詩詞藁》Shuangzhaolou shicigao.
Aside from writing poetry, Wang served as a representative member of the anti-Qing and revolutionary literary society Nanshe, and in that role wrote the literary critique Nanshe Shihua (Poetry of Nanshe) using the name Manzhao. In addition, his nearly 400 political writings (about 3,000 pages in total), along with recorded speeches and videos, are on this website. Other primary source material attributed to Wang can also be found in libraries and archives in China, Japan and Taiwan.
It is possible to reveal the “true” Wang Jingwei through his words and in between the lines. That is why this brief biography focuses on his writings and speeches. We also include a chronicle of world and domestic events juxtaposed with Wang Jingwei’s life events in this Timeline for your reference.
Please click on each of the following links for a chronology of events:
Wang Jingwei was born Wang Zhaoming (courtesy name Jixin) on May 4, 1883 in Sanshui, Guangdong. The Wangs were originally from Shanyin (Shaoxing today), Zhejiang. Wang Jingwei was born and grew up in an era when the Qing Empire was plagued by continued internal trouble and outside aggression; when much of the revolutionary sentiments were fomented. While studying in Japan, Wang adopted the pen name “Jingwei” after a legendary bird. According to ancient mythology, the bird was ancient Emperor Yan’s daughter who drowned and came back as a bird whose lifelong mission was to fill the sea with stones and twigs. Using this name, Wang Jingwei set out to overthrow the Qing court, which had ruled China since the middle of the 17th Century. Since then, he continued to use Jingwei and became known by this name.
Wang came from a family of considerable literary accomplishments, and was therefore acquainted with poetry since childhood. His grandfather Wang Yun was a juren, and taught at the Zhejiang Miaogao College. His uncle Wang Quan was a known literatus, one of the Yuedong Sanjia (3 Cantonese Literati). His older step-brother Zhaorong and first cousin were also juren, students of the great Lingnan Confucian Chen Feng. Zhaoquan also founded the Jiaozong School. Not surprisingly, when Wang Jingwei and his second older brother Zhaohong both took the prefectural examination in Panyu, Wang Jingwei came first and his brother second. Later on, when the examiners realized they were two brothers they switched their positions because Zhaohong was the older of the two. (Please see the Wang Family genealogy.)
Father Wang Shu was a 「幕客」 muke, a private non-officer assistant attending to legal, fiscal or secretarial duties in the local yamen, the administrative office and/or residence of a local bureaucrat or mandarin during the late Qing period, and served as a private advisor hired by officials to handle documents. Muke were usually well skilled in preparing written documents. Although they worked without official titles, they were willing to use their skills to help handle the affairs of others. Many skilled muke were known to come from Shanyin (Shaoxing today) and “Shaoxing shiye” (shiye is a common name for muke) enjoyed a wide reputation. When Wang Jingwei was nine years of age, his father retired from his work as a muke, So, everyday after his private school, his father continued to give him literature and history lessons, in addition to juren training lessons from Hu Jiaoru (Jiaqu). The young Wang also took calligraphy lessons from the husband of his fifth sister Yuan Shaobai (Kequn). His brother-in-law taught him suspended wrist calligraphy; initially studying the styles of Dong Qichang and, later on, Yan Zhenqing. Such training enabled Wang to build a strong foundation in literature. During this time, he also became familiar with his most cherished Wang Yangming philosophy and the poetry of Tao Yuanming and Lu Fangweng. In 1938, before the Reorganized Nanjing Government was established, Wang completed his translation of《陽明與禪》(Yangming and Zen) from Japanese, which he began more than thirty years before while studying in Japan. The book was published in 1942 by the Sino-Japanese Cultural Center. In the postscript, Wang mentioned Wang Yangming Chuanxilu as his favorite book since childhood, and the principles of being “open and clear, internal and external should be united, not acting is not knowing.” Clearly, the philosophy of Wang Yangming had left a deep impression on Wang Jingwei.
At age 12, Wang’s mother died from illness, and two years later his father died from cholera. As a result, Wang depended on his brother Zhaorong who was 22 years older. In Lechang in northern Guangdong, Wang Jingwei continued studying history and literature. At age 16 he studied with Zhaorong’s father-in-law Zhang Meixuan. When the Lechang training superior Yun Fengwei read Wang’s writings, he praised him, and thought that he would become an influential figure in the future.
When the Boxer Rebellion broke out in 1900 and the Yihetuan (Militia United in Righteousness) marched into Beijing, these events left a strong impression on the young Wang Jingwei. Wang, who often received the best essay prize from the monthly composition contests given by Yushan College, was hired by the Commander of the Navy in Guangdong Li Zhun at age 18 to serve as private tutor for his children. This was Wang’s first employment.
Wang Jingwei while he was an editor of Mingbao
In 1904, Wang Jingwei and like-minded friends from his village organized a study group aimed to researching practical learning and mutual encouragement. Some members of the group also studied in Japan later, and became revolutionary comrades. That same year, Wang received a government scholarship to study in Japan and soon earned a reputation as an outstanding debater. Later, in his “Autobiographical Sketch”, Wang mentioned that he acquired the concepts of constitutionalism and civil liberty during his study at the Hosei University in Japan, which confirmed the basis for his revolutionary aspirations:
“When I was studying literature and history in China, I was naturally filled with indignation over the invasion of China during the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties; same with the Qing. Yet, I was hampered by the ideology of monarchy. Since I studied law and politics in Japan, I learned about nationalism and sovereignty of the people from studying constitutionalism and cast the ideology of monarchy to the winds. My burgeoning ideas about nationalism flourished; this combined with the newly developed ideas, determined my inclination toward revolution.”
In 1905, when Sun Yat-sen went to Japan, Wang Jingwei, Zhu Zhixin met Sun, and became members of Tongmenghui. Wang, together with Huang Xing, Chen Tianhua and Ma Junwu, drafted the party constitution, and was also elected chairman of the party council and the chief writer of the party organ Minbao. In November, Wang published “Citizens of a Nation” advocating freedom, democracy and national consciousness using the name Jingwei, as the first essay for Minbao.
When it was first established, Tongmenghui focused its work on organization and propaganda, rather than active revolution. Most of the propaganda material was written by Wang Jingwei and soon caught the attention of officials of the Qing Court. Cen Chunxuan, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, threatened Wang’s brother Zhaorong (who served as Cen’s muke) to hand over his younger brother Jingwei. When he learned of this, Wang wrote a final letter to his family, informing them that he was breaking off all ties, and signed it as “the sinner of the family”. He also asked his elder brother to dissolve the marriage contract that had been made by the family with a woman who had the surname Liu. Upon graduation from the escalated course at Hosei University in law and politics, Wang ranked second in his class. By this time, he was able to translate Japanese books into Chinese and earned enough money to enroll in Hosei University as a regular student.
In 1907, Wang Jingwei accompanied Sun Yat-sen to Nanyang to advocate for the Revolution among overseas Chinese. They received enormous support and successfully established more than one hundred local party branches. Aside from raising funds, propaganda moved many overseas Chinese to return to their homeland and participate in revolutionary activities. Local schools and newspaper offices were mobilized to promote the Revolution, and the party membership grew even more.
The 1907 trip to Nanyang also enabled Wang to meet Chen Bijun in Penang. Although Wang Jingwei and Chen Bijun spoke for only an hour during that first meeting, they became fond of one another and maintained a correspondence. When Wang returned to Penang the following year, they spent more than 10 days together and became intimate friends. Their relationship developed rapidly after Chen Bijun joined Wang in Japan. And, true to Chinese tradition at the time, they soon referred to each other as “Fourth Brother” and “Seventh Sister.”
Naturally, Chen Bijun joined the plot to assassinate Prince Chun. After the decision to proceed with the assassination plot had been made, Wang Jingwei wrote a long letter to Zeng Xing and Fang Junying, the two women whom he regarded as his elder sisters, telling them about his relationship with Chen Bijun and their mutual determination to die for the Revolution. Describing his relationship with Chen, Wang wrote:
“The two of us always considered love as what is important in life. Two persons could become friends if they love each other; two persons could become husband and wife if they love each other and get married…Therefore love will not be increased or reduced by marriage contract. My love to the “Seventh Sister” [Chen Bijun] has remained the same throughout the years.”
Wang and Chen Bijun were not only friends and lovers, but also comrades with similar political ideals. Chen remained Wang’s most indispensable assistant in his political career. Frequently Wang Jingwei would consult Chen’s opinion on new ideas. Although Chen was strong-willed, she always had respect for Wang, as he did for her.
Between 1907 and 1910, internal struggles within Tongmenghui and a series of failed revolutionary attempts had distracted party members. Dissident voices against Sun Yat-sen were rising among a faction led by Zhang Taiyan, who wished to unseat Sun as party leader. As internal struggles continued, the Qing government thwarted the revolutionaries. Under pressure from the Qing Court, the Japanese government asked Sun Yat-sen to leave the country, and the French and British governments asked him to stay out of Annam (Vietnam) and Nanyang. The Minbao office in Tokyo was closed down by the Qing government’s request. Tongmenghui secret plans were uncovered by Qing operatives. All this led to disappointment within the party.
Wang Jingwei and other members of the assassination squad Fang Junying, Zeng Xing, Chen Bijun, Li Zhongshi and Huang Fusheng
To stimulate morale, Wang Jingwei and six close friends formed an assassination squad to plot against Qing high officials. Few people knew about these plans in advance; and the upper echelons of Tongmenghui, such as Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and Hu Hanmin, did not approve. Yet Wang was determined. He wrote Letter to Hu Hanmin and Farewell letter to Mr. Sun Yat-sen to underscore his determination. Yet after several failed attempts, Wang’s plans were discovered and he was arrested and sent to prison on April 16, 1910.
During his first interrogation by the police, Wang declared:
“I, Wang, wish to shake popular feeling in the foundation of the country: its capital.”
“These essays were first written with ink, now I want to write them in blood.”
“Trend of Revolution” explains that what China needed at the time was to carry out democratic revolution, and that changing the system to constitutional government would not ameliorate the suffering for the people. “Determination for Revolution” illustrates Wang’s revolutionary principles and describes how the revolutionaries’s intent stems from Mencius’s view of innate ethical disposition: compassion for the pain and suffering, death and insult imposed on his fellowmen. The insignificant self would spare no effort to shoulder the world’s burdens until death. Such tenacity is unafraid of death; it does not dissipate amid riches and glory; it remains unmoved by poverty and lowliness, unbent under force. Unafraid of trouble, untempted by fame and fortune, the revolutionaries are bent on sharing the fruits of the Revolution with their fellow countrymen. Wang Jingwei used Mencius’s 「惻隱之心」 concept of compassion and Wang Yangming’s idea of 「良知」 innate benevolence as guidance for his personal conduct throughout his life.
While in prison, Wang Jingwei recorded his thoughts and emotions in poetry. The four 〈被逮口占〉 (“Impromptu verses from prison”) clearly illustrates Wang’s decision to fill the sea while 〈見人析車輪為薪，為作此歌〉 (“A song inspired by seeing people hew old carriage wheels into firewood”) expresses his revolutionary fervor and ideals.
〈述懷〉 (“A recount of my vision and sentiments”), written in prison, describes his education and upbringing and the emotional journey of sacrificing his life for the Revolution. His “Autobiographical Sketch” is an expression of his viewpoints and arguments with a special mention of this poem. Similar to 〈革命之決心〉 “Determination for Revolution,” “A recount of my vision and sentiments” reveals Wang’s ideas and for the Revolution.
Wang also wrote 〈金縷曲〉 (“Jinluqu“) dedicated to Chen Bijun, a manifestation of the emotions of revolutionary sons and daughters.
Wang Jingwei photographed in Shanghai after being released from prison in Beijing. April, 1912
The poetry collection 《雙照樓詩詞藁》Shuangzhaolou shicigao compiled years later contain many poems that describe the joys of the couple traveling together and the sadness of being separated; showing the deep love between Wang and his wife Chen Bijun. “Shuangzhao” came from the Tang poet Du Fu’s 〈月夜〉 “Moonlit Night” about the poet’s missing his wife. Wang’s use of “Shuangzhao” to name his collection illustrates how much he cherished the love between himself and Chen.
On October 10, 1911 during the Wuchang Uprising, the Qings and Wuhan revolutionaries negotiated peace, with the release of Wang Jingwei as one of the conditions. That same year on November 6, after Wang was set free from prison, Wang founded Minyibao in his apartment in Tianjin, publishing essays advocating for democracy, trying to convince citizens and counsel the government to remove the threat of war and formulate a system of government in order to secure peace and safety. With the success of the Revolution and the formation of the Minguo (Republic), Wang Jingwei and Chen Bijun married.
Wedding photo of Wang Jingwei and Chen Bijun (annotated by Ho Mang Hang)
Having risked his life for the Revolution, Wang Jingwei found himself among a small group of intellectuals who were viewed as candidates for president of the newly established Republic of China. As Zhang Taiyan stated, “If we are to choose the president, Huang Xing is the one who contributed most to the Revolution, Song Jiaoren is the most talented, and Wang Jingwei is the one of the highest morality.” However, Wang Jingwei was determined not to hold government offices, saying:
“A big regret in my life is that I was not able to pursue my studies during the last decade, being on the go for the Revolution.”
As a result, Wang received Sun Yat-sen’s approval to forgo an early formal entry into politics and travelled to France with his new bride to continue his studies, focusing on Western democracy, politics, and political activities, with friends helping him pay for expenses. In Letter to Our Comrades in the Nanyang, he explained his wish to follow the footsteps of other scholars who studied in Europe.
Yet even though Wang was far from home, he continued to think about China. During his travels, he wrote two poems 〈印度洋舟中〉 (“On board ship across the Indian Ocean”) and 〈古寺觀臥佛〉 “Looking at the reclining Buddha in ancient temple,” revealing his inability to cast aside affairs of state.
Although Wang Jingwei did not want to hold governmental offices, he initiated and advocated for movements such as the Diligent Work-Frugal Study group and later, for the movement for education in Europe, sparing no effort towards education via study abroad and Sino-French exchange. In the early days of the Minguo (Republic), Wang and Cai Yunpei, Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui, Zhang Ji and other Tongmenghui friends founded the Society to Promote Virtue, with the goal to change the corrupt societal atmosphere at that time. Wang founded “Frugal Study in France” with Wu Zhihui, Li Shizheng, Zhang Jingjiang, Zhang Ji, Chu Minyi. They also started a school in Beijing, with the goal to “be frugal with expenses, promote ways to study abroad, and employ diligence and frugality to nurture the spirit to study hard;” encouraging young people to study in Europe with frugal work and diligent study. In 1916, while in France, Wang Jingwei, Cai Yunpei, Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui and others established the Sino-French Society, further advocating for Chinese students to study in France and for foster greater friendship between China and France.
Wang Jingwei's poem describes the deep affection between him and Chen Bijun
In 1917, while Sun Yat-sen was organizing the Guangzhou Militarist Government, he asked Wang Jingwei to return to China. During the long train journey across Siberia, Wang wrote the poem 〈西伯利亞道中寄冰如〉 “To Bingru, on my journey through Siberia” employing the imagery of drifting snow and plum flower to describe their deep affection.
After the War in Europe ended in 1919, China agreed to send representatives to the Paris Peace Conference and designated Wang Jingwei as a member of the delegation. But because he had never held an official post, he attended as a private individual. His essay “The Paris Peace Conference and the Sino-Japanese Problem,” published in Jianshe (Construction) magazine, detailed the proceedings of the conference and why China refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
From right: Wang Ying, Wang Xing, Wang Jingwei, Chan-Cheong-Choo. Chen Bijun. First from left in front: Chen Shunzhen
From the initial drafting of the charter for Tongmenghui, Wang Jingwei remained close to Sun Yat-sen, and after returning to China from France in 1919, Wang soon became Sun’s right-hand man, helping to manage party affairs. After the reorganization of the Guomindang in 1924, all the rules and declarations were written by Wang. And in the following year, when Sun suffered from liver cancer, Wang drafted two versions of Sun’s last will and testament: one political (see English version here) and one familial. Both were signed by Sun on March 11. After Sun’s death, Wang himself fell ill. In “Outline of Current International Affairs,” written during this period of illness, Wang explains the implications of China’s abandoning the Unequal Treaty, which is mentioned in Sun’s political will.
Photographed in October, 1925 during the Guangzhou Government period
On July 1, 1925, following the death of Sun Yat-sen, the National Government was established in Guangzhou. And Wang Jingwei, having long refused to assume high governmental office, yielded to his party comrades’ high hopes and agreed to serve as chairman of the new government. His election placed Wang at the center of Guomindang party politics, and soon put him at odds with Chiang Kai-shek.
After the deaths of Sun Yat-sen and Liao Zhongkai, and following Hu Hanmin’s departure overseas and Xu Chongzhi‘s arrest, Wang Jingwei and Chiang Kai-shek became the two most senior members of the Guomindang. Initial cooperation between the two was smooth, which resulted in the stable development of the Guangdong area as the Nationalist revolutionary base. However, differing attitudes between Wang and Chiang toward the policy of the United Front led to their separation. On March 20, 1926, Chiang, who heard from his aides that the communist party was ordering the captain of Zhongshan Warship to plot against him, subjected the ship to martial law. This incident led Wang Jingwei to realize the vast ideological differences between him and Chiang and that he and Chiang could not truly cooperate. This incident marked the beginning of a fissure between them and their continued conflict.
After the Incident, he wrote 〈病中讀陶詩〉 “In sickness I read Tao Yuanming’s poem” which reveals the impact of Sun’s death on Wang. Even though he had always yearned for Tao Yuanming “pastoral life”, he continued to worry, even in bucolic life.
After the National Revolutionary Army occupied Hankou, Hanyang and Wuchang, the National Government moved the capital to Wuhan on February 21, 1927. On April 18, Chiang Kai-shek established the Nanjing Government, in opposition to Wang’s National Government in Wuhan.
With the publication of the essay, “The Struggle between Two Forces,” on July 25, 1927, Wang Jingwei pointed out his unwavering opposition to corruption and militarist secession had not yet succeeded. Wang initially supported Sun Yat-sen’s United Front policy and signed the Wang-Chen Joint Declaration with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) representative Chen Duxiu. But when he heard about the Comintern’s “May Instruction” — Stalin’s May Telegram directing Russian advisors to take over the GMD — it became the turning point for Wang to take a more anti-communist position. By then, Wang had realized that he was caught between corruption and communism: fighting against the corrupted elements (referring to warlords, imperialists, and anyone who supported them) would open up an opportunity for the Communists to seize upon. Conversely, fighting the Communists would allow the corrupted elements to attack. In Wang’s view, the only option was to unite the talented revolutionaries within the party and clarify internal revolutionary theory. This could not be accomplished quickly and was the source of much conflict at the time. Therefore, even though the central party was revitalized, it was in vain. Wang considered this his failure.
Wang had evaluated his own suitability for politics in his writing. He considered the following as the three criteria for being a politician: 1) political ethics, 2) political knowledge, 3) political finesse. He considered himself not lacking in political ethics. As for political knowledge, no one could ever have enough because it is limitless; all he could do was to be vigilant and continue to study. When it came to political finesse, he thought this quality was very much lacking within himself.
That year, the Nanjing Government led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Wuhan Government headed up by Wang Jingwei stood in opposition to one another. Wang Jingwei felt that aside from their differences over the United Front, members of the Xishan conference faction were strongly against Wang-Chiang cooperation. Later on, the Wuhan government officially separated from the Communists, and reunited with Chiang’s Nanjing regime for the sake of the political situation. Yet, when the Guomindang embarked on a purge of Communists the party with military force, the CCP began to rise up in arms in many places. In December, 1927, big revolts erupted in Guangzhou. Taking political responsibility for this, Wang resigned to leave politics for France with Chen Bijun. After his departure, Chiang Kai-shek’s power within the party rose even further. While overseas, Wang continued to worry about the country’s political situation, especially Chiang’s increasing dictatorship and control over the internal party system.
Wang Jingwei with Chen Bijun, Wang Wenying and Wang Wenxing at Lake Lausanne before returning to China, September 1929
In “Letter to the Guomindang Headquarters in France,” published on April 7, 1928 and the essay One Fundamental Concept,” April-May 1928, Wang gave general reasons for the Wuhan split with communism and for his decision to leave the country. In “Some Thoughts on the Fourth Anniversary of Sun Yat-sen’s Death,” published on March 12, 1929, he argued that Sun’s aim and spirit for reorganization was being destroyed, and the National Revolution was in danger of being ruined and aborted. Compatriots should define their direction, Wang asserted, and work hard to break out of the siege of adversity. The September 20, 1929 commentary about current political situation made by the Third Central Executive Committee of the Guomindang listed Chiang Kai-shek’s ten most significant crimes and proposed five targets that opponents could focus on to oppose him. Soon thereafter, Wang returned to China from France and personally led the anti-Chiang campaign. On October 24, 1929 he released a telegram, rallying support from north and south.
In 1930, the returned Wang Jingwei, in coalition with the northern warlords, fought the Central Plains War against Chiang and convened the “Expanded Nationalist Party Conference.” In Tianjin, Wang announced his intention to resign, and at the end of May established the “Special Congress of the Central Executive Committee of the Guomindang” as the leading Nationalist organization. On May 28, the National Government was founded in Guangzhou.
During this period, Wang expressed his private feelings in the poem 〈飛花〉 “Floating petals” using verses as if they were petals, leading to the final line “There is no hesitation in dying for a good cause!”
On September 18, 1931, Japan attacked Northeast China in the Manchurian Incident with military force. Chiang Kai-shek, hoping to avoid the the conflict from evolving into a full-scale war, ordered Zhang Xueliang, the general in command of Manchuria, to hold his troops without resistance. The Japanese army soon invaded Mukden (Shenyang today). The opposing factions of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist Government in Nanjing and Wang’s “Special Congress of the Central Executive Committee of the Guomindang” immediately exchanged telegrams and decided to set aside their differences for the sake of defending the nation during crisis.
Wang Jingwei and his daughters, ca. 1932
After several negotiations, Chiang decided to resign from the position as the chair of the Nationalist Government in Nanjing, and the Guangzhou Nationalist Government body was dissolved. Lin Sen became chair of the National Government, Chen Mingshu served as acting premier and the Military Affairs department assumed military command. On January 16, 1932, Wang Jingwei, who was ill at the time, met with Chiang Kai-shek in Hangzhou, where they came to the joint decision that without other more suitable candidates, Wang would take over political affairs and Chiang would be in charge of the military. The collaboration between Wang and Chiang resumed once again.
On January 28, 1932, Japanese troops stationed in Shanghai instigated war with the Chinese. That same day, an emergency meeting of the Central Political Committee approved the resolution to appoint Wang as the new premier to shoulder all political responsibility and to negotiate with Japan. This was the first time Wang expressed his attitude towards Japan over military and foreign policies.
In the speech Wang Jingwei gave in Xuzhou on February 15, 1932 he explained that China’s diplomatic policy toward Japan was 「一面抵抗 一面交涉」 negotiation in resistance: the bottom line for China’s tolerance was territorial integrity and sovereignty. But China should take a more reserved approach before Japan went beyond the limit. In other words, the resistance was to show China’s determination to not yield and the negotiation was China’s will to resolve the conflict peacefully. This new policy was different from the previous one of non-resistance. The policy of non-resistance was based on the belief that China was in no position to fight Japan; resistance would result in wasteful self-sacrifice. And non-negotiation would be tantamount to submitting to the will of heaven, to wait helplessly for death or whatever outcome that heaven had in store for China.
In the National Crisis Meeting held in Luoyang on April 10, 1932, Wang delivered a speech “On the Direction And Determination In Military Action and Foreign Diplomacy” again emphasizing that the Chinese government was determined to negotiate with Japan above the bottom line of tolerance. He was prepared to sign a treaty on those terms even if all the Chinese people condemned him for doing so. But if Japan went beyond the limit, the Chinese government would never yield. Advocating for “negotiation in resistance” would also to buy time for China until the international situation turned in a more favorable direction. After the beginning of hostilities on January 28, fighting continued for four months; after much efforts in foreign relations, with the help of other countries, China and Japan signed the Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement on May 5, 1932.
In times of crisis, Wang sought wisdom from known scholars and advice from public figures about affairs of the state. In a letter to Hu Shi on April 23, 1933, Wang Jingwei shared his opinion about the Sino-Japanese situation:
“Although we would have no regret if we die for losing a war, I am afraid that annexing Beijing and Tianjin to Japan, all north China would be lost. Once territory is lost, it is unknown when it could be recovered. It is not only a matter of the collapse of our Party, it would mean sacrificing Beijing, Tianjin and north China. If there is a way, I will do anything to save Beijing, Tianjin and north China, before reaching the bottom line. Otherwise, if I have to sign the treaty to acknowledge the annexation of Manchuria and Jehol and the puppet government, I do not need to remain alive after sacrificing our Party.”
This letter expresses Wang’s basic attitude, which he would express again in the years to come when discussing the Peace Movement and the formation of the Nanjing Reorganized National Government in 1940.
On October 27, 1933, Wang wrote the poem 〈重九集掃葉樓，分韻得有字〉 ”Assembled at Saoyelou on Double Ninth Festival, I was assigned you (to have) to rhyme.” In the poem, Wang expressed his thoughts about the Japanese invasion, his worries about the country and ongoing personal doubts and struggles by likening himself to the catkin willow tree as the first to wither off to sacrifice his life in order to guard against enemy atrocities.
On March 12, 1934 in a somber speech delivered on the ninth anniversary of the death of Sun Yat-Sen, Wang declared that China’s survival in the face of foreign invasion was at stake, and that every Chinese needed to be prepared to die for “peace,” “struggle” and to “save China.”
On July 24, 1934, in a speech commemorating the anniversary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wang urged the Chinese people to move beyond its past glories and assume a more progressive posture, in order to not be left behind.
In the October 10, 1934 essay “Self-strengthening and Sacrifice,” Wang spoke about preserving the nation’s sovereignty and suggested that a country’s inability to revive may be due to a lack of national pride.
On New Year’s Day, 1935, Wang published “The Guiding Principal of National Salvation,” where he indicated that the root cause for China’s distress was the lack of freedom and equality; and eliminating this liability was the goal of the Revolution. As long as there was hope, he wrote, every citizen must work towards saving the nation’s power, using every available opportunity, little by little, for the sake of future revival.
Recuperating from sickness in Laoshan, Qingdao. August, 1935
Japan’s diplomat (and later, Prime Minister) Kōki Hirota made a speech on January 23, 1935 to which Wang Jingwei responded in his February 20th “Report on the Guiding Principals of Sino-Japanese Foreign Diplomacy” that in principle, to further equal and mutual help and understanding, China was willing to enhance its friendship and peaceful relations with Japan, the same as any other country. In March, Chiang Kai-shek agreed with Wang’s February 20 speech, which was well received by other countries as well. But during the month of June, Wang suffered a setback; he was hospitalized in Shanghai for liver disease, after which he recuperated in Qingdao for more than a month before returning to his duties.
On November 1 1935, Wang Jingwei was shot three times by the radical anti-Japanese extremist Sun Fengming at the Sixth Plenum of the Fourth National Congress of Guomindang in Nanjing. Wang was seriously injured and had to leave China for medical care in Europe. Although two of the bullets were removed, the third bullet lodged near his spine was not removed because the procedure was considered too risky.
While traveling overseas to seek medical treatment, Wang wrote 〈印度洋舟中〉 ”On board ship across the Indian Ocean” in March 1936 relating the distress he felt over health issues amidst the incessant ongoing turbulence and unrest in China.
On October 19, 1936, while in Europe, Wang wrote the obituary for Deputy Chief Foreign Minister Tang Youren who was assassinated at the Shanghai train station for his role in negotiations with the Japanese on December 25, 1935. With somber words, the obituary stated the difficulties in managing foreign relations during the last few years.
Recuperating in Europe after attack, July 1936
In December, 1936, Wang returned to China and reunited with Chiang over the Xian Incident. But after the Incident, when the Guomindang’s policy turned from anti- to pro-communism, Wang was shocked and considered it a big mistake on Chiang’s part. This led him to despair for China’s situation, which further promoted his leaning towards the Peace Movement.
On January 18, 1937, Wang gave the speech “On Democracy” further explaining these concerns. The speech “Internal Pacification and External Resistance” delivered on February 1, further questioned China’s ability to achieve internal pacification to resist foreign aggression.
In an Interview on Current Political Situation on March 17, Wang advocated for citizens to unite to defend the country and to regain its lost territories, so that Japan would see that aggression was futile. Even if the Japanese insisted on fighting, Wang reasoned, there would be no option but for the Chinese to continue to fight for their national integrity.
Wang Jingwei and Chen Bijun in front of Nanjing home, 1937
On their 25th wedding anniversary in 1937, Wang wrote the poem to Chen 〈二十五年結婚紀念日賦示冰如〉 (“For Bingru on our 25th Wedding Anniversary”), expressing their mutual vows, life’s inevitable changes, and reaffirming their promise to each other to endure whatever joys and hardships future might bring.
Wang’s poem was highly personal but also prescient. Within months, the Marco Polo Bridge incident would take place and signal the beginning of the second Sino-Japanese War. Beijing was lost on July 28; and Tianjin occupied on the 30. In the broadcast “Everyone Needs to Speak Honestly, Everyone Needs to Take Responsibility” on August 4, Wang said that while all citizens loved peace, it was up to their ability to maintain peace, that a mere “love for peace” was not enough to make it so. As a weak country, China could not depend on other countries’ “love for peace;” the nation must rely on its own ability. Given China’s size and population, continuous struggle would increase China’s chance for survival. On November 12, Japan occupied Shanghai. On November 17, the Nationalist Government moved its capital to Wuhan, and four days later, officially moved to Chongqing. On December 13, the Japanese army invaded Nanjing, and soon began the “Nanjing Massacre.”
Wang Jingwei photographed by daughter Wenxing in Hankou, February 26, 1938
The cabinet of Fumimaro Konoe declared on January 16, 1938 that Japan would not consider Chiang Kai-shek’s government a negotiating partner, and hoped that China would form a new regime that would allow Japan to mend its relations with China. On November 3, Japan announced that if the Nationalist government agreed to abandon its former policies and change its personnel and organization, Japan would not refuse to negotiate with China.
At that time, Wang thought that China lacked strength, and international assistance was uncertain. He despaired for the country’s future. With his earlier proposal to Chiang to negotiate peace with the Japanese yielding no result, Wang felt that China’s survival was facing a critical juncture, and he could no longer consider his own success or failure or his personal reputation. While the Chinese Communist Party was taking advantage of war to strengthen itself, the Nationalist government’s army was being consumed by internal struggle and the fighting with Japan, while the fate of the nation remained unknown. Whether to continue to fight or to negotiate for peace was a question that affected the country’s survival, and in Wang’s view this issue should be clarified for the people of the nation. Serious consideration was needed, and a decision must be made.
As a chief decision maker, Wang Jingwei was hampered from making proposals that contradicted the government; also the situation at the time did not allow him to publicly declare his opinions. So, after much thought, he Wang decided to leave Chongqing and resign from his position, so that as a private citizen he would be able to make suggestions regarding the country’s future and clearly declare his proposal. A letter he wrote to his eldest son illustrates his sentiments at the time:
“I’ve made multiple private proposals no fewer than twenty times…Over the last few months the questions of “dying for the country” and “saving the country” had been on my mind. And over this, I have sighed ten thousand times. To die for my country for the public good is to give all of my heart, for the private self it is to share the trials and tribulations of all; this is easy to do. To save the country is to put a thousand disasters and ten thousand poisons into one body; this is most difficult. Still, in the end, it is unavoidable to decide on the road to salvation; honestly, we cannot allow the country to be ruined, because it would be difficult to revive from it…”
Under attack from party members due to his proposal for peace, Wang Jingwei decided to leave Chongqing in December, 1938 and travel to Hanoi, Vietnam. Before leaving, he gathered his followers and told them:
“In these extraordinary times, we cannot continue to live as we have in the past; if you have a better way out, we will do our best to pay for your severance.”
All of his followers responded that unless they were dismissed, they would stay with Wang and await their assignments. One of them was a secretary Wang Qi, who was his nephew. Wang Qi pleaded with his uncle to reconsider: “For the future of the country, this is inevitable, but for the sake of self, this will bring serious harm,” to which Wang responded by reminding Wang Qi of Fan Zhongyan’s “to use one family’s suffering in exchange for an entire people’s suffering.”
Before his departure, Wang Jingwei wrote a letter to Chiang Kai-shek asking for his understanding, including the sentence “From now on, you will do what’s easy while I do what’s difficult.” Upon arriving in Vietnam, he stayed temporarily in a house deep in the woods. Looking around, Wang could see only trees in the winter morning mist, while the rest remained unclear. He could not shed the feelings surrounding his having no choice but to leave his homeland during such difficult times, and composed 〈憶舊游賦落葉〉 “Yijiuyou Fallen leaves” quoting from the Nanshe poet Lin Shishuang, one of the 72 Huanghuagang martyrs, to express his sentiments at the time.
Wang Jingwei and Chen Bijun photographed in Hengyang, 1938. Standing, from the right: Chen Junhui, Cao Zhaoyan, Chen Changdao, Chen Chunpu; seventh from the right: Wang Mougong; First from the right, in front: Wang Wenxing.
On December 12, Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe announced a policy statement on the China war calling for friendly relations with China, assistance in China’s economic development, anti-communist collaboration, and the possibility of returning concessions and abandoning extraterritoriality. Wang Jingwei released “Letter to the Supreme Conference of National Defense under the Central Standing Committee, with his response to the Konoe statement and asked his good friend Zeng Xing to bring it to Hong Kong. The document was then given to Chen Gongbo, Zhou Fohai and Tao Xisheng and was published in Hong Kong by Lin Bosheng on December 29. This was the famous yandian (“The Telegram of the 29th.”), which clearly explains the principles and attitude behind Wang’s peace proposal while he waited in Hanoi for a response from the central government.
On January 1, 1939, the Guomindang Central Standing Committee held a provisional meeting and decided to permanently expel Wang from the party and to relieve him for all duties. On January 17th, Lin Bosheng, who published yandian in the South China Daily News, was attacked in the city in Hong Kong. His head was severely wounded, and he stayed in the hospital for more than a month. On January 30th, Wang Jingwei’s article “Question and Answer” was published in the South China Daily News. It explained that the reasons Wang supported a peaceful resolution was based on the premise that peace would protect the nation’s survival and independence. The principles laid out in yandian provided the foundation for further negotiation with Japan. Wang reasoned that if China could collaborate with Japan on the basis of friendship, anti-communism, and economic cooperation, the longstanding animosity between these two countries could be put aside. On February 4, Wang wrote to Konoe expressing these ideas.
In the middle of February 1939, Chiang Kai-shek sent Gu Zhengding, a member of the Central Committee, to visit Wang Jingwei with a passport and money, urging Wang to travel to Europe and give up negotiating peace with the Japanese. Wang told Gu that if his proposal for a peaceful resolution was accepted by the Party, he would be willing to go to Europe. If direct negotiations with Japan and international mediation proceeded at the same time, he would be willing to assist from the sidelines, in exile. But if the Party did not make a decision and the situation was allowed to drag on Wang would return to China immediately.
On March 20, the attempted assassination of Wang Jingwei took place (for details read Ho Mang Hang’s memoir). The target of this assassination was clearly Wang. But the assassin mistook the room of Zeng Zhongming and his wife for the room of Wang Jingwei and Chen Bijun. Zeng was shot and died from his wounds in the afternoon of March 21.
On March 27, the heartbroken Wang Jingwei published an essay, “One Example,” on the death of Zeng Zhongming. He stated that Zeng died for his views on the direction China should take. At this time, Wang wrote, it was all the more important to make every effort to put those ideas into practice, especially when these ideas were directly connected to the survival of the nation and its people. Wang stressed that a peaceful resolution with Japan was not his own assertion but a joint decision made by the Guomindang. For example, Chiang Kai-shek concluded, after discussing with the military commanders in the 54th general meeting of the Supreme National Defense Council, that China should not refuse mediation attempts by Germany. In addition, Wang stated that accepting mediation did not mean China would be destroyed; mediation would provide the foundation and parameters for negotiations. Wang asserted that his Peace Movement was not in conflict with the decision made at the Supreme National Defense Council meeting; and that war would destroy both Japan and China and only peace would ensure the existence of both.
After Zeng’s death, Wang wrote to Zeng’s widow Fang Junbi that “no matter how angry and heartbroken we may feel, let us not allow emotions to disturb the strategy to save the nation.” In “One Example” Wang considered the Peace Movement to be the only solution to save China and disregarded all consideration of the personal danger that his decision might bring. But Wang’s peace resolution was not accepted by the Guomindang. In fact, the suggestion of peace alone was rejected by Chiang and had led to Zeng’s death. Although not afraid of death, Wang realized from Zeng’s death that he needed to survive in order to carry on the peace mission. Sad but not despondent, Wang realized he needed to take a more aggressive approach to set up a new government. Only then, could he protect himself and be able to realize his proposal.
In “Response to an Overseas Chinese,” published on March 30, 1939, Wang reiterated that as long as peace was not a condition to ruin the country, it was necessary to make the decision for peace with courage. And as long as the proposal was accepted, Wang was prepared to assist from the sidelines, in exile.
On April 25, 1939, while leaving Hanoi on the difficult trip, Wang recorded his thoughts in the poem 〈舟夜〉 “Night time on board ship.”
After yandian was released, Wang Jingwei remained in Hanoi, and repeatedly rallied the central government to accept his proposal. But as matters progressed, he knew that the situation had become hopeless. To remain determined, Wang decided, he must increase his own strength. So he began to modify his original proposal. On April 9, 1939 he made An Important Announcement about reorganizing the government. When he arrived in Shanghai, he emphasized the idea in discussions with comrades living there.
On May 28, he proposed the Peace Movement to the Japanese government; he described how it would be developed and executed; and added that maintaining the moral-judicial legitimacy would be a change in China’s strategy, with the priority being to repair the current political situation.
Wang believed the army should be united under the flag of the new government as the main army. He also mentioned the precedence of two governments during the 1927 Ninghan Split in Nanjing and Hankou. The first thing to do was to announce Chongqing had been taken over by the Communists, losing its autonomy, and therefore what Chongqing published was no longer effective legally. At the same time, the Reformed Government of the Republic of China and Provisional Government of the Republic of China would abolish their governmental status, and the personnel of both would be merged with the new Reorganized Nationalist Government under Wang.
On June 15, 1939 Wang proposed “Wishing Japan to respect China’s sovereignty,” declaring his desire to not have a political consultant, asking Japan to validate China’s highest military power, to return confiscated factories, mines, and stores to China, to reevaluate public-private enterprises, joint businesses, and limit Japan’s investments to less than 49%, with the majority power belonging to China, etc.
On July 9, 1939 in “My Fundamental Attitude toward Sino-Japanese Relations and the Direction for Us to Take” indicates the need to inform Japan that a successful Chinese revolution would benefit Japan; and Japan must not jeopardize China’s sovereignty and rights and interests of third countries, and then the two countries could co-exist and prosper together.
In “Clarifying Two Types of Doubts” published on July 22, 1939 Wang said that some people questioned whether “final victory” would not be better. In reality, Wang asserted, Japan was much more powerful militarily than China, a country which depended on international assistance. As for the uncertainty whether Japan was sincere, it was best to reread Sun Yat-sen’s Pan-Asianism speech and reconfirm our belief that China and Japan could only be friends, not enemies. As friends, the two nations could shoulder the responsibility to build Asia, overcome its crisis. But as enemies, neither country would come to a good end. Quoting from the April 1938 Guomindang Provisional National Congress declaration that the Chinese believed in righteousness and true peacefulness; and that after making its goal clear to the Japanese, the Japanese would abandon their invasive ideology, leading to a halt the crisis in the Pacific region so that peace could be achieved.
“How to Achieve Peace?” was broadcast on August 9, 1939, in which Wang declared that should the army in Guangdong agree to peace and anti-communism, the Japanese army would immediately stop its advances, and return occupied territories, garrison its forces on Chinese soil, and return administration and economy respectively to the Chinese. Beginning in Guangdong, peace would be possible over the entire country, with approval from Chongqing.
On August 15, 1939 “An Answer to the Question (1)” was published in Shanghai to explain that the first step toward peace was to stop fighting; the second step was negotiation; and the third step was Japan’s military withdrawal. If overall peace could not be realized right away, then it could be accomplished partially, eventually reaching the entire country.
“An Answer to the Question (2),” published on August 21, 1939 reveals that initially Wang had thought Japan wanted to ruin China; that was the reason for fighting. Now, with a shared goal for mutual existence, Wang believed, peace was the solution.
When Wang’s nephew Shen Song was killed in Hong Kong on August 25, Wang Jingwei said in an interview in Shanghai about the event that he and his supporters had for a long time not been concerned about ruining his reputation or losing his life.
On August 28, 1939 Wang issued the declaration at the Sixth National Congress of the Guomindang about 「和平， 反共， 建國」(“Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction.”)
Telegram to all Comrades in China and Around the World, released on September 1, 1939 reiterated the August 28 declaration and the will to collaborate with Japan towards world peace.
On September 5, 1939 Wang published “The War in Europe and the Future of China,” asserting that peace with Japan was the only solution to save China.
In the September 25, 1939 Letter to Duke Konoe, Wang said that although some people in China recognized their responsibility to work for peace in East Asia, shouldering any such responsibility would not be possible without returning China to complete independence and peace.
On October 30, 1939 Wang received the proposed bill to revise Sino-Japanese relations and discovered that the content differed substantially from Konoe’s declarations. On November 1, Wang sent a telegram to Kagesa Sadaaki expressing his regrets, but said that he was still willing to use the document as a basis for further negotiations. He sent Zhou Fohai, Mei Siping, Gao Zongwu, Tao Shisheng and Zhou Longxing as members of the negotiating team, with Zhou as Chief. Between November 1 and end of December, there were seven such meetings.
On December 18, 1939 Chen Gongbo was sent from Hong Kong to Shanghai to negotiate over Xiamen and Hainan Island and other unresolved issues between the two countries.
In a speech at the Central Military Officers Training Regiment delivered on December 25, 1939 Wang explained that the Declaration at the Sixth National Congress of the Guomindang did not conflict with the previous declaration from April 1938 Guomindang Provisional National Congress. During the time of the 1938 Guomindang Provisional National Congress, conditions for peace were not met; that was why the direction was to fight. But as soon as conditions for peace were met, then peace negotiations must be resumed. Now that conditions for peace had been met, it was time to act for peace.
Wang then published “After the Telegram of 29 December 1938 (yandian)” on December 29, restating that the yandian focuses on the necessity and naturalness of good relations between China and Japan, putting aside earlier difficulties, working together towards peace in East Asia and the Pacific, and to further the security of world peace. Since the Konoe declaration, public opinion in Japan and China was aligned; working with this ideal and belief for the Peace Movement, success would come for certain. “Final victory” was not attainable, the so-called “invasive and non-invasive lines of battle” had been demolished; who would win in the future was unpredictable. Even if the desired victor should win, there was no guarantee the victor would help China. The Paris Peace Conference and the Washington Conference disappointed China greatly. People sincerely concerned about the future of China would never rely on uncertain foreign aid to continue the war of resistance in pursuit of final victory. In China, how could we consider the amount of lost territory, scorched earth guerilla warfare, consumption of the people’s strength just within the year as the means to fight to the end? If hope exists to save the country, then we must first save the country. We only die if the country could be saved by our deaths, we do not die with the country. But whether or not we could achieve tangible conditions for peace, and how to realize them, must depend on the Peace Movement’s hard work. In summary, we could only move forward with the Peace Movement. If we succeed, it would be benefit the country. Otherwise, it would plant a seed for future peace. China and Japan had no other option but to take this road. Some people say that one who dies in war would become a national hero; to die for the Peace Movement, one would be condemned. Yet, with piles of millions of our fellowmen’s dead bodies, who could think for one’s self? At the end of the article, Wang mentioned “Determination for Revolution,” which he wrote during the Revolution to overthrow the Qing. He mentioned the sacrifices of Zeng Zhongming and Shen Song and pledged that he would use what remained of his self as a contribution to the Peace Movement.
On December 30, 1939 Wang signed the Revised Sino-Japanese Treaty, which included the following basic principles: (1) mutual friendship between the two countries, collaboration in anti-communism, economic support; (2) establishment of districts for close relationship with Japan for national defence and economy in North China and Inner Mongolia; (3) realization of Sino-Japanese economic cooperation in the lower reaches of the Yangzi River; and (4) establishment of islands along the coastal area of Southern China for the tangible realization of close military cooperation.。
The broadcast “Future of the Peace Movement” and the essay “[China and Japan] Advancing Together” released on January 1, 1940 pointed out that China should adopt the Japanese guidelines in diplomacy and national defense; and economically follow the principle of equal and mutual benefit. Only then could peace and security for East Asia and China be achieved.
On January 15, 1940 Wang wired Chiang Kai-shek reiterating his efforts to negotiate peace with the Japanese, pointing out that continued fighting with the Japanese in a war that China could not win would only prolong the suffering for its people, who wanted peace. Wang would cooperate with Chiang if Chongqing would withdraw its troops and accept the principles outlined in the Konoe proposal, China’s independence and freedom could be secured. It was within Chiang’s power to make this important decision for the country.
In Qingqdao, a conference was held on January 22-26 with Wang Kemin, Liang Hongzhi and others to discuss the central government’s leading principles, political platform and policies. The decision was made to set up the new government as the Reorganized National Government, and to return its capital to Nanjing. The decision was released in several press conferences.
On February 1, 1940 Japanese Prime Minister Mitsumasa Yonai announced the formation of the new Chinese government headed by Wang, to which Japan would lend its complete support and assistance.
At the anniversary of Sun Yat-sen’s death on March 12, Wang made the speech “Psychological Construction of ‘Peace, Struggle, and Saving China’” pointing out that the League of Nations founded in 1920 and the Nine Power Agreement in 1922 were followed by Sun’s proposal of Pan-Asianism in 1924. Without Japan, there would be no East Asia; without China, here would be no East Asia. Peaceful co-existence would benefit both countries, while war would bring suffering to both sides. And during war time, it was all the more important to realize this concept.
In “Peace Declaration,” published on March 13, 1940 Wang reiterated Sun Yat-sen’s idea that China and Japan should work together towards future development as the driving force behind the movement for Asian Nationalism. Regrettably, China and Japan were at war, and the relationship between the two nations had not been changed. The Peace Movement was conceived to eliminate the war between the two nations. The declaration at the Sixth National Congress of the Guomindang in August, 1939 about peace, anti-communism and national reconstruction was made in the hopes of setting up a constitutional government and the Central Political Conference, which would in turn establish a Central Government as quickly as possible. Under this Central Government, constitutional government would be recognized set, and policies and strategies would be established to meet the demands of the current situations. The goal was to resume peace and security, leading to rebuilding the nation with the technology and resources of other nations. Despite years of pleading with Chongqing, the proposal was not accepted, even though the Chinese people wanted peace. This was the principle for peace, to be publicized nationally and internationally, with the hope that the burden would be shared by all parties.
The Central Political Meeting was convened on March 20, 1940 giving Wang the power to revise China’s relations with Japan. The resolution to form a new government was passed, and the capital would return to Nanjing.
The speech “The Important Mission of the Nationalist Government’s Return to the Capital” was broadcast on March 23, 1940 saying that the Peace Movement’s goal was to realize peace and constitutional government.
In the speech delivered at the ceremony to return the capital on March 30, 1940 Wang declared that from that point on, this would be the only legitimate government, and hoped that Chongqing would reconsider past differences. The Reformed Government of the Republic of China and Provisional Government of the Republic of China would be united under the Reorganized National Government, temporarily retaining their current situations, to be managed later, until the ideal of peace, anti-communism and national construction was reached throughout the nation.
The National Government was headed by Lin Sen with Wang Jingwei as acting Chairman, as well as President of the Executive Yuan and the Chairman of the Military Affairs Committee.
After leaving Chongqing, Wang’s peace proposal not only did not receive acceptance by the Guomindang, he was expelled from the party, reprimanded, slandered, even threatened with murder. Wang had predicted this outcome and assumed that advocating for peace would meet with much difficulty. Even with Konoe’s declaration, due to Japan’s own internal political complications, the reality was that two countries continued to be mired by war, making things the situation even more difficult. Wang thought that once peace was proposed as the means to alleviate the people’s peril, Japan would stand behind the cause. But reality was not so ideal. Even though participants of the Peace Movement were mentally prepared, the Japanese became worried and began reaching out to Chongqing to test the waters, which delayed the progress of the original Peace Movement. On the international front, once Japan, Germany and Italy joined together, and Germany and Russia suddenly agreed to fight against Britain and the United States; Japan slowed down the newly formed Wang Government for the sake of preserving its relations with Russia. On the subject of the flag alone, it was only after many negotiations that the Japanese agreed to use the flag of the Chinese Republic, with the additional yellow pennant to distinguish them from against the Chongqing army on in the battlefield. Due to many delays, it took a year and three months to set up the new government since Wang’s departure from Chongqing.
On April 13, the broadcast “New Stage in the Movement of Peace, Anti-communism and Nation Building” indicated that the goal was not far, and that Guangdong should set a first example.
On April 17 Wang inspected Wuhan, and in the broadcast “Achieving Peace and Implementing Constitutional Government” spoke about his hopes for the citizens of Wuhan to work with the government to remove obstacles to peace-making, and to solidify the foundation of the constitution.
In the broadcast “The Spirit of Self Examination” on April 26 Wang said that while Japan was the invader, China should accept responsibility for not having a clear political system or a developed economy which contributed to its weakness and served as one reason for being invaded in the first place.
In “Some Thoughts and Expectations on the Third Anniversary of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident” Wang argues on July 7 that a ceasefire agreement and peace treaty were the only means to achieve peace. Wang’s view that Japan did not consider itself a victor in this war indicates the path people from all nations must follow: from an independent sovereign standpoint, each nation should rebuild friendly relationship with one another in order to shoulder the responsibility to revitalize East Asia. If China were to share this responsibility, Wang argued, it could not be a defeated country, which would only increase its burden and weaken its power, it would help to make China’s sovereignty as a nation complete and stimulate China’s development. Why should there be any hesitation?
“From Commemorating the Battle of Shanghai to Prospecting for Overall Peace” published on August 13, 1940 points out that whether or not peace could be achieved depended upon the conditions for peace, about which Chongqing remained skeptical. But Chongqing’s skepticism and fear came from not understanding the meaning of Sino-Japanese cooperation towards East Asia revitalization. Wang believed it was necessary for countries to work together on relationships regarding nature, such as geography and race and social relationships regarding morality and economic conditions.
Photographed in Nanjing, 1940
In an “Interview with American Journalist on the Outline of the Nationalist Government Policy,” published on August 25, Wang spoke about the importance of establishing friendly relations between China, Japan and the US. President Roosevelt’s Press Secretary Stephen Early’s statement about Europe, Asia and America being three territories needing to jointly address each of their territorial questions would be in accord with Sun Yat-sen’s Pan-Asianism ideology. Sun’s proposal was also accepted by knowledgeable Japanese, most notably by Konoe.
“The Importance of Remembering Confucius,” published on August 27 used the teachings of the philosopher to remind Peace Movement comrades that “if the people have no faith in their rulers, there is no standing for the state.”
The “Statement after the Closing Ceremony of the Conference for Basic Relations between China and Japan” delivered on August 31 provides for doubters of the Peace Movement proof that the foundation for new relations between the two nations had been confirmed.
On November 12, in “Nationalism and Pan-Asianism” Wang said that Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Qing and founded the Republic after China’s defeat in the Sino-Russian War. Without nationalism, it was impossible to rally the Chinese people’s self awareness. Pan-Asianism was necessary to unite the strength of East Asia to defend itself against outside aggressors, and to rally the self awareness of people of East Asia. China and Japan should work together for their mutual fate.
Wang Jingwei at age 60, in Nanjing
In “Expectations for 1941” published on January 1, 1941 Wang explains that, after 30 years, the Minguo’s (Republic’s) inability to reach its goal for construction could be attributed to its indecisive foreign policy. Because China and Japan did not see this clearly, it led to mutual animosity. Finally in the past year, with mutual understanding, we had revised diplomatic relations and treaties. This year we focus on the realization of the treaty. East Asia’s revitalization and China’s equality and freedom are one and the same, that is the reason for the movement towards East Asia allegiance. All year, we must work towards the four major expectations of political independence, military alliance, economic support, cultural exchange; while holding on to each of our independent standpoint, we work towards a common goal, until we succeed. As for actualizing these goals, first we must reach the lowest expectation of building the army. With military might, it would be possible to defend ourselves, secure peace, revitalize the villages, and the people could be fed.
In April, Wang wrote the poem 〈冰如手書陽明先生答聶文蔚書及余所作述懷詩合為長卷，繫之以辭，因題其後。時為中華民國三十年四月二十四日，距同讀傳習錄時已三十三年，距作述懷詩時已三十二年矣〉 for his wife, mentioning the fact that since his days as a young revolutionary, he had often used “cooking rice” as a metaphor for revolution, e.g., in his early poems 〈述懷〉 “A recount of my vision and sentiments”, 〈見人析車輪為薪，為作此歌〉 “Song inspired by seeing old carriage wheels turn into firewood” and the phrase “I am the firewood, you are the cauldron” he sent to Hu Hanmin before the assassination attempt on Zaifeng. This metaphor is also detailed in the last paragraph of “Determination for Revolution”:
“The courage to not fear death is achieved with strength, while the courage to not hide from trouble is achieved with single-minded virtue. Both kinds of courage are needed. To use cooking rice as a metaphor, firewood is needed to heat the cauldron that contains the rice. When the firewood starts to burn, it creates a roaring fire. In a blink of an eye, the firewood turns to ashes. Although physically gone, the expanded heat that the firewood creates is an essential element to cooking rice. The cauldron is also useful; it is not eroded by water and fire cannot melt it. With fire and water burning, the cauldron would not change when the rice is cooked, even though it suffers from the pain of heat. Revolutionaries! Are we prepared to be firewood or cauldron? That depends on each or our personalities, each of our best efforts. Using cooked rice as a metaphor for the outcome of the Revolution, those 400 million fellow Chinese who await for the Revolution to soothe their suffering are like hungry people who are waiting to be fed. Revolutionaries, whether you use your bodies as firewood or cauldron, when the rice is cooked, we can share it with the 400 million fellow Chinese!”
Wang Jingwei, ca. 1940-41
On July 1, 1941 the German and Italian governments decided to recognize Wang’s Reorganized National Government.
On August 4, 1941 Wang delivered a speech at a the East Asia Press Conference and on August 6, in a radio broadcast speech “How to Expand Peace,” he spoke about the importance of first focusing on security, and then peace can be guaranteed in one piece of land, then a second piece, then the province, and then the entire country.
On December 18, 1941 Wang spoke in a national radio broadcast on “the Significance of East Asian War and Our Mission” and pointed out that with Japan’s attack on the US, the four-year Sino-Japanese War had become East Asia’s War. The Konoe proposal to build the East Asia New Order, and Pan-Asianism which the Peace Movement followed and advocated for had moved from theory to realization. If the war was won, then the century-old invasive power would be wiped away, East Asia would be liberated and China would gain peace and equality. What China could do and must focus its efforts on were to: 1) secure safety, 2) strengthen military power, 3) increase production and cut back on expenses. We need to work hard on this.
On January 1, 1942 Wang released the “Outline of the New Citizen Movement” to expound on his idea that to protect East Asia on the eve of the war, the New Citizen Movement was needed to return to Sun Yat-sen’s basic founding Three People’s Principles.
On January 13, the new Japanese Ambassador Shigemitsu Mamoru met with the Wang government in Nanjing to discuss the Greater East Asia war and the situation in Chongqing. Wang thought that if Chongqing had negotiated peace with Japan at the outbreak of the European War, Japan could have considered the Sino-Japanese Basic Treaty to achieve peace. Unfortunately, Chongqing depended on Britain and the US, and missed this golden opportunity. Now that Chongqing had joined forces with Britain to fight in Burma, it would be even more hopeless to turn around. In the past, Japan criticized China for playing off one foreign power off against another, while China blamed Japan for invasion — both nations going around in never-ending circles. In January 1942, the Reorganized National Government (RNG) and Japanare were experiencing a similar situation. Japan thought that the RNG was weak, and it would not benefit Japan to recognize it. The RNG thought this that recognizing Japan would cause it to lose face for China. Both China and Japan needed to re-examine itself to improve the situation. Mamoru believed that if Chongqing would not change course, Japan must destroy it; but Japan would support the RNG until it became a real Chinese Central Government. As for splitting with Chongqing, more attention was needed. Wang did not agree with Japan’s idea that once the Burma Road was cut off, Chongqing would submit. At this time, with Chiang’s increasing reliance on Britain and the US, even if Japan were to win the initial stages of the war in Greater East Asia, in the long run, Britain and the US would win. Even if the Burma Road was severed, Chiang would hold fort in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. Wang also predicted that Japan would focus on the war in Nanyang and relax its advances in China. He also thought that Chiang would place hope on Russia. If Germany could instigate a major attack with the Russians in May or June, putting England in a difficult position, the European War would change greatly. Otherwise, the US would not easily stand aside and do nothing. By then, Japan must shoulder the burden of fighting the Americans, defending Nanyang and Australia; and in this event, war would drag on.
Although this was Wang’s conjecture on what Chiang would think, it also represented his own worries about the war situation. Yet Mamoru estimated that the Allied Forces were already set back and would not be able to recover soon. As soon as Japan managed to seize the resources in Nanyang, it would become undefeatable. As history indicates, Wang’s predictions were correct, while Mamoru was over confident and underestimated the Allied Forces.
On January 17, 1942, Chen Bijun, Lin Bosheng, Chen Yaozu and others were dispatched to Hong Kong to conduct relief efforts for Guomindang army and government and other personnel who were detained there. Some were repatriated to China for their service; Guangdong Provincial University educational and Nanjing medical work were initiated for this purpose. On January 18, in the Opening Speech at the Conference on Political Work, Wang Jingwei again emphasized his belief that “To save China is to save East Asia; to save East Asia is to save China…if East Asia falls, China cannot survive on its own.” On January 25, Ambassador Shigemitsu Mamoru visited China to discuss the restitution of the British concession in Tianjin and the British concession in Guangzhou Shamian.
On March 17, Chu Minyi, Chen Chunpu were sent respectively to Tianjin and Guangzhou for the restitution of the British concessions from the Japanese.
The paper by Lin Han-sheng “Wang Ching-wei’s Memorandum to the Japanese Government, 1942” provides a clear picture of the skillful techniques Wang employed to protect the citizens in the occupied areas. Wang had personally appealed to the highest office, sometimes using emotions, sometimes morals, reason and logic. The paper also indicates that Wang never helped the Japanese in the Pacific War, not deploying a single soldier to fight the Allied Forces. He also fought to regain power and resources from the Japanese army, while preserving the vigor and spirit of the Chinese people.
On January 9, 1943 the treaty between China and Japan was signed to restitute settlement areas established under unequal treaties from 1860, to abolish extraterritoriality, and return British and Japanese concessions to to China.
On February 2, 1943, Chairman Wang Jingwei ordered the removal of the triangle with the words “Heping, fangong, jianguo” (“Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction”) that was added to the Chinese flag to distinguish itself from the Chongqing government.
On March 23, 1943 Wang gave a speech at the Zhongshan Mausoleum and planted a tree at the Mingsong School, which he had set up to commemorate the deaths of Zeng Zhongming and Shen Song. He also composed a poem in their honor.
Beijing, Tianjin, Hankou, Guangzhou and other concessions were restituted by Japan in May of 1943. The Shanghai concessions were relinquished in July by the French and in August by the British. Japan also ceded settlements in China’s treaty ports.
In the fall of 1943, Wang wrote his last poem 〈朝中措重九登北極閣〉 “Chaozhongcuo Climbing the Beiji Pavilion on Double Ninth Festival“ expressing his feelings of loss and pain.
On October 30, 1943 Wang signed a revised peace treaty with Japan, improving on the conditions laid out in the 1941 treaty which called for the loss of sovereignty.
At the end of the year, Wang fell ill. The doctors thought the illness resulted from the bullet that was still lodged in his back from the 1935 attack. On December 19, the bullet was removed.
After the New Year’s speech in 1944, Wang Jingwei suffered from a high fever and great pain from his wounds. He was unable leave his bed. On March 31, he entered Tohoku University Hospital in Japan and was operated on the next day. After an air raid by the US forces, Wang caught pneumonia and a fever that would not break. At 4pm on November 10, Wang’s tumultuous life came to an end.
Wang’s body was transported back to Nanjing, where it was buried on Plum Flower Hill near Sun Yat-sen’s Zhongshan Mausoleum.
Nine months later, the Japanese Emperor surrendered unconditionally on August 15, 1945. On August 16, the Nanjing Government disbanded. In September, Chen Bijun and 15 others were imprisoned in Guangzhou. In 1946, Chen Gongbo, Chu Minyi and Lin Bosheng and other close to Wang’s side were executed.
In January 1946, Wang’s tomb was bombed by the Guomindang, his remains were never recovered.
In February 1964, as the 20th anniversary of Wang’s death approached, the document “How I Feel in My Last Moment” was published in Hong Kong as Wang’s last will, attracting much attention in China and Japan. Although its authorship and authenticity have been hotly debated, the document is included here for its value as a historical resource.
As Wang Jingwei’s son-in-law Ho Mang Hang recalls, when Wang was in the hospital in 1944, Lin Bosheng came to visit and asked Wang, “Do you have any more instructions?” Wang was silent for a while and replied,
“My thoughts and ideas have been expressed in my writings and speeches, in keeping with the changing political situations for anyone to read. But what truly reflects my inner feelings is my poetry collection Shuangzhaolou shicigao.”
This statement was also made in his essay “Autobiographical Sketch” published in the Eastern Miscellany ten years before his death. Wang Jingwei’s thoughts and ideas are in his published writings and speeches, and his inner feelings can also be found between the lines of his poetry.
Wang Jingwei’s life and the changing political situations of modern China cannot be separated. The person who most deeply influenced Wang Jingwei’s political ideas was Sun Yat-sen. Sun’s Three People’s Principles and Pan-Asianism became the foundation of Wang’s political belief and the basis for his Peace Movement. Because of Sun Yat-sen, the young Wang who was studying in Japan became interested in politics and saving the country. In the aftermath of Sun’s death, Wang entered the political arena, a direction from which there was no turning back. He was a faithful follower of Sun’s Three People’s Principles. In a letter to the editor at the South China Daily News, Wang wrote:
“Although my learning is shallow and my writing is average, my proposals have always been based on the ideology of Mr. Sun’s Three People’s Principles, without waiver.” (May 30, 1930)
Yet, to Wang, the ideals of the Three People’s Principles must be based on a democratic foundation. Democracy was not only the basis for people’s rights, but also the fundamental premise of nationalism and people’s livelihood. The success of the national revolution depended on the ability to establish the power of democracy. His pursuit for democracy is also the chief reason for his stern opposition against communism and the autocratic Chiang Kai-shek.
Wang Jingwei’s formation of the Reorganized National Government and the Peace Movement in the later years became the focus of our attention. His ideas for Peace Movement were also influenced by Sun Yat-sen’s Pan-Asianism. Sun proposed Pan-Asianism in 1924 as a way to promote Oriental rule of Right against the Western rule of Might. Since Japan and China shared the same racial and cultural origins, they should co-exist peacefully and work together for the future of East Asia. Wang advocated for peace because he considered war was hopeless; in Wang’s view, peace was the only solution to China’s survival. Japan had come to recognize that China was not ready to yield under military force; this realization allowed the Peace Movement to begin. Over the years, even though there were opportunities to achieve peace, overall peace had not been accomplished. After five years, Japan began war with the US and Britain, which could not have been predicted. The Nanjing Reorganized National Government was not informed about the attack on Pearl Harbor in advance. When war broke out, Wang gathered his officials to discuss countermeasures.
Fully aware that achieving overall peace was even more hopeless at that point, Wang’s Government strived to strengthen itself, in order to fight for the rights of the citizens in the occupied territories. To this end, the first priority was equal standing with Japan, by becoming its ally in the Pacific War. For various reasons, the Reorganized National Government’s proposal to enter the war was delayed. From this point of view, had Wang’s wish to allow the nation to recuperate from the ravages of war in order to preserve its vigor not become reality? From a historical point of view, what benefits did setting up a Chinese-run government in occupied territories bring to the lives of those who lived there?
Chen Gongbo testified during the 1946 trial:
“The Pacific War broke out on December 8, 1941; the Nanjing Government entered the War on January 9, 1943. Why did Nanjing enter the War? Because since the War, Japan had amassed provisions from China for their army, with no end in sight. Not only could the Nanjing Government not question this, citizens could not complain about their suffering. In order to preserve the vitality of the country and its resources, Nanjing felt it had no choice but to enter the War. In the name of entering the War, it was possible to ask for repatriation of concessions and the abolishment of extraterritorial claims. Furthermore, it would become possible to ask for political and military independence, in order to free itself from Japan’s military restrictions and to buy time for a changing situation. After entering the War, Nanjing never deployed a single troop, it also refused to use a single soldier to fight against the Chongqing. This is the truth that cannot be erased and all people of the country could recognize.” (The Nanjing Municipal Archives, ed. Shenxun Wangwei hanjian bilu (The Trial Transcripts of the Collaborators of the Wang Jingwei Puppet Regime). Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1992.)
Let us take a look at the Japanese occupied areas under the Nanjing Government such as Suzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing where Wang and his supporters worked to restore peace and order, and revive local economic situations with positive results. This can be contrasted with Chiang Kai-shek’s Chongqing. The trial “testimonies” and “confessions” of Chen Bijun, Chen Gongbo, Zhou Fohai and Chu Minyi offer specific insight in this regard. Putting aside the question of whether Wang Jingwei’s Nanjing Government was effective or not, it was Wang Jingwei who established a Chinese-run regime within the occupied territories, restricting the activities of the Japanese army. As a result, there was no more massacre, tens of thousands of lives, even millions of Chinese lives were saved. These contributions of Wang’s Nanjing Government and the Peace Movement should not be ignored.
In this biography, we also try to explore if Wang Jingwei truly lived up to the Mencius philosophy of compassion and Wang Yangming’s edict that knowledge and action should not be separated. In addition, our goal is to fulfill Wang’s wish to use his life’s speeches and writings as his biography, with the hopes to allow us to further assess the contributions made by Wang’s Peace Movement and the Nanjing Reorganized National Government from the points of view of foreign relations, economics, welfare of the people, and away from superficial and inflexible definitions.
*Selections and excerpts of Wang Jingwei’s poetry and other writings by Ho Mang Hang. 《雙照樓詩詞讀後記》Shuangzhaolou shici duhouji (Reflections After Reading Shuangzhaolou Poetry), 《汪精衛現代中國》Wang Jingwei xian dai Zhongguo (Wang Jingwei and Modern China)
Wang Jingwei with Zeng Zhongming. Draft of an Unfinished Autobiography, unpublished manuscript.
Ho Mang Hang. Wang Jingwei xian dai Zhongguo (Wang Jingwei and Modern China), unpublished manuscript.
Ho Mang Hang. Yunyan sanyi (Cloud, Smoke, Scattered Memories), unpublished manuscript.
Hu Shi laiwang shuxin xuan (The Correspondence of Hu Shi). Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2013.
Jin Xiongbai. Wang Jingwei de kaichang yu shouchang (The Rise and Fall of the Wang Jingwei Regime), 5 Volumes. Hong Kong: Chunqiu chubanshe, 1959-1964. | <urn:uuid:eefb9103-9f31-49a7-a782-08433e16b5d8> | {
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The algorithm builds the histogram of the values of the degree of all nodes, which will be delivered in the two output files.
Pros & Cons
The network to analyze must be undirected, otherwise there are no special constraints.
Basic analysis tool, not particular for special disciplines or problems.
The algorithm requires two inputs, the file where the edges of the network are listed and the number of points one wishes to have in the binned distribution described below. A first read-in of the inputfile will set the values of the number of nodes and edges of the network. In the second read-in the degrees of all nodes will be calculated. Then the distribution is calculated.
The program generates two output files, corresponding to two different ways of partitioning the interval spanned by the values of degree. In the first output, the occurrence of any degree value between the minimum and the maximum is estimated and divided by the number of nodes of the network, so to obtain the probability: the output displays all degree values in the interval with their probabilities.
The second output gives the binned distribution, i.e. the interval spanned by the values of degree is divided into bins whose size grows while going to higher values of the variable. The size of each bin is obtained by multiplying by a fixed number the size of the previous bin. The program calculates the fraction of nodes whose degree falls within each bin. Because of the different sizes of the bins, these fractions must be divided by the respective bin size, to have meaningful averages.
This technique is particularly suitable to study skewed distributions: the fact that the size of the bins grows large for large degree values compensates for the fact that not many nodes have high degree values, so it suppresses the fluctuations that one would observe by using bins of equal size. On a double logarithmic scale, which is very useful to determine the possible power law behavior of the distribution, the points of the latter will appear equally spaced on the x-axis.
The program runs in a time O(m), m being the number of edges of the network.
A simple application of this algorithm could be to calculate the degree distribution of networks created by the modeling algorithms of the NWB. For instance, the network file can be created through the Barabasi-Albert model.
The algorithm was implemented and documented by S. Fortunato, integrated by S. Fortunato and W. Huang.
Albert, R., and Barabasi, A.-L. (2002) Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Review of Modern Physics 74:47-97.
Newman, M.E.J. (2003) The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review 45:167-256.
Pastor-Satorras, R., Vespignani, A. (2004) Evolution and Structure of the Internet. Cambridge University Press.
Boccaletti, S., Latora, V., Moreno, Y.,Chavez, M., Hwang, D.-U. (2006) Complex networks: Structure and dynamics. Physics Reports 424: 175-308. | <urn:uuid:a8081f6e-1370-4080-917f-07d1c378dd9f> | {
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Gaultheria hispidula, commonly known as the Creeping Snowberry or Moxie-Plum, is a spreading ground-level vine of the heath family Ericaceae native to North America that produces small white edible berries. It fruits from August to September. Its leaves and berries taste and smell like wintergreen.
Gaultheria hispidula is an evergreen prostrate shrub which forms a mat of stems and leaves which can reach 1 m (3 ft) in diameter and only 10 cm (4 in) high. The small leaves, which are under 1 cm long, are arranged alternately along the stems. The pale green-white flowers are seen in spring, followed by the white berries in August and September. The fruit is edible and acid-tasting.
Habitat and ecology
Gaultheria hispidula grows in acidic and neutral soils in open woodland and forest verges, particularly on wet ground such as in or on the edge of bogs, often near tree stumps. It is pollinated by solitary bees, bumblebees, bee-flies and hoverflies, while chipmunks and deer mice spread the seed.
Its original range spread from far northern Canada to as far south as North Carolina, but it has been extirpated from the southerly portions of its original range. Like most plants in North America, deforestation and competition with invasive ornamentals (especially shade-loving groundcovers, such as English ivy or winter creeper commonly sold at garden centers) probably hurts the creeping snowberry significantly. As a result, it has been extirpated from some of its original range and classified as rare in several states. Despite this, its international status has been evaluated as secure. This is because it is still quite common in its more northerly range of greater Canada. However, deforestation and exotic invasion are continuing problems that affect all forest species in both Canada and the United States.
- ^ Peterson Field Guides: Edible Wild Plants, Lee Allen Peterson, 1977
- ^ a b c "Gaultheria hispidula - (L.)Muhl. ex Bigelow.". Plants For A Future database. Plants For A Future. http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria%20hispidula. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ a b Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) (2007). "Creeping Snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula)". Pennsylvania Plant Species of Concern. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/factsheets/13724.pdf. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
- ^ Hays, Michael (2001). "Conservation Assessment for Creeping snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula)". US Forest Service website. Allegheny National Forest: USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region. http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/wildlife/tes/ca-overview/docs/plant_Gaultheria-hispidula-Creeping_Snowberry.pdf. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ "Global Deforestation". University of Michigan. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html}. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
- ^ "Canada's Species". Torsten Bernhardt, Museums Assistance Program of Heritage Canada, McGill University. http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/index.htm. Retrieved 27 May 2011. | <urn:uuid:f5e97661-0825-4303-b4aa-6958d4f74b72> | {
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Today, more than 100 countries worldwide have developed commercial wind farms. The wind sector provides around 3.5% of the world’s generation capacity. In 2012, the world was powered for the equivalent of eight days by wind.
Wind will provide roughly 7.4% of global generation a decade from now. Many regional markets are already experiencing much higher percentages:
- Wind provides roughly 30% of generation capacity in Denmark.
- Wind provides over 45% of generation capacity in four major German states and roughly 11% nationally.
- Wind generation capacity in some provinces in Spain reaches close to 100%.
- In South Australia wind has provided more than 46% of total generation.
In 2012, the wind sector had a turnover of more than NZ$100 billion internationally.
International market growth
Globally, renewable electricity generation continues to exceed all predictions. In 2012, 44,711 MW of new wind generation - five times New Zealand’s entire electricity system - was installed around the world. This raised by 19% the total installed global capacity, to 282,482 MW. The majority of the new capacity was installed in Asia and North America, but new markets in Latin America, Africa and Asia are also driving market growth.
The Global Wind Energy Council predicts average international market growth rates of about 8% per year for the next five years, but with a substantial dip in 2013. The Global Wind Energy Council sees total installations of about 255 GW between 2012-2016, and cumulative market growth averaging just less than 16% - but substantial growth in difficult times.
Wind is a generator of jobs as well as electricity. According to a 'moderate' growth scenario cited in the 2012 Global Wind Energy Outlook, more than 875,000 people will be employed by the industry by 2015, 1.2 million by 2020, and more than 1.7 million by 2030.
Global cumulative installed wind capacity, 1997-2012
Annual installed capacity by region, 1997-2012
Global installed wind power capacity, 2012
Capacity installed in 2012 (MW)
Total capacity end 2012 (MW)
Africa and Middle East
Source: Global Wind Energy Council | <urn:uuid:ebab5035-fa4c-404c-b153-43f871e3cfc6> | {
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This animation demonstrates the stages of mitosis in an animal cell. Use the control buttons along the bottom to run the complete animation. Click on any intermediate stage (for example, Anaphase), and see a representative still frame.
Interphase: Cells may appear inactive during this stage, but they are quite the opposite. This is the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates, the centrioles divide, and proteins are actively produced. For a complete description of the events during Interphase, read about the Cell Cycle.
Prophase: During this first mitotic stage, the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes. Each replicated chromosome comprises two chromatids, both with the same genetic information. Microtubules of the cytoskeleton, responsible for cell shape, motility and attachment to other cells during interphase, disassemble. And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle from the region of the centrosomes.
Prometaphase: In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a recognizable nucleus. Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to kinetochores, protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are joined. Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes, overlap each other at the cell center.
Metaphase: Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the center of the cell.
Anaphase: Spindle fibers shorten, the kinetochores separate, and the chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles.
Telophase: The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have pulled them apart disappear.
Cytokinesis: The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only that portion of overlap is left. It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two daughter cells. Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to interphase.
Cancer cells reproduce relatively quickly in culture. In the Cancer Cell CAM compare the length of time these cells spend in interphase to that for mitosis to occur. | <urn:uuid:25ab7d39-8c82-49d6-a2e3-26726f54453f> | {
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This section characterizes the archaeological, ethnographic, and historical setting for the proposed transfer properties, along with the regulatory framework applicable to cultural resources for the properties involved in the proposed land transfers for Burney Falls, Ahjumawi Lava Beds State Park, and McArthur Swamp. Previous archaeological surveys and recorded sites within the transfer properties are discussed. The section concludes with a discussion of the potential impacts to cultural resources that could occur as a result of project-related actions and suggested mitigation measures to alleviate such impacts.
Ethnographic and Archaeological Background
All of the parcels involved in the proposed land transfers lie within the ethnographic territory of the Ahjumawi, who are more commonly referred to as the Pit River Indians. Several references discuss the culture and lifeways of these people (Dixon 1908, Kniffen 1928, Kroeber 1925, Merriam 1926, and Olmsted and Stewart 1978), and the following is summarized from these sources and from recent archaeological reports. Achumawi translates to "river (literally "it flows") people." The Achumawi occupied lands extending from Mount Shasta on the northwest to Lassen Peak on the southwest and from Goose Lake on the northeast to Eagle Lake on the southeast.
There are nine Achumawi tribelets, each of which occupied a portion of the Pit River and its tributaries, as well as lands extending some distance away from the river. The nine tribelets functioned as self-governing units, but were closely related through intermarriage. They shared a common language from the Palaihnihan branch of the Hokan family of languages, and although there were some dialectal differences, they were not different enough to prohibit communication. The proposed land transfers for this project includes lands in the traditional territory of three of these tribelets: Ahjumawi, Ilmawi, and Itsatawi.
Villages were centered around concentrations of food resources, such as fish streams and swamps. Structures used for habitation consisted of semi-subterranean winter structures with sloping bark roofs, and summer huts of brush or tule-mat. The winter village communities also contained a larger semi-subterranean structure used for gatherings.
The natural environment was rich with food resources, including fish, waterfowl, game, root crops, acorns, and other plants. Acorn processing was a staple of the indigenous subsistence patterns, and this resource was abundant along the Pit River. Streams, lakes, meadows, and swamps were especially important to the Achumawi because they provided such a large proportion of their food and shelter. Prior to the construction of powerhouses on the Pit River, salmon and other anadromous fish traveled up the Pit River and its tributaries. In Achumawi territory, there were about fifty miles of salmon streams and 150 miles of streams from which bass, catfish, lamprey, pike, suckers, trout, and a number of species of minnows were taken. Crawfish and mussels were also eaten. Vegetal foods were an important part of the diet, and a wide variety of roots, seeds, berries, nuts, and herbs were gathered in season. Hunting appears to have been secondary to fishing and gathering, but numerous species were taken.
Archaeological investigations in the project vicinity have provided a chronology for the occupation by prehistoric people in the area. One of the earliest archaeological investigations in the project vicinity was conducted by Baumhoff and Olmsted (1963) at the Lorenzen site in Little Hot Springs Valley, Modoc County; and more recent work has been conducted by Manuel (1983), by Kelly et al. (1987), and by Hull et al. (1999). The project areas appear to have first been inhabited by ancestors of the Pit River Tribe approximately 5,000 years ago, and there has been almost continuous occupation since that time. This chronology has been divided into seven phases, with the most recent being the historic phase (A.D. 1730-1850) which ended with Euroamerican contact. Between 3000 B.C. and 1350 B.C., the region appears to have been used intermittently, with hunting as the main subsistence activity; and hunting continued to be the major subsistence focus between 1350 B.C. and A.D. 750. The Elko projectile point is the most common type noted in the archaeological record during this period; and obsidian sourcing studies document obsidian from nine major sources within a 50-mile radius of Lake Britton. These sites around the lake continue to yield valuable data on prehistoric economies and subsistence patterns along the Pit River.
A change in the subsistence base and technology appears to have occurred around A.D. 750 when the focus changed to riverine resources. Rosegate and Gunther style projectile points represent the period between A.D. 750 and A.D. 1450. Between A.D. 1450 and A.D. 1830, the population appears to have stabilized with subsistence still riverine-based; and Gunther and Desert Side-notched projectile point styles then dominate the cultural assemblages.
The first Euroamericans in the project area came in 1832-33 with a Hudson’s Bay Company expedition led by John Work. The local natives shot and killed many of Work’s horses; and, thus, the Pit River peoples gained a reputation for being aggressive (Kelly et al. 1987).
Permanent settlement by Euroamericans began in the area some 20 years later; and through the 1860s, confrontation was common among the Pit River bands and Euroamericans, as the local natives resisted Euroamerican settlement of the area. This violence exploded in 1856 with the destruction of the small settlement and ferry at Lockhart Ferry, near the present town of Fall River Mills, east of Burney Valley. A retaliation effort in 1857 resulted in the killing of many Achumawi (Neasham 1957); and in 1859, a similar conflict took place between Euroamericans and the Atsugewi at Hat Creek Station (Garth 1978). Following the incident at Lockhart Ferry, George Crook, at the command of the U.S. 4th Infantry, Company D, built a fort in 1857 near Fall River Mills to establish a military presence in the area. Fort Crook was occupied until 1869 and played a major role in attracting new settlement to the region (Neasham 1957). A wagon road was built from Fort Crook to Redding (now submerged under Lake Britton); and communities developed in the area.
Glenburn is reportedly the first town in Fall River Valley. Originally called Burgettville, it was established in the 1860s by William Burgett, who, upon learning that it was illegal to sell liquor within a mile of a military post, paced off a distance of approximately two miles from Fort Crook and built his store and blacksmith shop (Smith 1991).
By the 1860s and 1870s, substantial Euroamerican settlement had occurred, and the violence between the groups had diminished, partly because indigenous populations had perished or had been moved to a reservation. Foreign-born disease was responsible, in part, for the devastation of local Native American populations; and in 1859, the State of California had moved the remaining Native Americans in the area to the Round Valley Reservation in Mendocino County. Later, however, the Achumawi and Atsugewi began leaving the reservation to return to their homeland (Garth 1978).
Burney, Burney Valley, and Burney Falls were named after Samuel Burney who died at the hands of local Indians in 1858. In 1877, the Ray family moved into the woodlands near Burney Falls. The family developed this land near the falls, and they farmed and grazed cattle. A water-powered sawmill, an irrigation ditch, and numerous outbuildings were constructed. In 1906, Issac Ray left the area, selling his 160-acre farm, which included the Falls, to Judge J. W. Logan of San Francisco, a land speculator.
In the second decade of the twentieth century, hydroelectric power became an economic factor along the Pit River. Above the mouth of Fall River, the Pit River was a minor stream with little force; but below that point, with the added volume of Hat Creek, the Pit River became a major watercourse as it flowed toward its confluence with the Sacramento River. Mt. Shasta Water and Power Company and Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) began to buy property along the Pit River to create lake storage behind proposed power-generating dams. In the Fall River Valley, PG&E acquired water rights from the McArthur brothers and other valley ranchers. Reacting before the fact, Frank McArthur, a rancher from Likely Valley in Modoc County, convinced his brother Scott, a Fall River rancher, to buy the Logan property that contained the Falls, because the McArthurs feared that PG&E planned to dam and divert Burney Creek above the Falls. Scott purchased the 160 acres around the Falls and transferred it to Frank and Ethel McArthur. The McArthurs then gifted the property to the State of California for one dollar in May 1920. In 1922, the State of California transferred the property to the Division of Forestry to manage; and in 1925, under pressure from the McArthur family, the Division of Forestry assigned a custodian to manage the property as a public facility and gave it a name, McArthur Memorial Park.
Meanwhile, PG&E was building the dam below the confluence of Burney Creek and the Pit River that would create Lake Britton. The company declared a piece of property surplus just to the north of the original park, and this additional 160 acres was gift-deeded to the Division of Forestry, making McArthur Memorial Park a 320-acre park. The park then went to the State Park System shortly after its creation in 1926 (Department of Parks and Recreation 1997).
The McArthur Swamp exemplifies mid-nineteenth and early twentieth century Euroamerican settlement patterns in the region. In 1860, settlers purchased nearby lands from the state of California and performed the first reclamation in the area by blasting out a section of rock to drain Big Lake. Much of the lake was drained, but the swamp area remained, and thousands of acres of tules flourished. This did not stop the ranchers, however, from leasing land in the swamp to graze cattle (Callison 1968). During years of heavy precipitation the swamp extended to near the present fairgrounds in McArthur.
John McArthur purchased land holdings in and around the swamp in 1868, and the family planned the town of McArthur where it presently stands. They also began constructing a drainage canal to divert drainage water into the Pit River; and as part of the same project, water diverted from the Tule River was conveyed to the town of McArthur to irrigate the McArthur family’s fields (Callison 1968).
In 1903, construction also began on 12 miles of levees around Big Lake, the Tule River, and the Little Tule River to protect the swamp from persistent flooding. Wagons hauled sediment to the required sites, and steam-powered dredges trawled out the river to form levees. Most of the original levee system was constructed using a steam-powered dredge. Over a period of 10 years, levees ten feet high and several drainage laterals were built; and the original dredge was used until 1914. Upon completion, however, the peat in the swamp soils was not as rich as hoped, and the area was left fallow (Callison 1968).
In 1922, PG&E opened the Pit 1 Powerhouse to generate power using the Fall River, but the project was initially hampered by the large amount of water being diverted by the McArthurs. PG&E then bought the land from the McArthurs in 1924. During that same time, PG&E built a muskrat farm in the swamp leased land to Jerry Masek. Masek built the original Big Lake Access building and a fence around the area for raising muskrats.
In 1963, PG&E contracted for the construction of a dredge with a 97-foot boom, using a 1.5 cubic yard side-draft clamshell bucket powered by a diesel engine. This dredge, named "Frances," is still intact and docked near the Glenburn Dredge site.
The levees evident on former PG&E property at Ahjumawi State Park are a result of early levee construction to control the water flowing from Big Lake. Bowman Ditch is also a man-made feature dating to the late 1930s or early 40s which was formed to direct water from several upland springs into the Little Tule River.
Paleontologists consider all vertebrate fossils to be of significance. Fossils of other types are considered significant as well if they represent a new record, new species, an oldest occurring species, the most complete specimen of its kind, a rare species worldwide, or a species helpful in the dating of formations. Even an area designated as having a low potential may yield significant fossils. Currently, no maps illustrating the potential for encountering significant paleontological resources is available for the transfer properties.
Paleontological information was obtained from available geologic maps, a review of previous environmental studies, and examination of records at California State University, Chico. Other resources considered in the determination of paleontologic potential are regional geologic reports, and site-specific field surveys. Geologic maps (available through the United States Geological Survey or California Division of Mines and Geology) show the surface expression of geologic formations along with other geologic features such as faults, folds, and landslides.
Geologic formations in which fossils are found range in thickness from a few feet to hundreds of thousands of feet. Even though a geologic formation may be known to contain fossils, the fossils are not usually distributed uniformly. If the fossils were part of a bay environment, for example, a scattered layer of shells may be preserved over large areas. If, on the other hand, a whale died in this bay, fossilized whalebones might only be found in one small area of less than a few hundred square feet. In addition, fossil-bearing formations are frequently discontinuous. Although sedimentary formations are initially deposited one atop the other, much like a layer cake, over time the layers are squeezed, tilted, folded, cut by faults and vertically and horizontally displaced, so that today, any one rock unit does not usually extend in a simple horizontal layer. In addition, because paleontological resources usually are deeply buried, their presence in an area is difficult to predict from surface inventories and existing geological maps. Even in cases where a fossil-bearing formation is found in a surface outcrop, the fossil-bearing unit may occur at the surface for only a short distance and from this evidence its depth or lateral extent would be difficult to predict. The following types of paleontological resources are known to exist in California:
- True Fossils: Lithified or replaced remains of plants and animals preserved in a rock matrix (e.g., microfossils, shells, animal bones and skeletons, and whole tree trunks);
- Trace Fossils: Molds, casts, tracks, trails and burrow impressions made in soft clays and muds which subsequently were turned to stone, preserving the images of past life (e.g., shells, footprints, leaf prints, and worm tubes);
- Breas: Seeps of natural petroleum that trapped extinct animals and preserved and fossilized their remains
The project area is within a region of California that contains large formations of sedimentary and igneous rock, which are highly conducive to the formation of true fossils and trace fossils. The Burney Falls transfer property is located in a formation that contains large quantities of diatomite, especially along the shoreline. Diatomite is the fossilized remains of ancient fresh water plant and animals. The McArthur Swamp, Ahjumawi Property, and Bowman Ditch are located in areas that have historically been inundated, and therefore, are less favorable for the preservation of true and trace fossils. However, extreme eastern and southern sections of the McArthur Swamp land base are mapped as containing volcanic and and/or diatomite rocks, and therefore, have a higher probability of containing potential paleontological resources.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND RECORDED SITES
For information on previously identified sites or other historic properties located within or adjacent to the study areas, records searches were conducted at the Northeast Center of the California Historical Resources Information System at California State University, Chico (NE/CHRIS). The review of archaeological records conducted at NE/CHRIS involved a review of maps and records for archaeological surveys and sites in this portion of Shasta County and also included a review of the following documents: NRHP - Listed Properties and Determined Eligible Properties (1988, Computer Listings 1966 through 7/00 by National Park Service), the California Register of Historical Resources (2000), the California Inventory of Historic Resources (1976), California Points of Historical Interest (1992), California Historical Landmarks (1996), and the NE/CHRIS Historic Property Data File for Shasta County.
Burney Falls, Bowman Ditch, and Ahjumawi Property
An archaeological survey was conducted on these lands in 1984 for PG&E (Peak & Associates 1984). Six archaeological sites were recorded as a result of this survey: CA-SHA-383/H, -418, -1401, -1403-H, -1439, and -1745. Four are prehistoric sites including a cupule boulder, two lithic scatters, and a large site with lithics, bedrock mortars, milling tools, and rock cairn burials; one is an historic site documenting the Burney Falls cemetery, and one is a multi-component site that contains lithics, cans, and glass. Also, site recording and NRHP evaluation of Camp Britton was conducted (Maniery et al. 2000) and the camp was determined potentially eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Additionally, the transfer property is located within the Lake Britton Archeological District, which is listed on the NRHP.
Records indicate that the Bowman Ditch has not been previously surveyed for cultural resources. This ditch was reportedly constructed sometime in the early 1940s and, therefore, could potentially be documented as an historic site and evaluated for its potential eligibility to the NRHP.
Records indicate that the project area has not been previously surveyed for cultural resources with the exception of the entire shoreline within the parcel along Little Tule River, Ja She Creek, and Tule River (Hart 2000). No sites have been previously recorded within this parcel proposed for transfer, but 32 sites have been recorded within a ½-mile radius of the northern portion of the property. These consist of four historic sites, 22 prehistoric sites, and six sites with both an historic and a prehistoric component. Three of the prehistoric sites are immediately adjacent to the project parcel. This area is considered highly sensitive for cultural resources, and the Pit River Tribe has reported sites in the area. With the recent breach in the Ahjumawi Levee, however, all but the northern portion of the property is inundated on a year round basis and as a result, site surveys would be unfeasible.
McArthur Swamp and Glenburn Dredge Site
Garcia & Associates conducted an archaeological survey in 2000 for PG&E’s FERC relicensing project (Hart 2000). Surveyed lands include Hollenbeak Field (approximately 670 acres), the McArthur Swamp access roads, canals, levees (approximately 14 linear miles), and the shorelines of Big Lake, the Tule River, the Little Tule River, and the Fall River to within a mile of the Pit 1 Intake. Hart (2000) noted that in Hollenbeak Field, thick tules and grasses minimized ground visibility, but the archaeological sensitivity of this area was considered very low for occupation sites because during prehistoric times and prior to the 1860s, this area was completely inundated. Ground visibility along the edges of roads, ditches, and levees was good, allowing for an adequate survey; and the shoreline reconnaissance, conducted by boat, was targeted to identify locations where current levee damage and cultural resources coincided.
Five archaeological sites were recorded as a result of the Garcia & Associates survey, all of which are located along the access road from McArthur to the Rat Farm: CA-SHA-112/H, -591, -593, -3096, and -3097. These include the historic Rat Farm, three prehistoric lithic scatter sites (one of which also has groundstone artifacts), and a multi-component site with both prehistoric and historic material.
As part of the proposed project, additional archaeological surveys were conducted in the McArthur Swamp by Coyote & Fox Enterprises, Redding (Vaughan, 2000). This survey focused on the proposed areas of disturbance indicated in the project proposal which had not been previously surveyed or were not inundated: the proposed well site, the Rat Farm Pond, and the two areas designated for constructed wetlands (see Figure V-1). A pedestrian survey was conducted at each location with systematic transects at approximately 15-meter intervals, and approximately five acres were surveyed at each location. No cultural resources were noted.
As indicated above, a large portion of McArthur Swamp area has not been surveyed, but archaeological sensitivity for prehistoric occupation sites is considered low along the northern and central portions of the property, since these areas were mainly inundated up until the twentieth century. The Pit River Tribe, however, has expressed concern relative to cultural issues in the area and there are also known historic resources, these being sites CA-SHA-112/H, -591, -593, -3096, and -3097. Additionally, there are known historic resources, these being the historic reclamation features of ditches, canals, and levees.
Glenburn Dredge Site this area will be impacted by the proposed project because public access is to be reintroduced to Fall River through this area from McArthur Road. The shoreline of this area was surveyed during the boat survey by Garcia & Associates, and no cultural resources were noted at that time (Hart 2000). Coyote & Fox Enterprises (Vaughan 2001) recently surveyed the 200 x 1000-foot inland portion of the property. One prehistoric site was recorded as a result of this survey, a midden site with lithics and shell. This site, quite likely, has a subsurface deposit, and subsurface testing will be necessary to make this determination. Until such time as a determination can be made of the potential eligibility for inclusion on the NRHP for this prehistoric site, it must be considered potentially eligible and protected from public access.
Federal Regulatory Oversight
Federal regulations and policies pertain to those actions that involve federal funding, federal licensing, or federal permitting. Examples may include federal grants or licensing (FERC and ICC) and federal permits associated with vegetation and wetlands (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [Corps] Section 404 permits). Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and its amendments effective June 1999, requires that all federal agencies review and evaluate how their actions or undertakings may affect historic properties. Review under Section 106 is designed to ensure that historic properties are considered throughout the various stages of federal project planning and execution. Under Section 106, historic properties are those prehistoric and historic resources that are listed or have been determined eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The review process is administered by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). Recent changes to the Section 106 process have somewhat increased the role and authority of the SHPO and reduced the role of the Advisory Council.
Because the project involves certain birds under federal jurisdiction and an Army Corps of Engineers permit for wetland creation may be required in the future, the Section 106 process has been carried out for this project. Activities pursuant to the Section 106 process include cultural resource surveys for affected properties, the assessment of these sites, consultation with affected groups, and provision of mitigation measures for foreseeable adverse affects (Implementing Regulations: 36 CFR. 800).
Programmatic Agreement Regarding Pacific Gas and Electric Company’s Pit 1 Hydroelectric Project (Project No. 2687-014-California)
As part of the FERC relicensing of the Pit 1 Hydroelectric Project, PG&E entered into a Programmatic Agreement (PA) with FERC, the California State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. The PA applies to lands managed by PG&E that lie within the FERC Pit 1 Hydroelectric Project boundary, as shown in Figure 1-4. SHPO and PG&E signed the PA in July 2000. At that time, the Pit River Tribe had not signed the PA, however, had been involved with the reviews of the PA, and as a concurring party, they are not obliged to sign.
Included in the PA as a stipulation of FERC relicensing and approval is the requirement that PG&E (applicant) receive FERC’s approval of a Final Cultural Resource Management Plan (CRMP) specifying how properties included on or eligible for the inclusion on the NRHP will be managed in the Pit 1 Project’s area of potential effect, as defined in 36 C.F.R Section 800.16. The CRMP specifies several tasks as part of its implementation. These tasks include the identification of historic resources within the Pit 1 boundary or areas outside of the boundary that could potentially be affected by the project’s operation, protection of historic resources, mitigation of unavoidable adverse effects on historic resources, treatment of human remains, discovery of previously unidentified resources, public interpretation of historic and/or archeological values, coordination with SHPO and the Pit River Tribe during the implementation of the CRMP, and the development of a Traditional Cultural Properties treatment plan.
As part of the proposed land transfers, certain lands currently within the Pit 1 Project boundary, including the Bowman Ditch, Hollenbeck Field, other portions of the Ahjumawi Property, and the McArthur Swamp, would be removed from the boundary, and would no longer be subject to the existing CRMP.
State Regulatory Oversight
Under Section 15064.5 of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines, historical and cultural resources are those resources that (1) meet the eligibility criteria of the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHP), (2) are contained in local lists of historical resources, or (3) are deemed to be significant by the lead agency, in this case the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Historical resources can include, but are not limited to, archaeological sites from both prehistoric and historic times, historical places, important or exemplary buildings, or engineered structures and modified landscapes.
With the CPUC as the lead agency, California policies and regulations are the primary source of regulations and guidelines for the project. California criminal law prohibits any person (other than the owner) from willfully injuring, disfiguring, defacing, or destroying any object or thing of archeological or historical interest or value (Cal. Penal Code § 622.5). California law makes it a crime to willfully disturb or disinter human remains without legal authority to do so (Cal. Health & Safety Code §§ 7050.5(a) and 7052 et seq). If human remains are discovered outside of a dedicated cemetery site, CEQA identifies specific steps that must be taken with respect to the remains before the activity leading to the discovery may continue (Cal. Health & Safety Code § 7000 et seq.). If the remains are determined by the county coroner to be those of a Native American, the California Native American Heritage Commission (CNAHC) is responsible for identifying the most likely descendent of the deceased and assisting the descendent and the landowner in reaching agreement on how the remains should be handled (Cal. Health & Safety Code § 7050.5(c), Cal. Pub. Res. Code §§ 5097.98(a), 5097.94.).
California Department of Parks and Recreation. For lands to be transferred into the McArthur-Burney Falls Memorial State Park, the Park General Plan (1997) specifically identifies a set of directives for the treatment of archeological and historic resources.
1. Treatment of Archeological Sites:
Directive: Where the preservation and avoidance of sites are wholly impractical, archeological methods will be used to preserve information that can contribute meaningfully to the understanding of prehistory. PG&E’s archeological research designs for Lake Britton will be used to perform all necessary studies in the park. If any sites on PG&E lands cannot be preserved or avoided in the future, a PG&E archeologist will be consulted prior to the implementation of the studies.
2. Involvement of Local Native American People:
Directive: The department will consult with local Native American people, who are knowledgeable about these heritage values, on plans to construct or remove ground-based facilities. Native Americans will be invited to participate as monitors during major projects near sensitive areas. Such projects include, but are not limited to, removal of paved parking near the falls and construction of a new entrance road.
3. Indian Cemetery:
Directive: A management plan for SHA-1414 is recommended to protect and preserve this site of transcendent importance to the local Native American community. Such a plan could provide a syllabus for training staff, a format for documenting observations, and an outline of possible responses to vandalism and trespassing. Consultations with Native American representatives would be invaluable to the creation and application of this management plan.
4. Civilian Conservation Corps Structures:
Directive: The historical resources of the Civilian Conservation Corps will be protected and preserved for the future as a visible portion of the history of the state park. Adaptive use of these structures is allowed. A department cultural staff member on a case-by-case basis will review removal of any items, due to deteriorating conditions or conditions of public safety.
The Ahjumawi Lava Beds State Park is currently not covered by an existing Park General Plan. Rather, Division 5 of the Public Resources Code, Parks and Monuments governs uses within the park. More specifically, Chapter 1, Article 2 and Chapter 1.1.5, Articles 3 through 7 of the Public Resources Code pertain to cultural resources and their continued preservation.
State Historical Building Code
In California, the State Historical Building Code (SHBC) provides some degree of flexibility to owners of historic structures towards meeting building code requirements. The SHBC standards and regulations are performance-oriented rather than prescriptive, unlike most housing codes, which are more prescriptive. Jurisdictions must use the SHBC when dealing with qualified historical buildings, structures, sites, or resources in permitting repairs, alterations and additions necessary for the preservation, rehabilitation, relocation, related reconstruction, change of use, or continued use of a historic property. Historical buildings located inside the transfer properties, include the Camp Britton structure at McArthur-Burney Falls State Park and Rat Farm structure at McArthur Swamp. The State Historical Building Safety Board has adopted the following definition for a qualified historical house or resource:
A qualified historical building or structure is any structure, collection of structures, and their associated sites, deemed of importance to the history, architecture or culture of an area by an appropriate local, state, or Federal governmental jurisdiction. This should include designated structures declared eligible or listed on official national, state, or local historic registers or official inventories such as the NRHP, State Historic Landmarks, State Points of Historical Interest, and officially adopted city or county registers or inventories of historical or architecturally significant sites, places, or landmarks.
Under the provisions of the SHBC, new construction or modifications to a historic building must conform to prevailing codes, although the elements of the existing structure are given the flexibility of reasonable and sensitive alternatives. The alternative building standards and regulations encompassed by the SHBC are intended to facilitate the renovation in a manner that assists in the preservation of original or restored architectural elements and features, encourages energy conservation, provides a cost-effective approach to preservation, and ensures the safety of occupants.
County Regulatory Oversight
The Shasta County General Plan (1993) provides policies and procedures to mitigate impacts to prehistoric and historic cultural resources through its Heritage Resources Element, which is authorized by Section 65303 of the Government Code. The Heritage Resources Element states as its objective the protection of significant prehistoric and historical cultural resources. Policy No. HER(a) states that:
Development projects in areas of known heritage value shall be designated to minimize degradation of these resources. Where conflicts are unavoidable, mitigation measures, which reduce such impacts, shall be implemented. Possible mitigation measures may include clustering, buffer or nondisturbance zones, and building siting requirements (Shasta County Department of Resource Management 1998).
COORDINATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Native American consultation for this project is ongoing. A letter was sent to the California Native American Heritage Commission (CNAHC) requesting a search of its Sacred Lands files and contact letters have been sent to the Native American groups and individuals recommended by CNAHC to be contacted for this project. Two meetings have been held at the Pit River Tribal Office in Burney between members of the CPUC project environmental team and members of the Pit River Tribe, one on February 7, 2001, and one on April 3, 2001.
The Pit River Tribe provided a letter to the CPUC regarding comments on the April 3, 2001 meeting for McArthur Swamp. Comments received by the tribe centered around the lack of coordination and involvement by PG&E with the tribe as exhibited in the MSMP, the status and transfer of tribal allotment lands, and opposition to the transfer of State Park lands in Ahjumawi State Park to private ownership. The Tribe’s concerns have been considered throughout this analysis and addressed in the mitigation measures presented in the impact discussion below (Pit River Tribe, 2001).
Protocols for Native American consultation and involvement will comply with the standard procedures requested by the CNAHC and with the recommendations discussed at the February 4, 2000, meeting of CNAHC i.e., continuous consultation with the affected groups and true consideration of Native American concerns regarding prehistoric sites and resources. Members of the Pit River Tribe may serve as consultants and will be a part of the monitoring team in those areas containing resources that are important to the Tribe.
CULTURAL RESOURCE IMPACT DISCUSSION
Burney Falls, Bowman Ditch, and Ahjumawi Property
a-d) The transfer property within McArthur-Burney Falls State Park contains four archaeological sites, one historic site (Burney Falls cemetery), and one multi-component site. Additionally, the park is within the Lake Britton Archeological District, which is listed on the NRHP. As discussed in the Project Description, no change in the management or public use of PG&E’s lands within the State Park portion of the transfer is proposed. Additionally, no ground disturbing activities are proposed as part of the transfer within or near a previously recorded site. After the proposed transfer, the known archaeological and historical sites will be protected under the guidance of the existing McArthur-Burney Falls Memorial State Park General Plan and the regulations contained in Division 5 of the Public Resources Code. As a result, no change in the significance of a historical and/or archeological resource, destruction of a paleontological resource, or disruption of human remains is expected to occur as a result of the proposed project.
The Bowman Ditch represents a historic landscape feature, constructed in the 1940s. Due to its age and historic use, this feature could potentially be documented as a historic resource and evaluated for its potential eligibility to the CRHP / NRHP. As part of the proposed project, the Bowman Ditch will be transferred to the DPR and be managed under the guidance of State Park regulations. Division 5, Chapter 1, Article 2 and Chapter 1.1.5, Articles 3 through 7 of the Public Resources Code set forth guidelines and practices for the management and continued preservation of cultural resources within State Park boundaries. Consequently, the transfer of fee title over the property to DPR would not result in a change of the significance of a historical, archeological, or paleontological resource, or result in the disturbance of any human remains.
No historical or archaeological sites have been previously recorded within this transfer property, however, 32 sites have been recorded within a ½-mile radius of the northern portion of the property. These consist of four historic sites, 22 prehistoric sites, and six sites with both an historic and a prehistoric component. Three of the prehistoric sites are immediately adjacent to the project parcel. With the substantial number of sites within close-proximity to the property, it is reasonable to assume that there could be undiscovered sites residing within the boundary of the property. This property is currently under the DPR’s jurisdiction and all uses are subject to guidelines and policies contained within Division 5, Chapter 1, Article 2 and Chapter 1.1.5, Articles 3 through 7 of the Public Resources Code regarding the identification and protection cultural resources.
As a result of the transfer of fee title to PG&E and subsequently to CWA, the property would no longer be under DPR’s jurisdiction or subject to regulations contained in Division 5 of the Public Resources Code. However, as mentioned in the Project Description of this document, there are no ground disturbing actions presently proposed for this property as a result of the land transfer, and the land would be protected under the proposed Conservation Easement and MSMP. Furthermore, the majority of the property is currently in a flooded state due to the failure of the Ahjumawi levy, and access to the area is limited. If, however, ground-disturbing activities are proposed in the future, guidelines contained within the proposed Conservation Easement and MSMP would require that an archaeological survey be conducted in consultation with the Ahjumawi Band of the Pit River Tribe to assess and mitigate any potential impacts to cultural resources. Therefore the transfer of fee title for this property would not result in a change of the significance of a historical, archeological, or paleontological resource, or result in the disturbance of any human remains and is not considered to be a significant impact.
McArthur Swamp and Glenburn Dredge Site
a-d) Five recorded archaeological sites reside within the boundary of the McArthur Swamp property and include the historic Rat Farm, three prehistoric lithic scatter sites (one of which also has groundstone artifacts), and a multi-component site with both prehistoric and historic material (Hart 2000). Additional cultural resource surveys were conducted as part of this environmental review for known areas of sensitivity where ground disturbing activities are proposed for habitat creation and restoration under the MSMP (see Figure V-1). As previously indicated, a large portion of McArthur Swamp area has not been surveyed, but archaeological sensitivity for prehistoric occupation sites is considered low along the northern and central portions of the property, since these areas were mainly inundated up until the twentieth century. Areas to the south, above the historic high water mark, however, are considered culturally sensitive.
Additionally, the levees, ditches, and canals within the McArthur Swamp potentially represent unrecorded historic resources. Due to their age and chronology of development (1860s to 1920s), it is likely that these features may be considered potentially eligible to the CRHP / NRHP as an historic landscape district. Any modification to the existing levees, ditches, and channels could alter the historical significance of these features, however, it is not anticipated that any of the proposed disturbance associated with the MSMP would result in a substantial adverse change in the significance of any historic resource as identified in Section 15064.5 of CEQA.
Currently, there are no known historic and/or archeological resources, as defined by Section 21084.1 of the CEQA Guidelines, located within areas expected to experience ground disturbing activities pursuant to the MSMP, including the Hollenbeck Field, Rat Farm Pond, Water Well, and the S2 and S1 reverse cycle wetland ponds. There is, however, the potential for such resources to be encountered during excavation activities in areas that are currently heavily vegetated. The greatest potential impact to archaeological and paleontological resources would occur as a result of construction-related activities from the implementation of habitat improvements associated with the MSMP. Excavation into an undiscovered resource could destroy portions of the site, disturb its integrity and context, unearth human remains, or impair the scientific value of the resource. This represents a potentially significant impact.
Impact V.1: Construction and/or excavation activities associated with the implementation of habitat improvements identified in the MSMP could encounter previously unidentified historic, archaeological, or paleontological resources. Excavation into an undiscovered resource could destroy portions of the site, disturb its integrity and context, unearth human remains, or impair the scientific value of the resource.
Mitigation Measure V.1a: Prior to the transfer of title of the McArthur Swamp, the applicant shall include specific language in the proposed Conservation Easement and MSMP requiring CWA to appoint a Professional Archaeologist (who is a member of the Registry of Professional Archaeologists), or Archaeologists, at least 15 days prior to the start of project-related vegetation clearance ground disturbance and grading, site or project mobilization, site preparation or excavation activities, implementation of erosion control measures, or movement or parking of heavy equipment or other vehicles onto or over unpaved or natural areas resulting from habitat improvements pursuant to the MSMP. The amended Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be submitted to the CPUC for review and approval prior to the transfer of title. As shall be specified in this new language, CWA shall provide the CPUC with the name(s) and statement of qualifications of its designated Professional Archaeologist (s) who will be responsible for implementation of all project-related cultural resources mitigation measures. The statement of qualifications must be sufficient to substantiate that the Archaeologist(s) meets the Secretary of the Interior’s proposed Historic Preservation Qualification Standards as published in the Federal Register (United States Department of the Interior 1997).
At least 10 days prior to the start of any project-related activity defined above, CWA shall confirm in writing to the CPUC Mitigation Monitor that the approved designated Professional Archaeologist will be available at the start of project activities and is prepared to implement the protocol specified in the MSMP.
At least 10 days prior to the replacement of a designated Professional Archaeologist, CWA shall obtain the CPUC approval of the proposed replacement Professional Archaeologist.
Mitigation Measure V.1b: Prior to the transfer of title of the McArthur Swamp and Glenburn Dredge Site, the applicant shall amend the proposed Conservation Easement and MSMP to include specific language requiring that prior to the commencement of construction and/or ground disturbing activities, the designated Professional Archaeologist shall provide all construction personnel with environmental training in a manner that will inform them of the possibility of encountering cultural or historical resources. The amended Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be submitted to the CPUC for review and approval prior to the transfer of title. All construction personnel will be trained in the identification of archaeological resources (which could include flaked stone, projectile points, mortars, pestles, soil containing shell and bone, or human burials), historic resources (which could include stone features, such as adobe foundations or walls, structures and remains with square nails, and refuse deposits), human remains, and paleontological resources (which could include true and/or trace fossils). In addition, the construction personnel would be trained on the appropriate protocol to follow if any resources are found, as discussed in Mitigation Measures V.1c, V.1d, and V.1e.
Mitigation Measure V.1c: Prior to the transfer of title of the McArthur Swamp, the applicant shall amend the proposed Conservation Easement and MSMP to include specific language requiring that in the event that previously unidentified historic, archaeological, and/or paleontological resources are encountered during habitat improvement activities, the construction crew will halt work within a 100-foot radius of the find and not collect or disturb the materials until the Professional Archaeologist has evaluated the location and determined an appropriate mode of action. The amended Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be submitted to the CPUC for review and approval prior to the transfer of title. The Professional Archaeologist retained by CWA shall evaluate such resources for California Register of Historical Resources eligibility ensuring that the evaluations are supervised by individuals meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s proposed Historic Preservation Qualification Standards (United States Department of the Interior 1997) for each particular resource type. An evaluation form shall be submitted to the CPUC, CWF, and the California Historical Resources Information Center. If the Professional Archaeologist determines that the resources are eligible for the California Register of Historical Resources, the Professional Archaeologist shall determine the appropriate action to be taken with preference given to preserving the resources in situ. If it is infeasible to be consistent with the objectives of the MSMP to leave the resources in place, the Professional Archaeologist shall conduct data recovery, if determined necessary to mitigate any significant project-related effects. If cultural resources are encountered during construction, Construction may resume once the Professional Archaeologist has determined (and implemented, if appropriate) an appropriate mode of action and has given the authorization to proceed.
Upon approval of this plan by the CPUC Mitigation Monitor, mitigation measures will be implemented prior to any project-related activities within 100 feet of the resource’s boundary.
Mitigation Measure V.1d: Prior to the transfer of title, the Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be amended to include language requiring CWA to notify a qualified paleontologist of unanticipated paleontological discoveries, made by either the Professional Archaeologist or construction personnel responding to their environmental training classes, and document the discovery as needed. In the event of an unanticipated discovery of true or trace fossil remains during construction, excavations within a 100-foot radius of the find shall be temporarily halted or diverted until the discovery is examined by a qualified paleontologist. The paleontologist shall notify the appropriate agencies to determine procedures that would be followed before construction is allowed to resume at the location of the find. Significant fossils shall be salvaged through a program of excavation, analysis, and documentation. Fossil remains collected during the salvage program shall be cleaned, sorted, catalogued, and then deposited in a public, non-profit institution with research interests in the materials. The amended Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be submitted to the CPUC for review and approval prior to the transfer of title.
Mitigation Measure V.1e: Prior to the transfer of title, the Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be amended to require CWA’s contractors to immediately stop all work in the event human remains are found during the MSMP’s activities within a 100-foot radius of the find. Following any such discovery, the Professional Archaeologist shall be notified immediately and will, in turn, immediately notify the Shasta County coroner, in compliance with Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code.
If the human remains are determined to be Native American in origin, the Shasta County coroner will notify the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) within 24 hours of the find. The most likely descendent shall be given an opportunity to make recommendations to the CWA and its contractors for means of treating or disposing of, with appropriate dignity, the human remains and any associated grave goods as provided in Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. Where conditions A, B, and/or C under Section 15064.5 (e) (2) occur, the landowner or authorized representative shall rebury the Native American human remains and associated grave goods with appropriate dignity on the property in a location not subject to further subsurface disturbance. The amended Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be submitted to the CPUC for review and approval prior to the transfer of title.
Mitigation Measure V.1f: Prior to the transfer of title, the Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be amended to require CWA to provide the opportunity for a Native American monitor, if interested, to be present on-site during project-related vegetation clearance, ground disturbance and grading, site or project mobilization, site preparation or excavation activities, implementation of erosion control measures, or the movement or parking of heavy equipment or other vehicles onto or over the project surface, within 500 feet of the boundary of known prehistoric resources and within 500 feet of the locations of modern and historic streams.
The Native American monitor shall be a member of the Ahjumawi Tribe and will serve in addition to the Professional Archaeologist. Monitoring by the cultural group representative is required within 500 feet of such sites. The amended Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be submitted to the CPUC for review and approval prior to the transfer of title.
Significance After Mitigation: Less than significant.
Glenburn Dredge Site
a-d) As part of the cultural resource survey performed for this environmental assessment, a prehistoric site was recorded within this parcel, however its eligibility for inclusion on the NRHP is unknown at this time and the additional testing and excavation required to make this determination is unwarranted at this time, since no change to this area is anticipated with the project. Until such time as a determination can be made of the potential eligibility for inclusion on the NRHP for this prehistoric site or consider it a historical resource under CEQA, it must be considered potentially eligible and protected from further impact.
As part of FERC’s recommendation as part of the Pit 1 Hydroelectric Project relicensing, a portion of the Glenburn Dredge Site has been proposed to be reopened for public access to the Fall River, with the installation of limited recreational facilities. This action has also been proposed as part of this project if the title transfer for the Glenburn site is approved. Therefore, the reopening of the public access is considered to be a reasonably foreseeable outcome of the proposed land transfer and has been considered in this document.
The reintroduction of public access to the site could potentially result in disturbance and a potential change in the significance of the newly discovered archaeological site and other potentially undiscovered resources on-site. Such an action could also expose the newly discovered site to potential vandalism and/or deterioration. This is considered a potentially significant impact.
Impact V.2: The reintroduction of public access to the Glenburn Dredge Site could result in a change in the significance of the newly discovered archaeological site and other potentially undiscovered resources on-site.
Mitigation Measure V.2: Prior to the transfer of title, the Conservation Easement shall be amended to include the portion of the Glenburn Dredge Site property that is bounded by the fence required by this mitigation measure and the Fall River. The Conservation Easement shall include language requiring that the new owner establish permanent protection of sensitive resources. The amended Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be submitted to the CPUC for review and approval prior to the transfer of title. The new conservation easement shall restrict any uses of this area of the site, except for the sole purpose of preserving the integrity of the sensitive resource. In addition, the Conservation Easement and MSMP shall be amended to include a requirement to reconfigure the existing fence layout at Glenburn to restrict access on and around sensitive resources. The Conservation Easement and MSMP, as amended, shall provide that a four strand barbed-wire fence effective to serve as a barrier to human and livestock access and shall be constructed at a location 100 feet from the boundary of the sensitive site or along the property line where it is closer than 100 feet from the boundary of the sensitive site (but not along the river). Construction of the fence shall comply with the protocols specified in Mitigation Measures V.1a-V.1f. The Conservation Easement and MSMP shall further be amended to provide for regular inspection and maintenance of the fence to ensure that it continues to be a barrier to access.
Significance After Mitigation: Less than significant.
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- Areas for PG&E's Proposed McArthur Swamp Land Exchange, Shasta County, California. Coyote & Fox Enterprises, Redding. Submitted to Environmental Science Associates, Sacramento. | <urn:uuid:08316f05-26af-4c91-b153-58701e9c2bd2> | {
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What is Laser Etching?
Generally, the customers provided photo is scanned into a computer for sizing and conversion by a computerized program which creates an “etching image”. This program guides the laser, enabling it to reproduce the image in the chosen material. A special CO2 Laser then “burns” the image into stone, plastic, acrylic, marble, glass or just about any hard surface. Since each material has its own unique characteristics, which affect the look of the finished product, pre-process material selection is an important step. In general dark surfaces produce the best image. Some materials, such as Black Marble, have white veins or other color variations. These will still be present in the final etched product as they are part of the inherent nature of the product. At Wooten Metal, we think of them as “Nature’s fingerprints.” The application of special paints to the etched lines make various effects on lighter surfaces possible. Regardless of the medium being etched, the better the quality (resolutio
It’s using a powerful laser to burn images into something. The laser acts like an ink-jet printer, except that it uses tightly focused light instead of ink. The class 4 CO2 laser is powerful enough to vaporize plastics and coated metals at its focal point, but cannot penetrate or cause harm to your electronic gear.
Laser etching mostly refer to laser engraving on metals with the assitance of marking chemicals. As laser heats up the marking chemical, the image is fused onto metallic surface. We can laser etch any vector artworks with precision and intricate details. Laser etching can be done on both metals and non-metallic surfaces. Laser Alliance LLC can provide quick and easy ways to permanently mark various metals using laser energy to produce a high contrast, high resolutions mark. We can laser mark/etch stainless steel, carbide, chrome, brass, copper, pewter and untreated aluminum as well as several other metals. Coated or painted metals have always been easily engraved with our laser systems, provided there is a contrast in color between the outer and underneath colors Anodized aluminum products have always been a popular material for laser etching because the laser bleaches the pigment, giving it a nice contrasted mark, without interfering with the anodization process. Applications: • Compa
Laser etching is the process of using a laser beam to permanently cut an image or pattern into a hard material, such as glass, wood or metal. For large projects, the size, depth and location of the pattern is typically programmed into a computer that controls the laser. The strength of the laser is based on the material used and the level of heat required. This type of etching is typically found in a manufacturing setting. There are two types of lasers, hand-held and machine-operated. The hand-held units are used by a production technician to correct minor errors or quality issues with the product at the end of the work flow. Artisans or engravers who need to create a very precise work product can also use laser etching as a tool. The machine-operated unit is programmed to mass-produce a specific pattern, by etching it into the final material. Common uses of laser etching include circuit boards, engraving metal or carving hard plastic. Lasers are rarely used for wood, as they tend to l
Laser etching is a process that permanently etches images into granite, marble, slate, glass, wood and metals. This is achieved by using the newest graphic software in conjunction with the latest laser technology. The material oxidizes as the laser burns, with pinpoint accuracy, directly into the surface. The result is near photographic quality with the finest of details including very small lettering. | <urn:uuid:c2e56467-5aab-40fc-8bfe-7f4d31d1c94d> | {
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The Triumph of the Printing Press. Or, Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Kerning and Serifs, But Were Afraid to Ask…. Kip Wheeler English 328 Fall 2008. Printing is not a new idea.
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Or, Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Kerning and Serifs, But Were Afraid to Ask….
We give all the credit to Johannes Gutenberg, but he wasn’t the first Printer--just the first in Europe to make the innovation practical.
Discovered in Crete, 1908. If it isn’t a fake, it dates to 1850 BCE.
Used as early as 200 A.D. in China,(but economically not feasible without paper and without a phonetically based alphabet)
Movable type first appears using wooden blocks (and then later ceramic fired letters) in 1020 CE under the direction of Bi Shang in China. It becomes a standard competitor of calligraphy a good 400 years before the technology permeates Europe. It quickly spread
to Korea and Tibet.
Here are the directions for a Zaju play from the Yuan Dynasty of China, printed via wood block printing. The play is entitled Zhuye Zhou.
Metal movable type first appears 20 years later (1040 CE) in Arabic Egypt, sixty-some years before the Crusades. The technology doesn’t become known in Europe until about 1450. European crusaders are far too busy slaughtering Muslims (and vice-versa) to trade printing technologies.
Here, we see a metal type-letter (a “sort”) and the image it stamps on a page.
A typesetter would align hundreds of these “sorts” in rows, lock them in place, and reverse-stamp them to print an entire page at once.
Gutenberg (originally a goldsmith) was familiar with using a matrix to stamp a negative impression into a hand mould made of lead, tin, and antimony. This left a hollow impression of the desired stamped image. This hollow mould could be filled with liquid metal, cooled, and the the sort snapped out after excess casting stuck on the end and edges (“tang”) were trimmed away.
He figured out the same mechanism used in winepresses to crush grapes and in oil presses to crush olives could be used to press ink against sheets of paper in rapid succession.
Citations: Under Construction!
Serif and Sans Serif. Wikimedia Commons.
“Wine Press.” The Clutterbug Photography. 7 October 2008. | <urn:uuid:82ffeae7-cb5f-4dc0-9483-6b5e5041b803> | {
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Virginia Woolf: Hogarth & Independence
In 1917, Leonard and Virginia Woolf purchased a used printing press and set it up in the basement of their home. The couple had figured out what millions of bloggers would learn more than a century later—if you don't want a publisher controlling what you say, publish yourself. They named their imprint Hogarth Press, after Hogarth House, their suburban London home. Over the years the press grew from a simple basement operation to a well-respected publishing house with offices in London. They published the works of writers like Katharine Mansfield, T.S. Eliot, and Sigmund Freud. Perhaps most notably, they published Virginia Woolf. The press gave Woolf the freedom to write the fiction she wanted to write without enduring the judgment of mainstream publishers or editors.
Shortly after the Woolfs established Hogarth, an aunt of Virginia Woolf's died and left her niece an inheritance of £500 per year for life. At the time, this was a good chunk of money. Though Woolf had grown up in a comfortable household, having a personal income as an adult was enormously gratifying to her. Woolf reveled in the freedom of financial independence, knowing that it was a valuable tool that few other women possessed. Money was liberation. "No force in the world can take from me my five hundred pounds," Woolf wrote in A Room of One's Own. "Food, house and clothing are mine forever. Therefore not merely do effort and labour cease, but also hatred and bitterness. I need not hate any man; he cannot hurt me. I need not flatter any man; he has nothing to give me."4
Woolf now had money of her own, a publisher of her own, and (unlike many female artists of the time) a supportive husband who encouraged her work. "I'm the only woman in England free to write what I like,"5 she wrote exuberantly in her diary in 1925. What she chose to write was a new kind of experimental fiction, one that focused on interior consciousness instead of external actions. Woolf believed that behind the superficial veneer of life was a constant flow of reality. Rather than find the perfect word or phrase to describe an image or action, she tried to capture "moments of being," the brief flashes in a person's life when the self disappeared and the collective unconscious came through. She believed that her fiction revealed "some order" about the world, and in writing she sought to illuminate "a token of some real thing behind appearances; and I make it real by putting it into words."6 She tested her style in novels like Jacob's Room (1922) and Mrs. Dalloway (1925). The latter novel followed London socialite Clarissa Dalloway as she prepared for a party. Though the action of the book took place in a single day, the interior thoughts of the characters—like the thoughts of real people—leapt forward and backward across time and place. Woolf was able to represent how people think—not just what they do.
The results of her experimentation sometimes looked very different than anything previously recognized as fiction. A story called "Blue & Green," for example, was more of a prose poem meant to evoke the colors than a plot-driven narrative: "The feathers of parakeets—their harsh cries—sharp blades of palm trees—green, too; green needles glittering in the sun."7 Many critics were baffled by her work and found it unreadable. Even some of her friends worried that she had gone too far. "She does not tell a story or weave a plot—can she create character?" wondered E.M. Forster.8 Woolf, however, made clear that she was not interested in realism, in work that depicted the behaviors and actions of a character. She was interested in her characters' interior lives, and was willing to sacrifice traditional literary devices like setting, dialogue, and chronology to find the words that best represented that interior life. Readers eventually started to catch on—her 1927 novel To the Lighthouse, which she and Leonard both regarded as her best work to date, outsold all her previous books. She used the money to replace the outhouse at their country home with a flush toilet. | <urn:uuid:ec181365-c792-42bc-949e-8d98fb4a4874> | {
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Oxfam calls for urgent response to warning signs, citing delays that cost lives last time the region faced a severe food shortfall
Almost 10 million people across the Sahel region of West Africa are threatened with a severe food shortage, international aid agency Oxfam said today. The worst affected country is Niger where 8 million people are at risk. Some 2 million people are threatened in Chad and a substantial number of people are expected to be affected in Mali in the coming months. Parts of Nigeria and Burkina Faso are also at risk.
The agency called upon developed countries to respond urgently to the early warning of impending disaster, citing delays during the Niger food crisis in 2005 that unnecessarily cost lives.
“We are witnessing an unfolding disaster which can be averted if the world acts swiftly. Five years ago the world ignored the warning signs from Niger, failed to act rapidly and lives were lost. The international community cannot make the same mistake and again condemn many children to an early death,” said Mamadou Biteye Oxfam’s West Africa Regional Director.
Irregular rains in 2009 have led to a severe lack of pasture, water and a poor harvest. In Niger, the harvest has fallen by 26 percent as compared with the previous year, and some areas, especially the Diffa in the east of country and Tillabéry to the west, have had no harvest at all. In Chad, harvests have fallen by 34 percent. The areas of Hadjer Lamis, Batha, Kanem, Guera regions and eastern Chad are expected to be hit hard, especially from June 2010. Overall, the harvest in the Sahel has decreased by 9 percent with great disparities between East and West Sahel.
Prices of cereals are high and increasing. Millet and sorghum prices are up to respectively 25 and 50 percent higher than a year ago in Niger. Rains are not expected until June and prices are expected to increase until the next harvest in September without a substantial aid effort.
Pastoralists are especially vulnerable as they depend on animals for their food and income. “With not enough fodder, herders are desperate to sell their animals, driving livestock prices lower and lower,” explains Hassane Baka, a representative of Oxfam’s partner AREN in Niger. “This means that for each animal sold on the market, pastoralists get less cereal with which to feed their families.”
Oxfam called on donors to respond to the government of Niger’s request for international humanitarian assistance. While the authorities have some food reserves, these are currently not sufficient. Up to $123 million was requested to fund the national response plan. The agency also called on donors to address increasing needs in Chad and Mali.
Oxfam also called on all countries in the region to keep their borders open. In 2005, the situation was made worse when neighboring countries closed their borders with Niger. This limited the availability of food and increased inflation. The agency also stressed the need for good coordination between governments, UN agencies, and local and international NGOs to ensure efficient aid delivery.
Oxfam, along with national and local partner organizations, have started emergency work in the most vulnerable regions in Niger, especially in the Maradi, Tahoua, Tillabéry and Zinder regions. They are distributing food and supplies to the poorest households and schoolchildren, protecting livestock and buying weak livestock from herders at above market levels. Particularly important in the current crisis is the early warning system developed by Oxfam’s partners in Niger and broadcasted on rural radio networks. This gives cattle herders the information they need to act quickly.
In Chad, Oxfam is helping people in the Sila and Ouaddaï regions by distributing food and running agricultural and livestock support projects and will be sending assessment teams to the affected areas. In Mali, the agency will be distributing food and animal feed to 100,000 people.
The agency has worked in the Sahel region for decades, developing sustainable solutions to tackle the root causes of food shortages such as creating cereal and fodder banks, promoting income diversification as well as education and literacy. | <urn:uuid:afac7d9f-3289-45b1-ba1b-d6f3183e7928> | {
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As communities across the country become increasingly vulnerable to severe weather events, the Commerce Department’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently launched a comprehensive initiative to build a “Weather-ready” nation to make America safer by saving more lives and protecting livelihoods during such events as tornado outbreaks, intense heat waves, flooding, active hurricane seasons, and solar storms that threaten electrical and communication systems.
NOAA also announced that 2011 tied the 2008 record for billion-dollar disasters in the United States so far experiencing nine separate disasters , each with an economic loss of $1 billion or more. The latest event to surpass the $1 billion price tag is this summer’s flooding along the Missouri and Souris rivers in the upper Midwest. This year’s losses have so far amounted to more than $35 billion. Release | <urn:uuid:78f91fc3-1b9d-4c39-b15b-ce68d3da80bd> | {
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Five television series, each with their own crews, spanning seven hundred and twenty six episodes and twelve movies (About six good ones), and countless fan-made stories from 1966 and still going strong, Star Trek can be daunting to get into. It came back into focus in 2009 when JJ Abrams released his reboot movie, Star Trek. The movie helped create a new generation of Trekkies, but the sheer enormity of the Universe and source material makes it difficult to take in exactly what the Star Trek Universe is all about. I will be giving a crash course in the most important parts of Star Trek, starting with the most fundamental aspects and working towards the base details.
At a very basic level, The Federation is the Space United Nations. It is an alliance of planets, sharing personnel and knowledge, with the primary goal to seek out new cultures and map the Galaxy. The Federation has several different aspects to it, including a military presence, though it has always maintained its primary mission is one of peace. There are dozens of species, and hundreds, if not thousands, of planets, in the Federation. Each planet has its own contribution to the group, whether with ships, technology or resources. Those who do not wish to join, or are not yet warp capable, are left alone. this is the most important rule in the entirety of The Federation: the Prime Directive.
The Federation is usually portrayed in a positive light, showing the potential Humanity has for ultimate good in the Future. There are very few, if any, internal struggles among humans, there is no economy as money has been eliminated, and gender equality is certainly all sorted by the 24th century. The Federation is not above forming treaties with other species without assimilating them into the larger group. The Federation has non aggression pacts with the Klingons and the Romulans, a result of wars with both their species, and has even allied with them before, most notably in the war with the Dominion.
Starfleet is the military and exploration division of the Federation. It consists of multiple fleets of Starships deployed throughout Federation controlled, or unexplored areas of Space near the Federation border. The primary mission of all ships in Starfleet is to seek out new life and new civilisations, though all their ships are also equipped to defend themselves. Starfleet was founded in 2161 with the Federation by four races; Humans, Vulcans, Tellarites and Andorians. Its purpose was to provide protection against aggressive species such as the Klingons.
The military might of Starfleet has been tested several times, to a point where, within the space of just six months, they were challenged by the Borg, the Dominion and the Klingons. These battles, and especially the war with The Dominion (Which I will touch on in a later article) led Starfleet to rapidly develop more advanced weaponry and defences for their ships.
The Federation are, simply put, the “Good Guys”. They’re the ones you are supposed to root for and the ones you’re supposed to aspire to be. Even more than that, they are what humanity could be should we find ourselves not to be alone in the Universe. A galactic Governing body which humans have a great hand in running, and are responsible for helping create. I leave you with the famous monologue which lives on in the hearts of Trekkies everywhere. | <urn:uuid:f59618a7-abda-4860-99f9-53510b695305> | {
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Gratitude, the ability to appreciate the abundance in our lives, is a concept more and more parents are teaching their kids — that, and the ability to pause and take a break for a moment.
Between rigorous academic expectations, a heavy after-school activity load, and constant text message alerts and Snapchat notifications, it can be hard for kids to be kids today — and to slow down in a fast-paced world. But it’s important that kids learn to do it.
The act of paying attention, on purpose, includes recognizing one’s own thoughts and feelings during various circumstances.
"With the multitude of electronic distractions kids have today added to the normal mix of distractions my generation grew up with, being focused is a bigger challenge than ever for many children," said Kaia Roman, a Santa Cruz, California-based mom who blogs at TheJoyPlan.com. "Kids feel the benefits from a ‘brain break’ — or taking time to focus on their breath and body’s sensations — and want to know how to find that calm whenever they need it."
Kids can easily become caught up in overwhelming thoughts and emotions without realizing there is a physiological response happening in the brain that they can address.
"It’s not about trying to clear your mind of all thoughts, but allowing thoughts and emotions to come and go without judgment," said Janine Halloran, a licensed mental health counselor and mom of two in Braintree, Massachusetts. "Living in the present sounds easy but takes practice."
Some children are easily able to embrace these concepts, Halloran said. Others need more guidance.
The key is to keep it simple and model the behavior.
1.) Start with simple breathing exercises.
"When kids associate deep breaths, visualization and ‘happy brain chemicals’ with a sense of calm, peace and fun, they’ll be more likely to remember and use those tools at other times," said Roman.
2.) Focus on the senses.
"Try listening, eating a treat or taking a walk using all of your senses," Halloran said.
More and more schools are incorporating the practice of renewed focus and taking a moment as part of their daily routine. Some teachers take breaks with their students during the day. Others use the concept in conflict resolution, Roman says.
Some schools have more formalized programs. Roman teaches elementary school-aged kids in Santa Cruz, California, in 45-minute blocks once a week and said she stresses "learning concepts related to the brain. We talk about the main chemicals in the brain that bring on feelings of happiness, like dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin, and how to give and receive happy feelings through simple things like hugs, kindness and laughter."
Roman said she hears success stories on a regular basis.
"My students tell me when they are having a fight with a sibling, they take a break, go somewhere quiet and take deep breaths, maybe find something soft to cuddle for an oxytocin boost, and then they feel much better and solve the conflict easily," she said. "My students also tell me about how they use techniques they've learned in class when they are nervous about a test or having trouble focusing on their homework."
"Kids who are experiencing stress can use mindfulness as a coping skill to help manage their stress in a healthy way," said Halloran. "Any child would benefit, but children who struggle with managing their emotions, anxiety, self-regulation and attention issues in particular would benefit."
More from LifeZette.com: | <urn:uuid:a9a2ca2a-86dc-4af2-a2d3-af3a5a6d7c65> | {
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San Diego and the Plan for 100% Renewable Energy
As we move further into the 21st century, it has become increasingly important for renewable sources of energy to become more widely used. Fossil fuels and crude oil are non-renewable, and with the growing population and the need for energy, supplies will continue to dwindle. Currently, the United States relies on heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for energy use. All of these non-renewable sources have become so heavily drawn upon, they are making a drastic impact on the environment. Renewable energy sources like wind and solar can be constantly replenished and used as a responsible source of energy. Here in San Diego, the city has pledged to utilize a 100% renewable energy mix by the year 2035.
This climate change plan was passed with a unanimous vote, and mirrors other plans set forth by other California cities like San Francisco and Santa Cruz. San Diego is actually the first city to have made a renewable energy plan legally binding. The plan was set forth by the City Council in 2015, and looks to be a stimulus to a new market. The plan aims to slice the 13 million-centric carbon imprint in half that San Diego emits every year. It has been projected that moving to renewable energy sources would cut about 1.6 million tons of carbon emissions. Other aspects being changed include adjusting traffic lights to reduce the amount of time vehicles are idling, as well as replacing up to 90-percent of the city’s car fleet with zero-emission electric vehicles.
The plan mirrors several other cities have set forth plans of their own, including New York and San Francisco. As proposed, the plan states that the city would transfer control of energy control from San Diego Gas & Electric, to the city on a more local community scale. Called community choice aggregation, this program has been implemented by local cities in Northern California. Currently, San Diego Gas & Electric purchases all of San Diego’s energy, then distributes it to all of their customers. With the new changes, this purchasing power would be given to the city of San Diego, which would give them greater control over where the city’s energy comes from, how much it will cost, and how much renewable energy is being used.
So how does this affect the people of San Diego? Well, the environmental impact alone will be significant in the long run. Coal and air plants emit large amount of pollution that gets into the air and water, which are known to cause breathing problems, neurological damage, cancer, heart attacks, and a wide range of other serious problems. The pollution pumped into our environment has an affect on all people, and is estimated to cost an average of $74.6 billion every year in health costs. While renewable energy sources still emit some air pollutants, it is significantly less than non-renewable sources. In addition, the economic impact moving to renewable energy will create countless jobs. San Diego is second in when it comes to jobs available in renewable energy, coming in behind Los Angeles. | <urn:uuid:48ecf37c-73a4-4c74-97d1-113e57bdc193> | {
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We think in straight lines
Cause and effect. If I do this, then that will happen. If I make this change then I will get that outcome.
Unfortunately the world isn’t like that. An initiative might work for a while, but then it will stop or backfire. Unintended consequences and side effects bedevil us. Performance will plateau or spiral out of control. Systems balance and reinforce and decay, they do anything but move in straight lines.
Let me give you a couple of examples:
The balancing loop
A balancing loop happens when two actions work against each other. They keep things constant. Picture the water level in a toilet cistern. You can work as hard as you like to empty it, flush and flush and flush, but it will keep filling up. It self levels.
Now think about prohibition. U.S. law enforcement worked tirelessly to cut the supply of alcohol into the country. The mobsters worked just as hard to smuggle it in. The warring groups escalated their activity, but the amount of alcohol on the street remained constant.
Finally, an example that is a little closer to home.
Imagine you own a pizza delivery service. When it starts it has few customers and surplus capacity. Pizza delivery is fast. Word gets out and customer demand builds. Then it gets busy and there are delays. What happens next? Customers get fed up of waiting and go elsewhere. Demand falls, and surplus capacity increases, and then… I think you get the picture, supply and demand level each other out.
There are balancing loops everywhere. They are why we struggle to lose weight or gain market share.
The reinforcing loop
Different types of loop altogether. They are sometimes called virtuous cycles or the vicious spirals. It all depends on which way they are spinning.
The easiest example is interest on a bank account. If you keep paying money in then the amount of interest will take off. Eventually the interest you earn will be greater than the amount you deposit.
A rather less pleasant example was the collapse of Northern Rock. A rumour got out that the bank was short of money. Worried customers started to take their cash out and move it elsewhere. Then the rumour became a clamour. There were queues of people standing outside the door, pictures on national TV. Before we knew it the other banks got drawn in and there was a horrendous race to the bottom.
Fortunately things don’t spiral out of control that badly every day. But it can happen on a less dramatic scale. If you run a service centre you will know all about an abandon rate spiral:
- Something goes wrong, you mail a confusing letter, or a system fails. Suddenly you have more customer calls than staff. A queue builds.
- Customers get tired of waiting and hang up. They phone back the next day (along with the normal customer calls). The queue gets longer.
- When the customers finally get through they are more than unhappy and give the agent a hard time.
- The calls take longer to deal with, disgruntled customers take time to calm down.
- The agents get fed up and decide to pull a sicky. Who needs to work in an environment like that?
And all the while the queue gets longer and longer and longer.
Systems loops exist the world over
Think about your business, can you see a loop in..?
- The budgeting process
- The appraisal process
- Your pricing strategies
- Employee satisfaction, customer churn, stock levels…
All have a loop or two associated with them. Side effects and spin offs are ubiquitous.
The only straightforward cause and effect relationships you will see are short-term. Sooner or later a feedback loop will cut in.
So what can you do?
As a start I have three pieces of advice, two professional and one personal.
On a professional level:
- Take the time to stand back and look a little more widely at your problem. Don’t just worry about the process. Think about the customers and the employees and the incentives and the competitors and how they all interlink. You will never get to see the whole picture, but the more you understand the more likely you are to be able to fix it.
- Once you think you have a solution try it out. Run a test and see what actually happens. Don’t bet on what you think will work but what you have tested.
On a personal level:
- You don’t need that fancy new car. Buying a depreciating asset (spiraling down) on an interest bearing loan (spiraling up) is a spectacularly fast way to lose money.
P.S. I am in no way qualified to give financial advice.
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Since Mercury and Venus are the only planets that lie inside the Earth’s orbit they are the only planets that can pass between Earth and the Sun to produce a transit.
The orbital plane of Venus is not exactly aligned with that of Earth, such that transits occur very rarely, in pairs eight years apart but separated by more than a century. The last was in 2004, but after next week’s event there won’t be another until 2117 – so make the most of this twice-in-a-lifetime event!
There are more chances to see transits of Mercury, however, with an average of 13 transits of Mercury per century.
Mercury has a highly eccentric orbit, varying in distance from the Sun from 46-70 million kilometres. In addition, its orbit is inclined by 7 degrees to that of Earth.
Mercury's orbit crosses Earth's orbital plane in early May and early November each year, but only if it passes between Earth and the Sun will a transit be seen. Because of Mercury’s eccentric orbit, for transits occurring in May Mercury appears 158 times smaller than the diameter of the Sun, while for November transits it appears 194 times smaller. For comparison, Venus’ diameter is approximately 32 times smaller than that of the Sun, which is right at the limit of good human eyesight.
The small size means you need telescopic equipment to see a Mercury transit but remember – NEVER look directly at the Sun with unprotected eyes, and NEVER look through a telescope or binoculars at the Sun as this will cause permanent blindness.
Mercury’s eccentric and inclined orbit also means that transits do not occur every year. So, some dates for your diary for the remainder of this century:
09 May 2016
11 November 2019
13 November 2032
07 November 2039
07 May 2049
09 November 2052
10 May 2062
11 November 2065
14 November 2078
07 November 2085
08 May 2095
10 November 2098
In the meantime, don’t forget the last transit of Venus of the 21st century, occurring next week, on 5-6 June. | <urn:uuid:35d5dbda-f9c7-4a0a-a9b1-de6465a3bf9f> | {
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Several different types of testing. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Doesn’t break the tested item. Can be open to interpretation. Visual Inspection Just look at it. Ultrasonic Testing High frequency vibration. You can also use to find dimensional thickness. Ex. Hollow wall castings. Similar to sonar. Magnetic Particle Testing Used to find defects in ferromagnetic alloys. Liquid […]
Archives for February 2015
Calipers Digital Calipers – Useful to send data directly to computer programs. Dial Calipers – Have jaws. Vernier Calipers – Use Vernier Scale – 1/1000 of an inch | 0.001 inch. Have been replaced by digital or dial calipers. Gages Depth gage: Come in various shapes and sizes. Used to measure depth of holes, slots, […]
Calibration is the process of comparing a measurement standard or an instrument with a known accuracy to another standard or instrument. | <urn:uuid:6a0d0e32-2173-40d2-8d6c-7336a5cf0e88> | {
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Report writing grammar
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English grammar index report writing : a report or factual description is a form of communication in which some information is conveyed, usually in writing, to. Of police report writing first, flawed grammar makes the report harder to read grammar errors are like potholes in the street just as potholes distract the driver. Grammar for academic writing ii contents unit 1 packaging information 1 punctuation 1 grammatical construction of the sentence 2. Report writing exercise a write the phrases from the box into the most appropriate section below a solution to the problem would be the marketing department.
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A report is a document that presents information in an organized format for a specific audience and purpose learn more. Grammar and style notes for scientific writing † in scientific writing, the default is present eg when you report your. Our free grammar checker instantly eliminates grammatical errors and enhances your writing grammarly is trusted by millions every day. How to write a report this wikihow will teach you how to write a report it will cover selecting a topic, researching it, prewriting and writing your report, and.
This area includes resources on grammar topics you should also scan the general writing section of the purdue owl for answers to your questions. Developingdeveloping writingriting structures, mechanics, and grammar points sicsentence writing to the ability to construct a simple paragraph. Example of formal report writing report writing is basically done to substantiate any real event with accurate facts and figures. Writing a report can seem daunting at for a comprehensive explanation of the inner workings of sentences and grammar report writing: style and structure. Many academic assignments ask for a ‘report’ not an essay, reports are also widely used in the workplace learn what to include in a good report.
- The guide to grammar and writing contains scores of digital handouts on grammar and english usage, over 170 computer-graded quizzes, recommendations on writing.
- Examples and discussion of how to write a business report for english language learners grammar resources english learners writing business reports need to.
5 writing the report use the spelling and grammar checker be careful to set it to the uk version read the report out loud. Teaching report writing skills through communicative activities to enhance writing skills of the students in writing sentence structure and grammar. I am puzzled about the issues of tenses in report writing: i am doing a training report which describes what i did over the last three months normally, i use past. | <urn:uuid:3bc7a743-f9cb-4e9b-8e01-62edcd9e31a6> | {
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Do You Know the difference between the American vs. European Definition of Merchant Banking?
Merchant banking services in North America range from the very specialized to full service. Yet, the traditional European-style is not what most of today’s North American merchant bankers are providing.
MERCHANT BANKING HISTORY
In late 17th and early 18th century Europe, the largest companies of the world were merchant adventurers. Supported by wealthy groups of people and a network of overseas trading posts, the collected large amounts of money to finance trade across parts of the world. For example, The East India Trading Company secured a Royal Warrant from England, providing the firm with official rights to lucrative trading activities in India. This company was the forerunner in developing the crown jewel of the English Empire. The English colony was started by what we would today call merchant bankers, because of the firm’s involvement in financing, negotiating, and implementing trade transactions.
The colonies of other European countries were started in the same manner. For example, the Dutch merchant adventurers were active in what is now Indonesia; the French and Portuguese acted similarly in their respective colonies. The American colonies also represent the product of merchant banking, as evidenced by the activities of the famous Hudson Bay Company. One does not typically look at these countries’ economic development as having been fueled by merchant bank adventurers. However, the colonies and their progress stem from the business of merchant banks, according to today’s accepted sense of the word.
THE HISTORICAL MERCHANT BANK
Merchant Banking, as the term has evolved in Europe from the 18th century to today, pertained to an individual or a banking house whose primary function was to facilitate the business process between a product and the financial requirements for its development. Merchant banking services span from the earliest negotiations from a transaction to its actual consummation between buyer and seller.
In particular, the merchant banker acted as a capital sources whose primary activity was directed towards a commodity trader/cargo owner who was involved in the buying, selling, and shipping of goods. The role of the merchant banker, who had the expertise to understand a particular transaction, was to arrange the necessary capital and ensure that the transaction would ultimately produce “collectable” profits. Often, the merchant banker also became involved in the actual negotiations between a buyer and seller in a transaction.
THE MODERN MERCHANT BANK
During the 20th century, however, European merchant banks expanded their services. They became increasingly involved in the actual running of the business for whom the transaction was conducted. Today, merchant banks actually own and run businesses for their own account, and that of others.
Since the 18th century, the term merchant banker has, therefore, been considerably broadened to include a composite of modern day skills. These skills include those inherent in an entrepreneur, a management advisor, a commercial and/or investment banker plus that of a transaction broker. Today a merchant banker is who has the ability to merchandise — that is, create or expand a need — and fulfill capital requirements. The modern European merchant bank, in many ways, reflects the early activities and breadth of services of the colonial trading companies.
Most companies that come to a U.S. merchant bank are looking to increase their financial stability or satisfy a particular, immediate capital need.
Professional merchant bankers must have: 1) an understanding of the product, its industry and operational management; 2) an ability to raise capital which might or might not be one’s own (originally merchant bankers supplied their own capital and thereby took an equity interest in the transaction); 3) and most importantly, effective skills in concluding a transaction – the actual sale of the product and the collection of profit. Some people might question whether or not there are many individuals or organizations who have the abilities to fulfill all three areas of expertise.
THE NORTH AMERICAN VARIANT
Merchant banking services in the U.S., however, have been undertaken by highly specialized “boutiques”, where each offers its own specialized service. The typically charge fee income for each service, and transactions are oriented toward short- term deals rather than long-term relationships.
Very few offer the complete range of services that are available through traditional European merchant banks. In fact, most companies that come to a U.S. merchant bank are looking primarily to increase their financial stability or satisfy a particular, immediate capital need. They are not looking for the actual “on-line” operating advice and assistance required to complete the traditional merchant banking process.
In providing financial assistance, merchant banks offer a full understanding of all facets of the capital markets. This includes all types of debt and equity financing available from both the domestic and international markets. A merchant banker, cognizant of capital costs, looks for the best sources of capital, including its restrictions and dollar limitations.
It should be understood that interest rates are not the only definition of capital costs. Restrictions on availability, prepayment terms, and operating effectiveness can often outweigh what might appear to be inexpensive capital with low interest rates. Too often, capital includes costs which force an entrepreneur or a business to undertake undesirable actions. In the short-run, some actions might be necessary, but often in the long-run are detrimental. The traditional merchant banker understands these capital limitations and can structure a transaction which is beneficial to all sides of the table — not just the capital source.
He also knows how to substitute one type of capital for another, sometimes utilizing internal sources from asset repositioning or cash creation from improvements in working capital. He understands fully the risk versus return elements necessary to complete the capital procurement process.
FINDING A MERCHANT BANK
There are many merchant bankers operating in North America today, both large and small, though only a subset offer a full range of services. Before selecting a merchant banker, one should decide what services are required. Is it capital, general management consulting, supervision of an existing investment, a joint venture, or merger/acquisition assistance to spot and consummate a distribution, product or manufacturing opportunity that one requires?
It is paramount to know who in such an organization is best qualified to fill these needs. Also, selection of the merchant banker depends on whether one needs to satisfy a short or a long-term objective, or both.
In the final analysis, it is the personal relationship between the parties that will determine the chances of success. One may find that the smaller merchant banking companies are both comprehensive in their services and reliable. They may effectively handle all transaction elements, while remaining within one’s cost parameters. Moreover, these smaller firms can offer more personalized services, better performance and quicker responses to a client’s needs.
Locating a merchant bank that fits a particular need can be as difficult as the transaction itself. Even though there are such directories as that published by the American Bankers’ Association, the National Association of Security Dealers and the Directory of Corporate Finance, there are no sources that evaluate the abilities of North American merchant bankers. For each transaction’s needs, one must assess the skills of a merchant banker while examining the firm’s performance record.
About the author:
Bruce W. Barren has been Group Chairman of the EMCO/Hanover Group since its founding in 1971. EMCO has concluded more than $3 billion in financial transactions worldwide as international merchant bankers.
Mr. Barren has been honored in California by various municipal and county governments as well as the State Assembly and Senate for having helped turn around over 100 businesses. He has written numerous articles on corporate finance, mergers/acquisitions, and on-line management. He has also lectured to professional societies and taught courses in California’s Continuing Professional Education program. | <urn:uuid:1b51a5cc-9416-485a-9b19-8e40423d15ef> | {
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The great hero of Sumerian and Babylonian epic poetry. He is the precursor of Heracles and other folk heroes. Gilgamesh is the son of Ninsun, a comparatively obscure goddess who had a palace-temple in Uruk. His father in the King-List is mysteriously described as 'lillû', which may mean 'fool' or a demon of the vampire kind, as well as being a high-priest of Kullab (part of Uruk). On other occasions, he refers to Lugulbanda as his semi-divine 'father'. Gilgamesh is fifth on the King-List and reigned in Uruk around 2700 BCE (or some hundred years or so later) for 126 years (his son reigned a mere 30 years). He was famous as a great builder and as a judge of the dead.
The Epic of Gilgamesh was preserved on clay tablets which were deciphered in the last century. It contains the adventures of the great King of Uruk (southern Babylonia) in his fruitless search for immortality and of his friendship with Enkidu, the wild man from the hills.
Most of the poems of this epic were already written down in the first centuries of the second millenium BCE, but probably existed in much the same form many centuries earlier. The final recension, and most complete edition, comes from the seventh century library of Assurbanipal, antiquary and last great king of the Assyrian empire. | <urn:uuid:481a5968-75b3-4e0e-aa6d-02c740cece8c> | {
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California German-Russian History: The Lodi German Seventh-Day
German-Russia History: The Lodi German Seventh-Day
Adventist." California, Spring 2004.
This article has been edited and adapted from a longer piece written
by Ruby Henneberg, who has been a member since 1946, of the two successor
churches to the Lodi German Seventh-day Adventist Church. Ruby Henneberg
was born in Loyalton, South Dakota; her people, the Kruegers and the
Hageles, came to South Dakota from Bessarabia and from Glckstal, South
Russia. Her husband Wilbert was born in Kulm, North Dakota; his people,
the Hennebergs and the Hildebrands, were from Kulm, Bessarabia. he
first official meeting of a group of Seventh-day Adventists in Lodi,
California was in March, 1905. The seventeen parishioners met in a
tent, the home of one of members, in what is now Lawrence Park. Subsequent
meetings were held in different homes, but then in 1906 the first
church building was established on East Lodi Avenue near Garfield
Street in a remodeled private residence. The membership quickly increased,
the unusually rapid growth attributed in large part to the high number
of German-speaking believers who were moving into the community, many
coming from North Dakota, South Dakota and Kansas. For some time English
services were conducted in the forenoon, German services in the afternoon.
In 1908 the English-speaking believers built a church on Central Avenue,
and the church on Lodi Avenue became the "Lodi German Seventh-day
Adventist Church". During the early years the church had no regular
pastor, so the local elders and visiting ministers provided leadership.
Among these were Valentine Leer, and Elder Henry Schultz, who became
the first regular pastor. The earliest name recorded is Brother Jacob
Schmidt, who was baptized on May 11, 1908. Then these names appear
in the records: Dollinger, Ebel, Knecht, Mertz, Rott, Wagner and Werner.
After 1920, these names were added: Batch, Baumbach, Beglau, Bietz,
Bitzer, Buchmiller, Ensminger, Gaede, Hein, Heinrich, Heiser, Kelm,
Kiesz, Krieger, Leer, Mayer, Meier, Miller, Reimche, Reiswig, Renchler,
Reuscher, Ruhl, Schaffer, Scheideman, Scheuffle, Schlenker, Suelzle,
Tonn, Troutman, Unterseher, Wiesz, Zweigle.
As was the custom in the German churches, the men sat on the right
side of the sanctuary, the women and children on the left. The young
girls would sit on the left on benches in front of the women, and
the boys on the right in front of the men. If they did not behave,
one of the fathers
would get up and come up and pull their ear to remind them they
were in church.
In February 1921 the membership was 156, and the congregation was
continuing to grow. The church became too small, and in 1922 the
church building and lots were sold in preparation for construction
of a new and larger building on the corner of Hilborn and Garfield
streets. Two of the brethren, Krieger, of Krieger Motors, and Samuel
Schmidt, loaned the fledgling congregation the money they were short
at 6% interest. By 1925 the membership had grown to 274 members,
and in 1926, at a camp meeting by the river at Clements, 25 new
members were baptized. In 1936, this building also became inadequate,
so they cut it in half and spread it apart, making it nearly twice
its former size; it seated about 700. Bill Bechthold was in charge
of the project; twenty-three years later Bill directed the work
on the new Fairmont Church.
All the services originally were conducted in the German language,
though it was inevitable that the English language would eventually
be utilized. It began in the children's Sabbath School divisions
and then in some of the adult classes. Occasionally the worship
hour would also be in English. Page numbers for the songs were announced
for the German "Zions-Lieder" and the English "Christ
in Song" books. In 1942 the church dropped the "German"
name and became known as the "Hilborn Seventh-day Adventist
Church." By this time all the major services were conducted
in English, though some Sabbath School classes and evening meetings
still were conducted in the German language until about 1965.
At the beginning of 1951, with a still-growing membership of 653,
the church entered a fund raising and building phase that saw them
move in 1960 into the present site at 730 South Fairmont Avenue.
The main sanctuary seats 1,200, the chapel, 342, and there are six
classrooms. Walter Kiesz, the church organist for many years, gave
a concert at the dedication service in 1964 on the new 3-manual,
18-rank Moller pipe organ.
Ruby Henneberg closes her article by saying that "Over and
over you see the names of families who were 'pillars of the church'
when it was on Lodi Avenue, Hilborn Street and now on Fairmont Avenue.
Some of them and their descendents are still with us. Looking through
church records from the 1930s is like going through a 'who's who'
of the current membership roster." Ruby recommends a book about
the development of Seventh-day Adventism in the Dakotas. Long out
of print, Nothing to Fear by Bob Dupuy was published in 1983 by
Pacific Press Publishing Association. Used copies are available
by using the search service at LNF Books, www.lnf.com, (800) 732-2664.
Ruby says that this book "gives some background of how Adventism
went with missionaries from the Dakota Territory to Russia, and
then came back, and gives a little history of small Dakota SDA churches,
some of which are no longer in operation." The Fairmont SDA
Church in Lodi.
The CDC Report is seeking detailed information about other early
California German-Russian churches. Contact Editor, CDC Report,
N. West Ave, Fresno, CA 93705.
Pastors, Associate Pastors
A glance through the list of pastors of the German-Hilborn-Fairmont
Seventh-day Adventist Church in Lodi, below, shows a predominance
of German last names through 1975.
1924-1932 Carl Leer
1932-1934 P.F. Richards
1934-1936 J.F. Huengergart
1936-1943 Benjamin A. Reile
1943-1946 George H. L. Loewen
1946-1949 Carl Becker, Don Mansell
1949-1952 Emil H. Oswald, J.J. Reiswig
1952-1954 Leroy A.Baughman
1954-1959 Jacob (Jay) Dollinger, J.J. Reiswig
1959-1969 Edward Koenig, Rodney Applegate
1969-1975 Merlin Foll, Roger Patzer
1975-1976 Mark Williams, Fred Ramsey, Stanley Hickerson,
1976-1978 Elwood Staff, Monte Jones
1979-1980 Monte Jones
1980-1985 Jerry Sornson, Doug Clark
1985-1986 Doug Clark
1987-1993 Antonie M. Wessels, David Wellman, Harley
1993-1999 Ronald Carlson, Trevor Fessendon, Carlos
Francis Ruddle (visiting), Joedy Melashenko
2000-2001 Gordon Mattison
200l-to the present Ralph Watts III, Chris Guadiz
Our appreciation is extended to the editor of the California
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Government of India recently introduced a dedicated symbol for its currency (Rupee). Rupee (Rs.) is being used by several other countries including our neighbours Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka & others. So having a dedicated symbol for India becomes necessitated for it to be differentiated from others. Initially I was sceptical about this symbol, considered this to be a publicity effort by the central government and that the symbol has to be accepted by all language speakers in the country. In the last few weeks as I see the growing usage of this in Media and elsewhere, I am convinced that this is a welcome move and it is needed to reinforce India’s growing Economy and its importance in the World stage.
Now the question is how do you start using this in PCs.
– Some companies immediately on government announcement shipped font files containing this character. Two of them (Foradian, Artech) have mapped this symbol to ~ (Tilde character above the Tab key in your keyboard). This is nothing but a Quick ‘n’ Dirty temporary fix. I will not recommend this as it doesn’t provide any interoperability. At the worst it can be used on Presentations and Brochures for display only.
– The proper process for using this character is that Unicode consortium & then ISO have to give it a unique number (location ID in the code-chart), which they have done tentatively in their recent meeting in USA. Department of Information Technology announced that Unicode has allocated U+20B9 location for the new Rupee Symbol unique to India. The existing location of U+20A8 (that displays Rs) will still continue for use by others. Now this has to ratified and published in their upcoming standards document and then Software vendors (Operating System mainly) have to implement this by shipping this Glyph in their default fonts and enabling typing of this character in their Keyboard Inputs. This is the only route to ensure that your documents (Word files, Excel spread sheets or even a webpage) having this character will show up the same in someone else PC.
A company called Foradian Technologies have released here, a free software to type the new Rupee Symbol and display it according to the proposed Unicode location, making this symbol available before it gets Operating System vendor official support. | <urn:uuid:2ce9431c-47d0-490e-81fd-d618dfe82631> | {
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What’s In A Good CV?
So first of all, what exactly is a CV? CV stands for Curriculum Vitae and it is a document which gives an overview of your skills, education, work experience and qualifications. It is used when you apply for a job so that your employer can see who you are and why they should hire you. If you’re in your final year of school or you are a school leaver, you may not have a good understanding of how to write a CV and why it is so important. So here are a few tips to get you started.
Understand what needs to be on your CV
On your first CV, you may find it hard to fill some areas as you won’t have had much work experience, so you could focus more on the skills you think you possess or any responsibilities you’ve had either in school or at an extra-curricular club. The main section headers you could use are:
- Personal Details
- Skills and Achievements
- Hobbies and Interests
Take a look at examples
There are hundreds of resources online that you could use to gain some guidance and inspiration when writing your CV. There are lots of examples of good CVs that you can use to see what kind of layout you should use and what kind of information to include on your CV.
Ask for help
Your carers or parents will probably have lots of experience in writing a CV because it’s such a crucial document in your working life. They’ll know a lot about you too, so they can help you on areas such as your skills or personal qualities that would make you employable.
When you are young, you are often asked the question: “What do you want to be when you grow up? A superhero? An astronaut? A pop star?”.
These were some of my ideas at one point or another. You may be thinking something similar or you may not know what you want to do or be.
As you get older, you get asked a lot of questions about careers but this is nothing to be worried about; it can actually be quite interesting to explore different career paths.
I have learnt that there are thousands of jobs you can do when you’re an adult, some which may not have even been invented yet which is very exciting. No matter what you’re interested in or what you enjoy, whether it is science, art, music, maths or sports, there will be some kind of career for you.
All of this might sound a little overwhelming. You may be sat reading this thinking, “I have no idea what I want to be” or “I don’t know what I’m good at” but this is nothing to worry about. Lots of people don’t know what job they want to do and it is completely normal to change your mind if you have any particular ideas about what you want to be. The most important thing is that you work hard at school so that you have access to career opportunities in the future. | <urn:uuid:bab1ae2b-781b-463d-b2eb-62237517caad> | {
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Another area that needs checking – and researching – is the chromatic spelling of various sections of the score, i.e. how to represent chromatic notes within the context of their key.
The main section of chromaticism in my score starts from page 20/bar 133 when Alice is about to fall down the rabbit hole. What I need to be acutely aware of now is the following:
- Convention states, according to ‘The Musical Ear’ website, that one should stick to either sharps or flats when spelling; don’t mix the two.
- Use the fewest number of accidentals possible.
- Avoid doubling letters in the scale; only use one type of scale letter.
- Know which scale / key your music is in to begin with and how it should be spelt, i.e. A minor: A B C D E F G-sharp A.
- Each note needs to move up the scale with one letter and avoid doubled letters.
- One needs to know how to spell the root note; some keys are easy (C major / A minor), but as a general rule, go with spelling that has the fewest accidentals.
- Consider who you’re writing for. String players prefer sharps, wind players prefer flats.
- If spelling a chromatic scale, spell it with sharps as you ascend, and flats when you descend.
Eric Taylor goes on to clarify the matter further in his Guide to Music Theory;
- Theorists distinguish writing chromatic scales two ways; harmonic and melodic (or ‘arbitrary’).
- Harmonic chromatic is the same ascending or descending, and whether major or minor. It includes all notes from the major and minor scale, whether harmonic or melodic, plus the flatted 2nd and sharpened 4th; it means each degree of the scale needs to be written twice, except the 5th and key note at the tonic and octave.
- Melodic chromatic is less rigid in construction. It differs in ascending to descending and whether it is major or minor. It includes firstly all the notes of the key (and in the minor, these include notes of both the melodic and harmonic scale). Additional notes are then provided by sharpening diatonic notes (where required) in the ascending form, and flattening them when descending.
- The most important thing to note, however, is this; the same letter/note name must NEVER be used more than twice in succession; A-flat, A-natural, A-sharp.
Elaine Gould has a couple of valuable insights in her book ‘Behind Bars’ that I wanted to note down here;
- Notes are easier to read if they are forming the most familiar intervals – perfect, minor, and major – rather than augmented or diminished.
- Chromatic scale figures use sharps to ascend and flats to descend (okay, so this is now becoming an established convention to observe it seems).
- You need to spell stepwise figures as a scale, as adjacent pitch letters, i.e. use each letter once (C D E F G A B C).
- You can use double sharps and double flats if they clarify the harmonic sense.
- Avoid enharmonic spelling changes in the middle of a phrase where possible; it creates awkward intervals that are hard to read quickly.
I think it’s fair to say there is much to consider here and I will need to go through my score from this section and revise things carefully.
But for the avoidance of doubt, I will be applying the melodic chromatic version of notation to my score where required (and having already looked briefly at the score, I realise now that I have applied unnecessary accidentals to notes…these will be removed and I am hoping clarity will prevail).
* Bradley, J. (2015). Sharps or Flats? How To Spell Notes Correctly.Available: http://www.themusicalear.com/sharps-or-flats-how-to-spell-notes-correctly/. Last accessed 09 April 2016.
* Gould, E (2011). Behind Bars. London: Faber Music Ltd. Pgs 85, 581
* Taylor, E (1989). The AB Guide to Music Theory. London: ABRSM Publishing Ltd. Pgs 30-32 | <urn:uuid:5474da86-97e4-4c66-9471-e71077f26426> | {
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Have your say - NHS England consults public about Evidence-Based Interventions
30 Jul 2018, 11:16
A 13-year study of more than 43,000 people in Sweden found that regularly sleeping 5 hours or less increased people's chances of dying by 65%, compared to those sleeping around 7 hours. However, there was no increased risk among people who slept 5 hours or less on weekdays but for 7 or more hours at weekends, suggesting the weekend lie-in might compensate for lack of sleep during the week.
Previous studies seemed to suggest that both short and long sleep was linked to illness and dying earlier, but they tended not to differentiate between weekdays and weekends.
The study is the first to look at how differences between sleep on work days and days off might interact. This study confirmed that people who regularly slept 9 hours or more on both weekdays and weekends also had a higher risk of death.
The above results apply only to adults aged under 65, the usual retirement age in Sweden. Over that age, the researchers found no difference between people's weekend or weekday sleep, and no link between sleep duration and how long they lived.
Find out more about how to get a good night's sleep.
The study was carried out by researchers from the Karolinksa Institute and Stockholm University in Sweden, and Texas A&M University in the US. It was funded by the Italian Institute Stockholm and AFA Insurance, and published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Sleep Research.
The Guardian report gave a good overview of the study, although the headline overstated the link between a lie-in and a longer life.
The Sun also provided a concise and accurate report of the study. | <urn:uuid:f99d90eb-74cc-4ce2-a126-83ba3f13e664> | {
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On the job and in the office, communication styles often determine how productively your team performs, be it estimating a new job or completing one in the field. Communication is at the center of motivation and leadership, and it can be related to personality. A system for understanding personality types is based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
You can discover your personal “Type” preference by completing this quick quiz. Check each item on both sides of the lists below that applies to you and enter the number of checks in the summaries. Then subtract the smaller value from the larger and enter the resulting letter in the “Preference” line.
Note: This is not a scientifically validated test and is only offered as an introduction to Type. This short version is summarized from information at www.personalitytype.com and other resources. Type professionals are members of the Association for Psychological Type (www.aptcentral.org).
1. Where is your energy naturally directed?
The Extrovert’s energy is directed primarily outward, toward people and things outside of themselves. Introverts primarily direct energy inward, toward their own thoughts, perceptions and reactions. Extroverts therefore tend to be more naturally active, expressive, social and interested in many people, whereas introverts tend to be more reserved, private, cautious, and interested in fewer interactions but with greater depth and focus.
Extroverts (E) often:
- have high social energy
- talk a lot to everyone
- fill time with spontaneous activities
- need to have people around
- have a breadth of diverse interests
Introverts (I) often:
- have quiet inner energy
- prefer conversation with special friends
- think carefully before they act deliberately
- enjoy spending time alone
- have a few in-depth interests
Extrovert (E) _________ Introvert (I) ________ Preference __________
2. What kind of information do you naturally notice and remember?
Sensors notice the facts, details and realities of the world around them. Intuitives are more interested in connections and relationships between facts as well as the meaning or possibilities of the information on a global scale. Sensors tend to be practical and literal people who trust past experience and often have good common sense. Intuitives tend to be imaginative, theoretical people who trust their hunches and pride themselves on their creativity.
Sensors (S) often:
- admire practicality
- focus on the facts and details
- speak about specifics
- are more realistic, rely on senses
- are more here-and-now oriented
Intuitives (N) often:
- admire creativity
- focus on ideas and the big picture
- speak about generalities
- are more imaginative, see possibilities
- are more future-oriented
Sensor (S) _________ Intuitive (N) ________ Preference __________
3. How do you decide or come to conclusions?
Thinkers make decisions based primarily on objective and impersonal criteria: what makes the most sense and what is logical. Feelers make decisions based primarily on their personal values and how they and others feel about the choices. Thinkers tend to be cool, analytical and are convinced by logical reasoning. Feelers tend to be sensitive, empathetic, and are compelled by human circumstances and a constant search for harmony.
Thinkers (T) often:
- are cool and reserved
- are objective and unemotional
- are blunt and direct
- are critical analysts
- are motivated by achievement
Feelers (F) often:
- are engaging and friendly
- get their feelings hurt easily
- are sensitive and diplomatic
- try hard to please others
- are motivated by praise
Thinker (T) __________ Feeler (F)_________ Preference ___________
4. What kind of environment makes you the most comfortable?
Judgers rely on their preferred-judging function whether thinking or feeling, and prefer a structured, ordered, and fairly predictable environment where they can make decisions and have things settled. Perceivers rely on their preferred-perceiving function whether sensing or intuiting, and prefer to experience as much of the world as possible. They like to keep their options open and are most comfortable adapting to new things. Judgers tend to be organized and productive. Perceivers tend to be flexible, curious and nonconforming.
Judgers (J) often:
- are serious and formal
- prefer specific schedules
- like to get plans settled
- emphasize work first, play later
- like to see projects completed
Perceivers (P) often:
- are playful and casual
- prefer spontaneous schedules
- like to remain open-ended
- emphasize play first, work later
- like to initiate new projects
Judger (J) _________ Perceiver (P) _________ Preference__________
Your Four Type Letters ________________
Type preference is identified with a four-letter combination such as ESTJ or INFP. The heart of communication centers on investigating needs and finding a course of action by the function pairs in the center, i.e., ST, SF, NF, or NT. Conflicts sometimes occur when a communicator unknowingly speaks from his or her own preference to a person who prefers a different approach. Conversely, communication is facilitated if people can learn to “speak in Type.”
The preferred dialogue between workers and foremen or manager is grouped by type preferences in the first question. You don’t have to be a “Type” expert to see benefits in learning to employ the four basic modes of communication. That way, you will be more likely to meet the needs of various individuals of differing types, and your bottom line may go up farther than you ever imagined. It could help improve the family environment at home, too. EC
TAGLIAFERRE is proprietor of C-E-C Group. He may be reached at 703.321.9268 or [email protected].
How People Prefer to Communicate
- Want hard facts, a clear picture
- Want to understand exactly what is happening
- Want communicators to be thorough
- Want involvement of specialists when needed
- Want to ask questions, identify problems and agree on best action
- Want to be allowed to make their own decisions
- Want communicator to be friendly, sympathetic, listen and encourage questions
- Want communicator’s full attention
- Want to be unhurried and unrushed
- Want to feel heard
- Want to be part of the decision-making
- Want a cooperative, harmonious approach
- Want communicator to listen attentively with a friendly attitude
- Want to feel the communicator genuinely cares
- Want to feel valued as a person and a professional
- Want communicator to acknowledge values as well as facts
- Want to be treated as a whole person, not just a body
- Want complete concentration and attention from communicator
- Want communicator to display skill, knowledge, proficiency
- Want to feel confident in communicator’s competence and confidence
- Want to avoid feeling patronized
- Want to be valued for intelligence
- Want to be involved with communication process | <urn:uuid:5de3f5bf-21d0-4fb9-8680-9a7851163fc3> | {
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Species Name: Emydoidea blandingii
Species Distribution in Massachusetts
Federal Rank: None
Massachusetts State Rank: Threatened
A variety of wetland and terrestrial habitat types. Seasonal pools, marshes, scrub-shrub wetlands, and open uplands. Varies depending on the individual and the amount of precipitation, with more upland utilization during dry years.
Threats to Survival
They travel very long distances during their active season and do not reproduce until late in life (~14-20 yrs old) and have low nest and juvenile survivorship. As such, a 1-2% increase in adult mortality can have comparatively large effects on the population. Roads are most commonly the cause of adult mortality, as they travel to typically 3-6 wetlands a year, crossing roads in the process.
Actions Recommended to Ensure Survival
Limit the effects human developments have on their habitat. | <urn:uuid:01c7b84d-4895-42f0-83ff-972435f2bcae> | {
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Brief SummaryRead full entry
Members of the Myxozoa are microscopic metazoan parasites with an extremely reduced body. The dimensions of the myxospore, the typical myxozoan stage in fish hosts, range usually between one hundredth and two hundredth of a millimetre. Myxospores consist of several cells, which are transformed to shell valves, nematocyst-like polar capsules with coiled extrudible polar filaments and amoeboid infective germs. Myxospores develop in plasmodia (trophozoites), which can be very large and polysporic (generally histozoic in host tissue) or small and mono- or disporic (coelozoic in organ cavities). Myxozoans are parasites of fish, worms (oligochaetes and polychaetes) and bryozoans. Few representatives were found as parasites of amphibians and reptiles, and recent findings confirmed the ability of myxozoans to infect mammals (Prunescu et al. 2007, Dyková et al. 2007) and birds (Bartholomew et al. 2008). Humans as potential hosts for myxosporea were also reported (Boreham et al. 1998, Moncada et al. 2001), however, myxospores were detected in faecal samples and probably just passed through the digestive tract.
Myxozoa Grassé, 1970 contains two classes: Malacosporea Canning, Curry, Feist, Longshaw et Okamura, 2000 and Myxosporea Bütschli, 1881. Malacosporea includes only two genera (Tetracapsuloides and Buddenbrockia) with a total of three described species. Myxosporea includes about 2200 species in 60 genera.
Wolf and Markiw (1984) discovered myxosporean life cycles altering between two host species – fish and annelid worm. The myxospore is ingested by annelids and then the myxosporean undergoes a schizogony and a gametogony. Finally, the parasite develops into an actinospore, a triradiate myxosporean spore, which infects the vertebrate host. Here, the sporoplasm released from the actinospore divides by endogony, and then presporogenic multiplication of the myxosporean occurs. The life cycle is completed with the development of mature myxospores in sporogonic plasmodia. The annelids are definitive hosts whereas vertebrates are intermediate hosts for Myxosporea.
Myxozoans were considered to be protists for more then one hundred years until the early nineties of 20th century. Then, the phylogenetic analysis of the primal myxosporean SSU rDNA sequence (Smothers et al. 1994) confirmed earlier hypotheses that myxozoans are multicellular organisms (tolc 1899, Weill 1938) and placed Myxozoa inside Metazoa. However, SSU rDNA data failed to find the correct position of the Myxozoa within metazoan taxa. Myxozoan SSU rDNA appeared to be a fast-evolving sequence resulting in long-branches in phylogenetic trees. Therefore, the SSU rDNA data are insufficient to decide whether Myxozoa are closely related either to Bilateria, Cnidaria (including Polypodium hydriforme) or other taxa (Smothers et al. 1994, Siddall et al. 1995, Hanelt et al. 1996, Siddall and Whiting 1999).
The rediscovery of Buddenbrockia plumatellae, a worm-like animal, as a myxozoan species was an important clue to the origin of Myxozoa (Monteiro et al. 2002). SSU rDNA of this enigmatic worm showed its close relationship to Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, and B. plumatellae was assigned to Malacosporea, the sister group to Myxosporea. Consequently Myxozoa were considered to be bilaterians or their close relatives (Monteiro et al. 2002). However, phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of numerous protein-coding genes (Jimenez-Guri et al. 2007) excluded a bilaterian origin of B. plumatellae and suggested Cnidaria as the most closely related taxon to Myxozoa.
The malacosporean Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and some myxosporean species are of economic importance causing significant losses of farm-reared fish. T. bryosalmonae causes dangerous proliferative kidney disease of salmonids (Kent et al. 1994). Probably the most serious myxosporean pathogen is Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling disease) which infects cartilage of freshwater salmonids and causes vast losses due to death (Nehring and Walker 1996). The other economically important species are e. g. Enteromyxum leei (enteromyxosis) (Palenzuela et al. 2002), Henneguya ictaluri (proliferative gill diseases) (Pote et al. 2000) and Kudoa thyrsites (post-harvest soft flesh) (Kent et al. 1994). | <urn:uuid:5fbedbc3-a302-46c7-b86f-fbbd34dd20a6> | {
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Friendly Chemistry on DVD
A DVD version of Friendly Chemistry is now available.
There are six DVDs in the series which directly follow the textbook.
- Your child(ren) can be taught by Dr. Hajda, himself.
- If you would like to learn chemistry along with your child, viewing the DVD together can be a wonderful approach.
Watch Lesson 1, Lesson 2 or Lesson 3 now!
- In a co-op setting, the DVD series is a great way to introduce the week's lesson. | <urn:uuid:e1391610-a426-4191-bf6a-f30e96fad3d4> | {
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World Heart Day – The Origin, The Cause, The Celebration
The World Heart Federation is an international, nongovernmental organization which is dedicated to “uniting its members and leads the global fight against heart disease and stroke, with a focus on low-and middle-income countries”. The federation has more than 200 member organizations in 100 plus countries. World Heart Day is an initiative of the the World Heart Federation, created in 2000 to raise awareness about heart diseases. The day is celebrated on 29th September every year when activities such as public talks and screenings, walks and runs, concerts or sporting events are organized worldwide by members and partners of the World Heart Federation.
World Heart Day was initiated to spread awareness about the perils of having an unhealthy heart due to an improper lifestyle. The day was first celebrated in 2000, and for 11 years, it was observed on the last Sunday of September before September 29 was selected as the fixed date.
It’s a noble one. World Heart Day essentially tries to educate the masses about cardiovascular diseases, their rate of infliction and prevention and cardiology treatment programs. Cardiovascular diseases account for around 17.3 million deaths annually throughout the world. It has been asserted that more than 80% of these deaths can be averted if we avoid major risk factors such as unhealthy diet, tobacco and physical inactivity. It has also been found that women and children are equally, if not more, susceptible to CVDs (cardiovascular diseases). World Heart Day aims to revive the spirit, the habit of leading a lifestyle that is healthy and disease free.
As mentioned above, World Heart Day is marked by public screenings, walks and runs, sporting events, concerts, fundraisers etc. to emphasize the importance of a healthy, active lifestyle that minimizes the risk of heart diseases. Having more than 200 associates in 100 plus countries, World Heart Federation raises a lot of support through its themed events such as Dress Red Day in Holland, Heart Healthy Lunch in the US and World HeartCare Conferences in Canada. Countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kyrghystan, Malaysia and Bangladesh are prominent members of this crusade against CVD. The day has become a festival of sorts, with more and more members pitching in every year. Liberal grants are raised through fundraisers and the same are used to sponsor heart treatments for the underprivileged in developing countries – which account for 80% of all heart patients.
“He who has health has hope; and he who has hope has everything.” | <urn:uuid:d945754b-e740-4281-93e5-ab33c7cf6ae6> | {
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